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MAY/JUNE 1966 \ INSULATION DIRECTORY / ENCYCLOPEDIA ISSUE ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOLS CONSTANTS EQUIVALENTS CONVERSION --TABLES ^ r :; ^ GLOSSARY FORMULAS ASSOCIATIONS ; CONCEPTS APPLICATIONS MATERIALS WIRE & CABLE CIRCUITS- PARTS 'S' ' COMPONENTS * TEST INSTRUMENTS PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT . MANUFACTURERS DISTRIBUTORS TRADE NAMES STANDARDS & SPECIFICATIONS NUMBER 6 IKT 3--MODi/CT IHFOtHATION lection 3-3: Fibrous Products: Fibers; Yams; Cords; twines; Lacing Tapes; and Untreated Felts, Mats, wen Tapes, and Fabrics Jew Developments 'Fibers made from inorganic boron itxide are available. The material is id to be chemically inert, abrasive stant, dielectrically strong, to rjthstand temperatures in inert at- shere up to 2482C and in oxidizatrnosphere to 927C. and to pro tide a good strength to density ratio bich offers a wide variety of possible applications since boron nitride can jow take the form of thread, paper, tile, and composite reinforcements. : is immune to attack by roost organic olvents and most corrosive agents. Pensile strength is over 200.000 psi modulus of elasticity is 13.000,^iyOOO psi. It is white in appearance and jfcfrwfi a silk-like texture. In addition to f-desirable electrical insulation and re forcing properties, it is suggested as effective shield for radiation. The relopment was announced bv The rborundum Co. 4 A new family of high performance finishes for fiber glass fabrics used in reinforcing plastics requiring long term wet strength retention has been developed by J. P. Stevens & Co.. Inc. Called the S900-series. the new fin ishes are claimed to be useful with polyester, epoxy, and phenolic resins and to make obsolete prior finishes such as Volan, S550, and A1100. A pilot evaluation of the finishes for electrical high pressure laminates and low pressure applications in the air craft and aerospace field has been successfully completed. ^ "Nomex" polyamide fibers, which had been considered difficult to dye. are now available in a line of beat resistant colors which withstand ex posure to 204C for 200 hours mini mum with little or no color change, according to the Industrial Yam Div., Belding Corticelli. The yarns are used for sewing, braiding, identification, and insulation. ^ Two lines of non-woven fabrics prepared from "Nomex" high tem perature resistant nylon have been introduced by the .Fiber Products Div,, The Kendal) Co. One is a thick, lofty material made by mechanical entanglement without addition 'of binders. The other is said to he a thin, tough web held together with a high temperature binder system. Both types may be saturated with com patible resins or combined with other components to make composite insu lation. 4 According to ]. P. Stevens & Co., Inc., there is increasing usage of high purity quartz yarn in braided insulation for thermocouple wire, high temperature hook-up wire, space sep arators, coaxial cables, and various heating elements. K Author Credits 1IK4^7. " s. This entire section wet tiafi pre- pared. In the first portion of this section rious terms are explained while in e middle portion the various fibers commonly used in electrical insulation materials are briefly described and evaluated. The last portion covers the forms which are available- such as cords, tapes, fabrics, etc. Note that only untreated forms (except cords and lacing tapes) which are not de scribed elsewhere are included in this section. For example, braided sleevjngs appear in section 3-6, treated fabrics in section 3-7, pressure sensi tive cloth tapes in section 3-9, etc. DEFINITIONS 4ND EXJUNCTIONS OF TEEMS There are two forms of fibers-- staple fibers which are the short fibers such as those of cotton, and filament fibers which are long strands such as Section .?.?; Fibrous Yarns. Cords, Tafics. Mats, Fabrics 7J 5 i [ ! *i I ' V* those of many man-made fibers and silk. Yarn construction can be varied according to actual fiber or fibers used, whether the fiber is staple or filament, staple length, size, weight, amount of twist, number of plies, etc. Spun yarns are produced by cleaning, paralleling, attenuating, and twisting staple