Document YGQ1GGRezQGKoqrzZdzjMzGyn

L ivr of1' N O V f c M B & - 30,!^^! M e m o 2 .,4 -D i O M fcM tc^ L - A ^~D K sN G j p l D f c M O U O G l C L X rttfclTS J - J 0 ST U D IE S 2611 0-37/3- 017G70 A merican J ournal or E pidemiology c-p- Copyright 0 1979 by The John6 H opkins University School of Hygiene and Public H ealth All rights reserved LEUKEMIA AMONG NEBRASKA FARMERS: A DEATH CERTIFICATE STUDY Voi. n o . No. 3 Printed in U.SJK, AARON BLAIR a n d TERRY L. THOM AS A. Blair (Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National C a n ce r Institute, 3C07 Landow Bldg., Bethesda, MD 20205), an d T. L. Thom as. Leukem ia among Nebraska farm ers: A death certificate study. Am J Epidemiol 110:264-273, 1979. The risk of leukem ia among farm ers w as studied using records of death certificates from N ebraska, 1957-1974. Com parison of occupation, a s recorded on the death certificate, for 1084 leukemia deaths and 2168 deaths from other c a u s e s, matched for age at death, year of death, county of resi dence, race, and sex, revealed an elevated risk of leukem ia among farmers (odds ratio = 1.25). The risk w as greatest among farm ers born after 1900 and dying before age 66 (odds ratio = 1.83). Stratification by county of residence showed a significantly elevated risk for farm ers from heavy com producing counties. agricultural w orkers' d ise a s e s; death certificates; leukem ia; mortality The geographic p a tte rn of leukem ia ing or specific exposures associated with- m ortality among w hite m ales in th e leukemia would seem worthwhile, few a t-" United States shows a band of high-rate tempts a t such a linkage have been made.^ counties in the central region of the coun in an effort to seek new as well as cor->5 ; t > try (1). Although the explanation for this roborative observations relevant to this^ pattern is unknown, the fact th at many of association, we conducted a death certifU these high-rate counties are sparsely cate study of leukemia in Nebraska_- populated and have minimal industrial manufacturing activity (2) suggests th a t M ethods agricultural factors may be associated From a computerized listing of all Ne w ith leukem ia. Several reports have braska deaths from 1957 to 1974, we^ suggested th a t th e m o rtality from abstracted the records of all white, males, . leukemia among farmers is high (3--7). 30 years of age or older, with leukemia Farmers perform many tasks usually as (International Classification o f Diseasest sociated w ith other occupations and, (ICD) codes 204 for the Seventh and therefore, experience a variety of chemi 204-207 for the Eighth Revision) (8, 9) cal and physical exposures. Although in listed as the underlying cause of death. vestigations to uncover the type of farm-*1 For each of the 1084 leukemia deaths we selected as controls, two non-leukemic deaths matched by sex, race, county of Received for publication Novem ber 20, 1978, and in final form February 23, 1979. usual residence, age a t death (2 years), Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio. and calendar year of death (exact match). 1From th e E n v iro n m en tal Epidem iology B ranch, National Cancer Institute, 3C07 Landow Building, Bethesda. MD 20205. (Reprint requests to Dr. Blair.) The authors thank the state of N ebraska, b i vision The usual occupation as appearing on the death certificate had been coded accord ing to the 1950 Census (10) for deaths of Health Data and Statistical Research for provid ing m ortality records. Dr. Leo J. Kinlen for construc tive suggestions, and Deborah W atts and M arcia Glasser for m anuscript preparation. during 1957--1965 and the 1970 Census (11) for 1966-1974. Farm owners, ten ants, and laborers were all classified as 264 2612 O & -713 LEUKEMIA AMONG NEBRASKA FARMERS 265 farmers for this study. Lacking individual information as to the type of farming practiced by the decedents, we stratified the matched triplets (case and two con trols) according to demographic (12) and p7t agricultural (13, 14) characteristics of their county of usual residence to charac terize the farmers at high risk (table 1). "iF Using data for the 93 Nebraska counties from the Agricultural Censuses we iden tified the 30 counties with: the highest levels of corn and wheat acreage; chicken, cattle, and swine inventories; dairy pro duction; and fertilizer, herbicide, and pes ticide usage. The geographic distribu tion of these groups of counties are shown in figure 1. Cases and controls in the vari- r ous county groupings were compared for farm exposure. Odds ratios (OR) and con fidence limits were calculated according >to matched triplet procedures (15, 16). r Results Heart disease, stroke, and circulatory disease accounted for 54.2 per cent of the control deaths, while cancer deaths other th an leukemia accounted for 10.3 per cent. As might be expected for a lightly popu lated state, farming was listed as the usual occupation for a high proportion of all deaths (39.9 per cent of the cases and 36.0 per cent of the controls) (table 2). Matched analysis of the 1084 triplets yielded an OR of 1.25 (95 per cent confi dence limits 1.05 to 1.49) for farming as the occupation listed on the death certifi cate. Odds ratios for farmers according to year of birth, year of death, and age at death are shown in table 3. The risk of leukem ia was significantly elevated among farmers born after 1900 (OR = 1.64) or less than 66 years of age at death (OR = 1.83) but was similar for both year of death categories. Cross-classification of triplets revealed a year ofbirth and age at death effect (table 4) w ith the greatest risk occurring among farmers bom after 1900 and dying before age 66 (OR = 1.83). Odds ratios calculated for triplets stratified according to characteristics of the decedents' county of residence are shown in table 5. Elevated odds ratios were found for farmers from counties with high rates for leukemia m ortality (OR = 1.94), large com acreage (OR = 1.44), and high cattle inventories (OR = 1.36). Sig nificantly elevated odds ratios also oc curred for farmers from counties with less herbicide use (OR = 1.39), low wheat ac reage (OR = 1.35), and w ith fewer cattle treated w ith insecticides. Risks of leukemia were similar among farmers from counties w ith differing levels for Table 1 Sources of county data used to stratify case-control triplets o f Nebraska decedents, 1957--1974 Variable High stratum Source (ref. no.) Leukemia m ortality rate (1950--1969) for county Corn acres harvested W heat acres harvested No. of cattle inventoried No. of hogs inventoried No. of chickens inventoried Acres treated w ith herbicides Acres treated with insecticides No. of cattle (other th a n dairy) treated w ith insecticides Dairy products sold (dollars) Fertilizer used (tons) 20 counties in high-rate state economic areas 30 highest 30 highest 30 highest 30 highest 30 highest 30 highest 30 highest 30 highest 30 highest 30 highest A tlas of Cancer M ortality for U.S. C ounties, 1950--1969 (1) A g ricu ltu ra l C ensus, 1959 (13) A g ricu ltu ra l C ensus, 1959 (13) A g ric u ltu ra l C ensus, 1959 (13) A g ric u ltu ra l C ensus, 1959 (13) A g ricu ltu ra l C ensus, 1959 (13) A gricultural Census, 1964 (14) A g ricu ltu ra l C ensus. 1964 (14) A g ricu ltu ra l C ensus, 1964 (14) A gricultural C ensus, 1964 (14) A gricultural C ensus, 1964 (14) 266 BLAIR AND THOMAS --1 T T T T ^M -- j D j _________H a u > i?. i" F igure 1. G eographic distrib u tio n of th e 30 N ebraska counties w ith th e h ig h est levels for 10 ag ricu ltu ral-ijf factors (A--corn, B--w h eat, C--hogs, D-- chickens, E--c a ttle , F --in secticid es, G--h erb icid es, H-- 2? cattle treated w ith insecticides, I--fertilizer, J --dairy products). acres treated with insecticides, for fer tilizer usage, for hog and chicken inven tories, and for dairy products sold. For triplets grouped by year of birth and characteristics of county of residence, significantly elevated odds ratios were limited to the 1901-1943 birth cohort except for counties with overall high leukemia rates (table 6). For decedents born after 1900, the increased risk of leukemia among farmers was localized in counties with high corn (OR = 1.85), cat tle (OR = 1.72) and hog (OR = 2.04) pro- duction, and high insecticide (OR = 1.95) usage, as well as in counties w ith low ; wheat production (OR = 2.05) and low herbicide usage (OR = 2.04). " As is shown in table 7, the level of corn ' production was the most persistent influ ence on the risk of leukemia among farm ers. Odds ratios were consistently ele vated among counties with high corn pro duction, regardless of the level of other commodities. D 'Z L 7 l$ LEUKEMIA AMONG NEBRASKA FARMERS 267 Table 2 Distribution o f occupations o f cases and controls am ong Nebraska decedents, 1957-1974 Occupational group Teachers Engineers, scientists F arm ers Clerks and salespersons Carpenters, woodworkers Printers M achinists, mechanics Laborers No occupation listed O th er Cases No. % 9 0.8 25 2.3 433 39.9 84 7.7 31 2.9 3 0.3 33 3.0 49 4.5 65 6.0 352 32.5 Controls No. % 12 0.6 66 3.0 781 36.0 163 7.5 52 2.4 9 0.4 77 3.6 126 5.8 161 7.4 721 33.3 : Total 1084 100.0 2168 100.0 S-' Stratum Year of birth f - 1869-1889 1890-1900 1901-1943 f Year of death 1957-1965 1966-1974 Age a t death *65 s>66 * p * 0.05. Table 3 Number ofNebraska farmers and percentage employed as farmers by year of birth, age at death, and year of death, 1957-1974 Cases - No. of fum er % farmen Controls No. of fum e % farmers Odds ratio 181 48.8 - 345 159 41.1 301 93 28.5 135 207 '42.5 226 37.9 368 413 102 29.1 147 331 45.r 634 r 46.5 1.12 38.9 1.12 20.7 1.64* 37.8 1.30* 34.6 1.21 21.0 1.83* 43.2 1.10 ' - nxKjuTWv confidence limits 0.85-1.49 0.85-1.48 1.18--2.27 1.01-1.69 0.95-1.53 1.29-2.60 0.90-1.35 Table 4 Odds ratios (OR) and confidence limits (CL) for Nebraska farmers by year of birth and age at death, 1957--1974 Age at death 1869-1889 OR 95% CL Year of birth 1890-1900 OR 95% CL 1901-1943 OR 95% CL 65 0 cases 3=66 1.08 1.42 0 .7 0 -2 .8 7 0 .8 1 -1 .4 3 1.07 0 .7 9 -1 .4 5 1.83* 1.28 1.24-2.72 0.71-2.30 0.05. il The leukemia deaths from the mortal ity tape were coded according to ICD revi sion in effect a t the time of death; there fore, deaths occurring between 1957 and 1967 were coded using the Seventh Revi sion and deaths occurring from 1968 to 1974 were coded using Eighth Revision codes. Although odds ratios for several leukemia types were elevated (table 8), only the acute unspecified type (Seventh 2615 D- 3.7e 268 BLAIR AND THOMAS T able 5 Odds ratios (OR) and confidence lim its (CL) for Nebraska farmers by leukemia m ortality rate and level o f agricultural production in the county o f residence, 1957-1974 County categories OR 95% CL State economic area leukemia rates 20 high rate counties O th ers Com acreage H ighest 30w O th ers W heat acreage H ighest 30 O th ers Insecticides: acres treated Highest 30 O th ers Herbicides: acres treated H ighest 30 O th ers Fertilizer used: tons Highest 30 O th ers C attle inventory: No. Highest 30 O th ers Hog inventory: No. Highest 30 O th ers Chicken inventory: No. Highest 30 O th ers Cattle treated w ith pesticides: No. Highest 30 O th ers D airy products sold: dollars H ighest 30 O th ers 1.94* 1.04 1.44* 1.07 1.11 1.35* . 1.29* 1.21 1.15 1.39* 1.25 1.25 1.36* 1.16 1.25 1.25 1.23 1.27 1.19 1.30* 1.22 1.29 * p 0.05. 1.40-2.68 0.84-1.28 1.13-1.84 0.83-1.37 0.84-1.47 1.08-1.68 1.01-1.65 0.94-1.55 0.90-1.45 1.07-1.80 0.99-1.58 0.96-1.63 1.05-1.74 0.91-1.48 0.97-1.61 0 .9 8 --1 .5 9 0.96-1.58 1.00-1.62 0 .9 2 --1 .5 4 1.03-1.65 0.96-1.54 1.00-1.66 Revision ICD code 204.3) reached statisti cal significance (OR = 2.21). There were insufficient numbers to stratify triplets by Eighth Revision cell types and county agricultural character istics. Although the ICD Seventh Revi sion codes for leukemias are poor, these are shown by year of birth and county characteristics in tables 9 and 10. The odds ratios for farmers were larger among the more recent birth cohorts for each cell type; however, statistical significance was achieved only for acute unspecified leukemia for the 1901-1943 cohort (table 9). As shown in table 10, significantly elevated odds ratios for lymphatic leukemia were found among farmers from counties with high total mortality from leukem ia (OR = 3.56), and with large numbers of cattle (OR = 2.00). On the other hand, an excess risk for acute un specified leukemia occurred among farm ers from counties with a high com ac reage (OR = 2.27), with greater herbicide usage (OR = 1.75), large numbers of chickens (OR = 2.00) and hogs (OR = 1.90), and low numbers of cattle (OR = i-- 2.56). 3 D iscu ssio n vs The occurrence of high mortality rates .gj for leukem ia in rural counties in Ne- braska (1) and reports of a greater risk among farmers (3--7) suggest th a t farm- ers may be exposed to leukemoeenic agents. Although an increased risk o f^ jP leukemia among farmers has not been ||j seen in all studies (18,19), the 25 per cent ^ E increase in risk observed in this investi- <351 gation is comparable to estimates from o th er studies (5, 6, 20). The risk of leukemia was increased among farmers bom after, but not before, 1900, suggest- ing a relationship with agricultural expo- sures of recent origin. We found the ex- cess to be limited to ages under 66, as '7 # have others (6, 21). ~*k. Farmers are rather self-sufficient and >ss' may individually perform tasks normally .3' associated with other occupations. Since g; a farm er often functions as his own mechanic, carpenter, welder, equipment operator, and pesticide applicator, he may be exposed to such potential carcinogenic P: substances as solvents, oils, fuels, welding fumes, herbicides, insecticides, and or- ' ganic dusts. The exact subset of indi vidual exposures probably depends upon the tjrpe of farming operation. For exam- j Leuke 201 O th Com ! H ig O th W hea Hig O th Insect Hig O th Herbi Hig O tl Fertil Hig O tl No. o H i, O tl No. o Hi, Oti No. c Hi Ot *P pie, and con the ope lets cou era wit far tiri bir leu du ha rie th< LEUKEMIA AMONG NEBRASKA FARMERS 269 Table 6 Odds ratios (OR) and confidence lim its (CL) for N ebraska farm ers by year o f birth and selected county characteristics, 1957-1974 County categories Leukemia rates 20 high rate counties O th ers Com acreage H ighest 30 O th ers W heat acreage H ighest 30 O thers - Insecticides: acres treated 1- H ig h est 30 i Others : Herbicides: acres treated ; H ighest 30 O thers ^fertilizer used: tons k . H ighest 30 S ' O thers ; No. of cattle H ighest 30 L Others i No. of hogs i" Highest 30 __ ? O th ers ____ No. of chickens H ighest 30 O th ers p 0.05: 1869--1 8 8 9 OR 95% CL 2.06* 0.87 - 1.48 0.86 0.95 1.27 1.11 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.03 1.16 1.47 0.89 1.20 1.06 1.04 1.20 1.21-3.48 0.62-1.22 0.99-2.21 0.58-1.28 0.62-1.47 0.88-1.84 0.73-1.67 0.71-1.62 0.72-1.63 0.72-1.67 0.69-1.54 .76-1.77 0 . 9 7 --2 .2 3 0.61-1.31 0.79-1.82 0.73-1.56 0.69-1.57 0.81-1.77 Year of birth 1890-- 1 9 0 0 OR 95% CL 1.96* 0.90 1.12 1.12 1.29 1.03 1.09 1.24 1.05 1.30 1.23 1.07 1.10 1.14 0.90 1.40 1.10 1.14 1.15-3.32 0.65-1.25 0.77-1.62 0.75-1.69 0.82-2.03 0.73-1.46 0.73-1.62 0 .8 1 -1 .8 8 0.72-1.55 0.84-2.03 0.84-1.81 0 .6 9 -1 .6 5 0 .7 4 -1 .6 3 0 .7 7 -1 .6 8 0 .6 1 -1 .3 3 0.94-2.08 0 .7 4 -1 .6 2 0.77-1.69 1901 -1943 OR 95% CL 1.75* 1.58* 1.85* 1.40 1.06 2.05* 1.95* 1.36 1.37 2.04 1.56 1.76* 1.72* 1.56 2.04 1.34 1.61* 1.66* 1.01-3.05 1.06-2.37 1.20-2.85 0.86-2.30 0.60-1.86 1.37-3.07 1 . 2 3 --3 .0 6 0.85-2.18 0.88-2.13 1.25-3.32 1.03-2.38 1.04-2.98 1.08-2.74 0.98-2.47 1.28-3.25 0.85-2.10 1.01-2.57 1.05-2.63 r pie, exposures received by dairy farmers ds and wheat farmers are likely to differ considerably. In an attempt to determine 3; the risks associated with specific farming 1 operations, we stratified case-control tripV lets according to characteristics of their county of residence. High levels for sev eral agricultural factors were associated with elevated risk of leukemia among farmers (corn, cattle, hogs, and insec ticides) particularly in the 1901-1943 birth cohort. We found the risk for total leukemia among farmers in chicken pro ducing counties was not excessive, as have others (22). Although several ag ricultural factors were associated with j the risk of leukemia, corn production was the most consistent. When the level of com production was held constant, other agricultural factors did not significantly influence the risk. ICD Seventh Revision codes for leukemia are imprecise in that acute lymphatic and acute myeloid leukemias may both appear in code 204.3; however, elevated risks for the acute unspecified type and for lymphatic leukemias are consistent with a study of Washington farmers (4). The higher risk for lymphatic leukemia among farmers from cattle pro ducing counties is intriguing in light of a report of acute lymphatic leukemia among farmers in Iowa with dairy herds infected with bovine leukemic virus (21). 2617 o- a7i? Zm ' tr. 270 BLAIR AND THOMAS T able 7 O dds ratios (O R) and confidence lim its (CL) for Nebraska farmers cross-classified by selected agricultural levels for their county o f residence, 1957-1974 County category C attle inventory: No. H ighest 30 O th ers Hog inventoiy: No. H ighest 30 Others m Chicken inventory: No. Highest 30 O th ers W heat acreage Highest. 30 O th ers Insecticides: acres treated H ighest 30 O th ers Herbicides: acres treated H ighest 30 O th ers * p 0.05. OR 1.57* 1.28 1.33* 2.42* 1.32* 2.00* 1.25 1.52* 1.40* 1.65 1.36* 1.75* High Level of corn production 95% CL OR Low 95% CL 1.14-2.14 0.88-1.87 1.02-1.72 1.26-4.64 1.01-1.74 1.18-3.38 0.77-2.02 1.15-2.00 1.07-1.83 0.95-2.85 1.03-1.79 1.07-2.88 1.03 1.09 0.59 1.12 . 0.80 1.12 1.04 1.10 0.89 1.14 0.72 1.27 0.68-1.58 0.80-1.49 0.23-1.48 0.86-1.45 0.42-1.54 0.86-1.48 0.74-1.47 0.76-1.58 0.49-1.60 0.84-1.47 0.46-1.14 0.94-1.72 -- ; "W 1 T abue 8 Number o f certificates and percentage o f Nebraska decedents employed as farmers by 4-digit ICD categories for leukemia, 1957--1974 Type (ICD No.) Cans No. of tripletaf Contrla No. of triplets % Odds' ratio D eaths occurring betw een 1 9 5 7 --1967 (7 th R evision codes) 95% limits 7m *v3 Lymphatic (204.0).. Myeloid (204.1) Monocytic (204.2) Acute, Unspecified (204.3) O ther, Unspecified (204.4) 100 45.2 170 38.5 1.25 ,, 0 .8 7 -1 .8 0 ;J j 37 35.6 76 36.5 0.94 0 .5 2 -1 .7 0 '-$. 13 33.3 19 24.4 2.00 0 .6 9 -5 .7 9 90 43.3 148 35.6 2.21* 1.05-2.40 i ) 26 53.1 46 46.9 1.36 0 .6 3 - 2.93 " D eaths occurring between 1 9 6 8 -1974 (8th R evision codes) Acute Lym phatic (204.0) Chronic Lym phatic (204.1) Unspecified, Lym phatic (204.9) Acute Myeloid (205.0) Chronic Myeloid (205.1) Unspecified Myeloid (205.9) Chronic Myeloid (206.0) Leukem ia, Unspecified (207.9) * p 0.05. t Case and two controls. 15 45.5 45 38.5 21 63.6 39 29.8 13 26.5 11 39.3 5 50.0 11 36.7 26 39.4 1.40 85 36.3 1.14 32 48.5 1.41 76 29.0 1.06 28 28.6 0.88 20 35.7 1.19 8 40.0 1.82 23 38.3 0.92 0.52-3.81 0.66-1.96 0.62-3.20 0 .6 0 -1 .8 4 0.37-2.10 0 .4 4 -3 .2 7 0.28-11.72 0.35-2.45 .1Cfk- :J 2618 LEUKEMIA AMONG NEBRASKA FARMERS 271 Table 9 O dds ratios (OR) and confidence lim its (CL) for Nebraska farmers by leukemia cell type (ICD 7th Revision) and year o f birth, 1957-1967 A Year of birth Type (ICD No.) 1869-1889 1890-1900 1901-19 OR 95% CL OR 96% CL OR 95% CL Lymphatic (204.0) .:S. Myeloid (204.1) Acute, unspecified (204.3) 1.00 1.78 0 .9 5-3.35 1.44 0.64 0.27-1.52 1.08 0.42-2.74 2.73 1.05 0 .49-2.25 1.39 0 .7 0 -2 .7 8 2.56* 0.45-4.67 0.50-15.04 1.27-5.13 p ss 0.05. 9P Ta b u 10 Odds ratios (OR) and confidence limits (CL) for Nebraska farmers by leukemia cell type (ICD 7th Revision) and characteristics of county o f residence, 1957--1967 g&;. County characteristic Cell type Lerel a tcounty characteristic High Low OR 96% CL OR 96% CL Leukemia m ortality rate EgC*- ; *- Eft;-* . Lymphatic M yeloid Acute, unspecified 3J>6* 1.30 L78 L 7 5 -7 J2 5 0.38-4.44 0.80-3.92 0.84 0.86 1.53 0 . 5 5 --1 .2 9 0 .4 4 -L67 0.94-2.48 fe C o m acreage IE"-- r Wheat acreage -- L ym phatic M yeloid Acute, unspecified L ym phatic M yeloid Acute, unspecified 1.49 1.05 2.27* 0.90 0.87 1.74 0.88-2.52 0.51-2.16 1.29-3.98 0.52-1.57 0.35-2.15 0.86-3.56 1.07 0.77 1.03 1.61 1.00 1.52 0.65-1.76 0 .2 8 --2 .1 0 0.56-1.91 0.99-2.60 0.92-2.52 " Insecticides`(acres treated) L ym phatic 1.24 .0.71-2.16 1.27 M yeloid 0.90 0.42-1.94 1.00 Acute, unspecified 1.53 0.89-2.63 1.68 0.78-2.04 0.88-3.18 ' Herbicides (acres treated) L y m p h atic M yeloid Acute, unspecified 1.15 0.77 1.75* 0.69-1.92 0.38-1.57 1.01-3.06 1.37 1.46 1.42 0.82-2.28 0.51-4.12 0.77-2.61 No. of cattle L ym phatic M yeloid Acute, unspecified 2.00* 0.94 1.03 1.18-3.40 0.39-2.24 0.58-1.83 0.82 * 0.95 2.56* 0.50-1.36 0.43-2.10 1.39-4.71 No. of chickens L y m p h atic M yeloid Acute, unspecified 1.27 0.91 2.00* 0.75-2.15 0.43-1.92 1.10-3.65 1.24 1.00 1.29 0.75-2.04 0.73-2.29 No. of hogs * p 0.05. L y m p h atic M yeloid Acute, unspecified 1.41 0.69 1.90* 0.23-2.40 0.31-1.52 1.09-3.33 1.14 1.44 1.29 0.69-1.86 0.57-3.64 0.70-2.36 2619 D '.Q n & b 272 BLAIR AND THOMAS However, in our study, the lymphatic plained by confounding due to smoking leukemias are likely to be the chronic, not patterns among occupations. However, the acute, form, if the distribution is simi- other limitations of the study need to be .lar to the general pattern found in adults taken into consideration. The classifica (23). tion of case-control triplets according to The high risk among farm ers from characteristics of their county o f residence heavy com, hog, and chicken producing may not reflect characteristics of the indi and herbicide-using counties applied viduals. The potential biases arising from primarily to the acute unspecified type. In the use of occupational data on death cer the Seventh Revision, this category is tificates are also well known (26). This likely to be composed primarily of acute quick and inexpensive method may, how myeloid leukemia, since this is the more ever, provide new clues, such as the ele common acute form in adults (23). Geo vated risk of acute unspecified leukemia graphic patterns of counties with high among farmers in corn producing coun hog, chicken, and corn production a re . ties and lymphatic leukemia in cattle quite similar (all located in the eastern counties, where further study is needed to part of the state), and although worthy of clarify the risk and identify specific leu- further investigation, the high risk in hog kemogic exposures. and chicken producing counties probably reflects an overlap with high com coun R eferences ties. The explanation for the high risk in 1. M ason T J, McKay FW , Hoover R, e t ah A tlas of com producing counties is unclear, how C an cer M o rtality in U .S. C ounties: 1950--69. ever, these data do not implicate pesticide usage, since the risk among farmers was not high in counties with heavy pesticide DHEW Publ No (NIH) 75-780. W ashington DC, US GPO, 1975 2. US D epartm ent of Commerce: Census of M an ufactures, 1963. Vol 1-11. W ashington DC, US. use in the absence of high com produc tion. The association seen here between GPO, 1966 3. G uralnick L: M ortality by O ccupation and Cause of D eath. V ital Statistics Special Report 53(3), DHEW (PHS). W ashington DC, 1963 farming and leukemia mortality could have arisen because farmers smoke less than other occupational groups (24, 25). 4. M ilh am S: O ccupational M ortality in W ash-' ington S tate, 1 9 5 0-71. Vol 1-3, DHEW (PHS). W ashington DC, US GPO, 1976 5. F asal E , Jac k so n EW , K la u b e r MR: L eukem ia Further, although leukem ia is not a smoking-related disease, several of the causes of death among the controls (coro and lym phoma m ortality and farm residence. Am J Epidemiol 87:267-274,1968 6. M ilham S: L eukem ia and m ultiple myelom a i n ' farm ers. Am J Epidemiol 94:307-310, 1971 nary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancers of the larynx, esophagus, lung and bladder) are. 7. Adelstein AM: Occupational m ortality: Cancer. Ann Occup Hyg 15:53-57, 1972 8. World H ealth Organization: M anual of th e In tern atio n al S tatistical C lassification of Dis These conditions might result in a de crease in the proportion of fanners among smoking-related causes of death, i.e., eases, Injuries, and Causes of D eath. 7th Revi sion, Geneva, 1955 9. World H ealth O rganization: M anual of th e In ternational S tatistical C lassification of Dis among the controls, thus producing a spurious association between farming and leukemia. However, among our controls eases, Injuries and C auses of D eath. 8th Revi sion, Geneva, 1967 10. US B ureau o f th e Census: 1950 C ensus of Popu lation Classified Index of Occupations and In with smoking-related causes the propor tion of farmers (38 per cent) was slightly greater than the proportion of farmers dustries. W ashington DC, US GPO, 1951 11. U S B ureau of th e Census: 1970 C ensus of Popu lation A lphabetical Index of Industry and Occu pations. W ashington DC, US GPO, 1971 among controls dying from non-smoking related causes (34 per cent). Therefore, it is unlikely that our results can be ex 12. U S B u reau of th e C ensus: U.S. C ensus of Popu lation. 1960. Vol 1-11, C haracteristics of the Population. W ashington DC. US GPO, 1963 13. U S B u reau o f th e Census: 1959 C ensus of Ag 262 LEUKEMIA AMONG NEBRASKA FARMERS 273 riculture. Vol I. A rea Reports. W ashington DC, US GPO, 1961 j 4. US B ureau of th e Census: 1964 C ensus of Ag riculture. Vol 1. A rea R eports. W ashington DC, US GPO, 1966 15. M iettinen OS: Individual m atching w ith m u lti ple controls in the case of all or none responses. B iom etrics 25:339--354, 1969 16. M iettin en OS: Sim ple in te rv a l e stim a tio n o f risk ratios. Am J Epidemiol 100:515-516,1974 (abstract) 17. M ason T J, McKay RW: U.S. C ancer M o rtality by County, 1950-69. DHEW Publ No (NIH) 74-615. W ashington DC, US GPO, 1974 IS. V iadana E, Bross DJ: Leukem ia and occupa tions. Prev Med 1:513-521, 1972 19. Decouile P , S taneslaw ezyk K , H outen L, e t al: A Retrospective Survey of Cancer in R elation to Occupation. DHEW (NIOSH) Publ No 77-178. W ashington DC, 1977 . The R eg istra r G eneral's D ecennial S u p p lem en t, England and Wales, 1961: Occupational M ortal-' ity T ables. H e r M ajesty 's S ta tio n e ry O ffice, London, 1971 ' . ^ 21. Donham K J, Berg JW , Sawin RS: Serological and Epidemiological Studies on the Relation ships of Hum an Leukemia and Bovine Lympho sarcoma. Presented a t the 1ith A nnual Meeting of the Society for Epidemiologic Research, U ni versity of Iowa. June, 1978 22. Priester WA, Mason TJ: Hum an cancer m ortal ity in relation to poultry population, by county, in 10 Southeastern states. J N atl C ancer In st 5 3 :45-49, 1974 23. K essler n , Lilienfeld AM; Perspectives in the epidem iology of leukem ia. Adv C ancer Res 12:225- 302, 1969 24. Sterling TD, W einkam JJ: Smoking character istics by type of employment. J Occup Med 18:743-754, 1976 25. Cassel J , Heyden S, Bartel AG, et ah Occupation and physical activity and coronary h eart dis ease. Arch Intern Med 128:920-928, 1971 26. Buechley R, Dunn JE , Linden G, e t al: Death certificate statem ent of occupation: I t is useful in com paring m ortalities. Public H ealth Rep 71: 1105-1111,1956 C. - - - & 2621 D -57S13- 2622 2,4-D* HERBICIDE SI CLASS III CFR References: 40 CFR 180.142; 21 CFR 193.100, 561.100 Chemical Name: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (CAS No. 94-75-7). Trade Names: Agrotect, Aqua Kleen, Barwell, Phenox, Hormatox, Weedone, WeedB-Gon, Weed-No-More, Transamine, Miracle, and numerous o t h e r s . ^ 2) Common Name : 2,4-D. 0-CHjCOOH C8H6C123 Cl Molecular Weight: 221. j Physical'State: White crystalline solid.(2) 1 Melting Point: 135-138C (technical), I40-141C (pure).^D I I. Exposure and Use Factors I A. Production/Usage Volume: EPA estimates that between 49^and 63 million pounds of 2,4-E^were used in the D.S. in 1980. There are many producers throughout the world and 2,4-D is both exported and imported; domestic production is estimated to be 60-75 million pounds. Roughly 55-60Z of the U.S. usage is on food or feed crops while 40-45Z is on non-crop sites (forestry, turf, rangeland, etc.).(3) B. Chemistry 1. Solubilities: The acid is slightly soluble (<1Z) in water, soluble in alcohols and insoluble in petroleum oils. The salt or ester forms allow dissolution in a variety of formulating solvents.^*2,4) , - 2. Stability: Heat stable .at its melting point. 3. Manufacturing Process/Impurities: The classic manufacturing process involves production of the acid by the addition of monochloroacetic acid to 2,4-dichlorophenol. The acid may then be converted to other salt, amine or ester products.'2,5) There are other manufacturing processes. The impurities vary with the manufacturing process; the possibility of dioxin impurities is of concern. In a study by Canadian researchers no dioxins were found in the 11 2,4-D technical acid samples ex^fiined, *2,4-D is usually applied as inorganic or amine salt or ester formulations rather than as the acid. (See 40 CFR 180.142 for a complete listing of the salt and ester compound 2623 O - 3-72-W A /? *' i 2,4-D r i -3- c. Soil Degradation; ` 2,4-D is metabolized by soil microbes. Products of microbial degradation include 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, 3,5-dichlorocatechol and other ring-hydroxylated derivatives. Reported half-lives range from a few days to 6 weeks in various soils during the growing season.(2,9) d. Animal Metabolism: In rats, pigs, calves, and chickens, 2,4-D salts administered orally in doses of 50-100 mg/kg b.w. were readily absorbed and eliminated, mainly in the urine, with plasma halflives varying from 3-12 h o u r s . 5) 2,4-D esters are hydrolyzed in animals; in rats, excretion is pri marily as the free acid in the urine, although minor amounts are conjugated with amino acids and glucuronic acid. Both conjugated and free residues of 2,4-dichlorophenol have been found in the tissues of cattle and sheep fed 2,4-D.(2,5) After oral administration of 0.05 mg/kg b.w. 2,4-D to rats, traces were detected in the milk of lactating animals for 6 days. Within 24 hours after administration of 2,4-D to pregnant rats, 16.8Z of the dose was detected in the uterus, placenta, fetus, and amniotic fluid. 2,4-D was also found to pass the placental barrier in pigs.(5) 6,, Bioaccumulation Potential: In a study in which cattle were fed 0, _30, 100, 300 or 1000 ppm 2,4-D in their diet for 2 to 3 weeks, no detectable residues (<0.05 ppm) of 2,4-D or 2,4-dichlorophenol were found in the whole milk or cream of cattle fed 300 ppm or less. Residues of 2,4-D ranged from <4,05-0.12 ppm in the whole milk and cream from cattle fed 1000 ppm; corresponding residues of 2,4-dichlorophenol ranged from <0.05 to 0.08 ppm. No detectable residues (<0.05 ppm) were found in any whole milk samples taken during a 7-day withdrawal period.dO) In a feeding study with beef calves fed 0, 300, 1000 or 2000 ppm 2,4-D for 28 days, samples of muscle, fat, kidney, and liver were collected within 24 hours of the last feeding. Maximum 2,4-D residues found in tissues from the 2000 ppm feeding level were: muscle, <0.05 ppm; fat, 0.22 ppm; liver, 0.6 ppm; and kidney, 11.2 ppm; maximum residues of 2,4-dichlorophenol were 1.8 ppm in kidney and <0.05 ppm in all othertissues. Tissue samples from a group of cattle fed 2000 ppm 2,4-D for 28 days and then withdrawn from the treated diet for 7 days contained no detectable residues (<0.05 ppm) of 2,4-D or 2,4-dichlorophenol except for kidney samples which contained 2,4-D residues ranging up to 0.2 ppm.(5) Studies with the 2,4-D butoxyethyl ester in water indicate that it is rapidly absorbed by bluegills, hydrolyzed, and the free 2,4-D is excreted. Analyses of various species of fish from waters treated with 2,4-D for aquatic weed control indicate that residues are commonly <1 ppm in fish from waters containing 0.1 ppm 2,4-D.(9,11) Greenhouse crops irrigated with water containing 0.045-1.12 ppm'^Z,4-D contained residues ranging from 0.01 to 0.56 ppm.(9) 2624 2,4-D -5- r 4. Exposure via Foods: The following commodities would be the major con tributors to dietary exposure if all had residues at the tolerance level: Commodity ' Tolerance, ppm EPA Food Factor, Z of Diet mg/day/ 1.5 kg Diet Apples Citrus Sugar, cane & beet Wheat Meat, red Milk & dairy products 5.0 2.53 5.0 3.81 2.0 3.64 0.5 10.66 0.2 10.81 0 . 1 28.62 TOTALS 60.06 0.190 0.286 0.109 0.078 0.032 0.043 0.695 r G it ( ( Other commodities which are covered by tolerances for 2,4-D constitute an additional 30Z of the average diet considered by EPA and could add residues of 0.208 mg/day/1.5 kg diet. The Theoretical Maximum Residue Contribution (TMRC) is therefore 0.903 mg/day/1.5 kg diet. The TMRC corresponds to an intake of 0.015 mg/kg b.w./day for a 60 kg individual and represents about 12Z of the EPA ADI of 0.125 mg/kg b.w./day or about 5Z of the FAO/WHO ADI of 0.3 mg/kg b.w./day. Actual dietary exposure, as indicated by the FDA Total Diet Studies, has been far below the TMRC; in fact there has been no finding of 2,4-D in the Total Diet composites since FY'73. From 1965 to 1973, the average total daily intake of 2,4-D based on Total Diet findings ranged from 0.00004 to 0.005 mg/day (equivalent to 6X10"^to 7X 10" ^ mg/kg b.w./day). Recent results of FDA monitoring for 2,4-D in surveillance and com pliance samples (primarily small grains) follow: Year # of samples analyzed for 2,4-D # of positive findings Range of findings, ppm FY 78 FY 79 FY 80 FY 81 FY 82 11 11 39 5 10 9 trace-0.1 0 -5 trace-0.1 0-- 1 2.6* *2.1 ppm 2,4-D + 0.47 ppm ethylhexyl estter'in dry lentils 5. Other Exposure Routes: Since 2,4-D is used in many lawn and garden products the general population may also be exposed via dermal and inhalation routes. Inhalation exposure may also occur in areas sur rounding sites where volatile ester formulations are used, e.g..jrtheat growing and forestry areas. 2625 p 'c2 7 a& * 2,4-D -7- In a teratogenicity study with a pig, the 2,4-D amine salt was fed at 500 ppm throughout pregnancy. Offspring were underdeveloped and 10 of 15 died within 24 hours. Continued feeding of the survivors to age 8 months re sulted in marked growth suppression.(5,8) In a three-generation study, rats were fed 0, 100, 500 or 1500 mg/kg b.w./day of commercial grade (96.7Z purity) 2,4-D. No adverse effects regarding maternal toxicity, fetotoxicity or terata were noted; however, at the 1500 ppm level, a reduced percentage of pups survived to weaning and weights were reduced. ' E. Other Acute and Chronic Effects: In a two-year feeding study, dogs were fed 0, 10, 50, 100, or 500 ppm of commercial grade (96.7Z purity) 2,4-D. No compound-related effects were noted at any dose level. An effect level of 1800 ppm had been determined in. an earlier 90-day study with dogs, the effect being weight loss and increased mortality.(5,12) Rats were fed levels of 0, 100, 300, 1000, 3000 or 10,000 ppm of 2,4-D for periods of up to 113 days. No compound-related effects were found in the rats fed 300 ppm or less. The animals fed 1000 ppm had increased mortal-ity, depressed growth rate, and increased liver weight and swelling. Rats fed 3000 or 10,000 ppm were sacrificed after 12 days because of food refusal and rapid weight-loss. Slight pathological changes and increased organ weights were noted in the livers and kidneys of these animals. Pigs were fed the triethanolamine salt or the butyl ester of 2,4-D at levels of 0, 50, 100, or 300 mg/kg at varying intervals for up to 103 days. Symptoms of intoxication^ataxia and loss of appetite) and pathological changes in s the liver and kidney were noted at all dose levels.(45) Observations in humans range from no adverse effects noted from an oral intake of 8 mg/kg b.w./day for 3 weeks to death (suicide). Degenerative changes of the ganglion cells of the brain were found in the suicide; the oral intake was unknown. Clinical signs observed in workers exposed dermally or orally include paresthesia and pain in extremities, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, hyperthermia, tachycardia, rapid fatigue, and loss of appetite.(^5) F. ADI (EPA): 0.125 mg/kg b.w./day. ^ G. ADI (FA0/WH0): 0-0.3 mg/kg b.w./day.(5> H. RPAR Status: No RPAR has been issued. III. Overall Appraisal: 2,4-D is among the most extensively used herbicides, having major turf, forestry, industrial and aquatic uses as well as crop and pastureland uses. It is relatively rapidly degraded in the environment with residue half-lives generally not exceeding several weeks in plants, soil, and water. It is rapidly eliminated by animals and is not bioaccumulated. . 2626 D -S-7^7 2,4-D -9- 4. 1970 Evaluations of Some Peaticide Residues in Food, FAO, Rome, Italy, (1971), f pp- 59-86. '\ 5. Hazard Evaluation Division, EFA, "Surveillance Index Support Document: 2,4-D," June 27, 1980. 6. Cochrane, W.P., e al., Journal of Chromatography, 217 (1981) pp. 289-299. 7. Agriculture Canada, "Trade Memorandum T-l-233," December 1, 1981. 8. 1974 Evaluations of Some Pesticide Residues in Food, WHO, Geneva (1975) pp. 159183. 9. "Development of Chemical/Physical Profile: 2,4-D," compiled for EPA by Enviro Control, Inc., Rockville, MD, September 30, 1980. 10. Bjerke, E.L., e al., J. Agr. Food Chem., Vol. 20 (1972) pp. 963-967. 11. EPA Petition Files. (Company information has confidential status; files used only-to corroborate published data or to cite EPA conclusions.) 12. Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA, 2,4-D Fact Sheet, April 22, 1980. 13. Hanson, W.H., e a l ., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 20, (1971) pp. 122-129. (L Prepared by: Donald Reed Food and Drug Administration Bureau of Foods, HFF-420 November 5, 1982 1 (, 2627 Da-72-r 3 2628 V- Z 7J-? Dangerous mPrmoperties Industrial Sixth Edition ZZZZZN. Irving Sax KSS5S It : - i v*-v*f. p -. - u . ' rv.p.ri'Jv-.; r-** 4 k. TA: 3-2 n g A j:GIT A* n*/kj CODEN: JPETAB 73.412,41 NCNSA6 5.12^3 CNREA8 9,626,49 JPETAB 73,412,41 HT. HIGH unit, ivn. MOD orl. See also nmds. When heated to decomp it emits verv As, NO,, HC1 and Cl". OPHENETHYLAMINO)- >659 NIOSH # : MF 0400000 ; mw: 247.15 iTA: mg/kg mg/kg 3-2 CODEN: JMCMAR 13,1031,70 JMCMAR 13,1031,70 >r. MOD orl. k When heated to decomp it emits toi and NO,. OPHENOL 32 NIOSH # : SK 8575000 mw: 163.00 Is. mp: 45, bp: 210, flash p: 237F, d: , v> 5.62, vap. press: 1mm 53.0. VTA: 3 gm/kg/39W- CODEN: CNREA8 19,413,59 ngA mg/ks ) mg/kg g/kg (1-20D preg) ) mg/kg (6-14D FEPRA7 2,76,43 BJPCAL 13.20,58 FEPRA7 2.76,43 TOIZAG 19336,72 G1SAAA 41(11),102,76 NTIS** PB223-160 view: STEVA8 2(4),305,74. Cuntotly rP for Carcinogenesis by Standard Bioasas of December 1980. Reported in EPA lory, 1980. EPA TSCA 8(a) Preliminary information Proposed Rule FERREAC er CARG MOD orl, ipr, scu. See also ihenols. light, when exposed to heat or flame. Dangerous; when heated to decomp, t with acid or acid fumes it emits highly hlorides; can react vigorously with oridir- Alcohol foam, foam, COj, dry chemicalrmation see Vol. 1, No. 7 of DPIM Report OPHENOL 0 NIOSH # : SK 8750000 mw: 163.00 ttFENOL (CZECH) (2/M)ICHLOROPHENOXY)ACETIC ACID DIMETHYLAMINE 957 TOXICITY DATA: 300 mg/24H SEV oMfct 230 ug/24H SEV a im LD50:2940 mg/kg a -n t ID50:390 mg/kg p LD50: 1730 mg/kg 2 CODEN: 2IZPAX -.79,72 28ZPAK -.79,72 28ZPAK -,79,72 BJPCAL 1330.58 FEPRA7 2,76,43 Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory, 1980. THE: MOD orl, ipr, scu. A skn, eye irr. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits tox fumes of Cl". 14-DICHLOROPHENOL ACETATE CAS RN: 6341975 NIOSH # : SK 8925000 of: CaHeCljOj; mw: 205.04 TOXICITY DATA: j r a 1LD30G90 mgAg ip .au LDLo:250 mgAg 3 CODEN: BJPCAL 1330.58 CBCCT* 7,787,35 THR: HIGH ipr. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits tox fumes of Cl". 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL BENZENESULFONATE CAS RN: 97165 NIOSH # : SK 9100000 mf: CuHjG jOjS; mw: 303.16 SYNS: ENZENESULFHONIC ACID, 2,4nCKLOaOniENYL ESTES 2,4-DKHUmOrHENYl. BENZENEB1UWA7E 2.4-DKHUHtOniENYt. BENZENESULEHONATE 2.4-DtCHLOBOTHENVl. ESTE OF BENZENESUEFONtC AC3D TOXICITY DATA: 3 otmus TDLo:260 gmAg/78W1:ETA TDLo:1000 mgAg: CAR a ln i LDLo: 1000 mgAg mk-atLDJO:1400 mgAg a M g LDLo:620 mgAg ort-rta LD30:700 mgAg Rufat LD30:115 mgAg CODEN: NTIS** PB223-159 NTIS** PB223-159 BESAAT 12,117,66 30ZDA9 -374,71 AIPTAK 121306,59 PCOC** -356,66 AIPTAK 121306,39 Toxicology Review: 27ZTAP 3,73,69. THU An exper ETA, CARC. HIGH ivn. MOD orl, unk. A skn, eye irr. See also esters. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits very tox fumes of Cl" and SOr . DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID CAS RN: 94757 NIOSH # : AG 6825000 mf: CiHtOjOn; mw: 221.04 Wnte powder, mp: 141; bp: 160 @ 0.4 mm; vap d: SYNS: 2.4-DfCHLORO ph en o x y ANTIQUE (FRENCH) ***** (2,4-DTCLORO-FENOSSi> *OETKO (ITALIAN) 2,4*0ACID (2,4-DICHLOOR-PENOXY)-AZUNZ* UUR (DUTCH) 2,4-dichlowphenoxy acetic ACID (2,4*IHCHLOR>rHENOXY>ESSlGSAEURE (OERMAN) TOXICITY DATA: 3 dnr-esc 5 mg/dixc dnr-bc* 5 mg/disc orient TDLo:400 mg/kg (7-14D preg) Mcu-fnus TDLo: 884 mg/kg/(12-15D preg) TFX:TER otIhdui TDLo:900 mg/kg (6-14D P" i ) tcu-mut TDLo: 882 mg/kg (6-14D preg) Kti*aut TDLo:900 mg/kg (6-14D preg) ori*hao TDLo: 200 mg/kg (7-11D preg) ori-hmn LDLo:80 mg/kg tbnlmg-ori 1000 ppm/lSD mrc-cmc 300 mg/L/3H mma-hmn-'fbr 1 omol/L dnt*hmn:ft>r 1 nmol/L cyt-hmn:lym 20 ug/L dn-mus-orl 200 mg/kg cyMmu-ori 100 mg/kg dad*mam:lym 1 mmol/L o rk a t TDLo*' 1 gm/kg (6-13D preg) orl-mus TDLo*707 mg/kg (1I-14D preg) ihl-man TCLo= 10 mg/m3:CNS orl-hms LD50?80 mg/kg 11Unan TCLo: 10 nig/m3:OIT ori-nt LD50*370 mg/kg tkn-rst LDSOUSOO mg/kg ipr-rat LDLo:666 mg/kg ori-mm LD30:368 mg/kg ipr-mos LDLo: 125 mg/kg ori-dog LD50:100 mg/kg ori-fbt LDLo:800 mg/kg iko-ibt LD50:1400 mg/kg ipr-rbt LDLo:400 mg/kg ivn-rbt LDLo:400 mg/kg ori-gpg LD30:469 mg/kg ipr-gpg LDLo:666 mg/kg ari-huB LD30:300 mg/kg o rk k a LD30**341 mg/kg orinnaa LD50:375 mg/kg CODEN: NTIS** PB80-133226 NTIS** PB80-133226 GISAAA 41(11X102,76 AECTCV 6,33,77 NTIS** PB223-160 NTIS** PB223-160 NTIS** PB223-160 BECTA6 6,599,67 ARPAAQ 94370,72 MUREAV 65.83,79 MUREAV 42,3,77 MUREAV 42,161,77 MUREAV 42,161,77 TGANAK 8(3X202,74 MUREAV 55,197,78 TGANAK 8(3X202.74 PYTCAS 11,3133,72 TXAPA9 22,14,72 AECTCV 633.77 GISAAA 31,28,66 ARPAAQ 94370.72 GISAAA 3138.66 FMCHA2 -3>88,80 WRPCA2 9,119,70 HHTAB 29,85,47 AJVRAH 15,622,54 TXAPA9 23388,72 AEHLAU 7302,63 AMPMAR 1236.51 AFDOAQ 163,52 JIHTAB 29,85,47 JIHTAB 29,85,47 AJVRAH 13,622,54 JIHTAB 29,85,47 TXAPA9 48A 192,79 AJVRAH 15,622,54 S OE A S 165,465,69 Aquatic Toxicity Rating: TLm96:10-1 ppm WQCHM* 2,*,74. Carcinogenic Determination: Animal Suspected IARC** 15 111 77. TLV: Air: 10 mg/m3 DTLVS* 4,117,80. Toxicology Re view: RREVAH 59,1,75; DTTIAF 80(20),485,73; RREVAH 56,107,75; ECMAAI 14<3),141,73; BIOGAL 40(2),44,74. OSHA Standard: Air: TWA 10 m g/ m3 (SCP-T) FEREAC 39,23540,74. DOT-ORM-A, Label: None FEREAC 41,57018,76. "NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods" VOL 5 S279#. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory, 1980. THR: MUT data. An exper TER and susp CARC. A hmn CNS, GIT. HIGH orl, ivn, ipr, scu. MOD orl ipr, skn. Ingest can cause nausea, vomiting and CNS depression. Liver and kidney injury have been reported in expers. An herbicide. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits tox fumes of Cl". (2,4-DlCHLOROPHENOXY)ACETIC ACID DIMETHYLAMINE CAS RN: 2008391 NIOSH # : AG 8400000 mf: QoHnCIjNOs; mw: 264.12 263(P- 73o 958 2A-DICHLOROPHENOXYACET1C ACID PROPYLENE OLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTERS SYNS: 2.4-0 AMINE SALT DIMETHYLAMINS SALT OF 2,4 -0 DIMETHYLAMINS, (2,4-d ic h l o - DIMETHYLAMMON1UM-2. 4 -DI- SOPHENOXY)ACETATE 2.4- 0 DIMETHYLAUINE CHLOAOPHENOXYACETATE SALT TOXICITY DATA: 2 ori-rat TDLo:3 gm/kg (6-15D preg) CODEN: TXAPA9 22,14.72 THR: MOD ort. Disaster Hazard; When heated to decomp it emits very tox fumes of Cl" and NO*. 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTERS CAS RN: 1928456 NIOSH # : AG 7800000 mf: CwHsoClsO; mw: 335.25 SYN: 2.4 -0 p o se TOXICITY DATA: 2 CODEN: ori-mus TDLo-1341 mg/kg <12-130 AECTCV 6.33,77 pteg) THR: MOD orl. See also ethers, esters. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits tox fumes of Cl". Toxicology Review: MUREAV 32(2),151,75. THR: HIGH orl, ipr, unk. MOD skn, orl. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits very tox fumes of F", C l' and NOx. 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY ETHANEDIOL CAS RN: 73986955 NIOSH # : K I 2275000 mf: Q H,CljO,; mw: 223.06 TOXICITY DATA: ikn-rbt 10 mg/24H MLD cye-ifct 30 ug SEV ori-rat LD30M070 mg/kg skn-rta LD50:420 mg/kg CODEN: AMIHBC 4,119,31 AMIHBC 4,119.51 AMIHBC 4.119,31 AMIHBC 4,119.31 THR: MOD orl, skn. SEV eye irr in rbts. MLD slm irr in rbts. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits vy tox fumes of Cl~. 2-<2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYMETHYL>B EN ZIM ID A ZO LE CAS RN: 4414884 NIOSH # : DD 7200000 mf: CijHmCljNjO; mw: 293.16 4-<2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY)BUTYRIC ACID CAS RN: 94826 mf: CioHioCIjOj; NIOSH # : ES 9100000 mw: 249.10 SYNS: 2,4-d b u ty ric a c id GAM ttA-(2,4~DlCHL0*0>HENoxy)butyw c AOD TOXICITY DATA: ori-rat LD30:700 mg/kg ska-rat LDJ0'800 mg/kg dnr-<sc 5 mg/dc dnr-bc* 5 mg/duc 2 CODEN: RRCVAH 10,97,65 WRPCjtf 9.119,70 NTIS** PB80-133226 NTIS** PB80-133226 THR: MOD orl, ska. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits tox fumes of CT. 5.6-DICHLORO-1-PHENOXYCARBON1X-2TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZIMIDAZOLE CAS RN: 14255880 NIOSH DD 66S0000 mf: CisHfCljFaNiOi; mw: 375.14 SYNS: 5,6*D!CHLOfcO*2-TlUFLUOtOMETHYLBENZH41DAZOLE-1- CARB0 XYLATC ENT 27438 PHENYL-5,6 *OlCHLOaO-2-T*lFLUOKOMETHYL-BENZIMtDA' ZOL-1-CA*BOXYLATE TOXICITY DATA: 3-2 CODEN: ori-rat LD50:283 mg/kg ikn-rat LD50:700 mg/kg ipr-nt LZ>50: 168 mg/kg ori-mus LD30:l600 mg/kg ipr-mus LD50:42 mg/kg orl-dog LD50=50 mg/kg orl-rbt LD5CK28 mg/kg ori-gpg LD50:39 mg/kg orl-ckn LD50-50 mg/kg link-mam LD50:283 mg/kg FMCHA2 -,D l 36,80 WRPCA2 9,119.70 GITCHAZ 6475.73 MRIAB3 33.839,68 BCPCA6 18.1389,69 85DPAN -,-.71/76 GUCHAZ 6275,73 31ZOAD 1.222,68 MWLAB3 33,839,68 30ZDA9 -,418,71 TOXICITY DATA: ivn-mui LD50-J6 mg/kg 3 CODEN: CSLNX* NX#04307 Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory, 1980. THR: HIGH ivn. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits very tox fumes of O ' and NO*. 2-<(3,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY)METHYL)-2IMIDAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE CAS RN: 23712052 NIOSH # : N J 2625000 mf: CroHHiCIjNjO; mw: 245.12 SYN: d h -5 2 4 TOXICITY DATA: orl-rat LD30:100 mg/kg ori-mrn LD30'-111 mg/kg ipr-mu> LD30:47 mg/kg CODEN: 27ZQAG -420,72 27ZQAG -.220,72 27ZQAG -420,72 THR: HIGH orl, ipr. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits very tox fumes of Cl" and NO*. 2-<2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY) PROPIONIC ACID CAS RN: 120365 NIOSH # : UF 1050000 mf: CtHeCltOsi mw: 235.07 SYNS: ACIDE 2-(2,4-DlCHLOftO-PHENOXY) paOPIONIOUE (FRENCH) ACIDO 2^2,4-DICLDM y.PENOBSl)PEOPIONKO (ITALIAN) 2-< 2,4-D IC H L 00a-FE N O X V )-P*0noO T uua (dutch) ALFHA-(2,4-DKHLOaOrHENO) p r o p io n ic a c id DICHLOROraOF 2-(2,4-DlCHLO*-FHENOXY>r0- nONSAEUEE (GERMAN) TOXICITY DATA: ori-rat LD30:800 mg/kg ikn-rat LD30:1400 mg/kg or-mu LD5Q:400 mg/kg ska-mot LD30*. 1400 mg/kg 2 CODEN: WRPCA2 9,119,70 WRPCA2 9,119,70 PCOC** -.369,66 28ZEAL 5,76,76 Toxicology Review: DTTIAF 80(20),485,73. EPA TSCA Inventory, 1980. THR: MOD orl, skn. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp fumes of Cl". 242^-DICHLOROPHENOXY)PROPIO> CAS RN: 5965715 NIOSH #: mf: CiHjCijOj; mw: 235.07 SYN: ALFHA-(2 4 -DICHLOaOFHENOXY)FOPIONIC AC TOXICITY DATA: 3 icu-mus TD'-lo*-100 mg/kg:ETA CODEN: NTIS** PB: THR: An exper ETA. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp fumes of Cl". (2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY)TRIBUTYLSTANNANE CAS RN: 39637166 NIOSH # : mf: CuHmCliOSn; mw: 452.07 SYN: T*l-N-AUTYL-2,4 -01CHL0 R0 PHEN0 XYnN TOXICrTY DATA: hm-mos LD30:56 mg/kg 3 CODEN: CSLNX* N Occupational Exposure to Organotin Com std: Ain TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3 NTIS**. THR: HIGH ivn. See also tin compounds: Disaster H a za rd When heated to decomy fumes of Cl". DICHLOROPHENYLARSINE CAS RN: 696286 NIOSH # . mf: CgHgAsCla; mw: 222.93 Colorless gas or liquid, changes to yellow, t fp: --15.6, d: 1.654 @ 20, vap. press: 20, vap. d: 7.7. SYNS: FKFNYLAItSNEOICHLOlUDE PHENYL DICHLC TOXICITY DATA: ikn-rat LD30:16 mg/kg ikl-miu LCLo:370 mg/m3 sko-ibt LDLo:8 mg/kg kn-rbt LD30:300 ug/kg *b-gpg LD30:4 mg/kg CODEN JPBAA7 5 NDRC** : 132Apr PHRPA6 JPBAA7 5 JPBAA7 3 DOT: Poison B, Label: Poison FEREAC Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory, 19f THR: HIGH via inhal, dermal and oral r< arsenic. A lacrymator type of military i Disaster Hazard: Dangerous; when heatt it emits highly tox fumes of arsenic; v heat, water or steam to produce com a-. 2500 TCDD ipr-rbt LDLo^ mg/kg ivn-rbt LDLo:3 mg/kg scu-gpg LDLo: 10 mg/kg par-frg LDLo: 17 mg/kg QJPPAL 5,205,32 QJPPAL 5,205,32 QJPPAL 5.205,32 QJPPAL 5,205,32 THR: HIGH ipr, ivn, scu, par. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits tox fumes of NOj. TCDD CAS RN: 1746016 NIOSH # : HP 3500000 mf: C12H4CU02; mw: 321.96 Colorless needles; mp: 305. SYNS: 2.3.7.8- CZTEROCHLORO- DWUBENZO-F-DWUOKSYNY (POLISH) DIOXIN (HERBICIDE CONTAMINANT) n ci-c0 3 7 U TCDBD 2.3.7.8- t c d d 2,3,7,8-t e t r a c h l o r o - d ib e n z o ( b,e X 1,4)d io x a n 2.3.6.7-t e t r a c h l o r o - D1BENZO-P-DIOXIN (GERMAN) 2.3.7.8-TETRACHLORO- DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN 2.3.7.8- t e t r a c h l o r o - D1BENZO-1,4-DIOXIN TOXICITY DATA: 3 eye-rbi 2 mg MOD cyt-rat-orl 100 ug/kg cyt-rat-ipr 10 mg/kg cyt-mus-orl 100 ug/kg orl-rat TDLo: 12 ug/kg/(6-15D preg) :TER scu-rat TDLo: 2 ug/kg/(13-14D preg) :TER orl-rat TDLo: 1250 ng/kg (6-15D preg) ori-rat TDLo:5 ug/kg (11-18D preg/ 3D post) orl-rat TDLo :2500 ng/kg (6-15D preg) scu-rat TDLo;5 mgAg (6-15D preg) orl-mus TDLo:30 ug/kg/(6-15D preg) :TER scu-mus TDLo:3 ugAg/(6-15D preg) TER orl-mus TDLo:30 ugAg (6-15D preg) orl-mus TDLo-3 ugAg (6-15D preg) orl-mus TDLo:20 ugAg (U D preg/ 3D post) orl-mus TDLo:60 ugAg (14D preg/ 3D post) scu-mus TDLo:250 ugAg (7-16D preg) scu-mus TDLo: 1 mgAg (7-16D preg) orl-mky TDLo:200 ng/kg/(20-40D preg) TFX^TER orl-ckn LDLo:25 ug/kg orl-mky TDLo:200 ngAg/(20-40D preg):TER orl-rat TDLo=27 ug/kg/65W-C:ETA orl-mus TDLo:36 ugAg/52W-I:NEO skn-mus TDLo:80 ugAg:ETA orl-rat T D 028 ug/kg/78W-C:ETA orl-rat TDM37 ugAg/65W-C:ETA orl-rat TD =73 ugAgAY-OCAR orl-mus LD50M14 ugAg skn-mus LDLo?80 ug/ltg unk-mus LDLoAOO ug/kg orl-dog LDLo:3 mgAg orl-mky LDLo"-7Q ug/kg orl-rfot LDLo: 10 ugAg skn-rbt LD50:275 ugAg orl-gpg LD50:600 ngAg CODEN: EVHPAZ 5.87,73 MUREAV 47,141,78 MUREAV 47,141,78 TXAPA9 29,229,74 FCTXAV 9,405,71 TXAPA9 20,396,71 FCTXAV 9,405,71 1AAAAM 47,777,74 ADCSAJ 120,70,73 TXAPA9 20,396.71 NSAPCC 272,243.72 TXAPA9 20.396,71 NSAPCC 272,243,72 NSAPCC 272,243,72 UIMDS 2,301,80 UIMDS 2.301,80 BECTA6 16,674,76 BECTA6 16,674,76 TJADAB 19.54A.79 FCTXAV 11,585,73 TJADAB 19.54A.79 FEPRA7 36,396,77 NATUAS 278,548,79 BECTA6 18,552,77 PESTC* 5,12,77 FEPRA7 36,396,77 ANYAA9 320,397,78 TXAPA9 29,229,74 RCOCB8 20.101.78 ANYAA9 320,204,78 ADCSAJ 120,55,73 TXAPA9 43,175,78 NATUAS 232,395,71 EVHPAZ 5,87,73 ADCSAJ 120,55,73 Carcinogenic Determination: Indefinite 1ARC** 15, 41,77. Toxicology Review: RREVAH 59,1,75; ARPAAQ 94,125,72; CHRYAQ 47(2),15,74; TXCYAC 3(2), 187,75; RRZHAW 26(5),623,75; BIOGAL 40(2), 44,74; STEVA8 2(4),305,74; EVHPAZ 15,121,76; FCTXAV 17,95,79; PTPAD4 7,513,79; MUREAV 47,141,78. NTP Carcinogenesis Bioassay Completed as of December 1980. Reselected by NTP Carcinogenesis Bioassay as of December 1980. THR: HIGH oral, dermal and ipr. It causes death in rats by hepatic cell necrosis. Death can follow a lethal dose by weeks. Acute and subacute exposure --*hepatic necrosis, thymic atrophy, hemorrhage, lymphoid deple tion, chloracne. An exper CARC, TER, ETA, NEO. A MLD irr to eyes of rbts. A very, very tox materiaL For further information see 2,3,7,8-TetrachIorodibenzo1,4-dioxin, Vol. 1, No. 2 of DPIM Report TEFLON CAS RN: 9002840 mf: (C2F*)n; NIOSH # : KX 4025000 Grayish-white tough plastic. Chemically very inert SYNS: EX 1 IOSg y - a FLUON FLUOROFLEX POLY(ETHYLENE TETRAFLUO- rid e) POLYTETRAFLUOROETHENE POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE TEFLON (VARIOUS) TETRAFLUOROETHENE HOMO- POLYMER TETRAFLUOROETHENE POLYMER TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE HOMO- POLYMER TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE POLYMERS TOXICITY DATA: 3 imp-rat TDLo=80 mg/kg TFX=ETA imp-mus TDLo: 1140 mg/kg TFX=ETA CODEN: CNREA8 15,333,55 TUMOAB 62,565,76 Carcinogenic Determination: Animal Positive IARC** 19,285,79. Toxicology Review: ANAEA3 35,165,75; JOCMA7 15(10),808,73; CMTVAS 10(3),49,73; SMJOAV 67,1459,74; ETOXAC 6,1,75; ACEDAB 75,296,74. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory, 1980. THR: An exper CARC, ETA. via imp route. The finished polymerized compound is inert under ordinary condi tions. There have been reports of "polymer fume fever" in humans exposed to the unfinished product dust or to pyrolysis products which also are irr. Smoking should be prohibited in areas where this material * being fabricated or, in general, where there may be dust from it. It appears the chief health-related problem from 'Teflon'* is exposure to its pyrolysis or decoop products. Disaster H a z a r d Dangerous; when heated to show 750F, decomp to yield highly tox fumes of fluorides. TELDRIN CAS RN: 113928 NIOSH # : US 6475000 mf: CieHi^ClNa'CiHiO*; mw: 390.90 2628 2,4.6-TRICHLOROPHENOL TOXICITY DATA: skn-mus TDLo:6700 mg/kg/ 16W-1-NEO orl-rat LD50:820 mg/kg ipr-rai LD50=355 mgAg scu-rai LD50:2260 mgAg ivn-mus LD50:56 mgAg orl-gpg LD50: 1 gmAg unk-mam LD50: 150 mgAg 3 CODEN: CNREA8 19,413.59 FEPRA7 2,76,43 BJPCAL 13,20,58 FEPRA7 2.76,43 CSLNX* NX#03492 FMCHA2 -,D317,80 30ZDA9 -.102,71 Carcinogenic Determination: Indefinite IARC** 20, 349,79. Toxicology Review: 27ZTAP 3,147,69. Selected by NTP for Carcinogenesis Bioassay as of December 1980. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory, 1980. THR: An exper NEO, CARC. HIGH ipr, ivn, unk; MOD orl, scu. See also chlorophenols. Disaster H a za rd When heated to decomp it emits tox fumes of Cl" and explodes. 2,4,6-TRICHLOROPHENOL CAS RN: 88062 NIOSH # : SN 1575000 mf: CeHaClsO; raw: 197.44 Colorless needles or yellow solid, strong phenolic odor, mp: 68, bp: 244.5, fp: 62, d: 1.490 @ 75/4, vap. press: 1 mm @ 76.5. Sol in water, very sol in ale, ether. SYNS: DOWICIDE 2s NCI-C02904 2.4,6-TRICHLORKENOL (CZECH) TOXICITY DATA: 3 skn-rbt 500 mg/24H MOD eye-rbr 250 ug/24H SEV mmo-sat 400 uL/plate orl-rat TDLo:l85 gm/kg/2Y-C:CAR orl-mus TDLo:44l gm/kg/ 2Y-C-CAR orl-mus TD-882 gm/kg/2Y-CXAR orl-rat TD:374 gm/kg/2Y-C:CAR orl-rat LD50-820 mg/kg ipr-rat LD50:276 mg/kg CODEN: 28ZPAK -.80,72 28ZPAK -.80.72 BECTA6 24,590,80 NCITR* NCI-CG-TR- 155.79 NCITR* NCI-CG-TR- 155.79 NCITR* NCI-CG-TR155.79 NCITR* NCI-CG-TR155.79 PCOC** -.1176,66 BJPCAL 13,20,58 Carcinogenic Determination: Indefinite IARC** 20, 349,79. Toxicology Review: 27ZTAP 3,147,69. NCI Carcinogenesis Bioassay Completed; Results Positive: Mouse, Rat (NCITR* NC1-CG-TR-155,79). Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory, 1980. THR: MUT data. A skn, eye irr. An exper CARC; HIGH ipr; MOD orl. See also chlorophenols. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits tox fumes of C l'. 2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOL compound with PIPERAZINE (2:i) CAS RN: 5714829 NIOSH # : SN 2670000 m f: C ijH jC ljO i'C iH io N i ; mw: 481.04 SYNS: BIS(2l4 . 5- T R IC H L O R O P H tN O L )P |. PERAZINE PIPERAZINE SALT OK BtS(2,4,5TRICHLOROPHENOL) TOXICITY DATA: orl-hmn LD50-50 mgAg orl-mus LD50-750 mg/kg 3-2 CODEN: FAZMAE 17,108.73 FAZMAE 17,108.73 THR: HIGH orl; MOD orl. See also chlorophenols and . piperazine. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits very tox fumes of C l' and NO*. 2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID CAS RN: 93765 NIOSH # : AJ 8400000 mf: QHaClaOs; mw: 255.48 Crystals, light tan solid; mp: I51-153. The teratogenic ity is due in part to 2,3,7,8-TCDD, which is present as a contaminant (ARENAA 17,123,72) SYNS: ACIDE 2,4,5-TRICHLORO PHENOXYACETIQUE (FRENCH) ACIDO (2,4,5-TRICLORO-KENOSSl). ACETICO (ITALIAN) 2, 4, 5-T ( 2,4 , 5-TRIC HLOOR-FENOXY)AZUNZUUR (DUTCH) ( 2,4, 5-T RICHLOR-PHENOXY>-ESSlCSAEURE (GERMAN) TOXICITY DATA: 3 ori-rat TDLo1500 mg/kg (6-I0D preg) orl-rat TDLo:500 mg/kg (6-I5D preg) orl-rat TDLo:7l4 mg/kg (MGN) orl-rat TDLo:2l5 mg/kg (6-15D preg) orl-rat TDLo:800 mg/kg (6-15D preg) scu-rat TDLo :300 mg/kg (13-I4D Prcg) orl-mus TDLo: 135 mgAg/(6-14D preg): TER unk-rat TDLo:27600 ug/kg (10-15D preg) unk-rat TDLo:278 mg/kg (10-I5D preg) unk-rat TDLo:60 mg/kg (10-15D preg) orl-mus TDLo:6250 ug/kg (I0D male) orl-mus TDLo:450 mgAg (6-15D preg) orl-mus TDLo:600 mg/kg (6-13D preg) orl-mus TDLo:80 mgAg (6-15D preg) scu-mus TDLo: 1 gm/kg (6-I5D preg) scu-mus TDLo:450 mgAg (6-I4D preg) or-tam TDLo:500 mgAg/(6-10D preg): TER orl-ham TDLo:200 mgAg (7-11D preg) orl-ham TDLo-500 mgAg <7-11D preg) orl-ham LD50:425 mg/kg skn-rbt 300 mg/24H MOD eye-rbt 250 ug/24H SEV mmo-sat 400 uL/plate orl-rat TDLo: 185 gm/kg/2Y-C:CAR orl-mus TDLo:441 gmAg/ 2Y-C:CAR orl-mus TD:882 gmAg/2Y-C:CAR orl-rat TD =374 gmAg/2Y-C:CAR orl-rat LD30:820 mgAg ipr-rat LD50:276 mgAg cyt-dmg-orl 230 ppm sln-dmg-orl 1000 ppm/15D CODEN: FCTXAV 9,527.71 FCTXAV 9,527,71 FCTXAV 19,41.81 TXAPA9 20,396,71 TXAPA9 20,396,71 TXAPA9 20,396.71 TXAPA9 33,174,75 MTIS*. PB223-I60 N TIS*. PB223-I60 N TfS. PB223-160 TXAPA9 25,441.73 NSAPCC 272,243,72 NSAPCC 272.243,72 NSAPCC 272,243,72 TXAPA9 22,317,72 APTOA6 32,408.73 SECTA i 6359,7J BECTA6 6,599.67 BECTA6 6,599.67 MUREAV 65,83,79 282PAK -.80.72 28ZPAK -,80,72 BFCTA6 24,590,80 NCITR- NCI-CG-TR. 155.79 N CITR. NCI-CG-TR- 155.79 N CITR. NCI-CG-TR- 155.79 NCITR. N C l-C G -n. 155.79 PCOC* -.1176.66 BJPCAL 13,20,SS MUREAV 65.83,79 MUREAV 65,83,79 3-2 CODEN: FAZMAE 17,108.73 FAZMAE 17,108,73 rL See also chlorophenols and r\ted to decomp it emits very <OXYACETIC ACID NIOSH # : AJ 8400000 .48 r. 151-153. The teratogenic3-TCDD, which is present as 17,123,72) (2,4,5-t r ic h l o o r -f e n o x y )AZUNZUUR(DUTCH) (2.4,S-TRICHLOR-PHENOXY)-ESSICSAEURE (GERMAN) CODEN: preg) FCTXAV 9,527.71 preg) FCTXAV 9,527,71 FCTXAV 19,41.81 ?reg) TXAPA9 20,396,71 eg) TXAPA9 20,396,71 ) TXAPA9 20,396,71 ) -APA9 33.174,75 5D NTIS" PB223-160 D N T IS " PB223-160 NT1S-- PB223-160 nie) TXAPA9 25,441,73 NSAPCC 272,243,72 NSAPCC 272,243,72 g ) NSAPCC 272,243.72 8 ) TXAPA9 22,317,72 APTOA6 32.408,73 ) BECTA6 6,559.71 BECTA6 6,599.67 BECTA6 6,599.67 MUREAV 65,83,79 28ZPAK. -.80,72 28ZPAK -.80,72 BECTA6 24,590,80 AR NCITR* NC1-CG-TR- 155.79 NCITR* NCI-CG-TR155.79 R NCITR* NCI-CG-TR- 155.79 NCITR* NCI-CG-TR- 155.79 PCOC** -.1176,66 BJPCAL 13,20,58 MUREAV 65.83,79 MUREAV 65,83,79 f. E l': I- F4 ` Ft It uH t: te i [ r i; I; K ti H I 2-(2.4.5-TMCHLOROPHENOXY)PROPIONIC ACID PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTER 2629 dnd-mam'-lym 100 umol/L cyt-grb-ipr 250 mg/kg orl-rat TDLo: l gmAg (6-I5D prcg) orl-ral TDLo: 1800 mgAg (MGN) orl-mus TDLo;817 mg/kg (11-I4D preg) orl-ham TDLo:500 mgAg/(6-10D prcg):TER orl-mus TDLo:3379 mg/kg/ 33W-C: NEO scu-mus TDLo:215 mgAg:NEO orl-rat LD50=300 mg/kg unk-rat LD50:500 mgAg orl-mus LDS0:389 mgAg orl-dog LD50: 100 mg/kg orl-gpg LD50:381 mgAg orl-ckn LD50; 310 mgAg orl-mam LD50:500 mgAg PYTCAS 11,3135,72 MUREAV 65,83.79 TXAPA9 22,14,72 TXAPA9 45,293,78 AECTCV 6,33.77 BECTA6 6,559,71 BJCAA1 33,626.76 NT1S** PB223-159 RREVAH 10,97,65 30ZDA9 -.171,71 AJVRAH 15,622,54 PAREAQ 14,225,62 PCOC** -.1178,66 AJVRAH 15,622,54 SC1EAS 165.465,69 Carcinogenic Determination: Indefinite IARC** 20, 349,79. Toxicology Review: 27ZTAP 3,147,69. NCI Carcinogenesis Bioassay Completed; Results Positive: Mouse, Rat (NCITR* NCI-CG-TR-155,79). Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory, 1980. Aquatic Toxicity Rating: TLm96-'10-1 ppm WQCHM* 4,-,74. Carcinogenic Determination: Animal Suspected IARC** 15,273,77. TLV: Air: 10 mg/m3 DTLVS* 4,381,80. Toxicology Re view: RREVAH 59,1,75; ARPAAQ 94,125,72; DTTIAF 80(20),485,73; RREVAH 56,107,75; ECMAAI 14(3),141,73; BIOGAL 40(2),44,74; STEVA8 2(4),305,74; 27ZTAP 3,147,69. OSHA Standard: Air: TWA 10 mg/m3 (SCP-U) FEREAC 39,23540,74. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory, 1980. THR: MUT data. An exper TER, NEO; HIGH orl; MOD unk, orl. See also chlorophenols. A highly tox chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicide; rapidly excreted after ingestion. Readily absorbed via inhal and inges tion, slowly via skin. Signs of intoxication include weak ness, lethargy, anorexia, diarrhea, ventricular fibrilla tion and/or cardiac arrest and death. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits tox fumes of Cl- . For further information see Vol. 1, No. 4 of DPIM Re port 4-<2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXY)BUTYRIC ACID CAS RN: 93801 NIOSH # : ET 6600000 mf: CioHsCljOj; mw: 283.54 TOXICITY DATA: 3 orl-mus TDLo:680 mgAg ( 11-13D preg)TER CODEN: AECTCV 6,33,77 THR: An exper TER. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits tox fumes of Cl- . 242,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXY)ETHANOL CAS RN: 2122772 NIOSH # : KM 4800000 mf: CJi,CUOa; mw: 241.50 SYN: e t h a n o l , 2 4 2 ,4 ,5 -t r i c h l o r o p h e n o x y )-m i x e d w i t h 0.1 p p m 2,3,7,8-t e t r a c h l o r o d ib e n z o -p- d io x in ( p b ph a w 14,82,78) TOXICITY DATA: 3 orl-mus TDLo:3480 mgAg/52W- I=ETA orl-mus LD50:1320 mg/kg CODEN: IARCCD 25.167,79 PBPHAW 14,82.78 THR: An exper ETA. MOD orl. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits tox fumes of Cl- . 2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYETHYL-alpha^lphaTRICH LOR O ACETATE CAS RN: 25056706 NIOSH # : AJ 9450000 mf: CioHsCUOj; mw: 386.86 SYN: HEXANATE TOXICITY DATA: orl-rat LD50:2090 mgAg orl-mus LDSO: 1200 mgAg ori-lt* LD50:2200 mgAg orl-gpg LD50:2700 mg/kg 2 CODEN: HYSAAV 34,174,69 HYSAAV 34,174,69 HYSAAV 34.174,69 HYSAAV 34,174,69 THR: MOD orl. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits tox fumes of Cl- . alpha-(2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXY)PROPIONIC ACID CAS RN: 93721 NIOSH # : UF 8225000 mf: QH;ClaO,; mw: 269.51 Crystals, slight water-sol. mp: 182. SYNS: a c id e 242,4,5-t r ic h l o r o -p h e NOXY) FROMONIQUE (FRENCH) ACIDO 2-(2 ,4 ,5 -t r i c l o r o - f e n o s Sl)-PROPIONICO (ITALIAN) 2 4 2 ,4 ,5 -t r ic h l o o r -f e n o x y )FROFIONZUUR (DUTCH) 242.4.5-trich l o r o ph e n o x y ) PROPIONIC ACID 2.4.5- t r ic h l o r o ph e n o x y -a l ph a -pr o pio n ic a cid 242.4.5-t r ic h l o r -ph en o x y > pr o pio nsa eu r e (g er m a n ) TOXICITY DATA: 3-2 orl-mus TDLo`- 1617 mg/kg {12-I5D prcg) scu-mus TDLoM617 mg/kg (12-1SD preg) orl-rat LD50`-650 mgAg or-mam LD50-650 mgAg unk-mam LD50:650 mgAg CODEN: AECTCV 6,33,77 AECTCV 6,33.77 RREVAH 10,97,65 SCIEAS 165,465,69 30ZDA9 -.173.71 Toxicology Review: 27ZTAP 3,85,69. THR: An exper TER; MOD unk, orl. Disaster Hazard: When heated to decomp it emits tox fumes of Cl- . 2-<2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXY)PROPIONIC ACID PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTER CAS RN: 6047172 NIOSH # : UF 8400000 mf: CitHaiClaO,; mw: 383.72 Liquid; insol in water. SYNS: HURON SILVEX P - 7 3 b Ci_D_ o> i tj r% m Handbook of Environmental Data on O rganic C h e m ica ls iCONDfDiTOM 5 S* 1140 3,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOL 3,4,5-trichlorophenol OH .A , ci D. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: -F ish: guppy CPoecilia reticulata): 24 hr LC50: 1.1 ppm at pH 7.3 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) -Toxicity: Algae: technical Chlorococcum acid sp. technical Chlorococcum acid sp. 2A6-Tfi 1.5 X 10s ppb 1.0 X 10s ppb < < (1833) technical acid technical acid Durtaliella tertiolecta Durtaliella tertiolecta 1.5 X 10s PPb 1.25 X 10s PPb 5' 5( technical acid technical acid Isochrysis galbana Isochrysis galbana 5 X 104 PPb 5 X 104 ppb 50 ( 50' 8 Use'- 2,4,5-T salts an d esters are u sed w id ely to c o n tr o l w o o d y p la n ts. A. PROPERTIES: m .w . 255.49; m .p . 158C; solub. 278 p p m a t 25 C. WATER POLLUTION FACTORS: --Biodegradation: >205 days for ring cleavage in soil suspension (1827) --Aquatic reactions: 75-100% disappearance from soils: 5 months --Odor threshold cone, (detection): 2.92 mg/kg (1815) (915) D. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: --Residues: plants (N.E. Finland) lingonberry wild mushroom birch and aspen foliage cone, ppm 0.07-15 < 0.02- 1.8 0.1-30 time of collection after herbicide spraying 2-13 weeks 2-13 weeks 13-43 weeks (1598) -Birds: American coot (Fulda americana) collected in a reservoir that received runoff from a watershed treated with 2,4,5-T: residue cone.: in breast muscle: mean: 199.0 ppb range: n.d.-1.338 ppb in fat: mean: 21.0 ppb range: n.d.-30.0 ppb in liver: mean: 39.0 ppb range: n.d.-l 18.0 ppb in gizzard: mean: 18.0 ppb range: n.d.-41.0ppb (1594; --Bioaccumulation: mosquitofish: 32 d BCF (S): 26 X (1538; technical acid technical acid Phaeodactylum tricomutum Phaeodactylum tricomutum 7.5 X 104 ppb 5 X 104 ppb 509 0 509, gr -Fish: rainbow trout: 96-hr LCS0: 0.98 mg/1 (R) rainbow trout: 96-hr LC50: 8.7 mg/1 (acete 96-hr LCso- 0.15 mg/l(emi striped bass: 96-hr LCS0: 14.6 mg/1 (S) banded killifish: 96-hr LCso'* 17.4 mg/1 (S) pumpkinseed: 96-hr LCj0: 20.0 mg/1 (S) white perch: 96-hr LC50: 16.4 mg/1 (S) American eel: 96-hr LC50: 43.7 mg/1 (S) I carp: 96-hr LC50: 41.1 mg/1 (S) guppy: 96-hr LC50: 28.1 mg/1 (S) -Mammals: mice: 39% inhibition of testicular DNA synthe ingestion: rat: single oral LD5o: 500 mg/kg 2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid 2637 0 *3.737 a C50- 1.1 p p m at pH 7.3 (1833) 2COOH XI y to control woody plants, lub. 278 ppm at 25 age in soil suspension ntlu, ig/kg (1827) (1815) (915) time of collection after )m herbicide spraying 15 2-13 weeks 1.8 2-13 weeks 3 13-43 weeks (1598) :cted in a reservoir that received runoff residue cone.: pb 2,4,6-TRICHLOROPHENOXY ACETIC ACID 1141 -Toxicity: Algae: technical acid technical Chlorococcum sp. Chlorococcum 1.5 X 10s ppb 1.0 X 10s 50% decrease in f O2 evolution 50% decrease in Measured as acid sp. ppb growth ABS. (525 mu) after 10 days technical Dunaliella acid tertiolecta 1.5 X 10s ppb 50% decrease in O2 evolution f technical Dunaliella 1.25 X 10s 50% decrease in Measured as acid tertiolecta ppb growth ABS. (525 mu) after 10 days technical Isochrysis acid galbana 5 X 104 ppb 50% decrease in 0 2 evolution f technical Isochrysis 5 X 104 50% decrease in Measured as acid galbana ppb growth ABS. (525 mu) after 10 days technical Phaeodactylum 7.5 X 104 acid tricornutum ppb 50% decrease in 0 2 evolution f technical Phaeodactylum 5 X 104 50% decrease in Measured as acid tricornutum ppb growth ABS. (525 mu) after 10 days -Fish: rainbow trout: 96-hr LC50: 0.98 m g/l(R) rainbow trout: 96-hr LC$o: 8.7 mg/1 (acetone solution) (R) 96-hr LCS0: 0.15 mg/1 (emulsion) (R) striped bass: 96-hr LCS0: 14.6 mg/1 (S) banded killifish: 96-hr LCS0: 17.4 mg/1 (S) pumpkinseed: 96-hr LC50: 20.0 mg/1 (S) white perch: 96-hr LC50: 16.4 mg/1 (S) American eel: 96-hr LCS0: 43.7 mg/1 (S) carp: 96-hr LCS0: 41.1 mg/1 (S) guppy: 96-hr LC50: 28.1 mg/1 (S) -Mammals: mice: 39% inhibition of testicular DNA synthesis at 200 mg/kg ingestion: rat: single oral LD50: 500 mg/kg 2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2348) (2348) (2348) (2348) (2348) (2348) (2348) (2348) (1538) (1193) (1325) (1546) (1594) (1538) 1142 2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID, ISOOCTYLESTERS C. WATER POLLUTION FACTORS: --Waste water treatment method: A.C. type BL (Pittsburgh Chem. Co.): aqueous solution: at pH 3.0: 65.3% adsorbed by 10 mg A.C. from 10~4 m pH 7.0: 21.8% pH 11.0: 12.5% (1313) 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, isooctylesters 2-12,4,5 10% 100 mg/kg 1% 50 mg/kg 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionicac H orm one-type w eedkiller. It should be stated which ester is pre propyleneglycolbutyletherester (P( butoxyethylester (BJ isooctylester (IC Use', herbicide. A. p r o p e r t ie s : m .p . 1 7 9 -1 8 1 C ; solul A. PROPERTIES: amber liquid; v.p. 18 mm at 212C; sp.gr. 1.223 at 68/68F; solub. 10 mg/1 C. WATER POLLUTION FACTORS: -Biodegradation: >205 days for rin C. WATER POLLUTION FACTORS: D. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: --Applied at rates of 1.1-4.3 kg/ha on Dykeland soil, no residues of the unchanged -Potassium salt: ester could be detected in soil 13 hours after application --In the present study the major residue in the soil was the free phenoxyacid of which the major portion disappeared within 50 days of application (table below): 2,4,5-T residues (ppm) in soil following application of 2,4,5-T isooctyl ester: -Algae: technical Chlorococcum sp. acid technical Chlorococcum sp. acid 2.5 X 1 2.5 X 1 1.1 kg/ha" 2.1 kg/ha 4.3 kg/ha ! days after treatment 1 14 28 42 56 70 265 0-10 cm .06 .05 .03 .01 .01 .01 .01 10-20 cm _ -- _ .01 .01 .01 -Tr 0-10 cm .39 .28 .09 .02 .02 .02 .01 10-20 cm _ _ _ .02 .02 .01 Tr 0-10 10-20 technical Dunaliella cm cm j acid tertiolecta .26 _ technical Dunaliella 1.08 -- acid tertiolecta .59 -- .21 .h technical Isochrysis .08 .05 acid galbana .05 .05 technical Isochrysis .01 Tr acid galbana 2 X 10: 2.5 X 1 2.5 X 1 5 X 10: 385 Tr "Application rate ND Tr ND Tr ND -Molluscs: *Depth Crassostrea virginica (American oy Tr = trace: <0.01 ppm lab bioassay ND: <0.005 ppm (1088) Crassostrea virginica (American oy: D. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: bioassay --Mammals: -Fish: Lepomis macrochirus: 48 hr ingestion: rat: single oral LDS0: range of 500 to 1000 mg/kg (1546) -Mammals: mice: inhibition of testicular DNA synthesis: acute oral LDS<>(rat): 650 mg/kg 44% inhibition at 400 mg/kg (p < 0 .0 1 ) 500-1000 n 31% 200 mg/kg (p < 0.05) butylethei 2 6 3 % ). ^ 73Q D. ISOOCTYLESTERS o adsorbed by 10 mg A.C. from 10-4 m 2-(2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXY)PROPIONIC ACID 1143 10% 100 mg/kg 1% 50 mg/kg (1325) 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (fenoprop; 2,4,5-TP; garln; kuron; silvex) b is ^ O C eH ls (1313) t 212C; sp.gr. 1.223 at 68/68F; solub. eland soil, no residues of the unchanged ifter application in the soil was the free phenoxyacid of within 50 days of application (table plication of 2,4,5-T isooctyl ester: 2.1 kg/ha 4.3 kg/ha 0 10-20 0-10 10-20 1 cm cm cm 9- .26 -- i-- 1.08 -- 9-- .59 -- 2 .02 .21 .11 2 .02 .08 .05 2 .01 .05 .05 1 Tr .01 Tr r ND Tr ND ' 500 to 1000 mg/kg sis: (1088) (1546) Cl a Hormone-type weedkiller. It should be stated which ester is present: propyleneglycolbutyletherester (PGBE) butoxyethylester (BEE) isooctylester (IOE) A. PROPERTIES: m.p. 179-18 1C; so lu b . 140 ppm a t 25C; 200 mg/1 C. WATER POLLUTION FACTORS: -Biodegradation: >205 days for ring cleavage in soil suspension (1827). D. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: -Potassium salt: -Algae: technical Chlorococcum sp. acid technical Chlorococcum sp. acid technical acid technical acid Dunaliella tertiolecta Dunaliella tertiolecta 2.5 X 10s ppb 2.5 X 104 ppb 2 X 10s ppb 2.5 X 104 ppb 50% decrease in 0 2 evolution 50% decrease in growth 50% decrease in 0 2 evolution 50% decrease in growth f Measured as ABS. (525 mu) after 10 days S Measured as ABS. (525 mu) after 10 days technical acid technical acid Isochrysis galbana Isochrysis galbana 2.5 X 10s ppb 5 X 103 ppb 50% decrease in 0 2 evolution 50% decrease in growth f Measured as ABS. (525 mu) after 10 days (2348) -Molluscs: Crassostrea virginica (American oyster), egg: TLm: 5.9 X 103 ppb, 48 hr static lab bioassay Crassostrea virginica (American oyster), larvae: TLm: 710 ppb, 14 day static lab bioassay (2324) -Fish: Lepomis macrochirus: 4 8 h rL C 5o:83000 pg/1 (2115) -Mammals: acute oral LD50 (rat): 650 mg/kg (1854) 500-1000 mg/kg (mixedbutylesters and propyleneglycol- butyletheresters) (1855) 2640 D '*7*> 2.4,6-TRICHLOF 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy-a-valeric acid ( 0 --( C. WATER POLLUTION FACTORS: --Biodegradation: >81 days for ring cleavage in soil suspension 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid, butoxyethylester D. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: --Crustaceans: Gammarus fasciatus: 96 hr LC50: 250 fig/1 Daphnia magna: 48 hr LC50* 2100 fig/1 Cypridopsis vidua: 48 hr LC50: 4900 fig/1 Asellus brevicaudus: 4 8 h rL C s0: 40000 fig/1 Palaemonetes kadiakensis: 48 hr LC50T 8000 fig/1 Orconectes nais: -Fish: 4 8 h rL C s0: 60000 fig/1 Lepomis macrochirus: 48 hr LC50: U00fig/1 (2125) (2125) (2125) (2125) (2125) (2125) (2115) 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid, isooctylesten (silvex (IOE)) A. PROPERTIES: amber dark-brown liquid; b.p. 373C; sp.gr. 1.183 at 68/68F D. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: -Fish: Lepomis macrochirus: 48 hr LC50: 16000 fig/1 (2115) --Mammals: ingestion: rats: single oral LD50: probably in the range of 400-800 mg/kg (1546) 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid, propyleneglycolbutyletheresten (PBGE)) A. PROPERTIES: amber liquid; b.p. 327C; v.p. 54 mm at 229C; sp.gr. 68F) D. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: --C ru stacean : Gammarus fasciatus: 96 hr, LC$o: 840 M8/1 Daphnia magna: 48 hr, LC50: 180 Mg/1 Cypridopsis vidua: 48 hr, LC50: 200 Mg/1 Asellus brevicaudus: 48 hr, LCso". 500 Mg/1 Palaemonetes kadiakensis: 48 hr, LC50: 3200 Mg/1 Orconectes nais: no effect: 100,000 fig/1, 48 hr Simocephalus serrulatus: 48 hr, LC50: 2400 Mg/1 Daphnia pulex: 48 hr, LC50: 2000 fig/1 Fish: Lepomis macrochirus: 48 hr, LC50: 16600 fig/1 (2125) (2125) (2125) (2125) (2125) (2125) (2127) (2127) (2115) Cl Cl C. WATER POLLUTION FACTORS: -B io d eg rad atio n : > 8 1 d ays fo r ring cle: 2,3,6-trichlorophenylacatic acid (c h lo rfe n r Use: h e rb ic id e (g en erally ap p lie d as th e a pro perties: w hite crystalline powdei 100C; so lu b . 200 p p m a t 28C d. b io l o g ic a l e f f e c t s : -Crustaceans (sodium salt): Gammarus lacustris: 96 hr, LG Gammarus fasciatus: no effect: Daphnia pulex: 48 hr, LC Simocephalus serrulatus: 48 hr, LC Daphnia magna: no effect: Cypridopsis vidua: no effect: Asellus brevicaudus: no effect: Palaemonetes kadiakensis: n o e ffect: -Insects (sodium salt): Pteronarcys californica: 96 hr, LC -Fish (sodium salt): Lepomis: 48 hr, LC -Mammals: acute oral LDS0 (rat): 1780 mg/kg acute dermal LDso (rabbit): >3160 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl-4'-nitrophenylethei O jN 2641 2642 S c a n d J W ork E n viro n H e a lth 14 (1988) 224--230 014888 0^ A case-referent study of soft-tissue sarcoma and Hodgkin's disease Farm ing and insecticid e use by Shelia Hoar Zahm, ScD ,1 Aaron Blair, PhD,1 Frederick F Holmes, MD,2 Cathy D Boysen, BA,2 Robert J Robel, PhD3 HOAR ZAHM S, BLAIR A, HOLMES FF, BOYSEN CD, ROBEL RJ. A case-referent study of softtissue sarcoma and Hodgkin's disease: Farming and insecticide use. S c a n d J W o rk E n viro n H e a lth 14 (1988) 224--230. A population-based case-referent study in Kansas examined the relationship between exposure to insecticides and the development of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) and Hodgkin's disease (HD). Data from telephone interviews for 133 STS cases, 121 HD cases, and 948 referents indicated that STS was associated with use of insecticides on animals, but not on crops. HD was not significantly associated with either use. STB risk was higher among the farmers who themselves mixed or applied insecticides to animals than among farmers who did not. Farmers who failed to use any protective equipment to reduce insecticide exposure were at a significantly elevated risk of STS. Risk rose with early calendar year of first use. The excess risk appeared to be primarily among fibrous and myomatous sarcomas with little association seen for lipomatous or other STS neoplasms. Myomatous sarcomas increased significantly with duration and time since first use of insecticides on animals. If the reported association between STS and insecticides is causal, the data suggest that exposure to the agent(s) responsible may have been reduced in the mid-1950s or the agent(s) have an average latency period for STS of at least 20 years. K ey term s: agriculture, chlorinated hydrocarbons, insecticides, lymphoma. Reports from Sweden, Denmark, Italy, and the United States have suggested that persons exposed to phenoxyacetic acid herbicides and chlorophenols have up to a sixfold excess risk of soft-tissue sarcom a, H odgkin's disease, and non-H odgkin's lym phom a (3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 19, 24, 30, 31). A population-based casereferent study was conducted to assess the role o f agricultural exposures and other factors in the develop ment o f these disorders in the United States. Data sup porting an association between herbicide use and nonH o d g k in 's lymphoma but not soft-tissue sarcom a or H odgkin's disease have been presented previously (12); this report deals only with soft-tissue sarcoma, H odg k in 's disease, and insecticide use. Table 1. Number of cases of soft-tissue sarcoma and Hodgkin's disease in different phases of the study. Soft-tissue sarcoma Hodgkin's disease Initial diagnosis Pathology review Confirmed cases Telephone interview 200 173 170 153 139 132 133 121 Su b je cts and methods C ases All new cases of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS)4 and H o d g k in 's disease (H D )3 diagnosed during 1976-- 1982 am ong white male Kansas residents aged 21 years or older were identified through the University of K an sas Cancer Data. Service, a population-based cancer registry covering the state o f Kansas. There were 200 m en diagnosed with soft-tissue sarcom a and 173 m en w ith H od g k in 's disease (table 1). P ath o lo g y specimens for 87 To o f the cases were available for review to confirm the diagnoses and to standardize the subgroup terminology. For the softtissue sarcom a and H o d g k in 's disease cases reviewed, 81 and 85 To were confirm ed, respectively. In addition tw o cases initially diagnosed as non-H odgkin's lym p h o m a were classified as H od g k in 's disease, yielding 139 cases o f soft-tissue sarcom a and 132 histological ly confirm ed cases of H o d g k in 's disease for inclusion in the study. 1 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United Slates. 2 Cancer Data Service, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United Slates. 3 Division of Biology. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States. Reprint requests to: Dr S Hoar Zahm, Occupational Studies Section, National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Room 418 N, Rockville, MD 20892, USA. 4 STS International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (1CDO) (29) histology codes (all topographical codes ex amined): 8800--8811, 8813, 8830--8855, 8860, 8890--8891, 8894-- 8902, 8910--8920, 8980-- 8981, 8990--8991, 9040-- 9044, 9120, 9130, 9140, 9150. 9170, 9540, 9560, 9581. ! HD 1CDO histology codes (all topographical codes ex amined): 9650--9663. 224 2 6 4 3 iOflh 1-t seen ID). STS ,ated es io duce ar of liule antlv STS luced (STS)4 and uring 1976-- aged 21 years ersity o f Kan-based cancer here were 200 i and 173 men he cases were gnoses and to . For the softases reviewed, :ly. In addition iodgkin's lymsease, yielding >2 histological;e for inclusion T jr -S' ses for Oncology iph; ' codes ex- >0-- 8891, o*91,9040-- > *0. 9560, 9581. iphical codes ex- R eferen ts The referents were selected from white men in the general population o f the state of Kansas. Three refer ents per case were frequency matched by age ( 2 years) and vital status to the combined age distribu tion of the three cancer case series (N = 1 005). For liv ing cases, referents aged 65 years or older were selected from the Health Care Financing Administration file (the Medicare file), whereas referents aged 64 years or younger were selected by telephone with the use o f a two-staged random digit dialing technique (25). For approxim ately one-half o f the persons with soft-tissue sarcom a and one-third o f those with H odgkin's dis ease who had died before the initiation of the study, referents were selected from Kansas state mortality files with the additional m atching factor of year of death. Persons with a cause of death of soft-tissue sarcom a, H odgkin's disease, non-H odgkin's lym phom a, a malignancy of an ill-defined site (1CDO 195), hom i cide, or suicide were excluded. In terview The persons with histologically confirmed cases and the referents, or their next-of-kin. were interviewed by telephone between Decem ber 1982 and January 1984. Questions on farming practices included crops and animals raised, farm locations and sizes, insecticides and herbicides used, years and acres treated, m ethod of application, and use o f protective equipment. Interviews were obtained for 133 cases o f soft-tissue sarcom a and 121 cases o f H odgkin's disease and 948 referents, the response rate among eligible subjects being 94 Vo for b oth the cases and the referents. T he overall response rate, a weighted average which in cludes the product o f the initial response (92.3 *7o) in the random digit dialing process and the interviewing rate for the random digit dialing referents, was 93 V o. R isk m easu rem en ts The measure of association was the odds ratio (OR). All risk estimates were adjusted for the effects o f age by stratification. Maximum likelihood estimates o f the overall risk and 95 Vo confidence intervals (95 Vo C l) were com puted by G a rt's m ethod (7). For durationresponse relationships, significance was assessed by means o f M antel's one-tailed linear trend test (15). Results A total o f 95 persons with soft-tissue sarcoma and 71 persons with H o d g k in 's disease were reported to have worked or lived on farm land in comparison to 662 o f the referents, yielding odds ratios of 1.0 (95 Vo C l 0.7-- 1.6) for soft-tissue sarcom a and 0.8 (95 Vo C l 0.5-- 1.2) for H o d g k in 's disease. No trend with years spent working or living on a farm was observed. The risks did not vary significantly by type of crop or animals raised or farm size. In secticides Insecticide use on crops or animals was reported by 50 persons with soft-tissue sarcom a (OR 1.3, 95 Vo C l 0.8--2.2), 38 persons with H odgkin's disease (OR 0.8, 95 Vo C l 0.5-- 1.4), an d 275 referents (table 2). T he increased risk o f soft-tissue sarcoma appeared lim it ed to farm ers who reported use of insecticides on animals (OR 1.6, 95 Vo C l 0.9--2.5). There was no sig nificant association between soft-tissue sarcoma and duration, latency, frequency, or any other measure of exposure to insecticides used on crops or between H odgkin's disease and any m easure of insecticide ex posure. The risk of soft-tissue sarcoma among farmers who had used insecticides on animals rose with early calen dar year of first use, b u t n o t consistently with d u ra tion (table 3). T h e duration-adjusted odds ratios for soft-tissue sarcom a am ong farm ers who first used in secticides on anim als afte r 1965, during 1956-- 1965 and 1946-- 1955, an d p rio r to 1946 were 1.0 (reference category), 0.3 (95 Vo C l 0.01-- 4.7), 2.6 (95 Vo C l 0.3--26.7), and 4.9 (95 Vo C l 0.6--64.1), respectively (trend P-value = 0.009). W e did not collect inform a tion on frequency, ie, days per year, of exposure to insecticides used on animals. Risk varied according to farm ers' work practices and insecticide application m ethods, increasing with level Table 2. Number of cases of soft-tissue sarcoma and Hodgkin's disease and the referents and the odds ratio (OR| and 95 % confidence interval (95 % Cl) by insecticide use on crops or animals. Referents Soft-tissue sarcoma cases ------------------------------------- N OR 95 % Cl Hodgkin's disease cases ---------------------------------- N OR 95 % Cl Nonfarmers c armers Never used insecticides Used insecticides" Crops Animals Use unknown 286 315 275 132 214 72 38 1.0 32 0.7 0.4-- 1.3 50 1.3 0.8-- 2.2 14 0.8 0.4-- 1.6 46 1.6 0.9-- 2.5 13 50 1.0 20 0.6 0.3-- 1.0 38 0.8 0.5-- 1.4 25 1.1 0.6-- 1.9 32 0.9 0.5-- 1.5 13 * Farmers could report use on both crops and animals. 2644 225 Table 3. Number of soft-tissue sarcoma cases and referents and the odds ratio (OR) by duration and first calendar year of insec ticide use on animals. (95 % Cl = 95 % confidence interval) Cases Referents Age adjusted OR 95 % Cl Age and duration or latency adjusted* OR 95 % Cl Nonfarmers Farmers First year of use 1966-- 1956-- 1965 1946-- 1955 -- 1945 Unknown Chi for trend P-value (one tailed) Duration (years) 1-- 5 6-- 10 11-- 20 2:21 Unknown Chi for trend P-value (one tailed) 38 3 3 11 25 4 8 14 5 14 5 286 1.0 31 0.9 0.2--3.3 38 0.7 0.2--2.4 50 1.5 0.7--3.4 87 1.8 1.0--3.4 8 2.250 0.012 1.0 0.3 2.6 4.9 2.350 0.009 0.01-- 4.7 0.3-- 26.) 0 .6 -6 4 .' 55 1.2 0.5--2.9 46 2.2 1.0--4.5 50 0.8 0.3--2.2 60 1.6 0.7--3.3 1.0 2.6 0.7-- 9.4 0.5 0.1-- 2.9 1.0 0.3-- 3.7 6 1.156 0.124 -0.566 0.286 * Figures for first year of use adjusted for age and duration; figures for duration adjusted for age and latency. Table 4. Number of soft-tissue sarcoma cases and referents and the odds ratio (OR) for farmers who mixed or applied in secticides to animals, by application method. (95 % Cl = 95 % confidence interval) Cases Referents OR 95 % Cl Nonfarmers 38 286 1.0 Farmers* Spraying 31 131 2.0 Dusting 7 27 1.9 Dipping 2 18 0.9 Pouring 4 20 1.6 In Feed 0 1 -- Other 4 19 1.5 * Farmers could use more than one method. 1.1-- 3.4 0.7-- 5.1 0.1-- 4.3 0.4-- 5.3 0.4-- 5.1 o f exposure. Farmers who themselves mixed o r applied the insecticides for use on animals had higher risks o f soft-tissue sarcom a (OR 1.7, 95 C l 1.0--2.9) th an farm ers who usually had someone else perform these tasks (OR 1.1, 95 % C l 0.4--2.6). A m ong the vari ous and multiple application methods reported by the farmers who applied insecticides to animals themselves, spraying (OR 2.0, 95 Vo C l 1.1--3.4) and dusting (OR 1.9, 95 Vo Cl 0.7-- 5.1) were associated with the highest risks (table 4). (No application m ethod for crop insec ticides showed excess risk of soft-tissue sarcom a: tractor-m ounted or mist-blower sprayer, OR 1.0 and 95 Vo C l 0.4--2.2; into or on the soil, OR 0.8 and 95 Vo C l 0.3-- 1.9; aerial, OR 1.0 and 95 Vo C l 0.4-- 2.4; other, OR 0.9 and 95 Vo Cl 0.3--2.3.) Farm ers who failed to use protective equipment while mixing or applying insecticides on animals had a greater risk of soft-tissue sarcom a (OR 1.9, 95 Vo Cl 1.1--3.3) than farmers who took some precautions to reduce exposure (OR 1.2, 95 % C l 0.4--3.1). On farm s where insecticides were first used on animals prior to 1956, the farm ers who applied the chemicals themselves and who failed to use protective equipment had higher risks (OR 2.1, 95 Vo C l 1.2--3.9) than those who used protective equipment (OR 1.2), but the small numbers prohibit the calculation of duration-adjusted risk estimates. The trends with first years o f use are significant for farmers who applied the pesticides themselves (P = 0.031) or who failed to use protective equipment (P = 0.038), but not for those who had someone else apply the insecticide (P = 0.093) or who used protective equipment (P = 0.251). Table 5 presents risk according to the chemical group o f insecticides ever used on animals. The subjects could report use o f multiple insecticides, so the groups are not independent. Almost every group was associated with excess risk, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, and " other" and not otherwise specified insecticides, such as " fly spray." The " oth er" group consisted o f miscellaneous chemicals such as pyrethrum , creosote, nicotine, rotenone, and com bi nations. The risks for farmers who usually mixed or applied the insecticides to animals themselves were similar or slightly higher than for farmers who did not, except for the category " other," for which the OR rose from 3.8 to 9.4. The numbers of subjects reporting use of m ost individual insecticides were sm all, b ut fo r 10 soft-tissue sarcom a cases and 28 referents use o f dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) on animals (OR 2.3, 95 Vo C l 0 .9 --5.6) was reported. The dates o f use o f specific chemicals were not col lected in the interviews; however, the dates o f use of any insecticide used on animals were available and are presented in table 6. Although the numbers are small, an exam ination of risks for first and last year o f use 226 2 6 4 5 Table 5. Number o( soft-tissue sarcoma cases and referents and the odds ratio (OR) by insecticide group ever used on animals. (95 % Cl = 95 % confidence interval) Ever used on farm animals Cases Referents OR 95 % Cl Usually mixed or applied by study subject Cases Referents OR 95 % Cl Nonfarmers Farmers* Chlorinated hydrocarbons Organophosphates Carbamates Metals Other Not otherwise specifiedb 38 11 5 -- 1 4 37 286 40 15 1 1 7 188 1.0 1.8 2.1 -- 5.9 3.8 1.4 0.8--4.2 0.6--6.9 0.2-- 225.0 0.8-- 16.7 0.9--2.4 38 286 1.0 10 33 2.0 5 15 2.1 1-- ___ 1 1 5.9 4 3 9.4 31 138 1.6 0.8 -- 4.8 0.6--6.9 0.2 -- 225.C 1.5-- 64.8 0.9 -- 2.8 * Farmers could report more than one method. b Fly, tick, or lice powder, spray, or treatment; cattle, sheep, or hog dip; or insecticide; not otherwise specified. Table 6. Number of soft-tissue sarcoma cases and referents and the odds ratio (OR) by insecticide group and year of first and year of last use of any insecticide used on animals. (C = Cases, R - referents, 95 % Cl = 95 % confidence interval) Chlorinated hydrocarbons C R OR 95 % Cl Ever use of insecticides on animals* Organophosphates Other C R OR 95 V. Cl C R OR 95 % Cl First year of use of any insecticides on animals6 1966-- 1956--1965 1946--1955 --1945 Chi for trend P-value (one tailed) Last year of use of any insecticides on animals6 1970-- 1960--1969 1950--1959 --1949 Chi for trend P-value (one tailed) -- 2_ -- 8-- 4 12 2.0 6 16 2.4 1.737 0.041 0.5--7.8 0.8--7.3 3 20 1.0 2 7 1.8 4 9 3.0 2 3 4.5 2.249 0.012 0.2--3.9 0.2--10.7 0.7--12.0 0.5--37.8 1 2 3.6 -- 3-- 2 3 4.2 1 7 0.9 0.1--56.1 0.4--34.4 0.04--7.9 0.688 0.246 5 14 2.3 _ 1-- -- ---- ------ 1.148 0.126 0.7--7.5 _ __ _ -- 1 __ 2 __ __ 3 5 3.9 2.248 0.012 0.6--22.8 2 2 6.9 ---- -- -- 1-- 3 3 6.6 2.398 0.008 0.6--82.0 0.9--48.1 * Farmers could report more than one insecticide group. 