fibers into yarn by spinning. Tensile properties of a spun yam are determined both by the fiber used and by the degree of frictional adherence provided by the nature of the fiber and the twisting effect. Spun yams wear well and offer good flexibility because individual fibers can move within the yam construction. They also generally are characterized by a good bulking factor and absorption. The cotton system is used for spun yam sizes--it is the number of 840vard hanks per pound. From a weight and bulk standpoint, filament yarns normally have better tensile proper ties than spun yams but they do not compare in absorption and adherence, although these latter properties can be improved by construction. The denier system is used for many filament yams--it is the number of grams per 9000 meters of length (in practice, the number of half-decigrams per 450meter skeins). A filament yam denier is the equivalent of 5315 divided by the cotton yam number. To achieve the advantages of each, spun yams and filament yarns may be twisted to gether into plied yarns and plied yams may be twisted into cabled yarns. In woven tapes and fabrics, the yams which run lengthwise of the fabric are known individually as ends and collectively as the warp. The yarns Tunning widthwise of the fabric are identified individually as picks and collectively as the filling. In woven materials the most com mon type of weave is the plain weave or taffeta weave in which each warp vara alternately goes over or under each filling yarn. This type of weave can be very tightly woven and gen erally permits sufficient stretch to con form well to irregular surfaces, the degree of conformability depending, of course, on the actual weave con struction. In twill weaves, each warp yarn goes over two or more filling yams, with the interlacing advancing one pick on successive warps. Satin weaves have fewer interlacings than plain weaves. The interfacings are regularly spaced in satin weaves. Lena is a variation of a plain weave--it is an open, net-like weave with the warps interlocked to prevent slippage. Of courie, many weave variations are possible. Mat or matting is a non-woven ma terial in which there is an oriented or random distribution of the fibers (generally, except with chopped strand glass mat the production process used may involve some parallelizing of the fibers but theoretically, if perfect random distribution were possible, the strength would be equal in all directions). Bonding agents or resins are frequently used by the mat pro ducers to achieve bonding together of the fibers and facilitate further proc essing into other forms by converters. Lap is a felted form designed for recarding into a more refined felted material. It is a parallel collection of ribbon-like felted slivers. Slivers are the stranded fibers as they come from the carding or combing machines. Felt is made of matted fibers which have been worked into a compact ma terial by rolling and pressure. Bond ing agents or resins are generally used. Roving is a collection of carded fibers rubbed into a single soft and bulky strand without twist or a sliver which has been drawn out and slight ly twisted. In the case of glass, roving is a collection of continuous filament untwisted strands into a single bulky strand. FIBERS Acetate Acetate fibers are cellulose based fibers in filament form characterized by high dielectric strength and a di electric constant of about 5.0 at 60 cps and 50% RH. Cellulose acetate is a non-corrosive material which per mits its use in contact with delicate conductors. It is resistant to trans former oils, weak acids, weak alkalies, salt water, and most ordinary varnish solvents such as naphtha, toluol, and alcohol. There has been some mention of the use of acetate fibers in varnished fabrics but the primary electrical ap plication appears to be in the form of woven cloth for pressure sensitive elec trical tapes because of non-corrosive ness. Some use as woven tapes for coil wraps is also reported, as well as a yarn serving on wires. A related material developed from acetate and tradenamed "Fortisan.'' Chemically inert, high temperature resistant boron nitride. The Car borundum Co. 72 Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue, May/June, 1966 can withstand continuous tempera tures of 316'C and up to oSo^C intermittently--fusing can be accom plished by briefly heating at about 338-371C. * (toying As previously mentioned, roving is a collection of carded fibers rubbed into a single soft and bulky strand without twist or a sliver which has been drawn out and slightly twisted, except that in the case of glass, roving is a collection of continuous filament untwisted yarns into a single bulky strand. For electrical applications, the pri mary roving materials are asbestos and glass. Ceramic fiber roving is aso suggested for applications similar to asbestos roving but where even greater heat resistance is required. Asbestos roving is used extensively in wires where heat is involved be cause of its thermal properties. The roving is wrapped over the conductor without compacting the fibers too densely in order to retain the thermal insulation qualities. It is useful in heater cords, heat resisting fixture wires, appliance cords where heat is a problem such as toasters and irons, heating elements, shipboard cable, etc. Plain asbestos roving is a mixture of asbestos and cotton or other organic fibers. Reinforced asbestos roving has a core of cotton, nylon and cotton, glass, or other yarns to provide addi tional strength. Asbestos roving is cov ered by ASTM D-375-59. Specifica tions for Asbestos Roving for Elec trical Purposes, with Methods of Test for; and military specification MIL-I- 3053C. ` Glass roving is widely used in re inforced plastics. Both standard rov ings and chopped strand can be sup plied. Some of the plastics applications include use of glass roving at the edges of large plastic products to pro vide extra edge strength; in molding compounds; and in plastic rod stock. Fused silica or quartz roving is used for plastics reinforcement and filament winding. Lap Lap is a fire resistant, untwisted, ribbon-like form of asbestos felt made from slivers of asbestos fiber blended with cotton or other organic fibers. It is used as a wrapping on wire and cable in the same manner as asbestos roving. Falft and Mats Felts and mat-like materials are non*woven products with either ori ented or randomly distributed fibers permitting strength, conformability, and stretchability to be fairly well equalized in all directions or accen tuated in a desired direction. Strength of an otherwise weak web is increased by inclusion of binder {which may be a homogenous fiber or resinous in nature) or by combination with a carrier. Practically any fibrous mate rial can be supplied in mat or felt form but for electrical uses, the com mon types are asbestos mat and felt, glass mat, and polyester mat. A per centage of binding agents such as fibers, starch, phenolic resins, epoxy resins, polyester resins, or silicone resins is generally used. Asbestos felts have been used to some extent for wire and cable insula tion. They are also used in prepregs and as a base for laminated plastics. Asbestos felts and glass cloth rein forced asbestos mats are generally available treated with asphalt, poly vinyl acetate, silicone, and polytetra- fluoroethylene resins in sheeting and tape forms for electrical insulation. The primary electrical use for glass mat is as base reinforcing material for rigid plastic laminates isee section 3-14). , Non-woven polyester mats can be manufactured from 100% polyester fibers without the use of adhesives or similar binding agents--thermoplas tic polyester fibers can be used for bonding purposes by means of a hot calendering process. A large variety of thicknesses and weights are avail able. These mats reportedly have bet ter moisture and temperature resist ance than cellulosic paper and woven cotton fabrics and are more flexible and conformable than woven glass. The felt-like construction is said to permit excellent penetration of im- pregnants. In tape form, the un treated plain mat can be used for hand taping of irregularly shaped coils. To increase lengthwise tensile strength for machine taping wor the mat can be reinforced with co; tinuous polyester filaments runnir lengthwise in parallel (no adhesi' used). Light polyester woven fabri can also be used for reinforcemei. The mat is used