6 Reference group is nonfarmers (38 cases, 266 referents). Not specified C R OR 95 V. Cl 2 30 0.6 3 29 0.9 9 42 1.5 19 81 1.5 1.477 0.070 0.1--2.9 0.2--3.2 0.6--3.6 0.8--3.0 13 64 1.2 4 41 0.8 5 12 2.1 13 43 1.9 1.740 0.041 0.6--2.5 0.2--2.7 0.6--6.6 0.9--4.2 o f any insecticides on animals by insecticide groups ever used suggested th at the risks associated w ith use in the early time periods were related to the use o f chlo rinated hydrocarbons and the " other" and n o t other wise specified insecticides. Chlorinated h y drocarbons known to have been used in the early 1940s include DDT, benzene hexachloride, heptachlor, lindane, m ethoxychlor, and toxaphene (10, 11, 22). T here were no significant trends for first year or last year o f use of organophosphates on animals. The excess risk o f soft-tissue sarcoma for insecticide use on animals appeared to be primarily am ong cases with sarcom as o f fib ro u s6 (OR 2.3, 95 % C l 0 .8 -- 7.2) and m yom atous6 (OR 2.6, 95 7o Cl 1.0-- 7.3) tis sues with no or little association seen for lipom atous6 STS histological subtypes, based on the 1CDO groupings: fibromatous sarcomas: ICDO codes 8810-- 8811, 8813, 8830-- 8832; myomatous sarcomas: ICDO codes 8890-- 8891, 8894--8902, 8910-- 8920; lipomatous sarcomas: ICDO codes 8850-- 8855, 8860; other sarcomas: ICDO codes 8800--8804, 8840, 8980--8981, 8990--8991,9040-- 9044, 9120, 9130, 9140, 9150, 9170, 9540, 9560, 9581. (OR 0.9, 95 % C l 0.2-- 3.1) or o th e r6 soft-tissue neo plasm s (OR 1.1, 95 % C l 0.5--2.4). A lthough based on small num bers, the risk of myomatous soft-tissue sarcom a increased consistently with early first year (trend P = 0.003) and duration (trend P = 0.027) o f in secticide use on animals (table 7). The num ber o f ex posed m yom atous sarcoma cases was too small to al low analysis by duration and latency simultaneously. No trends in risk were observed for fibrous soft-tissue sarcoma. Farmers who personally mixed or applied the insecticides for use on animals had higher risks of fi brous (OR 2.5, 95 % C l 0.8-- 8.0) and m yom atous (OR 3.0, 95 % C l 1.1-- 8.7) sarcom as th a n farm ers who usually did n o t (fibrous: O R 1.7, 95 *7o C l 0.2-- 10.0; m yom atous: O R 2.1, 95 ?o C l 0.4-- 9.8). Insec ticide application to animals by spraying was associated with a 2.4-fold increase in fibrous sarcom as (95 lo C l 0.7--8.2) and a 3.4-fold increase in myom atous sar com as (95 % C l 1.2-- 10.1). Mixing and applying in secticides to animals did not significantly increase risk for lipom atous (OR 1.1, 95 !o C l 0.3-- 4.0) o r other 2646 V-zyZ Table 7. Number of cases of fibrous and myomatous soft-tissue sarcoma and the referents and the occs ratio (OR) by duration and first calendar year of insecticide use on animals. (95 % Cl = 95 % confidence interval onfarmers armers First year of use 19661956-- 1965 1946-- 1955 -- 1945 Unknown Chi for trend P-value (one tailed) Duration (years) 1-- 10 11-- 20 ;>21 Unknown Chi for trend P-value (one tailed) Referents 286 31 38 50 87 8 101 50 60 6 Fibrous soft-tissue sarcoma Cases OR 95 % Cl 6 1.0 2 4.2 1 1.4 1 0.9 5 1.9 0.5--30.8 0.1-- 12.8 0.04--8.2 0.05-7.2 2 1.115 0.132 6 3.0 1 1.0 3 1.7 0.8-- 11.1 0.0 4-- 8.5 0 .3 -- 8.7 1 0.836 0.202 Myomatous soft-tissue sarcoma Cases OR 95 % Cl 7 1.0 _ 1 1.1 4 3.0 9 4.0 2.741 0.003 4 1.5 2 1.8 5 3.4 3 1.930 0.027 0.0 5-- 9.7 0.7-- 12.3 1.2-- 13.6 0.4-- 6.0 0.2-- 9.8 0.9-- 13.2 (OR 1.2, 95 Vo C l 0.6--2.8) soft-tissue sarcom as. The num ber of subjects was too small to investigate histol ogy and insecticide group in great detail; in general, the results were similar to those for the total soft-tissue sarcom a series. Excess risks for fibrous and m yom a tous sarcomas were associated with chlorinated hydrocarbons and insecticides not otherwise specified. The risk of soft-tissue sarcoma associated with in secticide use on anim als was slightly lower fo r the sub jects w ho were interviewed directly (OR 1.3, 95 Vo C l 0.7--2.7) than for those whose next-of-kin were inter viewed (OR 1.8, 95 Vo Cl 0.8--3.9). T he difference be tween the living and deceased subjects probably reflects the age patterns o f the two groups and the higher risk o f older subjects who used insecticides on animals. Subjects diagnosed at age 80 or older had an odds ratio o f 3.8, while younger subjects had an odds ratio of 1.5. T he older users may have had greater exposure than younger farm ers, who may have m ore recently used more mechanized techniques to apply insecticides to animals. A greater proportion of the subjects over 79 years of age (60 Vo) had next-of-kin proxies partic ipate in the study, while only 43 % o f the subjects aged 79 years or younger had proxy interviews. O th er p estic id e exposu res Treating seeds with fungicides was related to a non significant excess o f soft-tissue sarcoma (OR 1.4, 95 Vo C l 0.7-- 2.6) but not to H odgkin's disease (OR 0.9, 95 Vo C l 0.4-- 1.8). Nonfarm ing pecticide exposure in hom e gardens and yards was not associated with softtissue sarcoma (OR 0.7) or Hodgkin's disease (OR 0.7). Eleven persons with soft-tissue sarcom a (OR 2.0, 95 Vo C l 0.9-- 4.1), eight persons with H o d g k in 's dis ease (OR 1.5, 95 Vo Cl 0.6-- 3.4), an d 40 referents reported becoming ill at least once due to exposure to 228 pesticides. No attem pt was made to confirm these selfdiagnosed acute episodes with the subjects' medical care providers. D isc u ssio n This case-referent study conducted in Kansas found an association between soft-tissue sarcoma and the use o f insecticides on anim als, b ut not crops. H o d g k in 's disease was unrelated to contact with insecticides. The risk o f soft-tissue sarcoma increased with the poten tial for heavier exposures to insecticides, eg, am ong farm ers who mixed or applied the insecticides to anim als themselves or who failed to use protective equipm ent. The risk appeared to be limited to ex posures occurring prior to the mid-1950s, primarily to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, and to fibrous and m yom atous sarcomas. Alihough organophosphates were associated with some elevated risks, the trends were not significant. A lthough many o f the same insecticides are used on anim als and crops (5), ihe presen; study found an as sociation only with use on animals. This specificity may reflect the potential for greater inhalation and dermal exposure associated with application on animals than on crops. Farmers usually spray crops only a few times a year, using methods such as tractor sprayers or aerial application; however, they spray animals much more freq u en tly , usually by hand. For example, it was not unusual for farm ers to spray dairy cattle twice a day by hand prior to milking. Use of hand-held equipment has consistently been associated with heavier dermal exposures than other application m ethods (27), and, in ad d itio n , the farm ers would have been inhaling in secticide mists while milking the animals. The excess risk o f soft-tissue sarcoma associated with insecticide use prior to the 1950s has several possible 2647 D* 27^/7 . duration ,M*tissue sarcoma 95 % Cl J 0.05-9.7 0.7-12.3 1.2-- 13.6 * 33 0.4-- 6.0 0.2--9.8 0.9-- 13.2 t; $ > i 30 T 27 iie, infirm these selfubjects' medical ..as found :oma and the use tops. H odgkin's insecticides. The i with the poten:ides, eg, among e insecticides to ;o use protective ie limited to ex)50s, prim arily to s, and to fibrous igh organophoslevated risks, the icides are used on udy found an asnis specificity may ;ation and derm al l on animals than s only a few times sprayers or aerial mais much more ample, it was not cattle twice a day id-held equipment :h heavier dermal ethods (27), and, K inhaling in- na associated with is several possible interpretations. The latency period for insecticiderelated soft-tissue sarcoma may be long enough that exposures sustained after the mid-1950s have not yet resulted in excess cancer risk. An excess o f lung cancer am ong pesticide applicators in Florida did not appear until 20 years after first exposure (1). The insecticides used, their contaminants, and methods of application m ay have changed since the mid-1950s. This studyshows a decrease in the reported use o f chlorinated hydrocarbons and an increase in reported use o f organophosphate insecticides over tim e, consistent with reports from the United States Department of Agricul ture and others (5, IS). Changes in farm ing practices m ay have affected risk. For example, as dairy farm ing became more mechanized, less insecticide may have been applied to animals, or farmers may have spent less tim e sitting near the cows and thereby sustained less exposure. We cannot distinguish between these hypotheses only on the basis o f the d ata collected in this study. The association between soft-tissue sarcoma and in secticide use on animals is not likely to be due to problem s in the subjects' recall o f exposure. T here is no evidence th at, in general, exposure was over reported for the cases in com parison to the referents. No associations were observed for several measures of exposure, including herbicide use and insecticide use on crops. A survey of a sample o f the subjects' pesti cide suppliers did not reveal any m ajor differences be tween the cases' and referents' confirm ation rates for pesticides used on crops (12); unfortunately, the sup pliers were not asked about insecticides used on animals. If exposures were underreported because of ioor recall but were not biased with respect to casereferent status, then the reported odds ratios would underestimate the true risks (16). Unbiased under reporting does not create spurious effects. In this study, although the association between soft-tissue sarcoma and insecticide use on animals was present am ong both living and deceased subjects, the odds ratio based on next-of-kin interviews alone were slightly higher than those for living subjects. This difference may be due to a small degree of recall bias by the next-of-kin, a ore rapidly fatal outcome am ong cases exposed to isecticides used on animals, or the different age p at terns o f the living and deceased subjects. Few- o f the other epidemiologic studies o f soft-tissue sarcoma have separated insecticide and herbicide ef fects, or animal or crop exposures, because most were based on job title only and did not contain detailed inform ation on farming practices (26). Eriksson et al (6), however, reported that am ong soft-tissue sarco ma cases 2.7 % utilized nicotine as an insecticide as mpared to 0.5 % of the referents. Nicotine, first -ed as an insecticide in 1909 (10, 11, 22), was part of the " other" category associated with higher risk of soft-tissue sarcoma in this study. N o association be tween soft-tissue sarcoma and chlordane or D D T was observed in the western part of the state o f W ashing ton (28). It is no: known w hether these reports represent use on crops, animals, or a com bination. O ther studies which collected detailed inform ation on farming practices have focused on herbicide exposures and have left the role o f insecticides in the develop ment o f soft-tissue sarcoma relatively unstudied (2, 20, 21). Soft-tissue sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of tum ors o f various cell types that differ by etiology, in cidence pattern s, and survival (23). A lthough little is known ab o u t the causes of most soft-tissue sarcom as, it appears th a t risk factors vary by histological type. For exam ple, ihorotrast, vinyl chloride, and inorganic arsenic, well-established risk factors for soft-tissue sar com a, induce hepatic angiosarcomas specifically (23). In this study, use of insecticides on animals was as sociated with fibromatous and myomatous soft-tissue sarcom a, but not lipomatous or other soft-tissue sar coma neoplasm s. The risk for m yom atous soft-tissue sarcoma increased significantly with duration and latency o f use of insecticides on animals. In sum m ary, this study found no association be tween H o d g k in 's disease and insecticide use, but softtissue sarcom a, particularly m yomatous cases, was as sociated with exposure to insecticides used on animals prior to the mid-1950s. The rising incidence and largely unknow n etiology of soft-tissue sarcom a (23) indicates a need for further studies of this tum or. The findings o f the present study suggest that insecticide exposure and farm ing practices should receive careful attention in fu tu re investigations. Acknowledgments The study was supported in p art by contract N 01-CPES-1,1027 fro m the National C ancer Institute. The authors thank Ms AB Baker and Ms NE W ash burn for assisting the study m anager; Ms R Kingma, Ms LI M urphy, and Ms JM Peterson for the interview ing; Ms V Gee and Ms CJ Oblak for the coding; Ms S H obbs and M s M Wall for their secretarial assistance; Ms JL Van Nice, Ms P Bunag, and Ms D W iesmann for identifying and locating the study subjects; Drs F Lin and H C Anderson for reviewing the pathology samples; and M r E Brown, Ms I Dave, and Mr KJ Liu for their com puter programming. References 1. Blair A, Grauman DJ, Lubin JH, Fraumeni JF Jr. Lung cancer and other causes of death among licensed pesti cide applicators. J Natl Cancer Inst 71 (1983) 31-- 37. 2. Burmeister LF. Cancer mortality in Iowa farmers, 1971-- 1978. J Natl Cancer Inst 66 (1981) 461--464. 3. Cook RR. Dioxin, chloracne, and soft-tissue sarcoma. Lancet 1 (1981) 618--619. 4. Cook RR, Townsend JC, Ott MG, Silverstein LG. Mor tality experience of employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). J Occup Med 22 (1980) 530-- 532. 2648 229 I ; 5. Eichers T, Andrilenos P, Jenkins R, Fox A. Quantities of pesticides used by farmers in 1964. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1968. (United States Department of Agriculture, agricultural economic report number 131). 6. Eriksson M, Hardell L, Berg NO, Moller T, Axelson O. Soft-tissue sarcomas and exposure to chemical sub stances: A case-referent study. Br J Ind Med 38 (1981) 27-- 33. 7. Gart JJ. Point and interval estimation of the common odds ratio inthe combination of 2 x 2 tables with fixed marginals. Biometrika 57 (1970) 471--475. 8. Hardell L, Eriksson M, Lenner P, Lundgren E. Malig nant lymphoma and exposure to chemicals especially or ganic solvents, chlorophenols and phenoxy acids: A casecontrol study. Br J Cancer 43 (1981) 169-- 176. 9. Hardell L, SandstromA. Case-control study: Soft-tissue sarcomas and exposure to phenoxyacetic acids or chlo rophenols. Br J Cancer 39 (1979) 711--717. 10. Hayes WJ. Pesticides studied in man. The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD 1982. 11. Hayes WJ. Toxicology of pesticides. The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD 1975. 12. Hoar SK, Blair A, Holmes FF, Boysen CD, Robel RJ, Hoover R, Fraumeni JF Jr. Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. J Am Med Assoc 256 (1986) 1141-- 1147. 13. Johnson FE, Kugler MA, Brown SM. Soft-tissue sar comas and chlorinated phenols. Lancet 2 (1981) 40. 14. Lynge E. A follow-up study of cancer incidence among workers in manufacture of phenoxy herbicides in Den mark. Br J Cancer 52 (1985) 259-- 270. 15. Mantel N. Chi-square tests with one degree of freedom: Extension of the Mantel-Haenzel procedure. J Am Stat Assoc 58 (1963) 690--700. 16. Monson RR. Occupational epidemiology. CRC Press, Inc, Boca Raton, FL 1980, pp 95, 99. 17. Moses M, Selikoff IJ. Soft-tissue sarcomas, phenoxy her bicides, and chlorinated phenols. Lancet 1 (1981) 1370. 18. Murphy SD. Pesticides. In: Casarett LJ, Doull J, ed. Toxicology: The basic science of poisons. MacMillan Publishing Co, Inc, New York, NY 1975, p 411. 19. Ott MG, Holder BB, Olson RD. A mortality analysis of employees engaged in the manufacture of 2,4,5-tri- chlorophenoxyacetic add. J Occup Med 22 (1980) 47-- 50. 20. Smith AH, Fisher DO, Pearce N, Teague CA. Do agricultural chemicals cause soft-tissue sarcoma? Initial findings of a case-control study in New Zealand. Com munity Health 6 (1982) 114-- 119. 21. Smith AH, Pearce NE, Fisher DO, Giles HJ, Teague CA, Howard JK. Soft tissue sarcoma and exposure to phenoxyherbicides and chlorophenols in New Zealand. J Natl Cancer Inst 73 (1984) 1111-- 1117. 22. Thomson WT. Agricultural chemicals, book 1: Insectirides. Thomson Publications, Fresno, CA 1977. 23. Tucker MA, Fraumeni JF Jr. Soft tissue. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr, ed. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA 1982, pp 827-- 836. 24. Vineis P, Terracini B, Ciccone G, Cignetti A, Colom bo E, Donna A, Maffi L, Pisa R, Ricci P, Zanini E, Comba P. Phenoxy herbicides and soft-tissue sarcomas in female riceweeders: A population-based case-referent study. Scand J Work Environ Health 13 (1987) 9-- 17. 25. Waksberg J. Sampling methods for randomdigit dialing. J Am Stat Assoc 73 (1978) 40-- 46. 26. . Wiklund K. Swedish agricultural workers: A group with a decreased risk of cancer. Cancer 51 (1983) 566-- 568. 27. Wolfe HR, Durham WF, Armstrong JF. Exposure of workers to pesticides. Arch Environ Health 14 (1967) 622-- 633. 28. Woods JS, Polissar L, Severson RK, Heuser LS, Kulander BG. Soft tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in relation to phenoxyherbicide and chlori nated phenol exposure in western Washington. J Natl Cancer Inst 78 (1987) 899--910. 29. World Health Organization. International classification of diseases for oncology. Geneva 1976. 30. Zack JA, Gaffey WR. A mortality study of workers em ployed at the Monsanto Company plant in Niiro, West Virginia. Environ Sci Res 26 (1983) 575-- 591. 31. Zack JA, Suskind RR. The mortalityexperienceof work ers exposed to tetrachlorodibenzodioxin in a trichlorophenol process accident. J Occup Med 22(1980) 11-- 14. Received for publication: 12 April 1988 230 2650 7Sb ick M, eds. Cancer incji ions. Banbury Report Harbor, 1980:203-13. JM, Ploera JE. Ch: 5 siblings. Scand J H# mith PG, et al. Hodgkin's ngi J Med 1977;296:248-'->- ie epidemiology of human IRev 1979:74-109. is: epidemiologic aspects 7: ersity Press, 1985. . i. an LM. Epidemiology of : Lilienfeld AM. Reviews \. Vol. 2. New York: Elsev--.:170-210. Second cancer following lietic cancers in Connect-i :er Inst Monogr 1985;68: :en DM. The accuracy of' nilv historv of cancer. J -93. ' A. Johnson BC. Limita-': mortality data obtained : report from the Tecum-h F-' dy. Am J Publicl u . Accuracy of can-' L- its effect on cancer.. 1 Public Health 1981;171: 7 018248 American J o urn al ok E p id e m io lo g y C' Copyright1989 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health All rights reserved ' !r' f Vol. 130, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. A CASE-CONTROL STU D Y OF SOFT-TISSUE SARCOMA SHELIA HOAR ZAHM,1 AARON BLAIR,1 FREDERICK F. HOLMES,2 CATHY D. BOYSEN,2 ROBERT J. ROBEL,3 a n d JOSEPH F. FRAUMENI, J r .1 Zahm, S. H. (Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, NCI, Rockville, MD 20892), A. Blair, F. F. Holmes, C. D. Boysen, R. J. Robel, and J. F. Fraumeni, Jr. A case-control study of soft-tissue sarcoma. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:665-74. The roles of nonagricultural occupations, tobacco use, beverage consumption, medical history, and other factors in the development of soft-tissue sarcoma were examined in a population-based case-control study in Kansas. Based on 133 cases diagnosed between 1976-1982 and 948 controls, there were significant excesses associated with*use of the drug chloramphenicol (odds ratio (OR) = 5.4, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.2-23.9) and chewing tobacco or snuff (OR = 1.8,95% Cl 1.1-2.9). The risk associated with sm okeless tobacco varied with the location of the tumors; greater risks were observed for tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract (OR = 3.3), the lung, pleura, and thorax (OR = 3.1), and the head, neck, and face region (OR = 2.4) than other regions of the body (OR = 1.4). A nonsignificant e x ce ss w as seen with the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs, such as clofibrate (OR = 1.7). Four c a se s reported histories of prior radiation treatment to the sam e area of their bodies as their tumors. Soft-tissue sarcoma was also associated with employment in woodworking occupations (OR = 1.7, 95% Cl 0.9-3.2) and risk increased with increasing duration of employment. Persons with first-degree blood relatives with a history of Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, or cancers of the pancreas, prostate, brain, or skin were at increased risk. Many of the associations observed in this study, notably the risk of softtissue sarcoma with sm okeless tobacco and medications such as chloramphen icol, deserve further evaluation. chloramphenicol; clofibrate; occupational diseases; neoplasms; radiation; sar coma-, tobacco, sm okeless; wood A population-based case-control study in Kansas was initiated to investigate the environmental etiology of soft-tissue sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. The results pertaining to agricultural factors have been presented elsewhere (1, 2). This report will focus on the effects of nonagricultural occupations, tobacco use, medical history, beverage con sumption, and other factors on the inci- ;-7. Received for publication May 23,1988, and in final The study was supported in part by National Can formFebruary 16,1989. cer Institute Contract N01-CP-ES-11027. Abbreviations: Cl, confidence interval; ICDO, I n The authors thank Ariel B. Baker and Naomi E. 7. ternational C lassification o f D ise a se s fo r O ncology, OR, Washburn for assisting the study manager; Rita odds ratio. Kingma, Lois I. Murphy, and Jeanine M. Peterson for Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Na interviewing; Vesta Gee and Claudia J. Oblak for tional Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Boulevard, coding; Shelley Hobbs and Melanie Wall for assistance 18N, Rockville, MD 20892. (Send reprint requests to with the manuscript; Joan L. Van Nice, Pros Bunag, De Shelia Hoar Zahm at this address.) and Dolores Wiesmann for identifying and locating ' Cancer Data Service, University of Kansas Med- study subjects; Fritz Lin and H. Clarke Anderson for 'cal Center. reviewing pathology samples; and Edward Brown, Ila Division of Biology, Kansas State University. Dave, and Ko Jam Liu for computer programming. 665 2651 D 7 b " / * f 6 6 6 ZAHM ET AL. dence of soft-tissue sarcoma. The etiology of soft-tissue sarcoma is largely unknown (3), with little epidemiologic research, other than case reports, having been carried out on nonagricultural factors. M aterials and m ethods Cases All newly diagnosed cases of soft-tissue sarcoma (International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICDO) (4) histology codes (all topographical codes examined): 8800-8811, 8813, 8830-8855, 8860, 88908891, 8894-8902, 8910-8920, 8980-8981, 8990-8991, 9040-9044, 9120, 9130, 9140, 9150, 9170, 9540, 9560, 9581) among white male Kansas residents, aged 21 years or older, during 1976-1982, were identified through the University of Kansas Cancer Data Service, a population-based registry that covers the state of Kansas. Although the registry is a passive-system, reporting is mandated by Kansas law and is consid ered over 90 percent complete. The Kansas registry reports a higher annual incidence rate for soft-tissue sarcoma (4.1/100,000) than reported by the nearby Iowa National Cancer Institute-sponsored Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry (3.4/100,000). Methods have been pre sented in detail elsewhere (1,2). There were 139 soft-tissue sarcoma histologically con firmed cases, as determined by a review panel of three pathologists. Controls The controls (n = 1,005) were white men from the general population of Kansas. Three controls per case were frequency matched by age ( two years) and vital status to the combined age distribution of the study's original three cancer case series (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's dis ease, and soft-tissue sarcoma). For living cases, controls aged 65 years or older were selected from the Health Care Financing Administration file (the Medicare file), whereas, controls aged 64 years or younger were selected by telephone using a two- staged random digit dialing technique (5). For deceased cases, the controls were se lected from Kansas state mortality files with the additional matching factor of year of death. Persons with a cause of death of soft-tissue sarcoma, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a malignancy of an ill-defined site (ICDO code 195), homi cide, or suicide were excluded. Interviews Telephone interviews were obtained from 133 soft-tissue sarcoma cases and 948 controls, or, if deceased, from their nextof-kin, between December 1982 and Janu ary 1984 (table 1). The overall response rate, a weighted average accounting for the refusals in the household census phase of the random digit dialing procedure and the refusals of randomly selected eligible con trols to provide interviews (5), was 93 per cent. Approximately one-half of the per sons interviewed were study subjects them selves (cases: 50 percent; controls: 51 per cent) with the remaining interviews sup plied .by next-of-kin proxy respondents. The distribution of proxy type was similar among the cases and controls (spouse: 31 percent cases, 27 percent controls; child: 9 percent cases, 10 percent controls; sibling: 5 percent cases, 6 percent controls; parent: 2 percent cases, 3 percent controls; other: 4 percent cases, 4 percent controls). Information collected included demo graphic characteristics; usual adult height and weight; a priori suspect nonfarming occupations (3); cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking; use of chewing tobacco or snuff; consumption of coffee, alcohol,' and raw milk products; present and past medical conditions and treatments; trauma; and fa milial cancer. Subjects were asked for ex posure histories until a key date which was five years prior to the cancer diagnosis for the cases (key date range: 1971-1977) and was 1977 for all controls. Because of the difference in key dates for the two groups, the controls had slightly more opportunity to sustain "reportable" exposures than the cases, meaning the oi this study may um risks. :: Risk mea The measure of as: odds ratio. All risk es . for the effects of age 39, 40-59, 60-79, ai mum likelihood estin and 95 percent coni computed by Gart's tion-response relati< assessed by means < linear trend test (7). Res Toba A lifetime history cigarettes was associ of 0.9 (95 percent Cl sarcoma. Subjects nonfilter cigarettes 1 (95 percent Cl 0.7-: :. ers of filter cigarett< 0.8 (95 percent Cl 0 observed for age s years, number of cig or pack-years. Ciga: an odds ratio of 1.1 Tobacco chewers significantly elevat associated with sm - by location of the tu seen for tumors of : tinal tract, the lui and the head, fact The number and pera sarcoma cases, diagnosi cont .** -T.1 z ---- Age (years) 20-39 40-59 60-79 80+ Tv 1 [ ( 2652 is-P -S 7 5 A laiing technique (5).A le controls were state mortality files bi tching factor of yearj l i a cause of death of% Hodgkin's disease,^ ima, a malignancy of ^ DO code 195), homi-'-' icluded. lew s ws were obtained rcoma cases and 948.: id, from their next-" iber 1982 and Januhe overall response e accounting for the old census phase of g procedure and the elected eligible con ews (5), was 93 per- .. ne-half of the pertud subjects them-. itrols: 51 per-: interviews sup- proxy respondents, xy type was similar ontrols (spouse: 31 nt controls; child: 9 nr controls; sibling: nt controls; parent: nt controls; other: 4 controls). d included demousual adult height uspect nonfarming te, cigar, and pipe g tobacco or snuff; alcohol,' and raw and past medical its; trauma; and fawere asked for exsey date which was ancer diagnosis for re: 1971-1977) and Is. Because of the or the two groups, rr~--e opportunity ,v ares than the A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF SOFT-TISSUE SARCOMA cases, meaning the odds ratios obtained in other areas of the body. The soft-tissue this study may underestimate the true sarcoma cell types, fibromatous (ICDO risks. Risk measurements codes: 8810-8811, 8813, 8830-8832), myo matous (ICDO codes: 8890-8891, 88948902, 8910-8920), and other (ICDO codes: The measure of association used was the 8800-8804, 8840, 8980-8981, 8990-8991, odds ratio. All risk estimates were adjusted 9040-9044, 9120, 9130, 9140, 9150, 9170, for the effects of age by stratification (20-- 9540, 9560, 9581), all showed about a two 39, 40-59, 60-79, and >79 years). Maxi fold excess risk, and only sarcomas of adi mum likelihood estimates of the overall risk pose tissue (ICDO codes: 8850-8855, 8860) and 95 percent confidence intervals were were not associated with use of smokeless computed by Gart's method (6). For dura tobacco. One of the 28 exposed cases (ma tion-response relations, significance was lignant schwannoma) and six of the 105 assessed by means of Mantel's one-tailed unexposed cases (three neurofibrosarcomas linear trend test (7). and three malignant schwannomas) had Results neurogenic sarcomas (odds ratio (OR) = 1.1). No data on amounts or duration of Tobacco use chewing tobacco or snuff use were avail able. A lifetime history of smoking at least 100 cigarettes was associated with an odds ratio of 0.9 (95 percent Cl 0.6-1.4) for soft-tissue sarcoma. Subjects who usually smoked nonfilter cigarettes had an odds ratio of 1.1 (95 percent Cl 0.7-1.9), while usual smok ers of filter cigarettes had an odds ratio of 0.8 (95 percent Cl 0.4-1.3). No trends were observed for age started smoking, total years, number of cigarettes smoked per day, or pack-years. Cigar and pipe smokers had an odds ratio of 1.1 (95 percent Cl 0.7-1.7). Tobacco chewers and snuff users had a significantly elevated risk (table 2). Risk associated with smokeless tobacco varied by location of the tumor. Greater risks were seen for tumors of the upper gastrointes tinal tract, the lung, pleura, and thorax, and the head, face, or neck region than - Beverage consumption Lifetime consumption of at least 100 cups of coffee was not associated with ex cess risk of soft-tissue sarcoma (OR = 0.9, 95 percent Cl 0.5-1.7). Risk was not af fected by age Started drinking coffee regu larly, the total number of years of coffee drinking, or by the number of cups per day of either decaffeinated or regular coffee. Consumption of beer (OR = 0.6), wine (OR = 0.7), or hard liquor (OR = 0.9) were also not related to the development of softtissue sarcoma. There was a slight nonsig nificant excess of soft-tissue sarcoma among consumers of raw, unpasteurized milk products (OR = 1.2,95 percent Cl 0.81.9), which appeared to be limited to fibro matous (OR = 1.5, 95 percent Cl 0.6-3.5) T able 1 The num ber and percent of interview ed soft-tissue sarcoma cases, diagnosed in K ansas, 1976-1982, a n d and "other" (OR = 1.3, 95 percent Cl 0.72.5) sarcoma cell types; however, the ex cesses are small and not statistically signif controls, by age icant. Age (years) 20-39 40-59 60-79 80+ Cases No. (%) 19 (14) 37 (28) 60 (45) 17 (13) 133 Controls No. (%) 208 (22) 193 (20) 411 (43) 136 (14) 948 Medical history Table 3 presents the odds ratios for se lected medical conditions and treatments as reported by the study subjects; we did not verify the data by contacting medical care providers. A significant excess of soft- m III 668 ZAHM ET AL. T able 2 N u m b ers o f soft tissue sarcom a cases diagnosed in K ansas, 1976-1982, a n d controls, giving odds ratios (ORs) (w ith 95 percen t confidence intervals (CIs)), by tu m o r characteristics am ong sm okeless tobacco users No. of cases No. of controls OR 95% Cl Nonuser Ever used smokeless tobacco, i.e., chewing tobacco or snuff 105 819 28 127 1.8 1.1-2.9 Location of tumor Upper gastrointestinal tract Lung, pleura, thorax Head, neck, face Other 4 3.3 0.8-12.6 5 3.1 0.9-10.5 3 2.4 0.5-10.2 16 1.4 0.7-2.5 Soft-tissue sarcoma cell type Fibromatous Adipose Myomatous Other 7 1.8 0.7-4.7 3 1.1 0.2-4.2 7 2.1 0.8-5.3 11 1.9 0.9-3.9 Age (years) at diagnosis 20-39 40-59 60-79 80+ 4 22 2.3 0.6-8.2 6 20 1.7 0.6-4.9 9 50 1.3 0.5-2.9 9 35 3.2 1.0-10.1 T able 3 N um bers o f soft tissue sarcom a cases diagnosednn K ansas, 1976-1982, and controls, giving odds ratios (ORs) (w ith 95 p ercent confidence intervals (CIs)), fo r selected self-reported m edical trea tm en ts or conditions and fam ily history o f cancer - No. of cases No. of controls OR* 95% Cl Medical treatments Cholesterol-lowering drugs Chloramphenicol Epilepsy or seizure medication Radiation treatment, prior to soft-tissue sarcoma Tonsillectomy Medical conditions Allergies Chicken pox Chloracne Diabetes Eczema Heart disease Hepatitis^jaundice, cirrhosis Hypertension Kidney stones or other urinary problem Trauma Family history of cancer 5 4 1 7 46 21 87 ' 2 8 4 21 4 17 5 46 66 20 5 13 39 310 169 609 7 67 27 256 21 176 46 301 397 1.7 0.5-5.0 5.4 1.2-23.9 0.5 0.03-4.0 1.2 0.5-3.0 1.0 0.7-1.5 0.8 0.5-1.4 1.1 0.7-1.8 1.8 0.3-10.1 0.8 0.3-1.7 1.1 0.3-3.3 0.5 0.3-0.8 1.2 0.3-3.8 0.6 0.3-1.1 0.8 0.3-2.1 1.1 0.8-1.7 1.3 0.9-1.9 * The referent group for each comparison is all other subjects who did not report that medical treatment, condition, or family history. tissue sarcoma was; drug chlorampheni' cases had varied cel coma, giant cell san sarcoma), carcinos; specified, and sarcoi ified.. Excess risks \ subjects (three case 8.4,95 percent Cl 1. kin (one case, three percent Cl 0.1-30.' controls reported ta ing drugs, for exan 1.7, 95 percent Cl 0. myomatous sarcomf Cl 0.5-15.2) and tl coma cases (OR = 10.9). The risks we subjects (one case, i 95 percent Cl 0.05ceased subjects (fou: = 1.9, 95 percent Cl There was no sigi risk of soft-tissue s who had received medical treatment p the soft-tissue sarco seven sarcoma cases the same area of th> Review of Cancer E vealed that two ca: porting treatment rt sarcoma. Of the rer had histories of radi eight years earlier (malignant lympho carcinoma of the the same body reg soft-tissue sarcoma cases had no ment ment for any prior nosis in the Cancel their self-reported ment may have beer ditions (e.g., enlarg cers unknown to th The soft-tissue sarc Ukely to report pric a*id neck region (O: 6-S.2 .6-4.9 5. - 2.9 .0- 10.1 ORs) and 55 Cl 5- 5.0 23- 4.0 23.9 5- 3.0 7-1.5 5-1.4 7- 1.8 3-10.1 3-1.7 3- 3.3 J-0.8 3-3.8 >-1.1 3-2.1 3-1.7 '-1.9 il treatment, A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF SOFT-TISSUF. SARCOMA 669 tissue sarcoma was seen among users of the -drug chloramphenicol. The four exposed : cases had varied cell types: myxoid liposarcoma, giant cell sarcoma (pleomorphic cell coma), carcinosarcoma, not otherwise specified, and sarcoma, not otherwise spec ified. Excess risks were reported by living subjects (three cases, two controls: OR = 8.4, 95 percent Cl 1.1-74.0) and by next-ofkin (one case, three controls: OR = 2.7, 95 percent Cl 0.1-30.7). Five cases and 20 controls reported taking cholesterol-lower ing drugs, for example, clofibrate (OR = 1.7, 95 percent Cl 0.5-5.0). Two cases were myomatous sarcomas (OR = 3.1,95 percent Cl 0.5-15.2) and three were "other" sar coma cases (OR = 2.9, 95 percent Cl 0.610.9). The risks were lower among living subjects (one case, five controls: OR = 1.1, 95 percent Cl 0.05-10.5) than among, de ceased subjects (four cases, 15 controls: OR = 1.9, 95 percent Cl 0.5-6.4). There was no significant increase in the risk of soft-tissue sarcoma among persons who had received radiation as part of q medical treatment prior to the diagnosis of the soft-tissue sarcoma. However, six of the seven sarcoma cases reported irradiation in the same area of the body as their tumors. Review of Cancer Data Service records re vealed that two cases appeared to be re porting treatment received for their current sarcoma. Of the remaining four cases, two had histories of radiation treatment six and eight years earlier for prior malignancies (malignant lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the glottis, respectively) in the same body region as the subsequent soft-tissue sarcoma. The remaining two cases had no mention of radiation treat ment for any prior or current cancer diag nosis in the Cancer Data Service records; their self-reported prior radiation treat ment may have been for nonmalignant con ditions (e.g., enlarged thymus) or for can cers unknown to the Cancer Data Service. The soft-tissue sarcoma cases were twice as likely to report prior radiation to the head and neck region (OR = 1.81, 95 percent Cl 0.6-5.4) and the thoracic or abdominal cav ities (OR = 2.2, 95 percent Cl 0.6-7.4) as the controls. In addition, the sarcoma cases who reported prior radiation were more likely to have tumors in the head and neck area (25 percent) than sarcoma cases who did not report prior radiation (8 percent). History of tonsillectomy was not associ ated with increased risk for all soft-tissue sarcoma cases combined or for any cell type except adipose tumors (10 exposed cases, OR = 2.2, 95 percent Cl 0.8-6.2). No soft-tissue sarcoma cases reported a history of any immunodeficiency syn drome, neurofibromatosis, Gardner's syn drome, or retinoblastoma--heritable dis orders suspected of causing a small propor tion of soft-tissue sarcoma cases (3). There was no excess of soft-tissue sarcoma asso ciated with eczema, allergies, or previous trauma ("injuries from accidents"). Chickenpox was associated only with adipose sar comas (15 exposed cases, OR = 5.6, 95 percent Cl 0.8-114.3). The significant decrease in risk of softtissue sarcoma among persons with a his tory of heart disease may have been due in part to the inclusion of deceased controls who have a higher rate of heart disease in comparison to the general population. Among living subjects with a history of heart disease, the odds ratio was 0.8 (95 percent Cl 0.3-2.0) while among deceased subjects the odds ratio was 0.4 (95 percent Cl 0.2-0.7). Likewise, the low risk associ ated with a history of hypertension differed by vital status (living: OR = 0.9, 95 percent Cl 0.4-1.7; deceased: OR = 0.4, 95 percent Cl 0.2-1.1). Subjects reporting a history of cancer of any site among their first-degree blood rel atives had an odds ratio of 1.3 for softtissue sarcoma. Risk was increased for my omatous (OR = 2.1, 95 percent Cl 0.9-4.7) and fibromatous (OR = 1.7, 95 percent Cl 0.8-3.8) sarcomas, but not adipose (OR = 0.9) or other (OR = 1.0) sarcomas. Excesses of specific cancer sites among relatives were noted as follows (ORs (and 95 percent CIs 670 ZAHM ET AL. in parentheses)): Hodgkin's disease, 8.9 (1.7-51.2); lymphoma, 4.0 (0.5-25.8); and cancers of the pancreas, 6.1 (0.9-38.9), prostate, 1.9 (0.7-5.1), brain, 1.8 (0.4-7.1), and skin, 1.4 (0.6-3.0). Four cases reported bone tumors among family members (OR = 1.2, 95 percent Cl 0.3-3.8); however, three of the four cases had fibrous sarcomas (OR = 4.2, 95 percent Cl 0.9-16.3). No cases reported soft-tissue sarcoma or adre nocortical cancers among relatives. Nonagricultural occupations Soft-tissue sarcoma showed nonsignifi cant associations with employment on a highway, railroad, or utility right-of-way crew, in a woodworking occupation, and in a sawmill (table 4). Among woodworkers, the risk rose from 1.4 among men employed less than six years to 2.1 for men employed six or more years. ' . Demographic and other factors Risk for soft-tissue sarcoma did not differ significantly by education, marital status, or religion in which the subject was raised. Using European ancestry as the referent group, Scandinavian (OR = 1.5, 95 percent Cl 0.7-2.8), Russian and eastern European (OR = 1.3, 95 percent Cl 0.6-2.8), and American Indian (OR = 1.4, 95 percent Cl 0.6-2.9) ancestries were related to softtissue sarcoma. Risk did not vary with height (x for trend = 1.040, p = 0.149) but rose with increasing body weight (x for trend = 1.920, p = 0.027). Persons whose usual adult weight was <141,141-180,181200, or >200 lbs had odds ratios of 1.0, 1.3, 1.4, and 2.0, respectively. D iscussion The etiology of soft-tissue sarcoma is largely unknown (3). A small fraction of T able 4 Numbers of soft tissue sarcoma cases diagnosed in Kansas, 1976-1982, and controls, giving odds ratios (ORs) (with 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs)) by em ploym ent in a priori suspect occupations Occupation Ever employed Employed 5 yearst Employed 6+ yearst *N'o. of cases No. of controls OR* 95% Cl No. of cases No. of controls OR* 95% Cl No. of No. of cases- controls OR* 95% Cl Highway, railroad, or utility right-of-way crews Gardener, florist, or landscaper Woodworking Sawmill Paper and pulp mills Construction Metal machining or refining Job with exposure to radiation Chemical industry Veterinarian At an incinerator Manufacturing or replacing electrical transformers or capacitors 36 3 16 5 1 38 11 3 5 2 0 4 207 1.3 0.8-2.0 23 62 0.3 0.1-1.1 2 74 1.7 0.9-3.2 6 31 1.2 0.4-3.2 3 8 0.9 0.04-7.1 1 255 1.2 0.7-1.8 19 131 0.6 0.3-1.1 7 25 0.8 0.2-3.0 42 0.9 0.3-2.4 8 1.8 0.3-9.2 14 0 2 0 28 1.1 0.3-3.4 2 134 ` 1.3 0.8-2.1 ii 38 0.4 0.1-1.7 i 37 1.4 0.5-3.5 10 25 0.9 0.2-3.1 1 4 1.6 0.1-16.1 0 132 1.1 0.6-2.0 18 61 0.8 0.3-1.8 - 4 10 23 0.7 0.1-3.1 3 3 50 10 1.6 0.2-8.1 2 55 1.4 0.7-3.4 23 0.3 0.01-2.0 36 2.1 0.9-4.6 6 1.2 0.1-10.3 4 113 1.2 0.7-2.1 68 0.4 0.1-1.2 15 1.4 0.3-5.5 19 1.2 0.3-4.2 7 18 0.8 0.1-3.8 _ * Odds ratios are relative to persons never employed in that occupation. t Some cases and controls had unknown duration of employment in the suspect occupations and were excluded from the <5 years and 6+ years columns. cases seem to be izing radiation ( bility (3, 14-17) (18-20). In addh liver have been thorotrast (9, 1( inorganic arsenii roids (10). Our st host and enviroi influence the d sarcoma. We ev sures in earlier ciations with US' (2) but not wit! The present rep tion of tobacco i medical history tions, and other coma. Tobacco use a To our knowl of an associatic coma and use o Greater risk we to be in direct < the juice occasic (i.e., upper gast: cavity). Use o f ; linked previous' . cal cavity and p sites such as t particular cone nitrosonornicot in snuff and f which are care mals (23-25). bacco users wa: schwannomas other neurogen nitrosamines i . association wit portant to eva . cent increase n Particularly an years (22). Mo amount, and e tobacco would . ies. 2656 A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF SOFT-TISSUE SARCOMA 671 - [actors ia did not marital s ta tu ^ * ject was raised^* is the referen^* 1.5, 95 percent^ >tarn European^} 0.6-2.8), a n d jf , 95 percent C l?! dated to softer ' not vary witlf-V:t* ;* p = 0.149) but-"weight (x for. Persons whose 141-180,181-~ tios of 1.0,1.3;J ; ie sarcoma is all fraction of ' os (ORs) .*VS ?c 6+ yearst OR' 95% Cl 1.4 0.7-3.4 0.3 0.01-2.0 2.1 0.9-4.6 1.2 0.1-10.3 1.2 0.7-2.1 0.4 0.1-1.2 1.4 0.3-5.5 1.2 0.3-4.2 0.8 0.1-3.8 .lions and were cases seem to be due to high doses of ion izing radiation (3, 8-13), genetic suscepti bility (3. 14-17), and immunosuppression (18- 20). In addition, angiosarcomas of the liver have been attributed to exposure to thorotrast (9, 10), vinyl chloride (10, 21), inorganic arsenic (21), and androgenic ste roids (10). Our study provides leads to some host and environmental factors that might influence the development of soft-tissue sarcoma. We evaluated agricultural expo sures in earlier reports, which found asso ciations with use of insecticide on animals (2) but not with the use of herbicides (1). The present report examines the associa tion of tobacco use, beverage consumption, medical history, nonagricultural occupa tions, and other factors with soft-tissue sar coma. Tobacco use and beverage consumption To our knowledge, this is the first report of an association between soft-tissue stircoma and use of chewing tobacco or snuff. Greater risk was seen at body sites likely to be in direct contact with the tobacco or the juice occasionally swallowed by the user (i.e., upper gastrointestinal tract, lung, oral cavity). Use of smokeless tobacco has been linked previously to carcinomas of the buc cal cavity and pharynx, and possibly other sites such as the esophagus (22, 23). Of particular concern, is the presence of Nnitrosonornicotine and other nitrosamines in snuff and finely cut chewing tobacco, which are carcinogenic in laboratory ani mals (23-25). Risk among smokeless to bacco users was not elevated for malignant schwannomas, neurofibrosarcomas, or other neurogenic sarcomas, a target site for nitrosamines in animal studies (26). An association with soft-tissue sarcoma is im portant to evaluate in light of the 52 per cent increase in sales of smokeless tobacco, particularly among young people, in recent years (22). More detailed data on duration, amount, and age started use of smokeless tobacco would be valuable in further stud ies. No associations between soft-tissue sar coma and cigarette smoking, coffee drink ing, or use of alcohol were found, which is consistent with the results of a study in western Washington state (27) and a study with cases identified through the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (28). Medical history A fivefold excess of soft-tissue sarcoma was found among persons reporting use of chloramphenicol, an antibiotic. The drug has been linked previously to acute leuke mia and aplastic anemia based on clinical surveys (29-32) and a recent epidemiologic study (33) and to osteogenic sarcoma by a case report (34). The striking association with soft-tissue sarcoma should be further investigated in studies in which the expo sure histories can be confirmed through records.that precede the cancer diagnosis to eliminate recall bias and possible con fusion by the subjects with drugs with sim ilar sounding names. For example, one case had received chemotherapy for his softtissue sarcoma and may have confused chloramphenicol with chlorambucil, a chemotherapeutic agent sometimes used in the treatment of sarcoma. Attempts to re view the hospital records for subjects who reported chloramphenicol use were unsuc cessful due to the impossibility of retrieving the records from long-term storage. There was also a nonsignificant associa tion between soft-tissue sarcoma and hy polipidemic drugs. Clofibrate, the most commonly used cholesterol-lowering drug in the United States and Europe (35), is a potent inducer of peroxisome proliferation in Chinese hamsters (36) and causes hepa tocellular carcinoma in rats (35, 37). Of note are a large dermatofibrosarcoma (37) and sarcomas of the lung and parotid gland (35) that occurred in the exposed rats but not in the controls. Clofibrate is also a suspect carcinogen because it contains a chlorinated phenoxy moiety, similar to the phenoxyacetic acid herbicides (38, 39) which have been linked to the development 2657 0 - 7 s7 6 7 2 ZAHM ET AL. of soft-tissue sarcoma in studies in Sweden (40, 41), Denmark (42), and Italy (43). However, we saw no association between soft-tissue sarcoma and these herbicides in Kansas (1), nor did the association occur in similar studies in Washington state (27) or New Zealand (44,45). The World Health Organization cooperative trial of clofibrate reported excess mortality due to cancers of the lung, bronchus, and larynx and of the liver, gallbladder, and intestines in the treated group (46). A randomized trial con ducted in the United States, the Coronary Drug Project, has not seen any excess can cers among men with myocardial infarc tions treated with clofibrate with mean follow-up of 15 years (personal commu nication, P. Canner, M aryland Medical Research Institute, 1986). The widespread use of this drug makes imperative further evaluation of its possible neoplastic effects. The risks observed in the present study may underestimate the true risk because of the inclusion of deceased controls, some of whom died from cardiovascular disease. Compared with the true "general popula tion," these controls overrepresent the prevalence of use of cholesterol-lowering drugs, resulting in an underestimate of risk. The present study found a greater than expected proportion of cases reporting prior medical irradiation to the same body areas as their subsequent sarcomas. No associa tion between risk of soft-tissue sarcoma and employment in a job involving expo sure to radiation was observed. Neither medical nor occupational exposure to radia tion was associated with soft-tissue sar coma in western Washington state (27) or in the study using data from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (28). No cases of soft-tissue sarcoma in this study were known to be associated with the Mendelian syndromes previously linked to soft-tissue sarcoma, such as neurofibroma tosis or retinoblastoma (3). There rare syn dromes, however, could easily be missed in a case-control study. Soft-tissue sarcoma was associated with a nonsignificant 30 percent excess among persons reporting cancer of any site in members of the im mediate family. However, only one of the excess cancer sites (brain) has been prom inent in the constellation of neoplasms that comprise the Li-Fraumeni cancer family syndrome featuring sarcomas of the softtissues or bone, breast cancer, brain tu mors, leukemia, and adrenocortical tumors (14-17, 47). Breast cancer and leukemia, often noted in the family members with this syndrome (15,17,48,49), did not occur more often than expected among the rela tives of the Kansas soft-tissue sarcoma cases. Kaposi's sarcoma, a malignancy of the blood vessels, has historically occurred pri marily among older men of Eastern Euro pean and Mediterranean origin and been indolent in clinical course (50). However, Kaposi's sarcoma has recently been re ported among younger persons with ac quired immunodeficiency syndrome (5052) and other immunologically-suppressed states (3). The present study included only one Kaposi's case, who was diagnosed at age 76 years, consistent with the classical pattern. Nonagricultural occupations The risk for soft-tissue sarcoma was ele vated among woodworkers and rose with increasing duration of employment in the job. A case-control study in New Zealand, however, found no association with the oc cupations of cabinetmaker or related wood workers (44). Employment in a sawmill, of interest because of the use of pentachlorophenol as a wood preservative (53), was associated with a nonsignificant 20-30 per cent excess risk in the present study in Kansas and in New Zealand (45), based on lifetime occupational histories. No associ ation was seen between soft-tissue sarcoma and sawmill work in a study based on death certificate data from Washington state (54). Demographic and other factors The risk of soft-tissue sarcoma was found to increase with usual adult body weight. To our knowledge, reports of this assoc other malignancies with body weight, weight, or high calo genic sarcoma, but n has been associated (56). Sur. In summary, this c uated the role of n< and other potential tissue sarcoma. It is power of the study fc examined was low, tivariate analyses a of the negative fine pret. However, son associations were were detected that p investigation. Of im findings of an inert sarcoma with clofib ing occupations an tions with chloral smokeless tobacco. R ef 1. H oar SK, Blair A, I herbicide use and tissue sarcoma. JAI' 2. Zahm SH, B lair A control study of sc kin's disease: farmi J W ork Environ H< 3. T ucker MA, Fraui Schottenfeld D, F epidemiology and ) WB Saunders Com 4. W orld H ealth Orgf fication of diseases H ealth Organizatic 5. Waksberg J. Samp dialing. J Am Stat 6. G art J J . P o in t ar common odds rati' tables with fixed r. 471-5. .7. M antel N. Chi-sq freedom: extensior cedure. J Am Stat 8. Czesnin K, W ronl of th e irradiated a. ine cervix cancer. 9. da M otta LC, da Prospective epide: 2658 '?3)"Q SJ5& *! A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF SOFT-TISSUE SARCOMA 673 sr?- f the injS? f rp0 our knowledge, there are no previous e of thei ! reports of this association, although many been prom--. other malignancies have been associated eoplasms that- with body weight, high relative body cancer famflji' : weight, or high caloric intake (55). Osteo s of the soft; r genic sarcoma, but not soft-tissue sarcoma, :er, brain tu-' has been associated with increased height ortical tumors 5' : (56). exposed patients in Portugal. Environ Res 1979; 18:152-72. 10. Falk H, T hom as LB, Popper H, et al. Hepatic angiosarcom a associated with androgenicanabolic steroids. L ancet 1979;2:1120-3. 11. Kim JH , Chu FC, Woodward HO, et al. Radiationinduced soft-tissue bone sarcoma. Radiol 1978; 129:501-8. 12. McKillop JH , Doig JA , Kennedy JS , et al. L aryn geal malignancy following iodine-125 therapy for thyrotoxicosis. L ancet 1978;2:1177-9. md leukemia',-: nembers with -:: , did not occur" long the rela-: ssue sarcoma - nancy of the > occurred prilastern Eurogin and been - ` *0). However, tlv been re-"? ms with ac- V ndrome (50- : y-suppressed ncluded only : diagnosed at tb'- "lassical | Summary In summary, this case-control study eval u a t e d the role of nonfarming occupations and other potential risk factors for softtissue sarcoma. It is worth noting that the power of the study for many of the variables examined was low, which prohibited mul tivariate analyses and which makes some of the negative findings difficult to inter pret. However, some previously reported associations were confirmed and others were detected that provide leads for further investigation. Of interest are the suggestive findings of an increased risk of soft-tissue sarcoma with clofibrate use and woodwork ing occupations and the stronger associa tions with chloramphenicol and use of 13. Strong LC. Theories of pathogenesis: m utation and cancer. In: Mulvihill JJ, Miller RW, Fraumeni JF Jr., eds. Genetics of human cancer. New York: Raven Press, 1977:401-15. 14. B lattn er WA, McGuire DB, Mulvihill J J , et al. Genealogy of cancer in a family. JAMA 1979; 241:259-61. 15. Li F P , Fraum eni J F Jr. Soft-tissue sarcomas, breast cancer, and other neoplasms: familial syn drome? A nn In tern Med 1969;71:747-52. 16. Li FP, Fraum eni J F Jr. Rhabdomyosarcoma in children: epidemiologic study and identification of a familial cancer syndrome. JN C I 1969;43: 1365-73. 17. Li FP, Fraum eni J F Jr. Prospective study of a family cancer_syndrome. JAMA 1982;247:2692-5. 18. Hoover R, Fraum eni J F Jr. Risk of cancer in ren al-tran sp lan t recipients. Lancet 1973;2:55-7. 19. K inlen LJ, Sheil AGR, Peto J, et al. Collaborative U nited Kingdom -Australasian study of cancer in patients treated w ith immunosuppressive drugs. Br Med J 1979;2:1461-6. 20. Spector BD, P erry GS, Kersey JH . Genetically determined immunodeficiency diseases (GDID) smokeless tobacco. and malignancy: report from the immunodefi ciency-cancer registry. Clin Immunol Immuno- itions oma was ele- R eferences 1. Hoar SK, Blair A, Holmes FF, et al. Agricultural path 1978;11:12-29. ,. 21. Popper H , T hom as LB,. Telles NC, et al. Devel opment of hepatic angiosarcoma in man induced l d rose with ment in the ;ew Zealand, herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and softtissue sarcoma. JAMA 1986;256:1141-7. 2. Zahm SH, Blair A, Holmes FF, et al. A casecontrol study of soft-tissue sarcoma and Hodg by vinyl chloride, thorotrast, and arsenic. Am J Pathol 1978;92:349-76. 22. M arty P J, M cD erm ott R J, Williams T. P attern s of smokeless tobacco use in a population of high with the ocelated woodi sawmill, of lentachloro'e (53), was t 20-30 per- kin's disease: farming and insecticide use. Scand J Work Environ Health 1988;14:224-30. 3. Tucker MA, Fraumeni JF Jr. Soft tissue. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr., eds. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company, 1982:827-36. 4. World Health Organization. International classi fication of diseases for oncology. Geneva: World school students. Am J Public H ealth 1986;76:190- 2. 23. W inn DM. Tobacco chewing and snuff dipping: an association w ith hum an cancer. In: O'N eill IK, von Borstel RC, M iller CT, et al., eds. N-Nitroso compounds: occurrence, biological effects and rel evance to human cancer. New York: Oxford Uni versity Press, 1984:837-49. nt study in 5). based on . No associ- Health Organization, 1976. 5. Waksberg J. Sampling methods for random digit dialing. J Am Stat Assoc 1978;73:40-6. 6. Gart JJ. Point and interval estimation of the 24. H offm an D, H arley N H , Fisenne I, et al. Carcin ogenic agents in snuff. JN C I 1986;76:435-7. 25. Hoffman D, Adams JD , Lisk D, et al. Toxic and carcinogenic agents in dry and moist snuff. JNCI 5 u e sarcoma ` ; e d on death lgton state common odds ratio in the combination of 2 x 2 tables with fixed marginals. Biometrika 1970;57: 471-5. ? Mantel N. Chi-square tests with one degree of 1987;79:1281-6. 26. Denlinger R H , K oestner A, Swenberg JA. An ex perim ental model for selective production of neo plasms of the peripheral nervous system. Acta freedom: extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel pro N europath 1973;23:219-28. cedure. J Am Stat Assoc 1963;58:690-700. 27. W oods JS , P olissar L, Severson RK, et al. Soft ictors 8. Czesnin K, Wronkowski Z. Second malignancies of the irradiated area in patients treated for uter tissue sarcoma and non-H odgkin's lymphoma in relation to phenoxyherbicide and chlorinated a was found idy weight. ine cervix cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1978;6:309-15. 9. da Motta LC, da Silva Horta J, Tavares MH. Prospective epidemiological study of thorotrast- phenol exposure in western W ashington. JNCI 1987;78:899-910. 28. Kang H, Enziger F, B reslin P, et al. Soft tissue 2659c?. 674 ZAHM ET AL. sarcoma and military service in Vietnam: a casecontrol study. JN C I 1987;79:693-9. 29. Fraum eni JF Jr. Bone marrow depression induced by chloramphenicol or phenylbutazone. Leukemia and other sequelae. JAMA 1967;201:828-34. 30. Hellriegel KP, Gross R. Follow-up studies in chloramphenicol-induced aplastic anaemia. Post graduate Med J 1974;50(Suppl 5):136-42. 31. Hoover R, Fraum eni J F Jr. Drug-induced cancer. Cancer 1981;47:1071-80. 32. Schm itt-G raff A. Chloram phenicol-induced aplas tic anemia terminating with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Acta H aem at 1981;66:267-8. 33. Shu XO, Gao YT, Linet MS, et al. Chloram phen icol use and childhood leukemia in Shanghai. L an cet 1987;2:934-7. 34. Lascari-AD, Eveloff AR. Osteogenic sarcoma in a patient with aplastic anemia. Southern Med J 1977;70:874-5. 35. Svoboda DJ, Azarnoff DL. Tumors in male rats fed ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, a hypolipi demic drug. Cancer Res 1979;39:3419-28. 36. Vainio H, Nickels J , Linnainm aa K. Phenoxy acid herbicides cause peroxisome proliferation in Chinese hamsters. Scand J Work Environ Health 1982;8:70-3. 37. Reddy JK , Qureshi SA. Tumorigenicity of the hypolipidaemic peroxisome proliferator ethyl-orp-chlorophenoxyisobOtyrate (clofibrate) in rats. B r J Cancer 1979;40:476-82. 38. Axelson O, Tagesson C. T he clofibrate problem: a different viewpoint. (Letter.) L ancet 1980;2:1081. 39. H ardell L. The clofibrate problem: a different viewpoint. (Letter.) Lancet 1980;2:1081-2. 40. Eriksson M, Hardell L, Berg NO, et al. Soft-tissue sarcomas and exposure to chemical substances: a case-referent study. Br J Ind Med 1981;38:27-33. 41. Hardell L, Sandstrom A. Case-control study: softtissue sarcomas and exposure to phenoxyacetic acids or chlorophenols. B r J Cancer 1979;39:71117. 42. Lynge E. A follow-up study of cancer incidence among workers in manufacture of phenoxy her bicides in Denmark. B r J Cancer 1985;52:259-70. 43. Vineis P , Terracini B, Ciccone G, et al. Phenoxy herbicides and soft-tissue sarcomas in female rice weeders: a population-based case-referent study. Scand J Work Environ Health 1987;13:9-17. 44. Sm ith AH, F isher DO, Pearce N, et al. Do agri- cultural chemicals cause soft tissue sarcoma? Ini. tial findings of a case-control study in New Zea land. Community H ealth Stud 1982;6:114-19. 45. Sm ith AH, Pearce NE, Fisher DO, et al. Soft tissue sarcoma and exposure to phenoxyherbicides and chlorophenols in New Zealand. JN C I 198473:1111-17. 46. Committee o f Principal Investigators. W HO Co operative T rial on prim ary prevention of is chaemic h eart disease using clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol: m ortality follow-up. Lancet 1980;2:379-85. 47. Lynch H T, Mulcahy GM, H arris RE, et al. Ge netic and pathologic findings in a kindred with hereditary sarcoma breast cancer, brain tumors, leukemia, lung, laryngeal, and adrenal cortical carcinoma. Cancer 1978;41:2055-64. 48. Pastore G, Mosso ML, Carli M, e t al. Cancer m ortality among relatives o f children with softtissue sarcoma: a national survey in Italy. Cancer L ett 1987;37:17-24. 49. Birch JM , H artley AL, M arsden H B , e t al. Excess risk of breast cancer in the m others of children w ith soft tissue sarcomas. B r J C ancer 1984; 49:325-31. 50. Ross RK, Casagrande JR , Sworsky RL, et al. K aposi's sarcom a in Los Angeles, California. JN C I 1985;75:1011-15. 51. Biggar R J, Horm J , Fraum eni J F Jr., et al. Inci dence of Kaposi's sarcoma and mycosis fungoides in the US including Puerto Rico, 1973-81. JNCI * 1984;73:89-94. 52. Hymes KB, Cheung T, Greene JB , e t al. Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men: a report of eight cases. Lancet 1981;2:598-600. 53. Williams PL. Pentachlorophenol, an assessment of the occupational hazard. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1982;43:799-810. 54. Milham S. Herbicides, occupation, and cancer. Lancet 1982;1:1464-5. 55. Albanes D. Caloric intake, body weight, and can cer: a review. N u tr Cancer 1987;9:199-217. 56. Fraum eni J F Jr. S tatu re and m alignant tum ors of bone in childhood and adolescence. Cancer 1967; 20:967-73. American J o u r n a C o p y rig h t <5 1989 b> AU r ig h t s r e s e r v e d RC Browr J. C. Cf anatomh A cast c a n c e r.' male ca and 198 tries anc 95% co subsite occupati Cl 1.0-3 nication: petroleu risk amo Analyse: was usu effect. F related i level of ' colon ca risk (OR jobs and tional ph for canci cancer r further s coloni 2660 Although co regarded as ar Received for pu form February 16, Abbreviations: k national Classi, ICD-7, Internatioi enth Revision; OP 1Division of 1 Health Promotior Columbia, MO. Occupational 'demiology Brand D.a 7,o !*i v--{ CD CD Ii ! ti Mortality among Forest and Soil Conservationists M ICHAEL C . R. ALAVANJA, D r.P.H . AARON BLAIR, Ph.D. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program Division of Cancer Etiology National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Public Health Service United States Department of Health and Human Services Bethesda, Maryland SCOTT M ERKLE, M.S. JOHN TESKE, M.S. Safety and Health Management Division United States Department of Agriculture Washington, D .C . BARBRA EATON, Ph.D. Capital Systems Group, Inc. 7910 Woodmont Avenue Bethesda, Maryland BETSY REED, B.A. Westat Inc. 1650 Research Boulevard Rockville, Maryland ABSTRACT. T h e mortality of forest conservationists and soil conservationists in the United N. States Department of Agriculture (USDA) w ho died during January 1, 1970-Decem bcr 31, \ 1979 (N = 1 411 w hite males) w hile actively employed or w hile receiving a pension w as evaluated. The proportionate mortality analysis was used to identify cancers that might be 1 J elevated in this occupational group compared to the total U .S . white male population, / whereas case-control analyses more rigorously evaluated the disease association with oc- / cupation. Controls w ere selected from employees at U S D A w ho died of any cause of death / ------ other than that cause of death represented by the case. In case-control analyses, non- ( Hodgkin's lymphoma (N HL) and colon cancer demonstrated a statistically significant lin- V ear trend (p < .05) with duration of employment as either a forest or soil conservationist, \ w hich suggests an occupational etiology for both diseases. Soil conservationists w ho w ere ) last employed after 1960 experienced significantly elevated risks for N H L (O R = 2.6) and ( colon cancer (O R = 1.8), whereas those last employed before 1960 were not at an increased I risk. Among forest conservationists, the risk for both N H L and colon cancer appeared to ) be elevated before and after 1960. / STUDIES from many countries suggest that foresters etic cancer,1' non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) , 14 mul- nd forestry workers (e.g., lumberjacks) are at risk for tiple myeloma,4 acute myeloid leukemia,'kidney can- .liferentcancers including lymphatic and hemalopoi- cer, 1 and soft tissue sarcoma.1' However, other studies Archives of Environmental Health - 2662 0'J7tS- of foresters have not shown excess cancer risks. " Some of these cancers, e.g., leukemia, N HL, multiple myeloma, and soft tissue sarcoma have also been ele vated in other agriculture-related occu|Mtions (e.g., farmers, grain millers, and agricultural extension agents).1'' " This picture of cancer incidence and mortality is complex and it seems to reflect, at least in part, the complex exposure patterns associated with occupa tions in forestry and agriculture. To dale, few studies of these occupations have implicated s|X*cific etiologic agents, but the emerging paggern seems to suggest both herbicides and insecticides may be involved.1' In the United States, grain millers are occupationally ex|K>sed to insecticides (e.g., grain fumigant, logging agents, but the emerging pattern seems to suggest Ixjth herbicides and insecticides may be involved." m bly pancreatic ca n cer." In Sweden, where occupa tional exposures to insecticides among millers is less in tense than in the United States, N HL, leukemia, and pancreatic cancer are not elevated significantly.,b Agricultural extension agents in the United States De partment of Agriculture (USDA) and farmers are pre sumably occupationally exposed to both insecticides and herbidices. However, extension agents are at a sig nificant excess risk of leukem ia" but not N HL, whereas farmers in the United States experience a significant ex cess of leukemia, N HL, and multiple myeloma, as re ported in different studies,1' Hodgkin's disease, N HL, and soft tissue sarcoma have been strongly associated with exposure to phenoxy herbicides in Sweden,715 whereas only NHL was associated with herbicides among Kansas farmers.17 No striking association with herbicide exposures were re ported in studies conducted in New Zealand" or Washington State.4 The reason for these apparent dif ferences remains unresolved. -- In this study, we examined mortality among forest conservationists and soil conservationists--two groups of conservation professionals with potential occupa tional exposures to various pesticides. Some conserva tionists are directly occupationally exposed from mix ing and/or applying pesticides as a part of their regular duties, whereas other conservationists receive only in direct or unintended exposure from regularly working in fields or forested areas that have been treated with pesticides. USDA forest conservationists (foresters) in entry-level positions, for example, spend some time in the field making maps for timber management; observ ing and recording range conditions and use patterns; selecting phenotypically superior trees to ensure their protection; selecting cones and/or scion to obtain vege tative material from selected trees to enable their transfer to seed orchards or progeny evaluation nur series; managing insecticide, herbicide, and fungicide applications; and overseeing and inspecting recrea tional uses of the forest and mineral excavation opera tions in forested areas. Research foresters or forestry scientists are a relative ly small subgroup of forest conservationists within the USDA responsible for basic or applied research in for est protection and management. Forestry scientists may be assigned to Forest Service nurseries where pesti cides are used regularly to control weeds, fungus, and insects in seed orchards and nursery beds. At higher job levels, forest conservationists or forestry scientists work as forest administrators and spend less time in the field and spend more time devoted to devel oping policies, standards, guidelines, and instructions for forestry management. The soil conservationists in the USDA are generalists with res|>onsibility for managing and treating the lam) to obtain its optimal use while improving and protect ing the soil. At the entry level, the soil conservationists may S|>end much time in the field assessing soil prob lems, e.g., erosion, sedimentation, and siltation, and examining existing lane) uses and conservation tec hniques. Whereas most USDA soil conservationists do not have professional res|X)nsibilily for direc t applica tion of pesticides or the su|x?rvision of its application, the few USDA soil conservationists assigned to Na tional Plant Material Centers apply insecticides and her bicides regularly. A field assignment for most soil con servationists would involve potential contact with pesti cides only through unintended exposures resulting from field work in pesticide-treated farmland and for ests. Soil scientists are a related professional category, that at the entry level, spend most of their time at work in the field making surveys of soil types in agricultural, range, and forested areas. Direct application or super vision of pesticide application is not a typical profes sional responsibility of the USDA soil scientist; how ever, their very extensive field work on farms and forest areas makes accidental or unintended exposure a rec ognized potential occupational exposure. Because the field responsibility of the forest and soil conservationist and soil scientist involves varying de grees of occupational exposures to numerous agricul tural and forestry chemicals, examining the mortality of these groups may help to shed additional light on the complex epidemiologic picture emerging among agri culture and forestry workers. Materials and methods This study consisted of two principal components. First, a proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) analysis of white male conservationists (for both forest and soil conservationists) was performed to obtain an overview of the mortality pattern for this group. Second, casecontrol analyses were conducted for anatomic sites of cancer with significantly elevated PMRs. Soil and forest conservationists were selected from 9 555 U SDA employees who had died from January 1. 1970-December 31, 1979, and were eligible for death benefits. A total of 9 555 U SD A employees were identified for this study by merging two computer tapes: the "sur vivor annuitant file" (1970-1979) and the "annuitant master record file" from the Office of Personnel Man agement. The survivor annuitant file includes all USDA employees active at the time of death with beneficiaries eligible for annuities, whereas the annuitant master ret ord includes retired USDA employees with benefici aries eligible for annuities. Merging these two files den- March/April 1989 |Vol. 44 (No. 2)| 2663 95 liHod all employees with at least 5 y of government ex- l>erience who died during january I, 1970-December 31, 1979, with the exception of those who died with no survivor annuitant. This latter group is estimated to ac count for less than 4% of the total mortality experience of both active''and retired USDA' employees. " Com plete work histories were obtained for all decedents from the person n el foiciefs sVored' a lt h e Civilian Records Center in St. Louis, Missouri. The only jteriod for which information on jobs held was not available would be after retirement or termination from government service. The average number of distinct U SD A jobs held was five and the average number of non-USDA jobs was three. Death certificates were obtained from either the an nuitant file or from state offices of vital statistics. The underlying and contributing causes of death listed on the death certificates were coded by a nosologist using the Eighth Revision of the International Classification of Disease (IC D A )H according to the rules in effect at the time of death. As a screening procedure, all decedents ever holding a job as forest or soil conservationists (N - 1411) for the USDA were analyzed in a PMR study. The observed number of deaths from each cause among conserva tionists was compared with the expected number of deaths based on 5-y age and calendar-year specific proportions among the U .S. white male population.-'0 The PMRs w ere calculated as the ratio of observed to ex pected deaths, and confidence intervals and p values were determined by Miettenen's test-based method.-'1 To mitigate the potential effect o f differential overall mortality between U.S. Department of Agriculture em ployees and all white males in the U .S., we performed case-control analyses for all cancer sites with signif icantly elevated PMRs using the entire USDA mortality file (i.e., 9 555 deaths) as a source of cases and con trols. Four controls were frequency-matched to each case on date of birth (+ 2 y), race, and sex. Controls w ere selected from individuals in the total data set who died ot any cause of death other than that cause of death represented by the case. The exixisure variables 'under study were conservationist status (ever/never a conservationist), duration of employment as either a soil or forest conservationist, and professional sub specialty. Duration of employment was computed for forest arid 'soil conservationists 'from their work his tories by seijfale)y adding each year spent irVilhei of these two professions.' Periods df time spent in all other jobs before, after, or occurring between (X'riods of em ployment as a conservationist were not added to the duration total. To further reduce any residual bias on the estimate of exposure-induced cancer risk resulting from socioeconomic differences between conserva tionists and other U SD A workers, we stratified the casecontrol analysis by salary level in the last year of federal employment. The maximum likelihood estimate was used to com pute odds ratios (OR) in the case-control study." Con fidence limits for the O R were computed by Cart's method.*'1 All estimates were adjusted for the effect of age by stratification. For duration-response relation ships, significance was assessed by Mantel's one-tailed linear trend test.24 Results White males constituted 99% of the conservationist group, and they are therefore the focus of all subse quent analyses. The year of birth ranged from 18751951, and the median age at death was 67.3 y. Table 1 shows the mortality experience of conservationists from major causes of death. Significantly fewer deaths than expected were observed for infective and parasitic diseases (PMR - 0.3), respiratory diseases (PMR = 0.8). and digestive system diseases (PMR = 0.5). Among di gestive diseases, cirrhosis of the liver was most notable with only 11 deaths observed vs. 28 expected. A signifi cant excess occurred for malignant diseases (PMR 1. 1) . The distribution of malignant neoplasms is presented in Table 2. Mortality from respiratory cancer occurred significantly less frequently than expected (PMR - 0.8). Table 1.--Number of Deaths and PMRs among White Male Conservationists Cause of death (ICDA 8th) Observed Expected* PMR 95% Cl All causes of death Malignant neoplasms (140-209) Infective and parasitic disease (000-138) Allergic, endocrine, and metabolic disease (240-289) Ischemic heart disease (4)0-414) Cerebrovascular disease (430-438) Respiratory disease (460-519) Digestive system disease (520-577) Cirrhosis of liver (571) External causes of death (800-898) 1 411 342 3 20 543 99 80 33 11 100 1 411 310.9 10.0 25.0 538.1 109.5 100.4 65.2 28.4 91.0 1.1 0.3t 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8t 0.54 0.4 1.1 1.0-1.2 0.1-0.9 0.5-1.2 0.9-1.1 0.8-1.1 0.6-1.0 0.3-0.7 0.2-0.7 0.9-1.3 Expected number of deaths are based on 5 y age and calendar year specific proportion of deaths among U.S. while males, tp < .05. tp < .001. 96 Archives of Environmental Health ............................................ ( ___ 2 . 6 6 4 . ......? ; Table 2.--Number of Cancer Death and PMRi among While Male USDA Comcrvalionltli Cause of death (ICDA 8!h) Number of dcalhi Otiserved Expected* PMR 95% Cl n 'Atf HtatigniYiV vieopliim i Vt40- 2(141 l!` : Digestive organs and peritoneum (ISO-159) Esophagus (ISO) Stomach USD Colon (153) Rectum (1541 Liver & gallbladder (155-150) Pancreas (157) Respiratory system (160-16.1) Connective tissue and soft tissue sarcoma (171) Prostate (165) Bladder (188) Kidney (189) Brain 091) Lymphatic and hematopoietic (200-207) Hodgkin's disease (201) Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (200 + 202) Multiple myeloma (203) Leukemia (204-207) lu fiL i42 100 9 9 44 9 5 22 80 2 i t i)a;,3|0.9 i 79.4 7.3 12.8 28.5 8.9 5.4 TO 40 25 a 10.3 18 6 44 23.9 4 1.8 22 9.2 6 4.6 12 12.9 1:1 .1 * 1.31 1.2 0.7 1.5 III 0.9 1.5 0.81 1.0 1 +.0-1.2 i 1.1-1.6 0.6-2.3 0.3-1.3 1.1-2 0 0.5-1.4 0.3-2.2 0.9-2.3 0 6-1.0*^=7 0.1 - l.b 1 (>9 0.8 2.1 1.7 l.8 2.2 2.4 1.3 0.9 1.1-2 2 0 .1 -l.b 1.2-3.3 0.6-3.7 1.3-2.4 <fs-3!a^==- 0.5-1.6 'Expected number of deaths are based on 5 y age and calendar year specific proportion of deaths among U.S. white males. ip < .05. tp < .01. p < .001. Stomach (PMR - 0.7) and bladder cancer mortality (PMR - 0.8) were also slightly reduced among conser vationists. Significant excesses occurred for cancer of the colon (PMR - 1.5), prostate (PMR - 1.6), kidney (PMR - 2.1), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (PMR * 2.4). Mortality values for other cancers did not differ significantly from those expected. Because socioeconomic and other differences be tween specific occupational groups and the overall U.S. population may bias the outcome of PMR analysis, a case-control study was performed in which cases and controls were selected from the U SDA mortality file. In this step, we performed separate analyses for forest and soil conservationists. However, Table 3 shows that similar results were observed in both groups. The strongest association was observed for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In both groups, conservationists with more than 15 y of experience had an O R of 2.8 for nonHodgkin's lymphoma, and the test for trend was signifi cant for the number of years on the job. Among soil conservationists with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, there was one reticulum cell sarcoma (OR = 0.5), six lym phosarcomas (OR - 2.7), one giant follicular lym phoma (OR - 1.7) and four other primary malignan cies of lymphoid tissue (OR = 1.9). Among forest con servationists with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, there were three reticulum cell sarcomas (OR = 2.4), three lymphosarcomas (OR = 2.3), and four other primary malignancies of lymphoid tissue (OR = 3.2). Colon cancer also showed a significant trend with duration of employment, rising to 1.7 among those em- ployed 15+ y as forest conservationists and 1.8 for soil conservationists. Forest conservationists showed a sig nificant trend for prostate cancer with duration (OR = 1.7 for 15+ y employed), but soil conservationists did not. Both soil and forest conservationists had an ele vated Q k nnny_cancer. but the risk appeared'To'Be" greatest among those with less than 15 y experience. ~~ahcTthe test for linear trend with ye a rso n the job was~ ~not significant (p > .05). Leukemia and multiple mye--loma also showed ITsligKt, but nonsignificant associa tion with duration of employment as a forest or soil conservationist. Among the forest conservationists subgroups identi fied in Table 5, both foresters and forestry scientists seem to be at an elevated risk to NHL, whereas forestry administrators do not appear to share this excess risk. Similarly, soil scientists and conservationists seem to be at excess risk for N HL; no cases of N HL occurred among soil conservationist administrators, although several-cases were expected. The mortality pattern for conservationists found in the PMR analysis suggests they may smoke less than the average U .S. white male (i.e., low rates of lung cancer, bladder cancer, and nonmalignant respiratory disease). _A potential bias could be introduced into the cancer risk estimated from the case-control analysis. In one analysis not shown here, we excluded major smokingrelated causes of death from the control series to minimize the possibility of confounding from smoking. Excluding smoking-related causes of death from the control series (i.e., lung cancer, bladder cancer, em- March/April 1989 |Vol. 44 (No. 2)] 97 V V -3 7 (,S physonu, and chronic bronchitis) did not alter the odds ratios reported in the case-control analysis. W e also ad justed ORs for the salary level attained j n the last year of federal employment to control for socioeconomic differences. Risk estimates were unaffected. Because agricultural chem icals were first used in large quantities during the 1960s, we compared the risk for N H L and cancers of the colon, kidney, and prostate among conservationists last employed before and after 1960 (Table 4). Although this analysis was hamjjered by the few cast's that occurred among soil conservationists employed IxMore I960, the association for lx>th NHL and colon cancer was stronger and significant for those last employed after 1960 (NHL O R - 2.6 and colon cancer O R - 1.8) than before I960 (OR - 0.9 and 0.6, res|>ectivoly). Risk of kidney (OR - 2.5) and prostate cancer (OR - 1.3) also appeared to be higher for soil conservationists last employed after I960 than before 1960 (OR - 1.6 and 0.6, respectively), but this risk was not statistically significant. Among forest conserva tionists, kidney cancer was significantly elevated for those last employed Indore I960 (OR - 8.3) but not lor Table 3.--Age-Adjusted Odds Ratios (OR) for Mortality Due to Selected Cancers by Conservationist Type and Dura tion of Employment as a Conservationist Cancer Conservationist type Colon Pancreas Prostate Kidney Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Multiple myeloma Leukemia Forest Soil Forest Soil Forest Soil Forest Soil Forest Soil Forest Soil Forest Soil 'p < .05. O R ever/never conservationist 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.0 2.3 2.1 2.5* 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.4 t.O OR by years worked as a conservationist 0 <15 >15 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.0 0.6 1.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.7 1.0 0.4 1.4 1.0 4.0 1.5 1.0 2.4 1.6 1.0 2.3 2.8 1.0 0.9 2.8 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.8 1.9 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.0 0.4 1.3 p value for linear trend 0.04 .04 .39 .37 .05 .26 .11 06 .02 .02 .35 .32 .27 .41 Table 4.--Age-Adjusted Odds Ratios (OR) for Mortality Due to Colon, Kidney, and Prostate Cancers and Lymphoma by Conservationist Types, Year last Employed as a Conservationist, and Duration of Employ ment as a Conservationist Cancer Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Colon Kidney Prostate p < 05. Conservationist type Year last employed O R ever/never conservationist Forest Soil Forest Soil .-v. Forest Soil Forest Soil <1960 >1960 <1960 >1960 <1960 >1960 <1960 >1960 <1960 >1960 <1960 >1960 <1960 >1960 <1960 >1960 3.0 2.6 0.9 2.6* 2.1 1.6 0.6 1.8* 8.6* 1.3 1.6 2.5 1.5 1.6 0.6 1.3 OR by years worked as a conservationist 0 <15 >15 Trend 1.0 1.7 11.2 0.01 1.0 3.4 2.1 0.06 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.40 1.0 0.9 3.3 0.01 1.0 2.7 0.9 .14 1.0 1.3 1.9 .05 1.0 0.5 1.2 .25 1.0 1.0 1.9 .01 1.0 6.5 9.0 0.01 1.0 2.0 1.1 0.41 1.0 2.0 1.1 " o T 1.0 4.5 2.1 0.05 1.0 0.9 2.1 0.07 1.0 3.9 1.4 0.18 1.0 0.3 2.9 0.30 1.0 1.0 1.4 0.15 Archives of Environmental Health >- 2666 3)-a.7ito Table 5.--Age-Adjusted Oft for Selected Cancers by Professional Subcategory "HU v-i: 1* V. ,l!> \\ " 11 '"'N H L'''.' ? >*t ti : . 'Soil' ' ' : ' .- ii- :v , Soil conservationists (practitioner) 1.8 (0.7-4.1) Soil scientists VS* Soil conservationists/ (1.0-12.0) . scientists administrator Forest Forest conservationists 2.5* (foresters) Forest scientists (1.0-fa. 1) 7.8 (0.5-220 5) Forest conservationists/ 0. scientist administrator (0.1-2.fa) 1 Colon- i- v-. 1.2 (0.7-2.0) 2.9* (1 0-8.5) l.b (0.1-10.4) 1.4 10.7-2.8) 0.4 It). 1-1.3) 2.1 10.9-4.3) p < .05. tOdds ratio not defined. O R 195% Cl) >Pancreas, , Kidnvy , Prostate 1.1 (0.5-2.2) 1.2 (0.2-4.7) 1.2 (0 4-3.4) t l.fa 10.5-5.1) 2 4* (1.0-5.9) OH (0.1-7.2) t t.r (0.5-5 5) 4.0 (0.4 40 91 2.8 (0.3-23.3) 1.0 t.fa-1.8) 2.1 10.4-9.7) t l.fa 10.9- 101 0.5 (0.1 4 5) 1 fa 10.8-3.1) those last employed after 1960 (OR - 1.3). Whereas forest conservationists appeared to be at an elevated risk of NHL and colon cancer before and after 1960, although the risk was not statistically significant in either time period. The N HL risk, however, did appear to be slightly higher among those employed before 1960. Prostate cancer risk did not vary substantially with time among forest conservationists during the study period. Table 5 presents the risk for selected cancers within the major subcategories of the soil and forest conserva tionist profession. Soil scientists are at a significant ex cess risk of N HL (OR = 3.5), whereas among soil con servationists (practitioners) the risk was elevated but not significantly (OR = 1.8). O nly one case of colon cancer occurred from the list of selected cancers among soil conservationist/scientist administrators. Among forest conservationists, the risk of N HL was found to be significantly elevated among foresters (OR - 2.5), and was elevated--but not significantly--for for est scientists (OR - 7.8) for two observed cases. Forest administrators appear to be at a reduced risk of N HL. Discussion U SDA conservationists experienced significant ex cess numbers of deaths from cancer of the colon (PMR - 1.5), kidney (PMR = 2.1), and N H L (PMR - 2.4). They also experienced a significantly lower propor tionate mortality for lung cancerf death from nonmalignant respiratory disease, digestive disease (including cirrhosis of the liver), and infectious and parasitic disease than the general population. This mortality pat tern is similar to that observed among agricultural ex tension agents14 and farmers.12 In the case-control analysis, w hich presumably had a more appropriate referent population than the PMR study, a statistically significant relationship was ob served between duration of employment as either a for est or soil conservationist and the risk ol NHL and co- Ion cancer. The N H L findings are consistent with the suggestive findings of a proportionate mortality study of Swedish w orkers,' and a case-control study in New Zealand1 and in the U .S .,'7 which found that agricul tural workers were at increased risk for NHL. However, excess colon cancer has not been previously associated with agricultural or forestry workers,12 but has been re ported in sheep feeding in pastures treated with herbi cid es.2, Because modern agricultural and forestry chemicals became more commonplace in the 1960s,1' we evaluated risks of cancer by last year employed. The excess risk of NHL (OR - 2.6), kidney cancer (OR - 2.5), and colon cancer (OR = 1.8) among soil con servationists was confined to those last employed after 1960. These results suggest that a soil conservationist employed recently might be subject to more hazards than one employed prior to 1960. However, other studies have not consistently demonstrated a similar temporal relationship.12ir 1810 Among forest conservationists the risk of N HL and colon and kidney cancer appears to be higher for those last employed before 1960 rather than after 1960. Because the confidence limits for the odds ratio of NHL and the confidence limits for the odds ratio of colon cancer before and after 1960 are very similar, however, we cannot eliminate the possibility that the true cancer risk is the same in both periods. This observation would suggest either that forest conservationists had signifi-' l:an t exposures to tnese chemicals earlier than other ^oectrpatrohs or~Ihat some o lh T T uhrderTtified' aspect' o f employment is causmgThe cancer.4 -AnalystS'oTNHlTTisk- by occupational' subgroups was constrained by limited numbers of study subjects; nonetheless, the excess lymphoma risk among both forestry and soil conservationist professionals was greatest in those categories with the most frequent field work or the greatest potential for pesticide exposure. If the excess risk observed among soil scientists is due to occupational pesticide exposure, it might iollow that March/April 1989 [Vol. 44 (No. 2)1 99 2 6 6 ft> -A 7 fe7 frequent ex|>osure to fields and forests that have been tality rates during the 1950s and 1960s but not neces treated with pesticide is sufficient to produce an excess sarily during the 1970s (the period of this study). Unfor cancer risk inasmuch as pesticides are not used on the tunately, information on conservationists who were dy job. This observation should be studied in future in ing in the 1950s and 1960s was not available to us. vestigations because the public health implications of . These data should be interpreted cautiously because this association could be significant. information was not available on occupational expo- Although-the<tioloy-f-NHHs-not-well understood, ~ sure to specific individuals, nor was information avail studies from Sweden1' and Kansas17 suggest that work able on potential exposure to confounders such as diet, ers exposed to phenoxyacetic acid herbicides are at ex phenacetin use, family history of lymphomas and other cess risk; however, this was not found in Washington cancers, and exposure to immunosuppressive drugs. Slate.4 In the Kansas study, farm workers ex|>osed to Although we did not have smoking data for conserva herbicides more than 20 d/y had a six-fold increased tionists in this study, the reduced risks from cancers of risk of N HL relative to nonfarmers, but risks were not the lung and bladder and the reduced risk from non- associated with years of exposure. The risk of NHL was cancerous respiratory disease suggest that conserva also elevated among U SDA agricultural extension tionists may smoke less than the general U .S. popula agents (OR - 1.6), but was not statistically significant. tion, a pattern also found in fa rm e rs."14 Despite these Extension agents, in contrast to conservationists, had a limitations of the data, the pattern of elevated risks for significant excess of leukemia. NHL and colon cancer suggests an occupational origin Workers who had ever been employed as forest or not accounted for by differences in smoking frequency soil conservationists appear to be at two-fold excess or socioeconomic factors between conservationists risk of kidney cancer compared to other workers at and the referent population. The evidence for kidney U SDA. For both professional groups, the risk was and prostate cancer may also be consistent with an oc greater among persons with less than 15 y of ex c u p ational origin, but (he assodattonriy~not~as~strong. perience rather than among those with 15+ y, which "Continued examination ol historical ana current oc- casts doubt on an occupational etiology. Soil conserva cupational exposures among forest conservationists, tionists last employed after 1960 appear to be at a soil conservationists, and other field workers within greater risk of kidney cancer than those employed USDA would help to determine whether there is a cur before 1960, whereas for forest conservationists the risk rent exposure hazard in these professional groups. Ad of kidney cancer was greater for those employed ditional studies would also help to quantify the risk as before I960. Studies of agriculturalists or pesticide ap- sociated with direct (i.e., mixing, applying) and indirect plicators haVe generally not observed--exceso s f".' (i.e., walking in fields treated with pesticides) exposure, Jddnev cancer.12 A n elevated PMR for kidney cancer and it may explain why some agricultural workers are seen among 375 SwedisFTforesIryworkers^was" hypotlv at an enhanced risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma while esl2ed--to result- Trom excessive phenacetin intake others are at an enhanced risk of leukemia. among'lumbrjacks taken To relieve occupationally in duced musculoskeletal pain. W e had no data to evalu .. ate this hypothesis among conservationists. , . , . , ' Cncer of th prostate has been associated with farm Submitted (or publication February 2. 1988; revised; accepted lor publication September 21, 1988. Requests for reprints should be sent to: Michael C. R. Alavanja, ing occupations in several large su rveys.,22b' 32 in Iowa,30 the incidence of prostate cancer was greater among farmers born before 1900 and who died at older ages, but it was not associated with any agricultural Epidemiology and Biostalistics Program, Division oi Cancer Etiology. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Bethesda, MD 20892. commodity or exposure. A death certificate study in California indicated that gardners and grounds keepers References and persons in horticultural services (including farmers) had elevated risks for prostate cancer.31 In a matched case-control study of 111 patients with prostate cancer treated in Chicago and Los Angeles, an increased risk t. Edling C , Cranstam S. Causes of death among lumberjacks--a pilot study. | Occup Med 1980;22:403-06. 2. California Department of Health Services. California occupa tional mortality 1979-81, March 1987. Sacramento, CA : Depart was observed among patients with fertilizer exposure (RR - 2.6, 95% C l - 1 .1-5.9).32 In Washington State, poultrymen were at excess risk of mortality from pros tate cancer.28 In this study, forest conservationists--but ment of Health Services. 3. Pearce NE, Smith AH, Fisher D O . Malignant lymphoma and multiple myeloma linked with agricultural occupations in a New Zealand cancer registry-based study. Am ) Epidemiol 1985:121 (21:225-235. not soil conservationists--had a small excess of prostate cancer (OR - 1.5). The risk was greatest among those employed more than 15 y (OR - 1.7). The temporal pattern of risk observed in this study 4. Woods JS. Polisar L, Severson RK, Heuser IS, Dulander BC. Soft tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in relation to phenoxyherbicide and chlorinated phenol exposure in western Washington. JNCI 1987;78:899-910. 5. larvisalo ), Tola S, Korkala M, Jarvmen E. A cancer registry-based should be interpreted cautiously because of the re case-control study of occupations of patients with acute myeloid stricted time interval during which mortality data were available. If the underlying causal exposures among conservationists resulted in latency periods of 10 y or less, conservationists exposed to carcinogens prior to leukemia. Cancer 1984:54(41:785-90. 6. Hardell L. Malignant lymphoma of histiocytic type and exposure to phenoxyacetic acid and chlorophenols. lancet 1979:1:55-56. 7. Hardell L, Sandstrom A. Case-control study: soft tissue sarcoma and ex|K>sure to phenoxyacetic acids or chlorophenols. Br | Can 1960 would be expected to have elevated cancer mor- cer 1979;39:711-19. 100 Archives of Environmental Health 2668 V-Ultf B. Ilalaraian K, Achestm [U . Soft tissue sarcomas in agriculture ami (on"ary workers. | Lpklemkil Community l l i 'altli 1*184; )B: 113- lb. 9. I hxlsledt C. Wexterland B. Cancer mortality among lumlicrjacks. Lakadttlningen 1*)); 19:182- II. 10. Milham S. (Xcu|M lional. mortality in Washington Stale, 1950- 1971. Dl IIW (PUS). Washington. D C : US Government Printing ' ' Office, i m . ' ' ' 11" -'-' , S i -- ^ n o . w i v u n o e ijM 11. Wiklund K. Holm LE. Soft.tissue sarcom ariskin Swedish agricul tural and forestry workers. |NCI 1986;76:229-11. 12. Blair A. Malker H. Cantor KP el al. Cancer among farmers. Scand I Work Environ I lealth l`)H5; 11.197-407. I 3. Alavania MCR. Rush GA. Stewart P. Blair A. Pro|X>rtionate mor tality study of workers in the gram industry. |NCI 1987; 78: 247-52. 14. Alasania MCR. Blair A, Merkle S. el al. Mortality among agricul tural extension agents. Arr | Irxt Meil 1988:14: Ih7-7(i. 15. I lardell L. Eriksson M. Lenner P. et al. Malignant lymphoma and es|H)Mire to chemicals es|H'i i.illy organic sokenls. chlorophenols and phemoxy acid: a case-control study. Hr | Cancer 1981:41: 16 9 -7b. lb. Alasania MCR. Malker H. Elayes RB. Occupational cancer risk associated with the storage and bulk handling of agricultural foodstuff. | Tox Environ Health. 1987:22:247-54. 17. Hoar SK, Blair A, Holmes FF, et al. Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft tissue sarcoma. |AMA 1986:256(9): 1141-47. 18. Pearce NE, Smith AH, Howard |K. Sheppard RA, Giles H|. Teague CA. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and exposure to phenox- yherbicides. chlorophenols. fencing work, and meat works employment: a case-control study. Br ) Med 1986;43:75-83. 19. National Center for Health Statistics. International classification of disease. Washington. D .C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967: PUS publication no. 1693. 18th revision.) 20. Munson RR. Analysis of retailse survival and proponionate mor tality. Comput Biomed Res 1974;7:325-32. 21. Miettinen OS. Estimability and estimation in case-referent studies. Am ) Epidemiol 1976;103:2?b-35. 22. Breslosv NE. Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research. Lyon. France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1986. 23. Gan ||. Point ami interval estimation of Use common mills in the combination of 2 x 2 tallies with fixed marginals. Uiometnka 1970;57:471-75. 24. Mantel N. Chi-square tests with one* degree of freedom, exten sions of the Manlel-I laens/el |>rocedure. Am Slat Assoc I 197b; 5B:b90-7lK). m: 25. Newell KW, Ross AD, Renner RM. Ptienoxy and picolink' hersui: . bicidcsi and small-intestine adenoparcinoma id sheep, lancet 198i52;l30l-05. , 26. Burmeister IF . Cancer modality in Iowa farmers. 1971-1978. | Nall Cancer Inst I98l;bb:4bl-b4. 27. Dccoutlc P. Slanislawi/yk K. I loulen L et al. A relios|>ei live survey of cancer in relation to occu|Mlion. Cmnnn.Ui. O i l N.c tional Institute for Occu|>alional Solely ami Health. USGI'O. 1977; DFIEW (NIOSII) publication no. 77-178. 28. Milham S. |r. (X'CU|ialional modality in Washington Stale. 1950-1979. Cincinnati. O H : National Institute lor ( X i uiMlion.il Salety and I lealth. USGPO. 1983; D ill IS INIOSII) publication no. 8 1-1 lt>. 29. Williams RR. Stegens NL. Goldsmith IR. Associations ol earner site and ly|ie with occu|>ation and industry from the Third Na tional Cancer Survey Interview. | Nall Cancer Inst 1977:59: 1147-85. 30. Burmeister LF, Everett C D . VanLier SF, and Issacson P. Selected cancer modality and farm practices in Iowa. Am | Epidemiol 1983;118:72-77. 31. Ernester VL, Selvin S, Brown SM et al. Occupation and prostatic cancer. | Occup Med 1979;21:175-83. 32. Rotkin ID. Case-control study of prostate cancer patients, Chicago and Los Angeles. Cancer Treatment Repod 1967;61: 173-80. 33. Sterling TD, W ein Kam )). Smoking characteristics by type of employment. I Occup Med 1976;18:743-54. 34. Surgeon General. Smoking and health--a repod of the Surgeon General. Washington. D .C .: Depadment of Health Education and Welfare. USGPO. 1979; DHEW (PITS) publication no. 79-50066. 35. United States Depadment of Agriculture. Agricultural statistics 1975. Washington. D .C .: USGPO, 1975; USDA publication. March/April 1989 [Vol. 44 (No. 2)) 101 2669 V- <27,9 ? II -;4 2670 V 'R ll i'Vr-. - :r 019254 <* 2 - A Case-Control Study of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and the Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) in Eastern Nebraska Shelia Hoar Zahm,1 Dennis D. Weisenburger,2 Paula A. Babbitt,2 Robert C. Saal,3 Jimmie B. Vaught, 3 Kenneth P. C antor,1 and Aaron Blair1 To evaluate the role of the herbicide 2,4'dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), we conducted a population-based, case-control study in 66 counties in eastern Nebraska. Telephone interviews were conducted with 201 white men diagnosed with NHL between July 1, 1983, and June 30, 1986, and with 725 controls. There was a 50% excess of NHL among men who mixed or applied 2,4-D (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 0.9, 2.5). The risk of NHL increased with the average frequency of use to over threefold for those exposed 20 or more days per year (p for trend = 0.051). Adjusting for use of organophosphate insecticides lowered the risk estimate for frequent users (OR = 1.8), but adjustment for fungicide use increased the risk estimate (OR = 4.5). Simultaneous adjustment for organophosphates and fungicides yielded an OR of 3.1 for farmers who mixed or applied 2,4-D more than 20 days per year. Risk also increased with degree of exposure, as indicated by application method and time spent in contaminated clothing, but not with the number of years of 2,4-D use or failure to use protective equipment. Although other pesticides, especially organophosphate insecticides, may be related to NHL, the risk associated with 2,4-D does not appear to be explained completely by these other exposures. (Epidemiology 1990;1:349-356) Keywords: agriculture, cancer, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, herbicides, insecticides, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, occupation, pesticides. In 1986, a case-control study conducted in Kansas showed an association .between the development of nonHodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and agricultural use of her bicides (1). Risk for NHL increased with the average number of annual days of exposure to herbicides. Farm ers exposed for more than 20 days per year had a sixfold increased risk for NHL. This increased risk seemed to be related specifically to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) use and could not be explained by differential recall, exposure to other pesticides, or other factors. Because of the magnitude of these risks and the wide spread potential for exposure to 2,4-D in agriculture, `Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Room 418 N, Rockville, MD 20892. 2Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Dewey Avenue, Omaha, NE 68105. 3Westat, Inc., 1650 Research Boulevard, Rock ville, MD 20850. Address reprint requests to Shelia Hoar Zahm. This study was supported in part by the National Cancer Institute Contract NOl-CP-95618 and State ofNebraska Department of Health Grant LB-506. Preliminary analyses of portions of the data in this report were presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Epide miologic Research, Vancouver, Canada, June 15-17, 1988. 1990 Epidemiology Resources Inc. forestry, lawn care, and other uses, we undertook a sim ilar population-based case-control study in Nebraska, another midwestem agricultural state. Subjects and Methods Cases of NHL, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia among white men and women, aged 21 years or older, residing in 66 coun ties in eastern Nebraska, and diagnosed between July 1, 1983, and June 30, 1986, were identified through the Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group and area hospitals. Although not an ongoing population-based cancer reg istry, special procedures were instituted by the Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group to ascertain all cases in eastern Nebraska. The observed incidence rate for NHL among white males, aged 21 years or older, in eastern Nebraska (18.0/100,000 person-years) was'77% of the rate re ported for white men, aged 20 years or older, 1983-- 1986, by the nearby Iowa component of the National Cancer Institute-sponsored Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (23.5/100,000 person-years) (L. Ries, personal communication). This report will present data on the white male NHL cases (N = 227). All cases underwent pathology review and were clas- 267L9 V '171 ZAHM ET AL TABLE 1. D istribution of N on'H odgkin's Lymphomas by Histologic and Immunologic Type in Interviewed W hite Men Histology Number Percent Low grade A. Small lymphocytic B. Follicular, predominantly small cleaved cell C. Follicular, mixed small cleaved and large cell Intermediate grade D. Follicular, predominantly large cell E. Diffuse, small cleaved cell F. Diffuse, mixed small and large cell G. Diffuse, large cell High grade H. Large cell, immunoblastic I. Lymphoblastic J. Small nondeaved cell Miscellaneous* Immunologic type T B Indeterminant N ot available 14 20 22 15 23 16 51 30 1 4 5 201 20 160 11 10 201 (7) (10) (ID (8) (ID (8) (25) (15) (<1) (2) (3) (10) (80) (5) (5) ' Composite lymphomas were assigned to the follicular component if the follicular and diffuse components had the same cell type and to the most indolent cell type if the follicular and diffuse components dif fered. sified according to the Working Formulation (2) (Table 1). Only histologically confirmed cases (N = 220) were included. The review also included immunologic phenotyping of the NHL. All follicular lymphomas were considered to be B-cell lymphomas. The diffuse lympho mas were phenotyped using the monoclonal antibodies L26 and UCHL1 (DAKO Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA) that mark B cells and T cells, respectively, in par affin-embedded tissues (3,4). Control subjects were selected from residents of the same 66-county area by 3:1 frequency matching by race, sex, vital status, and age ( 2 years) to the combined age distribution of the four cancer case series (NHL, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, and chronic lym phocytic leukemia). For living cases under age 65 (N = 73), controls were selected by two-stage random digit dialing (5). For living cases aged 65 or older (N = 67), controls were selected from the Health Care Financing Administration (Medicare) records. For deceased cases (N = 80), controls were selected from the Nebraska state mortality files using the additional matching factor of year of death. Persons with an underlying cause of death of NHL, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, leukemia, malignancy of unknown site, aplastic anemia, suicide, homicide, or legal intervention were excluded as controls. A total of 831 white male controls were selected. Telephone interviews were conducted with 201 NHL cases and 725 controls, or with their next-of-kin, be tween May, 1986, and October, 1987. The interviewers were not aware of the subjects' case-control status. The response rates for the cases and controls were 91% (liv ing: 93%; deceased: 89%) and 87% (living: 89%; de ceased: 85%), respectively. The overall control response rate was 85% and consisted of a weighted average ac counting for the refusals in the household census phase of the random digit dialing procedure and the refusals of the randomly selected eligible controls to provide inter views. This investigation covers the findings related to the association between NHL and agricultural exposure to 2,4-D. The interview questions on agricultural practices included those regarding the herbicides and insecticides used, the application method used most often, use of protective equipment, duration of time wearing work clothes after handling pesticides, cattle raising, and use of fungicides, rodenticides, fumigants, wood preserva tives, and fertilizers. For each herbicide and insecticide, the years of use, the average annual number of days of use on the farm, and the average annual number of days the pesticides were personally handled were obtained. The interviewer noted whether the response about each pesticide was volunteered in answer to an open-ended question or reported only after a probe naming the spe cific pesticide. All odds ratio (OR) estimates were adjusted for age by stratification (21-59, 60-69, 70-79, and greater than 80 years). Maximum likelihood estimates of a uniform odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (Cl) were computed by Gart's method (6). We assessed duration- and doseresponse relationships by means of Mantel's one-tailed linear trend test (7). Logistic regression was also used for the data from farmers to evaluate the effects of several pesticide factors simultaneously (8). Results There was no overall excess of NHL among persons who had ever lived or worked on a farm; however, a 50% excess risk of NHL was found among men who mixed or applied 2,4-D (Table 2). Men who lived or worked on farms where 2,4-D was used, but who did not personally handle 2,4-D, had an OR of 1.2 (Cl = 0.3, 4.2). Among men who personally handled 2,4-D, risk in- 350 Epidemiology September 1990, Volume 1 Number 5 XJ - 2 7 7 ^ NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA AND 2,4-D TABLE 2. Number of W hite Men with N on-Hodgkin's TA BLE 3. N um ber of W hite Men with N on-H odgkin's Lymphoma, Number of Controls, and Odds Lymphoma, Number of Controls, and Odds Ratios by Farming History Ratios by Characteristics of Exposure to 2,4-DichIorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) Farming OR History Cases Controls' (95% C l)t OR Use of 2,4-D Cases Controls (95% C l) ' Never lived or worked on farm 54 184 1.0 Never lived or Ever lived or worked on farm 147 worked on farm 539 0.9 (0.6,1.4) Days/year mixing or 54 184 1.0 Insecticides applying 2,4-D: used on farm 104 321 1.1 (0.7,1.6) 1-5 16 44 1.2 (0.6,2.4) Herbicides 6-20 12 25 1.6 (0.7,3.6) used on farm 75 203 1.3 (0.8,2.0) 21 + 3 4 3.3 (0.5,22.1) Mixed or Unknown days/year 12 25 applied 2,4-D 43 98 1.5 (0.9,2.5) Chi for trend = 1.639, p = 0.051 ' Two controls had unknown values for ever having lived or worked Years 2,4-D on a farm. used on farm: t OR (95% Cl) = Age-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence inter 1-5 3 12 0.9 (0.2,3.6) val). 6-15 11 15 2.8 (1.1,7.1) 16-20 3 18 0.6 (0.1,2.1) 21+ 13 33 1.3 (0.6,2.7) creased according to the average annual number of days spent mixing or applying 2,4-D in comparison with men Unknown years Chi for trend = 0.601, p = 0.274 15 29 who never lived or worked on a farm (Table 3). Risk increased to more than threefold for those with 21 or more days of exposure per year (p = 0.051). There was First year of 2,4-D use: Prior to 1945 1946-1955 8 21 1.4 (0.5,3.5) 13 39 1.1 (0.5,2.3) no consistent increase in risk with the number of years of 1956-1965 2.4- D use while the subjects lived or worked on a farm 1965-1986 Unknown year ' or with the first year of 2,4-D use. Chi for trend = 5 8 2.1 (0.6,7.7) 4 12 1.3 (0.3,4.9) 13 18 Several characteristics of pesticide use that indicate 0.955, p = 0.170 potential for exposure were evaluated. Among men who personally handled 2,4-D, risk varied by the method ' OR (95% Cl) = age-adjustedodds ratio (95% confidence interval). used most often to apply herbicides. Tractor-mounted use of any phenoxyacetic acid herbicide (ever and aver spraying was associated with an OR of 1.4 (Cl = 0.8, age annual number of days) were identical to the risks 2.6; 27 cases, 62 controls) and handheld spraying with for 2,4-D alone. All 13 cases and 27 controls who han an OR of 1.7 (Cl = 0.4, 6.7; 4 cases, 9 controls). Risk dled 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) (ever increased substantially the longer farmers usually waited handled 2,4,5-T: OR = 1.6, Cl = 0.7, 3.6; average to change into clean work clothes after handling pesti days per year of exposure 1--5: OR = 1.1; 6-20: OR = cides (Table 4). Farmers who changed immediately, at 6.4, 4 cases, 2 controls) were also 2,4-D users. None of the end of the work day, or the following day or later the subjects who handled 2,4-D more than 20 days per (presumably, these farmers wore the clothes for more year was a 2,4,5-T user. Excluding the 2,4,5-T users did than one work day but did not sleep in them) had ORs not change the risks for handling 2,4-D (ever handled of 1.1, 1.5, and 4.7, respectively (p for trend = 0.015). 2,4-D: OR = 1.5, Cl = 0.8, 2.6; days per year 1-5: OR Risk did not increase if the farmers reported that they = 1.1; 6-20: OR = 1.3; 21 + : OR = 3.3). Restricting usually failed to use any protective equipment (eg, rub the analysis to farmers and adjusting for the use of other ber gloves, rubber boots, mask, spray suit) when han herbicides by class (triazines, amides, benzoics, carba dling pesticides. Among farmers who mixed or applied mates, trifluralins, and other) resulted in no meaningful 2.4- D, those who typically used protective equipment changes in the ORs for those who ever handled 2,4-D or while handling any pesticide had an OR of 1.7 (Cl = in the positive trend associated with average annual days 0.9, 3.1; 25 cases, 48 controls), whereas farmers who did of exposure to 2,4-D. Adjustments for the use of insec not had an OR of 1.2 (Cl = 0.6, 2.4; 16 cases, 49 ticides by class (chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbamates, controls). organophosphates, metals, and other) also resulted in no Possible confounding of the results for 2,4-D by use of meaningful changes in the risk estimates for 2,4-D, ex other pesticides was evaluated. The risks associated with cept for the use of organophosphates. Adjusting for or- Epidemiology September 1990, Volume 1 Number 5 351 2673 V ' 3-773 ZAHM ET AL TABLE 4. N um ber of W hite Men with Non-H odgkin's Lymphoma and Controls W ho Mixed and Applied 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) by Timing of Change to Clean W ork Clothes after Handling Pesticides W hen Subject Usually Changed to Clean Work Clothes Cases Controls* OR (95% C I)t Never lived or worked on farm Immediately after handling pesticides A t end of work day Following day or later Chi for trend = 2.166, p = 0.015 54 6 31 6 184 1.0 19 1.1 (0.4,3.1) 73 1.5 (0.8,2.6) 4 4.7 (1.1,21.5) * Two controls who personally handled 2,4-D had unknown values, t OR (95% Cl) = age-adjustedodds ratio (95% confidence interval). ganophosphate use on the farm yielded an OR of 1.1 for men who ever handled 2,4-D and ORs of 0.9, 1.3, and 1.8 for men exposed to 2,4-D for 1-5, 6-20, and more than 20 days per year (p for trend = 0.246) relative to farmers with no 2,4-D exposure. Adjustments using more detailed measures of organophosphate exposure (eg, duration and average annual days spent mixing or applying) also resulted in approximately twofold in creased risks of NHL among the most frequent handlers of 2,4-D. Analysis of organophosphate use, adjusted for use of 2,4-D, showed an independent association with NHL (ever: OR = 2.4; days per year 1-5: OR = 1.7; 6-20: OR = 1.8; 21+ : OR = 3.1) and will be de scribed more thoroughly in a future report. The risk among 2,4-D users compared with nonusers, excluding all organophosphate users, was similar to the adjusted 2,4-D risk for ever use (OR = 1.1) and for the two lower use categories (days per year 1-5: OR = 0.7; 6-20: OR = 1.5). There were no cases exposed to 2,4D for 21 or more days who were unexposed to organophosphates. Adjustments for the use of fungicides led to increases in the risk estimates associated with 2,4-D ex posure (OR = 1.8, Cl = 1.1, 3.0) and with average annual days of exposure to 2,4-D (1-5 days: OR = 1.6; 6-20 days: OR = 2.2; 21 + days: OR = 4.5; p for trend = 0.003). Simultaneous adjustment for use of organophosphates, fungicides, and age resulted in ORs of 0.8, 1.3, and 3.1 for farmers who mixed or applied 2,4-D 1-5, 6-20, and more than 20 days per year, respectively. The results of logistic regression analyses, restricted to farmers and including the variables age and use of 2,4-D, organophosphates, and fungicides, were consistent with the stratified analyses. Use of organophosphate insecti cides (ever used on farm: OR = 2.4) and 2,4-D (han dled 21 + days per year: OR = 2.1) were independent risk factors for NHL. Approximately two-thirds of both the exposed cases (63%) and controls (64%) volunteered the history of 2.4- D use on the farms where they lived or worked, whereas about one-third of the exposed cases (37%) and controls (36%) reported 2,4-D use only after a specific probe. Risk estimates were similar among the two groups for the use of 2,4-D on the farm (volunteers: OR = 1.5; probes: OR = 1.5), personal handling of 2,4-D (volun teers: OR = 1.5; probes: OR = 1.5), and more than 20 days per year exposure to 2,4-D (volunteers: OR = 2.5, 1 case, 2 controls; probes: OR = 3.8, two cases, 2 controls). The risk of NHL associated with personal handling of 2.4- D was higher among persons with proxy interviews (1-5 days per year: OR = 2.2; 6-20 days: OR = 2.2; 21 + days: OR = 2.4) than among self-respondents (15 days per year: OR = 1.0; 6-20 days: OR = 1.6; 21 + days: OR = 1.4). Histology, tumor grade, degree of maturation, and immunologic type of the NHLs were evaluated. The association with 2,4-D did not appear to be specific to any subgroup of NHL, although small numbers limited the reliability of the risk estimates. There was a slight suggestion that risk may be higher in intermediate grade NHL (Working Formulation groups D-G, Table 1) (ever: OR = 1.7; 21+ days per year: OR = 5.0, 2 cases, 4 controls), follicular center cell NHL (Working Formulation groups B-D, F-G, Table 1) (ever: OR = 1.7; 21 + days per year: OR = 6.4, 2 cases, 4 controls), large cell NHL (Working Formulation groups G-H) (ever: OR = 1.5; 21 + days per year: OR = 6.2, 1 case, 4 controls), and blastic NHL (Working Formulation groups D, G, and J) (ever: OR = 2.3; 21+ days per year: OR = 9.3, 1 case, 4 controls). Personally han dling 2,4-D was associated with both T-cell (OR = 2.0; Cl = 0.5, 7.3) and B-cell (OR = 1.5; Cl = 0.9, 2.6) lymphomas; however, the trend with days per year was significant (p = 0.045) for B-cell lymphomas only. The ORs for B-cell lymphomas were 1.1, 1.6, and 4.3 for persons exposed to 2,4-D for 1-5, 6--20, and 21 or more days per year, respectively. There were no T-cell lym phoma cases who were exposed to 2,4-D more than 20 days per year. None of the other factors covered in the interviews, including family history of cancer, prior radiation treat ment, other aspects of the medical history, tobacco con sumption, or use of hair coloring products, was respon sible for the observed 2,4-D associations. 352 Epidemiology September 1990, Volume 1 Number 5 P-577V NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA AND 2,4-D Discussion This population-based case-control study conducted in eastern Nebraska found a 50% excess of NHL associated with mixing or applying 2,4-D. The risk for NHL in creased with the average frequency of use to more than threefold among those exposed more than 20 days per year. These findings are consistent with those of a pre vious case-control study conducted in Kansas (1), al though the risk estimates are lower in the present study. The difference in risks in the two states may be ex plained by statistical variation, since the confidence in tervals for risk estimates obtained in Nebraska (Cl = 0.5, 22.1) and Kansas (Cl = 1.8, 32.3) show consid erable overlap. Some, but not all, variables that indicated the degree of exposure to 2,4-D were related to an increased risk of NHL. In addition to the average annual number of days mixing or applying 2,4-D, the potential for dermal ex posure of the usual method of herbicide application (9,10) and the time of change to clean work clothes after handling pesticides were both related to increased risk. However, the number of years of 2,4-D use while the subject lived or worked on the farm was not consis tently related to an increased risk for NHL. Interest ingly, a similar lack of association with years of use was observed in the Kansas study (1). Computing years of use as a measure of exposure assumes that the level of exposure is similar throughout the year and from year to year. Pesticide use, however, is sporadic, not continu ous, throughout the work year, and the amount used may vary considerably from year to year depending on the need and on the use of other farm workers to mix and apply the pesticides. Annual frequency of exposure is more strongly correlated with risk than years of use and may be a better surrogate for delivered dose. In contrast to the findings of the Kansas study (1), failure to use protective equipment regularly was in versely associated with an increased risk of NHL among 2,4-D users. The elevated risks for users and nonusers of protective equipment were not substantially different from one another. Certainly, one should not discourage the use of protective equipment based on the present study's results. Exposure to other pesticides affected risk estimates from exposure to 2,4-D. Adjustment for the use of organophosphate insecticides reduced the observed risk as sociated with 2,4-D exposure, while adjustment for fun gicide use increased the risk. Simultaneous adjustment for both resulted in risk estimates for average annual days of exposure similar to the values adjusted for age alone. Logistic regression analyses also indicated inde pendent effects of 2,4-D and organophosphates. Because of the small number of subjects and the high proportion of subjects with multiple exposures, it is not possible in this study to entirely disentangle these relationships. There may be some residual confounding. Case-control studies of larger populations with detailed data on more variable patterns of exposures are needed. This study relied upon study subjects or their nextof-kin to recall complicated lifetime exposure histories. While there is a great need to improve methods for estimating exposure to pesticides in epidemiologic stud ies (11), exposure misclassification is not likely to have created spurious risks in this study or in the Kansas study (12). The similarity of the proportions of cases and con trols who volunteered histories of 2,4-D use in response to an open-ended question as compared with those who responded to a specific probe for 2,4-D use and the in creased risks among frequent users in both the subjects and proxy respondents suggest that recall bias did not occur in this study. Corroboration of a sample of the exposure histories in the Kansas study (1) and mthod ologie studies of industrial workers (13) observed little difference in accuracy of reports from cases and controls and suggest that the exposure misclassification in this study is likely to be independent of case-control status. Such misclassification tends to decrease risk estimates and reduce exposure-response gradients (14). Thus, mis classification in the Nebraska study is likely to result in an underestimate of the true risk associated with 2,4-D exposure. In addition, increasingly detailed measures of exposure to organophosphates did not further reduce the adjusted OR for 2,4-D exposure, suggesting that misclas sification of organophosphate exposure did not lead to an artificial inflation of the risk estimate for 2,4-D. The large proportion of farmers with no known his tory of pesticide use in this study (37% of the controls) suggests inaccurate recall by the study subjects. The study definition of farmers, however, included anyone who had ever lived or worked on a farm. This definition includes dependents of farmers and persons who farmed for only brief periods of time. Their opportunity to use pesticides would have been considerably less than for career farmers. Also, some of the older study subjects farmed several decades ago when pesticide use was much less common than in recent years. In addition, some subjects who reported no use of pesticides probably used them. Such misclassification would result in some ex posed farmers being classified as nonexposed. In the presence of a positive association, these improperly clas sified "nonexposed" farmers would reduce the true risk estimates for farmers as a group and lower risk estimates for frequent users of 2,4-D. In fact, the farmers who reported no exposure to 2,4-D had an odds ratio of 0.8 Epidemiology September 1990, Volume 1 Number 5 V-Z171 ZAHM ET AL (Cl = 0.5, 1.2). This deviation from 1.0 could result from random variation or uncontrolled negative con founding. If confounding were the explanation, the odds ratios reported for the exposed farmers are likely to be underestimates of the true risks. O ther Epidemiologic Studies There have been many epidemiologic studies evaluating the relation of pesticides to cancer which, at first glance, appear to report inconsistent results. The studies gener ally have not evaluated the same chemicals with the same measures of exposure, however. Only the Kansas study (1) appears comparable with the Nebraska study, ie, based on days per year of agricultural exposure to 2,4-D. Other case-control studies of NHL and herbi cides have either treated the phenoxyacetic acid herbi cides as a group, with no specific information on 2,4-D and/or lacked information on the number of days per year of exposure (15-21). Case-control studies in Swe den, however, have also noted excess risks for NHL among persons having contact with phenoxyacetic acid herbicides (15,16,21), with an indication in one study (15) that excess risks were present among persons ex posed to 2,4,5-T and those exposed only to phenoxys considered unlikely to be contaminated by polychlori nated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, such as 2,4-D and 4-chloro-2-methyl phenoxyacetic acid (MCPA). A study in western Washington state (22) observed a small, but significant, excess risk of NHL among farm ers, but the risk did not increase with duration in farm ing occupations nor with estimated level of exposure in other occupations to 2,4-D; however, no data on the annual number of days of exposure were available. Pearce (19), who found no association between duration or frequency of herbicide use and lymphoma among New Zealand applicators, was studying workers exposed al most entirely to 2,4,5-T. Exposure to 2,4,5-T was not associated with an elevated risk of NHL in the Kansas study, but was associated with a nonsignificant increased risk in the Nebraska study. The results of the Kansas and the Nebraska studies indicate that evaluating risk by job title or duration of exposure only may be inadequate, missing important information. It is apparent that con siderable variation of exposure occurs among farmers and that personal exposure histories must be obtained in such studies. Cohort studies of manufacturers and applicators have also been subject to the problems of mixed exposures. Most of the cohorts exposed to 2,4-D have also been exposed to either 2,4,5-T (23-25) or MCPA (26-29). These investigations have generally not observed ex cesses of NHL, but the small number of subjects in these studies has limited their usefulness in examining NHL, a rare cause of death (23,24). A recent cohort study of farmers in Canada reported that the risk of NHL in creased with the number of acres sprayed with herbi cides, particularly in smaller farming operations of less than 1,000 acres (30). Bond et al (31) studied a group of 878 chemical workers who were potentially exposed to several agricultural chemicals, including 2,4-D, and ob served a nonsignificant excess of lymphatic and he matopoietic cancers. This excess occurred exclusively among workers who were employed in the 2,4-D plant (5 deaths observed, relative risk = 3.1, p = 0.05). Two of the five lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers were non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Experimental Studies There is little evidence that 2,4-D is mutagenic or genotoxic (32,33). A 2-year animal feeding study of 2,4-D resulted in a statistically significant excess of astrocyto mas in male rats at the highest dose level (Industry Task Force on 2,4-D research data, as cited in Bond et al [31]). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (34) recently concluded that there is inadequate evi dence of animal carcinogenicity for 2,4-D. 2,4-D has been associated with increased rates of sister chromatid exchanges and other chromosomal aberrations in vitro (35--37) and in vivo (37,38). The possibility that 2,4-D may be carcinogenic, not by mutagenic activity, but by excessive production of hydrogen peroxide and the pro liferation of peroxisomes has been suggested (39). Immunosuppression, a well-established strong risk factor for NHL (40), could be a possible mechanism by which 2,4-D might increase the risk of NHL. Acute exposure of female mice to high levels of 2,4-D resulted in suppression of antibody production against sheep red blood cells; however, subacute exposure, more compa rable with human occupational exposures, did not affect antibody production but, rather, enhanced B- and Tlymphocyte proliferative responses (41). 2,4-D has rarely been reported to be contaminated with 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (42), the dioxin congener that is a frequent contaminant of some other phenoxy herbicides and that has been reported to be both immu nosuppressive and carcinogenic (43--49). The fact that the mechanism for 2,4-D's putative ac tion is unknown should not detract from the strength and consistency of the results in Kansas and Nebraska concerning risk by days per year of herbicide use. Based on the positive results in these two studies and the like lihood that any exposure misclassification has probably decreased the risk estimates and diluted exposureresponse gradients, we believe that the weight of evi- 354 Epidemiology September 1990, Volume 1 Number 5 2676 P - R 7 7 , NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA AND 2,4-D dence indicates that the use of 2,4-D in an agricultural setting increases the risk of NHL among persons han dling the chemical frequently. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the cooperation of the Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group, and Robert Hoover andJoseph F. Fraumeni, Jrfor their helpful reviews of the manuscript. References 1. Hoar SK, Blair A, Holmes FF, Boysen CD, Robel RJ, Hoover R, Fraumeni JFJr. Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. JAMA 1986;256:1141-7. 2. The Non-Hodgkin'sLymphoma Pathologic Classification Project. National Cancer Institute sponsored study of classifications of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: Summary and description of a Work ing Formulation for Clinical Usage. Cancer 1982;49:2112-35. 3. LinderJ, Ye Y, Harrington DS, Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD. Monoclonal antibodies marking T lymphocytes in paraffinembedded tissue. Am J Pathol 1987;127:1-8. 4. Linder J, Ye Y, Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD. Monoclonal antibodies marking B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in paraffinembedded tissue. Modem Pathol 1988;1:29-34. 5. Waksberg J. Sampling methods for random digit dialing. J Am Stat Assoc 1978;73:40-6. 6. Gart JJ. Point and interval estimation of the common odds ratio in the combination of 2 x 2 tables with fixed marginals. Biometrika 1970;57:471-5. 7. Mantel N. Chi square test with 1 degree offreedom, extension of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure. Am Stat Assoc J 1963;58:690700. 8. Engelman L. Stepwise logistic regression. In: Dixon WJ, ed. BMDPstatistical software. Berkeley, CA: University ofCalifornia Press, 1983:330-44. 9. Lavy TL, Shepard JS, Matrice JD. Exposure measurements of applicators spraying (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid in the forest. J Agric Food Chem 1980;28:626-30. 10. Lavy TL, Norris LA, Mattice JD, Marx DB. Exposure of forestry ground workers to 2,4-D, pidoram, and dichlorprop. Environ Toxicol Chem 1987;6:209-24. 11. Blair A, ZahmSH, Cantor KP, Stewart PA. Estimating exposure to pesticides inepidemiologic studies of cancer. In: Wang RGM, FranklinCA, Honeycutt RC, et al, eds. Biological monitoringfor pesticide exposure-- measurement, estimation, and risk reduc tion. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, ACS Sym posiumSeries 382, 1989:38-46. 12. Blair A, ZahmSH. Herbicides and cancer: A review and discus sion of mthodologie issues. In: Band P, ed. Recent results in cancer research: Occupational cancer epidemiology. Vancouver, Canada: 1989;120:132-45. 13. Bond GG, Bodner KM, Sobel W, Shellenberger RJ, Flores GH. Validation of work histories obtained frominterviews. Am J Ep idemiol 1988;128:343-51. 14. Marshall JR, Priore R, GrahamS, BrasureJ. On the distortion of riskestimates in multiple exposure level case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 1981;113:464-80. 15. Hardell L, Eriksson M, Lenner P, Lundgren E. Malignant lym phoma and exposure to chemicals, especially organic solvents, chlorophenols and phenoxy acids: A case-control study. BrJCan cer 1981;43:169-76. 16. Hardell L. Relation of soft-tissue sarcoma, malignant lymphoma and colon cancer to phenoxy acids, chlorophenols and other agents. ScandJ Work Environ Health 1981;7:119-30. 17. Pearce NE, Smith AH, Howard JF, Sheppard RA, Giles HJ, Teague CA. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and exposure to phen- oxyherbicides, chlorophenols, fencing work, and meat works em ployment: A case-control study. Br J Ind Med 1986;43:75-83. 18. Pearce NE, Sheppard RA, Smith AH, Teague CA. NonHodgkin's lymphoma and farming: An expanded case-control study. IntJ Cancer 1987;39:155-61. 19. Pearce N. Phenoxy herbicides and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in New Zealand: Frequency and duration of herbicide use. Br J Ind Med 1989;46:143-44. 20. Woods JS, Polissar L, Severson RK, Heuser LS, Kulander BG. Soft tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in relation to phenyoxyherbicide and chlorinated phenol exposure in Western Washington State. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;78:899-910. 21. Persson B, Dahlander A-M, Fredriksson M, Brage HN, Ohlson CG, Axelson O. Malignant lymphoma and occupational expo sures. BrJ Ind Med 1989;46:516-20. 22. WoodsJS, Polissar L. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among phenoxy herbicide-exposed farm workers in Western Washington State. Chemosphere 1989;18:401-6. 23. Riihimaki V, Asp S, Hemberg S. Mortality of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid her bicide applicators in Finland: First report of an ongoing prospec tive cohort study. Scand J Work Environ Health 1982;8:37-42. 24. Riihimaki V, Asp S, PukkalaE, HembergS. Mortality and cancer morbidity among chlorinatedphenoxyacid applicators in Finland. Chemosphere 1983;12:779-84. 25. Bond AG, Bodner KM, Cook RR. Phenoxy herbicides and can cer Insufficient epidemiologic evidence for a causal relationship. Fund Appl Toxicol 1989;12:172-88. 26. Lynge E. Background and design of a Danish cohort study of workers in phenoxy herbicide manufacture. Am J Indus Med 1987;11:427-37. 27. Lynge E. A follow-upstudy ofcancer incidence among workers in manufacture of phenoxy herbicides in Denmark. Br J Cancer 1985;52:259-70. 28. Wiklund K, Dich J, Holm L-E. Risk of malignant lymphoma in Swedish pesticide appliers. BrJ Cancer 1987;56:505-8. 29. Wiklund K, Lindefors B-M, Flolm L-E. Risk of malignant lym phoma in Swedishagricultural andforestry workers. BrJ Ind Med 1988;45:19-24. 30. Wigle DT, Semenciw RM, Wilkins K, et al. Mortality study of Canadian male farm operators: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma mor tality and agricultural practices in Saskatchewan. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:575-82. 31. Bond GG, Wetterstroem NH, Rousch GJ, McLaren EA, Lipps TE, Cook RR. Cause-specificmortalityamongemployeesengaged in the manufacture, formulation, or packaging of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and related salts. Br J Ind Med 1988;45:98-105. 32. Canadian Centre for Toxicology. Expert panel report on carci nogenicity of 2,4-D. Guelph, Ontario: 1987. 33. Seilet JP. The genetic toxicology of phenoxy acids other than 2,4,5-T. Mutt Res 1978;55:197-226. 34. International Agency forResearchonCancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Overall eval uation of carcinogenicity: An update of IARC monographs vol umes 1 to 42. Lyon, France: IARC, 1987:156-60. 35. Krte C, Jalal SM. 2,4-D induced clastogenicity and elevated rates of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured human lympho cytes. J Heredity 1982;73:224-6. 36. Turkula TE, Jalal SM. Increased rates of sister chromatid ex changes induced by the herbicide 2,4-D. J Heredity 1985;76: 213-4. 37. Mustonen R, Kangas J, Vuojolahti P, Linnainmaa K. Effects of phenoxyacetic acids on the induction of chromosome aberrations in vitro and in vivo. Mutagenesis 1986;1:241-5. 38. Yoder J, Watson M, Benson WW. Lymphocyte chromosome analysis of agricultural workers during extensive occupational ex posure to pesticides. Mutation Res 1973;21:335-40. Epidemiology September 1990, Volume 1 Number 5 D-'z n i'7 ZAHM ET AL 39. Vainio H, Nickels J, Linnainmaa K. Phenoxy acid herbicides cause peroxisome proliferation in Chinese hamsters. Scand J Work Environ Health 1982;8:70-73. 40. Greene MH. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and mycosis fungoides. ln: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, Jr., eds. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1982:754-78. 41. Blakely BR, Schiefer BH. The effect of topically applied n- butylester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the immune re sponse in mice. J Appl Toxicol 1986;6:291-5. 42. Hagenmaier H. Determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin in commercial chlorophenols and related products. Fre senius Z Anal Chem 1986;325:603-6. 43. Vos JG, Moore JA, Zinkl JG. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the immune systemof laboratory animals. Environ Health Peispect 1973;5:149-62. 44. Harris MW, Moore JA, Vos JG, Gupta BN. General biological effects of TCDD in laboratory animals. Environ Health Perspect 1973;5:101-9. 45. Kociba RJ, Keyes DG, Beyer JE, Carreon RM, Wade CE, Dirtenber DA, Kalnins RP, Frauson LE, Park CN, Barnard SD, Hummel RA, Humiston CG. Results of a two-year chronic tox icity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin (TCDD) in rats. Toxicol Appl Phatmacol 1978;46:279-- 303. 46. Kociba RJ, Keyes DG, BeyerJE, Carreon RM, Gehring PJ. Long term toxicologic studies of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) inlaboratory animals. Ann NY Acad Sci 1979;320:397-- 404. 47. Van Miller JP, Lalich JJ, Allen JR. Increased incidence of neo plasms in rats exposed to low levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Chemosphere 1977;10:625-32. 48. National Toxicology Program. (Report 80-31) Carcinogenesis bioassay of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (CAS N. 174601-6) inOsbome-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice (Gavage study), technical report series 209, National Institutes of Health publi cation 82-1765. ResearchTriangle Park, NC, Dept of Health and Human Services, 1982. 49. National Toxicology Program. (Report 80-32) Carcinogenesis bioassay of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (CAS No. 174601-6) in Swiss-Webster mice (Dermal study), technical report series 209, National Institutes of Health publication 82-1757. Research Triangle Park, NC, Dept of Health and Human Ser vices, 1982. 356 Epidemiology September 1990, Volume 1 Number 5 9 2679 P - 7 77 THE LANCET Vol 338 Saturday 19 October 1991 No 8773 Cancer mortality among workers in chemical plant contaminated with dioxin A. M a n z J. Berger J. H . D w yer D . Flesch -Janys S. N agel H . W a ltsg o tt Dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or T C D D ) can arise as a contaminant in the production of herbicides. It causes chloracne in those exposed to it but its human carcinogenicity has been a matter of dispute. We report here a mortalityfollow-up of 1583 workers (1184 men, 399 women) employed in a chemical plant in Germany that produced herbicides, including processes contaminated with TC D D . Production of T C D D w as reduced from 1954 after an outbreak of chloracne. Vital status up to 1989 w as determined for 97-1 % of workers hired between 1952 and 1984, and 367 deaths (313 men, 54 women) were recorded. A malignant neoplasm w as the underlying cause of death in 93 men and 20 women. Standardised mortality ratios (SM R ) were calculated with, as references, national mortality statistics for West Germany and deaths in a cohort of male gas workers; for total cancer mortality they were T 2 4 (95% confidence interval 1-00-.52) and 1 9 (1-10T 7 5 ) , respectively, among men. Cancer mortality w as increased among men with 20 or more years of employment (SM R = 1-87 [Germany] and 1-82 [gas workers]) and among men who began employment before 1955 (SM R = 1-61 and T 8 7 ). The group with suspected highest exposure to T C D D had S M R s of 1-42 and 1-78. Only 7% of cohort women worked in the high exposure locations in the plant, compared with 39-6% of men, and no increased risk of cancer mortality w as observed among women; but breast cancer mortality w as raised (SRM = 2-15). These results, together with a U S occupational study and a German investigation of accidental exposure, support the hypothesis that T C D D is a human carcinogen. L a n c e t 1991; 338: 959-64. Introduction Although a relation between risk of malignancy at several sites and exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodiberizo-p-dioxin (dioxin,TCDD) has been observed in animals,1'3thehuman carcinogenicity of TCDD remains controversial.45 The debate stems primarily from inconsistent findings in case-referent studies relating risk of soft-tissue sarcoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to herbicide exposure. Several investigators have detected a positive association64 but others have not.1(ul Epidemiological associations between TCDD exposure and other cancers have also been reported.11-14 Follow-up of a US cohort of over 5000 TCDD-exposed workers has added substantially to the evidence. Fingerhut et al14 found an increase in mortality from all cancers (standardised mortality ratio [SMR] = 1-46; 95% confidence interval [Cl] 1-21-1-76), and from respiratory cancer and soft-tissue sarcoma in men exposed to TCDD for more than a yearand with an opportunity fora minimum latency of 20 years. The finding for di cancers is consistent wi.'h a German study of 247 workers exposed to TCDD during a thermochemical accident in 1953.15There was a significant increase in total cancer mortality (SM R=2-01 [1-22--3-15]) in the subgroup with chloracne and more than 20 years since,exposure. We describe here a retrospective cancermortality study of chemical workers employed in an herbicide plant in Hamburg. The plant was heavily contaminated with TCDD from the production of trichlorophenol (TCP) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). ADDRESSES: Centra for Chemical Workers' Health, Hamburg Department of Health (Prof A. Manz. MD, D. Flesch-Janys. H. Waltsgott): Institute for M athematics and Computer Science In Medicine. University Hospital Eppendorf. Hamburg, Germany (Prof J. Berger, PhD, S. Nagel, MD); and Department of Preventive Medicine. Institute for Prevention Research, Alhambra, California. USA (J. H. Dwyer, PhD). Correspondence to Prof Dr med A. Manz. Beratungsstelle fr Chemiearbeiter, Fuhlsbttler Strasse 401. D-2000 Hamburg 60, Germany. 960 THE LANCET VOL 338: OCT 19,1991 TABLE I--VITAL STATUS BY EXPOSURE GROUPS Vital status Exposure group 1 II III Total Men Unknown 10 ( 2 1 % ) 22 ( 3 - 5 % ) Known alive 349 ( 74-4%) 442 (6 9 - 5 % ) Dead 110 (23 -5% ) 172 (2 7 -0 % ) 3 (3-8%) 46 (5 8 - 2 % ) 30 (38 0 % ) 35 ( 3 0 % ) 836 (7 0 - 6 % ) 313 (2 6 - 4 % ) Total 469 (3 9 6 % ) 636 (5 3 - 7 % ) Women Unknown 10 (3 - 8 % ) Known alive 24 (88-9% ) 215 ( 8 H % ) Dead 3 ( 1 1 1 % ) 40 (1 5 - 1 % ) 79 ( 6 - 7 % ) 1184 (1 0 0 0 % ) 1 (0-9%) 95 (88-8%) 11 (1 0 - 3 % ) 11 ( 2 - 8 % ) 334 (8 3 - 7 % ) 54 (1 3 -5 % ) Total 27 (6 - 8 % ) 265 (6 6 - 4 % ) 107 (2 6 - 8 % ) 399 (1 0 0 0 % ) M aterials and m ethods C h em ica l plant Public concern over pcxennai hazaids from disposal of waste products contaminated with TCDD and other higher chlorinated dioxins led to closure, on June 18, 1984, of a chemical plant in Hamburg-Moorfleet operated by Boehringer-Ingelheim. Production of herbicides began in late 1951. These products included 2,4,5-T, hexachlorocydohexane (HCH), and lindane. Other products of the plant included dichlorobromophenol and opioids. Synthesis of 2,4,5-T was basedupon TCP supplied by a plantinIngelheim. Inresponsetoanoutbreakofchloracnein 1954, production of TCP and 2,4,5-T was halted. TCP and 2,4,5-T productionwereresumedin 1957. ResumptionofTCP production wasmade feasibleby anewprocess that reducedthe productionof TCDD which, in the meantime, had been identified as a cause of chloracne. Cohort The cohort studied consists of all regular employees at the Hamburg-Moorflect plant who worked under contract with Boehringer-Ingelheimforat least 3months duringtheperiodJan 1, 1952, to Dec 31, 1984. Temporary or casual workers were not includedbecause of lackof complete informationconcerning their identity, eventhoughtheymight haveexperiencedhigh level acute exposures during clean-up operations. Cohort members were identifiedfromcompanypersonnel andunionelectionrecords, and fromemployees identified inthat way. M ortality follow -u p Community registriesofLihabitantsthroughout West Germany wereusedtodeterminethe vital statusofcohort members in 1989. Causes of death were derived from medical records. When no medical records were available, death certificates and information fromnext ofkinwereused. An experiencednomologistassignedthe underlying cause of death according to WHO -riteria -in the ich revision of the International Classification of Disease (ICD). All deaths attributed to malignant neoplasms were classified on the basis ofmedical records. TC D D exposure Assessment of exposure to TCDD was based on an analysis of production processes. TCDD concentrations were measured in nonsystematicsamplesofprecursormaterials, products,waste, and soil fromthegroundsoftheplant, mainlyaftertheplant hadclosed in1984.16TheseindicatedTCDD concentrationsupto60mg/kgin waste from the production of 2,4,5-T. On the basis of this informationworkerswereclassifiedashavinghadhigh,medium, or lowexposure according to the productiondepartments where they had worked. The numbers were: group 1 (high) 496, group 2 (medium) 901, and group 3 (low) 186. The validity of these categories was evaluated by analysis of TCDD inadiposetissuefrom48unselectedmembersofthecohort, who volunteered for tests done at the University of Mainz in 1985 (ProfJ. Konietzko, personal communication; seealsoBeck et al17). TCDD levels, inng/kg, averaged 296(SD 479, median 137) in37 TABLE II--CAUSES OF DEATH -- ICD Observed death Cause of death known Malignant neoplasms Other natural causes Unnatural causes Accident Suicide Other 140-208 240-799 E800-999 Men 313 308 ( 1 0 0 % ) 93 (3 0 - 2 % ) 172 (5 5 - 8 % ) 43 (14 0 % ) 20 (6-5%) 22 ( 7 1 % ) 1 (0-4%) Women 54 52 ( 1 0 0 % ) 20 (38- 2% ) 28 (53- 8% ) 4 (7-7%) 2 (3-9%) 2 (3-9%) 0 volunteers ingroup 1 comparedwith 83(SD 73, median60)for 11 ingroups2and3combined. The medianingroups2and3ishigher thanthe"background" levelsof7-20ng/kgreportedforunexposed persons.17TCDD levels in 5 workers in group 1 were below 20, suggesting the possibility of misdassification error; such an error would attenuate any associations between measured exposure and cancer risk. Chloracne as a marker for TCDD exp<su^e151,J, was not used herebecauseinformationabout chloracneintheBoehringercohort was too incomplete. Chloracne may be fairly specific for TCDD, but it isnot very sensitive: Beck et al17foundthat only 10(28%) of those workers from the Boehringer cohort with adipose levels of TCDD exceeding 20parts per 10" hadahistoryof chloracne. Two other variables expected to be related to TCDD exposure are duration of employment at the plant (less than20,20 or more years)andyearinwhichemployment began(1954orearlierforit is presumed that those starting work before 1955 would have had higher levelsofTCDD exposure). Com parison groups Studies with national or regional mortality data as a reference sufferfromthe"healthyworker" effect--thetendencyofcohortsof industrial workers to have a lower risk of early mortality due to cancerandheart diseasethanthegeneral population. Inthisstudy national mortalitydatawereaugmentedwithasecondcomparison group selected a priori--namely, 3417 male workers at the Hamburggas supply company, usedas controls inacohort studyof furnace workers. This cohort was investigated by some of us,30 usingthe samemethods to assess vital status andcauseof deathas with the Boehringer cohort. The follow-up covered the years 1900-85, but was restricted to 1952-85 for comparison with the Boehringer cohort. Amongst the 3120 male workers 1220 deaths wererecorded. The follow-upperiodfortheBoehringercohortwas also restricted to 1985. The two cohorts differ inthat gas workers hadtohave workedforat least 10yearstobe includedwhileonly 3 months of employment were required for the Boehringer cohort. There is no indication of substantial differences in social status betweenthetwo cohorts. R eview o f m edical records 160medical records ,romtheBoehringer cohort (including 115 cases with amalignant i.eoplasmat timeof death) md 111 medical recordsfromcancercasesofthecontrol groupwerereviewedbytwo pathologists, who did not knowthe cohort status of the cas&. Statistical m ethods SMR were calculated by the person-year method.31 Expected deathswerecomputedby applyingtheobservedage, calendaryear, TABLE III--SOURCES OF DIAGNOSIS (MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS AND OTHER CAUSES) Source Other causes Malignant neoplasms Total Necropsy histology Clinical report Physician report Other Total 62 ( 2 5 1 % ) 85 (34-4%) 54 ( 2 1 - 9 % ) 46 (18-6%) 247 ( 6 8 - 6 % ) 69 ( 6 1 1 % ) 32 (2 8 - 3 % ) 12 (10-6% ) -- (0-0%) 113 (3 1 - 4 % ) 131 (3 6 - 4 % ) 117 ( 3 2 - 5 % ) 66 (1 8 - 3 % ) 46 ( 1 2 - 8 % ) 360* (100-0% ) Deceased with known causes. 2681 V - .7 & 1 VOL 338: OCT 19,1991 THE LANCET 961 TABLE IV--STANDARDISED MORTALITY RATIOS (MEN. ALL CAUSES) WITH WEST GERMAN NATIONAL DATA AND GAS WORKERS AS REFERENCES Group West German reference No 0 E SMR Gas workers' reference* 0E SMR Total Entry $1954 Entry > 1954 Employment <20 yr Employment >20 yr 1148 296 852 1030 118 313 3128 123 131-5 190 181-2 279 277 0 34 35-7 1-00(0-89-1-12) 0-94 (0-78-1-12) 105 (0-91--1-21) 1*01 (0-89-1-13) 0-95 (0-66-1-33) 249 186-2 102 80-2 147 106-0 227 164-9 22 21-3 1-34 (1-18-1-51) 1-27 (1-04-1-54) 1-39 (1-17-1-63) 1-38(1-20-1-57) 1-03 (0-65-1-56) N o - number of men; 0 - observed; E- expected; SMR =*standardised mortality ratio (with 95% Cl). In comparison with gas workers Boehringer cohort was restricted to 1985. sex, and cause specific mortality rates of the gas workers or rates for West Germany to the person-years of the Boehringer cohort. National mortality data were available from the Federal Office of Statistics for most malignant neoplasms ofinterest, though for some only since 1965. 95% confidence intervals (Cl) were calculated assuming the Poisson distributic. . The progrrm used Re calculations was developed a. the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg Results T h e Boehringer cohort included 1184 men and 399 women (table I). N o company records could be located for 39 men and 14 women identified from union registers or by interview with cohort members. In this group 8 deaths in men and 2 in women were recorded. T he date of birth was not available for 1 person. Vital status was determined for 1537 persons (97-1%) by 1989. 367 deaths were documented (313 men, 54 women; table II). For 7 cases (1-9%) causes of death remained unknown. Table III shows the distribution of sources of diagnosis. T he reviewing pathologists confirmed malignant neoplasm as the underling cause o f death in 111 cases (91 men, 20 women). 1 death out of 111 records of the gas worker group was not attributed to cancer. 2 additional cases, confirmed by necropsy, were identified after the review in the Boehringer cohort. 1 additional case of lung cancer in a man who had died in 1958 was reported by his next of kin, but no medical record was available. T his case was not included in the statistical analysis. T hus malignant neoplasm was the underlying cause of death in 93 men and 20 women. M ortality am ong m en Total mortality equalled that of West Germany (SM R 1-00) but was higher than that in the gas worker cohort (1 -34>- (table IV). T he SM R was slightly greater for those who began employment after 1954 than for those who began before 1955. For the men working up to 20 years SM Rs were 1-01 and 1-38 with national and gas-worker data as reference; for the group with more than 20 years, employment SMRs were 0-95 and 1 03, respectively. Mortality due to malignant neoplasms (table v) was increased with both national (SM R 1-24) and gas-workers (SM 1-39) references. Analysis after division o f the Boehringer cohort by year of employment entry revealed an increased SM R for all malignant neoplasms among those who entered in 1954 or earlier (SM Rs 1-61 and 1-87) b ut not for those starting employment later. An increase in risk of cancer death was also found for employment at the plant lasting 20 or more years, SM Rs being 1-87 (West Germany) and 1-82 (gas workers). Employment duration and year of entry are highly correlated; nevertheless the cancer mortality risk was more than doubled for those m en who both began employment before 1955 and worked at the plant for 20 years or more (table v). SM Rs for exposure group 1 were raised (table VI); increases were also found for group 2 and group 3 b ut the C Is were large and included unity. T h e subgroup with time of entry before 1955 high exposure, and employment for 20 or more years had the greatest increase in risk: S M R (West Germany) was 3-5 (1-51,6-90) for 8 deaths. T able v ii shows SM Rs by cancer site. F or SM R s (West Germany) there were increases for all sites except colon, but all 95% CIs include unity. In comparison with the gas workers, mortality from lung cancer (SM R 1-67), and haematopoietic cancers (2-65) were significandy increased. O n the Kiel classification 6 cases o f non-Hodgkin lymphoma were observed (reticulosarcoma 2, lymphosarcoma 1, chronic lymphatic leukaemia 3)--but expected numbers, for W est G t.m an y were not available. Ta b l e v--s t a n d a r d is e d m o r t a l it y r a t io s (m e n . m a l ig n a n t n e o p l a s m s ) w it h w e s t g e r m a n n a t io n a l d a t a a n d g a s WORKERS AS REFERENCES West German reference Gas workers' reference* Duration of employment (yr) Total cohort Duration of employment 0-4 5-9 10-19 St20 Entry i 1954 0-4 5-9 19-19 St20 Entry > 1954 0-4 5-9 10-19 >20 No 0 E SMR 1148 93 75-2 1-24 (1-00-1-52) 653 39 34-9 1-12 (0-80-1-53) 158 14 13-3 106 (0-58-1-77) 219 22 17-4 1-27 (0-79-1-92) 118 18 9-7 1-87(1-11-2-95) 296 51 31-6 1-61 (1-20-2-12) 157 14 11-8 1-19 (0-65-2-00) 29 5 4-4 1-12(0-37-2-63) 35 15 7-7 1-95 (1-09-321) 75 17 7-7 2-21 (1-29-3-53) 852 42 43-6 0-96(0-69-1-30) 496 25 23-2 1-08(0-70-1-59) 129 9 8-8 1-02(0-47-1-94) 184 7 9-6 0-73(0-29-1-50) 43 1 1-9 0-52 OE SMR 75 53-8 1-39 (MO-1-75) 32 23-7 1-35(0-93-1-91) 13 10-2 1-27 (0-68-2-18) 17 12-8 1-33 (0-78-2-13) 13 7-1 1-82(0-97-3-11) 43 230 1-87 (1-36-2-52) 12 7-9 1-53 (0-79-2-67) 5 3-7 1-36 (0-44-3-17) 13 5-6 2-31 (1-23-3-95) 13 5-8 2-24(1-19-3-83) 32 30-8 104(0-71-1-47) 20 15-8 1-27 (0-77-1-96) 8 6-5 1-23 (0-53-2-42) 4 7-1 0-56. (0-15-1-43) 0 1-3 962 THE LANCET VOL 338: OCT 19,1991 TABLE VI--STANDARDISED MORTALITY RATIOS (MEN, MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS) BY TCDD EXPOSURE GROUP AND WITH WEST GERMAN NATIONAL DATA AND GAS WORKERS AS REFERENCES West German reference Gas workers' reference Exposure group No 0 E SMR 0E SMR Total cohort I ii hi Duration of employment <20 yr I II III Duration of employment > 20 yr I ii in Entry< 1954 1 ii III Entry > 1954 I ii hi 459 34 23-9 1-42 (0-98-1-99) 613 50 45-1 M l (0-82-1-46) 76 9 62 1-45 (0-66-2 75) 410 26 20-8 1-25 (0-82-1-83) 551 41 391 105 (0-75-1-42) 69 8 5-6 1-42(0-61-2-79) 49 8 31 2-54(1-10-5-00) 62 9 59 1-52 (0-69-2-88) 7 1 0-6 1-78 96 18 8-5 2-11 (1-25-3-34) n 26 18 8 1-38(0-90-2-02) *\T 7 4-3 1-64(0-66-3-39) 363 16 15-4 1-04(0-59-1 69) 440 24 26-2 0-92(0-59-1-36) 49 2 1-9 1-03(0-12-3-71) 29 16-3 1-78(1-19-2-55) 39 32-6 1-20(0-85-1-63) 7 4-8 1-45 (9-58-2-99) 22 14-0 1-57 (0-98-2-37) 32 28-2 1-13(0-78-1-60) 7 4-4 1-60(0-64-3-29) 7 2-3 3-07 (1-24-6-33) 6 4-4 1-36(0-50-2-96) 0 0-5 16 5-7 2-77 (1-59-4-53) 22 13 7 1-6) (1-10-2-44) 5 3-6 1-41 (0-46-3-28) 13 10-6 1-23(0-65-2-10) 17 19-0 0-90(0-52-1-44) 2 1-3 1-57 (0-19-5-67) No death due to soft-tissue sarcoma (IC D 171) was observed. 14 0% of deaths in men were due to unnatural causes (n = 43). T here were 22 suicides, yielding an SM R of 2-29 (1 -38, 3-57) with West Germany as the reference and 3-90 (2-42, 5-97) with the gas workers. M ortality am ong w om en T he 54 deaths in women yielded an SM R (West Germany) o f0-80 (0-60,1 05). For malignant neoplasms the SM R was 0-94 (0-58,1 -45) but only the SM R for carcinoma of the breast was raised at 2T 5 (0-98,4-09) for 9 deaths. The 4 deaths due to unnatural causes included 2 suicides. Only 6-9% o f women worked in high exposure departments. C an cer incidence 12 cases of malignant neoplasm in living m en were known at the end of the follow-up in 1989. These were prostate, urinary bladder (2), floor of the m outh, larynx, colon, rectum, bronchus, spinocellular carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and myelo proliferative syndrome. T he men with bronchial carcinoma had myeloproliferative syndrome and a urinary bladder pap'lloma. 8 malignant neoplasms among living women were breast (5), uterus, pancreas, and colon/skin; in 1 case of breast cancer additionally a carcinoma of the skin was diagnosed. Sm oking D ata on smoking were available for a non-representative group of 361 men in the Boehringer cohort. 73% were self-reported smokers. In the gas worker cohort 76% of 2860 men were smokers. Discussion Company and union records provided almost complete coverage of the cohort. T his, with the mortality follow-up of 97% , makes it unlikely that there is any serious information bias in the Boehringer cohort. In cohort studies there is always the problem which control group is "best" . By using gas workers we could better control for the healthy worker effect and occupational exposure to carcinogens. T he national mortality data enabled us to identify the magnitude of risk in relation to the population and help comparison of our results with other studies. T he use of two standards makes it less likely that the observed effects are due to uncontrolled confounding. T h e different inclusion criteria for the Boehringer and gas worker groups with respect to length of employment required for entry to the cohort did not seriously bias the results since restricting the comparison to Boehringer workerswith duration of employment greater than 10 years did not substantially change the findings. T h e national data came from death certificates, whereas in the Boehringer cohort medical records were used. W hen 190 death certificates in the Boehringer cohort were reviewed, 54 TABLE VII-- STANDARDISED MORTALITY RATIOS (MEN. BY SITE) WITH WEST GERMAN NATIONAL DATA AND GAS WORKERS AS REFERENCES West German reference Gas workers' reference Site ICD No 0 E SMR 0E SMR Hypopharynx Oesophagus Stomach Colon Larynx Lung Skin Prostate Kidney Haematopoietic system 148 150 151 153-154 161 162 172 185 189 200-208 1148 1148 1148 1148 1148 1148 1148 1148 1148 1148 2 1-4 1-42 (0-17-5-14) 3 16 1-86(0-38-5-44) 12 9-9 121 (0-63-2-12) 8 8-7 0-92 (0-40-1 -82) 2 10 2 00 (0-24-7 08) 30 21-3 1-41 (0-95-2-01) 1 0-8 1-28 7 4 9* 1-42 (0-57-2-93) 3 19* 1-56 (0-32-4-56) 7 42* 1-67(0-67-3-44) 2 0-6 3-23(0-39-11-69) 10 8-9 1-11(0-54- 2 06) 6 7-9 0-76(0-28- 1-66) 26 15-6 1-67(109- 2-44) 1 1-2 5 3-6 1-40(0-46- 3-27) 4 14 2-90(0-78- 7-36) 9 3-4 2-65(1-21- 5-03) 'References date available only since 1965. s O -zn 3 VOL 338: OCT 19, 1991 THE LANCET 963 were from cases classified as cancer deaths. In 51 there was concordance; in 3 cases the death certificates did not identify a malignant neoplasm as the underlying cause of death. In 1 case out of 136 classified as non-cancer the death certificate mentioned "occult neoplasm" (ICD 199), whereas the study diagnosis did not. It thus appears unlikely that serious underestimation of expected deaths based on national rates22,25 is an explanation for the observed effects. T he risk of cancer mortality was less for members of the Boehringer cohort who began employment at the plant after 1954 than for those who began earlier. D uring 1951-54, high concentrations of T C D D were present as a contaminant of T C P . In the following years the incidence of chloracne decreased, but cases continued to be reported. T hus, declining exposure to T C D D is a possible explanation of changes in risk of cancer mortality according to date of entrv. T his interpretation ic further supported by tiie jhsence of any other substantia! changes in production processes at the Ham burg plant after 1954. T he relation between length of employment and risk of cancer mortality is further suggestive of a dose-response relation manifesting itself after a latency period. T here were also differences in risk between exposure groups as reflected in departmental assignments. However, this was striking only in men working there for more than 20 years. T h e most striking effect was in members of exposure group 1, who entered in 1954 or earlier, and who were employed for 20 or more years. Exposure to chemicals other than T C D D also occurred in different areas of the plant, and some of these are known or suspected carcinogens. Benzene was used extensively in the synthesis of technical H C H , so potential exposure existed in a part of exposure group 2. Dimethylsulphate was used as a solvent only for the production of opioids (group 3). Manual workers were probably exposed to some extent to asbestos. However, exposure to these substances explains neither the increased mortality from all cancers nor the observed pattern of associations with T C D D exposure groups. Available data on smoking suggest that the percentage of smokers in the Boehringer cohort is similar to that in the gas worker control group. T hus, substantial confounding due to more smoking in the Boehringer cohort seems unlikely. T he similarity of the magnitude of relations between T C D D exposure and national mortality data in the Boehringer and the U S National Institute for Occupational Safety and H ealth (N IO SH )14 cohorts i*. striking. There seems to be no healthy w rrker effect in either cohort. T he SM R for mortality from all cancers was 1T!>' in the N IO S H cohort and 1-24 in the Boehnnger cohort (national data). N o deaths due to soft-tissue sarcoma were found in the Boehringer cohort. However, the excess in the N IO S H cohort was based upon 3 deaths in a cohort almost five times as large as the Boehringer one. We found an increase in mortality from all hematopoietic cancers. T his included 3 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (IC D 200, 202). N o detailed national mortality data on that were available but on an assumption of 1 expected case within 100 cancer deaths24 that would be a three-fold increased risk. In the N IO S H cohort 10 were observed, yielding an S M R of 1-42 (haematopoietic) and 1-33 (NHL). T h e N IO S H subcohort with more than 15 years of exposure showed an SM R of 1-41 (based on 25 cases across all latency categories), which is slightly higher than that of the groups with shorter duration of exposure. T h e effect in our suspected most heavily exposed subgroup (group 1with more than 20 years of employment, SM R 2-54) is more pronounced. Neither study shows a clear linear trend with duration of exposure. Zober et al15found an increased cancer mortality in the chloracne subgroup with 20 years or more since first exposure (SM R 2 01; 90% C l 1-22-3-15). Even in the study of O tt et al25this group showed a slight elevation (1-27; 0-96-1-64). As in the N IO SH study our results show that the increase in cancer mortality is not directed at special sites. T C D D induces tumours in different organs in animals and promotes tumour formation.1,2'24,27 In women we found an increase in breast cancer mortality. In a Danish study28 in the context of herbicide exposure there was no such increase but those women were exposed mainly to 4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxyacetic acid, which is not thought to be contaminated with T C D D . Increased risks of suicide in cohorts potentially exposed to polychlorinated dioxins we.re recorded by Zober et al and Fitzgerald," and Boyle et al30refer to three Vietnam veteran studies with slight increases in suicide rates. A relation to psychological disorders, a possible effect of exposure to polychlorinated dioxins, remains open. T h e increase in cancer risk of 1-24-1 -39 that we found in the Boehringer cohort cannot be explained completely by confounding factors, and our results suggest that this increase is associated with exposure to T O D D . Together with the results of Fingerhut, Zober, and their colleagues our study supports the hypothesis that T C D D is a human carcinogen. Supported by the Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Behrde fr Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales, and the Industriegewerkschaft Chemie, Papier, Keramik, Bezirk Notdmark-Berlin. . REFERENCES 1. Kodba RJ, Keyes D G , Beyer JE, et al. Results of a two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachk>ro-dibenzo-pdioxin in rats. Toxicol A p p l Pharm acol 1978; 46; 279-303. 2. N T P (US National Toxicology Program). Carcinogenesis bioassay of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-diaxin (caseno 1746-01-5) in OsbomeMendcl-rats arid B6C3F1 mice (gavage study). Washington: US Government Printing Office (DHHS publication N IH 82-1765), 1982. 3. Rao M S, Subbaro V, Prasad JD , Scarpclli DG. Carcinogenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin'in die Syrian golden hamster. Carcinogenesis 1988; 9:1677-79. 4. Lilienfeld D E, Gallo MA. 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD: an overview. Epidemiol Review 1989; 11:28-58. 5. Bond AG, Bodner KM , Cook RR. Phenoxy herbicides and cancer Insufficient epidemiologic evidence for a causal relationship. Fund A p p l Toxicol 1989; 12:172-88. 6. Eriksson M , Hard ell L , Adami HO. Erposurt tc dioxins as a risk factor for soft tissue sarcoma: a population-based case-copcrol-study. J N a d Cancer In u 1990; 82:486-90. 7. Hoar Zahm S, Weisenburger D D , Babitt PA, Saal RC, Vaught JB, Kantor KP, Blair A. A case-control study ofnon-Hodgkin's lymphoma and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceric add (2,4-D) in-Eastern Nebraska. Epidemiology 1990; 1: 349-56. 8. Woods JS, Polissar L, Severson R K , Heuser LS, Kulander BG. Soft-tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in relation to phenoxy herbicide and chlorinated phenol exposure in western Washington. J N a ll Cancer h u t 1987; 78:899-910. 9. Persson B, Dahlander A, Frcdriksson M , Brage N H , Ohlson CG, Axelson O. Malignant lymphoma and occupational exposures. B r J In d M e d 1989; 46: 516-20. 10. Pearce, NE, Sheppard RA, Smith AH, Teague CA. Non-Hodgkin'slymphoma and fanning: an expanded case-control study. I r u J Cancer 1987; 39: 155-61. 11. Wikiund K, Dich J, Holm L. Risk of malignant lymphoma in Swedish pesddde appliers. B r J Cancer 1987; 56:505-08. - 12. Hardell L , Johansson B, Axelson O. Epidemiological study of nasal and nasopharyngeal cancer and their relation to phenoxy add or chlorophenol exposure. A m J In d M e d 1982; 3:247-57. 13. Thiess AM, Frentzel-Beyme R, Link R. Mortality study of persons exposed to dioxin in a trichlorophenol-process accident that occurred in 2684 i 964 THE LANCET VOL 338: OCT 19,1991 the BASF-AG on November 17 1953. A m J I n d M e d 1982; 3s 179-89. 14. Fingerhut MA, Halperin WE, Marlow DA, Piacitelli LA, Honchar PA, Sweeney MH, et al. Cancer mortality in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. N EnglJ M e d 1991; 199:212-18. 15. Zober A, Messerer P, Huber P. Thirty-four year mortality follow-up of BASF employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD after the 1953 accident. In t A rch Occ Environ H ealth 1990; 62: 139-57. 16. Kaune A, Fiedler H, Hutzingcr O. Dioxine und Furane--Quellen, Eintrag in die Umwelt und Aufnahme durch den Menschen (Literaturstudie). Lehrstuhl fr kologische Chemie und Geochemie der Universitt, Bayreuth, 1990. 17. Beck H, Eckart K, Mathar W, Wittkowski R. Levels of PCDD's and PCDF's in adipose tissue of occupationally exposed workers. Chemosphere 1989; 18: 507-16. 18. Bond GG, McLaren EA, Lipps T E , Cook RR. Update of mortality among chemical workers with potential exposure to higher chlorinated dioxins. J O ccupM ed 1989; 31: 121-23. 19. Zack JA, Gaffcy WR. A mortality study of workers employed at the Monsanto Company plant in Nitro, West Virginia. Environ S ei Res 1983; 26: 575-91. 20. Manz A, Berger J, Waltsgott H. Zur Frage des Berufskrebses bei Beschftigten der Gasindustrie--Cohorter,stud<c. Foxy* .ungsbericht Nr. 352 d?r Bundesanstalt fr Arbeitsschutz, Dortmund. Winschaftsverlafc-NW, Biemerhaven, 1983. 21. Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research: vol II. The design and analysis of cohort studies. I A R C S d P ubl 1987; 82:1-406. 22. Hpker WW, Burkhardt HU. Validittsuntersuchungen zur amtlichen Todesursachenstatistik. Verh D Ges Pathol 1984; 68:431. 23. Kircher T , Nelson J, Burdo H. The autopsy as a measure of accuracy of the death certificate. N E ngl J M e d 1985; 313:1263-69. 24. Johnson ES. Association between exposure to phenoxys/chlorophenols and soft-tissue sarcomas and malignant lymphomas. F und A p p l Toxicol 1990; 14:219-34. 25. On MG, Olson RA, Cook RR, Bond GG. Cohort mortality study of chemical worker with potential exposure to higher chlorinated dioxins. J Occup M e d 1987; 29:422-29. 26. Pitot HC, Goldsworthy T , Campbell HA, Poland A. Quantitative evaluation of the promotion by 2,3,7,8'tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dipxin of hepatocardnogenesis from dimethylnitrosamine; Cancer Res 1980; 40: 2616-20. 27. Poland A, Palen D, Glover E. Tumour promotion by TC D D in skin of HRS/J hairless mice. N ature 1982; 300:271--73. 28. Lynge E. A follow-up of cancer inddence among workers in manufacture of phenoxy herbiddes in Denmark. B r J Cancer 1985; 52:259-70. 29. Fitzgerald E F, Weinstein AL, Youngblood LG,. Standfast SJ, Melius JM. Health effects three years after potential exposure to the toxic contaminar*^ of an electrical vransfcmier fire. A rch E n vir H ealth 1989; 44:214-21. 30. Boyle CA, Decoufle P, O'Brian TR. Long-term health consequences of military service in Vietnam. Epidemiol R e v 1989; 11:1-27. Outcome in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and negative angiography according to pattern of haemorrhage on computed tomograpj G abriel J. E. R in k e l Eelco F . M . W ijd ic k s D jo H as^ G eorge E. M . K ien str a Cees L . F ranke L oes M . ] M a r in u s Ver m eu len Jan van G ijn 15% of patients w ith spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage have normai cerebral angiograms; they fare better than patients w ith demonstrated aneurysm s, though reblefecjing and cerebral ischaemia can still occur. In p a in ts w ith a normal angiogram and accum ulation of bloqd in the cisterns around the midbrain-- "perim esenceohalic nonaneurysmal haemorrhage"-- outcome ^ e x c e lle n t. To test the hypothesis that rebleeding and^disability in angiogram-negative subarachnoid haemorrhage might be limited to those w ith other patternsSpfy haemorrhage on initial computed tom ograpj (C T ), com plications and long-te>m outcome Were studied in 113 patient, with angiogr;>rn-negativ<i subarachnoid haemorrhage, admitted Jtfetween January, 1983, and Ju ly , 1990. A ll patients were investigated X vith thirdgeneration C T scans w ithin 72 h ot/fne event, and w ith cerebral angiography. The/m ean follow -up period w as 45 (range 6 -9 6 ) months. None of 77 patients w ith a perim esencephalic pattern of haemorrhage on C T died or w as left disabled as a result of the haemorrhage (0% [95% confidence interval 0 -5 % ]). Among the other 36 patients, who had a blood distnjxition on C T indistinguishable from that in prdven aneurysmal bleeds, 4 had rebleeds and 9 died or were left disabled as result of the haemorrhage (25% [1 4 -4 3 % ]). Thus, two distinct subsets of patients with angiogram-negative subarachnoid haemorrhage should be razbgnised. Patients w ith a perimesencephafic pattern of haemorrhage have an excellent prognosis. Rebleeding, cerebral ischaem ia, and residuafdisability occur exclusively in patients w ith aneniysm al patterns of haemorrhage on initial CT. Repeated angiography in search of an occult aneurysm is justified only in the patients w ith aneurysmal patterns. Lancet 1991; 338: 964-68. Introduction More than halfofpatients with aneurysmal rupture die or vremain severely disabled.1 Blood in the basal cisterns on computed tomography (C T ) strongly suggests aneurysmal e,2but the cause o f the bleed remains uncertain until it ned by cerebral angiography. Despite substantial tmprovehqents in imaging acquisition, angiography fajls to show an aneurysm in 15% of patients with spontaneous subarachnoid \haem orrhage.13"7 It is .widely believed that patients wjth angiogram-negative subarachnoid haemorrhage have m ore favourable prognosis than those with positive angiograms. Nevertheless, they may suffer fatal rebleeds and lon g -to m disability.3,5,4,8'10. ADDRESSES: University Deparmwnts of Neurology, Utrecht (G. J. E. Rinkel. MD. E. F. M. Wijdicks. IMp. Prof J. van Gijn, MO), and Rotterdam (D. Hasan, MD, Prof M. Vermeulen, MD); University Department of Neurosurgery, Acadefajc Medical Centre, Amsterdam (L. M. Hageman, MD); anasD epartm ents of Neurology, St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg ( G .t M . Kienstra, MD), and Da Waver Hospital, Heerlen, the Netherlands (C. L. Franke. MD). Correspondence to Dr Gabriel J. E. Rinkel, University Department of Neurology. Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands. 2G85 /o p-aT % THE LANCET Vol 338 Saturday 26 October 1991 No 8774 Cancer mortality in workers exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols R o d o l fo Sara cci M a n o l is K o g ev in a s P ier -Al b e r t o Ber ta zzi Bas H . Bu en o d e M esq u it a D avid Co g g o n L o is M . G r e e n T im o K a u p p in e n K r is t a n A . L 'Abb E M argareta L it t o r in Elsebeth L ynge John D . M athew s M anfred N euberger John O sm an N e il Pearce R eg in a W in k elm a n n Epidemiological studies have revealed an increased risk of cancer, notably soft-tissue sarcomas and non-Hodgkin's lympnomas, in people occupationally exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides, including those contaminated by 2, 3 ,7 , 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (T C D D ). We report here a historical cohort study of mortality in an international register of 18 910 production workers or sprayers from ten countries. Exposure w as reconstructed through questionnaires, factory or spraying records, and job histories. Cause-specific national death rates were used as reference. No excess w ar obsen/ed in all-cause mortality, for all neoplasms, for the most common epithelial cancers, or for lymphomas. A statistically non-significant tw o-fold excess risk, based on 4 observed deaths, w as noted for softtissue sarcoma w ith a standardised mortality ratio (S M R ) of 196 and 95% confidence interval (C l) 53-502; this w as concentrated as a six-fold statistically significant excess, occurring 10-19 years from first exposure in the cohort as a whole (S M R = 606 [1 6 5 -1 5 5 2 ]) and, for the same time period, as a nine-fold excess among sprayers (SM R = 882 [1 8 2 -2 5 7 9 ]). Risks appeared to be increased for cancers of the testicle, thyroid, other endocrine glands, and nose and nasal cavity, based on small numbers of deaths. The excess of soft-tissue sarcom as among sprayers is compatible w ith a causal role of chlorophenoxy herbicides but the excess does not seem to be specifically associated w ith those herbicides probably contaminated by TC D D . L a n c et 1991; 338:1027-32. Introduction Chlorophenoxy herbicides have been used extensively since the mid-1950s for control of weeds and for removing unwanted brush on non-crop land.1 In the 1960s an equal mixture of 2,4-dichloro and 2,4,5-trichloro phenoxyacetic acids (agent orange) was heavily used in South Vietnam and Cambodia for defoliation by the U S armed forces. Since 1969 in several industrialised countries, production and use of some compounds, and especially of 2,4,5richloiophenoxyacenc acad (2,4,5-T) and its derivatives have been reduced or banned. Chlorinated phenols are ADDRESSES: Unit of Analytical Epidemiology. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (R. Saracci, MD. M. Kogevinas, PhD, R Winkelmann, MA): University of Milan, Italy (Prof P. A. Bertazzi, MD): National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands (B. H. Bueno de Mesquita, MD): Medical Research Council Environmental Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK (D. Coggon, MD): Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Canada (L. M. Green, CPH); Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland (T. Kauppinen, PhD); Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Toronto. Canada (K. A. L'Abb, PhD); Lund University. Sweden (M. Littorin, MD); Danish Cancer Registry, Copenhagen, Denmark (E. Lynge, PhD); Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Australia (Prof J. D. Mathews, MD); Institute of Environmental Hygiene, Vienna, Austria (Prof M. Neuberger, MD); Health and Safety Executive, Bootle, Merseyside, UK (J. Osman, MD): Wellington School of Medicine, New Zealand (N. Pearce, PhD). Correspondence to Dr Rodolfo Saracci, Unit of Analytical Epidemiology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69372, Cdex 08, France. j 2687 V-Xltl 1028 THE LANCET VOL 338: OCT 26,1991 intermediates in the production of these chlorophenoxy herbicides and are also used direcdy for wood preservation. Both groups of compounds may be contaminated during the production process with polychlorinated dioxins and furans, including tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin, T C D D ), which is a widespread contaminant of the general environment.1 Studies of cancer risks have revealed excesses for soft-tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in populations exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides, chlorinated phenols, dioxins, and furans during manufacture and spraying or after accidents.2-26 In 1987 an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) working group concluded that there was "limited" evidence of human carcinogenicity for chlorophenoxy herbicides and chlorinated phenols.27 A recent paper,16 focusing on exposure in chemical plants to "dioxin" , reported excesses for cancer or the respiratory tract and soft-tissue sarcoma, but could not exclude the contribution of smoking and other exposures in the workplace. We present here the first detailed mortality analysis o f a large international cohort of workers (the International Register of Workers Exposed to Phenoxy Herbicides and their Contaminants) set up by the IA R C in association with the U S National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (N IEH S). Results for some cohorts in the register have been reported earlier4'8,9,13but for different follow-up periods. Material and methods Stu d y population The register incorporates information on 17 372 male workers, 1537 female workers, and 1 of unknown sex, distributed among twenty cohorts from ten countries (table I). Since publication o fthe register population2*minor corrections have led to the exclusion of 62 workers found to be ineligible. Workers from one British company which both produced and sprayed herbicides have been separated here into two cohorts (14 and 20). T he register includes workers ever employed in production or spraying, except in the cohorts from Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, in which minimum employment periods of 1 year, 6 months, and 1 month, respectively, were specified, Eligibility of cohorts depended on the completeness at company level of records identifying workers and on the ability to ensure tracing rates of95% or more. Follow-up for mortality was based either on computerised national record systems or on active follow-up procedures. Additional information on cases of soft-tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases was sought from medical records and cancer registries. Denmuf*, New Zeaian-;, Finland, and Sweden provided incidence data from population-based cancer registries. Person-years at risk were calculated from 1955 onwards since only from that year were cancer-specific mortality rates available for all participating countries. Excluded from the analysis were 220 workers who either died or were lost to follow-up before 1955, 105 workers with unknown year of first exposure, 131 with unknown year of birth, 1 with unknown sex, and 63 with other missing information. The 18 390 workers included comprise 16 863 males and 1527 females, and 307 488 person-years at risk were accumulated, with an average follow-up of 17 years. Workers lost to follow-up constituted 5% of the total cohort, and in no individual cohort did this proportion exceed 10%. Exposure assessm ent Questionnaires were constructed for factories producing chlorophenoxy herbicides or chlorinated phenols and for spraying cohorts. These were completed with the assistance of industrial hygienists, workers, and/or factory personnel. Industry and other production records were also used. Job histories were examined when available. Workers were classified as exposed, probably exposed, exposure unknown, or non-exposed: TABLE I-DESCRIPTION OF COHORTS IN INTERNATIONAL REGISTER Cohort No Type Period of of at Main chemicals subjects cohort Sex risk sprayed or produced 1, Australia 2177 S M 1955-83 2,4,5-T/2,4-D 2, Austria 159 PC B 1971-88 2,4,5-T/2,4-D MCPA/2,4,5-TCP 2,4-DCP 3, Canada 1222 S M 1955-82 2,4,5-T/2,4-D 4, Denmark* 3843 P B 1955-82 MCPA/MCPP 2,4-DP 5, Denmark 6, Finland 616 P B 1955-82 2,4-DP/MCPA 62 P B 1955-85 2,3,4,6-TeCP 7, Italy 325 P B 1970-86 2,4,5-TCP 8 , Italy 81 P B 1967-86 2,4-D/MCPA 9, Netherlands 1167 P B 1955-85 2,4,5-T/2,4,5-TCP 10, Netherlands 1143 P B 1965-86 MCPA/MCPP/2,4-D 11, New Zealand 1038 P B 1969-87 2,4,5-T/2,4-D MCPA/MCPB/ 2,4,5-TCP 12, New Zealand 780 S B 1973-87 2,4,5-T/MCPA/2.4-D 13, Sweden 270 P B 1965-86 2,4-D/MCPA/MCPP 2,4,6-TCP 14, UK* 1531 P M 1955-87 MCPA 15, UK 145 P M 1960-85 PCP 16, UK 1147 P M 1975-87 2,4-DB/MCPA MCPP/2,4-D/2,4- D P 2,4,5-T 17, UK 353 P M ..t-8 7 MCPB/PBA 18, UK 275 P M 1969-87 2.4-DP/2.4-DB MCPA/MCPP 19, UK 528 P M 1969-87 MCPA/MCPP/2.4-D 2,4-DP 20, UK 2013 S M 1955-87 MCPA s * sprayers; p " production; PC " chlorcne cases in production. M = males; B= both sexes. 