in various coraposi insulation constructions such as a ca rier for flexible manufactured mb products and the polyester mat/poi ester film/polyester mat sandwich--the latter composite can be ma> without adhesives and can be su` plied plain or with a treatment su< as an epoxy coating. Mats with var ous fully cured vamish treatments epoxy coatings are available as w. as a semi-cured epoxy construct!which can be cured in place to for a void-free moisture barrier. App: cations for these products inciu* motor slot insulation, phase and lav insulation, lead wire insulation, at outer wraps. Cords, Twines, and Lacing Tapes Cords and lacing tapes are di cussed together because their applic tions are so similar--they both a used for tying down insulation at windings, lashing-of motor coils at transformer windings, banding armatures and commutators, holdit leads in position, wire and cai harnessing, and general electron lacing work. In addition, cords m. be used for space filling and sepat lion purposes. Cords are yams whihave been twisted or plied together weaker fibrous cords may use anoth type of fibrous yarn for reinfon ment. Lacing tapes are braided woven. There are also some rout braided cords. Fibers commonly used in electri* cords and lacing tapes include cottfglass, nylon, and polyester. Asbestpolytetrafluoroethylene, silica, at vinyl cords are also available. Co: and tapes may be treated in vario ways to improve properties such abrasion resistance, knotting streng1 flame resistance, fungus resistanhandling, fray resistance, holdi ability at high temperatures, * Treatments include wax. oil, nprene. vinyl, silicone, polyester, v nish. polytetrafluoroethylene, rublsizing, etc. A glass cord impregnated with 80 Insulation Directory /Encyclopedia Issue, May/June, 1966 urcd high temperature epoxy resin itpcci for commutator string bands, cine- and tying. The resin prevents -lass abrasion during handling and ,rovides extra toughness and bondjjcr strength after curing. Jhe 1009c polyester mats described RSjreviously can also be slit into tape f^^^nd subsequently twisted into twines y-^jitphle for coil tying applications. this form, thev have excellent knot ^Strength and abrasion resistance and sire compatible with resin impregna tion systems. jjfc- Typical types of cords and lacing Typicof Cords and teeing Topes* Description Norn, Dimen,, Inch Break Str.. Lbs. Plain asbestos, unsized Plain asbestos, sized Cotton cable laid 1/16 3/32 1/64 13 Cotton cable laid Flax cable laid Glass, untreated Glass cord, uncured epoxy 1/8 3/64 .077 1/16 108 50 307 100** Glass, neoprene treated Glass vmvi coated Glass, fiat braic. vinyl coated .085 .065 .080x.010 250 176 50 Glass. Iiat braio. siltcone treatec Glass, flat braid, PTFE treatec Glass, bratoec cord. PTFE treated -080X.010 3/32x.012 .045 5C 65 45 Nylon, flat braid, waxed 3/32X.012 Nylon, flat bra'C. $yn- tnetic rubber 1 -090x.0125 Polyester, flat braid ! 3/32X.012 50 50 50 Polyester, flat braid, waxed Polyester, flat braid, svnthetic rubber PTFE, flat braid ' .035X.005 : : -220x.014 ; .025X.014 4 145 10 PTFE, round twist, synthetic rubber PTFE, flat braid. silicone finish PTFE, flat braid, pre-sbrunk Silica, flat braid Silica cord Vinyl, round Vinyl, souare Vinyl, rectangular j ; .010 4 i .HOx.011 i | .031X.023 ! .OSOx.017 33 15 45 ; .090 i 1/32 J 1 /8xl /8 ' 1/16x3/16 . 10 2.5 49.6 37.2 Note tftat a variety ot sizes anti treatments not listed in table are available. Breaking strength values shown are minimum or average. Tempera ture limits are generally determined by the fiber, treatment, and application. Cured strength is 210 lbs. tapes are shown in the table. Woven Topes Although this portion is primarily concerned with untreated woven tapes, the availability of a parallel strand cotton tape should be mentioned since it is used for similar coil winding purposes. The parallel strands arc bonded together with a special ad hesive but this treatment is strictly for bonding purposes and not for im provement of other properties as is the case with treated tapes covered in other sections. The most common tapes for elec trical insulation are woven from cot- 4STM Physical Requirement* for Cotter Tope f 1 Thick`ASTM ness. T ype Inches Total Picks Min. ! Breaking Width. Ends Per Inch Yds. ' Strength. Inches |(Warp)i (Filling) Per Li /Min. Lbs. Recoinmended 1 arn Numlters Vt 36 36 350 : 25 20') Warp A-l .005 X 56 36 270 30 38/1 Filling 1 36 200 40 K 36 36 290 25 X 56 36 190 i 30 A-2 .007 1 7 36 140 1 40 20/1 Warp IK 92 36 110 | 50 30/1 Filling IK 108 36 90 | 60 K 36 28 300 J 25 C4 X 56 28 i 30 A-3 .007 l 72 28 150 i 40 , 20/1 Warp IK 92 28 120 j 50 : 30/1 Filling IK 108 28 100 j 60 : K 52 40 220 : 40 ; X 76 40 150 i 65 B-l .013 1 100 40 115 85 i 20/1 Warp IK 135 40 85 115 1 30/1 Filling IK 148 40 75 130 , K 40 40 no | so ; X 60 40 95 > To B-2 .020 l 80 40 : 70 300 20/2 Warp IK 100 40 | 55 : 125 j 20/1 Filling IK 120 40 : 45 1 150 I K ; 60 40 j 110 1 60 1 x ! 80 40 ! 90 j 75 ! C-l .030 i 100 40 i 70 ! 90 1 20/2 Warp IK , 132 40 | 35 115 | 20/1 Filling IK 1 150 40 1 45 ` 140 ' "A" indicates plain weave; "B" is herringbone weave (at least single point twill, two up and two dovmj; and "C" is non-elastic weave. Thickness, Inch .0035 .005 W idlh. loci K H X 1 IK IK K H X 1 IK 1K Feiyetter Fiber Tape Total Ends 50 62 75 100 125 150 50 62 To 100 125 150 Picks Per Inch * " 72 " " " " " Break. Strength. Lbs. 30 37 45 60 73 90 30 37 45 60 75 90 Norn. Yds./ Lb 600 480 400 300 240 200 600 480 400 300 240 200 Section 3-3: Fibroin 3 arm. Cords. Tapes. Mats. Fabrics 81 ton. glass, and asbestos yams but woven polyester, silica, acetate, and various combinations are also avail able. Woven tapes are used for taping field and armature coils, banding wire insulation, cushioning insulation for the end turns of coils, tying and fastening purposes, coil wraps, trans former insulation, anchoring and in sulation of leads, wire and cable in sulation wraps, splice insulation, phys ical spacing, and filling of space. When tapes are applied, they can be lapped (generally one-third to onehalf). edge butted (which might take more time), or spaced (which provides only physical spacing). In order to reduce labor time, it is important to alwavs use the widest tape width pos sible when applying tape wraps but it should be rememembered that nar row tape widths provide the smoothest wrap for tiny or sharply curved coils and components. Selection of proper tape material, weave, width, thickness, construction, etc., should be determined by the re quirements of the application--factors to be considered include tensile strength, machine or hand wrapping, heat resistance, cushioning, tear strength, elongation, conformabilitv. ability to be impregnated, and com patibility with other materials in the insulation system. It is possible to slit tape from woven cloth sheeting but very little of this type is used because of poor tear strength and raveling. Woven tapes generally are woven to the width de sired with a selvage edge--this type of edge is obtained by weaving the warp yams closer together at the edge in order to increase tear strength and prevent raveling. Woven asbestos tape for electrical insulation is commonly called listing. Asbestos tape is generally available in both commercial and underwriters' grades in widths from Yz to 3 inches. Both ferrous and non-ferrous types are made--ferrous means that the magnetic iron in the tape does not exceed and that the total iron con tent (magnetic and chemically com bined) does not exceed 6%--non-fer rous means that the magnetic iron does not exceed 0.75% and the total iron content does not exceed 1.75%. Variations in construction are possi ble such as combining asbestos warp yams and cotton filling yams or re inforcing the asbestos with glass. For the asbestos fine tapes in thicknesses of .010" .015", .020", .025", and .030", underwriters' grade is stand ard. Commercial grade is used for thicknesses of 1/32", 1/16", Ys"< 3/16", and Yt"- Other grades can be supplied on special order. Asbestos is used because of its thermal properties, flexibility, and resilience. ASTM D 315-62T. Specifications and Methods of Test for Asbestos Tape for Electrical Purposes, covers underwriters' grade tape in thick nesses from .010" to .030" and widths from Yz" to 2". Construction specifi cations tabulate the total ends, picks per inch, and pounds per 100 feet for each thickness and width. Cotton tapes are supplied in a vari