2 .4 -0 " 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4-DP" 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid; 2,4-DB" 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanotcacid; 2.4,5-T - (2,4,5trichforophenoxy)-acetic acid; 2,4.5-TP" 2-(2.4.5-trichlorophenoxy)*propanoic acid; MCPA" (4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid; MCPP" 2-(4-chloro-2methyl-phenoxy)propanoic acid: MCPB" 4-(4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxy) butanoic acid; 2,4-DCP * 2,4-dichlorophenol; 2,4,5-TCP " 2,4,5-trichk>rophenoi; 2,4,6-TCP " 2,4.6-trichlorophenol; 2.3,4.6-TeCP " 2,3.4.6-tetrachlorophenol; PCP" pentachtorophenol; PBA" phenoxybutyric acid. *35 additional subjects from Denmark and the United Kingdomwere exposed during both production and spraying. YPormulators and packers = 1982-87; handymen 1967-87; process workers " 1963-87. E x p o se d w orkers (n = 13 482) comprise all known to have sprayed chlorophenoxy herbicides and all who had worked in any of the following departments at factories producing chlorophenoxy herbicides or chlorinated phenols: synthesis, finishing, formulation, packing, maintenance/repair, laboratory, chemical effiuent/waste, cleaning, shipping/tiansportatior/storts/warhouse, plant supervision, cleaning during accident, and other and unclassified exposure. Probably e x p o se d w orkers (n = 416) comprise all workers in cohorts 15 and 18; no job titles were available but it was judged that most workers would have been exposed. (Exposed and probably exposed are aggregated for some analyses, as indicated in the'text.) W orkers w ith unkno w n exposu re (n = 541) had no information on exposure status. N o n -e x p o se d w orkers (n = 3951) were those never employed in the parts of factories which produced chlorophenoxy herbicides or chlorinated phenols and who never sprayed chlorophenoxy herbicides came mainly from Australia, Denmark, Netherlands, New Zealand, and UK (224, 1966, 1283, 214, and 180, respectively). Although not exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides they were exposed to other chemicals, such as dyes and rodenticides. Workers were also categorised as producers (12 492) and sprayers (5898). Exposed and probably exposed workers were also classified by groups of chemicals produced or sprayed (9377 chlorophenoxy herbicides, 408 chlorinated phenols, and 4113 both) and within the manufacturing cohorts by department (3034main production, 1522 I 2688Da7^ VOL 338: OCT 26,1991 THE LANCET 1029 TA B LE II-- M O RTALITY BY D ETA ILED CAU SE AND EXPO SU RE TO CH LO RO PH EN O XY H ER BIC ID ES AND/OR CH LO RO PH EN O LS, BOTH SEXES Cause of death (IC D 8) AH causes Malignant neoplasms (140-207) Buccal cavity and pharynx (140-149) Oesophagus (150) Stomach (151) Intestine, except rectum (152-153) Rectum (154) Liver, gallbladder and bileduct (155-156) Pancreas (157) Peritoneum (158) Unspecified digestive organs (159) Nose & nasal cavities (160) Larynx (161) Trachea, bronchus and lung (162) Connective and other soft tissue (171) Skin (172-173) Male breast (174) Female breast (174) Female genital organs (180-184) Prostate (185) Testis (186) Bladder (188) Kidney (189) Brain (191-192) Thyroid gland (193) Other endocrine gland (194) Ill-defined sites (195,199) Lymphosarcoma (200,202) Hodgkins disease (201) Multiple myeloma (203) Leukaemia and aleukaemia (204-207) Benign and unspecified neoplasms (210-239) Circulatory system (3 9 0 -4 5 3 ) Respiratory system (460-519) Accidents, poisonings, violence (E800-E999) Unknown causes Exposed 92* (88-96)(1870) 101 (92-110)(499) 116(58-207) (11) 60(26-119) (8) 89 (64-121) (40) 113(81-154) (41) 110 (70-163) (24) 44(12-113) (4) 112(73-164) (26) 156(19-564) (2) 331 (90-846) (4) 291 (60-851) (3) 145 (63-285) (8) 102(87-118) (173) 201 (55-515) (4) 32* (7-941 (3 ) 345 (42-1246) (2) 30(1-166)//) 94 (19-274) (3) 111 (75-158) (30) 225 (90-464) (7) 80(42-136) (13) 97 (48-173) (11) 38* (14-82) (6 ) 367 (100-940) (4 ) 462 (95-1349) (3 ) 131 (83-197) (23) 97(48-173)///) 39 (5-141) (2) 69(19-178) (4) 117(70-186) (1 8) 199* (103-348) (12) 90* (84-97) (857) 72* (60-86) (125) 100(86-116) (174) -- (50) SM R (95% C l) (no of observed deaths) Probably exposed Non-exposed 122(93-158) (58) 129 (74-210)(16) 0(0-1942) (0) 0(0-971) (0) 0 (0-305) (0 ) 0 (0-479) (0 ) 179(5-995)//) 0(0-2170) (0) 185(5-1032)//) 0 (0-12 296) (0) 0(0-12 296) (0) 0(0-12 296) (0) 0(0-3074) (0) 221* (110-395) (11) 0 (0-7378) (0) . 0*(0-2$38' (9) -0(0-3-6-889) (0 ) -- --0 (0-671) (0 ) 0 (0-5270) (0) 227(6-1266) //) 0(0-1537) (0) 0(0-1025) /0) 0 (0-12 296) (0 ) 0(0-36 889) (0 ) 0 (0-802) (0 ) 0(0-1476) (0) 769 (19-4286) / / ) 0 (0-2838) (0 ) 0(0-1118) (0) 0 (0-2459) (0 ) 111 (72-165) (25) 95 (31-221) (5 ) 169 (55-394) (5 ) -- <0) 103(93-114) (392) 99 (81-120) (100) 59(2-330)//) 255 (83-595) (5) 85 (34-175) (7) 67 (22-156) (5) 43 (5-156) (2) 83 (10-300) (2 ) 61 (13-177) (3 ) 0(0-1085) (0) 870* (105-3141) (2) 0(0-2170) (0) 90(2-502)//) 140 (100-190) (40) 0 (0-878) (0) 1.44(30 *22) (3 ) 0 (0-3689) (0) 114(31-293) (4 ) 89(18-260) (3) 40(5-143) (2) 0 (0-444) (0) 56 (7-202) (2) 35(1-197)//) 86 (18-250) ( 3 ) 0 (0-1230) (0) 0 (0-1942) (0) 153 (50-357) (5) 178 (48-455) (4) 0 (0-332) (0 ) 160 (19-578) (2 ) 88 (18-256) (3 ) 317* (103-739) (5) 99 (84-116) (162) 106 (69-156) (25) 108 (77-146) (41) -- ill) Unknown 157*(119-203)(57) 135 (72-231) (13) 667 (17-3714) / / ) 0(0-2170) (0) 0(CM92)/0) 164 (4-913) / / ) 238 (6-1327) / / ) 435 (11-2423) / /) 0 (0-820) (0 ) 3333(84-18 572) //) 0 (0-18 444) (0 ) 0(0-36 889) (0 ) 0 (0-3074) (0 ) 110(23-320) (3 ) 0 (0-12296) (0 ) 0(0-2049) (0) 0(0-36889) (0) 0(0-1537) (0) 0 (0-753) (0) 217(6-1211) // ) 0 (0-3074) (0) 0 (0-1085) (0) 0(0-1366) (0) 556 (67-2007) (2 ) 0 (0-18 444) (0 ) 0(0-36889) (0) 323(8-1797) ( i ) 0 (0-1757) ( 0 ) 0 (0-3353) ( 0 ) 0 (0-3074) (0 ) 0(0-1025) (0) 0 (0-2306) (0 ) 113(64-183)(16) 191 (52-490) (4 ) 319* (182-518)(16) -- d) *p<005. maintenance and cleaning, 1665 other, 1907 unclassifiable). A substantial number of workers producing chlorophenoxy herbicides may also have exposed to chlorophenols (eg, p-chloro-ocresol) which are used as raw materials in the synthesis of chlorophenoxy adds. Exposure to the most toxic dioxin congener (2,3,7,8,-TCDD) may occur during production of 2,4,5-TCP and 2,4,5-T, and during spraying ofherbiddes containing 2,4,5-T or its derivatives.1Factories4,5,6,8,10,14,15,17,18, and 20(n = 6845)had either not produced 2,4,5-T or had produced very little ofit (around 10 tonnes per year during t}> study period), b ark ers in these factories were exposed to various chlorophenoxy herbiddes, chlorinated phenols, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, and furans but were probably not exposed to TCD D . Thus within the register population it was possible to differentiateworkers probably exposed to TC D D and workers probably not exposed to TCDD. Production aeddents were known to have occurred in two cohorts (factories 7 and 9), 319 workers being exposed. There were 181 chloracne cases among workers in the cohort, 128 of whom came from cohort 2, which incorporated only workers diagnosed with chloracne. 9 production workers with a history of chloracne from exposure to polychlorinated dioxins in 1971-73 had a median level of 340 pg TC D D per g blood lipids (range 98-659), higher than 4 unexposed workers horn the same plant (median 18, range 8-28 pg/g) and 17 external controls (median 16, range < 5 to 23 pg/g) (M. Neuberger et al, to be published elsewhere.) S ta tistica l an alysis The person-years method was used to derive standardised mortality ratios (SMR) with 95% confidence intervals (Cl) based on the Poisson distribution." An excess or deficit of an SMR is regarded as statistically significant at p < 0-05 (two-tail) when the Cl does not include 100. The WHO Mortality Data Bank was used to compute national mortality reference rates for sex, age (in 5-year age groups), and calendar period (in 5-year periods, except when such a period coincides with an ICD revision). Duration of exposure was treated as a time-dependent variable in the allocation of personyears at risk. Poisson regression analysis was applied for selected sites." C odin g Coding of underlying cause of death was done nationally. A conversion table has been prepared in IARC to allow the pooling of results over different ICD revisions.31-" About 40% of soft-tissue sarcomas (one of the a priori neoplasms of interest) develop in parenchymal organs" and are not coded under ICD 171 (8th and 9th revision, "malignant neoplasms of connective and other soft tissue"). Histological diagnoses were not generally available and reference mortality rates are not available for sarcomas not coded as ICD 171. SMRs for soft-tissue sarcoma therefore relate only to sarcomas coded as ICD 171. Information on other sarcomas, identified from medical records and cancer registration, is presented but no statistical analysis was done. Results All-cause mortality was lower than xpected from national rates (SM R = 95 [95% C l 91-99]). Among exposed workers, this was mainly because of low mortality for circulatory and respiratory diseases (SM R = 90 [84-97], SM R = 72 [60-86], respectively). Workers with unknown 2 8 8 9 iP'W? 1030 THELANCET VOL 338: OCT 26, 1991 TABLE III--MORTALITY FOR ALL MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS AND FOR SOFT-TISSUE SARCOMA AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA SEPARATELY. BOTH SEXES All malignant neoplasms Soft-tissue sarcomas Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas -- Obs Exp SMR (95% Cl) Obs Exp SMR (95% Cl) Obs Exp SMR (95% Cl) Exposure Exposed and probably exposed Non-exposed 515 508 85 101 (93-110) 100 101-08 99(81-120) 4 204 1% (53-502) 0 042 0(0-878) 11 11-64 95(47-169) 4 2*25 178 (48-455) Type o f cohort* Production Sprayers 253 258-91 98(86-111) 262 249-94 105(93-118) 1 1-03 97 (3-541) 3 101 297 (61-868) 8 5 36 149 (64-294) 3 6-28 49 (10-140) C hem icals produced or sprayed* Both Phenoxy Chlorophenols 112 106-70 105 (86-126) 384 385-28 100(90-110) 19 16-82 113(68-176) 1 0-48 208(5-1161) 3 1*50 200 (41-585) 0 006 0(0-6148) 4 2-37 169 (46-432) 7 896 78 (32-161) 0 0-31 0(0-1190) TCDD exposure* Probable Unlikely Years since first exposure* 30+ 20-29 10-19 0-9 D uration o f exposure* (yr) 20 + 10-19 1-9 <1 236 21512 110(96-125) 279 293-76 95 (84-107) 74 88-60 84 (66-105) 171 159-19 107 (92-125) 170 166-49 102(87-119) 100 94-53 106 (86-129) 36 42-17 85(60-118) 74 76 16 97 (76-122) 234 230-54 102(89-115) 168 155 68 108 (92-126) 2 1-00 200 (24-723) 2 1-04 193 (23-695) 5 5-76 87 (28-203) 6 5-88 102(37-222) 0 0-24 0(0-1537) 2 1-68 119 (14-430) 0 0-52 0(0-709) 3 3-38 89 (18-259) 4 0-66 606(165-1552) 5 3-94 127 (41-296) 0 0-50 0 (0-738) 1 2-67 38 (1-209) 0 0-15 0(0-2459) 2 0-29 690 (84-2491) 0 0-89 0 (0-415) 2 0-59 339(41-1125) 1 1-02 98 (3-546) 1 1-81 55 (1-308) 3 5-36 56 (12-164) 6 3-35 179 (66-390) D epartm ent* Production Maintenance Other exposure Unclassified 62 60-38 103 (79-132) 40 42-02 95 (68-130) 42 39-65 106(76-143) 107 114-10 94(77-113) 0 0-29 0 (0-1272) 0 015 0 (0-2459) 016 625 (16-3482) 0 0-35 0(0-1054) 2 1-40 143 (17-516) 1 0-91 110(3-612) 3 0-90 333 (69-974) 2 208 96 (12-347) *Exposed and probably exposed workers are grouped together. exposure status h ad h igh all-cause m ortality (table II), especially for accidents, poisoning, an d violence including su ic id e (SM R = 319 [182-518]). Table n gives SM Rs (and 95% CIs) and observed deaths for major causes of death and for malignant neoplasms by site and exposure for both sexes combined since only 10 deaths from cancer were available for analysis among exposed females. Significant excesses were observed among males for malignant thyroid and benign and unspecified neoplasms in the exposed category, malignant neoplasms of trachea, bronchus and lung in the probably exposed category, and malignant neoplasms of unspecified digestive organs and benign and unspecified neoplasms in die non- exposed category; significant deficits were observed for malignant neoplasms of skin and of brain. Exposed workers had SMRs above 200 for neoplasms of unspecified digestive organs, neoplasms of the nose and nasal cavity, soft-tissue sarcoma, breast cancer (in males) and for neoplasms of the testis, other endocrine glands and thyroid. Table III gives combined SM Rs for exposed and probably exposed workers of both sexes, for all neoplasms, soft-tissue sarcomas and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. T he pattern o f risk for all neoplasms by time first exposure did not indicate a strong healthy worker effect, and mortality did not vary substantially between the groups examined. S o ft-tissu e sarcom a 4 deaths were observed, all among exposed male workers (table III). N o increased risk was observed among production workers (1 death), whereas mortality appeared to be increased among sprayers (3 deaths, SM R = 297 [61-868]). All deaths occurred 10-19 years after first exposure, giving rise, for this time interval, to a six-fold excess risk in the cohort as a whole (table ill), and an even greater excess among exposed sprayers (3 deaths, SM R = 882 [182-2579]). N o differentiation in risk was observed in relation to duration of exposure or probable T C D D exposure. 5 additional cases o f soft-tissue sarcoma were recorded in cohort members who were alive at the end of follow-up or who had died with a certified cause of death other than ICD 171. These included 1 non-fatal case in the non-exposed group. Details of all 9 cases are given in table iv. M align an t lym ph om a !____ 14 deaths from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (I C D 200, 2 0 2 ,8th and 9th revision) were observed among men and 1 among women; 11 deaths were in exposed workers, all men. Mortality for exposed/probably exposed workers was dose to expected (SM R = 95) with production workers having a small statistically insignificant increase in mortality (8 deaths, SM R = 149) (table III). 10 out o f 11 deaths occurred more than 10 years after first exposure. 6 deaths occurred among workers exposed for than a year, and no difference in risk could be seen in relation to exposure to T C D D or type of chemical produced. T he highest SM R among production workers was for those in "other jobs" (transport/storage, laboratory workers, plant, supervisors). 4 deaths from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were observed among non- exposed workers in one D anish factory (cohort 4). Mortality for non-exposed workers was higher than that of all exposed 2690 VOL 338: OCT 26, 1991 THE LANCET 1031 Case* Year Sex, of age deatht TABLE IV--DESCRIPTION OF 9 CASES OF SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS Cause of death Histology! Longest held job Years Years since first of exposure exposure 1, Australia M, 46 < 1980 Connective tissue lower limb (ICD 171) Fibrosarcoma ofthe hip Sprayer 16 16 2, Denmark M, 32 <1980 Connective tissue lower limb (ICD 171) Neurofibrosarcoma, lower limb Production, transportation/storage 10 <1 3, Denmark M, 34 Alive, Mesenchymal sarcoma (possible Jan, 1984 liposarcoma, retroperitoneum) Production unspecified 14 . <1 4, Denmark M, 47 <1980 Ill-defined cancer Haemangiopericytoma, back Production transportation/storage 21 8 5, Denmark M,64 <1980 Prostate cancer Leiomyosarcoma, prostate Production, transportation/storage 17 2 6, New Zealand M, 35 Alive, Jan, 1988 Fibrous histiocytoma, lower limb Sprayer 12 12 7, New Zealand M, 55 1980+ Connective tissue upper limb (ICD 171) Neurilemmoma Sprayer 14 12 8, UK M, 43 <1980 Connective tissue unspecified Spindle cell neurilemmoma! (ICD 171) sarcoma Sprayer 18 <1 9, Denmark M, 56 Alive, Jan, 1084 Ld.myosarcoma, larynx Non-exposed 26 <i 1 additional incident case occurred after the end of follow-up in New Zealand. ` Cases 2. 3. 4, 5. 8, and 9 previously reported.2,4'7 IPrecise year of death not provided (or reasons of confidentiality. Histology from cancer registration or medical records. Histology record not retrieved for case 1. workers, and similar to that of production workers (table ill). T he cases arose in seven countries. (Not included in table III are 3 cases in cohort members who were alive at the end of follow-up or whose certified underlying cause of death was not IC D 200 or 202.) Mortality from Hodgkin's disease was below expectation. O th er n eo p la sm s M ore than two-fold increases in risk were noted among exposed workers for several less common neoplasms, most of which have not been previously associated with exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides. 7 deaths from testicular cancer were recorded, with at least a two-fold increase in mortality for the combined group of exposed workers (SM R =220 [89-454) and for the production workers (5 deaths, SM R = 278 [90-648]). 5 deaths occurred 5 or more years after first exposure, and risk was higher in workers probably exposed to T C D D (SM R =296) compared to those probably not exposed (SMR =164). Thyroid cancer mortality was increased for the combined group of exposed workers (4 deaths, SM R = 357 [97-914]), the excess applying both to sprayers and production workers, with deaths registered in three countries. 3 de&Jts from thyroid cancer occurred 10 or more years after first exposure, and risk was higher for workers probably exposed to T C D D (SM R = 426) compared to those probably no exposed (SM R = 308). 3 deaths from neoplasms of other endocrine glands occurred in the U K with increased mortality for the combined group of exposed workers (SM R = 454 [941328]), and separately in sprayers and production workers. Increased mortality from neoplasms of nose and nasal cavity (3 deaths, SM R = 283 [58-827]) was similarly observed only in the U K , with the highest risk in sprayers. T he mortality of cases exposed through accidents was not increased either for all causes (33 deaths, SM R = 98 [67-137]) or for all neoplasms (13 deaths, S M R = 1 2 0 [64-205]). Similarly, no increased risk was seen for chloracne cases for all cause mortality (13 deaths, SM R = 66 [35-113]) or for al neoplasms (5 deaths, SM R = 98 [32-228]). No deaths from soft-tissue sarcoma or nonHodgkin's lymphoma were observed in these groups, but the expected numbers were very low. Results were virtually unchanged when analyses were repeated with exclusion o fall workers with less than one year exposure. Analyses by time since first exposure and duration of exposure for workers probably exposed to T C D D did not show any trends. Analysis using Poisson regression for all cause mortality, all neoplasms, soft-tissue sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, did not reveal different pattern of risk than that shown in the SM R analysis. Discussion T he IARC register provides an opportunity to study, with a common protocol, the mortality experience of workers producing and spraying chlorophenoxy herbicides and/or chlorinated phenols in ten countries. T h is cohort smdy is the largest to have been done on these categories of workers. Nonetheless the attem pt to associate risks with specific agents was only partly successful because there was often simultaneous exposure to several different chlorophenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols (table I) and to other pesticides, raw materials, intermediates, and processing chemicals. T h e risk specifically related to chlorophenoxy herbiddes is best evaluated by looking at sprayers, wno are exposed mainly to these compounds and, in smaller amounts, to other herbicides, and only to negligible amounts of chlorophenol impurities. Workers producing chlorophenoxy herbicides may also have been exposed to chlorophenols during the production process. It was not possible to identify a large group of workers exposed solely to chlorophenols. T h e most toxic dioxin (T C D D ) can be formed during production of 2,4,5-T or 2,4,5-TC P so the identification of factories which did not produce 2,4,5-T or produced only very small amounts and of sprayers not using 2,4,5-T allowed a population to be distinguished in which exposure to T C D D was unlikely (with the caveat that even occasional exposures to high concentrations o f T C D D may lead to accumulation of high tissue burdens18). A non-significant increased risk was observed for soft tissue sarcoma, the excess being significant for sprayers in an analysis by time since first exposure. All 4 cases (in four countries) occurred 10-19 years after first exposure, a time shorter than that observed in Sweden10or the U SA .16T he increased risk was not confined to workers probably exposed 2691 D-SLlHf 1032 THE LANCET VOL 338: OCT 26,1991 to T C D D . O f the 5 additional registered cases of soft-tissue sarcoma, identified from other morbidity or mortality records (3 production workers, 1 sprayer, 1 non-exposed) 1 was in a worker probably exposed to T C D D . A small, non-significant increase in mortality from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was observed among production workers, most deaths occurring more than 10 years after first exposure. 6 out of the 11 deaths were in workers exposed for less than one year. Other studies14-23 have, however, shown risks associated with exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides higher for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas than for soft-tissue sarcomas. There was no increase in mortality from Hodgkin's disease, and the evidence for an association of with exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides has been weaker than that for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We found increased risks for some uncommon neoplasms but these results are difficult to interpret because of the small numbers. Neoplasms o f the thyroid and other endocrine glands have not been previously linked with chlorophenoxy herbicides in man but exposure to T C D D and chlorophenols have been associated with neoplasms of the thyroid and the adrenals in mice and rats.35 Interpretation of our findings will be easier when follow-up of this large cohort is longer--ie, when the num ber of recorded deaths is greater. T h e pattern so far indicates no increased mortality for neoplasms in general for the most common epithelial cancers, and no clearly detectable excess for non-Hodgkin's or for Hodgkin's lymphoma. T he significant six-fold excess of soft-tissue sarcomas occurring in the period 10-19 years since first exposure in the whole cohort, rising to a nine-fold excess in sprayers, is compatible with a causal role for chlorophenoxy herbicides, though not specifically for those probably contaminated with TCD D . Supported by gram No l-ES-95276 of the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. We thank Eric Johnson for his contribution in setting-up the register and David Hoel for support throughout the project; Heiko Becher, Marilyn Fingerhut, and Paolo Boffetta for constructive comments on an earlier draft; David Marlow and William Parsons for help with planning the industrial hygiene investigation; Gilles Ferro for assistance in data management, and Agnes Hanss-Cousseau for manuscript preparation. K.A. L 'A. was in receipt of a research fellowship from IARC during part of the work on this study. REFERENCES 1. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Some halogenated hydrocarbons and pesticide exposures. In: Monographs .bt evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of memicals ;o humans; vol XLI. Lyon: IARC, 1986; 346,395. 2. Bertazzi PA, Zocchetti C, Pesatori AC, Guercilena S, Sanarico M. Ten-year mortality study of the population involved in the Seveso incident in 1976. A m J Epidemiol 1989; 129; 1187-200. 3. Bond G G , Wetterstroem NH, Roush GJ, McLaren EA, Lipps T E , Cook RR. Cause specific mortality among employees engaged in the manufacture, formulation or packaging of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and related salts. B r J In d M e d 1988; 45:98-105. 4. Goggon D, Pannett B, Winter PD, Acheson ED, Bonsall J. Mortality of workers exposed to 2 methyl-4 chlorophcnoxyacedc add. Scand J W ork Environ H ealth 1986; 12:448-54. 5. Cook RR, Bond GG, Olson RA, Ott M G , Gondek MR. Evaluation ofthe mortality experience of workers exposed to chlorinated dioxins. Chemosphere 1986; 15:1969-76. 6. Eriksson M, Hardell L, Berg NO, Moller T , Axelson O. Soft tissue sarcoma and exposure to chemical substances: a case-referent study. B r J I n d M e d m \ ; 3 S : 27-33. 7. Eriksson M, Hardell L, Adami HO. Exposure to dioxins as a risk factor for soft tissue sarcoma: a population-based case-control study. J N a tl Cancer Inst 1990; 82:486-90. 8. Lynge E. A follow-up study of cancer inridence among workers in manufacture ofphenoxy herbiddes in Denmark. B r J Cancer 1985; 52: 259-70. 9. G reen LM . A cohort mortality study o f forestry workers exposed to phenoxy ad d herbiddes. B r J Ind M ed 1991; 48:234-38. 10. H ard ell L , S andstrom A . C ase-control stu d y : S o ft-tissue sarcom a and exposure to phenoxy acetic ad d s or chlorophenols. B r J Cancer 1979; 39:711-17. 11. H ard ell L , Eriksson M , L c n n e r P , L u n g ren E . M alig n an t lym p h o m a and exposure to chemicals, especially organic solvents, chlorophenols and phenoxy adds: a case-control study. B r J Cancer 1981; 43:169-76. 12. D ald cru p L M , Z ellcnrath D . D io x in exposure: 20 y ear follow -up. Lancet 1983; ii: 1134-35. 13. C oggon D , P an n ett B , W in te r P . M o rtality a n d in rid en ce o f cancer at four factories making phenoxy herbiddes. B r J Ind M ed 1991; 48: 173-78. 14. H o a r S K , B lair A , H o lm es F F , Boyosen C D , R obel R J , H o o v er R , Fraum eni JJ Jr. Agricultural herbidde use and risk o f lym phom a and soft tissue sarcoma. J A M A 1986; 256: 1141-47. 15. H o ar Z h am S , W eisen b u rg er D D , B ab b itt P A , Saal R C , V au g h t JB , C an to r K P , B lair A . A case-control stu d y o f n o n -H o d g k in 's lym phom a and the herbidde 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic a d d (2,4-D ) in Eastern N ebraska. Epidemiology 1990; 1:349-56. 16. F in g e rh u t M A , H alp erin W E , M arlo w D A , e t al. C an cer m o rtality in w orkers exposed to 2 3 ,7^-te trac h lo ro d ib e n 20-p-dioxin. Med 1991; ?24: 212-18. 17. Lilienfeld D E , Gailo M A . 2 ,4 -D , 2 ,4 ,5 -T an d 2 ,3 ,7 ,8 -T C D D : an overview. Epidemiol R ev 1989; 11:28-58. 18. C enters for Disease C ontrol. Prelim inary report: 2 3 ,7 ,8 - tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; exposure to hum ans-- Seveso, Italy. M M W R 1988; 48:733-36. 19. Pearce N E , Sm ith A H , H ow ard J K , S h eppard R A , G iles H J , Teague C A . N o n -H o d g k in 's ly m p h o m a an d e x p o su re to p h en o x y h e rb id d e s, chlorophenols, fencing w ork, and m eat works em ploym ent: a case- control study. B r J Ind M ed 1986; 43:75-83. 20. Persson B, D ah lander A , Fredriksson M , Brage H N , O hlson C -G , Axelson O. M alignant lym phom as and occupational exposures. B r J In d M ed 1989; 46:516-20. 21. Sm ith A H , Pearce N , Fisher D O , Giles H J, Teague CA , H ow ard JK . Soft tissue sarcoma and exposure to phenoxy herbiddes and chlorophenols in N e w Z ealand. J N a tl Cancer Inst 1984; 72 :1 1 1 1 -1 7 . 22. V inris P , T erradni B, Ciccone G , Cignetti A , Colom bo E , D onna A , M affi L , Pisa R , R ica P , Zanini E , Com ba P . Phenoxy herbiddes and soft tissue sarcomas in female rice weeders: a population-based case-control study. Scand J W ork Environ Health 1987; 13:9-17. 23. W igle D T , Sem endw R M , W ilkins K , Riedel D , R itter L , M orrison H I, M ao Y. M ortality study o f Canadian male farm operators: non- H o d g k in 's lym phom a m ortality an d agricultural p ractices in Saskatchewan. J N a tl Cancer Inst 1990; 82:575-82. 24. W iklund K , D ich J, H olm L -E , Eklund G . Risk o f cancer in pestidde applicators in Swedish agriculture. B r J In d M ed 1989; 46:809-14. 25. W oods JS, Polissar L , Sevenson R K , H enser L S , K ulander B G . Soft tissue sarcom a an d n o n -H o d g k in 's ly m p h o m a in relation to phenoxy herbidde and chlorinated phenol exposure in western W ashington. J N a t l Cancer Inst 1987; 78:899-910. 26. Z ober A, M esserer P , H uber P. Thirty-four-year m ortality follow-up of B A SF employees exposed to 2 3 3 8 -T C D D after the 1953 aeddent. Ira Arch Occup Environ H ealth 1990; 62: 139-57. 27. IA R C M onographs on the Evaluation o f Carcinogenic Risks to H um ans. O verall evaluations o f c a rd n o g e n id ty : a n u p d a tin g o f IA RC Monogr 1-42 (suppl 7). Lyon: IA R C , 1987. 28. IA R C W orking G roup. Phenoxy a d d herbiddes and contaminants: description o f th e IA R C International R eg ister o f W orkers. Am J Ind M e d 1990; 18: 39-45. 29. Colem an M P , H erm on C , Douglas A. Person-years (PYRS): a fo rtran program for cohort study analysis (W H O /IA R C internal report no 89/006). L yon: IA R C , 1989. 30. Checkoway H , Pearce N E , Craw ford-B row n D J. Research m ethods in occupational epidem iology. N e w Y ork: O x fo rd U n iv ersity P ress, 1989.- 31. W orld H ealth Organisation. M anual o f the international statistical classification o f diseases, injuries and causes o f death (7th revision conference). Geneva: W H O , 1957. 32. W orld H ealth Organisation. M anual o f the international statistical classification o f diseases, injuries and causes o f death (8th revision conference). Geneva: W H O , 1967. 33. W orld H ealth O rganisation. M anual o f the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes o f death (9th revision conference). Geneva: W H O , 1978. 34. Fingerhut M A , Halperin W E , H ondiar PA , Sm jth AB, G roth D H , Russell W O . An evaluation o f reports o f dioxin exposure and soft tissue sarcoma pathology am ong chemical w orkers in the U nited States. Scand J W ork Environ Health 1984; 10: 299-303. 35. HufT JE , Salm on A G , H ooper N F , Zeise L L ong-term carcinogenesis studies on 23>7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and hexachloro- dibenzo-p-dioxin. Cell Biol Toxicol 1991; 7 :6 7 -9 4 . \ \ 2692 $ ,2693 0,113 j> ali 3 3692 i Don Whitehead is a distinguished journalist and twotime Pulitzer Prize w inner for his work in the Korean War (1 95 0) and for general reporting (1952). Mr. Whitehead has published the F. B. I. Story (Random House, 1955), which was made into a successful film starrin g Jim m y Stewart. Two other Whitehead titles include Journey into Crime (Random House, 19 60 ) and Border Guard, The Story of the U.S. C usto m s Service (McGraw-Hill, 1963). He now makes his home in Tennessee where he writes a regular column. 9 a(^ho> was allowed complete v x e ss. Company ex ecutives, employees an:; -etirees from those early days were interviewed and they talked freely about the men. the events and the de cisions of which they hac. 'st-hand knowl edge. A significant amoLr; of previously undisclosedwsource materutMwas gathered for this book and it has beenjised here wise ly and extensively by Don Whitehead. There are excellent descriptions of the early days when operating expenses were met and received with only promises and faith. One of the most fascinating portions of the book is the meticulously documented life-or-death financial struggle between the young Dow Chemical Company and the en trenched German bromine cartel for the American bromine market. Readers will be able to follow the decisions made by Dow's executives during World War II when com pany research secrets were donated to help the United States war effort. It is also clearly explained why Dow's board of directors stood firm on their commitment to produce napalm for use in the Vietnam conflict, even when demonstrations against the company were increasing in numbers and ferocity. Herbert H. Dow was a creator and a pioneer who had a dream. He worked with borrowed money and homemade equipment of his own devising. The men who sur rounded him during those early days were equally original. Nothing came easy for them and the company was not an instant success. These men worked long, hard hours under miserable conditions and on a few occasions settled their differences of opinion with fist fights. Almost all of the actions taken by these few men were sound and showed foresight. Many of their decisions proved that they possessed native genius. And. like all men who exhibit great creative mental abilities, they were sometimes petty in their judg ments. But by capturing tins complexity, and frankly discussing the various conflicts at work within these men. this book rises above merely an accounting of corporate history and becomes the grinr-ry s'ory of a man and his family, of the httie Michigan town where the m an's discove-v took h m. and the sup porting cast of men who helped build The Dow Chemical Company. t ! I 2697 2698 o-7?7 THE DOW STORY The History o f the Dow Chemical Company BY DON W H ITEH EA D M c C R A tV- III L L H O O K C O M R A W New York Toronto London Sydney Johannesburg l 77/A' DOM STOH Y: The History of the Dow Chemical Company Copyright (C) 9(8 by M cC ruu-liiil, Inc. A ll Rights Reserved. Frinted in the L'nited Suites of America. No part o f this publiettlion m ay he reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in u ny form or hy ony means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library o f Congress Catalog Card Number: (8-23570 First Fdition 09918 to o o A U T H O R 'S N O TH Gathering material for this volume involved several months of research that included many interviews, sort ing through private papers and business correspondence, delving into the files of The. Dow Chemical Company, and visiting company plants and offices in the United Slates and Canada. Many people gave generously of their time. Most especially 1 wish to acknowledge the help of Miss Kuth J*erry, secretary of former president, [.eland 1. Doan, and custodian of the archives. Others who contributed much were Karl W. Bennett, A. 1*. Bculel, L.eland I. Doan, K. IN. Brandt, and the staff at Midland's Grace A. Dow Memorial Library. Not the leasl of those to whom 1 am indebted is my wife, Marie-- researcher, critic and editorat-home. Concord, 'Penn., Winter, 1968. D. W. Jl 1 4* i l i <2* To Ned and Jeannee C-3LiO` Contents A u th o r 's N ote INTRODUCTION PART ONE 1890-1913 15 PART TWO 1914-1930 PART THREE 1 9 3 1 -1 9 4 9 126 p a r t f o u r 1 9 5 0 -1 9 6 8 2;u) h id e . 2;$ } t I to ~vl o Introduction & T1 his is the story of a man and his family, the small Michigan town in which they lived and loved, and the great company they built with the help of a remarkable supporting cast. It is the story of a young man's dream that was shaped into a chemical empire girdling the globe--a dream that influenced the course of this country's history in war and altered the living habits of hundreds of millions of people in peacetime. T hat dream is still unfolding after three-quarters of a century and it seemingly has no end, only a progression of discovery and surprise. The man was Herbert Henry Dow. The town is Midland, which sits in the palm of the mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The company is The Dow Chemical Company--now one of the giants of the chemical industry, but once a struggling concern whose officers were so cash-poor they were forced to talk their neighbors into accepting stock for credit with which to pay the operating expenses and personal household bills. Those who accepted the stock reluctantly and with misgivings--and held onto it--became rich. Discovery! That is the key word in this saga of a business which had its beginning shortly before the turn of the century. It was started in the then remote, stump-covered, derelict country abandoned by the loggers after they had stripped the land of its lowering stands of while cork pine. The discovery of how to extract and blend chemical elements from Michigan's vast underground brine deposits (later from the sea itself) and convert them into useful products for man was the foundation on which the company was built. And discovery remains the solid base on which the company has grown in a world where the demand for chemicals--chemicals for the manufacture or preparation of medicines, food, synthetic rubber, metals, plasties, lubricants, synthetic fibers, and scores of other products--has steadily increased. Herbert Dow made his first important discovery in a laboralo' 1 I 4* { I i 9 2 The Dow Story Cleveland's old Case School of Applied Science (now Western Reserve University). Laboratory' and engineering discoveries through the years explain in large part the company's growth from a small, struggling concern to a world-wide organization doing more than $1,000,000,000 worth of business annually. They called him " Crazy Dow" when he first came to Midland from Cleveland in 8 9 0 . He was twenty-four years old, fresh out o f school and so embarrassed by his own you til that he grew a mustache and later a beard to make himself look older. He was a stockily built young man with a thick chest, dark hair, heavy eyebrows overhanging light blue-gray eyes, and a manner that verged on cockiness. He loved to argue and to play chess. Most of the townspeople regarded him at first with amused tolerance. Many were antagonistic and suspicious of the stranger. Few believed one so young could make a success of his crazy scheme to extract bromine (and later chlorine) from salt water by using electricity. It just didn't make sense that a young fellow barely old enough to grow a beard could compete with established Ohio Valley producers or successfully challenge the powerful German syndicate which dominated the world market for the bromides used in photo graphy and in medicines. It didn't make much sense to anyone except Herbert Dow and a few investors in Cleveland and Midland who were willing to gamble on his secret process for extracting bromine cheaply from brine. And even the faith of Dow's backers--with a few exceptions--was so shallow that they were ready to run at the first sign of trouble. There had been one failure which young Dow explained away by saying his process hadn't been sufficiently developed. At another point Herbert Dow found himself eased out of the management of the company he had created. For a lime others controlled the patents and processes he had developed. This happened when the " money men" in Cleveland became jittery over his enthusiasms for further experiments and expansion. They wanted quick profits, not promises of dazzling successes in the future. They almost crushed the young man's dreams before the dreams could lake form. They would have crushed them, too, except for the streak of sluhborncss that rati through Herbert Dow like a seam of New F.ngland granite. " Crazy Dow." T hat's what they were still calling him (behind his back) one summer day some months after The Dow Chemical Company f <a Introduction 3 was formed in 1897. On that day the train from Flint deposited a most unlikely female visitor on the platform of the Midland railroad station. She was a tall, full-bosomed woman with keen blue eyes. Her faded dress looked as though it was five or six seasons old and had been slept in, which it had. She carried a few belongings in a ragged cloth bag tied with strings. In one hand was an umbrella. Her hat was a battered relic of an earlier style. She hardly looked to be a woman worth more than $100,000,000 and bearer of the title: " The richest woman in the world." But she was precisely that. She was H etty Green, a genius at making money and perhaps the most despised woman in the United States according to newspaper accounts of the time. Her greed and miserliness were renowned. No one in Midland, for a time, knew the identity of the stranger who trudged from the railroad station down ihc dusty main street, past the row of rowdy saloons, to a boarding house. She kept her business to herself. The fact was that she had left her $15-a-monlh flat in the slums of Hoboken and had come to Michigan to check on reports that thieves were robbing her of timber she owned in the Lower Peninsula. Some say she had bought the timberlands from Civil War veterans who had received land from the federal government as a bonus for their war service. At any rate, Hetty was past sixty years of age when she came to Midland, but she was still a formidable looking woman. No doubt she enjoyed the anonymity, being able to walk the streets unrecognized with no reporters about to hound her and report her every move in the newspapers as they had for years in New York. As for what anyone thought of her odd attire, Hetty was unconcerned. During her brief stay in Midland, she stopped one day in W. L. Baker's general store on Main Street to buy lunch. In her Wall Street office, she generally satisfied her noonday hunger with a bowl of cold oatmeal which she carried from her flat in a paper sack. But this time purchased ten cents worth of cheese and crackers As she munched n the dry cheese and crackers, she looked through the doorway and 8aw Herbert Dow drive down Main Street in a buggy drawn by a high-stepping horse. 11c sat stiff-backed in the seal, looking neither to Ihc right nor to the left, lie probably was returning to the plant at the er>d of Main Street where several new wooden buildings were under, construction for the manufacture of bleach--a product derived fro- I 4 The Dow Story chlorine, found in the brine pumped from deep wells. The bleach was used in large quantities by the paper industry. " Who is that man?" Hetty asked. j " T hat's Crazy Dow," a bystander said, laughing. He explained that Dow was general manager and chief stockholder of a small chemical company that bore his name. And then the gossip began: It wasn't much of a company (so they said) and everyone in town knew they were having a hard time at the " bleach works" to make a go of i t They I were always having small explosions in the plant from which the i curious were barred. Everybody also knew that only a short tim e before ! Herbert Dow hadn't had two nickels he could call his own to rub together. A lot of people couldn't understand why the p retty school teacher, Grace Ball, the daughter of an old Midland family, had married Dow oidy two years after his arrival in town. The two of them had thought they were being so secretive in their courtship, sending notes back and forth to each other from the plant to the school and from the school to the plant. It was plain to anyone with eyes in his head that the boy who pedaled his bicycle so furiously up and down Main Street was carrying love notes. Folks agreed it was a wonder the boy ever got any studying done. But in sifting through the gossip, Hetty learned also th at several Midlaudcrs had enough faith in the young chemist-inventor to buy stock in his enterprise, in fact, one of the investors was the proprietor o f the general store where Hetty was eating her cheese and crackers. His customers were always kidding him about being a stockholder in Crazy Dow's venture and asking him when he was going to sell his stock--that is, if he could find anyone to buy i t No one, not even her bookkeeper or her husband, ever knew how j Hetty Green determined when an investment was attractive. All anyone 1 ever knew, even after her death in 1915, was that she had a genius for buying stocks and properties that almost invariably ballooned in value. 0 There is no record that she ever met Herbert Dow and talked to him. v i The oldtimers in Midland only remember her sitting in the general C D store, eating cheese and crackers, and asking questions about Crazy C Ft Dow. But apparently she liked what she saw of Herbert Dow in the brief glimpse .she had of him, and she liked w hat she heard about him and his business. At any rate, she decided Dow wasn't as crazy as most of the 1 V- & Introduction 5 townspeople thought. After returning to Hoboken she bought one hundred shares of Dow stock which at her death became a part of the estate of her son, Colonel E. H. R. Green. At his death in 1936 the stock had multiplied through stock splits the purchase of subscription rights, and options to more than six thousand shares worth $766,339.25. It would have pleased Hetty mightily to have known that her snap judgm ent of a man and his company had been so handsomely vindicated. Very likely H etty Green's enemies on Wall Street--men whom she had bested and humiliated in financial deals for years--would have snickered had they known site had gambled even a dab of her money on the success of a Michigan backwoods chemical company managed by an unknow n who looked like a young General U. S. G ran t Indeed, it even seems preposterous today to think that a small concern isolated from the population centers and money markets of the country had any worthwhile future Its only transportation links with the outside world were rutted roads and a single rail line Its managers were scarcely more than upstarts not long out of the college classroom. They were not widely traveled or experienced in the ways of big business. In sophisticated industrial circles, they would have been rated as little more than country bumpkins in the fields of finance, management, manufacturing, engineering, and selling on any large scale. And yet despite all the deficiencies of location and experience--and often because of them--The Dow Chemical Company survived and grew. Herbert Dow, even as a young man, clearly saw the importance and rewards of mass production and mechanization. Many of his colleagues never quite understood that he was thinking in terms of world markets and world com petition rather than in terms of a safe, sheltered, limited market with risk held to a minimum. Often they were appalled when they glimpsed the breadth of his ambitions. Appalled and even frightened. It is interesting that Herbert Dow and Henry Ford, laboring only 125 miles distant from each other but never having met, should have developed at the same time such similar viewpoints on the benefits of mass production and mechanization to manufacturer and consumer alike. Herbert Dow drew around him in those early days a team of tough, inventive, inquisitive young minds who were lo make a great deal of chemical history. They were not men widely known outside Midland*'' 0 The Dow Slory They were loo young to have established reputations. There were I names such as Griswold, Bennett, Barstow, Strosacker, and Putnam, j Later these earliest pioneers would he joined by other men of unusual I ta len t-lieu tel, Codings, Veazsey, Grebe, Hirschkind, Hale, Britton, Uoundy, Ballman, Gerstacker, and Branch among others. Through the years, they beat the British United Alkali bleach trust | when that group tried to drive them out o f the bleach m ark et They j won with no help from the outside. They took on the powerful German ' bromine syndicate, the Deutsche Bromkonvention, whose representa' live traveled all the way from Germany to S t Louis to issue an i ultimatum to Dow: drop all exports of bromides to Europe or be \ destroyed. They went to war with the Germans on their own home : grounds and broke grip on the world bromine m arket I t could only j have been a day of triumph for young Herbert Dow when he traveled to I London and sat in the Savoy Hotel to hear his German com petitors sue for peace. Dow and his band of helpers came through the money panic of 1907 I battered hut intact They pushed on to help establish an American I chemical industry which made the nation independent of foreign chemical producers who had ruled the chemical world for years. They helped break the German monopoly on the manufacture of dyes. When all others in the United States had given up the costly and unprofitable production of magnesium metal, they persisted on the faith that one day there would be a need for the tough, light metaL That need came dramatically in the early days of World War H when the federal government urgently called for the production o f hundreds of millions of pounds of magnesium. The metal was essential in the building of lighter, faster war planes which could fight the German and the Japanese air forces at least on even terms. The emergency was met with tons to spare and Dow was the leader in the field. Herbert Dow died in 1930. But his elder son, Willard, and the men trained in the Dow workshop carried on. They w ent to the sea to get bromine needed for anti-knock gasoline. They w ent to the sea again for C D magnesium and other chemicals which were there in limitless quantity. CD And the sea remains a Comstock lode for Dow. The knowledge they had gained in working with the Michigan brine was the knowledge required to " mine the sea" of its treasures. They found in the laboratory the chemical substances know n as a Introduction 7 styrene and butadiene which became essential ingredients in the making of synthetic rubber--and they shared their secrets and their know-how with com petitors to whip the World War II crisis of a shortage in tires. The Japanese armies had overrun the rubber plantations of the Far E ast The Allied armies needed tires for their vehicles as did the civilian population at home. Styrene and butadiene played a vital part in overcoming the shortage. They developed a process to squeeze millions of tons of oil from the earth in fields where production was dropping. They found better and cheaper ways to take the valuable elements from brine and to combine them with other chemicals to produce new products useful in industry and in homes. They found a method for making iodine which helped break the Chilean iodine monopoly and forced the price down from $5 a pound to 81 cents a pound. They discovered ways to make plastic materials which could be used where wood, metal, cardboard, and paper had been used before. With each passing year they discovered more and more new chemical products derived primarily from brine and from oil. From Midland, the company expanded its operations from coast to coast in the United States and then into forty-two other countries around the globe. One wonders how it was that a company conceived in what was then a Michigan backwoods town could become one of the world leaders in the m anufacture and distribution of chemicals and chemical products. There are many answers to the question, not just one. Discovery in the laboratory was the first answer. Imaginative management was another. Technical engineering know-how of a high caliber was another. The growing worldwide industrial hunger for chemicals was yet another. And still another was pure luck--a factor that cannot be sneered at in business any more than in a horse race, where the unknown hazards can never be found in a form chart. Luck entered the picture when Herbert Dow decided to set up his plant in Midland. He knew there was brine in plentiful quantities beneath the crust of the earth. For years men had been pumping salt Water in the Saginaw Valley and evaporaling it to make sail. Michigan in the late 1800's was the leading salt-producing slate in the nation. But what Herbert Dow couldn't know at the time was that he had located bis first plant over the center of an almost inexhaustible prehistoric sea f brine. The salt water was trapped in the porous rock formations far clow the earth's surface. ? i i i to <1 o ti Tiio Dow Story This sea of brine was his raw material waiting to be processed. It cost him nothing except the expense of pumping i t The earth was his storage lank to be drawn on any time he chose. The Michigan brine was rich in bromides, and in calcium, magnesium, and sodium chlorides. And witli his revolutionary process (using electricity to separate the bromine and chlorine from the brine, along with an ingenious " blowing o u t" process to be described later) his early manufacturing costs were lower than his com petitors realized. And Dow knew i t It is not possible to separate the story of The Dow Chemical Company from the story of the Dow family because one is so intimately intertwined with the other. Neither is it possible to separate the story from the town of Midland nor to ignore the long procession of talented men who helped build the company. They were all a part of the adventure in the building of a strong American chemical industry free from domination by European cartels. In the early days, these men worked, played, and planned together with small-town, first-name intimacy that would not have been possible in a larger city. While their wives gathered after dinner in one room, the men gathered in another to swap stories and discuss possible solutions to business problems. Managers were not isolated from engineers and chemists and foremen and w orkers Herbert Dow could be found in the plant cheeking on operations more often than he could be found in his office. They had not yet heard of the problem of " communication" because it was no problem. They were in communication at work and at play. Dow often got into violent arguments with his engineers and plant managers over how a chemical problem should be approached, how a piece of equipment should be constructed, or whether bricks or wood should be used as a building material. He almost invariably lined up on the side of economy because the lean, cash-short early years had forced him to be cost conscious. And yet he was ready to take long risks when he was eonyinced the results would show a p rofit One of the early employees recalled, " Dow would get his engineer, Tom Griswold, Jr., and his production manager, E. 0 . Barstow, in his office and they would go at it. You could hear them all over the lot shouting at each other and pounding the table. Just when it sounded as though they were going to have a fist fight. Dow would start singing, Introduction 9 `Old Black Joe.' The others would join in. When they came out of the office you'd never suspect there had been a harsh word. A decision had been reached and the m atter was closed. I guess Dow always started singing when he knew he was wrong." Such a free and easy association at all levels is no longer possible as the company has grown in size. And yet many of the attitudes and practices of the past curiously remain in the present, such as the vigorous airing of clashing viewpoints. It has always been that way and no one has given any serious thought to changing i t There is a relaxed and informal air about the Dow headquarters even today that is reminiscent of the older days of Herbert Dow. The outsider who spends some tim e at the Dow headquarters in Midland has the strange feeling that this could not possibly be the center of a billion dollar enterprise. There is no sense of rush apparent The executive offices are neither expansive nor expensively plush nor isolated in a remote penthouse sanctuary. There are no batteries of receptionists and layers of secretaries standing guard in the outer offices of the decision-makers. The executives often have their lunch in the headquarters cafeteria and wait their turn in line along with the lower echelon workers; there is no executive dining room. Such holdovers from the past may be inefficient--but no one at Dow seems to think so. For many years, until 1956, executives, office workers, and factory workers alike were required to punch a time clock when they came to work and when they departed. In the old days Herbert Dow would lurk around the clock room to pounce on anyone--even a company officer--who was late. He felt they were being paid for eight hours' work and they should give the full eight hours if they had the company's best interests at heart. O ne day a visiting businessm an w atched in am azem ent as Earl B ennett, then th e com pany's treasurer and a m em ber of the board o f directors, dutifully punched the time clock on arrival at the plant. " Why are you, the treasurer of this company, punching a time clock?" the visitor asked. Bennett looked at th e man, surprised th at he should ask such a question. " Because I want to get paid," he replied. it is tempting to play with the idea that the location of a huge Business and its headquarters in a small town has a subtle influence on the decision-making processes of the company's officers. People are 10 The Dow Story more aware of each other as individuals in a small tow n--more eonseious of one another's problems, ambitions, capabilities, and limitations. Decisions are not made in long-distance remoteness from the actual manufacturing process and from the people who must carry out the decisions. In Midland, the homes and golf courses are hardly more than a ten-minute drive from the factory gates for most executives and employees. From thirty to sixty minutes away are woodlands, lakes, trout streams, and--for those who seek it--total solitude. The location that once was dubious because of its remoteness is no longer remote because of planes, telephones, and teletypes. But it now has the appeal of offering executives and other employees escape from the pressures of the big city, the long hours of commuting, and the tensions o f living in a crowded place. Children have the freedom to roam the outdoors. Life goes at a more leisurely and relaxed pace. t)n the other side of the coin, those who seek anonym ity after working hours and who wish to build a wall between their business lives and their private lives find the small town a difficult place. Such walls are not easy to build in a small town. The town's life is n o t a separate thing from the life of the company. One impinges on the other in many ways. One has a responsibility to the other as Herbert Dow discovered early in his career. It is something of an oddity that while The Dow Chemical Company has grown mightily, the top management has never seriously considered moving the headquarters from Midland to New York or D etroit or Chicago or any of the industrial and financial centers of the country more easily accessible by air. Being off the beaten path has had its advantages. The most important of these, during the formative years, was a deliberate, and often stubborn policy of independent research and development. It seemed (hat Herbert Dow and his son, Willard, were fearful that if too much attention was given to what com petitors were doing, Dow would become an imitator and not an innovator. They wanted each product and service to be better than anything on the market if the Dow name was to be involved. As a typical illustration, one day a group of researchers went to Willard Dow in the IVilO's for money to launch a new p ro d u ct They laid their ease before him, and then the spokesman said; " This is going to work, Willard. 'This is the way Du Pont is doing it." t Introduction 11 Willard said: " If you can't figure out a way to do it better than Du Pont, we are not going to do it." Perhaps sentiment had something to do with the company's being content to remain in Midland. Through the years the name Midland has become synonymous with the name Dow. Herbert Dow was content to stay in Midland and his children and grandchildren have kept their roots there, too. It is reasonable to assume that Midland will continue as the nerve center of the company's wide-flung operations--although the Dow family today controls only about 12.4 percent of some 30,000,000 shares of common stock outstanding. The story of the company falls into four clearly defined periods, the first span covering twenty-three years and the other roughly twenty years each. Those periods w ent about like this: 1890--1913 After six years of struggle and frustration, Herbert Dow persuaded a group of Cleveland businessmen to back him in a fresh start. He organized The Dow Chemical Company and gathered around him a strong team of young men, most of them graduates of the Case School o f Applied Science. They had no ready-made blueprints for building a chemical plant because the chemical industry itself was in its infancy in this country. They made their own blueprints for electric cells, machinery, equipment, and buildings They learned by trial and error. Yet the company survived two price wars, first with the British and then with the Germans, and a Wall Street money panic that jolted the economy of the entire nation. 1914--1930 Britain's blockade of German shipping in World War 1 and the Germans' submarine warfare abruptly shut off the supplies of chemicals on which American industry had largely depended for years After the war, Congress approved tariffs to protect the infant chemical industry and avoid further dependence on foreign producers Dow pushed into the field of magnesium metal production and fabrication even though there was little demand for the metal. His men developed a process for making phenol--the raw material for a long line o f plastics and other products--that gave the company world leadership in the manufacture of phenoL Dow became the supplier of an essential chemical used in the Ethyl Corporation's anti-knock gasoline. Then, just as th e Great Depression of the 1930's came, Herbert Dow died in the Mayo Clinic at Rochester, Minnesota, and his elder son, Willard, became president of the Dow Chemical Company. 12 The Dow Story 1931--1949 The nation was in the agony of the Great Depression when Willard Dow took over a s president; and yet, in the midst of social turmoil and economic chaos, the company expanded rapidly. Except for two years, 1932 and 1933, Midland scarcely felt the shocks of the economic upheaval. It was known as " the town that never had a depression." New products came onto the market so rapidly th at no one knew wfiat some of them could be used for. Dow w ent to the sea to get bromine, magnesium metal, and other chemicals. Dow was chosen by the Canadian government to help solve the rubber shortage. The British came to Dow to set up a plant for producing magnesium metal. Dow turned over to the United States government its secrets for making styrene and butadiene when a war-time crash program was launched to make synthetic rubber. Dow expanded virtually all of its operations and plants to meet the war needs after the Japanese attack v n IVarl IIarbor. Through all this e ra o f tremendous discovery and development, Willard Dow held a tight one-man control over the decision-making for the company. But when the war ended, Dow Chemical had become much too large and complex for one-man control. As fate would have it Willard Dow died in 1949 as the company was on the threshold of an almost unbelievable expansion. The presidency fell to Leland I. " Lee" Doan, a tall, urbane, much-traveled man who bad married Herbert Dow's daughter, Ruth. He stepped up to the presidency from the office of director of sales 1950--1968 Lee Doan brought to Dow's presidency for the first tim e a broad-based c o n c e p t o f m a n a g e m e n t in which major decisions were made through a consensus of top executives Dow had outgrown the old one-man management methods and Doan realized i t He placed greater emphasis on sales and market research. Younger men were drawn into the management circle to consult with the graybeards who had done so much to build the company. In the postwar adjustments, the demand fur chemicals and for chemical product know-how skyrocketed. Businessmen from abroad came knocking on Dow's Midland door asking for help in building chemical plan ts They came from Japan and South America and England and Europe and India. At first, Dow was reluctant to move into the foreign field. Their thinking had been concentrated on the domestic market so intently th at no one in the upper echelons had taken the lime to step back and survey the world scene. But the pressures and opportunities literally shoved Dow into the overseas markets The company had made a strong start in this direction by 1962 when Lee Doan resigned from the presidency and his 2709 i I Introduction Id son, H erbert Dow " Ted" Doan, then only forty, was chosen as his successor. This lean, dark-haired, intense young man led a quiet revolution in the company. The first major move he made was to centralize the controls of management which had gradually been dispersed in the rush of postwar expansion. Much of the decision making power in Dow had drifted into the hands of division production managers Ted Doan quietly centered control in a team composed of himself, Cart Gerstacker, the brilliant young chairman of the board, and Ben Branch, a hard-driving vice president who had risen from the Dow production ranks Young Doan shifted the power structure w ithout a crippling inner fight. The older men who had ruled their domains with such force and strength for so many years accepted the logic of the situation. Doan led the com pany even further into developing partnerships with producers in foreign countries. He moved strongly toward the direct-to-consumer market, building with products such as Saran Wrap, agricultural chemicals, textiles, and household cleansers bearing the Dow trademark. In the six years after he took office, sales rose from $890,639,000 to more than $1,400,000,000. The changing of the guard marked the beginning of a new era as the company moved toward the final quarter of its first century. The leadership in Dow has moved from grandfather to grandson as the years have passed. But the shadow of the grandfather is still there because it was he who shaped the basic thinking which gave the company its form and direction. That is why the story of today must go back to the story of yesterday for a picture of how a small-town com pany became one of the world's largest chemical complexes. *** On a hot summer day in 1924, a six-year-old boy emerged from the tig, rambling, two-story Victorian house shaded by tall trees a short walk from downtown Midland. He wandered across the lawn into a garden of flowers and shrubs and grassy vistas where anyone with any unagination could see elves and fairies dancing in the shadows. He crossed an arched stone bridge over a quiet pool covered with lily pads. He walked on to the apple orchard. The apples were just beginning to form on the branches and were too bitter for eating. But the trees were fine for climbing. F r a tim e the boy surveyed the world through the leaves from his Perch in a gnarled tree. Then he wandered back to the garden and lay own beneath a pine tree to watch the cloud masses march across the Mue Michigan sky. \ i1 i t i ? J4 The Dow Story Soon a gray haired man came from the house and he, too, turned to the garden. Herbert Dow liked to walk in the garden and the orchard he had created from sandy, brush-covered acres. He saw the boy--his grandson, Lee A. Doan--lying beneath the pine tree. He walked over and lay down beside him and together they watched the clouds. Finally, the grandfather said, " What do you see in the clouds?" The boy said, " I see a dragon. Look! There is his head and there is his tail and there are his legs." The man said, " I see a dog. Over there. Look quickly before it changes into something else." " I see a castle," the boy said. " 1 see a horse." For a long time they lay side by side, watching a sky filled with animals and castles and weird creatures that magically changed their shapes as the clouds drifted by. Then they got up and walked together back to the big house. That is the way Lee A. Doan--they call him " Young Lee" to distinguish him from his father--remembers his grandfather b e s t Not as a scientist or an inventor or a captain of industry, but as a man who could take time out to lie beneath a pine tree and watch the clouds. Almost everyone who knew Herbert Dow remembers him in a different way. But the one thing on which they all agree is th a t he had a mind which was forever seeking ways to do things differently and better. " If we can't do it better than the others--why do it?" was one of his favorite remarks in rejecting an approach to mediocrity. He was an adventurer and a discoverer. And the story of the company he launched is one of the amazing success stories of American industry. FAUT ONE 1 8 9 0 -1 9 1 3 Chapter One i n the old city of Prague in the sixteenth century, the chemists, alchemists, astrologers, and artists found a protector and patron in the mad Roman emperor Rudolph II. Like many others before him, he clung to the centuries-old belief that base metals could be turned into gold through alchemy. It was an idea hinged on the theory that any sobd could be changed into another solid under the proper conditions. All one had to do was to find the right conditions. One narrow street behind Rudolph's castle became known as Alchemists' Row. Men who dabbled in the mysteries of chemical reactions had their laboratories equipped with apparatus which, except for the modified forms, is still in use today. There were furnaces, stills, flasks, beakers, and water baths common to the most modern laboratory. Some of the alchemists were true artisans, using chemical reactions in search of knowledge as they worked with iron, copper, lead, mercury, and other materials. But among their ranks, too, were charlatans merely practicing fraud on the gullible as they held out the promise of vast riches once they had perfected their alleged methods of transmitting base metal to gold. Rudolph was not alone among the monarchs of his period in encouraging the alchemists to pursue the search even though other kings before them had tried and failed. In the fifteenth century, King Henry VI of England had approved the organization of a company to make gold despite Parliament's disapproval of " alchemists' gold." And Charles VII of France had his court alchemist produce " gold" which to his embarrassment later had to be redeemed with the real thing taken from his treasury. Royalty found it amusing and exciting to invite their friends and Pmsts to demonstrations of gold-making. The court alchemist would be ordered to be ready for an evening of entertainment. And then the tyal party would arrive at the laboratory where fires burned beneath -- uunng pots and shadows flickered on smoke-blackened walls, Mumblin strange words and making mystie signs over his molten brew, 16 Tlie Dow Story c* Chapter One 17 the alchemist would stir the cauldron while an assistant made the fire 1856 and its manufacture had become an im portant industry in blaze with his bellows. Perhaps there was a dramatic flash as a powder England and France. But gradually the dye-making center shifted to was added to the brew. Perhaps something was dropped into th e pot as Germany as huge factories were built and improved processes designed. the guests' eyes were blinded momentarily by the flash. Perhaps From the dye factories also came drugs and chemicals which were something came from a long sleeve or from a hollow stirring rod. At useful in other fields of manufacture. They produced synthetically any rale, flakes of gold were lifted from the p ot to be passed around many com pounds which previously they had been forced to import and examined by the wondering and amazed guests. A lm ost everyone from other parts of the world. agreed the alchemist was a fellow with powers that promised much. The Germans also developed a system of using teams of scientists in Hut not all the frauds succeeded. Sometimes the tricksters were industrial research, and it became the pattern to be followed in other caught in their sleight-of-hand and had to flee for their lives. The less countries around the world. The scientists employed by industry were lucky found themselves on a scaffold with a rope around their necks, to closely allied with the scientists in German universities. And thus he hanged as an example of what happens to those who to y with the Germany in the latter part of the last century became the most credibility of a monarch. im portant center for industrial research in the world--with virtual Hut despite all the fraud and mumbo jum bo, advances were made in control of the world chemical markets. chemistry, which has been described as " the science that deals with the Young Dow, of course, could not know when he entered Case as a nature of and the changes in the composition of m atter." Slowly the student that within a very few years he would be singled out as a target horizon of knowledge was expanded in science to the confirmation of by members of this powerful German combine. Indeed, none could the theory that all elements are composed of atoms, and then the foresee that the time was coming when the German domination of the revelation that atoms have their own substructures. Tremendous strides chemical world would be shattered by a torrent of events leading the were made in the later part o f the nineteenth century and t h e e a r l y p a r t United States into its first world war. of the tw entieth century leading to a greater understanding of the Dow's only assets of note when he became a freshman at Case were structure and behavior of chemical elements and com pounds a strong body and an inquiring mind, lie had hoped to become an In seeking to give his students early in this century a broad architect but there wasn't enough money in the family till to finance understanding of the meaning of research, Professor Ira Remson of his study away from home. So when he was offered a scholarship at Johns Hopkins University would say to his classes: " Suppose you are in Case, he accepted it, even though Case offered no course in architec a wilderness in a pitchblack night. You can see nothing and you know ture. He was not a " good student" in the orthodox sense of the phrase. nothing. Then you light a candle. Immediately there is a small circle of He was argumentative in the classroom, prone to dispute conclusions, light in the darkness. Within this circle you can see. Now, suppose you and more interested in asking questions than listening to a set lecture. light a kerosene lamp. You have a larger circle of light and you can see But he was fortunate that Case had a small but brilliant faculty more. Hut at the same time that you have made your circle larger, you willing to hear the students out and to guide them in their work. have also made your surrounding perimeter of darkness (the unknown) Among Dow's teachers were Albert Michelson, who would later win a larger. Now, suppose you light an arc lamp. You have a circle yards in Nobel Prize for physics; Edward Morley of Cleveland's Western Reserve diameter which is lighted--and you also have a vastly greater perim eter r o of unknown darkness outside the circle of light. Let no research man be University, who occasionally taught at Case; Charles F. Mabery, who Was a pioneer in petroleum chemistry and in electric furnace develop proud of having made this somewhat greater light--for as knowledge ment; and John E. Stockwell, who later would win wide recognition as increases so does the holder of the unknown." to This " holder of the unknown" was expanding rapidly when Herbert 8,1 astronomer. Dow grew up in a period of ferment and discovery and invention in Dow entered Case School of Applied Science in 1884 as a young man id' eighteen. At this lime, German scientists had taken the lead in applying scientific knowledge to the manufacture of chemical products. I me United Stales--not only in chemistry hut in other fields. He was olirtieen years old when Thomas A. Edison invented an incandescent eelleeccttric light. T wo years earlier, hydroelectric power had been William Perkin, an Englishman, had discovered the first aniline dye in L ggeenneerated at Niagara Falls--and Nicola Tesla had discovered the rotating Jb h . ? !i i l i 9 If! The Ilow Story magnetic field which made long-distance power transmission possible, lie was twenty when Germany's Benz invented an interna] combustion engine using gasoline and installed it in an automobile. Electricity was being used commercially for the first time and its use in chemical processes was exciting the imagination of men in many countries. New industries were being developed around coal, oil, and steeL Railroads were pushing out to new frontiers and world commerce was expanding. The industrial revolution that had started in England had jumped the Atlantic and was gaining momentum in the United States. The excitement of discovery was everywhere. As a boy in Cleveland, Dow had made some interesting discoveries of iiis own. One day he realized that the hens with nests on one side of the barn were laying more eggs than the hens in another part of the barn. It was a mystery that needed investigating. The " Case of the Industrious Hens" had its beginning when the Dows' cow bad a calf. The arrival of the calf required the building of an addition to the barn--and a new chicken coop was installed near the cow's stall. The flock of chickens was divided, part of them going into the new coop and the others remaining in their old quarters. This | division of the flock in itself obviously had no influence on the ; egg-laying abilities of hens. And yet the hens in the new coop were i doing a better production job than the hens in the old part of the barn. ! Dow found the solution to the mystery in the working habits of the j family's hired hand. This fellow was an elderly farmer who came to the j| barn before dawn each day to milk the cow and do other chores about 11 the place. The first thing he did on arrival was to light lamps near the j cow's stall in order to do the milking. The lights and the banging of buckets awakened the hens near the stall but did not disturb the hens sleeping in the old, darkened part of the barn. The awakened hens got off their roosts and went about their daily chores much earlier than the hens in the other part of the barn. They also laid more eggs. Deduction: lights in a hen house shortened the sleeping hours of the hens and resulted in more eggs. to From egg production, Dow turned to the incubation of eggs by **''3 mechanical means He read a story in Youth's Companion that ostriches in Australia laid a good many eggs but few of the eggs got incubated CO because mama and papa ostriches were not very good about sitting on the eggs long enough to hatch them. However, an Australian had solved this problem by devising a crude incubator to relieve the parent birds of any responsibility. t Chapter One 19 Dow figured if an incubator would work for ostrich eggs, it also would work for hen eggs So he set to work to build one. The greatest difficulty was in finding a means to keep the tem perature inside the incubator automatically at a constant leveL It wasn't an easy problem for a boy to solve. He made and discarded thirty-nine devices before, on the fortieth try, he succeeded in making one that worked. Then he went into the business of building and selling incubators. Mo one knows how word got as far as the West Coast th at young Dow was building incubators, but a California rancher bought one for $100. lie had a brisk sale for a time--then came disillusion. He discovered some of his customers were buying his incubators, copying them, and taking his market away from him. Calling a halt to the manufacture of the incubators, he decided to sell an incubator k it He offered, for a modest fee, the blueprints for a make-it-yourself incubator. But the market was limited in the Cleveland area and soon young Dow was busy on other ventures. " Herbert," an uncle said one day in exasperation, " it would take six men to keep up with all your ideas." " I'll get the six men," Herbert said. " But they won't be enough." Part of Herbert Dow's inventiveness and inquisitiveness no doubt can be traced to his father, Joseph Dow, who built one of the first steam turbines in the United Stales (the turbine was used for a time in U. S. Navy torpedoes). The father was a master mechanic with an inventive turn of mind and no doubt in a later era would have been called a mechanical engineer. He often discussed mechanical problems with his son, even when the son was a mere boy. Joseph Dow was a descendant of an old New England family. The first Dow to reach the American shores was Henry Dow who arrived in Massachusetts from England in 1637. He later settled in New Hampshire and that was where the family remained for many years. Joseph was born in New Hampshire and he lived there until 1865. directly, the end of the Civil War brought a sudden change in Joseph ow s fortunes. After the war an industrial slump hit New England. Joseph Dow left New Hampshire with his pregnant wife for a job in eueviUe, Ontario, Canada. He went there to oversee the operation of a sewing machine factory and it was there that Herbert Henry Dow was "orn on February 26, 1866. Apparently the Belleville job didn't work out satisfactorily for after th CW monH,s Joseph brought his family to Derby, Connecticut. Then tk ,_ ,nove<I to Cleveland where Joseph Dow was master mechanic for e Chisholm Steel Shovel Works. It was in Cleveland that Joseph Dow 1 20 The Dow Story developed his turbine, which had a speed of some 30,000 revolutions a m im ile--quite a spectacular achievem ent fo r th e times. B u t as so often happens, others had the same idea and obtained the first patents. At Case, young Dow divided his interests between chemistry and mechanical problems One of his best friends was A. W. Smith, who was in the class ahead of him. Often they would discuss the future. Once Smith said, " Herbert, what are you going to do when you get out of school?" " 1 don't know," Herbert said. " But I'd rather work for myself for $3,000 a year than to work for someone else and make $10,000." During his senior year, Dow's primary interest was a study of the healing efficiency of various fuels The subject o f his thesis was " The Chemical Uses of Fuel in B oilers" In gathering material for the thesis, he made a trip to an oil well near Cleveland to get a sample of natural gas for laboratory analysis The gas that gushed from the well along with the crude oil brought to the surface a good deal of brine. The brine had no value to the oil men and in fact was a nuisance. Often in drilling for oil and gas they found salt water. The well driller helped Dow get a sample of the gas and then he called young Dow's attention to the brine and asked him to taste it Dow tasted a few drops and made a wry face. " Bitter, isn't it?" the driller said with a grin. " It certainly is," Dow agreed. " Now why would that brine be so bitter?" the driller asked. " I don't know," Dow said, " but I'd like to find o u t " He got a bottle and filled it with the brine which he carried back to the laboratory along with the sample of gas In analyzing the brine he found it had an unusually high content of lithium and bromine, which explained the exceptional bitterness But Dow didn't stop there. A little simple arithmetic showed him that there was about three dollars worth of lithium in a barrel of brine plus a few cents worth of bromine. With crude petroleum selling for one dollar a barrel, the brine coming from the well theoretically was worth more than the o il But the market for lithium was a very small one while there was at times a good market for bromine. This was when Dow began studying ways to get the bromine from tht' brine as cheaply as possible. He saw that the pennies in bromine oTiered a better opportunity than the dollars in lithium. The bromine manul'aclurers in Ohio and Michigan at the time actually were more interested in the production of salt from the brine because there was a more stable market. Bromine was a by-product produced if and when ^ Chapter One 21 the market justified it, the chief buyers being pharmaceutical houses and firms selling photographic supplies. Bromine was an important ingredient in patent medicines and in the development of films. Most of it was imported from Germany and Germany dictated the prices. The making of salt was a simple process. The brine was pumped from the ground into vats and heated until evaporation caused the salt to crystallize. The liquid that did not fully evaporate was the " bittern" or mother liquor which contained bromine. If an operator wished to obtain bromine as well as salt, he look the m other liquor, added a few necessary chemicals to free the bromine, and heated the batch until the bromine came off with the steam. Two or three pounds of bromine could be obtained from each ton of brine. Both processes, to be profitable, required cheap fuel. And cheap fuel was available in many areas from the waste wood that accumulated around sawmills. But the giant stands of trees in Michigan and Ohio were disappearing by the time Dow began his bromine studies. He knew that one day the sawmills would no longer be a reliable source of fuel as the forests disappeared. He also realized the methods used to release bromine from the brine were crudely inefficient and wasteful of both time and energy. Surely, he reasoned, a better and cheaper way could be found to produce bromine on a continuous basis, without heat, rather than in batch-lots requiring h e a t It was an idea that pushed everything else into the background of his mind. A fter his graduation from Case in 1888, Dow got a job teaching chemistry at the Huron Street Hospital College in Cleveland. There he had a small laboratory and an assistant, a few dollars each month to cover living expenses, and time in which to pursue the bromine problem. During the winter of 1888--89, he found in his laboratory that bromine could be produced from cold brine if certain chemicals were added to the brine and then a current of air was passed through the solution onto wet scrap iron. The moisture that collected on the won and dripped into a container as ferric bromine--laden held a high bromide percentage of commercial-quality bromine. He called the procedure a " blowing-out process" and for many years this basic idea was one of the keys to the success of the Dow operation. Dow was so firmly convinced that his idea was sound that in the spnng of 1889 he began looking for capital to build and operate a P lant The amazing thing was that the beardless, twenty-three year old could find anyone willing to gamble his money on a process tested only ,n a laboratory. But he was a persuasive talker, lie found three men who were willing to put up a few hundred dollars--if Dow would do the t \ `W Tlie Dow Story work. They were Joseph P. Smith, a Cleveland egg merchant, and Jacob Miller and J. A. Linville of the Buckeye Mower and Reaper Company of Canton, Ohio. A partnership was formed and Dow jauntily set forth to seek his fortune in what the partners rather grandly named The Canton Chemical Company. Dow set up his plant in Canton where he was able to lease a brine well. 11 wasn't precisely a plant. It was a shed. The choosing of this particular well was his first mistake because even the best pumps of the day could hardly handle the load of pumping brine from a depth of >1,000 feel--and Dow couldn't afford a new pump. Nevertheless, he set to work, building an apparatus inside his wooden--shed factory that might have been designed by Rube Goldberg. He conceived the idea of having the treated brine drip onto panels of burlap sacking stretched across a wooden trough. Air was blown over and up through the soaked sacking. The air carried the brownish-red bromine vapor into a tower where there was a mesh-like collection of wet scrap iron. The bromine-laden liquid gathered on the iron and dripped into carboys. Through the summer and fall, there were such notations in Dow's ' notebooks as: " Pump rod broke. Got Mr. Ritz to weld it. Only about 4 gal. of bromide were made last night and not more than one or two | today. Bromine blows through badly. Broke up the iron some b ut still it works poorly . . . . Finished putting in rods and began pumping about ;; 2 p.m. Mr. Smith worked all day and began again at 12 m idnight Mr. Platt worked all day and until 12 at n ig h t. . . . Sold to C. A. & Co. 2 ij carboys. . . . Smith worked scant 8V2 hrs. Platt worked 12 hrs. Pump j began to throw water about 5 p.m. . . . Pump broke at about 8 j a. m. . . I have been to Cleveland and got the patent m atter fixed and ' paid $15 for same . . . . '' Through the cold, dreary winter months of December and January, Dow struggled to keep the little plant running, often working fifteen to twenty hours a day. The partners sold sixty-three carboys of bromine at $3.10 each, bill expenses continued to outrun income. During these weeks, Dow somehow found lime to sketch his thoughts on such t O m atters as " llow to make an instrument for measuring the intensity of *\5 a magnetic field," " llow to make a telephone receiver," and " How to p" 4- make a solar engine.'' But the most im portant sketch o f all was the diagram dated December 16, 1889. The notes beside the drawing said: " To make a cell for the decomposition of bromides. Have the plates horizontal and sealed into the sides of wooden boxes for cells." Already Herbert Dow was thinking of a method to liberate bromine from brine by using an electric current along with the blowing-out " 0-WY Chapter One process. He was not the first to think of electrolysis in chemical production--but the cell he devised was unique in its simplicity and design and eventually it would be the workhorse that would bring Dow fame and fortune. Having electricity as a servant in factory and home was something new and exciting at the time. Relatively few people had any understanding of how and why electricity worked. Electric lights were not even installed in the White House until after President Benjamin Harrison became Chief Executive in March, 18(19--roughly the same time that Dow was rounding up money to begin the Canton operation. Both President Harrison and his wife, Caroline, were afraid of the mysterious power of electricity, so much so that neither at first would touch the electric switches. A White House employee turned on the lights in the halls and parlors in the evening, and they burned until lie arrived the following morning and turned them off. The Harrisons' bedrooms remained dark until the President and his wife overcame their fear of the electric switches and were reasonably sure they weren't going to be electrocu ted. It was a remarkable period of transition from the old century to the new. Mechanization was growing in industry. The horseless carriage was being readied for its appearance. The railroads were pushing on to new frontiers. The move from farm to city was underway. The Morgans and Rockefellers and Vanderbilts and Aslors and llarrimans were high on the list of great names in the financial world. Across the country young unknowns were starting small businesses that would grow into commercial giants and very often success grew out of the ashes of failure. Herbert Dow was one of the young unknowns. His struggle to rnprove the production of bromine solely by the blowing-out process ended in failure. The partnership could not stand the financial strain. And on Wednesday, February 5, 1890, Herbert Dow wrote the last entry n |,js c anton notebook: " Quit work at C anto n . . . ." The Partnership was dissolved. The failure could have been a shattering blow. But it wasn't. Dow J^as by no means crushed. In fact, there are indications that he turned ,B back on Canton in an optimistic mood, determined to raise more M o n e y to start another chemical plant. At least he had pioved what he ^ e" out to prove, lie had proved he could produce bromine without th *! Process worked, even if it worked poorly. Anil he was certain vv*^1hnprovements, it would work well. w wasted no lime brooding over his Canton experience. Soon i I 4Xi } 11 c* 2*1 Tin* I>ow Slory 4 after returning to Cleveland he marshalled his facts and arguments and took them to an old family friend, J. H. Osborn, a sewing machine Chapter Two manufacturer and later an executive of the National Carbon Company. No one knows how Dow did it, but he convinced Osborn th a t despite the C a n to n fa ilu re, he knew how to produce bromine cheaply by using electricity with his blowing-out process. lie already had picked the location for the new p la n t It would be at Midland, Michigan, about 125 miles north of D etroit Midland was his choice because in analyzing brine samples two years earlier at Case he had found tlx- Midland brine to be richer in bromine than the brines of Ohio and other states east of the Mississippi River. Also the Michigan brine lay closer to the earth's surface than the Canton brine and would be cheaper to pump. Osborn agreed to make small but regular paym ents to Dow until he could get the Midland plant on a profitable basis. The partnership arrangement seems to have been that Osborn would furnish the starting capital while Dow would supply the muscle, management, and chemical and engineering know-how. The older man acted on faith alone--faith in the young man's enthusiasm for an untried process and faith in the young man's character. It was a gamble. A l x . h ot August sun beat down on the dusty, listless Main Street of Midland in 1890 when twenty-four year old Herbert Dow stepped from the stifling heat o f the railroad coach that had brought him on the last leg of his journey from Cleveland. He carried a battered suitcase in his hand and a head full of plans for starting another chemical plant. In his pocket were $100 in cash and a bank draft for $275. On his upper lip was the beginning of what would be in another few months a luxuriant, dark brown handlebar mustache. He fancied it made him look more mature, more of a man of the world qualified to talk business and finance with older men. m o y uljtill UI 1UDN5 DOIMCFCG y\-/wng 11C---------------------------------- ...