ety of weaves, thicknesses, widths, and constructions to provide different degrees of tensile strength, tear strength, elongation, resilience, and other properties. Plain weave tapes with their excellent stretchabilitv are used most widely but there is airsome use of herringbone weavt twill) which are also called webbinr. or staybindings. Cotton tapes readi absorb varnishes and other impre. nants. Cotton tapes are covered by AST' D 335-51. Specifications for Wove Cotton Tapes for Electrical Purpose The table shows the ASTM phvsic. requirements for cotton tape. Most glass tape for electrical ins' lation is woven from continuous fil. ments. the staple fibers being usonly where cushioning and resilienare desirable. As with cotton tapes, wide variety of tape constructions aavailable. Many of these are sho\' in the tables. Tight weave B tapes using contin ous filament 450 varns 1 except 22' used in the warp in .005 and .00' thicknesses) and medium weave tapes using continuous filament 22 yarns represent constructions inti duced many years ago and are <isigned to meet military specificatii MIL-Y-1140C. The B weave tapes a very flexible and possess maximu Specificotiofls for Gloss Topes Utinq 75's encf ISO's Singles farm Thickness, Inch Width. Inch Construction Warp Total Enos Filling Picks; In. Min. Av. Breaking Strength, lbs. .004A V* 25 24 86 X 37 24 131 1 49 24 157 IV* 73 24 234 .005A .0Q7A .010A V* 26 26 183 X 37 26 260 1 49 26 345 IV* 71 26 500 V* 26 26 183 X . 37 26 260 1 49 26 345 IV* 7] 26 500 V* 22 16 310 X 33 16 465 1 44 16 620 IV* 66 16 930 .004 B 005B .0078 V* 25 30 86 X 37 30 131 1 49 30 157 IV* 73 30 234 V* 26 34 183 % 37 34 260 1 49 34 345 IV* 71 34 500 V* 26 34 183 X 37 34 260 1 49 34 345 IV* 71 34 500 Above tapes use 75's yarns except that .005' thicknesses use 150's m filling and .004' tapes u 150's in both warp and filling. 82 / iiMi/rilinii Dirrctorv EnrirloiiPilm I.\xiir. Ilav June. I*)h6 T^psile strength--the tight weave . ^often makes them preferable for hand rjapine where tension may not be ,-^eniv distributed across the tape ""^width. The B weave tape is the only rjjne available in a space-saving .003" ~ thickness. The A weave tapes using "^continuous filament 225 yarns are ^uow used to a somewhat limited ex , tent--high tensile strength makes "^tbem suitable for most applications. The medium weave C tapes were introduced after the original B and A glass tapes. The C weave tapes are more open weave than the B or A tapes and sre made with lower cost continuous filament 150 yarns--tenale strength is generally slightly less than the preceding tapes but the lower cost C tapes are suitable for many machine taping jobs. ?.; More recently, glass tapes using low cost, finer filament 150's and 75`s jingles yarns were developed. These tapes are said to. offer improved pli ability, conformability. abrasion re sistance, and ability to be thoroughly impregnated by insulating varnishes. These tapes are suggested for replac ing the A-225 and C-150 tapes and jn some cases, the B weave tapes. ASTM D-580-49 covers Standard Methods of Testing and Tolerances Jot Woven Glass Tapes. Glass yarns are now woven in com bination with polyester varns for cer tain applications where some stretch js desirable. Typical physical specifications for polyester fiber tape are also tabulated. afit For electrical insulation purposes, cloths and fabrics are nearly always treated or combined in some manner. They serve primarily as treated cloth . emulation materials and prepregs (see action 3-7) and as base materials for laminated plastics (see section 3-14). Tbey are also used in composite in solations (see sections 3-8 and 3-15). Asbestos, cotton, glass, and glass/ polyester are generally used for treated fabrics but there has been *c*ne usage of nylon, rayon, and silk. . Aabestos, cotton, glass, and nylon are womonly used for laminated plastics limited usage of silica, polyester, and other man-made mate -- Much of the general informa- _ sEr, Thicknew. Inch "Glass Top** Usio9 450's. 225 *. or J50'* form V*idth, Inch Total Ends Picks Per locb Approx. Yds./ Lb. Min. Breaking Strength Ranee. Lbj- .003 Vi 21 42 620 45 X 30 42 419 60-64 X 45 42 282 95-97 1 63 42 206 135 IK 108 42 122 190-232 .005 X 21 39 279 125-129 X 27 39 216 148-166 X 39 39 140 24-4-240 1 51 39 113 313-335 IX 75 39 77 439-477 .007 H 21 39 231 125-120 X 27 39 179 148-166 X 39 39 123 239-244 1 51 IX 75 39 39 94 313-335 63 459-477 .005 X 24 35 258 100-106 X 32 35 185 135-142 1 42 35 140 160-175 IK 62 35 95 250 .007 K 24 32 179 130-161 X 32 32 128 175-215 1 42 IK 62 32 32 97 240-283 67 370-418 .010 K 16 21 133 160-213 X 24 J 32 21 21 89 250-321 68 350-428 IK 48 21 45 550-662 .015 K 14 16 95 210-319 X 20 16 66 320-426 1 26 IK 40 16 16 50 440-593 33 660-835 0.005 K X 1 IK 24 32 42 62 29 29 29 29 0.007 K X 1 IK 24 32 42 62 29 29 29 29 0.010 K X 1 IK 16 24 32 48 21 21 21 21 0.015 X X 1 IK 14 20 26 40 16 16 16 16 0.020 X X 1 IK 11 15 21 31 14 14 14 14 0.025 X X 1 IK 20* 14 30* 14 40* 14 62* 14 90-114 124-152 158-200 232-295 114-132 152-177 200-232 295-342 165 249 332 497 207-254 296-376 386-490 593-752 253-334 345-464 485-632 713-962 450-608 690-912 920-1216 1426-1885 *Intended as a guide and not jor establishing specifications. "Tight weave H quality tupe uses 45ff.s yarns except that .005 and .0(17" thicknesses use 225 s in warp. Medium weaue A quality use5 22o'j yarns. Medium weave C quality uses ISO's yarns. Section 3-3: Fibrous Yarns. Cords. Tunes. Mats. Fuhr>r< J53 tion aiven for woven tapes would also apply to fabrics such as strength, flex ibility. resilience, stretchability. etc. 4cfcnowledgmeat The editors are indebted to the following persons who have reviewed, commented on, or made suggestions for improving this sec tion: Don W. Lyon. Johns-Manville Fiber Glass Inc.. Toledo. Ohio; Horace L. Free man. Carolina Narrow Fabric Co.. WinstonSalem, N.C.; J. A. Bettes. Jr.. Asbestos Textile Div., Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc.. Manheim. Pa.; Walter Koval and Gary R. Squires. Haveg Industries Inc., Wilmington, Del.; P. N. Dangei and Robert N'evins, Fiber Products Div., The Kendall Co.. Wal pole, Mass.: C. P. Slenk. Refractories & Electronics Div.. The Carborundum Co.. Ni agara alls. N.Y.; Hugh Shulock, Indus trial Glass Fabrics Dept., J. P. Stevens & Co.. Inc., New York. N.Y.; and Arnold Freedman, Synthetic Thread Co., Inc.. Bethlehem. Pa. Cords. j&ffcee. ood Loch* or Tyhaq Tanas, Treated asd Uatreated Asoesfos (3. IS. 42. 60. 61, 47) Ceramic (4, 14. 52. 54) Cotton (6. 8. 13. 17, 18. 35. 78 81) Ha* (8 17, 22) Glass (9 15 18. 32. 36. 39. 43. 53. 57. 47. 68. 70 71, 74. 77, 81. 82. 83) Paoer (13. 18. 46, 49 . 65 . 74) Poivamioe fheet resistant ryoe traoenamed 'Nome* ') (8. 9. 13, (5 18 36. 69 71. 771 Poivamioe (nylon) (6 8 10 18, 22. 34 4| 69 71 77) Polyester (4 8. 12. 15. 17, 18. 22. 36. 41. S3 49 7) 77. 73, 81j Polvterrafluoroethvlene (2, 8. 10. 13 18. 19. 22. 36 41. 69. 77. 79) Silica (36. 37. 40. 67 . 68, 73) Vinvi (12. 18 22 36. 4] S3, 58. 59. 68 80 82' Roving and Lap Asbestos (3. 42. 60. 41) Ceramic (4. 14, 54) Giass (21. 43. 44, 55. S7. 67, 81) Poivamioe (heat resistant type tradenames "Nome*") (45) Poiyeste- 145) Ouarrz {34 44. 67. 73) S'iica (33. 37. 40. 44, 6?) Mat* aad Feft*. Untreated Asbestos (3, 5. 60. 6!) Ceramic (4. 14, 54) Cotton (5, 28. 45. 54) Glass (24, 29. 43. SS. 62 67 , 81) Poivamioe (heat resisent tvoe traoenamed "'Nome*'1) (45) Polyester (20. 24. 45. Si. 56. 81) Polypropylene (45, 56. 65) Ouartz (34. 67. 73) Silica (37. 40. 67) SUPPLIER DIRECTORr LISTING Wave* Tape*, Untreated end Non-Adhesive Acetate (18. 53. 67. 69. 78) Asbestos (3. 7. 18. 42. 60. 61) Ceramic (14) Cotton (II. IS. 18. 30. 35 53 69. 751 Glass (7. IS. IS. 21. 30 39. 2. S3. 60 66. 67) Giess/asbestos (7, 18. 42. 671 Glass/polyester (7. 15. 18. 39. 67) Polyamide (heat resistant type traoenamed "Nome*") (IS. 69) Polyester (7. IS. 18 20 53 69 78) Quartz (15. 34. 67. 73) Silica (37, 40. 6?) NOTE: Numbers in parentheses following each product covered in this section correspond with the numbers shown in front of each suODl'tr of products listed here (thus indicating which firms supply fhe product concerned). Only company names ore listed here--sea Part 4. section 4-1, for addresses of suppliers. Bold foce type indicates ad vertisers--see advertisers' listing at back of book lor page numbers of advertisements. Products Covered in this Section Fiber*. Threads, ond/er Terns (Plain or Coated) Acetete (8 16 23. 2S. S3. 64. 49, 78) Asbestos (3. 33, 38, 42. -<8. 40. 61, 67) Ceramic (I*. 52, 54) Cotton (5. 8, 13. IS. 17. 33 S3. 49 81) Puseo ouartz (34. 47. 71. 73) Glass (13. 24, 32. 33, 43, Si. 53, S7, 47, 48 70. 71. 72. 81, 83) Polvamide (nylon) (1, 5. 8. 23 34 44 69 71) Polyamide (neat resistant tyDe traoenameo 'Nome*") (8 13. 23. 33. 36. 69. 71) Polyester (5. 8. 13, 16. 17, 23. 25. 33. 35, S3. 63. 64. 49, 71, 78. 81) Polypropylene (5, 8. 17, 53. 65. 69, 71) Polytetratluorpethyiene (2. 5. 8. 13. 19, 23. 27, 34. 49) Ravoft (8, 17, 33 64 69 . 30 Silica (37, 40. 51, 67) Cloth end Fabric. Untreated and Non-Adhesive Acetate (18. S3, 67) Asbestos (3. 7, 18. 42. 60 , 61, 67) Asbestos/glass (3) Asbestos/polyester (3) Ceramic (14) Cotton (18. 45. 50 .53. 67. 81) Giass (7. 18. 21. 29. 42. 50. 53. 67, 81) Polvamide (Nylon) (18, 45, 67) Poivamioe (heat resistant type tradenamed "Nome*") (18 45. 67} Polyester (18. 20. 45. 47. 53. 47) Poiyester/giass (18. 50. 53. 67) Polypropylene (18. 45. 47, 53, 65, 67) Quartz (34. 67. 73) Rayon (18, 4S. 50 47) Silica (37 40 67) Suppliers of Preceding Products 1-- Allied Chemical Coro. 2-- Amerso. Inc.. TetrafluOr Div. 3-- AMERICAN ASBESTOS TEXTILE COUP. 4-- Aremco Products. Inc. 5-- ARYEY COUP.. LAMCOTE DIV. 6-- The Atkins & Pearce Mfg. Co. 7-- Atlas Asbestos Co.. Seai-Tite Mfg. Co.. Div, 8--8ELDING-CORTICELLI. INDUSTRIAL YARN DIV. 9-- BENTLEY-HARRIS MFG. CO. R4 Insulation Directors- Encyclopedia Issue. Mm : Juno, 1966 1C--Birnoach Rao>o Co. inc. 11--Bo-BuCk M:lit Inc. ;2--T-ne Boroen Cc.. The Boroen Chemical Co.. Div. 13--THE BOROEN CHEMICAL CO., MYSTIK TAPE DIV. >4--Tne Ctroorunaum Co.. Refractories & Electronics Div. IS--CAROLINA NARROW FABRIC CO. ie--Ceienese Coro.. Ceianese Plastics Co.. Dl>. 17--Chadwick Yam Co. IS--Chase & Sons, Inc. |9--Chemoiatt Inc. 20-- Chevron Chemical Co.. Oronlte Div. 21-- Clerk-Schwebet Fiber Glass Core. 22-- Oaourn Electronics 6 Ceble Core. 23-- E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS * CO.. (INC.) 2*--Tne eagre-Picner Co. 25--Eastman Chemical Products. Inc.. Suosio'.arv of Eastman (Coda* Co. 26-- The Eaton-D'keman Co. 27-- Enfio Co-o. 2^--Paoncon Prooucts 29-- Piber Giass moustries. Inc. 30-- Fide- Msg. Co. 32-- GENERAL CABLE CORP. 33-- General Electric Co.. Insulating Materials Dept. 34-- Genera) Electric Co., lamp Giao Dept. 35-- General Printed St-mg Co. 36-- Gudeorod 8ros. Silk Co.. Inc. 37-- Haveg Inoustrles, Inc.. Sli-temp Materials C 38-- Heoman M-ines Ltd. 39-- HESS, GOLDSMITH & CO.. HORACE LINK DIV. 40-- Hitco. Materials Div. 41-- lcore Industries 42-- JOHNS-MANVILLE 43-- Johns-Manvllie Fiber Glass Inc. 44-- Kaufman Glass Co. 45-- THE KENDALL CO.. FIBER PROOUCTS DIV *6-- Kraielt Co. 47--Kressiik Products, inc. *8--Lake Asbestos of Quebec Ltd. 49-- John A. Manning Paper Co. 50--Millikan Industrials Inc., Exeter Div. 51-- 3M CO. 57-- Mitronics. Inc. 53-- Mutual Industries, Columbia Electrical Tar Div. 54-- National Beryllia Corp. 58-- Owens.Corning Fiberglas Corp., Fiberglas Industrial Materials Div. 56--Pedon Corp.. Industrial Div. 57-- Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Fiber Glass Di, 58-- Plastic Extrusion & Engineering Co.. Inc. 59-- Plymouth Rubber Co. Inc, 40-H. K. PORTER CO.. INC.. THERMOID DIV 61-- RAYBESTOS-MANHATTAN, INC., AS8ESTC TEXTILE DIV. 62-- Relchhold Chemicals. Inc. 63-- Rieoef Paper Corp., Industrial Films Div. 64-- Robison Rayon Co., Inc., Atlantic Yarns D 65-- Sehliehter Products Co. 46-- Smooth On Mfg. Co.. Inc. 67-- J. P. STEVENS i CO.. INC.. INDUSTRIAL GLASS FABRICS DEPT. 68-- SUFL6X CORP. 69-- SYNTHETIC THREAD CO., INC. WIRE i CABLE DIV. 70-- laconic Plastics 71-- JONATHAN TEMPLE t CO., INC. r.4Dy) INSULAT1VE FIBRE GLASS YARNS Custom Quality and Service JONATHAN TEMPLE & C< See page 79 72-- Tensolite Insulated Wire Co.. Inc.. Subs o: Carlisle Corp. 73-- Thermal American Fused Quartz Co. 74-- E. W. Twitchell. Inc. 7^-Unnec Shoe Machinery Corp. 76-- VARFLEX CORP., YARFIEX SALES CO.. DIV. 77-- Western Filament Core. 78-- Wm. E. Wngrit 6 Sons Co., Tnmtex Inc 79-- T'l-Point Industries. Inc. SO--The Borden Chemical Co.. Resinite Western Operations 81-- CPS inoustrles. Inc.. Ripco Products D 82-- Electra Insulation Corp. 93-OOOGE FIBERS CORP.