------- some months earlier, " 1 wish 1 looked older." His mother had smiled and said, " Time will take care of that, Herbert. Don't be im p atien t" But he was not one to w ait patiently for tim e to give him an older appearance. He began to grow the mustache which later would become a ftill-fledged beard. There was no one to greet Dow when he stepped onto the platform of the railroad station. He was a stranger. Once, while at Case, he had visited Midland briefly to get a sample of its brine. But he had made no friends and he hardly expected to see a familiar face at the railroad station. He brushed the cinders from his jacket and the dust from his polished shoes. Then he headed for the Larkin Hotel on Main Street. Midland's Main Street wasn't exactly a scene to impress a stranger, inspire civic pride among th e tow n's two thousand inhabitants, or fan a flsroe of hope for better days. The battered board sidewalks were r o scarred by the caulks of loggers' b o o ts A dilapidated wagon rolled down the street, drawn by a dispirited horse and a cow hitched together ^1Htl in harness The cedar blocks that had once paved the streets in c d Midland's lumbering heyday had long before sunk beneath the mud now turned to dust. Occasionally a drunk wandered into or out of the ^ tn g in g doors of one of the fourteen saloons standing elbow-to-elbow I n the sleazy north side of the street. A woman was not a lady if seen 1 *too often on the wrong side o f Main Street. Jk. i \ I 20 The 1>ow Slury At night, Saloon Ilow threw off its lethargy and became more lively. The .sound of music came from tinny pianos and men crowded to the bars to talk of the days when Midland had been the center of an exciting, boisterous, money-making logging industry. The golden era for Midland had begun in the 1850's after timber cruisers had discovered the majestic stands of white pine in Central Michigan's Saginaw Valley. The trees towered to cloud-brushing heights of 185 feet. Their trunks were from 4 to 7 feet in diameter at the butts, encased with a (lark gray bark. They rose with only a slight tapering of the trunks, giant pillars with scarcely a knot or a flaw for three-quarters of their length. The branches with their needles of dark green formed a canopy lor mile after mile. The forest floor was a soft carpet of fallen needles strewn with pine cones, and free of underbrush. These monsters were up to three hundred years old. Their wood was creamy white, close-grained, and strong. In water, the wood floated like cork and was often c-alled cork pine. The pines dominated the forests of Central Michigan, although there also were trees of oak, walnut, chestnut, maple, beech, cherry, cedar, balsam, and hemlock. Through this forest the Chippewa Indians had roamed and hunted and fished and fought long before the white man pushed in to claim the wilderness for his own. The earliest surveyors had written off Michigan Territory as unfit for human habitation because they saw only its dark swamps and marshes that seemed to breed fevers and illness. Edward Tiffin, the Surveyor General of the Northwest, sent deputies into Michigan to map the area soon after the War of 1812. The surveyors were searching for homestead sites for war veterans. They started north from Detroit between the ltiver Haisin and the Maumee. Soon they were mired in marshlands. The Indians were hostile. The wet, gloomy forests and miasmic swamps seemed a dreary place. Where the land was not marshy, it appeared to them to be barren and sandy, supporting little except stunted oaks. The surveyors turned back, before reaching the pine forests, to make their reports to Tiffin. He in turn asked Congress' to permission to hall the survey because " the land is not w orth the price of surveying it." Apparently Congress was impressed by Tiffin's report because veterans of the War of 1812 got their bonus o f 160 acres in <3 i-'lorida instead of Michigan. The fur trailers and frontiersmen paid little heed to Tiffin's bleak report on Michigan except to jeer at it. They moved deeper into the forests and swamps to trade with the Indians, to hunt the plentiful game, to fish the beautiful lakes and streams, and to hack out home i $ I Chapter Two 27 sites. One of the while settlem ents that grew in the wilderness was loeated at the junction of the Tittabawassec and Chippewa rivers and later was given the name Midland. Prosperity came, to the region with a rush after a .shipment of Saginaw Valley white pine, reached Albany, New York, in Ift47, ten years after Michigan was adm itted to the Union as a stale. For years, lumber buyers had considered Maine's pine to be unexcelled, particu larly for finishing work in homes. Lumber buyers found the Michigan pine at least the equal of Maine's while pine, and some thought it superior. The reputalion of Michigan pine spread rapidly. Timber cruisers poured in to slake out huge tracts for lumbermen and speculators, paying as little as $1.25 an acre. They received a bonus of one-fourth o f the timbcrlaud limy found. A lter them came the choppers and then the sawyers, the riverhogs, the sawmill operators, haulers, cooks, shanty boys, teamsters, and chickadees (the chore of the chickadees was to keep the roads and logging trails clear of horse manure). Logging camps doited the forests Towns sprang up near each big lumbering operation. Great rafts of logs floated down the Tillabawassce, the Tobacco, the. Sugar, the Ghippewa, the Pine, Ilie: Itad, the Cass, the Shiawassee, and the Flint into the Saginaw River. At Saginaw and at liay City the logs were ripped into lumber at the sawmills. Railroads were built deeper into the forests to haul on I logs which could not be floated by water. The ge l-rich-quick excitement that accompanied the logging boom was called Michigan Fever and from it came a song whose lines were.: Come all ye. Yankee farmers who wish to change your lot, Who've spunk enough to travel beyond your native plot, And leave behind the. village where Pa and Ma must stay, Come follow me and settle in Miehigania. Yea, yea, yea, Mich-i-gan-ia! Historians have estimated that from 1R50 to IH97 at least 160 billion board feet of while pine were cut in Michigan--enough to build ten million six-room houses or to build fifty one-inch plank roads, fifty feet wide, from New York to San Francisco. Hy the time Dow arrived in Midland, the lumbering boom had moved northward and was nearing its end. The region around Midland vvas a slumplaud with its vast wealth in timber gone. Sail-making and the manufacture, of bromine were the major surviving industries and even they were failing. Young people were leaving to seek their fortunes litC 2!l Tin11luw .Story elsewhere. Homes and business houses caught fire and burned under mysterious cireuinstances. Insurance companies threatened to withdraw all protection. A quip went around town: " If you're going to burn out, better do it now." It wasn't much of a joke. In one week, the volunteer firelighters battled twenty fires. The timber was gone. The area was poverty striken. But beneath the earth was another treasure left there from an age when shallow, salty inland seas washed across parts of the co n tin en t For millions of misty years a sea covered what is now the Middle West, stretching from Michigan deep into Ceorga and Mississippi Then slowly the waters re.ceded, leaving some areas covered with salty lakes. Evaporation of the lakes left behind saline deposits. Then came the Great lee Age. A mighty glacier inched down from the north, kike a giant bulldozer, it shoved a layer of earth and stone over (he brine deposits and for centuries the land that was Michigan lay buried beneath ice hundreds of feet thick. The Michigan brine deposit was trapped in porous rock formations shaped like a nest of dishes. They underlay all of Centra] Michigan, a tremendous ocean of brine. This was the stored treasure young Dow was determined to tap when he came to Midland, although he never dreamed it was as extensive as it later proved to be. He arrived on Thursday, August 14, IBDO. After a night at the Larkin Hotel, he arranged for room and board ($15 a month) at a boarding house. He deposited his partner's cheek for $275 in the bank. And before the week ended he had leased i an idle brine well and empty barn next to the Evans Flour Mill at the 1 west end of Main Street. He also had placed an order with a printer for , letterheads which proclaimed: Midland Chemical Company, J. H. Osborn, President, Herbert 11. Dow, General Manager. Dow hired a thin, lanky jack-of-all-trades, Julius Burow, at $1.50 a day, to help him build the electrolytic cells from cheap wood painted with tar. Julius' brother, Albert, was also frequently on the payroll. They knew nothing of chemistry, but they were expert with hammer, saw, paint brush, engines, wrench, and shoveL The barn became the O " factory." Since eleetrieil) had not yet come to Midland, Dow bought " v j a second-hand, 15-voll generator and set it up in the barn to make his own electricity. The generator was turned by a homemade rope belt GO attached to the steam engine at the flour mill. The belt ran f r o m the generator to the engine through a bole knocked in the sides of the barn and Hour mill. It's little wonder that How became known in the m onths ahead as "Crazy Dow." Few people in Midland understood the mysteries of $ i Chapter Two 29 chemistry and reports of what was taking place down by the Hour mill tended to support the view that neither Dow nor his business would ever be much of a financial credit to the town, lint Dow ignored the gossip. Through the fall m onths and into the winter, he experimented with his electrolytic process, tinkered with his lar-wood cells, and saw his mustache grow to impressive length. January 2, 1891, was a red-letter day. Dow turned on the generator, got the fan going for the blowing-out process, and for twenty-four consecutive hours the little plant produced bromine--the first in tinworld to be produced eleclrolytically as far as anyone knows. It was a chemical milestone that passed unheralded except for a brief notation in one of Dow's notebooks. Whatever jubilation Dow may have felt was tempered by the gloomy fact that he was almost broke, unpaid bills were accumulating, and the process was not working well enough to offer any hope of a profit in the near future. Dow struggled through the winter working as much as eighteen hours a day to improve the operation of the rickety plant, lie bought secondhand tools, equipment, and materials, lie economized in every way he could, to hoard his dollars. But it was no use. He needed more capital if he ever hoped to make a commercial success of his process. In the early spring of 1891, Dow started on another search for money. He took his problem to his partner in Cleveland, J. H. Osborn, who had backed him with never a reprimand for failures. Osborn agreed they should expand their partnership and he persuaded two Cleveland businessmen, W. I,,. Hulberl and B. W. llowe, to join their venture. When the partnership papers were signed, Dow returned to Midland with high hopes that now the money would be available to rebuild the plant and put it on a [laying basis. He immediately began overhauling the plant and building larger ^ells. But the new partners were not as enthusiastic about supplying money as Dow was in spending it for improvements and expansion. By Th>f^' ^ W WUS wr'l ',)S 1 Howe; " The balance in the bank is $7.64. t boiler has not arrived and we haven't enough money to pay the eight on it when it does come." Ilis itemized inventory of the Midland heinioal Company showed its worth at $8,000. Almost every week Dow wrote to his partners pleading lor more W'^ 1 w^' ( lay bills or to buy a needed piece ol equipment, crisis came with Albert Burow's threat to quit his job because in " orMug with corrosive chemicals he was ruining his overalls. Dow ported to llowe; " Albert was going to leave us bill I got him to stay agreeing to pay for his overalls." bate in August, a note of i ri I iU) Tii Dow Story desperation b eg u n t o creep into Dow's letters, indicating th at while he had nol lost faith in the soundness of his process, he was beginning to douhl his own managerial ability. . . livery chemist of my acquaintance who understands our method thinks the principle is right and the method is the best one for making bromine," he said in one letter. " I think another manager might make a rousing success of it, but I know that I have done the best within my ability." A week later he was writing; " I don't know w hat to do. My hoard bill is running up and I get no ideas from you as to what you intend doing." Dow paid his board bill by persuading his creditors to accept slock in the company. What Howe and ilulbert intended doing was to remove themselves from the partnership. They had invested $2,115. The company had sold a small quantity of bromine. But nothing had happened to encourage them to continue sending money to Dow when his enthusiasm for his process monotonously outstripped production. And so the partnership |. began to fall apart in the fall of 1891. It was finally dissolved on August 11, 1892. During that winter of 1891--92, young Dow returned to Cleveland to place still another plan before his friend Osborn. By this tim e he was convinced that the secret of success lay in using larger brine cells and a heavier current of electricity in freeing the bromine. He convinced Osborn the process would work this time if only enough capital were raised to equip a new plant properly. With Osborn's help, he began to look for financial backing for still another try. During these months, Dow found time to pay court to a slender, petite, school teacher named Grace Ball, whose father was a farmerbusinessman. The Balls were a prom inent Midland family with roots in New England and the town watched the courtship with interest. It was an open secret that the two were in love. Their go-between was a small boy in one of Grace Ball's classes. He was often observed leaving the school during class hours, getting on his bicycle and racing to the plant where Dow labored, or to his boarding house, to deliver and receive a r o note. "If those two don't gel married," one citizen observed sagely, " that boy is going to wear himself out riding that bicycle." Many residents CD were nol so much concerned with the health and stamina of the bicycle rider as tliej were with the wisdom of Grace Ball in becoming seriously interested in a young man who was a chronic failure hardly able to pay his board bill. It caused quite a bit of talk at the bazaars and picnics and church socials as well as at the bars on Saloon Row. Chapter Two 31 But things were looking up for Dow. He and Osborn persuaded a group of businessmen to back a new corporation that would have 10 000 shares of stock at $10 par value. Theoretically, at least, Dow would have $100,000 this time with which to build a plant and buy equipment The articles of incorporation were approved on May 24, 1892. The largest stock subscriber was a Cleveland businessman, B. E. Helman. He paid off the claims of Ilulbert and Howe and furnished most of the cash. He also had himself elected treasurer by the board of directors Dow put his patents into the p ot and received in return a substantial bloc of stock, the title of general manager, and a salary of $100 a month. Dow quickly found th at he would have considerably less than $100,000 with which to build the plant Actually, the stockholders paid into the treasury only $10,000. But then a Cleveland bank advanced a credit o f $10,000 to place a more solid financial underpinning beneath the new enterprise. Dow's first move was to shift the location of the plant from the Evans Flour Mill property to a 10-acre plot of land he purchased with company funds at th e east end of Main Street on the bank of the Tittabawassec River. Two brine wells were drilled. New buildings, all of cheap pine, were constructed. New and bigger brine cells were hammered together. Some said that Dow even counted the nails that went into each building, figuring out the stresses so that two nails would not be used where one would do the job. The greatest single expense was the purchase of a new 50-kilowalt generator which could generate the 100 volts Dow estimated he would need for operating the new and larger cells. The trough-like cells, set in senes, were partitioned by tarred boards into a series of smaller cells. Carbon electrodes, bought secondhand, were nm through the parti tioning boards to carry electric current from one brine cell to the next. the past, Dow had made ferric or iron bromide from the bromine. Now he planned to make potassium bromide, which was in greater demand by industries. Two m onths after the Midland Ghemical Company's incorporation, w turned the current into his brine cells and began the production of potassium bromide. The product contained impurities which would sve to be removed. There were more breakdowns, frustrations and ^appointments. But the proeess was working better and Dow was m n ,(*enl he was headed in the right direction. Perhaps the best of co,,fidence in the future was his marriage in November at year to Grace Ball. They set up housekeeping in a house that .'!2 Tlie Dow Story rented for $ 10 a month. Often in the first months of their marriage, the young bride went with her husband to the plant on cold winter nights to stay with him while he fired a boiler or worked on the cells. They often slept on cots in the boiler room. She also spent hours helping him pick black specks and impurities from the first barrels of bromide crystals. The fly in the ointm ent of happiness was Helman, who soon made it clear he was determined to run the Midland operation from his Cleveland office. The new corporation was only a few weeks old when ilclinun began questioning the smallest expenditures by Dow. Why had Dow spent four cents for two stamps on two letters when the two letters could have been placed in one envelope requiring only two cents' postage? Why had he bought a lock in Midland when it could have been ordered from Saginaw cheaper? Why had a pipe wrench been purchased? Why should the company buy chalk for the carpenters when it was customary for carpenters to furnish their own chalk? Why did Dow include in an expense account 20 cents for " sundries" without explanation? And Dow's answers went like this: " I had already mailed the first letter when your letter arrived, which I thought needed a prompt reply--thus requiring the use of a second stamp" . . . " Yale locks cost in Saginaw 29 cents more than the price I paid" . . . " If 1 had not needed a pipe wrench 1 would not have got it" . . . " You say carpenters furnish their own chalk. Our shingling was not done by carpenters". . . " The sundries include only 20 cents that was paid a boy in the woods seven miles from here to show me the way to Mr. Towsley's house through a blinding snowstorm." Dow ended one letter to Helman by saying; " In conclusion I will say that 1 will be very much pleased to have you call my attention to `little expenses or waste that we can remedy' but quoting you again, `Busy men do not like and cannot afford to waste their time.' " The bickering-by-lettcr continued and young Dow found himself trapped in a thoroughly disagreeable situation. The company owned his patents. Helman and his friends held the controlling stock in the corporation. Helman had no faith in Dow's managerial ability and did not even bother to use diplomacy in dealing with him. But the greatest blow of all came early in HWd when Helman--w ithout the formality of a board meeting--hired a general manager to take over Dow's responsibilities. The new manager was H. S. Cooper, a brother of one of the stockholders. This period was a galling, bitter time for Herbert Dow. Five years of Chapter Two 53 research and sweat and worry appeared to be going down the drain with little of substance to show for it. His pride was wounded. He bad no real authority in the plant be. had struggled to build. Worst of all, perhaps, he had lost control over his electrolytic process for making bromides. These were the m onths when the people of Midland would see Dow driving a horse and buggy over the back roads of the countryside with his young bride by his side. Whenever the black moods were unbearable, they would leave the town behind to talk things out between themselves. Some said it was the stubborn will of this tiny woman that kept Dow from walking away from the humiliations and defeats. Whatever the truth, their troubles drew them more closely together. Instead of quitting, Dow continued working at the plant to improve the bromine cells. The production improved. The product became better even though progress was slow. And ilclnian continued to keep a tight personal control over the smallest expenditures. During one of Cooper's absences from Midland, Dow wrote to Helinan: " Now you write me that the $ 126.19 1 received is sufficient for both last and this week's expenses and refuse to send me more. The retail! is I am compelled to shut down and slop all output. . . . The secondary result is that 1 as nominal manager am spending money without getting a return and thus ruining both my own and the company's reputation. In the last 37 weeks there have been only two weeks when I have been paid in full to date. . . . You say my salary must not touch on the revenue of the works but must come in as we can make it from time to time, and refuse to send me any for either personal or company use although the company owes me to dale Surprisingly, it was when things looked darkest for him that Dow *`6an borrowing money from friends to buy more stock in the Midland einieal Company. Perhaps he felt that some way, somehow, his luck would change, he would regain a voice in the management of the company, and would win a measure of control over his patents. But *jU c' hopes seemed a bleak prospect at the beginning of IH94. On ^anuary JJ, llelman called a brief meeting of tier board of directors in ' \i land and II. S. Cooper was officially named general manager ol the Ul* Dow was given a crumb, lie. was named secretary of the company. d t fhe fight with llelman, Dow had been quietly at work `vsuig a proccss to extract chlorine, from the brine. The brine was I .`14 Tlitr I)ovv Slory richer in chlorine than in bromine, and chlorine products were becoming more and more important on the commercial m arket One of the products was bleaching powder (chloride of lime) used in large quantities by textile mills, cotton mills, and pulp paper mills. Chlorine was also a product with vastly greater commercial possibilities than bromine because it could be used not only in making bleach, b u t in making a large number of other products. The Midland brine contained .15 percent bromine, 12.5 percent sodium chloride, 10.1 percent calcium chloride, and 3.6 percent magnesium chloride. In extracting only bromine, the Midland Chemical Company was dumping into the sewer as garbage the greatest part of the brine's wealth. Dow was certain a way could be found to make use of it. Three months after he was officially deposed as general manager, Dow argued the directors into letting him " spend such money as he may require for apparatus to make experimental tests on chlorate manufacture. . . ." The arguments he used were never revealed. But lielman did loosen the purse strings enough for Dow to carry on his expuriment in a small shed on the company property. Perhaps lielman was generous because the company was now making money at the rate of two to three percent a month. The bromine process was working smoothly. Expenses were being held down. If nothing rocked the boat, the company would pay the stockholders handsomely even though the country was feeling the pinch of a business depression. 'filings were going so smoothly that Helman persuaded the directors to send an agent to Europe to try to sell or lease the Dow bromine process to the Germans. Fortunately for Dow, the Germans were not interested. They thought their own manufacturing process was better--a decision which they were to regret within a few years With virtually no responsibility at the plant, Dow busied himself with work on the chlorine process He received encouragement from his former schoolmate A. W. .Smith, who had become a professor of chemistry at Case School, and with whom he had corresponded regularly. Smith wrote to Dow in October, 1894: " . . . I see an enormous future lor the company if they will go into a few of the many things that may be developed electrolytically. You go ahead alone and get your plant in lip-top shape. . . ." Dow did just that. And it must have been around the tim e that he received Smith's letter that he began trying to figure o ut a way to free himself from any obligation to give the company his future patents, ""si ro Chapter Two 35 Indeed there was stirring in his mind the idea of forming a new company in which he would have more freedom to explore all the commercial possibilities of the Midland brine--and not be limited to one or two products He had his dreams, too, of a company in which he would have a voice with some authority. At a meeting of the board of directors on January 22, 1895, Dow announced that his experiment with the new chlorine cell had proved it was ready to be tested commercially. He was stretching the truth without pulling it entirely out of shape. A good deal of work still had to be done to make a success ot the process but it did look unusually promising. This time Helman w ent along with Dow. He made a motion that Dow go to Cleveland and make application for a patent on his bleaching powder process and the motion was carried. Then the board approved a most curious motion " that Herbert H. Dow be released from any obligation to surrender to this company any invention, process or patents except such as may relate to products which may profitably be manufactured from the salt water as pumped from their wells." It has never been explained whether Helman was moving to tie up all of Dow's patents--or Dow was maneuvering to free himself from the maze of frustration he found himself in. At any event, Dow began work immediately to set up the chlorine plant around the cells he had devised and patented. Two m onths after getting the go-ahead approval of the board, be switched electric current into the cells. The hour was 11 A.M. Everything seemed to be working satisfactorily when Dow and his crew left the building at 12 noon to have lunch. They had walked a few yards distance when the cells exploded with a cannon's roar. The. sides of the building blew out and the roof collapsed. Other buildings were amaged. Firefighters rushed to prevent the flames from destroying the entire complex of barn-like wooden buildings housing the bromine. operation. When news of the explosion reached Helman, he called an ^joergency meeting of the board of directors and they hurried to haV T '^ l aSSCSS **,e damage. Dow could oidy speculate that hydrogen ,. been released in the cells and somehow a spark had caused the xl> osion. Luckily no one had been injured and the loss was not great >ough it could have been a disaster. j ^ j^man had had enough of Dow's experiments, lie hired a chemist, re ' rayes to take over the chemistry problems which had been Dow's ^ "pons'bility- He ordered an immediate halt to any further work on c 1orine project. A majority of the board agreed the Midland oa i .'{() The Ihiw Story Chemical Company should stick to what it knew best--making bromine Profits were good. Expansion into other products was too risky. There Chapter Three was no sense in jeopardizing a sure thing on a gamble that could wipe out the company. Again Dow found himself cornered. He remained an employee of the firm at a small salary. He continued to hold the stock he had received in exchange for his patents and ideas. He had a minority voice in management. His future with the Midland Chemical Company looked less than promising, lie was twenty-nine years old and his seven years in the business world had been largely a series of disappointments. Over it all was a cloud of debts and anxiety for his family. A daughter, Helen, was one year old and Mrs. Dow was again pregnant In June of that difficult year, the company's board pushed Dow a little deeper into despondency. He was ordered to go to Syracuse to try to sell his chlorine process to the Solvay Process Company, with any money received to go into the company's treasury. But somehow Dow X X e rb e rt Dow's driving energy and unorthodox ideas always held a fascination for J. H. Osborn of Cleveland. He could ill afford to risk his money on a manufacturing process that was commercially sound in theory only, because he was not a wealthy man. And yet each time Dow came to him for financial help, Osborn was like Ado Annie in the modern-day musical comedy, O k l a h o m a ! -- h o couldn't say no. When Dow arrived at his office in the winter of 1895 and asked for persuaded the group to agree that in event a sale could not be made within one month, then he would have all rights to the process himself--provided he paid to the Midland Chemical Company one-tenth of the. gross receipts from the process. It is hardly likely that Dow tried very hard to sell his process to the Solvay people. And when the thirty days had passed w ithout a sale, he had at least salvaged his chlorine process from the wreckage-even though there was a ten percent mortgage on its future. It was during this time that Dow patented a liquid to make bicycle tires puncture-proof and organized a company to develop it. But nothing came of this venture. And then in the fall of 1895, Dow dissappeared from Midland with his family. There were reports that they were in Massillon, Ohio, where Mrs. Dow had given birth to a second daughter, Ruth. A Midlander was heard to say; " Come to think of it, I haven't seen Crazy Dow around lately. What's happened to him?" " lie left town in a hurry," another said. " I don't think we'll be seeing much of him anymore." But Midland was to sec Herbert Dow quite often in the years to come. His absence was a mere interlude. j j I j ( > caughL up once more in the whirlwind of Dow's enthusiasm. This lime it was Dow's enthusiasm over his electrolytic chlorine process and its money-making potential But this time Dow did have a solid base from which to make his appeal: the Midland Chemical Company was making money from his bromine process and paying Osborn and the other stockholders two percent a month on their modest investment despite the national depression. Furthermore, he insisted, the chlorine process eld a far greater potential than the bromine process. Once again Osborn pitched in to help Dow finance his new f j-Hture. They did not turn to Cleveland businessmen in search o f 8 ers, however. They went to the academic community--more particularly to Case School and men who understood the underlying theory of Dow's process. They talked to Dr. Cady Staley, president of *se, and Professor A. W. Smith, Dow's long-time friend. Dow brought ' nt ^ le discussions James T. Pardee, one of his former classmates at a8Tl'V^ WaS ^*en 3 C*V'^ c,1gi,leer working for the City of Cleveland. ^ lese men understood what Dow was trying to do and how he .e.n et^ lo 8 about i t They knew his theory was sound even if they a J ^av<' ^,ad reservations about Dow's claims that it would take only Po lt|rl ^*,nu Sel a pi"11* *" operation which would produce bleaching sav^ Cr n 3 co,n,ncrc>id scale. They agreed to dig into their modest a ir, n^S kack. him in setting up the plant. They signed a partnership fO d e m e n t which said: 611 ' 1 "vl ro CO ! ittl 'Hie Dow Slory 1. Herbert H. D ow jam es T. Pardee, Albert W. Smith, J. il. Osborn and Cady Staley hereby agree to associate themselves as partners under the firm name of Dow Process Company, for manufacture of and dealing in bleach and caustic under the process discovered and invented by Herbert 11. Dow. 2. Herbert II. Dow agrees to furnish $2,000; James T. Pardee, $5,333.33; Albert W. Smith, $3,333.33; J. H. Osborn, $4,000; and Cady Staley, $2,000; all in money to the capital of the partnership. 3. And Herbert H. Dow agrees to transfer and assign to Ilie partnership his entire invention and discovery and process for the manufacture of bleach and caustic, together with any and all improvements he may make in said process . . . With the money in the bank, Dow did n ot head for Midland. He set out for Navarre, Ohio, a small town some 300 miles south of Midland. Why he decided to go to Navarre rather than return to Midland no one knows. Perhaps he wanted a place where he could work on his process in secrecy. Almost everyone in the infant chemical industry in those days was highly secretive about laboratory experiments and manufac turing techniques even after his brain-child had been patented. And How was no exception. lie pul up an eight-foot-high board fence around a plot of land 300 feet long and 300 feet wide on the outskirts of Navarre. Six wooden buildings were constructed, a generator installed and tar-wood cells built. No one was permitted inside the fence w ithout Dow's permission. All deliveries of materials and equipment were unloaded at the plant's gate by wagon drivers to whom chemistry was as dark a secret as a voodoo ritual. When anyone asked Dow what he was manufacturing, he replied: " We're making embalming fluid." Dow did call one meeting of businessmen in Navarre, suggesting they finance the drilling of salt wells to be leased to the Dow Process Company. A lumberman thought il was a good deal. He offered to put up $1,000 if his neighbor, a German chemist, would put up a like amount. Itul the German wanted no part of the deal. He w a s suspicious of How and his embalming-fluid story. He arose at the meeting and told hi^ fellow townsmen: " 1 will gladly give Mr. Dow $1,000 to move his plant out of the community. 1 don't want a whistle waking me up every morning when 1 want to sleep." Besides, he argued, w hat Dow "fas doing behind the fence was very likely a dangerous operation. About ail the meeting did was to divide the town into rival car s 0- 2 3 ^ - Chapter Three the German had said about the danger, because Dow did have several small explosions as he worked to get the bugs out of his process. The explosions in the cells, or " traps" as they were sometimes called, were to plague him for months until their cause was discovered and a remedy found. Dow's partners in Cleveland soon became upset by the reports from Navarre. Dow had appeared confident of quick success at their Cleveland meetings, but he seemed to be making little progress as the weeks passed. Pardee was especially uneasy because he had most of his savings invested. At one point he wrote to Dow: " I have refrained from writing you for some time in hope o f receiving some encouraging news regarding the progress you were making in the work. 1 have fell so discouraged over the way things turned out, that 1 haven't fell like thinking about it long enough to write. I thought from what you said that we would be able to start up right away and make some bleach, but it seems from what you have w ritten Dr. Smith that you are not able even to get chlorine part of the time. . . ." Actually, Dow was making more progress than the partners realized. Part of it was the seemingly negative progress of learning what wouldn't work. The thing he needed most, he felt, was lime in which to perfect a continuous bleach process. Only six m onths after setting up the Navarre plant, Dow startled and dismayed his partners with the news that Navarre wasn't the best place after all for the plant and that he was moving it to Midland. He reported he had leased a plot of land adjoining Midland Chemical and had worked out a deal with lielman to use their waste brine for a small |ee. The bromine would be taken from the brine by Midland Chemical before it reached Dow's plant--but that was immaterial because. Dow was now only interested in the chlorine it contained. The real reason behind the move back to Midland may have been >at Dow wanted to keep an eye on llchnan's operations, lie had earned through II. S. Cooper, his successor at Midland Chemical, that e man was working on a scheme to gather the major bromine " ucers o f the country into a combine dominated by the Midland ^npany. i,, a confidential letter to Dow, Cooper said llelmau's action to breathe the rule or ruin spirit" and " it may be best not to he ,niU:^ un(fer the control of it." lie said he had advised lielman Ranted no part in the maneuvering. ow learned :ili ili.il ll/.l lll.'lll ll'.lil /!IIliU*JI 111.' ullitlll i 0 -3 & -3 40 The Dow Story Chapter Three 41 that the.com pany was throwing away a potential fortune in the waste would have done him credit . . . I never heard of but one man by the brine. In one letter, llelman had w ritten Cooper: "We have thousands name of Osborn being hung." (The Dows later named a Son Osborn, of dollars, good dollars, running into the river every year. Probably, but he died as a small boy.) loo, we may develop Graves into a discoverer by leading him into this, When all the excitem ent had subsided, Dow laid his plan for a larger another having suggested the way. Dow is a genius, quick to see and plant before his partners He convinced them the time had come to certainly brilliant in his way. We must n ot stop w ith bromine. We must build on a large scale and to move boldly into the bleach market. Dow get through (raves or Dow o r both all there is in that brine th at we can was certain they could undersell the British and find customers to take turn into money." Holman was now suggesting the precise course which Dow had tried all they could produce. The partners were inclined to agree. But Pardee didn't w ant to rush into any hasty decisions such as the building of the to gel the company to take earlier. Even though Dow held a substantial plant at Navarre which Dow had abandoned after only a few months. bloe of Midland Chemical Stock, was the company's secretary, and He suggested that perhaps Dow should get his process in perfect wanted the company to prosper, he nevertheless had no intention of working order--and then an agreement could be worked out to merge again playing on the same team with Helman as captain. the Dow Process Company and the Midland Chemical Company. It was in early 18% that Dow returned with his family to Midland, It was agreed that j. H. Osborn should sound o u t Helman on the lie quickly set up a small plant and went to work on the chlorine merger idea. By this time, Dow and Osborn together held almost 50 process. Gradually he made improvements in the traps and stopped percent of the Midland Chemical Company's stock, but Helman still some of the leakage of chlorine which was a nagging problem. He also made some bleach. But more im portant than anything else was his swung the controlling interest and a merger on favorable terms hinged on his approval. conclusion that if the manufacture of bleach was to be a success, the With hindsight, it seems naive that the partners of a nonproductive process would have to be geared to volume production. Instead of company based on a flawed process could believe that Helman would thinking and planning in terms of pounds, the company would have to think and plan in terms o f tons. Dow had in mind a plant and agree to a merger on equal terms. Nevertheless, Osborn sought a meeting with Helman. equipment that would turn out no less than nine tons of bleach a day, Meantime, the partners outlined their plans for a larger company to 365 days a year. At th e time, bleach was selling for $3.10 a Charles PosL, the secretary and treasurer of the East End Savings Bank hundredweight with the market price controlled by the British bleach of Cleveland and one of the city's most influential businessmen. By the j i combine. United Alkali The British were sending bleaching powder time Dow had finished talking, Post also was infected with the fever of into the United Slates at the rate of more than 100,000,000 pounds a his enthusiasm. He promised to call together some of his friends who year, paying shipping and handling charges, and still making a profit might be interested in backing the venture. The invention of the rotary press and the growth of the penny press Post cautioned, " Just now is not a very good lime to gel capital to had boomed the demand for bleach in the paper industry. Dow knew.if mvesL I think the climate will be better in the spring." Post agreed with he could crack this market the future of the company would be a rosy aruee that Dow's process should be put in good working order before one. But to com pete with the British would take money--far more *n^ 6er*ous move was made toward a merger with Midland Chemical, money than he had been able to raise before. As the New Year, 1807, arrived, however, there was too much ul Osborn thought it best to talk to Helman and the two men met te January. As might have been foreseen, Helman rejected the idea excitement in the Dow household to permit much thought of business. ..w.3^ merger on equal terms. " In the first place," he told Osborn, The family doctor came oflencr to the Dow home. A n d on January 4, no ' ai'^ *S no* P*ai:e *or ihu location of a bleach plant. And ro Mrs. Dow gave birth to a son who was named Willard Henry Dow. The nc wd-h capital will go into a deal with the Dow Process Company proud father quickly spread the news among his friends. *n equal footing with the Midland Chemical Company. Such a 10 J. II. Osborn wrote to congratulate the parents, saying: " I am rather is not even practical." sorry that you did not sec fit to carry out your idea of bestowing the he S.j0ri1 reported the conversation to his partners. " It looks to me," name of Osborn on the young man. I feel sure th a t `Osborn DO # p0 ' we will have to go on and do the best we can alone and y amalgamation may be brought about later." 3 1i t 42 The Ilow Story In a separate letter to Dow, Osborn said of Helman: " Money men always want to have the big end of the hog and if not they won't have anything to do with it. They cannot bear to see some other fellow who is not a capitalist nor has any business standing own a larger share than themselves." Then for the first time in their years of association, Osborn began to waver in his support of Dow. He pointed o ut that the Midland Chemical Company was an established fact while the Dow Process Company was an experiment--and perhaps the wise course would he for the Midland Chemical Company to take over Dow Process Company. lint even as Osborn was writing this letter, Charles Post was taking charge of the plans to organize a company to take over Dow Process Company. Duw was so certain of success that in March he began to borrow money on his Midland Chemical stock to p ut into the new company- lie wrote a glowing letter to his uncle, Frank A. Curtiss, in New Haven, Connecticut: " If you want to invest 1 think our new company will offer the best inducements o f anything I know of. . . . We have already got some unusually good men who we think are not of the tricky sort. . . ." Then he added a note: " To change the subject, Grace and all the babies are getting along nicely. Helen is as prim and polite as anyone yon ever saw and very neat at the table, but Ruth makes so much noise you can hear her a block away and never forgets to divide what she eats between her mouth and the rest of her face and hair. . . . Willard Henry would fling his whole weight onto his feet before he was two months old. We expect him to be the champion strong man." These were happy and exciting days for Dow. When not at work on his bleach process, he had been campaigning for election as alderman from Midland's Third Ward. A good bit of his electioneering was carried on in Frank Teal's Main Street barber shop where he stopped each morning for a 10-ccnl shave and an argument with anyone willing to argue with him. Teal usually was willing. And the campaign was a success. On April :t(), Charles Post mailed letters to several prominent to Cleveland businessmen, saying: " Dear Sir: You are cordially invited to meet a number of other representative businessmen at this office on to Tucsda\, May 4, Illd7. at 7:.'50 l'.M. Standard Time. Professor A. W. C Jt Smith of Case School and Mr. II. II. Dow, secretary of the Midland chemical Company, will he present to explain a new process of electrochemical manufai lure. Yours very truly, Charles H. Post." A large group gathered at Post's office to hear Smith and Dow t {h & tf Chapter Three explain the manufacturing process and their hopes for the future. Each was handed a statement which said in part: " About $2,000,000 worth of Chloride of Lime or Bleaching Powder is consumed each year in the U. S., but none is now made here on a Commercial Scale. We propose to m anufacture it by a new electrical process, in some respects similar to our Bromine process that has proved a phenomenal success. We are the first persons, so far as any records show, to make use of electricity in any chemical manufacture, on a Commercial Scale, aside from electroplating of metals. This is quite a different operation and has been in use for many years. . . . Our method of making Chlorine is extremely simple and does not require expensive apparatus and has been developed to such an extent that we advocate no change whatever in size in the proposed plant. . . ." There was a touch of pre-Madison Avenue salesmanship in calling Dow's process " extremely simple.'' In theory the process was relatively simple. But in putting theory into comtuercial practice, the process was proving stubbornly difficult and would continue to be for months to come. Nevertheless, Dow transmitted his own enthusiasm to the crowd. When he had finished his talk, more than fifty of the businessmen lined up to put their names on the list of stock subscribers. Nine days after the meeting in Post's office, the subscribers met and voted to form a corporation to take over the operation of the Dow Process Company. The new company was to he called The Dow Chemical Company. It was agreed to capitalize the company at $200,000 divided into 20,000 shares of stock having a par value of $ 10 a share. At some unspecified time in the future, the company was to pay the Dow Process Company $250,000 in slock for its assets, which were little more than the patents Dow had obtained on his chlorine process. Dow agreed in a memorandum to devote " my entire lime, skill, energy and attention to your company, giving to you the entire product f every kind resulting therefrom. . . ." lie was to be paid a salary of $500 a month with the stipulation that only two-thirds of it woidd be paid until the company was paying dividends. The Dow Chemical Company was born on May IB, 1007, when the artl:les of incorporation were filed in Michigan. The hoard of directors Jucluded Dow, Osborn, Staley, Pardee, Smith, and two Mill laud ^s,,,essmcn. But most of the directors rvere Cleveland businessmen, 'ey gave (he post of president to A. K. ( b u n its, a Cleveland lack I l 88 Tlic Dow Story were throwing down their rifles and deserting. Revolution was spreading under the whiplash of the Marxists Russia was dissolving as an effective fighting force against Germany. In Washington, President Woodrow Wilson continued to preach peace and neutrality. Without doubt he voiced the hopes of the majority of Americans The Germans were encouraged to believe that the United Slates would not enter the war under any circumstances and, with the collapse of Russia, they could turn the full force of their might against France and Britain. With the tide of war seemingly turning in its favor, the Imperial Government made its fatal mistakes. On January 9, the Kaiser sent a secret message to his navy: " I order that unrestricted submarine warfare be launched with the greatest vigor on February 1. You will immediately lake necessary steps" The United States State Department was formally advised of this action on January 31, too late for a protest to have any effect The United Slates government was further advised, " All sea traffic will be slopped with every available weapon and w ithout further notice." The only exception was that the United States would be permitted to send one passenger vessel to England each week. The German leaders were confident their arrogant action would not bring the United Slates into the war on the side of Britain and France. Arthur Zimmerman, the German Foreign Secretary, said to United States Ambassador James W. Gerard in Berlin: " America will do nothing because Wilson is for peace and nothing else." On that same day, Wilson announced he was breaking off diplomatic relations with Germany. American public opinion began to turn against Germany. Bui perhaps the policy of unrestricted warfare at sea would not have led the United Slates into the conflict had the Germans not made a secon blunder. On January 17. British Naval Intelligence intercepted a wireless message signed by Foreign Secretary Zimmerman. It was addressed, by wav of Ambassador von Bernstorff in Washington, to the German ambassador in Mexico Gilv. Grvplologists toiled over the message un they broke (lie code. Its important passage said: tor o "sj UK INTEND TO BEGIN UNRESTRICTED SUBMAIilNE WAK FARE. WE SIIAEI. ENDEAVOR TO KEEP THE UNITED STATES NEUTRAL. IN THE E\ ENT OF THIS NOT SUCCEEDING, WE MAKE MEXI CO A PliOPOSAL OF ALLIANCE ON THE FOLLOWING A-OSi-C Chapter Six 89 BASIS: MAKE WAR TOGETHER, MAKE PEACE TO GETHER, GENEROUS FINANCIAL SUPPORT, AND AN UNDERSTANDING ON OUR PART THAT MEXICO IS TO RECONQUER THE LOST TERRITORY IN TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, AND ARIZONA. For days the British kept the message secret as they checked its authenticity. Then at the moment when they believed it would have iis greatest impact on neutral America, they passed the message on to President Wilson. He had the original ciphers cheeked against those transmitted by Bernstorff to Mexico City. The ciphers matched exactly. There could be no doubt of it--the message was not a fraud, and the Germans so adm itted later. Wilson made the Zimmerman note public and the storm of anger that followed overwhelmed the small minority in Congress who had been filibustering for neutrality. On April 5, F919 ,Congress approved a joint resolution which said "the President is hereby authorized and directed. . . to carry on war against the Imperial German Government and to bring the conflict to a successful term ination." The day following, President Wilson issued a formal declaration of war. Although the war had been underway in Europe for more than two years, the United States entered the conflict with shortages in almost everything from artillery shells to clothing for the armies. The demand for chemicals became desperately urgent. Dow stepped up the production of indigo to 2,000 pounds a day and planned larger production. A phenol plant was built and expanded to produce fifteen fons a day and then thirty tons as munitions plants called for more and more phenol tor the manufacture of picric acid, used in explosives. t was during this lime that Herbert Dow startled his employees and Th *.0V^,,slM:0P^e f Midland by coming to work one day clean shaven, 'e card was gone. Even his close friends didn't recognize him at first, t looked loo Prussian," Dow explained, will". *>U:tUri:S a,lt* cartoon-s' the " Prussian look" was being identified 1 arrogance and Herbert Dow wanted no sueli personal image. Ilis w j,a! w,:re with England in her struggle on the Gonlinent. and he j,J' ^ l`-s made clear. Dow' * V' iir l,roi,Sht l*l<` *'rsl real -stirrings of a magnesium industry, "tarts 1Kperimenis with magnesium m etal-alter a good many false fus, aM failures--were beginning to show promise. A year after the Wilj vvas produced in 1916, Dow reported to his directors, " We 0,1 be making metallic magnesium which will probably find a 44 The Dow Story If Dow had been a drinking man, the time would have called for a celebration with champagne flowing. In a brief period of months, his fortunes had swung violently from the depths of near-defeat to a pinnacle fr o m which the future had a rosy glow. On paper, he was now moderately well-to-do. If all went well, his days of scrimping and scraping to keep one jum p ahead of disaster were over. He was thirty-one years old and he now could afford to hire more than the 6ix men his uncle had once said were needed to keep up w ith all his ideas The company allotted Dow $83,333.33 w ith which to build the new plant, more money than he had ever had to work with before. And Midland was startled in that summer of 1897 by the fevered burst of construction activity at the east end of Main S treet Many people in town didn't know what to make of it all. Only a few years before Dow had been having trouble paying his board bill. Now he was spending money in bundles. Not only was he buying large quantities of materials, but he was paying off his workers in cash every week instead of giving due bills as was the local custom. A good many businessmen around town didn't like to see the workers paid in cash. They had been making a tidy profit by buying due bills at a discount Furthermore, not all the women were enthused by the Dows' new affluence. Word quickly spread that the Dows were paying their maid $3.00 a week while the going rate was $1.50. The Dows were ruining the local labor market. Some looked at Dow with new respect. To others he still was unpredictable Crazy Dow, upsetting local customs and going his own way. Saloon Row didn't trust him because he was always arguing that those fourteen saloons on Main Street were a disgrace and something should be done about the rowdies who lounged outside their doors. But nobody ignored him as he pedaled his bicycle to and from work with coat tails flying. Dow plunged into the construction of his new p la n t He had cash to spend, but the money had to be spread to cover the cost of land, building materials, expensive new equipment, and labor. Dow designed the first of nine buildings himself, each 40 feet wide and 90 feet long with 16-foot cedar pole supports. His materials were cheap lumber and tar and lie still counted the nails. Each building cost him $500, giving him 3,600 square feet of floor space at a cost of 14cents a squarefob t o lie persuaded his brother-in-law, young Tom Griswold, Jr., who had married his sister, Helen Dow, to give up his job in Cleveland and com t o to Midland for $17.23 a week to help design the p la n t The tall, lanky - v ! Griswold, also a graduate of Case School, was the first of the Chapter Three 45 arkable group of talented men whom Dow would attract to Midland through the years. Dow also brought his father from Cleveland to help supervise the construction. He continued to make his chlorine cells of tarred wood and used carbons because o f their cheapness. His buildings were designed for utility only. The grinding experience of trying to make do on little money had left its mark. Dow was tightfisted in buying. His father and Griswold argued with him for two weeks before he would invest $125 in a drill press. But in buying a 400-kilowatt generator, condensers, pumps, and air compressors Dow looked for the best. The generator was considered a giant piece of electrical machinery and one of the most advanced o f its time. Through the summer and fall the building went on. The company's power plant was started up on Thanksgiving Day, November 25, 1897, and The Dow Chemical Company produced its first bleach. Everything went well for a time. But then things began t o g o w r o n g . Explosion after explosion jarred the plant as cells blew up. Yellow chlorine poured out onto the floors. Chlorine gas filled the buildings but workers found they could counteract the effects of the gas by inhaling the fumes of grain alcohol. Tom Griswold and chemist Jim Graves, who had left Midland Chemical to join Dow, began a search for the cause of the explosions. The com pany sold its first bleach in January, 1898, for $37.48. Sales climbed to around $700 a m onth and leveled off. At this rale the company was headed for disaster and the Cleveland directors became alarmed. Dow began receiving letters demanding he do something to increase production and sales. The investors were shaken, too, by news 1iat the British bleach combine had slashed the price of bleach in half n the American market. The move was clearly an effort to drive the growing number of American bleach producers out of business. Two Members of Dow Chemical's board of directors resigned and pul their tuUP ^r Sa^e` ^ ow borrowed money to buy a large part of it. e com1panJy'"s *f*i,rost 1b/hirit.hiiduauyj wrruaos nnvoit ua happy UoInICe. T1lhive fpsliuaaniti wwaso nning at only half its capacity. Breakdowns often halted work. Even 4(> The Dow Story During this time a stockholder returned to Cleveland from a trip to Midland and Convers asked; " What's Dow doing up there?" " He's busy over at the new house he's building." " lie is building what?" Convers demanded. " lie is supervising the construction of a new home. I heard around town that lie's building a mansion." It was true that Dow was building a home. It was far from a mansion, but lie had planned a large and comfortable house. He was dividing his time between the plant and the house, changing the architect's drawings and even keeping a critical eye on the installation of the plumbing. No one knew where the money was coming from to pay lor the house, but then Midlanders had long before given up trying to account for Dow's activities. The Cleveland stockholders were beginning to believe they had backed the wrong horse. At odd linies Dow also had been working with a few friends to get conLrol of the Midland Chemical Company from B. E. Helman, whose schemes for dominating the American bromine market had collapsed. When the Midland Chemical's board o f directors m et in June, Dow and his friends held the controlling interest and Dow was elected president Soon afterward they opened negotiations with Helman to buy his interest in the company. Early in November, Dow wrote to Convers; " I am not going to let worldly matters bother me today. I'm moving into my new home." The following m onth Helman sold out his interest in Midland Chemical for $40,000, bringing to an end his long feud with Dow. After three years, Dow once more had a strong position in the company he had helped organize, and he had his family installed in the big, new house on the west end of Main Street--not far from the spot where he had started his first plant near the Evans Flour Mill eight years earlier. The New Year, 11190, however, brought with it no magical solutions to Dow's problems with the bleach operation. By June, the company had $1 17,000 invested and sales had not reached a break-even point The explosions in the chlorine cells continued and the patience of the Cleveland hackers was growing more strained. They were looking vi'h misgivings at the contract which called for the paym ent of $250,000111 stock to the partners in the old Dow Process Company. Eive stockholders, including President Convers and Secretary Treasurer Post, signed a letter to Dow which said in part: " . . .develop to menls have shown (hat the Dow process is not successful and wasnoj^* "v i perfect process, as we had been led to believe, and we are of to opinion that it is still in an experimental state. . . . Our cash reserves AOD p -zfx * Chapter Three 47 exhausted. . and it would be utterly unreasonable to solieit further investment of capital." They put their proposition rather bluntly: caneel the Dow Process claim to $250,000 in stock and accept instead slock to cover only the actual money invested in Dow Process. Dow simply ignored the letter. He waited for Convers and Post to make the first move. They made it by calling a meeting in Cleveland of Dow Chemical's executive com mittee late in June. And then Dow argued his case. He told them their fears were groundless, and that br and his men were on the edge of a breakthrough. All he needed to perfect the process was more time. " 1 am not worried at all now," he said. " 1 was a year ago. Then we were in trouble. Now we are not." He stalled off any official move to reduce the stock obligation to Dow Process. He played for time because lie knew that he, Griswold, and Graves were getting close to a solution of the cell explosions and a serious leakage of electric current. Graves and Griswold worked in shifts around the clock through August, September, and October. Dow became haggard with weariness and strain. The explosions and leaks had to be stopped or everything would be lost. The plant losses had been cut to $163 a day but the drain could not go on indefinitely. Graves worked from noon until midnight. Then he would slop by Griswold's house near the plant and explain what had happened in the preceding twelve hours. After Mrs. Griswold had given her husband something to eat, Griswold woidd light his lantern and head for the plant to begin his midnight to noon shift. It was Griswold who isolated the cause of the. explosions. He suspected th at the carbon electrodes after long soaking in brine and chlorine became porous, permitting hydrogen gas to seep through to e chlorine gas and form an exolosive mixture. He bought some wax at Uio ,lol wax. m en ne ici me wax co ol wnen me 'ax soaked carbons were installed in several cells, the explosions in hose cells stopped. cl>on climbed to the nine tons a day that Dow had planned. The y and strength ol the bleach improved. Almost overnight the 3 1 4JJ Tlie Dow Story plant that had been losing $163 a day began to make money. In the new spirit of jubilation that followed, Dow was praised by his Cleveland backers as a man of genius. The harsh words and the fears voiced a few m onths earlier were things to be forgotten. Dow amiably conceded that perhaps $250,000 was too steep a price to pay for the assets of Dow Process. He suggested that $204,000 would be acceptable to him and his partners and his offer was accepted. Music sounded through the new Dow home that Christmas. It poured from a Regina Sublima, a polished mahogany music box which Dow had bought as a present for the family. The manufacturers billed their machine as " the only Music Box made which is provided with a mechanism that automatically changes its Tune S h eets.. . . Without being touched, after once started, it plays successively, by a continuous automatic motion, all the tunes of tlie repertoire, consisting of a number of disks, which are contained in the lower part o f the case. . . . The Sublima has two large steel combs with 130 tongues tuned in the chromatic scale (and) a long-running Clock Movement which is interchangeable in all parts, and cannot get out of order. . . ." The disks played such numbers as Wagner's " Grand March," the " Wedding March" from Lohengrin, the " William Tell Overture," "My Old Kentucky Home," Sousa's " The Washington Post March," "Glory Hallelujah Song," and something called " I've Waited, Honey, Waited Long for You." The end of the century was a large milestone for Herbert Dow. The clawing and scratching for sheer survival in the business world was not over, 1ml the first battles had been won. The ten years of struggle had proved that his bromine and chlorine processes were sound, chemically and ..........crcially. lie did not control the companies he had helped start, hut at least he now had a strong voice in their management More important than all else, he had helped pioneer in the first stirrings of an American chemical industry that one day would be free of European domination. tO "yj to CO Chapter Four A X X cross the land, bells tolled, whistles blew, firecrackers exploded, and people gathered to shout and sing--and to p ra y -a s the old century died and the new century was born. There were no major wars being fought around the world. The United States had bounced back from the economic depression of 1893 and times were relatively good. Wages were low but, then, the purchasing power of the dollar was high. Potatoes were selling for 35 to 45 cents a busheL Butter was 24 to 35 cents a pound. Wheat was 70 cents a bushel, corn 33 cents, and Texas steers $4.25 a hundred pounds. Ladies' inuslin nightgowns could be had for 19 cents, women's shoes for $1.97 (on sale), and " a good, well-made corset in long or short size" could be had for 50 cents. Room and board costs varied according to the locality, but in Midland the rates held steady at $15 to $20 a month. President William McKinley occupied the White House and it was generally agreed he would be the Republican candidate for a second term. He stood on a platform of protective tariffs, a gold money standard, and conservative policies, which he said were essential to continued prosperity. Labor was flexing its muscles and demanding recognition, with oisputes often ending in bloody riots. Demands were growing for ..*n^reSS l something'` about the monopoly practices of the fuats. On the Far Left, anarchists were preaching the overthrow of f o m e n t s and emphasizing their point occasionally with a tossed It was time of political, social, and industrial ferment--anu ^citemmeeinnt, Tmheere were some 14,000 automobiles chugging alonngg e s and roads, frightening peoplIe a..n. d1 Ihorses. nButi allmost e...v..e..r..y..o...n...e.. `ho ^ le literary Digest when it observed: " The ordinary r6e yss carriage' is at present a luxury for the wealthy; and althougl Uito>riCe probably fall in the future, it will never, of course, conn ^ ere88 comnion use as the bicycle." Nevertheless, there were those wlu COnv>nced a cheap car could be built which the average workini *" could afford. 50 Thf !low Slory Europeans liad developed ihe first automobiles. They were low-slung, handmade cars designed for driving conditions in Europe. The Americans were building their cars with an eye to covering long distance's and the cars had to have enough clearance to travel rutted roads. William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa, was credited with being the first to make an electric automobile. When it made an appearance in Chicago in 11)92, crowds clogged the streets to get a close look at the marvelous machine. One account said: " Ever since it arrived, the sight of a well-loaded carriage moving along the streets at a spanking pace with no horses in front and apparently with nothing on board to give it motion, was a sight that has been too much, even for the wide-awake Chicagoan. It is most amusing to see the crowds gather whenever the vehicle appears. So great has been the curiosity that the owner when passing through the business section has had to appeal to the police to ! aid him in clearing the way." The automobile age was nearer than anyone hut a few dreamers imagined. Dow Chemical would be drawn into its mainstream in a manner no one could foresee. Its plants would one day furnish the bromine required for anti-knock gasoline, and other products important to the automobile industry', j! In the wider world, Britannia still ruled the waves. But on the first I day of the new century a voice was raised in belligerent tones that ' seemed to issue a challenge to British naval supremacy. Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm 11 chose New Year's Day to proclaim to the Reichstag in jj Berlin: "The first day of the new century sees our army--in other jj words, our people--in arms, gathered around their standards, kneeling before the Lord of Hosts. Even as my grandfather labored for his army, so will I, in like manner, unerringly carry on and carry through the work of reorganizing my navy, in order that it may be justified in standing by Ihe side of my land forces and that by it the German Empire may also he in a position to win the place which it has not yet attained. With the two united, 1 hope to be enabled, with a firm trust m the guidance of God. to prove the truth of the saying of Friedrich Wilhelm 1: `When one in this world wants to decide something with * pen he does not do it unless supported by the strength of the sword. In that age of America's international innocence, the Kaiser's W<>r<k were scarcely noted by the man on the street. Europe was too far a'*) and its problems loo remote. In all the Midlands of the United St** Ihi ii' were other things more important than the posturings * ambition.- of an emperor. But then no one, not even in the chancellor! of Europe, could foresee that the words spoken in Berlin were druniheat in the march toward a great war. j 2730 i it /i- Chapter Four 51 The future looked sunny in Midland, Michigan, as it did in New York and Chicago and San Francisco. The Dow Chemical Company had brought a new prosperity to the town. Main Street was as dusty and rutted as ever and Saloon Row added nothing to the cultural lone of the community. Cows and chickens wandered in the streets. Then- were no sidewalks except the scarred hoard walks on Main Street. Not many houses could boast of a bath tub. And yet the gray hopelessness of a decade earlier was gone. The " bleach works" was hiring more men, and money jingled in the workers' pockets on Saturday. The future looked so promising to the directors of Dow Chemical that they voted an 8 percent slock dividend that was followed by a lirfty 20 percent stock dividend. They agreed to Herbert Dow's proposal for further plant expansion. They also agreed the time had come to open discussions looking to a merger of the Midland Chemical Company into Dow Chemical. Dow told his colleagues the union was desirable because it would strengthen his patents and make the company less vulnerable to attack by larger companies; it would secure permanently the source of raw material; the combined fuel costs would be cheaper; operating costs would be lower; and the company would not be so dependent on one product in a market growing more and more competitive. By May an agreement had been reached for Dow Chemical to pay $300,000 in slock for the assets of Midland Chemical. And in August the merger was completed. The merger was a triumph for Dow. At age thirty-four he owned a one-fourth interest in the chemical company he had created through ten years of hard work. It was true the company was in debt because of >e expansions in plant capacity, but it was making money even though f e British combine, United Alkali Company, had cut the price of each from $3.10 a hundred to $1.65 in the first of a series of moves 0 freeze out competition. C k^^e ^Car was a' s0 a lamlmark year because it brought to Dow t e,,,lcal two men who were to play a major part in the growth of the ^m pany for the next half-century. The first to arrive was Karl Willard in n?ett' a s,*iall, aggressive young man of twenty, his dark hair parted kokk *m,<^ e 3n^ !>*asleret^ Bown on his head. Dow hired him as a e< lH-r at a wage of $25 a month, with extracurricular duties of "m'ived'1^ U^ ^ IC ^ ' CL a,|B r,1,ming lor the daily mail wlum the train *b B u, one day he would become the company's treasurer and P ^ |a*rn,an of its board of directors. I90o"[o Beiniett recalled," 1 came to Midland in the early winter of v`sil my grandmother. That was when I decided to apply for a The Dow Story job witli The Dow Chemical Company. Before that, when I was 16 ] had been a cook in a lumber camp at Hub, North Carolina, which hju the eastern part of the state. I had been going to high school in Grand Rapids where my father was superintendent of supplies for a lumber company. They sent him to North Carolina to supervise a job and he couldn't afford to keep me in school in Grand Rapids. So I went with hint. " Most of the lumbermen working the Hub job were northern loggers. They were a rough lot and when we arrived they were raising Old Ned about the Southern food they had to e a t They weren't accustomed to it. They had been eating greens and biscuits and salt pork until they couldn't bear the sight of i t T hat was about all the the camp cook knew how to prepare. He dished up greens, salt pork and biscuits one day, and salt pork, greens and biscuits the next day. " Well, the camp cook died soon after we got there. The men claimed, rather ungenerously I thought, that he had choked to death on his own cooking. At any rate, I went to my father and asked him ifl couldn't do the cooking. The job paid $50 a month and I wanted the money so that I could go to business school. I had decided that instead of finishing high school I would take a business course. " Since there wasn't anybody else in camp who knew how to cook,l got the job. I was about 5-feet tall and in the language of the lumbermen, `a little short at the top.' We had about one hundred men in the camp and one old stove on which to do the cooking. " The first thing I did was to start making fresh bread, which the men had been accustomed to in the northern lumber camps. I made my own yeast, too. Instead of serving the men evaporated apples, I cooked the apples down to a sauce and used part of the juice to make jelly- Then I made jelly rolls and jelly cakes, the first they had had in month* They loved that. During the next nine months I saved close to $4511 didn't spend much more than a dollar a month. " Then 1 left the camp and headed for Chicago. I sewed my savin? in my clothes so nobody could steal i t I entered the Bryant Strati* Business School in Chicago determined to finish their three-year court* ihni msiax mi i iou ini tihu as.. iI tdtiidu ini 'ti mmaankee iiit iinn ssiixa umi io/ ni iti ihi sa ,, ub uuit 1I udiidu fi iiini *iosh it an ni* months and just managed to scrape by with the money I had Then I went to work for Marshall Fields for $5 a week. I stayed th lor three years. ^ " When 1 came to Midland to see my grandmother, I learned Dow Chemical Company was expanding and I decided to ask J 1 guess Mr. Dow didn't think I was too short at the top becauseehhee ^Jij 2731 oese-o Chapter Four 5.'! A few months after Bennett was hired, young E. 0 . " Ed" Barstow arrived. He had been one of Professor Smith's outstanding students at Case School and Smith had steered him to Midland. He was a broad-shouldered, big-fisted youth who quickly developed a reputation for solving knotty production problems. "When Mr. Dow offered me $65 a month, I grabbed the job," Barstow recalled years later. " I had two rooms that cost me $1.50 a week and my board bill was $3.50. There were no movies and few places to go to spend money. 1 was rich." With the arrival of Barstow and Bennett, Dow had the nucleus of a team that would work together for many years. Tom Griswold was his construction engineer. Bennett was his financial aide. Barstow helped manage the plant, conduct laboratory experiments, and move the experiments from the laboratory into actual production. By this time Dow had developed a full line of bromides used by the pharmaceutical houses and photographic supply firms, his bleach was at least equal in quality to the British bleach, and he had found an outlet for " mining salts" which were being used in the mining of gold. Crushed ore was saturated with a bromine solution which acted with the gold to form bromide of gold. The gold was then extracted from the solution. Shipments of mining salts were sent to Australia, South Africa, Colorado, and other mining regions and for years were an important source of income for the small company. In the summer of that sunny year, Dow started a profit-sharing plan for the Dow Chemical employees, persuading his directors to set aside 2 percent of the profit to be prorated among the workers. It was not entirely a benevolent move although it was at this time a revolutionary concept in business. Dow reasoned that if the workers received a profit-bonus, they would be able to buy stock in the company and thus provide working capital. Their interest in the company's welfare would e more personal. And, hopefully, they would do better work, all of which would reflect in greater profits for the stockholders. Dow was so confident of the business' future that early in 1901 he directors on a $225,000 expansion program. There was no 1ficulty in the financing. The East End Savings Bank of Cleveland re"dily agreed to lend the company $100,000. Much of it was earmarked for increased power production by gleaming generators Gated on the outskirts of a town where electricity in a home was still * mxury. LL A 1few Prfoasppeects m onths later Dow convinced the directors that the market were so good he needed an additional $300,000 for Bk. f1 54 Tin: Dow Slory expansion lo meet the expected demand. Bleach was selling well and he had found a profitable market for bromides in Japan and Europe. He gut approval for the expansion. If Dow expected unqualified admiration for his aggressiveness in locating a foreign market for the company's products, he was disappointed, llis old friend J. H. Osborn was upset by the news. He warned Dow that the sale of bromides would very likely antagonize the Germans, who considered the bromide market outside the United Stales their private domain. Osborn thought it very likely the Germans would retaliate and force The Dow Chemical Company into a costly fight. But Dow refused to take the warning seriously. He continued to export bis bromides. When the first blow came it was not delivered by the Germans. It came from the British, who abruptly reduced their bleach price from S I.05 a hundredweight to $1.25. The aggressor was the United Alkali Company, an association of independent producers in England, Scotland, and Wales. They had held a strong position in the bleach market for years in Europe and the United States, and they intended to defend this position. fo r a time Dow tried to hold the price line but he was forced to cut his price as the pressure from his customers mounted. Then the British followed with another price cut to $1.04 a hundred. The price cut was a staggering blow to Dow Chemical. Dow had planned Ins expansions on the e x p e c ta tio n th a t the price of bleach would fall no lower than $1.65 a hundred. By midsummer of 1903, the company was $225,000 in debt and $92,000 overdrawn at the bank in Cleveland. Bank officials reluctantly agreed to lend the company money to ride out a short-term emergency--but only after each of the directors personally endorsed the notes. This money problem had hardly been solved when the British announced that their bleach price for the following year would be 88 cents a hundredweight, a price well below their production costs since it included a 25-cent import duty. The blow was aimed directly at D* Chemical because virtually every other producer of bleach in the United States had closed down months before rather than engage in a pnce WUI. , Dow struck back by contracting to sell his entire 1904 output at 8 cents a hundred. And then suddenly the British pressure ended. Unite Alkali announced that instead of Of! cents, their 1904 price would e $1.25. But the announcement was not made until Dow had made commitments. $ -2 2 3 / Chapter four 55 Dow himself was bitterly resentful that his company had been forced by other American bleach makers to carry the burden of the fight- He wrote to a stockholder, " It seems too bad that wc have to bear the entire cost of bringing the United Alkali Co. to its knees." On the broad waters of American commerce, the bleach fight scarcely raised a ripple. It was important only to those engaged in it and it received scant attention in the financial press. But with the perspective of time, it would become clear that the shots fired were important to the survival of an American chemical industry. Americans had other things of greater interest to them than the tribulations of an obscure Michigan chemical company. One of these was the endless arguments as to whether or not a man would ever be able to fly in a heavier-than-air craft. In October of 1903, Astronomer Simon Newcomb of the United Slates Naval Observatory at Washington wrote what many considered to be a reasonable statement: " The example of the bird does not prove that man can fly. . . . There arc many problems which have fascinated mankind since civilization began which we have made little or no advance in solving. . . . Air mech anicians (may be) ultimately forced to admit that aerial flight is one of the great classes of problems with which man can never cope On the other hand, 11. 0. Wells, the noted British author andi historian, conceded that man might learn to fly but " 1 do not think it at all probable that aeronautics will ever come into play as a serious modification of transport and communication." In the midst of such solemn predictions that man would likely remain an earthbound creature, Orville Wright climbed into a strange looking contraption at the base of Kill Devil Hill near Killy Hawk, orth Carolina, and flew it 130 feet in 27 seconds. Later in the day, his rother, Wilbur, climbed into the pilot's seal and flew the cralt for 852 eet in 59 seconds. Like the bumblebee, their plane was ungainly and poorly constructed for flight, but it flew nevertheless. 1 was beginning to look as though Dow would never get his " mpany off the ground. Not long after the bleach fight had ended, a Btri|t01" f ame lo Midland and sought an interview with him. The ngers calling card identified him as Herr Herman Jacobsohn, GertSCn*a**Ve ^ ,e ^ eulscl,c Bromkonvention, an organization of man bromide makers Dow received the visitor and alter a few r 1" u excl,anges, Jacobsohn got down to business He said he had `ft6 ln^ormation that Dow had exported bromides to Europe. " Do1n8,1f yfo' uir"knDowWyaoskut`dc'an not export bromides?" Jacobsohn said, i i 4 />(> TIk*Ilow lory as though any informed businessman should be aware of this simple rule of commerce. " 1 know nothing of the kind," Dow said. It was then that Jacobsohn patiently explained he had been sent to Midland from New York by his colleagues to make it clear to Dow that such violations of the accepted rules could not be tolerated. While the amount of money involved in Dow's transactions had been trivial, the Bromkonvention in principle could not overlook the invasion of their territory. Furthermore, he said, if Dow continued such exports, the liromkonventiou would be forced to put two pounds of bromides on the United States market for every pound exported by Dow. And with this ultimatum, Jacobsohn excused himself. He left on the next train for New York. Dow said later to a friend: " 1 thought he was bluffing and paid no attention to him." Hut Jacobsohn wasn't bluffing. Within a few days, without explanation, a New York City bank notified Dow Chemical that several demand notes it held should be paid immediately. This warning slap was soon forgotten by Dow because he was under more serious pressure from his own board of directors. The falling profits curve of the company had stirred up some old doubts about Dow's managerial ability. There also was talk that Dow had been wasting his Lime and energies in an appalling number of activities when he should have been looking after the affairs of Dow Chemical. One [joint of irritation was Dow's involvement in a scheme to synthesize chloroform^from carbon tetrachloride. The chloroform project had started iirUjO^When Dow became convinced that Professor A. W. .Smith o f Case-'School and a colleague, Professor William 0 . Quayle, had found a workable process for the inorganic synthesis of chloroform--something that had not been commercially achieved before. The standard method of producing chloroform was to use * combination of bleach and acetone. Inasmuch as acetone came from the destructive distillation of wood, the process was fairly expensiveThe Sinilh-Quayle process offered the possibility that chloroform could be obtained from carbon tetrachloride much more cheaply--a*1^ "carbon let" could be made from chloride in brine. Dow decided to transfer the laboratory experiments to commercW* production. Inasmuch as some of Dow Chemical's directors were grumbling about loo much expansion, he was leery of asking the boar In finance the venture.. Instead, he organized a new MidlantLChCP11!-----Company and a plant was set up on land leased from Dow Chemmtce* j J t Chapter Four j Quayle was brought from Case School to get the plant in operation, as usual Dow involved himself deeply in the project- The plant had produced little except headaches for months. Also, wme Mi^ land residents living on the, windward side of the plants weffc threatening to sue Dow Chemical because of smelly gases escaping from the chloroform plant built on its property. They said the odors were nfft nnly unpleasant but that the gases induced vomiting, and caused vegetation to die, kitchen utensils to rust, and implements to corrode.- Dow blamed Quayle's chloroform plant for most of the odors which he conceded were disagreeable. But he hooted down the claims that the gases were causing all the damages that were claimed. He pul Barslow to work to find the cause of the complaints. Within a short time, Barstow located the trouble in faulty pipe fittings When the joints were sealed properly, most of the odor disappeared and the complaints subsided. It was the beginning of a long and costly effort to minimize air pollution. It often seemed to some directors that Dow was like an overgrown boy turned loose in a warehouse full of playthings, not knowing where to concentrate his time and energy, lie was raising prize pullets and selling eggs. He was planting five thousand fruit trees and trying to prove that the sandy soil around Midland could produce apples the equal of any in the country. He was spending valuable time showing workers how to landscape the grounds around his home and supervising the planting of shrubs, trees, and flowers, lie was spending more time in the plant than in his office, frequently stopping to show a worker how to handle a broom, a shovel, a paint brush, or a mop with greater efficiency. On one visit to the. plant, a director was startled to see Dow suddenly grab a shovel from the hand of a man shoveling coal into a furnace. II ^et me show you how to do it," Dow said. " You're wastingcoaL" i|C ^r ccet*ct* to demonstrate bow coal should be spread evenly over to*1h rnat;e ^'re ratl*er than piled in a heap. Then he patiently explained 0 t e man why the combustion would he more efficient if the coal was pread evenly over the fire. Clcv I** ^ colnl)a,iy's patent attorney and a stockholder from 1 and, was disturbed because he believed Dow was wasting his time a t details that employees could do as well or better, lie wrote ul letter to Dow saying in pari: *nventi j u`%lm'nh your strongest faculty is your originating or ,ln facility. In this line, you are superior, lienee, this is the line 8 *ould devote yourself to. After you have conceived an idea, it is 1 ! \ 58 TI- Dow Story quite likely that someone else might work out the details of this idea and reduee it to practice quite as well as you could yourself.. . . Such a person might relieve you from superintendence and leave you free to exercise your inventive facu lty .. . . You have not the time it seems to me to work these ideas out yourself, for your ideas come too rapidly for one man to reduce to practice. Frankly, and w ithout meaning any disrespect, I believe that a very ordinary man of good technical knowledge could under your direction reduce your ideas to practical form at a lower cost, and with much better ultimate results than you could yourself. . . ." And then Fay got down to the core of the problem as he saw it. "So far as 1am able to judge," he said, " your mind does not work according to any normal law. Logic seems superseded by inspiration. . . . Things that to the ordinary mind appear to be fixed facts and axioms, to you appear faulty and capable of being changed for the better in many ways. You start with one idea and before you can p ut it into words new avenues of thought open up to you that divert you from the original idea. . . . You shou ld .. . not use up your energy in doing something that another man could do as well as you." Dow replied that his ideas for inventions and improvements did not come from sitting in a chair and forcing himself to think of them. He said they came from the fact that he did become involved in the details of the plant operations. " Improvements of the kind you speak of," he added, " are spontaneous evolutions or outgrowths of this knowledge." In a footnote, Dow solemnly said he had relieved himself of some of the detail work due to Fay's suggestions. He had arranged for the bookkeeper, F.arl Bennett, to sign checks for lumber that had been purchased. The unrest over Dow's management reached a crisis stage in the summer of 1904 when the board of directors named an executive committee, to explore the advantages of hiring a manager to take over the direct supervision of the Midland plants. Dow went to tin- board with a defense of his management He argued that his construction costs had been 60 percent below the lowest bids offered by contractors; the company produced its own electric power more cheaply than the highly efficient power plants supplying the city of Chicago; no serious legal blunders had been madej labor costs had been closely controlled; because of automatic contro and recording devices, " one man sitting in his office is able to accomplish what twenty foremen observing the operations of the men might fail to do" ; and both bleach and bromides were being^ manufactured " cheaper than anyone else anywhere." 2734 Chapter Four "To sum up the whole matter," Dow said, " The Dow Company, as far as we have any means of judging, is better managed than any other manufacturing plant with which comparison can be made. . . . 1 trust the executive board will appreciate what ability may exist in Midland and place as much confidence in the work being done there as results will w arran t" Dow succeeded in blocking the appointment of a manager. He had seen the management of the old Midland Chemical Company slip from his hands and he didn't intend for it to happen again without a fight. But the Cleveland directors did not share his optimism that the company was on a solid base nor were coming events to lessen their pessimism. Early in 1905, Dow decided to make a trip to Louisiana and Texas to talk to prospective customers. Then he planned to swing north to St. Louis to meet Mrs. Dow and the children. From St. Louis, they were going on to California for a visit with Mr. and Mrs. Osborn. Two years earlier, Osborn had retired from the National Carbon Company and moved to Pacific Grove, California. In early February Dow was in New Orleans when he learned that the Germans had cut the price of potassium bromide on the American market to 15 cents from 30 cents--while in Europe the price was being held at 40 cents. Other bromide prices were cut in half. He carried this distressing news with him to San Antonio. There he received an urgent message to come to St. Louis to meet with a representative of the Deutsche Bromkonvention. Dow caught the next train out of San Antonio after wiring his plant manager, Jim Graves, and his sales manager, Rupert Paris, to meet him ln S t Louis. On his arrival in St. Louis, Dow went with Graves and Paris executive offices of the Maliinckrodt Chemical Works where he und the Bromkonvention's representative to be Herr Jacobsohn--the Wrne Jacobsohn who had issued the ultimatum to Dow a year earlier. Jacobsohn bluntly informed Dow the price cut in bromides had n made to punish Dow Chemical for invading the German m arket e proceeded to lecture Dow on the folly of his trying to disrupt the mwritten but historic understanding that the bromide market in to a,,t* reSt ^ ie wor^ outside the United States was reserved Dromkonvention. He demanded once again that Dow stop the ^ P m e n ts of bromides to Europe and Japan. If they were not halted, said, then the Germans had no alternative but to flood tin- American SUt h* W'1*' ^rorn'c*es Pr'ced below the cost of production. He pointed hat the German combine could well afford to do this because it 1 ! ? 00 The Dow SLory had llit- financial resources of the government behind i t In a long price war, he argued, the Germans would inevitably be the winner. Dow refused to stop shipments abroad. He was angered by the dictatorial tone of Jacobsohn, and by the threats. Suddenly he stood up to announce there was no need for further discussion. The time was nearing fur him to meet Mrs. Dow and his children and board the train for California. " You can't do this!" Jacobsohn exclaimed. " You don't know what you are doing!" " Good day, gentlemen," Dow said and he left with Graves and Paris. Dow was angry but his anger had not dictated his decision. He was sure he could produce bromides cheaper than the Germans and he was fairly certain the Germans were not in as strong a position as jacobsohn claimed. For one thing, their 15-cent price included a 25 percent tariff, leaving them only about 12 cents to cover all costs. At such a price, every pound of bromides sold on the American market would be a financial drain. By the time Dow reached Kansas City, he had his strategy worked out. It was not complicated. He would simply withdraw from the American market and invade the German m arket He sent his family on to the West Coast and he stopped overnight at the Hotel Baltimore. He sent a message to Graves and Paris in Midland to keep the bromine plant in full production and to start stockpiling bromides. He authorized the sale of 120,000 pounds of bromides at 12 cents a pound to leave the impression that he was going to fight them on the American m arket These were the preliminary moves to the invasion of the German market. Germany had no import duty on bromides and if he could wedge his way into this market, he would be able to p ut pressure on the liromkonvcntion not only in the United States, but on their own home grounds. lie penned a long letter to President Convers in Cleveland telling him of the meeting with Jacobsohn. " The bromide situation is now getting strenuous," he said. " . . . The whole situation is very spectacular and intended to frighten ns. . . . Jacobsohn stated that the Europe*** market was theirs and that they would make us trouble until w e withdrew from there and left the market free to them. We would not consider his term s . . . Mr. Paris le ft.. . for the East where he W arrange to sell 100,000 pounds of bromides in Europe, mainly *** Germany. . . . " . Willi his counterattack organized, Dow went on to California to joU1 Chapter Four 6 his family- One day he spent with the famed horticulturist, Luther Burbank, discussing fruit trees. Dow promised Burbank he would send him some chemicals which he thought were worth testing as sprays and goil nutrients. On his return to Midland, he sent the chemicals and received a note of thanks from Burbank: " The Chemicals which you aent were received all right and I thank you. They are very highly appreciated, and I will give them a careful test as soon as 1 can find time. I enjoyed your visit with me more than I can possibly tell you. . . Three months after his confrontation with Jacobsohn, Dow wrote to President Convers to report: "We are increasing our crystallizing capacity quite rapidly, and will soon be able to invade Europe with quite a quantity of crystals." By this time he had built up a stockpile of more than 300,000 pounds to throw into the fight. A short time later he was writing to Osborn in California: " There is undoubtedly a long fight ahead but we are absolutely confident of the resulta" Dow may have been confident but some of the Dow Chemical directors were frightened and angered by Dow's move into the price war without even consulting them. The company was heavily in debt. There was no market for the stock. And it was obvious that a long war with the Germans would eliminate any chance of dividends. But in this critical time, Dow found a defender in President Convers. In one hawk-like note, Convers said: " My idea is that we ought to ship bromide to Germany in such quantities as to completely upset the market there. The only way we could bring Jacobsohn to terms. . . will be to demoralize his market if possible at the point where he is getting bis p ro fit" This was precisely what Dow intended doing. Soon there were tons of bromide crystals moving into German ports. Dow had secretly engaged a German firm and a British firm to sell his bromides. The emicals were offered to the German trade at prices below those fixed ^ ^ UroPe by the Bromkonvention. The shipments sold quickly. The eme worked so well that Dow began buying German-made bromides n the New York market for 15 cents a pound, lie repackaged them 8ecretly shipped them back to Germany where they sold for 27 I 8 a pound. In effect he had the Germans working against e^ l yeSw ithout being aware of it. Qe hntever pleasure Dow may have enjoyed from outwitting the Q^mans, the fact remained that the fight placed a heavy strain on Dow | 0_et1\'cak Again the banks called their loans and the directors were o to raise money by signing personal notes. The banking t <Y2 The 1jon Story coiimmnity was not as optimistic as Dow that the Germans could be beaten in a long fight Dow tried to convince his colleagues that the situation wasn't as gloomy as some of them thought. In one letter he said: "We are the absolute dictators of the situation." In another he said: " One result of this fight has been to give us a standing all over the w orld.. . . We arc. . . in a much stronger position than we ever were, although the profits are not so great . . . Practically all the plants on the Ohio River have closed down except one at Allegheny. We therefore know that we have no competitor who can make bromide at as low a figure as we can." To some who received these persistently cheerful messages, it sounded too much like a man whistling through a graveyard. 2738 i Chapter Five T,hey called it the " Millionaires' Panic," the now-famous money crisis that jarred the nation in 1907. It began with the collapse of an effort by Wall Street interests to put together a huge business combine involving banks, the copper industry, and other enterprises The shock from this failure ran through the New York financial community like a convulsive shudder through a fever-stricken man. Then a rumor spread that the Knickerbocker Trust Company was in deep financial trouble. Before dawn on the morning of October 21, frightened depositors began to gather at the marble entrance to the bank. They came by foot, in horse-drawn carriages, by streetcar and some by automobile. The crowd grew from a few score t< a milling, scrambling, shoving mob of thousands. Police squads rushed to the scene to restore order. They forced the crowd into long queues which stretched for blocks. When the bank's doors opened at 9 A. M., the first in line rushed for tbe tellers' windows to demand their money. Among them was a burly bank messenger, lie carried a satchel containing thousands of checks jvhich had been presented during the night to the Night and Day Bank b y canny Knickerbocker depositors who remembered the bank stayed pen for twenty-four hours a day. Their foresight was [laying off. fo r sue hours the Knickerbocker's tellers counted out sheaves of cash. When the bank closed its doors as usual at 3 P.M., the lines of People outside were as long as they had been at dawn. The) were still ere tbe next morning. The bank continued to pay the depositors on eniand. But then at noon the tellers slammed shut their cages. The ncy had run out. The bank's doors were closed against the milling, outing crowd. Some were screaming in anger. Some were weeping in "Opfpelration. . , ,ere was no central banking system to support the besieged fund e.r^ oc^er- The Federal Reserve System, providing a reservoir of I?* SUC^1 a cr*s*s, would not be authorized by law for six more uch bank more or less stood on its own resources. And these i (>4 'Hit* 1low Story resources were not enough to save many banks from the panic that spread from New York lo other parts of the country. Assets could not be converted to cash quickly enough to hold back the tide of fear. The panic spread lo the stock market. Prices tumbled. Onto this scene of disarray in the money market strode J. Pierpont Morgan, the titan of American banking. He called the country's top financiers to an emergency meeting in his office to find a means of restoring public confidence in the banks. These men pledged their resources lo support banks and corporations caught short by the panic. They arranged to have $100,000,000 in gold shipped from Europe. John D. Rockefeller, Sr., tossed $10,000,000 in government bonds into the pot of reserves. Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou announced in Washington that the United States Government would deposit $150,000,000 in federal banks, and more if needed. The new's that the nation's banks had new and powerful support swept the country. Perhaps the most important of all was the news that the mighty House of Morgan was willing to stake its future on the solvency of American business. People reasoned that if J. P. Morgan had such faith, then they had no real cause to be fearful of their savings The panic subsided. The runs on banks stopped. Depositors began returning their easli to the banks. The hurricane was over in a matter of a few weeks. Soon people were quoting a statement made by J. P. Morgan at a meeting of businessmen in Chicago. Morgan said his father had once told him; " Remember, my son, that any man who is a bear on the future of this country will go broke. There may be times when things may be dark and cloudy in America, when uncertainty will cause some to distrust, anti others to think there is too much production, too much building of railroads, and too much other enterprise. In such time, and at all times, remember that the growth of this vast country will take care of itself." But while the money crisis had passed like a tropical storm moving out lo sea, the business depression that followed was a cycle that had to run its slow course. 11 reached into every city and town in the country as the wheels of industry slowed. Small businesses were in deep trouble as banks tightened credit and sales fell. The Dow Chemical Company Midland was no exception. Once again it was struggling to stay alive. One who never forgot those lean limes was Earl Bennett, whose tu 1 0 as assistant treasurer of Dow Chemical in 1907 was far more impressive than his salary of $1,1(00 a year. He would recall later: " One winter <W 0 0 after the panir, my wife, called me at the office and asked me to bring j A Chapter l ive (>5 home a loaf of bread for supper. At quilting time, 1 put on my overcoat nd started for the grocery store. 1 was walking up Main Street when I suddenly realized 1 didn't have even a nickel in my pockets and it was two more days until payday. " 1 could have asked the grocer to give me a loaf of bread on credit. But then I thought: `If 1 ask for credit, the word will gel around town that The Dow Chemical Company is in such bad shape Bennett can't even afford to pay cash for a loaf of bread.' I suppose it was foolish of me not to ask for credit. But I had borrowed $B,000 at the bank to buy a thousand shares of Dow Chemical stock and 1 was having a hard time meeting the interest payments. My thought was that if the bank heard I was so broke, they might call the loan and I would lose the slock 1 had put up as collateral. "I walked past the door of the grocery store and on up the street, wondering what to do. I couldn't bring myself to stop an acquaintance and ask for a nickel. 1 said: ` Lord, I'm in trouble and 1 need help.' " I crossed the street and walked back down Main Street. The wind was blowing leaves along the walk and then 1 saw a small ball of green paper roll by. 1 thought it was the wrapper from a package of tobacco. But I stopped and picked it up. I unfolded it and saw I was holding a two-dollar bill. 1 said: `Thank you, Lord, for answering that prayer.' " Bennett paused to chuckle. " Times were never as had after that-and I never did think a two-dollar bill was unlucky." Herbert Dow was feeling the pinch of hard limes, too. In the months that followed the panic, the Iroquois Cement Company in which he had an interest failed, lie lost the money he had invested in Be Ontario Nickel Company of Canada--a venture by which Dow and several colleagues hoped to use a bromine solution in extracting nickel rom ore. And once again the directors and stockholders of Dow emical were grumbling over the company's poor showing. The $10 value stock was being offered by some hard-pressed holders at 50 a share. The directors did approve a token dividend of one 1 r* _______ 11 P*J^ent for 1907, but only to impress creditors with a show of this and tell me just how the things are. 1 have heard a good 1 4 l (1(1 Tin-l)w Story many tilings lately but I know what you would say would be so." Dow assured her " there is no such thing as freezing out small stockholders" and that when conditions returned to normal he hoped the company would be able to pay at least 6 percent He added: "We think the time will come when we will pay more than this amount" Perhaps the effects of the depression would not have been so severe had not the Germans continued their pressure on Dow Chemical to force it out of the European market. The price of bromides in the United Stales was cut from 15 cents a pound to 12 cents and then to I()'/:: cents. Even though Dow was shipping bromides to Germany and other European countries, profit margins were thin or nonexistent. And yet Herbert Dow remained optimistic. He felt he was in a stronger position than the Germans in the bromide fight. The reason for this confidence stemmed from observations he had made in Germany and in England during a trip abroad early in 1907. rPbe year 1907 had begun with a favorable outlook. Business had been good with no indication that a money panic and depression would knock all calculations awry. Dow decided the time had come in the fight with the Deutsche Bromkonvention to go to Germany and see for himself what the situation was. Dow told friends he was going to Europe for a holiday with Mrs. Dow and their children, who now numbered five. They were Helen, 12, Uuth, II, Willard, 10, Alden, 2 and Margaret, 1. They sailed for England in January and settled into a rented house near London for one month before moving to an apartment near Buckingham Palace. While Mrs. Dow and the children remained in London, Dow went to Berlin and New Slassfurt to visit chemical plants. His German hosts proudly showed him the manufacturing plants which they believed to be the most efficient in the world. The more Dow saw the more he became convinced that in important respects The Dow Chemical Company had a more efficient plant than the German bromine makers, lie also discovered the world demand for bromides was even greater than he had suspected, and that the overseas market offered tremendous possibilities for his own company, in a note to his directors lie said: "The fact that this am ount is more than twice as great as we had formerly supposed may h a v e som* bearing on our future development." It was while hi' was in New Slassfurt that members of the brorriin6 r o i i i I ii -mI i * ,i i ii in i:l,,lli`*l linn fiir it ci*f Il|.|tii'lir I l f till* rinpe W a r . ThCf -a co 00 Chapter l ive 07 But by this time Dow could sec lie was firmly entrenched in Europe. f|e had representatives in England and Germany lo handle his shipments and sales. The buyers were pleased with his products and his prices. Dow later explained to a friend: "The German offer, when you analyzed it, was a one-sided affair. They were willing to withdraw from the American market where we could beat them in a competitive fight on a long-range basis regardless of price. In return, they wanted us lo give up a market where we could compete with them at least on even terms. The advantage was all on their side." It was no sale. Dow refused to end the fight on those terms, lie returned lo England. A visit lo the United Alkali Company's bleach plant at Plymouth convinced him he was making bleach more efficiently than the British. In a memorandum to the Cleveland office, Dow reported the primary benefit from his trip: "We know the people lo whom we arc selling goods. We also know our competitors and have in general a clearer knowledge of the whole situation than we had before, thus enabling us lo act more intelligently in (he future." A good many things came into focus for Herbert Dow during his trip lo Europe. The most important by far was the realization (hat The Bow Chemical Company was leaning too heavily for survival on bromides and bleach. The company had other profitable lines. The mining salts sold well. There was a market for chemical fertilizers and food preservatives. The demand was good for sulfur chloride, benzyl chloride and benzoic acid. The Midland Chemical Company -s carbon tetrachloride was selling fairly well and the company had no trouble in "elling its small output of chloroform. But Dow knew lie was taking from the brine only a small portion of JJ* cbemieal wealth. The greater pari of it was still being flushed down e ^wer in waste sludge, lie felt this waste had to be turned into Use^ products and the time had come for a bold step in this direction. and"^'en ^aCe<^ with knotty problems, Dow frequently left Ihe plant tie 'VCn* aPpb' orchard lo shovel soil around the base of Ihe ees- He had a theory that piling the sandy soil around Ihe tree trunks .a l*,c*r growth and also he seemed to think belter while engaged in ysu.ul exercise. Often when absorbed in a problem he would grab a c and start working without shedding his hat or coat. c ,al,s it was in the apple orchard that Dow came to the '"ecfluulas,1i*osnm that the old chlorine of the company for so cells which many years had had been the workhorse lo be replaced with a type of cell capable of extracting more chemicals from the brine. Ii i bit The1 low Story Hr scii.sr.il the day was coining when the company would have to increase and diversify its chemical mix if it was going to survive in the compelilivc race, lie had to face the fact that the old chlorine cells were not as versatile as the cells that were being used by some of his competitors. While his cells produced only chlorine, the newer celk were producing both chlorine and caustic soda. lie was bothered, too, by Dow Chemical's dependence on the Germans lor an important raw material. To make potassium bromide, hr bad to purchase potash from Germany. Almost all the world's supply of potash came from the great Strassfurt deposits. Some way had to hr found to avoid this dependence on a raw material controlled by a foreign syndicate. Some way had to be found to use the sodium, calcium, and magnesium in the Micliigan brine which were going to waste. Dow upset his already disgruntled board of directors by asking them for money to finance the development of a new cell. They grumbled hut they gave him the money. There were some bright spots in that dismal depression year of I'.Hill. Early in January Dow closed a contract with the Eastman Kodak Company to supply 100,000 pounds of bromides a year for five years, the beginning of a long and close business association. lie was more than pleased with the promising work of a young chemist named Charles Strosacker, another graduate of Case School. Sirosacker had come, to Midland after the collapse of the Ontario Nickel Company venture, lie had worked on the nickel extraction process and his quick mind had impressed Dow. Dow had predicted a bright future lor Strosacker. He had written his friend, Professor Smith: "The one good Ihing that came out of the Ontario venture was Charles Strosacker. lie is going lo he a great asset to the company." Dow's faith was justified. Strosacker and the equally brilliant Ed Barslow gave Dow a strong research and development team. They n( only were able in the laboratory, but they could translate laboratory results into commercial production. Combining their talents with the engineering skill ol Tom Griswold, they had steadily raised the efficiency ol The Dow Chemical Company plant--one of the keys t the company\s survival in the depression. Another bright spot for Dow was a report that the Germans "it.r weakening in their offensive lo force Dow lo an agreement m bromides war. Humor had it that the German bromine producers squabbling among themselves and Hie syndicate was becoming utl ^ The rumor had some substance. During the late summer 2733 i i Chapter I' ive (i`J Germans put out peace feelers through their New York representatives. They wished to talk to Dow again and explore the possibility of a compromise. [)ow met a German delegation in St. Louis in May. But the "peace feelers" proved to be another ultimatum. The Germans demanded that Bow limit his sales to the United States and leave the rest of the world market to them. In addition, Dow would have to permit them to sell a token 15,000 pounds of bromides on the American market. Dow made a counter proposal. " My proposition is this," he said. "Germany for the Germans. The United Stales for American manufac turers and the rest of the world on an equal footing." The Germans appeared to be aghast at such a proposition. They made the old argument that no manufacturer could match their production costs and it would be suicidal for Dow not to accept their proposition. Dow refused, lie wrote, to President Convcrs: "The Germans could not realize that it was possible for anyone else to make bromides as cheaply as they could." It soon became apparent the St. Louis conference had been merely an opening gambit by (lie Germans to sec if Dow was weakening after two years of price slashing. A few weeks later, they asked for another meeting. This time, Dow left the preliminary discussions in the hands of The Dow Chemical Company's Cleveland secretary, 11. E. Ilackenberg. tarly in November, Ilackenberg advised Dow that he had agreed to a meeting with the Germans at the Savoy Hotel in London on November 4. The conference was agreeable to Dow. lie had nothing to lose. If a wrote Ilackenberg: " In accordance with your request, I will 70 The I >o\v Story sail as Herbert Henry. If I should happen to make a mistake in signing my name, and should start to write `D' I will put another D at the end of it." It is not known whether Dow ever made the slip and was mistaken for a doetor of divinity. Dow also had a hit of advice for Hackenberg. "When I was in London," he said, " I had a continuous cold until I bought an English pair of shoes. As you would probably not like these shoes, I would suggest that you get the heaviest pair of shoes you can buy before you leave here. The roads and sidewalks there are always damp in the winter, and rubbers are considered effeminate and are not worn at all by men." Dow spread the word in Midland that he was leaving town "looking for trade in the East" and it was so noted in the Midland newspaper when he left, lie and Hackenberg sailed from New York at 10 A.M. on November 14 aboard the White Star line's A r a b i c , a 15,801-ton ship carrying 400 passengers. On the passenger list Dow was " Herbert Henry, Cleveland, Ohio." His cabin on the promenade deck cost him $00. There was a touch of theater in the cloak-and-dagger charade: the bearded, forty-lwo-year-old chemist-manufacturer from the little Michi gan town of Midland enroute to great London Town on a secret mission, using an assumed name, to settle an international dispute with barons of world commerce. Broadway had seen plays with a thinner plot. There was also an element of drama. Twenty years had passed since Dow had left Case School. Those years had been a struggle that often bordered on the desperate to build a business based on the idea of chemical discovery. There hadn't been much time for play. He had taken the idea of freeing bromine and chlorine from brine by electrolysis and made it work through ingenuity and dogged persist" ence. He managed and owned a large share of a chemical plant housed in some one hundred wooden buildings, with assets estimated at $2,000,00. On the surface of things, Dow had achieved security and a strong position in the United Stales' developing chemical industry. But the (ruth was that his guaranteed salary was only $3,000 a year--pluS a percentage, of profits that didn't exist at the moment--and there was no market for the. company's slock. , (Years later a colleague would say: " We were bbaannkkrruupptt,, but thank (oil nobody knew it." ) Certainly the Germans were not fully awaree on ff tthhee pDrreecciariou* o Chapter l-'ivt* 71 financial condition of The Dow Chemical Company on the eve of the London conference and Dow had no intention of showing any weakness. The A r a b i c docked at Liverpool on November 2d. Dow and Jlackenhcrg went on to London where they registered at the Savoy Hotel. The next morning at ten o'clock they met with four German representatives of the Bromkonvenlion. One of them was the same llerr Herman Jacobsohn who twice had issued ultimatums to Dow which he had ignored. They gathered in a room with a name on the door that must have brought a smile to Dow's lips. It was the " Patience" room. For three days the group discussed formulas for ending the price war, with no firm commitments made. From London, Dow and llackenberg traveled to New Stassfurl and Berlin, where further talks were held. But the talks settled nothing. The members of the Bromkonvention insisted that in all " neutral territory" --the countries outside Europe and North America--the Germans should control two-thirds of the markets. Dow and Hackenberg returned home in early December after a rough Atlantic crossing. On the face of things, the conferences had not brought the war to a formal ending. But they did bring about a stalemate and they did result in an odd sort of undeclared armistice as the months passed. The Germans finally withdrew from the American market and Dow gradually halted his shipments of bromides to Germany. The rest of the world market became free competitive territory and remained that way. Prices began to rise in late 1909 to Oieir prewar levels. If Was a costly victory for Dow but it had its rewards. The reputation of the small Michigan chemical company was enhanced. The P8 to Europe had satisfied Dow that his manufacturing processes sound by any comparison. And he had learned that the market for teals which he could produce was a far greater market than he had ever imagined. ^11 this knowledge was not very helpful as the economic depression '* |!ued on into 1909. Nor did it cheer Dow's directors that he was ei>ci "'Is money on the development of new chlorine cells and for ral?,,lo Barstow, Slrosaeker, and their laboratory aides to search f l products which had little if any immediate commercial value. Uie this research was a diversion of money and energies from Primary function of the company to make, bromides and bleach. Ul^ W *lail other ideas, lie saw brine as a potential source of a great Products. Depression or no depression, he was determined to i 72 Thr Dow Story push research into creative chemistry. Among other things he encouraged his chemists to try to find a synthetic rubber even though their first efforts produced a substance that was either too hard, too soft or too gummy for any practical commercial use. There were many failures lint in the failing Dow and his men accumulated a storehouse of knowledge that would serve them well in future years. Dow's research projects were not limited to the laboratories directed by Barslow and Slrosacker. Many of his ideas were passed on to Case School of Applied Science to be tested by students in the school's laboratories. This working arrangement through the years had made Case School virtually an extension of The Dow Chemical Company.lt was one of the most remarkable industrial-academic relationships in the country. Dow was a Case graduate. All of his first team with the exception of Hcmietl had come from Case. He recruited promising young talent from Case. And he often turned to Professors Smith and Morley of Case for help when he encountered a particularly knotty problem of chemistry or production. American industry one day would form close alliances with colleges and universities to lap their resources of brainpower. But Dow did it from the time he mitered business, totally unaware that what he was doing was one of the secrets of German successes in industrial research. As time passed, he would turn to the University of Michigan for many of his recruits. But during these early years his ties were entirely with Case. Professor Smith had an intimate knowledge of Dow Chemicals operations and he. generally supported Dow's ideas on research and expansion. But even Smith became alarmed in 1909 as he watched Dow stubbornly continue to fight with the Germans and in the depth of the depression push harder ami harder into research, spending money that otherwise might have been available for dividends. Smith became so agitated that he wrote Dow: "I am extremely anxious for all of us who have our whole means in the Dow stock, tha* the company should make a fair return during the next five or ten years, rather than begin ten or twenty years hence. Whether we beat the world or not is a secondary mailer. It seems to me that you have, like our mayor of Cleveland, fought so long, that you are olb)liged 1 continue when there is no real need, solely from habit." 2741 Chapter Five l'i buying apparatus Jtostlhg thousands of dollars just to try once and throw aside, I woliden where his conscience is. Allowing a margin for exaggeration 1 hnie^jftason to think Mr. Dow is better fitted for a laboratory than as Superintendent. Had he some rich patron of science who had plenty of money to expend in investigation 'twould he a worthy use to put it to. Mr. Dow no douhl has a gift of discovery, lie is an enthusiast along that line, hut not a safe man to expend the money of poor widows and orphans." Part of Dow's troubles came from stockholder unhappiness over the o|>erations of the Midland Chemical Company on Dow Chemical property. The company had not turned out to he the profit maker that Dow had predicted. Its problems with chloroform and carbon tetrachlo ride had cost a good deal of time and money. Dow Chemical stockholders and directors who had no direct slake in the plant saw its operations as a drain on their own company. It was true that Dow, llarslow, and Strosacker frequently were involved in Midland Chemical's problems. Dow himself was not without blame for some of the confusion in the com pany's management. For one thing, lie had developed a dislike for the plant's manager, W. 0 . Quayle, who had been Professor Sm ith's associate at Case in developing the chloroform process. It annoyed Dow that Quayle came to work each day wearing a neatly pressed pinstripe suit, while shirt with stiff collar, a tie, and bowler hat. He managed the plant mostly from his office while Dow drought he should be getting his hands dirty in the plant, finding out fr himself why production was lagging, lie wanted Quayle to conform to his own ideas of how a plant should be managed, lie and llarstow rarely entered their offices. Strosacker carried his office around with *,n in his hat. And Dow' thought that was the way it should be done. ^ Quayle must have had a streak of stubbornness in his makeup cause he refused to change, his habits. The relationship went from bad to worse. The coolness between Dow and Quay le dated from the time Quay le had*! from Case to set up the plant in 1904. After the plant the eCM 1,1 <M,i;ration for two years and still was not turning a profit, (|( I". rsnality clash deepened. Dow was inclined to blame Midland ho l,IUJal *r ^roi,l'les which may well have been the responsibility of pChemical 4ll(j Jl,^tSiil>r Smith often chided Dow for " being too bard" on Qua vie *klcr'IC h> ease the friction, lint the relationship continued to l ralc. Very likely there would have been a showdown at the end j i 1 74 Till' Mow Story of two years except for Smith's interventions. The blowup came in 1908 when Dow insisted that Dow Chemical take a lease on the Midland Chemical Company. Within a matter o f months after the lease was signed, Quayle was released. He went on to a distinguished career in the chemical industry and later enjoyed a friendly relationship with Dow. Hut the friendship came later. The row over the Midland Chemical Company brought new criticisms of Dow's management. For a time he ignored them. Then he wrote to James Pardee in Cleveland: " From a number of remarks I infer that reports have been made that I have some other business besides The Dow Chemical Company that takes part of my energies and lime. . . . The stockholders of The Dow Chemical Co. in this town who are now receiving dividends have many oiher criticisms as to how 1 should run the plant. . . . It seems to me that an investigation is in order and that the person who is bearing the tales should be stopped if an investigation proves his statements to be untrue. We make bromides better and cheaper than anyone else. We make bleach better and probably as cheap as any American maker. . . . We have fallen down on our ability to sell enough of any of the above to keep running full and therein lies our great weakness. Costs and quality are proof of how well a manufacturing plant is run. Dividends depend on many things besides the operation of the plant." There was reason for the stockholders' uneasiness. In fiscal 1909 the company's net income totaled only a little more than $50,000. The darkest cloud hanging over the stockholders was a $300,000 bonded indebtedness which would come due in three more years. Dnless earnings improved, (his debt could not possibly be m et And then, slowly at first but with gathering speed, the nation began to shake off the economic depression. The ponderous, jovial present* of William Howard Taft in the White House may have been a reasaidng factor. The business community liked Taft. On the other hand, recovery may have been nothing more than a downward business tre running its course. Whatever the reasons, The Dow Chemical Conr pany's recovery kept pace with the upswing across the country. In nt year net income doubled. Hope for renewed dividends sprouted among the stockholders like spring blossoms on an apple tree. The criticisms Dow's management were stilled. It's always hard to knock success. The months of research were paying off, too. 'The company to the production of lime sulfur and lead arsenate sprays, iron chlori engrav mg and rotogravure work, and zinc chloride for use as a sol flux. Jlleaeh and bromine were selling well. The sales of car to Chapter Kive 75 tetrachloride climbed with its acceptance as a household cleaning agent Wid fire extinguisher. The latter sales were so good and offered such roniise that Dow asked and received authority from directors to double the capacity of the carbon tetrachloride plant to 150,000 pounds a month. It was the first time in many months that he had dared suggest any spending for expansion. Uy late November of 1910, Dow was looking for reliable foremen to handle the increased work force. He wrote to Professor Smith: " If you can get a good football captain sometime who is looking for a job, I I think we can use him here. 1 believe we are more in need of foremen I who can handle other men than we are of professional men without this ability." With the pickup in business, Dow Chemical had no trouble refinancing the $300,000 bond issu e which had seemed such a terrifying burden a few months earlier. The boom swung through 1911 and into 1912 with increasingly good sales. Herbert Dow celebrated in 1912 by buying a Ford louring car and learning how to drive. He paid $590 for the. machine. Hut he never seemed as comfortable behind the steering wheel as he had been ui a buggy behind his horse. Pedestrians look to cover when they saw him coming down Main Street. Too often they had seen him rear back in the seat, pull on the wheel, and yell " VVhoa!"--ralher than step on the brake pedal. The economic upswing continued into 1913. And then it was that How dropped a bombshell early in the year, lie called Harslow, Strosacker, Griswold, and Bennett into his office. We re going out of the bleach business," he. said, j Harslow never forgot the impact of the announcement. " We thought Was ,r>ad," he later said. " Bleach was one of our big money-makers 1,1 ^een ^or years. We had three plants making bleach. At first 1 couldn't understand the decision." futu W exl^a' ned the reasons for the move., lie told his aides the real thaiHi co,nl,any lay *n the use of its chlorine for products other hltacl ea<:^' a raw m alerial, it was too valuable to sell in the form of " ic /d " ri: 'vas another explanation. After five years of research 1 i,,, U l,l|told failures, Harslow and a young elei_I_roclicmisl nan L'wO",,ifcliiciiee, *iud coniti up with a cell far more sophisticated lhan the old wooden chlorine cell which had served IJov so long. n Ihe old plant a current of electricity-together with 1U 'Hie l low Mory blowing-out process--had been used to liberate bromine from the brine. Then Ihe bromine-free liquor was passed into the chlorine cells where an electric current freed much of the chlorine. In both of these steps, Dow had deliberately avoided evaporation. In the new plant, evaporation was the key function. After the bromine had been removed, th brine flowed into a vacuum evaporator or sealed vat. Boiling forced the sodium chloride or common salt to sink to the bottom of the evaporator where it could be removed. The liquid passed into the next evaporator which forced out magnesium chloride. The last evaporator freed calcium chloride. Where once only two chemicals had been obtained from the brine, there would now be five chemicals. But the chain did not end there. The salt was dissolved in water, fed baek into the new cells and charged with an electric current The 1 products that came from this process were caustic soda and chlorine. Hydrogen also resulted, but for a good many years the hydrogen was allowed to escape into the air. After 1928 the hydrogen would be combined with nitrogen taken from the air to manufacture ammonia. The magnesium chloride opened new vistas. It could be treated with j lime to produce magnesium hydroxide which, reacted with sulfuric ! acid, made Epsom salts. It could be converted to magnesium oxychloj ride for use as a flooring or as a hardener for stucco. It could be fed { into cells to become metallic magnesium. i The calcium chloride was a versatile chemical that in a short time ] was being sold by the trainload. It became widely used to control dust ! on unpaved roads, to settle coal dust in mines and coal yards, as* !| refrigerant, and as an agent to melt ice and snow on streets. With the new plant, the possible combinations of chemicals were multiplied many times. Through the year 1913 there was a burst o construction at The Dow Chemical Company as the plant *** overhauled and new cells installed. One by one new products came int production. Dow was driving hard not only to catch up with competitors but to shape the plant to a new concept of manufacturing No one realized it at the lime, but Herbert Dow had won the race his life. to OJ * P A KT T W O 1 t) 1 4 - l ) 3 0 L A Chapter Six T,he man who captured the imagination of America in the first days of the violent year 1914 was neither President, King, Czar, Emperor, nor Potentate. He was a slender, little-known Detroit automobile maker named Henry Ford whose classically simple, fourcylinder Model T was rattling over streets and rulted roads in fast-growing numbers. The Model T was sturdy. It was cheap. It could be repaired easily. And its high road clearance gave it a practical advantage on the dirt roads which rains often turned into muddy lanes stretching across rural America. Model T's were selling as last as they could be rolled off the assembly line. In 1913 Ford's profits had reached a spectacular $20,000,000 and the best years were ahead, lie had won the race to produce a popular, mass-produced, low-price car. Hut little was known about Henry Ford himself until the red-letter day of January 5. 1914. That was the day Ford announced lie was going to raise the basic wage *>f his workers from $2.40 for a nine-hour day to $5.00 for eight hours of work. He explained the pay rise was a means of sharing profits with 18 fhirteen thousand employees. He also had a theory that if workers '*,efe paid better, they would be able to buy more Fords. Five dollars was a fantastically high wage for eight hours of work in 4. Ford's action sent shockwaves of surprise, wonder, and conster0*0011 through the country. The New York H e r a ld called it " an epic in boll'VOr^ S industrial history." The New York Hun exclaimed: "It was a out of the blue sky, flashing its way across the continent and far Y o rk TM '' SO,,lclhing unheard of in the history of business." T h e Vein r t i m e s said in almost disbelieving tones: " The lowest paid *$1 sweepers, who in New York (lily ma\ claim from $1.00 R'50 a `fay, arc now to receive $5.00 in Ford's plant." ^ i t . <?Frlc-rs rushed to Detroit to interview the man of the hour and Forip"1 l',liiosoP,'y Ihe public. One of the mam' reactions to 8 announcement w'as a suspicion that harbored some dark, t 1i i \ i io -a 'C l 78 The Dow Story unspoken motive. lie was roundly accused of being a Socialist bent on destroying the capitalist system. Then a mass meeting of several hundred Socialists denounced Ford in a unanimous resolution which said, " Ford has purchased the brains, life and soul o f his men by a raise in pay for a few dollars a week." To the man in the street, Henry Ford became a hero. As the swarm of Model T's grew, so did the jokes about the little car. There, was the garbage collector saying: " The life of a garbage man is gcltin' harder every year; dead cats is bad enough and broken bottles is hell, hut the worst on the temper and the fingers is sortin' out them dauiucd little Fords." The vaudeville comedian said: " Ford is going to paint his cars yellow so that the dealers can hang them in bunches and retail them like bananas." A straight man would ask: " Why do you want to be buried with your Ford?" And Mr. Bones would reply: " Because I never been in no hole yet that my Ford didn't get me out of." The stories multiplied as the number of Fords increased. North of Detroit in the little town of Midland, less spectacular but revolutionary advances were being made in chemistry in the labora tories and plants of The Dow Chemical Company. At the time, the manufacture of automobiles and the making of chemicals from brine had no conceivable connection. And yet the day was coming when Dow chemists and engineers would have to go to the sea to get the vast quantities of a chemical required for the fueling of high-compre8sk>n automobile engines. What Henry Ford was doing and what Herbert Dow was doing--not so many miles apart--were not unrelated. The chemical industry as well as the automobile industry was on the mow toward changing the old patterns of living. What was happening at Dow Chemical reflected the forward leap* being made in the world of science toward an understanding of arrangement of atoms in simple molecules, the basic unit of chemic compounds. More and more was being learned of how to molecules apart, how to put them together again under contru conditions, and how to rearrange molecules to produce new product They were learning, as science writer Lawrence P. Lessing would nol^j that " molecules could he built up, linked, cross-linked, and rearranp in an endless scries of chemical changes, adding or substituting other elements in- the molecules as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur chlorine, to form a vast variety of different compounds." ^^ Of the more than ninety elements found in the structures i Chapter Six 79 hysical world and chemistry, the dominant ones were (and still are) carbon (from coal and petroleum), hydrogen (from petroleum and water), sodium and chlorine (from salt), and oxygen and nitrogen (from air). Together with calcium (from limestone), sulfur, and phosphorus, scientists had the building-block elements for putting together countless products and compounds useful to man. Of the four great basic raw materials--air, water, salt, and hydrocarbons--Dow Chemical had three of them (air, water, and salt) in almost inexhaustible abundance. Herbert Dow had been fully aware of this when he turned from the manufacture of bleach in order to use the chlorine from salt as a starting material for an infinitely greater variety of products. When the century turned into its fourteenth year, it could be said that the American chemical industry was stepping from knee breeches into long pants. The transformation from boy to man was speeder! by the war in Europe which started on August 1, 1914. With the Continent aflame, small chemical businesses literally were forced into an unprece dented expansion and development. It was the beginning of their independence from the German chemical giant which had long dominated the world markets and had been the leader in the application of science to industrial production. The act of violence that sent millions of men marching to war and purred the chemical industry's development occurred in an ohsure place. Germany's Prince Otto von Bismarck had gloomily predicted fter the Franco-Prussian War that the next great conflict in Europe would be touched off by " some damned foolish thing in the Balkans." And the damned foolish thing happened on June 2B, 1914, in the little "Osnian town of Sarajevo. Archduke Francis Ferdinand, fifty-one-year-old heir apparent to the rone of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and his wife, Sophie, had come and 8ra^eVO * j 'n *n tbe Serbs' celebration of the Feast of Saint Vitus ^ fo observe their fourteenth wedding anniversary. To mingle with Serbs on this day was good public relations in an empire with ``contented minorities Tr A V1S'* ^erd*,la,,(f and his wife was well publicized in advance, tre ^ C*leert!t` tbein as their small motorcade passed through the 8Cllrule to a ceremony at the City Hall. But along the route were Serl)'.^ Un^ assU!is' ns pledged to kill Francis Ferdinand in the cause of tniphe' ,nal*,la^s,n- They did not hate the archduke. They haled the td r IC r<:l,r(;sented, an empire which dominated Serbia's economy As Serbs an outlet to the sea. ,e ear bearing Francis l'erdinand and Sophie reached the 1)l l HO Tin* Dow Story Cumuria Bridge, one of the conspirators tossed a bomb at dn archduke's green-feathered helm et The bomb was deflected and exploded in the street behind the car, wounding several onlookers Thc motorcade sped on toward the City Hall. Francis Ferdinand was shaken and angered by the attempt on hii life but he continued with the ceremony at City Hall. After the speeches were over, he insisted he must go to the hospital to visit those who had been wounded by the bomb. He urged Sophie to stay behind but she refused to leave his side. Their motorcade headed for the hospital. The driver of the archduke's ear made a wrong turn at an intersection into Francis Joseph Street, lie quickly braked the car to make a turn-around. The maneuver placed thc automobile within a few feet of Gavrillo Prinzip, one of the assassins. I'rin/.ip drew a pistol and fired twice. One bullet struck Sophie and the other struck Francis Ferdinand. For a few seconds, the two sat upright in the car as though nothing had happened. Then blood spurted from the archduke's mouth and Sophie crumpled in the car's 6eaL Within a few minutes they were dead and Bismarck's prediction was taking form. Austria's anger over the assassination, fanned by political oppor tunists, turned against Serbia where outspoken enemies of Austria were encouraged by Russia. With a nod of consent from Germany's Kaiser Fcrdcrick Wilhelm 11, thc Austrians declared war on Serbia. Thc flames spread like fire in a dry forest. Troops flocked to battle stations. Old jealousies, fears, unfulfilled ambitions, and t r e a t i e s created the opposing alliances. Ultimatums were issued and rejected. On August 1, the German army marched into neutral Belgium and World War 1had started on its bloody course. Britain's fleet steamed into action to choke off Germany's trade by sea. Germany sent her submarines out in packs to hunt down eneiu) warships and freighters. The war had been underway only a few we when industry in the United States began to feel the pinch of shortag^ in chemicals. Thc demand on the small American chemical industry more production steadily increased. Buyers bid against each ^ ^ y c shoot prices up in the open market. As an example, phenol or car acid quickly climbed from 55 cents a pound to $1.70 a pound, be production by American chemical companies could bring down price. Three months before the war began, a small block of Dow Chen1^ stock sold for $5.25 a share. One year later it was $140 bid wviitm ^j Jk  > -S V cT Chapter Six 81 ,,hares offered- One reason was that Dow Chemical had the largest alockpdes of bromides in Lite United States and the plant was expanding to produce other war-short chemicals. Dow Chemical also had absorbed the Midland Chemical Company and its relatively large chloroform-carbon tetrachloride production. Some thought the Germans would conquer France and Russia in a matter of a few months. Herbert Dow was convinced it would be a long war and his company had better be prepared for iL. The fighting had been underway scarcely a month when Dow wrote to President Convers: " Ideas as to the duration of the war are not very much better than pure guesswork. . . . It is my personal opinion that the war will last more than a year and that the present plan of campaign consists in letting the Germans get near Paris or possibly surround Paris to compel them to have a long line of communications, whereby they will be easily vulnerable to the almost unlimited reserves of Great Hritaiu and that ultimately the Germans will have to retire within their own boundaries and will then be so strong that it may be years before peace will be established." Dow's analysis of Allied strategy may have been faulty but lie was correct in judging the duration of the war. lie pressed for expansion, over the objection of some of his directors, to produce a wider range of products The stockpiles of German-made chemicals in the United Slates dwindled rapidly as the war ground on. Potash, dyes, and pharmaceu- heals quickly disappeared from the open market. The demand for more chemicals was not easily met. The American industry was largeh made j|P f small plants scattered around the country. They had depended Or years on Germany to supply them with most of their intermediate cmicals. Now the supply line was being choked off by the llrilish n*val blockade and the industry was being forced to rely on its own ^ and manufacturing resources. Dow' s expansion program forced him to look around for another Smdified ch, -inist-imiiainiagier to share the. work load with liarstow and 4 r s"c*tcr- He found his man at Case School. He was Mark U'l. IP'lul tInai m, of'i)0 ussi,r of chemistry, whose contributions soon were to equal those "rstow and Strosaeker. Dow saw there would soon be a serious world ***l*pl"*^e n0w, l,sed by the textile makers. The Germans had been loasl 80 percent of the dyes sold on the world market and Luihj. ,li source could not be. depended on. Dow had the chemical ^ blocks for making a synthetic indigo-the most widely used o f. f dyes--if a manufacturing process could be worked o u t He brought Dr Lee II. Cone of the University of Michigan, an organic chemist, to work on lire development. Dow didn't ask bis directors for permission to develop the synthetic dye process. This time he bulled ahead on his own, taking no chances of being refused the authority. In the summer of 1915 he wrote to Professor Smith at Case: " The best new thing in sight is indigo. Every step has been worked out and they are turning out a few ounces regularly every day, and there is nothing in the whole proposition from beginning to end that is going to call for any great amount of money or that appears to be problematical." Dow was reverting to his old habit of putting a high gloss of optimism on any new adventure that excited him. The process was neither fully developed nor was it going to be inexpensive. The fact that the process worked in the laboratory was no guarantee it would work profitably on a large-scale commercial basis. Smith knew the indigo plant would be no small investment He wrote to Dow: " It seems to me th a t . . so large an investment in the indigo plant is not warranted by the present experimental develop ment. . . . 1 think a mistake was made in going so fast." Hut Dow already was moving from laboratory experiment to commercial production without the intermediate testing of the process in a pilot plant, lie realized the urgency of the need for a new source of dyes and that the first to reach this market would be handsomely rewarded, fie was willing to gamble his process would work. Dow was not aware that the Germans at this time viewed their dye monopoly as an economic weapon that could be used against the United States. In March, 1915, before the British blockade had sealed off all German exports, Count Johann-Heinrich von Bernstorff, German ambassador to the United States, had cabled Berlin: " Serial No. 432 o March Id, 1915. It is reported to me by Hossenfelder, telegram No. that the stock of dyes in this country is so small that by a German embargo about 4,000,000 American workmen might be thrown outo employment, (signed) Bernstorff." , Whatever the real value of this weapon, Dow helped take it from hands of the Germans. Eighteen months after the laboratory " `P6 , menls bad begun, the first synthetic indigo ever made in the u Stales left Midland on its way to the Proximity Manufactu Company at Greensboro, North Carolina. Du Pont and National An ^ soon followed with their own shipments of American-made dye&" the crisis bad passed. The German monopoly was smashed. Chapter Six H3 Dow did not hesitate to spend large sums on equipment, new processes, and expansion when plunging into a new venture. Ilis gpending often frightened some of his directors. Hut a curious streak of frugality cropped out when he had to spend money on whul he considered to be a nonessential. This penny-pinching habit--a holdover from the hard years in the past-show ed itself when he reluctantly died his board to give him $15,000 for a new office building. To him, the office was the least important part of his plant. He wrote to President Convers: " I have not been especially enthusiastic about a new office at any time, but am beginning to think that it is going to become an absolute necessity. The room adjoining mine is a passage way between other parts of the office and outdoors, as well as to my room. It is 13xli! ft., and contains the Superinten dent's desk, Assistant Superintendent's table, my stenographer's desk, and the Purchasing Department, which includes Mr. Ueh'evre's desk and table, and a number of racks for catalogs, a Dictagraph, and Mr. Beckert's receiver and typewriter desk. Under these circumstances, it was decided some time ago that this room was less crowded than other parts of the office, and the cabinet for stationery was therefore put in there. . . . Mr. Van Winckel's room (sales) contains three people, each with a desk, and is 12x13 feet. It was impossible, to find a place lor another table in Mr. Griswold's room some time ago, even though we tried very strenously to see if another table could be put in. . . ." Apparently Dow saw nothing amusing in his picture of a corporate mad house. Dow was deep in the supervision of the plant expansion in early December, 1915, when he received a sudden shock. lie was called to Cleveland and informed that a majority of the. board of directors was in avor of selling The Dow Chemical Company to an Eastern syndicate. e syndicate had offered $500 a share for slock that only nineteen Months before had sold for $5.25. The sale hinged on Dow and his *m of managers remaining with llu- company. Dow returned to Midland to think over this offer. On paper he was a JJ>oderately wealthy man. The sale of the slock at $500 a share would on! 6 niort ^ lan a millionaire at age forty-nine. Taxes would lake (.n y a small share of the profits, lie could live the rest of his life in l* o rt Snt* Prov'^ c generously for his family. The long struggle would Hackenbcrg, the company 's secretary, was one of those who , ored ttlhe sale along with President Corners and others. Hackenbcrg t| tt0ctc tto0D| ow : 1 H i Tin- i low Slory " We led lliat it is tempting fate to not try to get together on a baau that will permit us to take at least a part of our money out of the business. We are all of us past middle life when health is mote precarious and we arc less able to stand the strain of the hard work of ereating and if it should turn out that the war were suddenly terminated, it is very likely that the readjustment in competition plan abroad might make the business just an ordinary manufacturing proposition. " The difference between the price. . . proposed to us and what our slock would be worth during several years of depression would make such a difference in our individual fortunes that it is a serious thing to contemplate and as the matter stands at present we are in the position of refusing to lake the certainty which offers today, for the speculator's dream of gelling out at the top. We fear we may all have cause to regret it. . . . We trust that you can come to see this as we see it. . . ." No one knows the thoughts with which Dow struggled in the days (bat followed. But shortly before Christmas, he called together the men who bud worked with him so long to build the company, each of whom bad bis savings invested in Dow Chemical stock. There was Griswold who bad been bis chief engineer since the first days of the company's development; Bennett, the shrewd money-man who had started out asi bookkeeper and part-time office boy; Barstow, the genius at making things work when others couldn't; and Strosacker, the scholarly bachelor with o ik ; of the best minds in the industry. " 1 want you to go with me to a meeting in Cleveland," Dow told them, lie did not disclose to them that the board of directors had called a meeting fur a decision on the sale of the company. The five men traveled to Cleveland by train. When Dow entered the board meeting, he asked his Midland companions to wait in *" adjoining office. They still didn't know what the mysterious meeting was all about. Minutes passed and only the sound of loud voicescanUj through the heavy door. Then Dow stepped from the meeting an closed the door behind him. lie said: "I can tell you now that a majority of the board wishes to y to an Eastern syndicate. They w and they want us to remain with 2748 i l t Chapter Six 85 Kor a time there was a startled silence.. Then Bennett said: " I'm staying with you. " Strosacker, Griswold, and Barstow echoed Bennett's decision. If they went, they would go as a team. [)ow returned to the hoard meeting and announced the decision. It was the blow that ended the. matter. The syndicate, was not interested jn The Dow Chemical Company without its management brains. As the war in Europe moved toward its second anniversary, the Dow Chemical plants were working at capacity. Employment had jumped in one year from four hundred workers to twelve hundred, including a team of one hundred chemists. The town of Midland simply could not house that many men and their families comfortably. Under this pressure, Dow got approval from his board to spend $100,000 in building houses for married employees. The company's Stag Hotel in Midland was expanded with beds and meals for three hundred mcn-and even then men slept in the beds in shifts. Saloon Row had disappeared, wiped out in 1000 when the town had voted for prohibition by a majority of 127 votes. No little anti-saloon sentiment had been generated when Barstow walked past a saloon with a young lady one evening only to have a ruffian make a slurring remark. Barstow left his companion in a store with friends, returned to the saloon, and thrashed the lout. With the passing of the saloons, there were few places the workers could gather during their off hours for amusement. Barstow sponsored Midland Community Center and Dow helped the town obtain a Carnegie Foundation grant to start a library. A company training school was opened to teach new skills to workers who flocked from the farms o central Michigan to the better-paid jobs in Midland. It was one of the schools of its kind in the industry* Watching the development of the war in Europe, Dow noted the mcreasing use of airplanes for observation and combat, lie became u T b e " ^ ^ 'at maSnes'um metal, alloyed with aluminum, was cerLuin 6 ^*e Prunary material in airplane construction. Years before, he ^ Uarslow to work to develop a process to make metal from the droi),e8'|Um t' ^ or'(lc found in the Michigan brine. The project had been evt.n *arg``ly because there was no market for the light, bright metal cxl.l:* 1 '* was one-third lighter than aluminum. It had remained an ' l ^ n c e ' tl,t:.fa,,,ily f "totals. again Dow put Barstow in charge of devising a process to ^ P w * tlU|rU ,lla6,,,:s'l|ni. This lime he gave him a team of able young illlllmi Wvv ^ <:r w,`rc to make their own mark in the chemical , loan DJ Gollings, E. G. Burdick, and W. R. Veazey, a chemist on R time from Cast: School. 1I! \ 8(> Th1I)ow Story They quickly devised a cmde electrolytic cell. Their first laboratory effort, in (lie basement o f a building known as the Old Mill, produced small particles of magnesium which they showed to Herbert Dow "J waul lo see one pound of magnesium in one piece," Dow said, and walked away. The problem was to get the magnesium particles to unite into a solid piece. On a blazing June day, six weeks after they had begun their work the electric current was sent through a molten salt bath. Small globules of magnesium began lo float to the top. This time they knew how to bring the globules together. Vcuzey recalled later: " We had been working at such a determined pace on the problem of getting the small pieces of magnesium to coalesce that when we finally succeeded in getting one whole piece, we suddenly realized nobody had thought about how to cast it or get it out of the cell. Somebody grabbed the first thing he could find, which was a piece of sheet iron. It was heated and bent into the shape of a crude ladle. A piece of pipe was attached for a handle and the piece of magnesium metal was scooped out of the magnesium bath. There wai no mold, so we set the ladle on the floor to get the magnesium cool And that's bow we got the first ingot of magnesium." This was the beginning of one of the most remarkable episodes in American industrial history. For years Dow Chemical produced magnesium metal at a loss while trying to interest industry and the United States government in its use. Only through the stubborn persistence of Herbert Dow and his son, Willard, would the United Stales be ready in 1942 to meet the fantastically large demand for magnesium in World War II. But that is a later story. The ability of Dow's chemists and engineers--isolated from the centers of commerce and learning--to keep pace and often a step ahe* in the early-day competitive chemical race was once explained by Too Griswold when he was in a mood to reminisce. " When I came to Midland," Griswold said, " 1 felt painfully lonesome for lack o communion with other engineers, and because of separation fro engineering libraries and other engineering undertakings. I figure would be hopelessly behind the times in five years. So I took steps prevent such a dire event. "Out of my salary of one thousand dollars a year I set aside ol^ hundred dollars which 1 used to buy technical books and magazines^ three languages. Mr. Dow gave me a set of Roscoe and S c h o rle in ^ t o and I acquired a copy of Watt's (Chem ic al D i c t i o n a r y . 1 r e a d them * v l cover lo cover. I distributed my books and magazines at all Pl,nie" j ACO Chapter Si: 7 house where I might have a few moments for reading. Newspapers, fiction, and current literature were put aside. 1 devoured the British abstracts in the J o u r n a l o f th e S o c ie t y o f C h e m ic a l I n d u s tr y , the German Z e its c h r ift f u r E le k lo c h e in ie , French books on alkali, E n g in e e r ing M agazine, E n g in eerin g N e w s-R ec o rd , Iro n A g e, A m e rica n M achinist, M u n icip a l E n g in e e r in g , E le c tr ic a l W orld, S c ie n tific A m e r ic a n and Supplement, Patent Office G a zette, and other publications. " After about eighteen months of this I was in the office of a noted engineer in Cleveland. This man was explaining a design for a coal-handling plant he was working on. I asked if lie had seen one being built at Duluth. He was surprised and said he bad not known of it. 1 asked if he knew of a like project at Fairport Harbor. He did not. 1 began to sit up and take notice. I seemed to know things in his line he might logically be expected to be familiar with. He took me into a friend's office to show me a hoist hook being designed to weigh the load lifted. I asked his friend, an engineer, if he was familiar with one developed by the Brown Hoist years before. He was not. I asked him if he had seen one published in a recent Patent Office G a zette, lie had not. " 1 asked a lot of questions and found that these men spent over two hours a day on street cars reading newspapers and in the evenings relaxed in activities planned by their wives. 1 contrasted their two-hour ride with my three-minute walk to the office, with my reading of technology, and felt fairly safe against becoming very stale as to what was doing in my line." Dow Chemical's surge of growth in 1916 was not entirely the result of the war. It was largely based on the months and years of research at preceded World War 1, and on the explosive growth of scientific nowledge. These resulted in new products broadening the base of the company which once had depended for survival solely on bromides and ^ ac I he new products included anilin oil (for dyes), monochlor- w- ene (fr high explosives), salicylic acid (for aspirin), oil of I *^reen ( f r flavoring), and calcium chloride (for laying dust on ndu t ^ Sl Dow's sales were chemicals sold in bulk to the chemical 8 ry. lie was content to leave the fabrication and sale of finished P lo there. n Europe, the new year 1917 arrived with the big guns thundering "d"o"wgwonnutsliUnn.IQthdue<eiwsStrilrnuutccetHrioomnn.udThweitahrmtrioeos posn the Western Fro living like moles nt in were bogged trenches and the Eastern Front the Kussian armies were collapsing. Troops 90 Thu Dow Story great market in airplane production as an alloy with aluminum." At that lime, magnesium was used primarily in flares to illuminate battle areas Dow was convinced the airplane would become an instrument of war that would do away with heavy battle cruisers and change naval strategy. He wrote Michigan's Representative G. A. Currie soon after the United Slates entered the war, urging him to support appropriations for fleets of airplanes lie said: " 1 have a great deal of confidence in the ability of Americans to accomplish wonders with aeroplanes, and I think that aeroplanes are. going to do away with the enormously expensive battle cruisers with a 35-mile-an-hour speed, as the hydroplane would prove a heller eye for a fleet than a 35-knot cruiser. I think the whole idea of naval strategy that calls for these cruisers is knocked out if an ordinary super-dreadnaught and a hydroplane will take their place. . . . " I think there is every reason in the world why very large amounts should he spent on air fleets in preference to other lines of expenditures" Dow was too conservative in his estimates of air power. He could not foresee that one day the plane would not only shatter the old concepts of naval strategy but it would make the " super-dreadnaught" obsolete. Unfortunately, it would take another war to convince Washington that " very large amounts should be spent on air fleets" Hy I>111 Dow Chemical had become a virtual arsenal with almost all of its chemicals going to the government Its phenol production was the largest of any manufacturer in the nation. More than 3,000 workers labored in the Midland plants When President Wilson named industrialist Bernard Baruch to head the War Industries Board and bring some order out of the. chaos of production and priorities, Dow was named a member of the boards chemical section, lie became a r e g u la r c o m m u t e r b e tw e e n Midland an Washington. Dow lobbied hard for tariffs on chemicals that would protect in young American industry from German competition after the war. predicted that when the fighting ended, the Germans would be certam to try to regain the monopoly positions they had held bfefore the ami, without protection, many of the small American c^1,*!l^n companies would not survive. He recalled that w ithout the tarn imports of bromides and bleach, he would never have been ab compete with the British and Germans in the bleach and bromine w In June, 1918, the Dow Chemical board of directors elevated i i Chapter Six 91 lo the presidency of the company and he retained the title of general manager. Convers was moved up to become chairman of the board. It had taken twenty-one years, but Dow was finally sitting securely in the management saddle. By this time it had become increasingly clear that Dow's decision in 1913 to shift production heavily to chlorine products had been one of the most important of his career. The war years had set off a chain reaction in the production of chemicals by American manufacturers. The production of one resulted in by-product chemicals which could be linked with others for even more products. Chlorine was one of the most versatile of them all But there was a block to unlimited expansion into new chemical products. The needs of the United States government restricted Dow Chemical largely to manufacturing the products it could supply in large quantities to war plants. The war effort came first. When Germany used mustard gas on the Western Front in a move of desperation to shatter the Allied defenses, the United States govern ment called on Dow Chemical to manufacture the gas. Professor Smith at Case School worked out a process to make the gas from ethylene, ailfur, and chlorine. At war's end it was being produced at the rate of ten thousand pounds a day, but little of it ever reached Europe and the stockpile left after the war was buried at sea. More important than anything else was the knowledge gained by Dow's researchers in the production of ethylene--a product that would become tremendously important in peacetime research. Dow's plants poured into the war effort 3 0 million pounds of caustic soda; 2 million pounds of monochlorbenzol for use in **plosives; 1 million pounds of acetic anhydride used in making the varnish which coated the fabric wings of airplanes, stiffening them and uLd***'^ ^ em wa*er and fire resistant; 2 3 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 pounds of phenol I Onn'n ^ 'e rnanuD,cture picric acid, also required in explosives; tetr P l|nds of chloroform; 2 2 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0 pounds of carbon chloride used as a solvent and for the manufacture of other war riaiS; and bromine and bromides by the millions of pounds. *h til-"* ' ml,ortanl products were Epsom salts, used as a medicine and A! le banning of leather; aspirin; insecticides for crop protection; and ap'csiurn for battle-front flares. Co ..w knew the feverish pace of expansion and production would not detn^ e indefinitely. One day the war would end, the abnormal m*nv r^.r ci,c,nicals would drop, and his company would be left with Ojo '^S Plants standing idle, lie warned his directors in the summer that difficult times were ahead. iI t '12 Tin.' I tow Slory For almost four years, selling had been no problem. Buyers had clamored lor products and asked for more. Sales had been automatic. As a hedge against a post-war slump, Dow started expanding the sales organization which for years had been centered in Midland. He opened a New York office and adopted a trademark--the name DOW enclosed in a four-pointed diamond. When September rolled around, he wrote his old friend, J. H. Osborn, in California, " I suppose it is hard for you to realize that I am now 52 years old and beyond the draft age. Willard was 21 last January and came in the Spring registration and enlisted in the Engineering Reserves, lie is a senior at Ann Arbor, taking the Chemical Engineering Course, and they returned hint to college to finish his course before going into service. I think he is anxious to get into service, and I am more than pleased that his mother has raised no objections, but we all sincerely hope that the war will be over before long and I think as soon as American machinery gets in full swing, that the end will be near." The end was nearer than Herbert Dow imagined. The armistice was signed on November 11 and the guns were stilled. to n J OJ fcaoGrA, Chapter Seven T.he end of World War] brought peace to the United States, but it was peace flawed by an economic depression and social and political unrest. The abnormally high demands for goods and labor had ended abruptly with the signing of the Armistice. Many factories which had sprung up to supply materials for war closed their gates. In others, the machines idled at a slow pace. Millions of workers found themselves out of jobs. The federal government was not prepared, by law or precedent, to ease the impact of the sudden work stoppages on American industries or the workers. As the Depression settled over the nation, anarchists preached violent overthrow of government. The Communist Party of the United Stales emerged after failing in a fight to capture control of the Socialist Party. The left-wing Industrial Workers of the World (1WW) was involved in head-thumping strikes and civil disorders. Assassins planted a bomb at the doorstep of United States Attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer which wrecked the front of his home, on shington's fashionable R Street, N. W. Palmer and his wife wen; not njured but the assassins were killed in the explosion, bombs were sent ugh the mails in packages to John D. Rockefeller, Sr., J. P. Morgan, ee cabinet members, four United States senators, two congressmen, a er" judge, and two governors. Fortunately, the bombs were Ullercepted or failed to reach their intended victims. * la w |!-"^ ' ^ro^*^*l' on went into effect across the nation and spawned ho l |tSS ra "m -ninning, speakeasies, and underworld empires of jPvre '. Il,,,ls"- "Ri`gE,' obluufnf,' amoral Warren C. Harding was swept into the ` 1<y on an ungrammatical slogan, " Back to Normalcy." lein * an^ was olJtsidc the main currents of the social and | jlilical ^W utl" ^ ul Ihe town was hard hit by the postwar business depression. government cancelle its contracts at war's end, Herbert Dow CU* ^,ack ids operations. W ilc three thousand men had 0vertinie to keep the plants running during the emergency, only t 94 Tin: Dow Story four hundred were needed to manufacture the chemicals that could marketed in 1919. One of Dow's first moves was to junk plants built solely for Wlr production and to scrap obsolete equipment. At Earl Bennett's urging, Dow quickly settled claims against the government in order to get on with his peacetime plana " A lot of companies haggled with the government for years after the war over the contracts," Bennett recalled. " We settled as fast as we could at whatever price we were offered. We cleared the decks in i hurry and it was one of the best moves we ever made." Dow did not cut hack on research even in the worst of the Depression. He told his board of directors six months after the war ended: " We have as many research men at work now as we had at any time during the war. In years gone by our research has been the basis of practically all our profits. That is to say we have not made money by picking up old processes from our competitors and others Our processes have been originated and developed by our own chemists and engineers . ." He badgered his board into giving him $300,000 to expand brominr production even though there was no immediate demand for increased capacity. This was the pattern that had proved successful in the past: build in bad limes for the good limes ahead. It was a reflection of the elder J. 1'. Morgan's philosophy: " Any man who is a bear on the future of this country will go broke." While many companies were pulling in sail to weather the economic storm. Dow expanded and overhauled his war-worn plant. With hu curious talcnl for reaching into the manpower pool and pulling out the right man, lie picked young, tough A. P. " Dutch" Beutel for thejobof modernizing and mapping the network of pipes through which the chemicals flowed. The miles of pipelines had been installed through! f years m crisscross contusiioonn. , Beutel was a chunky square-jawed graduate of Case School who h> worked briefly as a coal mining engineer before joining Dow in 1916 le had had rexperriecncrer with pipes and pumps in the mines. He nluigPh1t have stayed with coal mining except that he fell in love with a girl who refused to marry him unless he quit mining. " I had been in a couple of smash-ups in the hole that left me wi limp." Beutel would explain, " and my future wife, Belle Armstro^ wanted me to gel out of it. She said, `If you don't get out mines I'm not going to marry you. 1 don't want to be a widow. promised her I'd get another job. The day before our wedding, -J 2752 (Chapter Six 95 (^gwold called me at S t Charles, Michigan. He said, `Gel over here. 1 want to talk to you about working in Midland.' I said, `I'm going on my honeymoon.' He said, `Oh, to hell with the honeymoon.' And 1 said, `Not me.' "I came with Dow1 al ter the honey mourn . . . . One day in 1920 1 was called in to talk to Herbert Dow and bred Lowry, his general plant aiperinfendent. Dow said to me, `1 want someone to go into the plant and put our pipelines and equipment in some kind of shape. They're in a mess. We've never had any engineering in our piping system. I'll give you a crew to help.' I said, `I've never run a crew.' lie said, `You've got to learn sometime.' " Dow also enlarged his research staff. He was determined to move more boldly into the field of organic chemistry which the Germans had exploited so skillfully before and during the war. He gave the job of organizing an organic research laboratory to his argumentative, applceheeked son-in-law, William J. Hale. Hale had married Dow's eldest daughter, Helen, in a wartime wedding. The first move Hale made was to put together a company chemical library. He had studied chemistry in Germany prior to the war and he knew the value of a library well-stocked with technical books, papers, and reference material. Dow's chemists and engineers had their own personal libraries but there was no central source of research material in Midland from which all the researchers and engineers could draw. The library he started eventually grew into one of the largest chemical libraries in the United Stales. After a time Hale persuaded Edgar C. Britton to leave his leaching lub in the University of Michigan chemistry department and join him at ,w Chemical. But before coming lo Midland, Britton wrote to ask ut living conditions and how much vacation lime he would be Mowed. Hale replied: " For heating a cook stove, we use kerosene and it ^ents to Be the only practical thing. Electrical rales are very high and may u WHI use in that line will be a hot plate and toaster. There are wuld ICrC W^ USC 3 cornmo11 coal stove, but no enterprising person uaii* 1 sucb a thing. |We use| the best kerosene range made, uutTt^ I'uritan, put out by the same concern in Cleveland that puts P e r f e c ti o n ___ W8|t}i> r yf ur vacation, each chemist is allowed about two weeks a Weeks it ' coursc> holidays extra. You should choose your two tb**ni8tsIOUSjl| at a time when your work is not loo pressing. The real soon get over that obsolete three months' summer vacation {)U Tlir Dow Slory idea. That scheme works all right possibly for those who are unaccustomed to real work, but I can't imagine a real live grown-up man desiring seriously to follow the custom. It really is detrimental to your development as a chemist, let alone the harmful effect it has upon your associates among the living." Britton soon found himself swept into the competitive research and development race that had become a way of life for Dow's chemists and engineers. New products, new machinery, new processes and expanding knowledge of the atom were opening wider fields to explore. Herbert Dow prowled the plants and laboratories, suggesting experiments or ways to improve old processes. He encouraged the competition. Veazey would recall: " He encouraged everybody to find out things in their own way. It was not uncommon for him to put several people or a group of people to work on the same problem at the same time, and run the whole show like a horse race to see which one would come up first with the answer." The research was not as helter-skelter as it might seem. Ed Barstow was the man to whom Dow turned in a time of crisis to get a new product on the market ahead of a competitor, to build a new plant in t hurry, or to find a way of doing things when others said it couldn't be done. Cost was not as im portant to Barstow as quick results. Charlie Slrosaeker was the penny pincher. He would come along behind Barstow, pick up the pieces of a plant torn down by Barstow, and end up making a different product that could be sold at low cost I'ulnam became the perfectionist, turning out products such aspirin, that required refinement to their greatest possible purity. It w** I'ulnam to whom Dow turned in 1918 to give his son Willard his fW shake-down training in managing a chemical plant after his graduation from the University of Michigan. An oldlimer commented, " I think Herbert Dow had a more subtle sense of humor Lhan any of us imagined at the time. He started Will**" out in the aspirin plant--learning how to cure headaches." The rough, lough in-plunt competition among these strong-imnfl men developed a high degree of pride and enthusiasm among employees. They identified themselves as a " Barstow man," a " Stros' ker man," or a " I'ulnam man" and fought for priorities in reee projects and materials. The stabilizer who kept the research from *1/ off in all directions was Dow. He spent as much time with his reesseea*-" teams as he did Dow's main in his office interests in looking after the management the months following the war cente,,rreed o * J mphenol and magnesium metal, two products which were to 2753 Chapter Seven 97 oortant pari in the company's climb lo a position of leadership in the chemical world. No one knows why Dow became so deeply interested in phenol at a time when there was comparatively little demand for it. In the years before World War I, only about 1,000,000 pounds of phenol were sold in the United States. Most of it went into carbolic w id to be used as a general antiseptic or into Bakelite, one of the pioneer plastics Almost all of this phenol was imported from England, where it was manufactured as a by-product of coke. When war came, synthetic phenol plants sprang up across the country to supply the munitions makers. Production rose to 320,000 pounds a day. Then suddenly the war was over and demand for phenol dropped back to its prewar level--a demand hardly great enough to stir excitement over potential profits. Dow could not possibly have foreseen that within a few years phenol would be required in tremendous quantities for the manufacture of a wide range of plastics far more versatile than the hard, brittle Bakelite. And yet he set Hale and Britton to work in 1919 to devise a new phenol process at a time when its future looked anything but promising. Dow had been dissatisfied with his old phenol process even (hough it had met the demands of the time. For one thing the process required huge amounts of sulfuric acid which Dow did not produce himself. The cid had to be bought from others and this didn't fit into Dow's ideas of efficient manufacturing. Dow turned the problem of finding a better phenol process over lo Hale and Britton. The objective was a process that would bypass the use f sulfur and depend on chemicals found in Dow's plants. As a starter, ey had the notes made by Strosacker and chemist Robert Dreisbach ring some preliminary research work in 1915 on a phenol process ^ o lv in g the use of chlorbenzol, caustic soda, and hydrochloric acid. was not new. Chemists in England and Germany had made small amounts of phenol in their laboratories from these three starting *8ents. But no one had found a way to convert the laboratory " 'tnenG into a commercial process. t e Hale-Britton research team set out with Dow's blessing lo prove f*le process could be found. They labored for months with after failure. But in 1922 they came up with a process that Promising on paper. It called for an apparatus that could internal pressures of 5,000 lo 6,000 pounds per square inch ne chlorbenzol reacted with caustic soda. No chemical maimi,rer--and indeed no manufacturers of any product--had worked 9K The Dow Story successfully with such tremendous pressures. Many experts said jt couldn't be done and wrote papers to prove i t Usually, chemied production was carried out at normal atmospheric pressures or, at the most, pressures of a few hundred pounds. Dow sent to Chicago for special reactor coils designed to withstand the high pressures but, when put to the test, the coils burst Hie research team reached the conclusion that if they were ever going to get a reactor, Dow Chemical's own people would have to design and build it. With Mark Putnam and Dutch Beutel giving big assists, they solved the pressure problem by having the chemical reaction take place in a thick iron pipe with a small bore. The small-bore pipe was coiled in a larger tube through which the starting materials were fed. A small amount of heat helped keep the reaction going. Once the reaction started in the small pipes, the self-generated heat raised the temperature of the starting materials to the level necessary for efficient and economical production of phenoL lieutel remembers: " We put the heating and reactor coils in a big lank so if they blew up we w ouldn't kill anybody--6,000 pounds of pressure was a hell of a lot of pressure at that time. They started making these coils in Chicago and shipping them out to us. They blew up as fast as we put them in. 1 looked into the problem and found that the welds were poorly made. 1 said, `Let me try m a k i n g some.' So 1 maile some coils with ordinary acetylene welding and then got th* group to buy a flash welder. I set it up in the shop and started making pipe coils. Then Paul Cottringer and I got together and we decided the coil design was all wrong and we had to start over. We finally figu**^ out how to make the coils--and we put a little better than a mfle * pipe in the heating coils and reactor coils. Once we figured out th* mechanical details, the thing worked beautifully.'' The breakthrough in the llale-Mritton process was a sensational advance for Dow Chemical. It bypassed the need to buy sulfur in l* # quantities, used chemicals readily available to Dow, and gave him a* in the manufacture of phenol that the company would never relunjn1^ through the years. ^ liul the success of the process was not wholly in the production phenol as an end product. The process also produced four us* by-product chemicals that helped reduce the cost of the phenoL One of these was salt, winch was fed back 'through the caustic cells to make caustic soda, hydrogen, and chlorine. Two o were never-before-seen chemicals called orthophenylphenol 2754 P& S3 Chapter Seven 99 henylphenol. They became the base of a line of germicides, fungicides jnd insecticides marketed under the trade name Dowicides. They were effective against pests ranging from term ites to fungus growths plaguing the paper, leather, and glue industries. Paraphenylphenol also became the base for a new lacquerlike varnish used on the hulls of vessels to help them slip through water with a minimum of friction. The fourth by-product from the line was diphenyloxide. At first it was regarded merely as a troublesome waste matter. Then the discovery was made that diphenyloxide could be converted into a material useful in manufacturing processes requiring an agent that could hold high temperatures at low pressures with great stability. This product became known as Dowtherm. The geranium-smelling diphenyloxide was sold in huge quantities to the makers of soaps and perfumed toilet goods. But perhaps the most remarkable quality of this chemical oddity was its ability to do a disappearing act. Researchers found that when diphenyloxide piled up in unmanageable quantities during the phenol-making operation, it could be fed back into the phenol process to help make more phenol. Thus the production of diphenyloxide could be turned on and off at will, without disturbing the production of phenol or the other by-products. At the same time the phenol process was being worked out, a team of Dow researchers under Barstow's general direction labored to improve the process for making magnesium even though there was little demand for the metal in the United States. Industry generally knew nothing of the properties of magnesium or how to work with it, although the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) was experimenhng with magnesium as an alloy with aluminum. Alcoa obtained its magnesium from its subsidiary, the American Magnesium Corporation (AMC) at Niagara Falls. In 1919, Dow Chemical and AMC were the nly two producers of magnesium in the country, other producers mung dropped out of the business when the war ended. Dow Chemical d its magnesium under the trade name, Dowmelal. In that first postwar year, Barstow's men devised a process that Prduced 50 to 60 pounds of high-quality magnesium a day. The Prcess was relatively crude but it worked for weeks without a . d o w n . Dow was so pleased with the results he had sixteen vat nits installed. By this time he had some $225,000 of the company's dey invested in magnesium and the returns had been small. he new units worked smoothly for six weeks. Then on Febmary 1, one of the big metal vats in the production line cracked. More 100 TIm Dow Story than 300 pounds of molten salt gushed o u t It poured across the wooden platform on which the vats stood and reached the wooden supports of the building. Within minutes the plant was an inferno. Fire fighters managed to keep the fire from spreading to other buildings. When the flames subsided, Herbert Dow surveyed the charred wreckage and said to llarstow , " I guess these things have to happen. Go ahead and rebuild iL" There was heavy pressure from Cleveland to halt the magnesium experiments. The product had been a drain on the company's treasury except for one year of the war when 3,852 pounds had been sold to the government. Sales in 1919 had dropped to 859 pounds. Dow overrode the opposition. He had gone too far to back out now, or so lie argued. He insisted that a use for magnesium would develop in the United Stales as il had developed in Germany and Dow Chemical had to be ready to meet this demand. Already Germany had begun to experiment with magnesium in airplanes. The Germans had a twenty-four-year lead over Americans in accumulating knowledge of how to produce and work with magnesium. They had built the world's first electrolytic magnesium plant in 1886 at llemelingen near Bremen, using carnallite--a double salt of magnesium chloride and potassium chloride--as a raw material. Later a large plant began operations at Bitlerfcld. The Germans called the new metal Kick Iron. They learned how to use magnesium as an alloy with aluminum, zinc, and other metals. Be.cause of their limited supply of bauxite-the ore from which aluminum is made--the German chemists began to alloy aluminum with magnesium rather than to alloy magnesium with aluminum. The most important German advances had not been made in the production of magnesium, but in its fabrication. They knew how to ! melt and cast the. alloys with a minimum of waste. The cheapness of the finished product depended largely on the cost of fabricating. The Germans protected their processes by having them patented around the world. When Dow persisted in exploring magnesium, he was pushing ,n^1 uncharted territory us far as his chemists and engineers were concern This was metallurgy, and they had had little experience in it. The was alien to them. But Dow hud no choice except to move in i o direction if magnesium was to be developed as a structural m*.*|ie(| "s i Someone had lo learn how to fabricate and alloy magnesium an o r leach others in industry how to do it. .UK j k Chapter Scvitn 101 A few of Dow's people had gained a measure of expertise in alloying the metal in 1918 when they built a small foundry and experimented with alloying magnesium with manganese. Methods of easting had to be found that would not infringe on German patents or the patents held by the American Magnesium Corporation. The most important German patent--the one that gave them an advantage--involved the use of sulfur. Sulfur formed a protective shield around the metal while it was being melted and cast. 'Phis process was simpler than Dow's and as a consequence gave the Germans an edge. The German advantage may well have driven Dow from the field had not Congress passed the Fordney-MeCumber Tariff Act in 1922 which gave the young chemical industry in the United Stales a measure of protection from German imports. Magnesium was included in the tariff list. Dow tried to interest the automobile industry in magnesium pistons. But engineers were afraid the pistons would burst into flame at high temperatures. They had heard of magnesium powder and magnesium shavings burning. They thought solid magnesium would do the same and no amount of argument by Dow would impress them--even after he put an ingot of magnesium into a gasoline fire to prove it would not burn. To dramatize the safety and durability of his pistons, Dow arranged in 1921 to have them placed in the engines of three of the ears entered m the 500-mile Memorial Day Race in Indianapolis. Tommy Milton drove his Frontenac to victory in a near-record 89.62 miles per hour to win with Dow's pistons The other cars finished third and fifth. The flurry of publicity from the achievement at Indianapolis helped Mies for a time. Garages and service stations bought Dow pistons as replacements *n rebuilding worn-out engines This business reached a of $100,000 a year. But the pistons never won over the automobile makers and the costs of research, fabricating, sales, and promotion outstripped the returns Magnesium was used in small quantities in automobile horns, Portable tools, wheelbarrows, and specialty items in the early 192U's A e,nplyee even fashioned a violin from magnesium but its tone y had the quality of a Stradivarius The greatest demand for ^gnesium was as an alloy in aluminum, and this field was dominated y jbe American Magnesium Corporation. arstow would recall: " If we had spent as much time, effort and tbe ^ 0,1 ^''doping some other product as we spent on magnesium, cnipany would have been better off financially in the long run. I01> The Dow Slory Few people can imagine how stubborn Herbert Dow was about developing magnesium. It was an obsession with him--and it was lucky for the country that he didn't drop it." An upswing in business in 1922 eased some of the pressure on Dow and he was able to spend more time with his family, his apple orchard, and the gardens which were becoming a Michigan showplace. He rarely went to church although he was a member of the Presbyterian church. Some wags said he stopped going to church with his wife because he couldn't get up during a sermon and argue with the preacher. Dow loved to argue--politics, business, literature, religion, educa tion, or apple growing. The subject didn't matter as long as someone had a viewpoint and defended it. Once when he came home downcast, Mrs. Dow said, " My, you're grumpy. What's the matter? Did you lose an argument at Frank Teal's barber shop?" Frank Teal's place had been one of Midland's forums for arguments for many years and when Dow couldn't find a good argument at the plant he knew he could find one at Teal's. The friendship with the barber had lasted for more than twenty years although there had been a period when Dow refused to set foot inside the door. The rift came one day when Dow entered the barber shop and found Teal busy cutting the hair of a customer. Dow sat down to wait his turn. He settled himself comfortably and put his feet in another chair. " Dow !" Teal barked. " Were you raised in a stable? Get your feet off that chair!" Dow stalked out and for weeks gave his business to another barber. Hut things weren't the same. This fellow wouldn't argue with him like Teal, who stood in no awe of the town's leading industrialist Teal remembered Dow from the days when he could barely scrape up enough money for food and rent, and people were calling him ` Crazy Dow." , Finally Dow capitulated. He returned to the barber shop and foun Teal alone, lie sat in the chair and Teal began trimming his hair ** though nothing had happened between them. They talked of this *** that and then Dow said, " Teal, how would you like to go to work 01 me?" Teal slopped his snipping and said, " Dow, I wouldn't work for y if you were the last man on earth." Dow grinned, lie said, " 1 was only wondering." CD Chapter Eight j a n u a r y 25, 1924, was a cold, raw, gray day in Midland. Low-flying clouds scudded across the sky, driven by a stiff wind out of the northw est Snow piled in drifts along fence rows. Only a few people ventured onto the streets. It was much like a thousand other wintry days in that part of the country. And yet this day was different because it brought to Midland two men who would open the way for The Dow Chemical Company to link its fortunes--at least in part--to the booming young automobile industry. Herbert Dow had failed to interest automobile makers in his magnesium pistons. But now another door was swinging open. The visitors were Charles F. Kettering, director of the General Motors Research Laboratories, and his associate, Thomas Midgley, Jr. Both were pioneers in the development of the automobile. In 1912, Kettering had invented the electric self-starter. This gadget was most particularly a boon to women drivers because it eliminated the necessity of hand-cranking an engine to get it running. The starter was first adopted by Cadillac. Then one by one other manufacturers roade it standard equipment. Henry Ford was a long-time holdout but he, too, eventually came around to the self-starter. Midgley had found in the laboratory the secret to anti-knock gasoline. Kettering and Midgley arrived in Midland at a crucial time in the tstory of the automobile's development. The industry was in the midst ? 'Is first great boom. Better automobiles and better roads were P,ng shove sales upward. Detroit's prosperity had given the entire cuntry an economic shot in the arm. . , lltn ry Ford had led the way in converting the automobile from a C m"n's plaything into a necessity. His Model T dominated the Uj e* as the country headed into the Roaring Twenties. But General was climbing fast and others were fighting for a share of the 0 . Filling stations were sprouting at crossroads Dealers were ,ng showrooms and stocking automobile parts. Manufacturing and 104 The Dow Story selling automobiles had become the biggest industrial operation in the United States. Before the decade would end, the industry would be taking 20 percent of the nation's steel output, 80 percent of the rubber imports, and 75 percent of the plate glass. The petroleum industry was being shaped to supply the needs of the automobile. This happy scene was not without its flaw--a serious one that worried the car makers and brought a torrent of complaints from automobile buyers. The flaw was in the gasoline that went into the tanks of cars and trucks. The low-octane, poorly refined fuel of the day caused engines to knock. The gasoline, instead of exploding in the cylinders with a rhythmic surge of energy, exploded in too-fast, uneven bursts that turned the crankshaft with jerky movements and produced a knocking sound. The knock was annoying to the driver, hard on engines, and wasteful of gasoline. Kettering and Midgley started a search in 1916 for an inexpensive chemical that could be added to the gasoline to slow down the combustion and eliminate tbe knock. They tried hundreds of different combinations. They found that iodine would do the job but iodine was impractical. It cost $ 4 . 5 0 a pound and t h e w o r ld m a r k e t w a s d o m in a te d by Chilean producers who could manipulate the price practically at will. Aniline proved to be another additive that worked, although not well enough. Then Midgley, in 1920, discovered that a knocking engine could be soothed to a purr by adding tetraethyl lead to the gasoline. Road trials confirmed the laboratory tests. It appeared for a time the problem of the knock had been solved. However, tbe solution to the knock created still another serious problem: the leaded gasoline left behind a metallic deposit that fouled cylinders, valves and spark plugs. The clogging action of the lead wa6 worse than the knock it had eliminated. Another search was begun, this time to find a chemical that wou prevent the lead from fouling the engines. Herbert Dow heard of the search in 1923 and sent Charles Slrosacker to the General Motors Research Laboratories at Dayton, Ohio, with several samples o chlorinated compounds. " Tell Midgley to be sure to try bromine, D0* said. - Mil y already had tried ethylene dibromide, a derivative o bromine, and it had worked. When two pnarts of etlhvylene d--i-b-ronU * were mixed with three parts of tetraethyl lead, the knock disappea*c ND and no lead deposit was left behind in the engines. This combina i looked like a winner. Acm i C hapter Seven 105 Ethylene dibromide could be bought for about one-seventh the cost of iodine. Yet Midgley had reservations about using the chemical. Iktold Strosacker he was afraid there wasn't enough bromine in the country to meet the demand that was certain to develop for an efficient, knockless gasoline. Strosacker insisted Dow Chemical could supply the need. " We can dig more' wells," he said. Before committing themselves, Kettering and Midgley began a search for a source of bromine on which they could depend in the years ahead. They sent scouts across the United Slates and to Mexico, Germany, North Africa, and the Middle East. When all the reports were in, Midgley was satisfied the Michigan brine deposits were the most favorably located and The Dow Chemical Company would be the most dependable supplier. Dow Chemical had been producing ethylene dibromide for some time without finding a market for the product. It was the decision to turn to Dow Chemical for ethylene dibromide that brought Midgley and Kettering to Midland tliaL cold January day. Herbert Dow was away at the time so they discussed their problem with Willard Dow and Lee Doan. Later, Herbert Dow assured them he could meet their immediate needs. But he conceded that if a tremendous demand developed for knockless gasoline, the production of bromine would pose a serious problem: to pump vast quantities of brine merely h> remove the bromine would throw Dow Chemical's production out of balance and it would be almost impossible to dispose of the waste brine. `When that time comes," Dow said, " we'll have to mine it out of the ocean." Dow suggested it might prove feasible to pum p w ater from the cific O cean into a desert basin, let the sun's rays evaporate it, and then obtain the brom ine from the concentrated brine. At first Midgley was amused by the thought of going to the sea for /mine. But Dow was serious Later Midgley cairn- to the conclusion at perhaps the sea was a logical source after all for the chemical Jteeded in anti-knock gasoline-if a way could be found to take the romine from the water cheaply. I later years, Midgley would recall in a letter to Willard Dow: " . . . Was fully recognized that bromine would some day become the a?d'tine faCU>r in the use of tetraethyl lead. Your Father was consulted In ful,y informed of the factors which surrounded the problem, nd ^E 'tining we secured all our bromine from The Dow Company, as you know, this soon developed into the requirement for more i 106 The I)ow Story wells. During this time we had a chemist by the name of Fisher from Standard of New Jersey go to the Dead Sea and survey the possibility of securing bromine from that source, and at about the same time Mr Kettering visited the Sebkas of Northern Africa and inspected what the French had done during World War I to get bromine from this area. We also asked our various oil company customers to send us samples of brine from their drilling operations and we analyzed this for bromine content. There was a large percentage o f bromine in the brines from the Tampico region iti Mexico, and as you know, some of the brines from Ohio were rich in bromine. However, the Ohio situation did not look promising and aside from this no other area within the United States, excepting the territory operated by The Dow C h e m ic a l Company, showed anything worth while. Throughout the time of this survey, 1 kept insisting that our bromine m u s t c o m e from within the United States. I could not sec any sense in getting our internal combustion engines developed to operate on a product which could be cut off by war. At the termination of these surveys, we had a conference with your Father in Midland. . . Your Father stated that the only solution to the problem of securing adequate q u an titie s of bromine from the United States for further expansion would require sea water as the raw material, and since the concentration in the sea water was so low, it would he necessary to concentrate the sea water by evaporation. He proposed a method of pumping Pacific Ocean water over the Rocky Mountains, forming an inland salt lake in some of the arid desert land and letting this water concentrate by solar evaporation. Rather jokingly, I suggested that we might consider this problem to be merely l lic pumping of the Pacific Ocean over the Rocky' Mountains and letting it dry out, to which he replied that was just about what it amounted to. . . . " The conferences with Kettering and Midgley led to Dow agreeing*0 furnish them wilh 100,000 pounds o f e th y le n e dibromide a month at a cost of 5tt cents a pound. Dow immediately stepped up the pumping01 brim' to meet the contract requirements, even though he suspecte was a stopgap measure. The idea of getting bromine from the sea intrigued him. bromine was in the sea in almost limitless quantities, with each mi 1 parts of sea water being 67 parts bromine. The problem was ho* pump I,()()().()()() pounds of sea water to obtain most of its 67 PoU,|(j1 of bromine -and do it cheaply. The separation couldn't be done electricity or beat because the cost would be prohibitive. -j Soon after Kettering and Midgley left Midland, Dow started t >e 2758 Chapter Eight 107 of more than two hundred experiments looking to the extraction of bromine from sea water. During 1924, he had samples of brine brought from the Atlantic, the Pacific, and the Dead Sea. Chemists began working on the problem of removing the bromine without the use of electricity or h e a t When Dow saw an analysis of these brines, he noticed that the concentration of bromine was about the same as it was in the waste brine at his bromine plant In July, Dow wrote J. S. Crider, a director of The Dow Chemical Company: . .The `sewer' brine from the bromine plant normally contains about the same amount of bromine as the oceans. We have just made some tests to see how good an extraction we can get under extreme conditions and have been able to reduce the bromine down to a point where it is running 40 per cent of the amount in the oceans. This would seem to indicate that we could extract bromine from the oceans and recover 60 per cent of the bromine in ocean water. However, bromine made in this way would not be cheap." Dow was encouraged in the experiments by word from Midgley that ethylene dibromide continued to look better than any other chemical as an additive to control the lead problem. And then Midgley and Kettering returned to Midland in early August to tell Dow all doubts had been resolved in favor of the bromine product. They wanted Dow to start a crash program to supply the Ethyl Gasoline Company with 600.000 pounds of ethylene, dibromide each m onth--an increase of 500.000 pounds over the shipments Dow had been making. On the face f it, the proposition offered a big breakthrough for Dow Chemical into !hc automobile market that had been closed to them for years except for minor sales of magnesium. Dow moved cautiously, however. To supply that volume of a single Chemical would require new wells and construction of a new plant, ven after these costs, there was always the possibility some other emical would be found more efficient than tetraethyl lead. Such a scovery might eliminate the need for bromine. it, iOW aSrectf to the expansion provided he received enough lor his y ene dibromide to cover the cost of the emergency construction i ***' W'th this formula as a bargaining base, a quick agreement was made. Hut getting anti-knock gasoline to the market place became a "ehtmKare. T. wo .m...o..u..t..h..s...a..l.ter Dow rea..c..h..e..d....h..i.s aeg.r.e..e..m...e..n..t...w...ith Midgley wetlering, scare headlines sprouted on (he front res of "Papers across the nation: "Mystery Gas Crazes 1.2 in l.abora^ ~ Poisonous Gas Drives 5 Men Mad, Two Die"-" b o o n e \ Gas IOH The I)ow Story May Menace Motorists" --" New York Prohibits Sale of Looney Gas." The victims in this tragedy were workers in a Standard Oil Company laboratory near Elizabeth, New Jersey, where experiments were being carried on with tetraethyl lead in the search for the best combination of anti-knock compounds. The men had been poisoned breathing gM fumes. The immediate reaction was fear that the entire population of cities would be menaced by deadly fumes if automobiles were permitted to burn anti-knock gasoline. New York City banned the sale of leaded gasoline. The Hoard of Health made it a misdemeanor for anyone louse the new gasoline within the city. O ther cities followed New York's lead Stale and federal agencies began investigations into the causes of the workers' deaths and illnesses. For more than a year production of anti-knock gasoline was halted while the United States Surgeon General sifted fact from rumor. Out of this investigation came the quieting report that the leaded gasoline itself was harmless. The tragedy had resulted from a breakdown in laboratory safety precautions. The bans on anti-knock gasoline were lifted. Gasoline stations once again filled their tanks with the high-potency fuel and sales boomed During this time, du Pont fitted out a ship as a floating chemical plant and sent it into the Atlantic Ocean in an effort to extract bromine from the sea water. The ship made only one voyage and nothing more came of the experiment. With the cloud removed from anti-knock gasoline, Dow moved rapidly to increase production of ethylene dibromide. He put his son, Willard, in charge of the expansion. Wells had to be drilled miles from the production plant and pipelines laid to gather the brine. Power lines had to be strung and powerhouses built to supply the energy for die pumps. When the job began to lag behind schedule, Willard came to Dut Hculcl and asked him to take charge of the pipeline job. " Dutch, e said, " you take on the job of being a pusher for me. G e t th e s e fellows in line so they will gel the job done in a hurry. The way w ere goinft we'll never get it finished." , Dutch lieu tel would later recall: " So 1 took on the job of being expediter. We pushed out twenty to thirty miles from the plant wi our wells and pipes. We got up to two miles a day in laying pipes u nhainmd ilalbinoir 1to0 <dnigg mthe udintcnhes. mHuilt mthis was 1to0o0 slow,. iI went to Wi ^ and said, `Let me buy a ditching machine. They can just spin out of the ground and wc can do this job a lot quicker. An A 2759 i 1 Chapter Eight 109 Meantime, Herbert Dow had a team working on a scheme to extract bromine from sea water by acidifying the brine and passing it through a blowing-out tower. This process, in the laboratory stage, was beginning to look hopeful as 1926 came to a close- in those first years of the tempestuous Twenties, Dow once again found himself a( odds with his board of directors. A majority wanted him to slow down his research and ease up on the building of new plants to produce chemicals for which there was no immediate demand. Dow insisted the company must push forward with its research and new products or else it would limp along in the shadow of aggressive competitors. Stripped to its bare bones, the issue between them was whether the board sitting in Cleveland was going to run The Dow Chemical Company through control of the purse strings--or whether Dow was going to be the boss in research and production. This tug-of-war had started at a meeting of the board in 1922. The board had startled Dow by voting to limit his spending authority in construction to $2,500--except in cases where he had specific approval of the board to exceed that am ount Dow protested the limitation was a deliberate effort to slow up the company's operations. He argued it was impractical to be running to Cleveland for board approval to spend comparatively small amounts of money when on-the-spot action could mean the difference between a profit and a loss. He asked the board to rescind the action, but the vote stood. Except for the strained relations belweeti Dow and his board, things J^re going so smoothly in the winter of 1922-25 that Dow decided to e Mrs. Dow on a cruise to Japan by way of Hawaii. They sailed to Wan where Dow spent most of his lime relaxing in the warm sun. lie lo ,e Professor Smith at Case that he had surprised himself by going V " ' 1w*^' Mrs- H w three Sundays in a row. vj H*1" 1 replied: " . . . Strange you spoke of going lo church for three cl/' *I^S ahd ^ K: b^tcr arrived a few days alter Molly and I had gone to C . ^r l'mc "bout a year. It makes me think of the little ma ^ Solomon and David led merry, merry lives; they hail many, j, 'y lady friends and many, many wives; but when they grew older, D-J. , la<t many, many qualms; so Solomon wrote the Proverbs ami *d * rle the Psalms.' 110 The Dow Story " Have you and 1 and the gray-haired men of Honolulu reached the period of `many, many qualms' and will this phenomenon recruit men for church services in the future?" Dow's reply to this query has been lost for the record. From Hawaii, the Dows sailed to Japan where Dow visited a few Japanese chemical plants. But the making of chemicals did not interest him as much as the Japanese gardens, the beauty of which he could never forget and which he would duplicate in his own garden in Midland. Dow celebrated his fifty-seventh birthday in Japan and then returned to Midland to find that new production and sales records were being se t He wrote to his friend, James Pardee, in Cleveland: "Of course, prices are so much lower than they were during th e war that the dollars do not mount up as fast, but these figures (a 50 percent increase in tonnage shipped) are an indication of the large amount of development and the construction work that has been completed since the war, and it is this work that is now earning a good share of our dividends." During the trip to Japan, Dow came to a decision on his dispute with the hoard. He concluded that he would continue to be hamstrung in his management of the company unless control of the board wis shifted from Cleveland to Midland; the best thing to do was to see that directors were elected who shared his views on research and expansion In lining up support, Dow wrote to Professor Smith: " . . . It has not been my intention at any time to do im portant construction work without the authorization of the board of directors. . . . But if A* Board wants to exercise its undoubted right in matters of this kind, it u going to seriously injure The Dow Chemical Company, and I do not think either you or 1 should stand for th a t It can be easily prevented by electing several members on the board fr o m Midland, who could be easily got together on short notice. I have been figuring over the holdings of slock, and find that the Dow family without including theu friends, owns a little over one-third of the entire stock, and about 5" of the entire stock is held or controlled from Midland without including Mr. Pardee's stock which is about ()% . . . . Dow stock would be ",0^ almost nothing now if this policy had been carried out during the lour years; and there is less reason why retrenchment should takep from now on than there has been in the past." Dow knew he could depend on Smith, Pardee, and Chairman o Board Couvers to vote their stock with him in electing new eeWiwj members Smith assured him of his support, writing, " I fully agree A 2760 0 -2 9 5 ? C hapter Eight 111 you that the Midland operators should have entire control of the details of the plant and it is the Board's business to consider broad questions only." This was the beginning of the end of the Cleveland influence in The Dow Chemical Company. Gradually Dow shaped the membership of the board to give it a strong Midland representation. What offended Dow most in the Cleveland-Midland relationship, perhaps, was having men miles removed from the actual operation make decisions on how the company should be run. He believed the best manager of a machine or a company was the man close to his job, whether he was a director, a manager, or an engineer. Dow despised "remote control" even in running a machine. He enlarged on this subject in a letter to Professor Veazey, saying: " 1 am no believer in an engineer having an oiler. He no sooner gets this oiler than he sits down and the oiler becomes the man who is in intimate contact with his job and therefore knows his engine and the engineer proceeds to be the equivalent of a man sitting in the office. " When they put the addition on the power house, they had a room with all the control instruments in it; all the records appeared there and they proceeded to operate the power house from this little office, called the control room. I objected to it because the men would control the machines that they were not in intimate contact with, which constitutes another phase of the tendency everywhere of fellows to migrate to an office with a desk and easy chair, but 1 was not sure of my position to arbitrarily head it off. It has been on my mind ever since and I cannot help thinking it is a bad idea for the engineers to have an office and desk from which they can control their equipment and issue fders w ithout themselves being in as intimate contact with the subjects *>t is possible for them to be. . . . I would bank my whole reputation as a plant manufacturer on e fundamental basic idea that wherever possible keep a man in as C n COntac* his job as possible." oft W* *^eas on ^w t0 ^ ie ^est work u t of meti and machines en confused even his employees. Such was the case once when a ^ anic failed to oil his machine on schedule. The bearings burned ll'c production of an entire plant came to a halt for hours tk ^e ^*e damage could be repaired. Ed Barslow gave a full report of me shut-down to Dow. "jjntto^ ere mc *S P Packing, eralor uow'i" Dow asked, I guess," Barslow said. "1 fired him." hoOyVv sa*d, " Barslow, you'd belter hurry out and hire him back t I 12 The Dow Story because we've just invested several thousand dollars in his training." Suhserihing to Abraham Lincoln's theory that " the man who hoes the corn should eat the corn," Dow encouraged his employees to invest their savings in Dow Chemical stock. He would interrupt a man at his work to ask, " llow many shares of Dow stock do you own?" If the man owned no shares or fewer than Dow thought he should own, he would say, "You don't have much faith in the company, do you?" It was a technique that goaded many men into becoming financially independent despite themselves. As Dow's hair became streaked with gray, he became " The Old Man" to his employees when he was out of hearing. They never knew what he would say or do in any given situation, but whatever he said or did usually turned out to be the unexpected. Once Dow stopped by a cutting machine and asked the operator, " Why don't you sweep these steel shavings off the floor?" " I 'm busy," the operator said, not even looking up from his work. " Why don't you sweep them up yourself?" Dow got a broom, swept up the shavings, and left. An observer said, " Why didn't you fire that man?" i i Dow said, "lie was too busy." Another time in the late evening, Dow walked into a shop where several chemists had been working late on a difficult problem. All of them jumped to their feet when Dow entered the room, except one. He was lying on a bench and lie. didn't shift from his comfortable position. Dow cheeked over the operation and then turned to the man lying on the bench. " Why didn't you get up like the others?" he asked. The chemist said, " Decause I'm very tired and I know everything i* going all right." Dow thought it over a moment. " I guess that is as good an answers* any," he said. And lie walked out. To Dow, an idea was not something to deal with as an abstraction. It was a call to action. When he heard of a drought in the Los Angete* area, lie wrote to an acquaintance, II. L. Payne: " I have been hearing numerous stories about the shortage of water in Los Angeles and have * wild dream that possibly water could be distilled from the ocean multiple effect evaporators at a price that might make it attractive-^ think we have the largest evaporating pans in existence. One pafl evaporate and condense about 100,000 pounds of water per hour to a very Imv heal head. Please wire rue collect, u p o n receipt of this c - a what the wholesale price of water is per thousand gallons. - * ^ 0 5 price per ton of fuel oil and 1 will do some more figuring. This is interesting to me than crossword puzzles." ( iliapler eight 113 Payne wired back: " Forget that dream and stick to the crossword puzzle. There is a shortage of rain hut no shortage of water." Dow replied: " Columbus didn't have all the. dreams. There are other cities beside Los Angeles. Is water worth more, or less than sixty cents per thousand gallons?" In a following letter he added: " 1 might add further that distilled water for irrigating purposes is not half as foolish as supporting a heavy vehicle on a bubble of air inclosed in rubber, and at the same time putting the rubber next to the road where it will gel all the grief that the road can impose. A cost of 50 cents per thousand gallons of water is not an impossibility--this price including overhead 1ml not taxes, and enough return on the investment to more than pay for any bonds that a municipality might issue." Dow never got around to working on a scheme to evaporate sea water for irrigating arid areas but the idea was not as fantastic as Payne thought One of Dow's dreams at this time in the mid-Twenties was to make Midland a more attractive place in which to live. During his trip to japan in the winter of 1922--25, one of his fellow ship-passengers was Paul Tonow, a landscape artist renowned for the work he had done on Tokyo's parks. Dow asked him to come to Midland, at Dow's expense, and re-create some of the gardens which Dow had admired so much in Japan. Tonow came to Midland in 1925. lie helped Dow reshape bis acres of lawns and pools and shrubs. Then Dow announced that Tonow's services would be available free of charge to any Midland resident who wished to have a landscaping plan drawn for his residence. Dozens took advantage of the offer and soon Midlanders were in a wely contest to see which could have the most beautiful grounds. nken gardens appeared where none had been before. Tiny waterfalls Pashed into sheltered pools. Miniature bridges were built over small Yearns and a touch of Japan was found in many a backyard retreat. My idea of a beautiful garden," Dow said in a bulletin, " is one in . there is a small pool, some stones on one edge, a fine mist from \vatlnV,S' ^ C sour<:<: dropping on the stones and dripping off into tin' ^ r>and all of it surrounded by shrubbery or plants, the background *jlg high enough so that the eye could not see the ugliness that might beyond. . eUrthetl County officials decided the rickety, li!5(r-vintuge hrin AUSe outlived its usefulness, Dow persuaded them to lei him 8 Architect llloodgood Tuttle of Cleveland to Midland, at Dow's 114 The 1low Mury expense, lo design a distinctive building. Tuttle produced aTudor-style building of stone and stucco which resembled a country manor rather than a public building. It remained through the years one of the most unusual public buildings in the United States. Artists from New York and Detroit were commissioned by Dow to paint murals inside the courthouse. Detroit artist Paul Honor was brought in to do exterior murals depicting the pioneer days of Indians, lumbermen, trappers, and traders The panels were done with magnesite stucco colored with pigment and mixed with ground glass. lly 1926, Midland had a population of eighty-five hundred. Paved streets had replaced the old cedar paving blocks, the sawdust, and the sand. Most of the residents were comparative newcomers--chemists, engineers, technicians, and while-collar workers. They had no memory of the town when it sat in the stump-covered ugliness of a ravaged countryside and when men were glad to get a job that would pay them $1.25 for eight hours of work. In a little more than a third of a century, " Crazy Dow" had become known as " Doctor Dow"--an honorary title having been conferred on him by his alma mater, Case School. The ramshackle plant he had started in a rented shed had grown into a substantial business with sales of $H,46 1,000, giving employment lo sixteen hundred people. Merchant Ewart L. Gardiner summed up the changes pretty well in a homespun article written for a special edition of T h e M id la n d Sun in 1926: " These newcomers . . . have built this newer and better Midland. . . . From sand and sawdust roads to asphalt pavements, from cow paths and plank contraptions to cement sidewalks, from the pleasant smell of freshly cut pine to the odor of innumerable chemicals, from kerosene lamps lo electric lights, from the church concert to the movies, and from reil flannel underwear to B.V.D.'s, a number of us old timers have lived through the several stages of Midland's ups and downs and are quite content to accept our share of applause for a job we done. We may have been a trifle stingy in the personal effort expended, but we will show no timidity in accepting any extra credit that is iy>nS round loose. " Midland has arrived. It has arrived while some of us were asleep Mewspapcrs and magazines print articles about us and strangers drive^p o our doors and take us for an inspection tour of our own city-' ^ :ily that our fathers hewed out of the wilderness. We look at ' 8 xpand. We smile and say: `Oh yes, we've a fine town here, ana ve burr) home and ask the wife if she has ever seen Ed t ,, vergreens, llerl Garter's back yard, or Earl Stein's sunken garden- to 276 C hapter Fight l] .r) Midland was changing rapidly and perhaps it was in anticipation of changes ahead in The Dow Chemical Company that Herbert Dow named his son, Willard, to the post of assistant general manager in 1926. Dow was sixty years old. Gradually he began to shift some of the responsibilities of management to Willard. For a time it appeared that both Willard and his younger brother, Alden, would follow in their father's footsteps. Alden had gone to the University of Michigan in 1922 to begin the study of chemical engineering. But his heart wasn't in his studies; he wanted to be an architect. After three years he dropped out of the university to work for a year in the chemical plant. Then he entered Columbia University's School of Architecture. Alden Dow would one day recall: " Even as a boy 1 wanted to be an architect. 1 remember once I was swinging on the gate at home and the girl who lived nearby said, `What do you want to do when you grow up?' I told her 1 wanted to be an architect. She said, `Nobody can make any money being an architect.' " When I was at the University of Michigan, 1 didn't know much about what was going on in chemical engineering--but 1 knew everything that was happening in the architectural classes. Father agreed the best thing to do was to work for a time in the plant. One morning 1 came downstairs determined to tell Father that 1 was going to be an architect, lie was to leave that day on a business trip to New York. I said, `Father, I'm going with you to New York. I want to enter Columbia University's School of Architecture.' If lie was disappointed, he didn't show it. He said, `All righL, get your things packed.' That's how 1 broke the news to him that 1 wasn't going into the business of making chemicals. 1 wanted to do something creative on my own." Unfortunately, Herbert Dow did not live long enough to see his younger son win international recognition as a student of the famous 'rank Lloyd Wright. ii Chapter Nine i n nominating a Vice-Presidential candidate in 1920, the Republi can National Convention chose Calvin Coolidge as running mate for Warren G. Harding in his campaign aimed at bringing the country " back to normalcy" One of the observers at the convention hall was the caustic lialtiinorc critic II. L. Mencken, who later reported: "I left the press-stand and went to the crypt below to hunt a drink. There I found a group of colleagues listening to a Boston brother who knew Coolidge well, and bad followed him from the start of his career. "To my astonishment 1 found that this gentleman was offering to lay a bet that Harding, if elected, would be assassinated before he bad served half his term. There were murmurs, and someone protested uneasily that such talk was injudicious, . . . But the speaker stuck to bis wager. 'I am simply telling you,' he roared, `what 1 KNOW. I know Cal Coolidge inside out. lie is the luckiest goddam * * * in the whole world.' "It seemed plausible then and it is certain now. No other President ever slipped into the While House so easily, and none o t h e r ever had a softer time of it while there." Mem-ken was right. I'Yom the lime of Harding's death on August 2, 19211, until Herbert Hoover moved into the White House in March, 1929, Coolidge had to deal with remarkably few crises. Millions of citizens gaily ignored the national Prohibition laws. The underworl prospered. Voting people whooped it up in the Jazz Age of hip Hadus rolled stockings, bell-bottom trousers, and the Charleston. There was a revolution in morals and manners, lint these goings-on were never la at Coolidge's doorstep. l O There was a paradox in business. The farmer found " normalcy he a prolonged period of depressed prices for farm products; b u t,^ CD general, imliisln prospered. Small investors plunged into the s 0 CO market and the prices of stocks climbed steadily. The economic futur had a rosy glow and most economists saw no reason for alarm. J i jD-2Z61- Chapter Nine 117 Industry's appetite for ehemieals appeared to be insatiable. The demand rose steadily and the American chemical industry entered a spectacular period of growth. Research and engineering technology combined to pour new products onto the market. The Dow Chemical Company was well prepared to ride with the tide. Herbert Dow had laid a solid base in research and plant expansion during and after World War 1. Ilis oid policy of using bad limes to prepare for good times ahead was paying off. Automation was one of the keys to Dow's success. Most of his chemicals were being produced, in part or entirely, by continuous processes roughly comparable to the automobile industry's assembly lines. Large tonnages of such chemicals as Epsom salts, aspirin, and calcium chloride came from production lines which were automatically controlled from start to finish. From 1920 to 1930, Dow Chemical's sales multiplied almost four times from $4,000,000 to $15,000,000. The stock was splil 4-for-1 in 1923 and by 1929 had climbed to a peak of $500 a share. The backbone of the business was the sale of hulk ehemieals to the makers of rubber, leather, drugs, paints, varnishes, lex tiles, and anti knock gasoline. Also, the company had established itself in direet-lo-consumcr sales of agricultural chemicals and calcium chloride for laying dust on roads and curing concrete. The growth of Dow Chemical in this period did not go unnoticed in the East. In 1927, E. 1. du Pont de Nemours and Compan\ made a move to buy a controlling interest in the company and add the Midland plant to its growing chain of chemical subsidiaries. The Du Pouts had begun their expansion into ehemieals prior to World War 1 by buying several small companies. The purchases had continued alter tin1war. While taking a winter vacation in Florida, Dow received a letter from Secretary James T. Pardee in Cleveland disclosing that " some strong financial interests" were interested in huyiii!' Dow Chemical stock. }5 Last week Monday," Pardee wrote, " Mr. Convers, Mr. A. R. Harr, r- Crider and 1 had lunch at the Union Club. Mr. Harr wanted an opportunity t o `sound out' what kind of a reception a proposition from 601111 strong financial interests to buy into the Dow Chemical Co. uld receive from some ol the Dow Company officials. No names 0re mentioned, hut Mr. Ilarr stated that tin* suem.shon came irom one f the strongest financial groups in the country; men whom lie thought would he glad and willing to have associated with us. lie staled that Was not a stock-jobbing proposition, and that a permanent interest a s desired. . . . " J Itt 'Hi1Dow Story Alter Dow returned from Florida, a representative from Du Pont eainc to Midland to discuss lire matter with Dow. One of Dow's associates would one day recall: " Dow really didn't want to discuss the m atter with the Du Pont representative. He took him on a lour of the plant and led him from place to place--the last th in g this fellow wanted t o do. He wasn't interested in plant tours But neither was Herbert Dow interested in talking about selling--and this was his way of avoiding the subject." Dow did go to New York for a conference with Du Pont roju'eseiitalives. On his return to Midland he wrote Du Pont's Vice President If. It. M. Carpenter: " With reference to the subject matter of our conference at the Vanderbilt Hotel, we are now able to state that the principal stockholders of the Dow Company do not desire to sell an important purl of their common stock. . . ." And that ended that matter. This lime there was no division among the board members as there bad been in 1<1Hi when Dow refused to sell, threatening to walk out and take bis team of aides with him. The future looked too promising. Two years after this incident, Ed Barstow reported to Dow that he was convinced his team of scientists and engineers had unlocked the secret of taking bromine from the sea cheaply even though it meant handling 1,0(10,000 pounds of water to get some 55 pounds of bromine. Six years of research had gone into this project with three chemists--Ivan Harlow, Ray Boundy, and John J. Grebe--giving the final push that achieved the breakthrough. The key was in the discovery that a precise addition of a small amount of hydrochloric acid and chlorine to the seawater liberated the bromine. The hydrochloric acid first neutralized the alkaline salts of the seawater and for a time no bromine was liberated; bill the continued action of the acid freed 70 to 1)0 percent of the bromine. It could then be recovered by putting the ai-.nw ntcr th r o u g h a blowing-out process. In bis physics laboratory, Grebe also had found a way to measure the alkalinity of the seawater automatically and to adjust the acid feed accordingly. The same equipment measured the amount of bromine that was freed in the seawater. These developments came just as the demand for anti-knoc gasoline increased across the country by leaps and bounds, a deirian which called for more and more of Dow's ethylene dibromide. O n c e Dow saw that (he bromine process could be made autoniatlCi be was confident be could use the sea as a source of raw material- e 2764 Chapter Nine 1IV had no doubts about the laboratory process working in a full-scale commercial plant. Harlow had figured the cost of taking bromine from the sea would run about two cents a pound more than bromine taken from Michigan brine; and volume production possibly would reduce this figure. "We can go to the sea at any time for bromine," Dow advised Thomas Midgley. b ut Midgley was skeptical, lie brought a team of his own scientists to Midland to check on Dow's claim. A demonstration of the laboratory process failed to convince them that Dow had solved the problem. Their conclusion was that Dow was in no position to supply all of the ethylene dibromide the market would require. Midgley began working with the Texas Company to develop a process for taking bromine from the waste brine pumped from Texas oil wells. Tor a time it appeared the Ethyl Corporation was determined to make its own ethylene dibromide and Dow would lose all or part of this market. Dow was reasonably certain Midgley would not find a reliable source of bromine in Texas In June, 1930. he sent one of his men on a scouting trip to the East Coast to locate the most favorable site for a plant to take bromine from seawater. The scout, Roy Osmun, took hundreds of samples of water from the ocean along the eastern seaboard. The highest concentration of bromine was found in the waters off North Carolina's Eure beach on the Cape Fear Peninsula. At this point, the Gulf current swept close to the shore, undiluted by fresh river water. Seawater could be pumped from the ocean on the eastern side, of the peninsula and after the bromine had been freed, the waste water could then be dumped into the Cape l'ear River on the western side. Dow reported to his stockholders: " The big expansion in the use of t-thyl gas has caused an increased demand for bromine that is largely supplied by your company. Should this demand continue to expand, it *e quite likely that the added amount of bromine would be secured m sea water. Your company has therefore done considerable work n ^ ' s subject and has a small plant operating on a synthetic sea water with very satisfactory results. . . . We have received considerable quantities of sea water for lest purposes and have found that we can get same extraction from the actual ocean water that we produce from k:e sea water that is made artificially. . . ." had114" thought of going to the sea lor magnesium as well as bromine not yet occurred to Dow, probably because there bad been no io -si ii C D cn 120 The Dow Story p r e s s u r e f o r g r e a te r m a g n e s iu m production. Magnesium had n o t lived up to Dow's bright hopes that it would become competitive with aluminum despite his efforts to persuade industry to use more of it. Niue years after World War I, Dow Chemical and the American Magnesium Corporation (AMC) remained the only producers and fabricators of the metal in the United States while France and Germany were the only producers of the metal outside the United States. Tile American magnesium market was a small one but the German chemical combine, I. G. Farbenindustrie, was then exploring the possibility of moving into the field to compete with the American producers. Directors of 1. G. approached Dow in 1926 with several proposi tions. The first called for Dow Chemical to sell its entire magnesium output to 1. G. exclusively at a favorable price, plus $900,000 for Dow's patents and goodwill. Another was that I. G. and Dow pool resources and know-how in a jointly owned plant to be built at Midland. Still another was that Dow join them in forming a worldwide chemical combine, merging his interests with those of the combine. There was a threatening undertone in these proposals. The Germans implied that Dow was not only infringing on their patents in the production of magnesium--but that his patents were invalid. Dow refused to join in a combination and he rejected the notion that his patents were invalid, lie reported his conversations with the Germans to Professor Smith at Case School who replied, " They are certainly wise bluffers with an infinity of nerve. . . . We have so often been deceived by German spies that 1 do not think we can be too careful about them." Dow was doing some bluffing, too. He was concerned over the possibility of the powerful 1. G. Farbenindustrie entering the American market at a time when magnesium was not even paying its way with only two producers. But whatever the magnitude of the threat, it was shoved into the background when Dow Chemical collided with AMC over patent rights in the heat-treating of magnesium alloys. A legal battle threatened until the companies agreed in 1927 to a cross-licensing arrangement. Dow granted AMC rights for a heat-treating and forging patent. In return, AMC granted to Dow the rights to one extruding (latent and two heat-treating patents. Each could sublicense the patents but only to customers who purchased magnesium fr0,n Dow Chemical or AMC. In effect, the buyers of imported magnesium could not use the Dow-AMC patents. A lter this agreement, AMC began buying its magnesium from O ' M /1 Chapter Nine 121 Chemical, which was producing the purer product. AMC received a discount of 10 cents a pound below the general market price for quantity buying. The arrangement was pleasing to Herbert Dow because his sales and service costs had been running slightly more than 10 cents a pound. Dow immediately ordered a $175,000 expansion of the magnesium plant and made plans for another $250,000 expansion the following year. At this point, AMC decided to drop the manufacture of magnesium altogether and concentrate on the alloying and fabrication of the metaL Almost overnight, Dow Chemical found itself the sole producer of magnesium in the United States, a monopoly position that in time would be damned bv one voice of the federal government while the company received grateful praise from another government voice for persisting in the development of a magnesium industry. Willard Dow would later say: " [When) AMC chose to stop producing magnesium. . . Dow was left as the country's sole producer. This was either a privilege or a burden. Up to that time, neither Dow nor anyone else had succeeded in making any money out of the production of magnesium. Dow, in effect, was presented with a monopoly by default. Dow had the same kind of monopoly in producing magnesium as Henry Ford had during the early days of producing the Model T--the monopoly which comes as a matter of course when anyone makes a thing better and cheaper than anyone else." Having a monopoly in magnesium production was one thing. Making money on magnesium was another. For ten years aluminum production per pound in the United States had outpaced magnesium 1,200-to-l. And yet Dow clung to a bullheaded faith that his gamble on magnesium would be justified eventually. In the 1928 annual meeting of stockholders, he said: "Metallic magnesium is now being taken up by aviation engineers the world over n promises to be one of the most important lines Dow has ever vcloped. That research work had cost more than any other research Work ever undertaken." The picture Dow painted was tinted with the brighter shades of his " Wn optimism. Actually, while magnesium was being used by engineers u u^Pe to lighten the weight of airplanes, very little of it was being g ,n American-made planes. A few civilian planes in the United era S Were ^ " `PPcd w'tb magnesium propellers and magnesium cases but neither industry, nor the Army Air Corps, the Navy, nor 122 Tlii- I)o\v Story tlif public was showing any great interest in the lighter-than-aluminum metal. By 1930, Dow was producing slightly more than 1,000,000 pounds of magnesium a year. The price had dropped from $5 a pound in 1917 to 411 cents a pound. The hitch was that Dow Chemical could sell only about three-fourths of its production and the ingots were piling up in warehouses. Ilul it was cheaper to keep running the plant than to shut it down. During this period of the struggle with magnesium, Herbert Dow decided to challenge the Chilean monopoly in the production of iodine. Most of the. world's iodine was being made as a by-product of Chile's nitrate industry and a British-Chilean syndicate controlled the price which fluctuated slightly below $5 a pound. This decision came when one of Dow's chemists, C. W. Jones, developed a process that held the promise of taking iodine from oil field brine. It involved the use of the blowing-out process which Dow had used so sueecssfuly with bromine. Dow turned this project over to his son, Willard, to manage. The Jones Chemical Company was formed and, backed by Dow Chemical money, the tall, angular Jones set out for Louisiana in 1929 to find a site for the operation, lie located his plant at McDade, Louisiana, near Shreveport, in a crude shed built of rough planks. The process worked and within a few months Jones sent his first shipment of iodine to Midland, a small amount worth $19.45. The achievement in Louisiana went unnoticed for months in the chemical world, possibly because Jones was having trouble with his plant ami he could not gel a satisfactory volume. But this was Dow s first move outside Midland --and in the. years ahead the repercussions from this venture would shatter the Chilean iodine monopoly and bring the price ot iodine down from more than $4.50 a pound to 81 cents a pound. As the I920's came to a close, organic chemistry in the United Stales was developing rapidly. Herbert Dow told the stockholders in June, 1929: "Probably nothing but the long continued war, followed by a protective tariff, would ever have established organic chemistry in the United Stall s in competition with the Cerman industry where every by-product was the raw material lor another by-produet, and the h\ -product.- ol the new reactions were again raw materials for still other product-, lint today the interlocking of by-products is as marked in vmir company'- plant as it is in any foreign plant and the mechanic ci111ip11id 11 i- undoubtedly belter. . . ." 4 276.6 3-zZis 1 j[ Chapter Nine 123 Business boomed in that strange summer of 1929. And yet the depression on the farms was unbroken after eight years, jobs were scarce in the textile towns of New England, and there were pockets of unemployment in many sections of the nation. The stock market ignored the shadows. Small investois rushed into the market to get their share of the bonanza. The bull market was a money tree in full flower. The voices of caution were drowned out in the full-throated roar of the bulls. Economist Roger Babson among others warned that the frenzied speculation was building a paper house that could not stand. But few listened. The paper profits climbed and the majority of prophets saw no reason why the wave of prosperity should not roll on unbroken into the 1930's. One who did sense danger in the climbing market was Dow Chemical's Earl W. Bennett, who had risen from his $5.93-a-wcek job as clerk to assistant treasurer. I'or several years Bennett had carried the responsibilities of treasurer without the title, which remained an honor reserved for a Cleveland stockholder, J. C. Crider. Bennett began to put the company's financial house in order--just in case. The bull market reached its peak in early September. On September 3, United States Steel nudged above 261. Radio Corporation of America, which had split 5-for-l, was quoted at its new price of 99. American Telephone and Telegraph stood at 302, General Electric at 395, and Anaconda Copper at 130 7/8. Dow Chemical stock sold over the counter for $500. The market wavered and then began to sag. I'rices rose, dipped, rose nd then dropped lower as the days passed. A wave of selling hit the market during a short session on Saturday, October 19. Another hit on Monday and another on Wednesday. Sidling orders poured in by the thousands on Thursday and panic was growing. In this crisis, the leaders of five great financial institutions in New rk City met at the House of Morgan to pool their resource's in support of the market and to shore up public confidence. They were ^ ^ or{5a,t and Company, National City Bank, Guarantee Trust, yasc National, and Rankers' Trust. No doubt they recalled the panic I >07 when J. I*. Morgan, Sr., had formed a iiiulli-millioii-dollar 'nbinc which halted bank runs and quieted the fears of depositors, or a lew hours it seemed the prestige and power of these linuncicrs ^"6 0 turn the. tide. I'riecs steadied and even rallied feebly. But then the k,.'" 1,ursl and nothing could hold it. On Tuesday, October 20, a `Ward ol selling orders hit the offices of slock brokers. Officially, ; 121- The Dow Story 16,410,030 shares were sold that day but no one probably knew the true total in all the confusion. Through September and October, more than $30,000,000,000 in stock values vanished. Dow Chemical stock priced at $100 after the 5-for-l split, quickly slid to $35. The panic spread to Europe and the Great Depression was on. The first shock waves of the Depression passed over Midland. Eight months after the market collapse, Dow reported to the stockholding: " During the past year your company has not experienced the hard times that many industries have had. Up to Nov. 1, the company did in round numbers, 21 per cent more business, measured in dollars, than it did during the corresponding period of the previous year. Since November, the increase has been less, but it is still 16 per cent ahead of the average of (he corresponding months a year earlier. . . ." At this lime, Herbert Dow was making plans to shift control of the board. These plans called for Charles Strosacker and Ed Barstow to be elee.led to the hoard to join Earl Bennett, who had become a director four years earlier. Bennett later was to be named treasurer. Strosacker and Barstow were elected to the board in June, 1931, and Bennett became treasurer in 1934. In 1629, Dow had placed his sales department under the control of Belaud I. Doan, a tall, gregarious young man who had married Dow's daughter, Ruth, in 1917. Doan had been graduated from the University of Michigan in 1916 and al ter a year with the Michigan Bell Telephone Company he had served an apprenticeship in the plant before moving into sales. Alter thirty-three years, The Dow Chemical Company was at last firmly under control of Herbert Dow and the men who had helped him build the company from a venture on the edge of bankruptcy into a mulli-million-dollar business. It was in that first year of the Depression that the American Section of the .Society of Chemical Industry paid Herbert Dow an extraordinary tribute by choosing him as " the American chemist who had most distinguished himself by his service to Applied Chemistry." Dow was the choice of a committee of scientists representing the American Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, the American Chemical Society , the American Electrochemical Society, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and (lie Soeiete de Chimie Industrielle. lie was presented with the coveted Perkin Medal Award " in recognition of his aehiex emeiils iii the fields of bromine, alkalies, magnesium and its salts, phenols, and other developments of his organization." The lit Perkin medal had been struck in 1906 in honor of Sir William H. Pet ,n d 276 O Chapter Nine 125 for his discovery of the first aniline dye, mauve--and Dow was the twenty-fourth recipient of the award. The award came none too soon. In September of 1930, Dow fell ill. He entered the Mayo Brothers Clinic at Rochester, Minnesota, where it Was found he was suffering from cirrhosis of the liver. His condition rapidly became worse, lie seemed to rally after an operation but then he sank into a coma and died at 5 P.M., October 15. A special railway coach carried Dow's body back to Midland. A crowd of at least a thousand townspeople huddled in a cold rain on the station platform to pay a silent tribute. One of those waiting in the rain was Elzie Cote, who had worked for Dow from tin; time he had started his chemical plant in an old barn. Cote talked to a reporter about those early years: "When Mr. Dow came here as a young man, 1 well remember when he stayed with the late Sherman Olmsted. He didn't have very much of this world's goods, and Olmsted, I think, used to help him along. " Midland people who knew Mr. Dow regarded him as a curiosity when he came here. 1 remember when he used to be experimenting in the old barn right over there, where the water tank is now. Some of the people used to think that he was a little off, but that supposition was mighty wrong. " He was always quiet and very unassuming, lie was never what von would call a man about town, lie was either at the plant or home. Those were his two interests--at least the two 1 could see best.'' Dow was buried in the Midland Cemetery, not far from the site of the old barn where he had struggled with his dream forty years earlier, fror Midland and The Dow Chemical Company, it was the end of a remarkable era of discovery. I Hms* < 2768 Chapter Ten i lj ro nJ C75 Cf l^wL j ~-LAI s the country sank deeper and deeper into the Depression in 1930, it was becoming more and more apparent to economists that this was no ordinary recession from which business would rebound after a slight breathing spell. The bread lines in the cities lengthened. More businesses failed. More banks closed. More factory owners slowed their production, laying off workers and cutting the wages of those who remained. On the farms, the situation simply moved from bad to worse. Farmers had never recovered from the 1920--21 depression when wheat fell from $3.50 a bushel to $1.00, corn from $2.00 to 42 cents a bushel, and cotton from 42 cents to 11 cents a pound. The farmers' problem was complicated by the increasing migration of young people to the cities. A song writer had sensed the trend from farm to city as early as World War I when he wrote the words, " How you gonna keep '<-m down on the farm, after they've seen Paree." The young were lured not only b) the bright lights but by the jobs which offered them higher wages than (hey eoidd earn by dawn-to-dusk labor in the barns and fields. These were difficult limes even for a company with the most seasoned ami mature management--and now The Dow Chemical Company was without the leadership of the man who had guided its every move for more than a third of a century. For five days alter Herbert Dow's death, Midland waited and watched to see who would move into the presidency of the company whose assets had grow n to $30,000,000. Some thought the directors would choose Ed Barslow, the solid production man. Others believe the post might go to Charles Strosacker, who inspired such grea| loyalties. Still others nominated the canny Earl Bennett or Jamc Pardee, the company's secretary and Herbert Dow's long-time bac ,r and friend. But when the directors emerged from their meeting October 20, 1030--five days alter Dow's death--they announced t choice was Ihirly-lhroc-ycar-old Willard Dow, the handsome 80 i Chapter Ten 127 extraordinarily able elder son .of the company's founder, whose wit and humor had made him a popular figure in the plants and in the community. Others may have wondered if Willard Dow had the maturity and the diplomatic finesse to lead men who had watched him grow from a shy boy to manhood. But Willard himself had never doubled that he would succeed his father and while working in the plant he had formed his own ideas on how the company should he run. There was no battle over the presidency as might have been expected among strong men accustomed to speaking their minds. The veterans closed ranks behind young Dow. And he quickly made it clear that he intended to be the boss, taking over the titles of both president and general manager. In all the time he headed Dow Chemical, Herbert Dow never had an organization chart. The lines of authority were loose and overlapping. But in general, Barstow, Slrosacker, and Putnam were the production men, Bennett handled finances, and Dow directed research with overall control of production. There was no fixed budget for research. The money went to the ideas that appeared most promising. Willard Dow did not disturb the rough working arrangement which had proved so successful in the past. But gradually he placed more emphasis on research than on either production or sales, lie made it clear that lie considered research the key to the company's progress-- and that nothing must interfere with research, lie did not have his father's inventive genius, hut he shared his faith in research. At his first annual meeting with the stockholders after his election, Dow reported: " While on the subject of development, it might he well to comment that we maintain a large and expensive research organiza- hon, which is constantly developing improvements on our present processes as well as new products and processes to come. The successful cvelopments over the past years are results of this policy of extensive research and it is not the intention of the management to curtail in any Way the development program." While many others in industry were cultinv back on research to wait out *l,i*e. b| usiness retreat, DowJ pushed aheand, lie encouraged more `-`search into petrochemicals and plasties. And as this research ntinued, Dow put surplus dollars to work modernizing the plant, proving product quality, and testing new processes. that^ne lmm:s aD`:r his father's death was to make certain l , ^ ow Chemical held onto its position as the chief supplier of y ene dibromide for anti knock gasoline. Early in 1931 he persuaded i ii 1211 Tli Dow Slory (lie Hlliyl Gasoline Corporation to enter into an agreement to form a jointly owned company " for the purpose of manufacturing bromine from sea water." ll was a canny move. Both Ethyl and Dow Chemical had everything (o gain and nothing to lose from such an agreement. If the process for taking bromine from the sea proved successful, then both would profit from the venture. If it didn't work, Dow Chemical still had the Michigan brine to fall back on and Ethyl was free to shop for bromine whcrcever it wished. Dow sent Barstow and Ivan Harlow to North Carolina to check on the report by Boy Osmun that Kure Beach on Cape Fear was the best place to locate a bromine plant. They confirmed Osmun'sjudgment and a strip of land was purchased, three-fifths of a mile wide and extending from the Atlantic to the Cape Fear River. The announcement of this purchase--and the intention of tapping the sea's resources--caught the imagination of newspapers and trade magazines. The A m e r ic a n B u sin e s s W o rld was starry-eyed in its reaction: " American industry will congratulate the enterprising spirit of the Dow Company. It is engaged in a romantic role, but it will successfully prosecute this assignment in a practical, scientific manner. We commend such praiseworthy and vigorous action as indicative of the leadership which has been attained by the Dow Company in the American chemical manufacturing industry." There were some at the time who thought perhaps the flowery eommendation was premature. The bromine process still had to be proved in large-scale o p e r a tio n . It w as a risk being ta k e n a t a time when prudent men were avoiding risk. Some of Dow Chemical's stockholders saw no cause for tossing bouquets. They wrote to Dow that they were alarmed by the announcement. They argued the company was in no position financially to undertake a project that would require at leasts $500,000 investment--and perhaps more--with no guarantee of success. Willard Dow- replied: " Our stockholders should realize that The Dow Chemical Company is not operated on the basis of a banker s opinion about a chemical process. On the contrary, our activity ** controlled by the results we can show in the laboratory as well as in the financial earnings of our processes. The details of organization are not entirely mailers that should properly concern our stockholders as long as satisfactory results arc obtained and provided they know that t t o results are obtained by fair and satisfactory means. . . ." - a Despite his public show of confidence in the seawater process, Do* "< wasn't willing to take the gamble of jumping from the laboratory into OA O -X it Chapter 129 full-scale effort in North Carolina. lie favored investing $100,000 in a pilot plant at Kure Beach which, if it worked satisfactorily, could be replaced by a full-size plant. Barstow and Harlow argued for going directly into commercial production. " Let's go the whole plant or none," Barstow said. But Willard overrode them. He ordered the pilot plant built to give the process a thorough test. His caution perhaps was the result of the continued slide in business during 1931. By early June Dow Chemicars sales were off 15.5 percent from the previous year, earnings were down to $3.44 a share from $4.08 and the stock was selling at 35. No doubt this caution was wise because the Depression grew worse in 1932. More than thirteen million men were idle across the United States. Fear of violence and revolution spre ad. Capitalism was under heavy attack for failing to provide the people with jobs and security. Big Business became the villain in this drama of conflict. Politicians looking for a whipping boy to blame for the collapse of the economy turned to Wall Street and the hie names of finance. The investigations came one after another and those who were questioned at one hearing included the Du Pouts, J. P. Morgan, and General Electric Chairman Owen Young. Historian Adolf A. Berle would recall: "They sal around the room, stunned at the havoc, many with tears in their eyes as they saw the nation's banking power irrevocably pass from Wall Street to the Capitol." And there was the famous " Bonus March" on Washington in 1932 hy thousands of World War I veterans. They demanded that the money due them in 1945--the $1,600 cash value of matured insurance policies--be paid immediately. The so-called march began in May when unemployed veterans in Portland, Oregon, decided to lake their case directly to the Congress. They rode the rods eastward and by the time reached Washington they had been joined by thousands of others. ey swarmed on the Capitol, determined but disciplined. ^ They bivouacked, twenty thousand strong, in the. marshy Anacostia ,ver flats, their presence a silent threat as Congress considered a hill to l>onus they demanded. The Senate killed the bill and hundreds fi t - C ve*<:rans wei|t home. But some fifteen thousand remained on the a s- They lived in tents, shacks of tar paper and tin, and whatever else ,ey could find for shelter. " Slay until 1945" became the watchword, or weeks there was little trouble. Then a (Communist-led group atl opportunity to start a brief riot in which two men were killed tw wounded by pistol fire. From the White House came orders for t I.iO Tin* I)o\v >Ury federal (mops to move (lit: veterans out of the Anacostia flats. General Douglas MarArllmr led troops in the march to force the veterans from their camp. The shacks and tents were burned to the ground and the Bonus Army dispersed--an action praised by some and bitterly condemned bv others. The situation highlighted the desperation of the times and the unrest which marked those last months of the Administration of President Herbert Hoover, who tried but could not stem the economy's toboggan slide. This was, by any indicator, a poor time to start a new business enterprise. And vet Willard How decided early in 1932 to launch Dow Chemical into the business of helping oil companies increase produc ts ily by treating oil wells with acid. The idea of treating wells with acid to stimulate oil flow was not new. In 1B95, Herman Frasch at Standard Oil's Solar refinery in Lima, Ohio, bail theorized that muriatic or sulfuric acid forced into a well would dissolve obstructions in limestone strata and increase oil flow. Several wells were treated without much success and the idea was laid aside. Others tried it in the lute 1920's. But one of the major difficulties was that the acid destroyed the well pipes. About this time, Dow Chemical's John Crebe began experimenting with an arsenic compound as an inhibitor that perhaps would prevent the acid from destroying well pipes. The inhibitor worked. Then with Ross Sanford and an aide, Noland Poffenberger, Grebe tried the inhibited acid on one of Dow Chemical's old brine wells--and the flow of brine increased 30 percent. Willard Dow reached an agreement with Pure Oil Company to treat some of their Michigan oil wells. The first one selected was an old well near Chippewa Township which Pure Oil was preparing to abandon because of its falling production. On a cold February morning, Dow Chemical's Robert Quinlan hauled a wooden tank filled with 500 gallons of inhibited acid to the well site where two Pure Oil men waited. They used a rubber hose as a siphon to pour 250 gallons of the acid into the well casing, then flushe it down with 6 barrels ol oil. Tbe next day the well was cleaned out an the acidizing process repealed. The treated well began pumping 16 barrels of oil a day, nothing spectacular but enough to encourage both Dow Chemical and PufU to try again. Tbe second well they treated was in belter condition t the first. The well's production jumped from 30 barrels of oil a <h,y > 125 barrels. The production at a third well was increased frorojjj^j 2771 ( iliuplcr Trn KJ l News of these suceessrs swc|)l through the oil industry- ln<|uirics poured into Dow Chemical liea(h|uarters from all parts ol the United States and Canada. Crews were organized and sent into the field with tanks of acid and pumps mounted on flatbed trucks or on trailers. At first the crews operated only in the Michigan oil fields. One day Willard Dow dropped by the office ol Dutch Ueulel, who had been promoted to the post of assistant general manager, lie dumped an armload of letters onto Deultd's desk. "Dutch,'' he said, " You are now president of the Dow Well Service." The demand for the service became so strong during that summer of 1932 that Dow decided to organize a subsidiary which could operate legally in all the states. The name Dow Well Service was shortened to Dowell Incorporated, and a new business was born. From this crude beginning grew a business that in later years would gross more than $75,000,000 a year. From acidizing oil wells, the service expanded into tin; acidizing of gas wells ami Ihc acid-cleansing of industrial boilers and pipes. The brilliant Crcbc's laboratory found a whole new family of inhibiting agents and chemicals to help drillers obtain a greater yield from their gas and oil fields. Through the years Dow's researchers developed an admiration for Grebe that amounted almost to awe. The man was a fountain of ideas and bubbling enthusiasms. An oldlimer in Dow Chemical recalled: "The trick was to sort through Grebe's ideas and choose the ones that held the greatest promise. It wasn't possible to explore all of them. Ilay lioundy had become Willard's right-hand man in research and lie was a wizard at checking Grebe's ideas and putting tin- best of them into production." Also in that dark year of 1932 Willard Dow decided to invest more money and effort in the development of the iodine process which had proved workable in Louisiana--but which had lost money from the time C- W. Jones had started the small Louisiana plant. Mechanical failures, corroded pipes plugging brine wi-lls, and faulty construction had plagued the efforts of the Jones Chemical Company. Dow look lieutel ff the Dowell operation temporarily and sent him to Louisiana to see he could whip the production problems. Bcutel would one day recall: "The plant was just a bunch ol junk. 1 Was amazed at what 1 found. I said to myself, 'Oh, Cod, how can you make anything in a place like this?' The blowing-out lower was leaning and it was supposed to be level so that the brine would trickle down uniformly over the lath-filling in the tower. The brine was being blown Ut with gas, like an air jet, hut the pipes would corrode, break olf and Til* I)o\v Slorv drop in11>llit- well. Il would lake a week to fisli the pipe out and put a new pipe down--and meantime tile plant would be shut down." There wasn't nuieii that eould be done with the plant as it was built lleult I brought Ivan Harlow from Midland to check on the operation and alter figurine ousts, Harlow said, " Dutch, it's costing us more to pump these wells lor the brine than we're getting for the iodine." The Louisiana operation looked hopeless. But Willard Dow refused to give up. Tlu n Jones suggested perhaps it would be best to move the plant to Long Beach, California, where he had found that the oil-field brines were much richer in iodine than the brines of Louisiana. Surveys in California confirmed Jones's findings. The move to Long Beach was made and for a time the Jones Chemical Company shifted to a silver process for making iodine. Beutel directed the construction of the first plant in record-breaking time and within six weeks the plant was in production and making iodine well. But il was having trouble making potassium iodine as a second product until a fellow named Krerl Lusk wandered into Long Beach from Louisiana without a job. The silver iodide process made iodine, part of which was converted to potassium iodide in batch lots. The difficulty was that nobody knew how to control the color of the iodide crystals. The batches came out all colors of tin1rainbow when they should have been a pure white. Beutel recalls: " We had a nice white tiled room with Monel metal trays so there wouldn't be any rust. It was built like a beautiful hospital room and we were turning out junk. This process was more of an art than it was chemistry--and that's about the size of it. "I was silting in my office one day wondering what to do next. Lee Doan was calling about sales. Willard was calling and raising hell because we didn't get out shipments. " In the middle of all this, my secretary walked in and said there was a man from Louisiana, l'rcd Lusk, who wanted to see me. When he walked in 1 said. ` Kred, what in hell are you doing here?' He said, T was working as an oil pumper in Last Texas but I got tired of it. I'm taking a little vacation.' " I said, ` You made potassium iodide back there in McDade, didn t you?' lie said he had, so I told him to report to me the next morninglie said, ` But I'm on vacation.' I said, ` Nuts to the vacation. You be lien- in the morning.' " Next morning, Kred walked through the plant and said, You re doing il all wrong.' In about two days he had the thing running and >e was turning out beautiful stuff. He knew how to treat the brine so e j Chapter Ten lli.'i could knock down all the iiupiiritit: lliul produced the color. So we made Fred the head operator. This was one of those things that happen once in a lifetime. 1 got more credit for getting the iodine plant into quick production than I deserved." Even though Fred husk got the hugs out of the silver iodide- process, it proved to hi: only a stopgap operation. In Midland, Cjrehe, Teal Meath, M. F. Oilman, and others had succeeded in developing a blowing-out process, superior to the old Jones method--and the new process required no silver. The new process had barely been perleclcd in Midland in 19118 when an earthquake rocked hong lleach and lell part ot the iodine plant in ruins. The roiling of (he earth ripped houses apart, buckled roads, and flattened the huge brine tanks at the Jones Chemical Company. Beutel rushed from Midland to hong lleach to survey the damage. Me reported that except for the tanks, the damage could he repaired within a short time. " Well," said Willard Dow, " li\ it up and get it going again." Hut at this point Dow decided to rebuild with a new (relic IIcalli process and to take the plant directly under Dow Chemical control, lie negotiated with C. W. Jones to buy his interest in the hong lleach operation. A deal was made and the Jones Chemical Compauv became the Io-Dow Chemical Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company. Within a few weeks the new plant was in operation with a .-purl in iodine production that eventually would shatter the Chilean monopoly and give Dow Chemical 90 percent of the iodine sales in the United States. But Dow Chemical would not reach this position without a light *n which the price of iodine would be battered down from $-1.50 a pound to 81 cents. In addition to laying the ground work to capture a share of the United States iodine market. Dow Chemical now had a toe ,n t,le door of the West Coast's growing chemical industry. The economic storm of 19152 forced Willard Dow to trim the j-onipany's sails a bit--but not much. Fairly in the year he ml 250 men rmn the company's payroll of 2,025 workers and reduced salaries nross the board by 10 percent. Four six-hour shil ls were ordered to rs," Willard Dow told his we must balance the needs of The Don Chemical Company needs of the communilv. It is a responsibility we can not I.'l l Tin: Dow Story (Juicily Ik: passed tilt: word to Midland banks that the resources of Dow Chemical were available to help any employee in a financial squeeze. No mortgages were to be foreclosed or Dow Chemical stock held as collateral sold through undue pressure. Many employees wondered, without knowing and not daring to ask, why banks renewed notes on request with no questions asked. Anti then in September of 1932 a strange thing happened. While every indicator pointed to lower chemical sales and a further slowing of production, Dow Chemical's sales began to increase steadily. Workers were culled back to their jobs. Plants began to approach capacity production, loir Midland, the hard times were over less than a year after they had begun anil it would be called " the town that never knew the Depression." lint Midland's relative prosperity was the exception. Angry waves of unrest swept Herbert Hoover out of the White House and brought election victory to Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the early months of 1933, (lit: number of jobless climbed to more than fifteen million. Banks continued to close their doors and industries were mired deeper in trouble. Out: quarter of the entire state of Mississippi had been lost in foreclosures of mortgages. One out of every two railroads was in bankruptcy. Karlier, Calvin Coolidge was moved to make the despairing remark, " 1 set: nothing to give ground for hope." The tlay of Roosevelt's inauguration dawned cold and bleak. The N e w Y o r k T im e s reported, " A sense of depression had settled over the i capital so that it could be felt." But thousands gathered on the wind-chilled Capitol plaza to witness the ceremony. "This is a tlay of national consecration," Roosevelt began. And then he went on with the lines which would be quoted for years: " Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself--nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance. . . ." Among those who listened by radio to the address as they sat in the Cosmos Club in Washington was Willard Dow. After the inauguration he sat in the stands opposite the While House and watched the inaugura parade. Dow later wrote to his mother and sister Dorothy in Midland: t o I will say this about it all; that I came back being much more illiusiaslie about our new President than 1 was when I went.. , I have great deal of confidence in the way the new Administration is g*n8 CO alter everything and the apparent regulations that are being made see^n to be very constructive and very proper. There is nothing radical at j Chapter Ten 135 in the actions and 1 don't think any of us has any reason to be the least bit concerned about the various conditions that confront us. . . . The redeeming feature about it all is that we undoubtedly have a better and stronger Federal Government than we had during Hoover's adminis tration." Roosevelt did start his Administration advocating a conservative course of action to stem the tide of the Depression. But as the New Deal developed, Willard Dow's enthusiasm waned, lie began to IVel--as did many conservatives--that loo much power was being concentrated in Washington. However, young Dow was not a political animal and there was too much to be done to waste time brooding over politics. He and Bennett had managed the company's finances so well during the first three years of the Depression that he was able to report to the stockholders in June that the company had no bank debts and cash reserves totaled more than $500,000. Most of the men who had been laid off the year before were back at work and wage cuts had largely been restored. " During this past year," he said, " your company has maintained its policy with regard to research. It has not curtailed its research investment and although many processes have been developed in the laboratory and put on the shelf, we have not fell it wise to follow the principle of so many of our competitors, who have entirely eliminated research. We have, on the other hand, developed some important processes which in the days to come we believe will continue to keep your company in the lead as one of the most modern chemical companies in the country." By this time, Dow's emphasis on research was beginning to produce some spectacular results. New compounds, liquids and solids, were being developed faster than Lee Doan's sales department could find a market for them. There was no known use for some of the products. Later they would find their way into the stream of commerce--but until then they were " put on the shelf." Bow hired consultants from colleges and universities to find practical applications for the products. A special products catalogue printed and sent to manufacturers to see what they could use. csearch men were called from Dow Chemical laboratories and drafted " to the sales force to help find markets. Cl ^'<:sc draftees was William Allen, who had come to Dow "UrIn,Ca* US a chemist in organic research. "One day," Allen recalled, 1 ard Dow called me into his office and explained there was so much ch developing and so many new products that the company had l.'U) Tlie Dow Story to fin)! an outlet for them. He asked me if I wouldn't transfer into sales where technical knowledge was needed. I said, `I've never sold anything in my life hut T h e S a tu r d a y E v e n in g P o st when I was a boy.' But he persuaded me to take the job." The progress of Dow Chemical in the early 1930's was not without its disappointments. The product which caused the greatest concern was magnesium. The reason was that after almost twenty years of trying, Dow Chemical had failed to interest either the government or industry to any great extent in the possibilities of the metal even though it had become increasingly important in the European airplane industry. In Germany and Italy, planes were being built with magnesium landing wheels, shock absorbers, landing gears, motor cowlings, gasoline and oil tanks. One English firm listed 102 aircraft parts made of magnesium alloys. In the United States, the Navy and Army Air Corps left magnesium research to industry and showed only casual interest. Part of magnesium's difficulty was the cost of fabrication. Dow Chemical had brought the price of the metal down from $5.00 a pound in 1017 to an average of 26.3 cents a pound in 1934. But the sand castings of alloys cost 94.8 cents a pound and die castings cost 53.8 cents a pound. The only way fabrication costs could be reduced was to create a volume market. The largest buyer of magnesium in the United States was the American Magnesium Corporation, the Alcoa subsidiary, which signed a five-year contract in 1933 to buy not less than 1,500,000 pounds of magnesium from Dow Chemical. In that year Dow Chemical for the first time sold more magnesium than it produced, dipping into the stockpile to fill orders. The business came close to showing a profit. But trouble was brewing for Dow Chemical in the magnesium market. In 1932 the AMC had reached an agreement with the I. G. Karbenindustrie to use German fabrication patents, and the two companies formed the Magnesium Development Corporation (MDC)- They then tried to induce Willard Dow to use the German sulfur patents on a royalty basis in fabricating metal. , When Dow refused, the MDC filed suit claiming Dow Chemical fabrication processes infringed on the German patents. Before the suit reached trial, attorneys for MDC suggested a compromise. Dow wrote to MDC outlining his company's position: " Wc believe that our success in the magnesium industry is dependent on patents now controlled by the Magnesium Developme Corporation. Chapter Ten 137 " We believe that magnesium will be made by The Dow Chemical Company just as cheaply in this country as by any competitor. "The idea which was expressed that The Dow Chemical Company has no patents which are of interest to the Magnesium Development Corporation seems ridiculous to us. We have thirty - seven issue patents and thirty - one applications relating to fabrication methods and alloy composition and we regard them as of more value than the patents controlled by the Magnesium Development Corporation. Any proposal which does not take proper cognizance of the value of these Dow Chemical Company patents will not be of interest to us. "We believe that by cross-licensing of the Dow Chemical Company and Magnesium Development Corporation patents, more profits can be made by each party and that greater progress is possible, than otherwise." With further dickering, the suit was settled out ol court oh January 1, 1934. Dow agreed to pay a royalty of 1 cent per pound on its domestic sales, with minor exceptions, for the right to use the 1. C. fabricating patents owned by the Magnesium Development Corpo ration. While this dispute was going on, Dow decided the time had come to push ahead with construction of the plant to take bromine from seawater. The pilot plant had proved successful and Dow called on Dutch Beutel to oversee the construction of the finished plant. Beutel would recall: " I hadn't had a vacation in a long time so 1 planned to take my wife to California, where 1 would finish up the job on the iodine plant. Then we would return to Midland by way of Banff and Lake Louise. We talked to Lee and Ruth Doan about it and Ruth aaid; `Dutch, you've got that trip twisted around. If you go to Long Beach first, you'll never get to Banff and Lake Louise.' We decided to follow her advice. We turned the trip around and jvent to Canada first. We finally landed in Long Beach and went to the ackstone Hotel where we got an apartment with a kitchenette. Belle w*nt out and bought some nice California fruit and groceries. U had just finished dinner when the telepone rang. It was Willard ow- He said, `Cet on the train in the morning and come on home right h^3^ ^ Sa`^< 'What's going on?' He said, `I'll tell you when you get er*` someone else handle the iodine job.' lea '^ WC Dong Beach the next day and started for Midland-- av.ing those groceries in the hotel." Willard Dow and Beutel left Midland by train dmington, North Carolina. Crews were already at work with I.'M Tin* Dow Slory bulldozers, mule learns, and scrapers, clearing the land, when the two arrived al Kure Beach. In the thickets were crumbling trenches which had been dug by Confederate troops during the Civil War. Rusted gun barrels, rninnie balls, and bits of metal were strewn over the ground where one of the last battles of the war had been fought. Willard Dow said, " Dutch, we've got to get this plant built by the first of the year. The Ethyl people are pushing us hard." " Who ean 1 have from Midland?" Beutel asked. " You can have anybody you want," Dow said. The Cape hear plant was given top priority in manpower and materials. Within days, construction engineers from Midland and their crews were swarming over the Cape. Hotels in Wilmington and at Cape Fear were jammed to overflowing. Beutel leased an old fifty-two-room hotel near Kure Beach to house some of the men. The first lime Beutel walked into the hotel with the owner to look it over, scantily clad women scattered to their rooms. "We broke up a flourishing business there," Beutel would recall with a chuckle. "But we hud lo have a place for our people. When we got the women out, we cleaned up the place, had it painted and put in some heat. Norris Coalwcll was my assistant. Carl Branson was head of the construction gang. Charlie Short was in charge of building the ethylene plant, llarlund Sberbrook had the blowing-out tower. Herman Smith and Leo Cleaner handled the sewer and pipe work. Brick Dresscl, who was to take charge of the operation when the plant was finished, looked after the finishing end of the ethylene plant." The crash program continued through the fall and into the winter. Two huge piers were built out into the ocean and a channel was dug some 200 feet inshore. Al this point the sea water was pumped--30,000 gallons a minute--over a dam into a mile-long canal and storage pond. The bromine plant was located in two 5-story-high brick buildings, each 200 feel long by 155 feet wide. The water was pumped from the canal to the tops of the blowing-out towers at the rate of 26,000 gallons a minute. The plant was operating in January and some called it " the miracle al Kure Beach." This conquest of the sea was a bench mark in fhc to development of the American chemical industry. Never before had man taken from the sea such a treasure. With minor adjustments, the proC^ worked as efficiently as Barslow and Harlow and Grebe had predictc would. .. a t The plant was formally turned over to the Ethyl-Dow Cherniy Company on January 19, 1934, and Herbert Dow's dream of | 1 the sea" was a reality. o -a tiY j Chapter Ten 1 3 9 A visiting scientist looked over Llie operation of the plant and shook his head in disbelief. "This is disgustingly simple," he said. "It doesn't dojustice to research." The " simplicity" of the operation was the result of thirty-five years of research in Midland and the know-how gained in untold hours of perfecting the process. News of the spectacular achievement shot the price of Dow Chemical stock to a new Depression high of 95. This price was almost back to the level the stock had reached before the market crash in 1929. Earl Bennett would recall: " When I was in England some time after the bromine plant went into operation, an English chemist said: `My friends and I have a question to ask of you if you do not think it impertinent. We want to know frankly if taking bromine from sea water is profitable or if it is something in the way of an advertising or publicity stunt which gets bromine--but at a tremendous cost.' 1 told him it was profitable." For a time, there was a flurry of excitement over the possibility that Dow Chemical might be planning secretly to take gold from sea water. If bromine could be recovered, the reasoning went, then why not gold? The metal was in the sea in minute amount. Ethyl Corporation's Art Millnaeht --who had consulted with Iteulel in the plant construction--jokingly heckled Brick Dressel to recover both gold and bromine from the waters of the Atlantic. News of this heckling filtered back to Midland where. Don Gibb, then operating the company's magnesium alloy' foundry, decided to come to the aid of his friend Dressel. Cibb obtained a small lump of magnesium and put it through a treatment which gave it the color ol gold, lie sent it to Dressel and the next time Dressel was in New York he stripped by Millnachl's office. Art," he said, " you've always said we should get something other than bromine out of all that sea water. We've done it--and I want you to be the first to know." lie tossed the golden nugget onto the desk. What do you think of that'' " Mittnacht seized Dressel's hand. "Congratulations!" he exclaimed. ut then he felt the lightness of the nugget, and laughed. J.. *u,lc 1934, Willard Dow reported to the stockholders that, cspite the Depression, earnings per share had climbed from $2.95 in 1932 to $5.39. Cash on hand had tripled to almost $1,500,000. The ' " mpany was three years ahead of schedule in retiring its obligations. 2 n j Pk*nb> were running almost at capacity with employment up iroin |e 2 workers to a record 3,019. The directors voted not only to f J 140 The Dow Story Chapter Ten 141 continue the regular $2.00 dividend, but to give stockholders a 50 percent slock dividend. Keferring to the bromine plant at Kure Beach, Dow said: "The construction of this plant was accomplished entirely by our own engineers and may properly be classed as one of the many unique tilings your company has accomplished in its history. This accomplishment is without doubt one of the most novel developments in chemical engineering in the world. . . ." compounds and get entirely new series that are again inlinitc in number, just for a guess let us say that the possibilities run into tbe billions. I believe there is hardly a chemist in the world who does not feel that the big future of the chemical industry is lied up with organic chemistry. . . . " Dow knocked down stories that the Ethyl-Dow Chemical Company might try to extract gold from sea water. "When the details of this project were first made public," Dow said, "newspaper writers stressed the idea of the possible extraction of gold from sea water. . . rather than the more important and pertinent fact of the actual, successful commercial extraction of the more profitable bromine and this naturally gave some an erroneous idea of the operation. For this reason, it should be staled that we are not extracting gold. . . nor do we anticipate we will extraet it." The simple arithmetic of the situation was that for every $300.00 worth of gold in the sea water there was $6,000 worth of bromine. i i Ily the end of 1934, the eountry was edging its way upward from I; the depths of the Depression which had touched Midland so lightly. Dow's aggressive research and plant expansion had placed the company in a more solid position than anyone--even Dow himself--could possibly realize. The impetus which these programs gave the company was to be fell for another twenty years. Much of the progress was due to the explosive developments in organic chemistry'. Discoveries of new products and processes were multiplying at a breathtaking rate, particularly in the field of plastics. Dow underlined his enthusiasm for organic chemistry research in a talk before a group of Midland scientists. He said: "It is impossible to intimate the number of possibilities there are in the organic chemical I field. One of (he famous German chemists illustrates organic chemistry by saying--`Go out on a starry night and you realize how infinite is the number of stars that are visible. Suppose each star is an organic compound. Then suppose you were to go to any one of those stars anu imagine the infinite number of new stars that would then become visible.' "This in a way illustrates our eonception of the possibilities of the multiplication of organic compounds. Each compound itself suggest others and each one of these suggests still more. Then in the seconddoorf I - Xthird generation from the original it is possible to intermarry . E 2776- Chapter Eleven T,lie death of an eccentric, sixty-seven-year-old multi-millionaire .at Lake I'laeid, New York, on June 8, 1936, provided a startling ioolnotc lo the record of The Dow Chemical Company's thirty-nine years of growth. He was Colonel E. H. R. " Ned" Green, son of old llelly Green who bore (lie title of "richest woman in the world" at her death in I915. News of the Colonel's passing and the fortune he left to be fought over by heirs and tax collectors stirred the memories of some of Midland's oldlhncrs. They recalled his mother's brief visit to the town shortly before the turn of the century when bearded young Herbert Dow was struggling to get the company started. They remembered the stories of Hetty sitting on the barrel at the general store on Main Street, eating cheese and soda crackers, asking questions about "Crazy Dow" as lie drove by in his buggy, and listening to the talk of his efforts to make bleaching powder by a process which passed a current of electricity through brine. Hetty had bought 100 shares of the company's stock for about $10 a share after she left Midland and she had tucked it away. After her death, half of her fortune of more than $100,000,000 had gone to her only son, Ned. When Ned Green died, Dow Chemical stock certificates were among the securities left in the estate. The 100 shares had multiplied through stock splits, purchase of subscription rights and stock dividends lo 6,143 shares worth $766,339.25 at the quoted price of $124.75. One Midlandcr remarked, " No one ever came to Midland who stayed a shorter lime, asked more questions, spent less, and made mor* money than Hetty Green." At the lime of Colonel Green's death, Dow Chemical was growing a faster rate than any other major chemical company in the Uni Stales. It was one of the paradoxes of the Depression, churning *he* with research, expansion and production of new products while American businesses were fighting for survival. By 1939 Dow Chernl A 2777 1 C hapter Eleven 143 y/as the fifth largest chemical company in the country behind Du l'onl, Allied Chemical, Union Carbide, and American Cyanainid. Much of the growth stemmed from Willard Dow's realization that the company's potential was far broader than his father had imagined. With the spread of Dowell's oil field service, the success of lo-Dow's California plant, and the achievement of taking bromine from the sea, Dow was quite certain that opportunities for growth were not limited to Midland and Michigan's brine. Dow told the stockholders at their 1935 meeting: " Your company has grown so rapidly in the past decade that most of us intimately associated with its operations are not apt to see the importance of its size. The depression brought home to us that our sphere of operation is not limited alone to Midland . . . . The depression taught us that it is wiser to spread our prosperity to a larger area and thereby benefit more people. The depression taught us that our company was one of the outstanding if not the most prosperous company in the Stale of Michigan throughout the depression period and having developed such a reputation, our responsibility is necessarily much greater than formerly . . . . The facts of the case are that we are now engaged in one of the most ambitious programs we have yeL undertaken. . ." This ambitious program was one of more expansion, based on the discoveries made in the laboratories which now included a Metallurgical Laboratory, an Organic Laboratory, a Physics Laboratory, an X-ray and Spectroscopy Laboratory, a Lubrication Laboratory and a Biochemical Laboratory. The strong research teams of chemists, physicists, metallur gists, and chemical engineers were headed by Ed Barstow, Charles Strosacker, Mark Putnam, Ray Boundy, E. C. Britton, John Orebe, William Collings, W. R. Veazey, and Ted Heath. In the 1930's, one of the most exciting developments in Dow Chemical--and throughout the chemical industry--was the research into plastics, the hooking together or polymerization of "giant molecules" f imitate simple natural products such as rubber, cellulose, and plant and animal fibers. This research got underway on a large scale in the "20 s and rapidly gained momentum. The complex chemistry involved in making plasties was closely nked with heat and pressure as means of controlling the actions of atoms and molecules. Sir William Bragg in his Concerning th e N a tu re o f *ogs described the critical nature of chemical reactions in this way: We have seen how it can happen that when two atoms approach ^eh other at great speeds they go through one another, while at tloderate speeds they bound off each other like two billiard balls. We i 2778 .1 =3jj !! k I Ik I I.,v. Sjir\ li.n. in "n .1 step further, ami sec how, at very low speeds of approach lli' > max .ii lnally slick together. We have all seen those swinging gates wlii- h u In ii llnir swing is considerable, go to and fro without looking. UIn n lln -wing has declined, however, the latch suddenly drops into pin. i lln .Mi.- is held and after a short rattle the motion is over. We h.ne in explain an effect something like that. When the two atoms in. . I lln ii jinlsiou.- of their electron shells usually cause them to ie.ni/. Pul if the motion i> small, and the atoms spend a longer time in e.i. Ii "lln i - neighborhood, there is lime for something to happen in the -inlei n.il an .ingemciils of holh atoms, like the drop of the lateli-gate in il . niI,i t. and (he atoms are held." In lin n latching and cross-latching of atoms and moleeuies, Dow i .li'iiii. al -. i' nli.-ls looked lor plastics which could he made largely 11"in law mall rial- .nailable in the plan! and which would he different fi..Hi ilin-e made by any other company. They first concentrated on lw.. pl.i-in -. One enmhined wood cellulose with ethyl chloride, a piiml. mu pimlnel wlnrli Dow Chemical had learned to manufacture i Imapis ami in large ipiaulities. The other was styrene, a material di-mi .1 limn hcn/.ciif anil ethylene. The .-In nueal world had known of styrene for almost a century I., ime 11nw Clicmcal'* scientists began investigating it. In the late I'Ulf- lie (,eimans were shipping some monomeric (liquid) styrene min lln- . nniilrs hul the quaiilily was small and the product impure. The .>11j. eiinii lo styrene was that when converted into polystyrene (a solid), il In i aiin- cloudy. This flaw made it unsuitable for most kinds of inamiia. inn 'No one hail fount! a way to produce high-purity styrene on a . niimn i. i.iI basis. This is what Dow Chemical's scientists set out to do. IIn i ib , Icellulose plastic found a ready market. It was exception ally lough. 11an-parent, shock-resistant, and water-resistant Its first u.-e- wen m 11auspaii id loil and ill lacquers which had lo be tough and phalli' . Il "Id under lln Irade name Kllloeel. Kill".. I Innki il |IImnlslllg b\ IVM lltal Willard Dow decided the Ihim- li.nl ...nn I., >i.ilx* out a lulurr sourer, of cellulose. He opened n. :..1 i.iinn. I.* I*ti in .i I'.i.ii . .tiiijiaii) with the Cleveland Cliffs Iron i .i.i.|.,ti\ .1 M.iujti.il> Mi.-In-.in. Cleveland Cliffs, which had larg1 in,.in i i . . t - n*;h \I.iitj111 -1I f . had si ailed 11 business in the llb' d ... 1 ... it.., ....>t.d i lutn tiul .ind iir.111^ llie eliareoal lo convert Miring811 ................. |1*; iimi. I,ai* ) (lie smoke liom the eliareoal kilns 'vai' 11..t .. ............ n i m i ' i 1. il m i n m e t h a n o l a n d a e e tic a r i d . B y B*e l`i n .1. iii iiut.il h} |mMl(irls had become more valuable than p*6 Main Street in Midland, Midi., an it appeared about IB9H, the year after Herbert Dow established the new Dow Chemical Company here. At the other end of Main Street ( below) was the Midland Chemical Company Bromide Plant, Dow's first plant, which he was shortly to acquire for his new company. No. 1 brine well is at ridili. In at 30, when he founded the Don (iompany, llerhert Dow wore a handlebar inu&lachc because he felt it made him look older. Ilelow is an early phnlo of tin- house lie built for his >`uitfj. laniil) a few years later. It ifi (liable lor its lack ul slirubbcry; Dow uwd llie grounds for experiments in landscaping. House still stands in Mid* laud's Dow Dardens. Herbert lluw'b earliest work in Midland was done ui the Kvaits I lour Mill, width stood at the west end ol Midland's Main Street. The tower housed a brine weiL Here hr proved his bromine process would work i ii 4l1 \ fc- il.-<h<ii in > ..Ml) notebooks are crammed with ideas for devices and inventions. The .i.v i..tics lor a thermostat, a solar engine, and an ammeter. At right is |(l i>1i>>i.<i>.iI main >.il lor oik- l his ventures, a compound poured into bicycle tires to seal limn ii,r inside. The company that marketed it collapsed when tiremakers i. mm. (I h,. n .nice from any Lire filled with the compound. The cyclist is believed to i P a n o r a m i c p h o t o o f h o w p l a n t w a s i n a i l e i n t w o s e g m e n t s w ii J i n n Ti, } 9 U 2 , l r . n n r o o f o f IN I Tb r o m i d e P l a n t , b y l o m h r i s w o l d , J r . mih k s i n d i c a t e : 1. < .o r l i m i h o u s e : 2 . I l l c a c l i w a re h o u se ; i. W o o d s lio p ; 4. b ric k w a rc h o u * . b lea ch p la n t, tin sh o p ; 5. l.iim lio u e c , o. E x p e r i m e n t a l g a s p r o d u c e r , 7. S t o r e r o o m ; U. I t l a r k s i n i t h s lio p . r Mo^i iw iif Miti lofrt:, boul 1904. I,, lo r ., F. N. Lowry, J am esSm ith, E. W. B ennett, E. li jr.siof , 1 . 11.1 io , J. F.. l.e lc v re , Fred Vance. J. C Graves (rear), G. Lee Camp. Lowry a.-* dii) |>Liji n.anu^cr; Itcnm -u became board chairm an; Barstow was " the fath er of I.H-Vi n- was lira! purchasing m anager; and Camp was later sales manager. I ii.hu. i.ui.ou (I.mMiiu* the bicycle) worked with Dow from the latter's earliest days in Mull.m.t I'imImIiIv iiimsI ol ihc work force ot the Midland Chemical Company in 1894 were. 11. i> j i luliiiN si.ilk. h u n o w . Koscoc Dunham and Alfred Burrow (Julius' brother). The 2781  1 0~aw I I '> till.- ,,1 ll,, lust iliijim,! of indigo to leave the Dow plant in >...i .uni u i oitl.-ij. World W--ar .I -h-a-d--culVo.f.fv/Ulun>itwevduSwtiavtgesuspuipMp)l'y,,WwIIh1iUcIhUullnUtlil <1-tit< ..... nnlaiimm .. C( AoHmHpOjauiiiiyv''ttii fiiirrxstt lhomcortmnmottiivve iiss sahlionwu nn (below) in i1n9n05r --.ti lo I uw n " I." I'owcr House. In about 1913, Herbert ll. How post'd with sous Willard, liten J6, and Alden, 't. W i l l a r d D o w l o o k s o n a s i r s l i n ^ i i e s i u i i i b> p o u r e d a l w a r t i m e p l a n t l i u i l i .i( M a ry s v ille , M cIl , in 1 9 4 3 . ro < oo ro Oti June 2L, 1%1, Pres. John F. Kennedy pushed a White House button activating the nuiion's fin! plant lor converting salt-water into fresh, located at Freeport, Tex., site of 1luw'fe 'l exat> Division. He was flanked by Dr. Leland 1. Doan, Dow president, and Dr. A. P. IlcuteL, Dow Dull' (Joust vice president. At Freeport (below) Dow extracts bromine and magnesium from oca water. 0-P8JW i In the potil-Wt.rld War II yean How Chemical Ijuiidicd one of the greatest c.\ pauaion drives of it* hialory, building plant after plant, in 1951' Hr. W. K. Ycazey broke ground lm the company' new Texas research complex, now cajled tlie Veazey Ke&eardi Cen ter. Veazey wa> one of the com pany'a reaeardi leaders. On his first anniversary as Dow president, in 195(J, Lelund I. Doan was presented a letter signed by more than 5,000 Midland and liay City employees congratulating him on "a job wefl done.*' L. to R.: C. C. Payne, Dr. Doan, Patricia Yack, Prank Jacobs, and Ross Ouidon. A l fiojli anniversary liiiinrr in 1947, G. K. Kettering (" Boss Ket") of Generi! Moi../.-. |mi<] tribuir lo Dow accomplishments. Willard Dow brought his mother, Mir. II. il. Dow, |nk liincli^liL hi 1945, a Russian colonel and his aide, and Dow's Ray H. boundy (rigid) H1" his American interpreter posed before * meeting with the Quartermaster Corp Plastics 'learn to discutfe arrangementsm the Russian Zone of Germany. Boundy was responsible for building of P y styrene plastic plants for Dow during war.  -Q % % 3 T r e a t m e n t o f w a s te b y D o w In -g an in I9df> . i t e m e r g e d a,s a r e a l i ) l.ug -neaJc o p e r a t i o n in 1 9 4 6 w h e n t h i s g e n e r a i W a s t e b i s p o s u i I'l a i i l w a s p u l i n t o o p e r a t i o n a t M i d la n d . Sum e o liie l>ow pioneer*; rv r.. . b r . P. Item . I i I >1 . N II L It. < -oil i n rv ' y K c c c n t y e a r s h o v e c .iriic ! I>*w U> l a r p l a c e s . A I m *v c , i> o w A e io - .|> a c c S e r v i c e s te a m h elp e d w ith liriiie ul S a tu rn b o o s te i to c k e t u l ('a p e K e n n e d y . B elow N ew Z e a la n d 's b lu e s t p ro d u c e r o f a g ric u ltu ra l an d v e te ru ia iy p ro d u c ts b Ivon W jtk m s-D o w , lo ca te d a t N ew P ly m o u th , N .Z ., jo in tly o w n e d by D ow C h em ical. Present leadership of Dow Chemical took reins in 1962. L eft to right are C. B. Branch, executive vice president; H. D. Doan, president; and Carl A. Gerstacker, board chairman. tXJ Ni uivsi Fl Cli In 1 % 7 the U.S. I'ubc H ealth Service launched a cam paign to eradicate measles in the I filiteli States, and die scene above was repeated m illions o f times. M ost o f th e vaccine used was the new i m e - a h o t S c h w a n strain developed by Dow Chemical. D uring th e sam e year Dow was the object o f dozens o f cam pus dem onstrations (below , at University o f Wisconsin) as students protested its manufacture of napalm for the war in Vietnam.  -2SZ 5 <-Jui|ji-r J"'lf-vi*n l-kf A deal was made in May, 19.25, and the (Jills Dow Chemical Company began as a subsidiary of Dow Chemical and Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company. Willard Dow senl managers and leelinie.ians In Mar quette to modernize the plaid and improve llie yield of chemieals through new wood distillation processes. One ol those he sent to Marquetle was Nelson Criswold, ihe -on of Herbert Row's first engineer, Tom (niswold. Nelson (niswold would recall: "They were losing from $10,000 to $20,000 a moulli up Ihere before depreciation when we look over Ihe plant. We goI il lurned around and earning a profit in eighteen months. "It took me six months lo gel llie (Jills people lo say wind they thought about anything. I wasn't aeeuslomed lo Ibis sort of relation ship. All of us at Dow (Jiemieal wi re used lo open diseussioiis here you said what you thought. J'lial was one of Ihe key elements in Ihe company's success. Cradually Ihe (Jiffs people learned thex could speak without fear ol reprisal and without having lo he a yes-man. Then they opened up. "There are hazards in such frankness as we have at Dow (Jiemieal. In a small town people are inclined lo speak Ireelv. In such open talk there is always (he hazard of giving away information lo outsiders, lint this hazard is not as great as not discussing problems." Dow Chemical chemists and engineers had no great difficulty finding a commercial process lor Ihe production of Klhoeel. lint liny. searched for months lo find a way to make high-purilv styrene on a commercial scale. At one point, Willard Dow was ready lo stime th si viene researeli aside and concentrate un th cellulose plaslies. Ile ealled in Slros.n ker. who headed th styrcnc. researeh wilh tintimi, and lobi Imi; lo--top Work on slyrenc. The money was going mi cellulose. Produced for World War II. 146 The Dow Story came to me in a rage. He said, `Mr. Bennett, we're not going to stop work on styrene. I know Strosacker has his orders, but we just can't stop because we know we're right. Can't you do something to help us?' " 1 said, `Bobby, I've got my orders, too. I've got orders to close the account number. But I'll tell you what you can do. You can go back and think up a name other than styrene. Continue working on styrene-bu t under another name. I'll issue you a new account number.'" Bennett chuckled. "I did it, too, because I thought they were both good processes." Such shenanigans would have been impossible under Herbert Dow. Hardly a day passed that he wasn't in the laboratories and plants checking on what the men were doing and following in detail the progress on every process. But Willard controlled research through conferences with his top research people. The company had grown too large in size for one man to check on what was taking place in each building of the sprawling plant The subterfuge engineered by Bennett paid off. Mrs. Sylvia Stoesser and Jim Pierce, together with Grebe, developed an inhibitor that was the key to a commercial process for producing styrene of great purity and low cost. It could be polymerized to what became the most important plastic in the Dow Chemical stable. The polystyrene wasgiven the name Styron. It was a plastic so clear that it resembled crystal. It was adaptable to many uses, clear or colored. Through another chemical combination, styrene became Styraloy, a useful plastic with slightly different qualities than Styron. In his mistaken judgment on styrene, Willard Dow could very well have excused himself on the grounds that he had the same right to be wrong that was granted to others in Dow Chemical. And this right had been granted to an astonishing degree from the earliest days of Herbert Dow. ! Willard Dow conceded that mistakes and failures often wer? necessary, lie put it in this way to a class of young recruits: | " A large percentage of failures on a problem is necessary for it* solution. We have a right to be wrong. Many an industry has come iirt existence through results gleaned from failures; indeed it may be saw that negative results often determine the correct procedure. . . . " Willard Dow was a typical conservative Midwestern businessman uj many of his attitudes. But in research he was a radical. He encourage t o his researchers to aLtack the impossible, to question the old way* " s i doing things, to challenge textbook theory, and to look for GO unorthodox approach in solving a problem. There were times, he l Chapter Eleven 147 eaid wryly, when management had to adopt the method " of carrying on icaearch by supplying chemists with plenty of so-called patient money while maintaining a prayerful attitude." The primary problem, as he saw it, was to achieve a balance between radical research and conservative production practices. On this point he gaid: "Our research organization must be a group of extremists. They must imagine developments in the so-called 'impossible range.' In contrast, the production men must be conservative because they must maintain their production and quality of goods to satisfy their customers. The chemical industry is a changing business. A product selling in tons today may a year or two hence be a dying industry. It is our requirement that we must maintain big research staffs; we must. . . be willing to discard the old process and be equally willing to take up the new." The American chemical industry was not only changing in the late 1930's, but it was also the fastest growing industry in the country. As business conditions improved, the pressure for growth and expansion to meet consumer demand increased steadily. Dow Chemical and Ethyl Gasoline Company had built the Kure Beach bromine plant in 1933 with expectations that its yearly production of 6,000,000 pounds of ethylene dibromide would meet the market requirements for several years to come. But two years later the plant capacity had to be almost doubled to 10,000,000 pounds. It was doubled again in 1937 to 20,000,000 pounds. Twelve months later the increasing sales of anti-knock gasoline forced Dow Chemical's engineers to add another 10,000,000-pound unit--bringing total capacity to 30,000,000 pounds. in this period, too, Europe began its grim preparations for war. jJrders for magnesium poured in from England, France, Germany, oland, Holland, Mexico, and Japan. Germany halted its purchases in to conserve its foreign exchange but other nations continued the domestic front, the American Magnesium Corporation k almost one-third of Dow Chemical's magnesium production. Sales magnesium jumped from some 2,000,000 pounds in 1934 to 0.500,000 pounds in 1938. ^ Most of the magnesium going abroad was to be used in planes and 6 fre*gn buyers of American-made planes were specifying that many II . |*a<^ to be made of magnesium or magnesium alloys. Yet the States military establishment showed little interest in mag- espite the slowness of American manufacturers to accept mag- 148 Tlu; Dow Story nesium, Willard Dow sensed that the demand for the metal was not a temporary war-scare phenomenon, but the beginning of an era that would see magnesium accepted as a basic structural material. His father had gambled that magnesium would become an important metal, and Willard Dow was no less sure of it. As the tlireats of war grew more ominous in the late 1930's, Willard Dow persuaded his directors to set aside $300,000 for more intensive research into magnesium production and fabrication. He got them to vote another $650,000 for expansion of the magnesium plant. Then Dow stepped up his efforts to get the Navy and the Bureau of Aeronautics to follow the lead of European manufacturers and to incorporate more magnesium parts in United States military aircraft But lie got little encouragement. The Bureau of Aeronautics advised Dow Chemical's engineer, stationed in Washington, that it had reached the point in its tests where it was ready to turn down all use of magnesium alloys in naval construction. For months an argument-by-letter went on between Washington and Midland. The Navy contended there was an "inherent lack of resistance to corrosion'' in magnesium parts. Dow Chemical's tests showed that these parts had resisted corrosion up to eighteen months--and Dow argued the corrosion problem could be licked entirely if the Navy would only work with Dow Chemical on a program of developing protective coatings to meet Navy specifications. In April, 1939, a ranking officer in the Bureau of Aeronautics wrote Willard Dow, saying in part: " Your company may or may not be engaged in research of a fundamental character leading to the development of data of direct interest to the Bureau of Aeronautics. However, if you are engaged in such research, information on the status of certain magnesium developments hereinafter listed would be helpful. If no developments of scientific significance are being made, this Bureau may find it necessary to decelerate the introduction of magnesium into naval aircraft applications until such time as substantial engineering information is available." When Willard Dow read the questions listed by the bureaus spokesman, he commented: " Practically all of that information, 0 indeed all important information, has long been available--but not availed of." As for "research of a fundamental character," the bureau should have known by this time that Dow Chemical was the o*"/ company in the country that had been researching magnesium continuously for more than twenty years. Dow's representative in Washington reviewed the efforts of D9Sj| 2788 Chapter Eleven 149 Chemical to get the governm ent interested in the use of magnesium and gummed up the situation in this way: " . The Dow Chemical Company has supplied thousands of samples for cooperative tests free of charge. It has sent its own engineers and laboratory men to the government laboratories and testing stations wherever desired, as well as on regular trips. It has sent these same engineers and research men as well as officers of the company to confer many times with Navy personnel in Washington, offered the facilities of the Dow laboratories to the Navy, arranged with the Bakelite Corporation to supply free of charge large quantities of coating materials for the protective coatings under study. The company has conducted continuous tests and studies in its own laboratories to develop protective coatings as well as purer magnesium." The prewar effort to get the government interested in magnesium made little progress. But when war came, the magnesium requirements for American planes for one year alone soared to more than 140,000,000 pounds--more than twenty times Dow Chemical's 1939 production. Willard Dow had seen the possibility of magnesium consumption in the United States increasing to as much as 12,000,000 pounds a year, which was about the limit that could reasonably be produced at Midland. Anything beyond 12,000,000 pounds would call for the pumping of so much brine that the company's balanced production of other chemicals would have been thrown out of kilter. But as a precaution, he put Barstow and other magnesium experts to work to perfect a process that would take magnesium metal from seawater. He reasoned that if bromine could be taken from the sea, then the sea also would yield up its magnesium with the proper coaxing. There was one pound of bromine in every 1,700 gallons of seawater but, theoretically ** kast, there was one pound of magnesium in only 90 gallons of reawater. If a new magnesium process could be developed and if the *m and for magnesium continued to grow, then Dow Chemical would ready to supply the need. An amusing contrast to the government's reluctance to encourage magnesium in plane construction was the eagerness with which n ists embraced the idea of using equipment made of magnesium on ^pedition to Russia in 1936 to photograph an ecli|jsc of the sun. *^ea originated with Dr. Donald II. Menzel, professor of to U* ^8'cs a*- Harvard University, when he came to Midland in 1934 fe on cosmic chemistry, tie had never seen magnesium in c frm until that visit. 150 The Dow Story " 1 remember calling for a lantern-slide pointer," Menzel later wrote, " ami was both surprised and dismayed when they produced what appeared to be a glorified furnace poker, about six feet long. I groaned at (be thought of lifting it and let it be at my feet until I was well into (lie lecture. There came a time, however, when I could not proceed with the lecture without the aid of a pointer and 1 stepped to pick it up. The force I exerted would have been enough to raise a crowbar. The pointer flew ceilingward and I had difficulty holding it back. Such was my introduction to Dowmetal and its most obvious property: hghtness. "That moment provided the inspiration for a new idea: Why not use Dowmetal for eclipse equipment and for other scientific purposes where lightness is an asset? This idea bore fruit a few months later." Menzel bad been chosen as a member of a scientific team from Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology who were going to the remote Russian town of Ak-Bulak, east of Moscow, to observe a total solar eebpse. He discussed with Willard Dow the possibibty of Dow Chemical making a box-like container for spectroscopes, tripods, supports, and other equipment of magnesium to reduce the expedi tion's weight problem. Dow was enthusiastic. He offered to fabricate the equipment in the company's shop without charge as his contribution to the scientific expedition. Menzel built models of the various instruments from wood and cardboard and sent them to Midland where they were duplicated in Chapter Eleven 151 The bulkiest piece of equipment was a large rectangular box of magnesium which housed four spectrographs. Thousands of Russians gathered around Camp Dow on July 19 to watch the Americans and to gee the eclipse. Menzel recalled: " The Soviet has popularized science to an extent that only we who have actual contact with the Russians can appreciate. They used the eclipse as a means of scientific education. Thousands of lectures were given in all parts of the country and in many tongues and dialects. The government distributed pamphlets printed in thirty or more of the major native languages that the Soviet is trying hard to preserve. These leaflets told the story of the eclipse, what to expect, and how to observe it. They gave wide distribution to an inexpensive pin-hole camera, to which was attached films, developers, hypo, and full directions for taking eclipse pictures. In consequence, eclipse day found the people prepared to understand and enjoy the great spectacle. There was no repetition of the incident of the 1914 eclipse when the unprepared Russians thought that the world was about to end and fell praying on their knees in the fields." "Camp Dow" was soon dismantled but magnesium had played its part well in lessening the burden of the scientists. Willard Dow's aggressive policy of pushing out in new directions placed heavy pressure on the company to finance the expansion program. The company's cash needs for more than thirty years had keen handled through Cleveland banks. Soon after he became treasurer, Earl Bennett had realized the time was coming when the company would have to turn to a larger money market, lie began visiting New York banking houses to make himself and the company known. Bennett would recall: " I went to New York cold, without any introductions, and I started making the rounds of the banking institutions. I introduced myself and explained that 1 represented The w Chemical Company. Remember, 1 was only 5-feet-6 and weighed no more than 110 pounds. A good many of those people found it musing that so small a man should be walking around such a big city *ng about future credit for a company few of them knew anything ut. Our stock for years wasn't listed in the New York papers. It was HUoted ot, the Cleveland market. I wasn't able to get through the layers of secretaries and vice Pre8idents in many houses to reach the top men. But 1 did get a very fr o ^ reKl>t' ul1 a,'d a hearing from Smith, Barney & Company, and m Lehman Brothers. As a result of this trip, we developed a very ^relationship with Smith, Barney that lasted through the years." 152 The Dow Story To improve the company's financial position, the directors decided early in 11)37 to list Dow Chemical stock with the New York Stock Exchange. The number of shares was increased from 945,000 to 2,000,000 and on June 30 the stock appeared for the first time on the Big Board, closing that day at $135. Dow Chemical's listing with the New York Exchange came in the forty-first year of its operation and was a belated birthday present for Willard Dow, who had celebrated his fortieth birthday a few months earlier. Dow was a nervous bundle of energy, driving himself harder than he did the men who worked under him. Willard Dow once tried to explain to a friend why it was he that pushed himself so hard and why he felt the expansion of the company was necessary. " It's difficult to make people understand," he said, " that money is not the motive. A company must make money to exist. But the company that exists only to make dollars can not live very long. If you produce something that is useful--and do it better than anyone else--then the dollars will take care of themselves. There is a responsibility involved in management that has nothing to do with money, although I don't expect many people to believe that." Competitiveness, pride, the desire to create, or the pleasure of the so-called race--whatever the compelling reason, Dow had brought the Dow Chemical Company in 1938 to a point where it had to expand outside Midland or else turn over growing markets to competitors. Dow saw this clearly and his decision was to expand--as fast and as far as it was necessary and safe. He saw that the movement of the population was westward and he discussed with his business intimates whether the company should locate a chemical plant in Denver, Colorado, or in California. An opportunity to expand into California developed unexpectedly. During a trip to the West Coast, Dow learned that the majority stockholders of the Great Western Electrochemical Company were interested in selling the property. The plant was located at Pittsburg, California, at the junction of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, near San Eraneiseo. Great Western was u subsidiary of the Great Western Power Company and was a pioneer manufacturer of electrolytic caustic soda and chlorine west of Detroit, having started operations in 1916. The chlorine had been used in tin; manufacture of bleaching powder. f O Strangely enough, the first cells used by Great Western to make bleach had been built from drawings bought from Herbert Dow. They CP O ^-23W Chapter Eleven 153 were the same cells Dow had used so successfully in Midland. But the cells which operated efficiently in Midland's cool climate were not suited for the long, hot summers of California. Not long after this purchase, Great Western's chief chemist, Wilhelm Hirschkind, visited Midland to study the Dow Chemical operation. He mentioned to Herbert Dow that the cells installed by Great Western made excellent bleach during the cool winter months, but they had proved to be unsatisfactory during the long, hot summers. Herbert Dow said, " I sold the cells to Great Western at their request. I didn't guarantee their operation in that climate." With the installation of refrigerated chambers, the cells worked as well as they did in Midland. But Great Western eventually dropped the bleaching powder business and used the chlorine to produce a wide number of products. Hirschkind directed production into the field of xanthates, chemical compounds used by the western mining industry to separate minerals from sludge. Chemicals were developed for the western newsprint industry, and processes found for a wide range of chlorinated products. Willard Dow was interested not only in the Great Western properties but in Hirschkind as a scientist. He was a brilliant, peppery little man who had once worked in Germany with the legendary Fritz Haber, discoverer of the process for extracting nitrogen from the air. Hirschkind had left Germany in 1912 and had come to the United States to become an instructor in chemistry at the University of Illinois. Hirschkind would recall: "When 1 came to the United States, the scientist looked down on the inventor and the inventor was in turn contemptuous of the scientist. So were some of the men of business who backed the inventors in successful enterprises. . . . [This) story illustrates the popular attitude toward scientists. At the time of the United States' entry into World War I, representatives of the American Chemical Society called on President Wilson's Secretary of War, Newton Baker, offering the services of the chemical profession in the conflict. The Secretary thanked the committee for the offer and promised to investigate the matter, askirtg them to return the following day. On doing so, Mr. Baker informed them that he had looked into the situation and while he appreciated the offer, he found it was quite unnecessary because the War Department already had a chemist." Willard Dow had a chemist, loo, but he wanted more. In December, 1938, an arrangement was worked out for The Dow Chemical Company to take over the Great Western Electrochemical Company. In this move, Dow Chemical not only obtained the services of an outstanding 154 Tli Dow Slory scientist, but it got an outlet tor its products on the West Coast and an aggressive research center that had developed several important pro cesses. While negotiations were underway with Great Western, Willard Dow came to the conclusion that the time had come to go to the sea not only lor more bromine but also for magnesium. The growing demand for magnesium was piling up trouble for the Midland operation. The primary trouble was in disposing of the waste brine which could not be cycled through other chemical processes. Part of the waste was pumped back into the ground, a trick of " vertical storage" that had been pioneered by Dutch Beil (el. As lleutcl recalled: " 1 set up a rig in Midland to pump the waste brine down vertically in what they call the Parma sand formation, which is one level higher than the Marshall formation. The Parma sand was in the range of about 900 feet deep. I got some tanks from salvage and some big high-pressure pumps that went up to about 600 pounds of pressure. 1 hooked the pumps up to brine-filled tanks and began pumping the brine into a well. After a time, the pressure was building up but nothing was happening--the brine wasn't moving out of the tanks. Then suddenly everything let go. The pump started to pump like hell and you could see the brine level going down. 1 couldn't get enough brine into the tanks. I had to shut off the pumps, and refill the tanks. We left the valve open and the brine poured down the well. My first thought was that we might be pushing brine through the sand all the way to the outcroppings at Saginaw Bay. " But what I had done with that pressure was to lift the earth and fracture the zone. The brine wasn't being forced into the sand--it was pouring into this fracture. If we had known enough at the time, we could have gotten a patent on this process. Actually, this fracturing of the earth became the basis of Dowell's oil field operations with pressures running up to 10,000 pounds." But underground storage of brine supplemented by surface settling tanks was not the complete answer to the waste brine problem. There was growing danger that pollution control would get out of hand and create serious problems on the Tiltabawassee River. In addition to the waste brine problem, the production costs at the Kurt- Beach plant were causing growing concern. Electric power at Kure Beach was costly and the cost of getting large quantities of soda ash and to sulfuric acid to the plant site by ship and lighter was becoming - a prohibit ive. CD bate in 193(1, Dow and Beutel set out on a scouting trip to Texas to Oiuptor Klvn 155 look for possible sites for a Gulf Coast plant that would produce both bromine and magnesium from sea water. The lure of cheap fuel from the natural gas fields drew them to Texas. Both Dow and Beutel had driven through the state several times cheeking on operations of Dowell crews who were acidizing oil wells. They had been fascinated and appalled by the sight of mile after mile of towering, gas-fed flames lighting the skies at night as the gas was "flared" after separation from the oil. It made them groan to see all this potential energy going to waste. Beutel recalled: " At one place in Texas, we saw the gas roaring up out of 6-inch and 8-inch pipes into (he air. They produced (lie oil out of the wells with the gas, put it through a series of separating tanks, and the gas was flared into the atmosphere. The gas came out of those gas separator vents with such force you couldn't hear yourself talk. It was all going to waste, and the same thing was happening all through the oil fields at that time. You could actually drive from Houston to Freeport at night and read a newspaper by the light from the flared gas." Dow and Beutel drove from New Orleans across Texas to Browns ville checking on possible plant sites. On their return to Midland, a team of chemists and engineers set out for Texas to test the bromine and magnesium content of Gulf water. And so it was that Willard Dow prepared to make the biggest gamble of his life--the creation of a giant chemical complex many miles removed from the birthplace of the company. The secret for taking bromine from the sea already had been solved; whether the sea would give up its magnesium and other chemicals without staggering losses was the unknown factor. Laboratory experiments and cost analyses said yes. But the paper analyses could not possibly anticipate all the difficulties that would have to be overcome. Dow's confidence that his researchers, engineers, and production men could create a new manufacturing center from the ground up was bolstered by the record which the company had made during the eight years of his management: . . .Sales had increased from $16,033,000 in 1930 to $34,871,000 in 1938 while assets had grown from $22,474,000 to $38,484,000 over the same period. . . .The key to taking bromine from the sea hud been found. . . .Dowell Incorporated had increased oil production across the nation with its acidizing process, adding untold millions of dollars to the value of oil fields which were nearing depletion. . . .Research had turned up useful plastics made from combinations of wood, brine, and oil. 1f)(i Tlic Dow .Story . . .The joint venture with the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company had given Dow Chemical an important new source of raw materials. . . .The subsidiary lo-Dow Chemical Company had broken the Chilean iodine monopoly and the price of iodine had been driven down from 14.50 a pound to 01 cents. . . .The Midland plants during the Depression had been overhauled, production expanded, and debts paid from earnings generated during the nation's worst economic recession. . . .The financial position of the company and its prestige had been strengthened by the listing of the stock on the New York Stock Kxehailge. . . .Demand for magnesium was growing for the first time in twenty years and appeared to be nearing a point that would justify the heavy investments in research and in plants. . . .Key employees had stuck by the company loyally through the hard limes and they formed a tough, experienced, able management corps around which to build. . . .Training programs had discovered unsuspected talent in the ranks of Dow Chemical employees and strengthened the reserves on which management could draw to fill key posts from within. . . .The number of employees had increased from eighteen hundred in 1050 to more than four thousand and the community of Midland had felt few of the shocks from the Depression which had paralyzed so many towns and cities across the country. The record was reassuring, but neither Willard Dow nor anyone else could foresee that the decisions to expand production in 1938 would prove vital to the success of the Allies in the war that was to come. 2792 0 -2 SW Chapter Twelve i n 1938, the statesmen of Britain and France tried to buy peace in Europe with appeasement. They paid the price Adolf Hitler demanded--freedom to seize Czechoslovakia. But appeasement only whetted Hitler's appetite for conquest and made him contemptuous of the leaders of Britain and France. And so it was that Europe rushed toward war. The first shock of 1939 was not a warlike move, however, but a political maneuver. On August 24 Fascist Germany and Communist Russia signed a ten-year military and political nonaggression pad. The net effect of the agreement, as far as Hitler was concerned, was that it gave him the guarantee of protection from attack by the Soviets, freeing divisions for offensive operations. Seven days after the pact was signed, German armor, infantry, and aircraft lashed out at Poland and World War II was underway. The attack began about 5 A.M. on September I when dive bombers began blasting targets across Poland. An hour later, the infantry and tanks poured over the border. Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, but they could not save Poland. On September 17, the Russians invaded Poland from the east and the Polish army was caught in a vise. Warsaw took a fearful pounding and fell to the Germans on September 28. Shattered Poland was divided between the partners to the non aggression pact. The marching of the armies in Europe and the preparations lor war I had their reverberations around the world in capitals and in villages. Some had foreseen the conflict. Others had not. In Midland, Willard Dow and his managers had sensed that svur was coming long before the Germans crashed into Poland. Their decision was lo speed up expansion with priority given to building a chemical complex in Texas lliat would ease pressures on the Midland plant and help meet the demand tor basic chemicals which they saw developing. The expansion program was the most ambitious that Don Ghcmical J5M Tilt* Dow Story liuil ever undertaken. More than $7,000,000 was to be poured into new plants and processes. Plans for the Texas plant called for an integrated production line that would take from seawater and petroleum 12,000,000 pounds of magnesium a year, 330,000 pounds of chlorine a day, and (yearly) 68,000 tons of caustic, 25,000,000 pounds of ethylene, 15,000,000 pounds of ethylene dichloride, 15,000,000 pounds of ethylene glycol, 15,000,000 pounds of vinylidene chloride, and 28,500,000 pounds of ethylene dibromide for anti-knock gasoline. During the summer and fall of 1939, Dow sent chemists and engineers to make further tests along the Gulf Coast at the sites recommended by the team which had made the exploratory study some months earlier. They were instructed to look for a site that offered: seawater not too much diluted with fresh water; large deposits of seashells from which to make lime; a good freshwater supply; availability of electric power, gas, and oil; land at a reasonable price with room lor expansion; good transportation; and a means of disposing of the waste brine. The early reports favored two places, Corpus Christi and Freeport, the latter a small fishing village sixty miles south of Houston. Bcutel woidd recall: "In the summer of 1939, Willard decided he wanted to take another look at Freeport and he asked me to go with him. We were careful not to overdress because we didn't want anyone to know why we were there. We stopped in the Brockenbrough Drug Store to get a Coke. Old Man Brockenbrough was behind the counter, lie gave us our Cokes and said, `Where are you folks from?' We gave him a vague answer. We talked for a while and he said, `This looks like a dying town. The Freeport Sulphur Company is going to move out. They've mined out the sulphur dome here and the one up the way will he worked out soon.' " We found out what we wanted to know by talking to Texans and studying the reports of our own people. We found there was land to be had al a reasonable price. We could get gas, oil, and electricity. There were salt domes in the area. There was an unlimited supply of oyster shells in Galveston Buy. The Brazos Itiver and Oyster Creek flowed by the town. There was a good supply of underground water and a good deep river channel into the Gulf, with a jetty already built. There was sulfur nearby. As far as 1 was concerned, this was it." A split developed among hoard members over the choice of a site. io "vj co Dow and Beulcl leaned toward Freeport while others were insistent that Corpus Christi was the better place to build. Corpus Christi did have many advantages over Freeport. It offered schools, hospitals, co Chapter Twelve 159 housing for employees, and good shopping facilities. Freeport was a mere village surrounded by a sea of salt grass, herds of roaming goats, and marshland. Yet Freeport's location on a peninsula, having sources of raw materials nearby and easy disposal of waste brine, was an attraction. As it turned out, a cold wave that moved deep into Texas to freeze the Corpus Christi area played a part in the final decision. In January, 1940, Dow called for the board of directors to meet at the Driskill Hotel in Corpus Christi to deeide on the plant loeation. Prior to the meeting, he and Beutel took their wives on a Mexican holiday. Then after a few days in Mexico City, they headed for Corpus Christi to meet the board members. They arrived just as a " norther" hit south Texas. Beutel remembered: " Lordy, but it was cold when we got there. There wasn't much heat in the hotel. When we went down to breakfast,, we found the others shivering in the dining room. They had gone out the day before to explore the country. They'd been stuck on icy roads with no heaters in the cars. The windshields would ice over, and every few minutes they had had to slop and serape ice off the glass. Nobody was dressed for such weather." The meeting in Corpus Christi was brief. Someone said: "Let's get out of here and go over to Freeport." It could hardly be said that the sudden turn in weather was the decisive factor in Corpus Christi losing out to Freeport as the site for the new plant. But it helped. The board members went by train to Houston and drove to Freeport under warmer skies to look over the lay of the land. When they returned to Houston to make their decision, the vote went to Freeport. In the next few weeks, Dow Chemical bought about a thousand acres of land along the Culf and the Brazos River before a speculative boom could develop to skyrocket prices. A Texan involved in the land purchase would recall: "There was one large beach section that had been divided years before into 5-acre plots and 25-foot-wide lots by a land company. Those plots were strung all over hell's half acre. The promoters advertised these as city lots, but they were nothing but salt grass from the beach on back. The come-on was that you'd build a home on your plot and have orange groves and fruit trees right on the Gulf. You can't raise oranges or anything else on that land except salt grass and goals. It was the damndest land promotion you ever saw. It took a bit of doing to run down all the owners of those little plots--but the agents managed it." While the land purchases were being made, Dow sent a team ol engineers and technical people to work with Austin Company engineers H)0 The Dew Story iii gelling the plant on the drawing board. The construction at Midland and the planning for the Texas complex were more than Dow Clu-micat's own engineering department could handle alone. The use of outside engineers on a Dow Chemical construction job was one of Willard Dow's breaks with tradition. From the time Herbert Dow had hired Tom Griswold as his engineer in 1897 until his death in 1930 he had insisted on his own engineers designing plants, processes, and equipment. Hut with the fast growth of the company during the Depression, Willard Dow often turned to the Austin Company for help. Later the engineering staff moved from Cleveland to Houston as I work erews broke ground for the first major chemical plant to be built on the Texas Gulf Coast. This was the beginning of the great Texas u petrochemical complex. Years later it would stretch from Louisiana to Brownsville as other companies followed in the wake of Dow Chemical. Dow knew the hurry-up program in Texas had come none too soon when Hitler sent his armies into action on the Western Front after a winter of inaction that had become known as " the phony war." In April, 1940, Hitler seized Denmark and Norway, blocking any chance of a British invasion on his flank. And then on May 10 the Germans struck into Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg. They smashed on into France with blitzkrieg tactics that demoralized the Allied defenders, and threw the battle front into confusion. Panzer divisions broke I through at Sedan, swung toward the Channel, and trapped nine divisions of the British Expeditionary Force and ten divisions of the French First Army in the area of Dunkirk. These forces seemed doomed. But in an almost unbelievable saga of the sea, thousands of small craft swarmed across the Channel and evacuated 338,226 British and French soldiers from the beaches, saving them to fight another day. In six we.eks it was over. France capitulated on June 25 and Hitler stood astride most of Fairope. Soon the Battle of Britain would begin, the savage air war in which Hitler would seek to blast Britain's defenses with explosives and fire bombs and open the way for invasion. President Roosevelt, in early January, had called for a preparedness program to cost just under $2,000,000,000. But with France under attack and reeling, the President asked Congress to almost double the preparedness spending. Airplane production was to be increased from 5,000 to 50,000 planes a year. The President's request for 50,000 planes came as a shock, largely because it underscored in a tangible way the tremendous production task ahead for American industry which still had not fully recovered from the Depression of the 1930's. The program would place a heavy burden on The Dow Chemical Company in supplying magnesium. Chapter Twelve 161 The President's Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, described in his memoirs how the decision was reached to fix airplane production at 50.000 planes: "Of one point the President and I had not the slightest doubt; namely, that an Allied victory was essential to the security of the United States. . . . It was also evident to the President and me that the enormous superiority of the German Army revealed by the lightning occupation of Holland and the break-through at Sedan required the revising of all of our estimates for the rearming of the United States. The President discussed with me the project of a special message to Congress requesting a virtual doubling of the military appropriations for the year, in which 1 fully concurred. [Ambassador William| Bullitt had sent me a cable for the President on May 13 stressing the importance of increasing our production of planes, because of (he vital part planes were playing in the German advance. I thereupon suggested to the President that he tell Congress that the United States should aim for a production of 50.000 planes a year. I had already mentioned this figure to my associates. The reaction of Mr. Roosevelt was the same as that of my associates--he was literally speechless, for 50,000 planes was ten times our current annual production. I argued, however, that it was best to aim at a high figure and take the long view. Such a production did not seem so impossible to me as it seemed to others. I felt that the mere mention of the figure, with our tremendous productive capacities known to the world, woidd have a good effect on stimulating our own people, in comforting the Allies, and in giving cause for worry to the Axis. The President forthwith agreed. In his message to Congress on May 16 he said he would like to sec the nation geared to a production of 50.000 planes a year. He asked for additional appropriations for all branches of the armed forces totaling $1,182,000,000. But, signifi cantly, he asked Congress not to hamper or delay the delivery of American-made planes to foreign nations that had ordered them or might seek to purchase more planes. In other words, our own rearmament must not be at the expense of the democracies we were seeking to aid. . . . " This was the atmosphere of urgency in which Willard Bow moved as he pushed for fast construction of the Texas plant. Chemicals would be needed in huge volumes to meet the demands in the expansion of the armed forces. Dow turned to Dutch Beutel to ramrod the Texas construction. He gave him some of his ablest engineers and production men to speed the building--among them George McGranahan, llarland Sherbrook, Nelson I(2 Tin: I)nw Slory Griswold, G. M. Shigley, J. R. Stein, Leo Glesner, C. A. Branson, Russ Crawford, and Roy Smilhcrs. Priority was given the magnesium plant. Once it was in operation the chlorine, bromine and other units would fall into place. fortunately, the summer and early fall of 1940 were dry in Texas and the work moved rapidly. But in October the rains came, heavy rains turning roads into quagmires and making lakes of building sites. The oyster-shell topping on roads sank from view. Trucks mired in the greasy mud. Huge tanks lipped over in the soft earth. A flood on the Bra/.os River slowed the digging of a drainage canal. But somehow the dog-tired crews and their bosses got their jobs done. Gas lines were laid. Power lines were strung. An intake pipe was extended into the Gulf with the opening 30 feet below the surface--and giant pumps installed to draw 300,000,000 gallons of water a day into the plant. In (In; midst of this building drive, representatives of the British Government came to Midland with an urgent plea for Dow Chemical to supply Britain with the magnesium desperately needed for her airplane construction. Britain's magnesium plant could not possibly supply all the metal required. Dow agreed to produce 8,400,000 pounds of magnesium a year for the British, lie ordered an addition to the Midland plant to produce 2,400,000 pounds. The remaining 6,000,000 pounds were to come from an addition to the Freeport plant. Britain's air fleet had suffered heavily in the weeks of aerial combat with German bombers and fighter planes--the air war which had become known as the Battle of Britain. The battle had begun in July, one month after the fall of France. Hitler's Air Marshal Herman Goering had a fleet of 1,314 bombers, including 316 dive bombers, and 963 fighter planes to send into the battle. The British had between 700 and 800 lighter planes to defend the island. The German bombers thundered across the channel in waves with swarms of fighters to protect them. During the first weeks they came in daylight, hitting mostly airfields and military targets. Between August 24 and September 6, an average of 1,000 planes a day were over Fjiglaml bombing and strafing. The Royal Air Force lost more than half of its lighters, destroyed or damaged beyond usefulness. But the German losses were so heavy that Hitler was forced to drop his invasion plans, known as Operation Sea Lion. On September 7, the Germans switched to night raids, concentrating mostly on London. Tens of thousands of men, women, and children 279 Chapter Twelve 163 were driven to air raid shelters by wailing sirens and the pounding of anti-aircraft guns. The skies were lit with the fires set by bombs and incendiaries. London was mauled. Coventry was destroyed and Ply mouth left in ruins. But the men of the RAF won the Battle of Britain in the gallant stand which moved Winston Churchill to say, " Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few." For a time during this air war, British air experts were puzzled by the large number of bombs which the German planes were able to carry. But then they found the answer in the wreckage of bombers shot down on English soil. The Cermari planes had been built with magnesium alloys as a major structural material and not as a minor material. The weight displaced by the light magnesium alloys gave the planes their greater-than-expected ability to carry large bomb loads. About the same time that the British were making this discovery, the Assistant Chief of the Army Air Corps in Washington was reporting that magnesium was merely an incidental requirement in Americanmade planes, lie wrote in the August issue of A v ia tio n M nguziiw : " Magnesium--Less than 1.2 per cent of the composite total raw materials constitute the average engine requirements and less Ilian 1 per cent of the airframe and propeller requirements are magnesium." On this basis, American-built planes would require only ill).4 pounds of magnesium per planes--and the 50,000 planes which President Roosevelt had called for in May would require only about -1,020,000 pounds of magnesium. (As it later developed, the government needed not merely 80.4 pounds per plane, but as much as 2,000 pounds per plane, and the aircraft program leaped from 50,000 planes to 125,000 planes a year.) Building the added capacity into the Freeport magnesium plant for Britain caused no appreciable delay in the Texas construction and in early January the giant plant was nearing completion. In later years, Willard Dow would say of the Texas venture: " Dow Chemical seemingly was venturing into the great unknown. II was not for Dow really an adventure into the unknown, for much had been learned at Wilmington. But it was a venture of high daring, lor nature has a way of her own and will not always conform exactly to the plans laid lor her. That is why research has to be supplemented by experience. That is why also the story of the building of Freeport is not lold by a mere recital. There is an epic quality involved in (he peopling f a flat, narrow tongue of waste land with strange shapes of structures *nd having them combine to lake a ladle of gleaming metal out ol a curling, while-capped ocean wave. Not even the old alchemists, in their wildest lam rver gol lliut I'ur. 104 The Dow Story Chapter Twelve 165 I " Freeport grew prosaically out of concrete and steel, and it had to be described in such terms, but, when all the contrivances have been ; WESTERN UNION exactly described and fitted into their places as mere chemical facilities, * there still remains a touch of the fairy wand." By mid-January, 1941--less than a year after ground was broken- . . . .>. t r. . . rl \.r o c* TELEG R A M llic plant was ready for testing. The cell feed was brought from the Midland plant in cake form to be melted in the new cells, because the start-up procedure was a critical operation which determined the proper functioning of the cells. APOT'URF1EI:RD0STTPHE.-*K!GF. INA7ESTSTlFiBRnEILE'"LUPOEATRLT. ,FHTOEX*ASSE.A-WCALATERRENCWEASHPOOOUKR,FC*!DJALNAUNADRYOPE2R1A,TO1*RM, , The process for converting seawater into metal was a complicated I series of steps that has been described as " about ten times as formidable as that at Midland." The seawater was pumped into huge settling tanks to be mixed with a milk of lime. The lime came from shells dredged from Galveston Bay, washed, put through a lime kiln, and slaked. The magnesium chloride and magnesium sulphate in the seawater reacted with the lime and formed magnesium hydrate, or milk of magnesia. The heavy milk of magnesia was drawn off into a filtering tank, passed into HARLTAHNOPSESHPRERESBERNOTOKI,NCRLAULDPHEDSCWH.rNi.EIDDOEWR,, S'S..3'l.. H"CEGARTAHN,AHWAINLL, IAEH.GS.CH3AAHR!9>RTA, , L-UIS WARD, JACK STEIN, R.M. HUNTER, DAWE LANOSBOROUCH, JOE JLfSNEt A'If. JOE O'CONNOR. 1IDLAND OPERATORS WERE JAKE SCHwElCERT, CLARENCE HDCK.anTC'.' S'lUEOJ. PAUL HOLZINGER ANDBILL RAVE. FREEPORT OPERATORS WERE JORDAN l. TARJAN, DCNC. LINSAY. GFELAROARYDLYDSmHLAEOWNnkESY,OCNCU,LTAB,RRAENNLCETOELEYHU.LWLP"AKALATETNRE.,RJSAOL"'NJlT,HSE'1RABKRCYWUAASNL,DKERENWU, E|NLGGEEER,FH.PEHLEDLIULW1IAPSR,DKSCE.HNADRRLIECSKS. TYEK, CLYOE PATTERSON AND w.w. CECIL. other cleansing tanks and treated with hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride--the same raw material obtained from the Michigan brine through a simpler process. Then the raw material was treated and dried to become cell feed for the electrolytic cells which extracted the pure magnesium. And through this process a barrel of seawater became a third of a pound of magnesium. On January 21 at 1:45 P.M., big, barrel-chested Clarence Hock-a Midland-trained magnesium operator--dipped a ladle into a vat of molten magnesium and poured the first ingot of magnesium metal to be taken from (be sea. Ilock turned to Willard Dow and grinned. He said, "Well, Willard, we've done it!" But oidy (be small group of Dow Chemical technicians, operators, and officials clustered around Clarence Hock knew of the achievement. No one bad lliought to notify the newspapers or the wire services in order to publicize the history-making event. The first public notice that magnesium bad been taken from seawater was a brief statement by Willard Dow given lo " 77le F re e p o r t F a c ts--Brazoria County's Most Complete Newspaper." The statement appeared in print two days after the ingot was poured. It was not until three days after the event that the news reached Midland. A telegram was sent from Freeport to the editor of th e Doul D ia m o n d , the company's family magazine, which said: fc JU The announcement and folksy listing of all those present was hardly an example of high-pressure public relations and communication. The editor of the D o w D ia m o n d was flabbergasted and chagrined. No one had told him the historic event was to take place. And he was not prepared to handle the flood of inquiries that poured in from newspapers, magazines, columnists, and science writers asking for details of the startling accomplishment. This was a time for elation. But the elation was short-lived. A few days after the first ingot was poured, the magnesium ceils began to boil ver. An unfamiliar sludge began to form in the cells, as much as a ton a day. Cells designed to produce 1,000 pounds of magnesium a day were producing 100 pounds. And the old saying that "Maggie s a temperamental bitch" was holding true. Nothing like this had been experienced by Dow Chemical in its twenty-five years of making magnesium metal. Shock waves ran through tile company. Just as pressures were building for more ehveriesof magnesium, the Texas giant appeared to have failed. Beutel would recall: " Willard would call and ask about our Production and I'd tell him. lie would say, 'What's the matter with you People dow n there?' 1 explained there was something mysterious in the brri*nn<e that w asn't making any tiling but sludge, lie said, 'There is nothing mMyysstterious about chemistry.-All you have to do is find out what it is.' I i o Jm bk*. -a co OC: W>f> 'Hu* Dow Slory was losing my temper, too. I yelled back, `What do you think we're doing? We're trying to find out what it is.' " Not only were the cells giving trouble, but the shelf dryer was not functioning properly. Oeutel called Barstow in Midland. " Ed," he said, "come down and help me out. I'm in misery." Barstow hurried to Freeport to lend a hand. Samples of the Gulf water were sent to all Dow Chemical laboratories and to several private laboratories to see if they could isolate a chemical substance, not found in Michigan brine, which could be causing the cell difficulty. -Someone suggested the plant be shut down, the cells cleaned out, and (he operation started over again. " Listen," saiil Beutel, " I'll shoot the first man that pulls a switch on a mag cell. At least we're getting a hundred pounds of mag--and a hundred pounds is better than nothing. If we don't keep running we'll never find out what went wrong." Barstow agreed with Beutel: Keep the plant running. Early in March, Chemist Leo Greene in Freeport called Dow Chemical's magnesium cell expert, Ralph Hunter, and reported, "I don't know whether this is significant or not, but I've noticed the percentage of boron in Texas cell feed is going up." Boron had been found in the Gulf water in the ratio of 150 parts per million. Hunter bought, at a grocery store in Midland, a box of borax--a household product that contains boron. A small amount was added to the feed in one of the Midland magnesium cells. And boron was found to he the culprit. Robert Blue, one of those involved in the search for the trouble, would recall: " The cell lest started about four o'clock in the afternoon of March 7. Charlie Wiles came in late that evening and asked the men in the cell house how the cell was doing. They said it was doing terribly and Charlie said, `That's wonderful!' The operators couldn't see anything wonderful about it. They had a very horrible mess on their hands. But it was on that evening that we established conclusively for the first time what impurity was causing the trouble in Texas. It was boron. " The next step was to Iinti a way to eliminate the boron. Soon the chemists in Ted Heath's Chemical Engineering Laboratory found that boron could he knocked out of the cell feed by adding lime during the hydrating process. The over-liming kept the boron in solution and it flowed off in the waste water. The remedy was simple and inexpensive. And with llic boron and shelf-dryer problems solved, the production of magnesium jumped to the planned level. 2797 0 -2 W C Chapter Twelve 167 There was trouble piled on trouble for Willard Dow in those first hectic days of 1941. Even as the boron problem was developing in Texas, The Dow Chemical Company's monopoly position in the production of magnesium was under attack from the Department of Justice. On January 30, nine days after the first magnesium was poured at Freeport, a federal grand jury in New York, acting at the request of ( Assistant United States Attorney General Thurman Arnold, returned an indictment charging the company had achieved its dominant position in magnesium illegally. More specifically, the indictment charged that Willard Dow and Treasurer Earl Dennett, the American Magnesium Corporation, and the Magnesium Development Corporation (with certain of their officers) had entered into a conspiracy as tar hack as 1927: (a) To prevent any person other Llian Dow Chemical from producing magnesium. (b) To limit the production and sale of magnesium products to the defendants and the defendants' sublicensees, and to eliminate compe tition among fabricators in the solicitation, obtaining a retention of customers. (c) To control the price of magnesium and magnesium products and to prevent price competition. (d) To pool patents relating to the production of magnesium and fabrication of magnesium products in order to prevent competition and control prices. The Department of Justice issued a press release which, in summary, gave these five reasons for the action: 1. The existence of inadequate facilities for producing magnesium. 2. That an alleged conspiracy between the American companies and the German firm had " restricted, restrained and discouraged" develop ment and use of magnesium in airplane manufacture. 3. A serious shortage of foundry facilities for fabricating magnesium l products that has "seriously impeded and delayed" aircraft production. 4. The price of magnesium in the United Slates has been maintained at an artificially, unreasonably high level in contrast to prices abroad. 5. The alleged conspiracy had resulted in maintaining a single producer in the United States. Willard Dow did not dispute the monopoly charge for, indeed, The Dow Chemical Company did have a monopoly position. But he denied the conspiracy charge and the other allegations. Ilis position was that the monopoly had developed from the fact that after World War I all Kill The Dow Story the magnesium producers dropped out of the field simply.because they saw no profit in making the metal; Herbert Dow had refused to drop out because he was convinced that magnesium would one day take its place as an important metal alongside aluminum and steel. He insisted (he cross-1censing agreements neither had limited production nor blocked others from entering the field. To the charge of inadequate facilities, he maintained the plant capacity existed to produce even more magnesium than the government's own agencies estimated would he needed, furthermore, he pointed out that the company had lost money on magnesium for more than fifteen years before turning a profit. IVrhaps to nail down his point about the adequacy of production, Dow called Washington a few days after the indictment was returned, lie offered to step up magnesium production by another 100,000,000 pounds a year, with Dow Chemical financing the expansion, if the government would agree to buy the metal. The offer was not accepted. There was never a trial to settle the conspiracy issue in court. hate in 1041, Dow called Thurman Arnold in Washington and sought to have the case adjourned until the war emergency was over. The substance of the conversation as taken down at the time was this; " Dr. Dow stated that he was disturbed over the fact that on next Tuesday, October 21, the Department was going to set the case down for trial next April unless all parties indicate their willingness to enter into a pica of nolo contendere assuming that a satisfactory decree and fines eould be worked out. Dow said that it was impossible for the Dow Company to make magnesium and at the same time defend an anti-trust suit. Arnold said it is necessary to do both and that the Department could not nolle pros our case on the above grounds. Dow asked for an adjournment of our case until after the emergency. Arnold said that this could not be done. He said that if they did it for the Dow case, he would have to postpone all of the cases until after the emergency. Dow said why shouldn't they do this. Arnold suggested that his advice was for one individual to plead and no doubt satisfactory fines could be worked out at a later date." Dow and the other defendants chose not to contest the govern ment's charges. They entered a plea of nolo contendere after criminal charges had been dropped by the government and an equity suit substituted. In tin; case of Tucker v. United States, 1912, 196 Fed. 260, there is this definition of nolo contendere: "The plea is in the nature of a compromise between the stale and the defendant--a matter not of right 0 -& 9 7 Chapter Twelve 169 but of favor. Various reasons may exist why a defendant conscious of innocence may be willing to forego his right to make defense if he can be premitted to do so without acknowledging his guilt. Whether in a particular case he should be permitted to do so is for the court." The defendants paid fines totaling $140,000 and for the time being j that was where the matter rested. | Government and military men first began to realize the importance of magnesium for plane-building as information from the Hattie of ! Britain gave a clearer picture of how the Germans were building their planes. In March, 1941, the government's Defense Plant Corporation--a subsidiary of the Reconstruction l''inance Corporation--asked Dow Chemical to add an 18,000,000--pound addition to its magnesium plant in Texas. The addition was in production within eight mouths at a cost to the government of about five cents a pound in terms of annual capacity. ! Then it seemed that Washington suddenly was seized by a magnesium panic. The British were asking for more magnesium, not only for planes but for incendiary bombs with which to strike at Germany's war plant The Office of Price Administration (OPM) earmarked 400,000 pounds of the 18,000,000 pounds from Texas for the British. i The OPM in June went all out to increase production of magnesium to 400,000,000 pounds--a figure later expanded to 600,000,000 i pounds. Cost was no object. Production was all-important. Special j incentives in financing and priorities were offered to companies which would turn to magnesium production for the government's account. The Army Air Corps's estimate of 40.8 pounds per plane in August, 1940, had leaped to more than 1,000 pounds per plane in June, 1941. I By this time, America's plane production was beginning to climb. Bombers built for the British were being flown into Canadian airfields and then ferried to England. The American air fleet was taking on muscle, too, and the country that could use otdy 480,000 pounds of magnesium in 1938 now wanted more than 500,000,000 pounds of the metal produced on quick order. The government asked Dow Chemical to make" its know-how in magnesium production and fabrication available to other companies on request. Willard Dow agreed. Within a short time ten companies had contracted with the DPC to build and operate magnesium plants for the i government. Two companies chose to use the Dow process. They were I the Diamond Magnesium Company of I'aincsville, Ohio, and the k International Minerals and Chemical Corporation of Austin, Texas. j i i I J70 The Dow Slory They planned to get their raw material from crushed dolomite ore rather than hrine. The government began to pour some $515,000,000 into an expansion of the magnesium industry in an unprecedented crash program. Fortune magazine would say of this drive: The technology of magnesium production suddenly proliferated in all directions. There was no longer time for hunting the most efficient process. The single, governing factor was production--fast, expense no object. From 1940 through 1942, OPM and WPB (War Production Hoard) authorized construction of fourteen new magnesium plants. . .. Perhaps no other program in the entire war effort has provoked more scientific criticism, political investigation, and plain back-fence gossip----- Among those who entered the field were Mathieson Alkali Works, Lake Charles, Louisiana; Basic Magnesium, Incorporated, near Las Vegas; Permanenle Metals Corporation, Permanente, California, a subsidiary of Henry J. Kaiser; and Ford Motor Company. Meantime, Willard Dow pushed the expansion of other Dow Chemical manufacturing units, rushing to completion the third styrene plant to be Imilt in two years. He gambled that styrene was going to be a basic product in huge demand, and Dow Chemical was the sole .producer in the country. Early in 1941, Dow had tried without luck to interest the government in a synthetic rubber program. Dow Chemical and the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company in 1940 had formed the Goodyear Dow Corporation to produce synthetic rubber from styrene and butadiene--the same primary ingredients used by the Germans to free Germany from dependence on the raw rubber of the Far East. Dow proposed to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation that the Good year Dow Corporation produce annually 10,000 long tons of synthetic rubber for the government, either of the Buna-N or Buna-S type. The offer was premature. Washington had not yet become alarmed over the possibility of a rubber shortage although President Roosevelt was watching, with growing concern, japan's conquests in the Far East. The rubber scare would not explode for another year. At the annual meeting of the Dow Chemical stockholders on August 21, 1941, Willard Dow could not resist making an 1-told-you-so comment on the sudden importance of magnesium. "It was twenty-seven years ago," he said, " that Herbert Dow said, 'There must and will be a major use for a metal as light as magnesium.' A 2793 Chapter Twelve 171 As you have seen, magnesium in the past three years has risen from a relatively obscure material to one of the most strategic and talked of metals in the world." The military men who had virtually ignored magnesium three years earlier were now calling for more and more of the metal for planes and incendiaries and flares. And in November the Defense Plant Corpo ration contracted with Dow Chemical to build a 72,000,000-pound plant for the government at Velasco, Texas, only a short distance from Freeport. This was in addition to the 18,000,000-pound plant which was starting production for the DPC. In a small way, Willard Dow received some halm for the bruises in 1941 when in early December C h e m ic a l a n d M e ta llu rg ica l E n g in e e rin g magazine presented its Chemical Engineering Award to The Dow Chemical Company for the achievement of taking magnesium from the sea. In accepting the award for the company, Dow said: "There is not a single engineer in the world who alone could have handled this complicated job. It was oidy through group cooperation, with every engineer c o n tr ib u tin g b is o w n in d iv id u a l ta le n t, th a t r e s u lts w e re m a d e possible in so short a lime." (Note: At this time, Dow singled out sixteen of his men for special recognition in the development of the Texas plant. They were: E. 0. Barstow, W. R. Veazey, A. P. Beulcl, S. B. Meath, F. R. Minger, L. E. Ward, R. M. Hunter, I. F. Harlow, E. R. Stein, L J. Richards, E. R. MacLaughlin, G. M. MeGranahan, C. M. Shiglcy, George W. Greene, N. D. Griswold, and G. F. Dressel.) The strains and stresses of that last year of peace for the United States were only the signals of greater pressures to follow. For on December 6, 1941, a task force of the Japanese fleet steamed secretly into the unguarded waters northwest of Hawaii. At dawn the next day, war planes swept from the decks of aircraft carriers, sped low over the water to the Island of Oahu, and caught the ships of the United Stales' Pacific Fleet unguarded at Pearl Harbor. For 110 terrible minutes the Japanese pounded warships, airfields, and oil storage tanks. When they left, the fleet was shattered and the United Stales was at war. L Chapter Thirteen I n Ihe first weeks after Pearl Harbor, there were fears the Japanese were preparing for an invasion of the West Coast. Coastal cities were blacked out at night. Civil defense teams took their stations to be ready to protect homes, businesses and industries from fire bombs. With the Pacific fleet a battered wreck, the oceans no longer offered security from altai k. Or so it seemed. Japan's armies seized Indo-China, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, and liali- giving the invaders control of 90 percent of the world's production of crude rubber. And then, five months after Pearl Harbor, the Japanese forced the surrender of the American defenders of Bataan. Japan, for the time being, was the master of the Pacific. On the other side of the world, Hitler dominated most of Europe while his partner, Mussolini, carved out an empire in Africa and claimed the Mediterranean as his own lake. As Americans answered the call to arms, the government sent an urgent plea to The Dow Chemical Company to rush construction of the 72,000,000-pound magnesium plant which Willard Dow had agreed to build for the government. It was decided the plant would be located at Velasco, Texas. Drawings of the new plant, virtually a duplicate of the Freeport operation, were completed in December. Once again the job of pushing the construction fell to the hard-driving Dutch Bcutel. Fortunately, he had around him the same experienced men who had helped build the Freeport plant-- McGranahan, Shiglcy, Griswold, and others. The government recniilcd men in Texas and even in distant states to work on the Velasco plant. They began to arrive in January by train, truck, bus, and wheezing secondhand automobiles. Some brought their own trailers anil staked out home sites beside the road. They came by the thousands to dig ditches, hammer nails, lay pipes, string electric lines, pour concrete, drive trucks, and do the jobs that had to be done. Freeport and Velasco could not possibly house the small army. The first arrivals lived in shacks, tents, automobiles, and houses as far away Chapter Thirteen 173 as Houston. Rents charged for shacks, garages, and rooms skyrocketed. The Dow Chemical Company and Defense Plant Corporation moved swiftly to get the workers into houses and to provide reasonable comforts. This job fell to Alden Dow, the younger brother of Willard who had chosen to follow a career in architecture rather than go into the chemical business. Alden Dow had been graduated in 1931 from Columbia University's School of Architecture. For five months in 1933 lie had studied under the famed Frank Lloyd Wright. Then he had opened an office in his home in Midland from which he could look across the garden vistas landscaped by his father. He had won international recognition in 1937 when awarded the Diplume dc Grand Prix for residential architecture in the United States. The competition was sponsored by the Paris International Exposition. Within a matter of weeks, Alden Dow had plans drawn for a workers' community dubbed Camp Chemical. The design called for twenty-one-hundred fabricated one-room cottages for the married workers and forty-six barracks for the single men; a central cafeteria to seat one thousand; a community entertainment hall; a library; a large community store the size of a modern supermarket; barber shop, beauty parlor, firehouse, and police station; and laundries and bath houses. The whole was tied together with shell-topped roads and walkways, gas mains, electricity, running water, and sewer lines. Carpenters--two thousand of them--hammered together sections of walls, roofs and flooring and fitted one section to another. The speed with which Camp Chemical rose on the flat, sandy acres was a triumph of planning. Construction began on February 20, 1942, and thirty-one days later Camp Chemical was officially opened. The same urgency spurred the construction of the magnesium plant. With the experience of the Freeport building behind them, Bentel and his men were able to pare weeks from the time that the work normally would have taken. This time, shortcuts were taken. Gas and water pipes were laid on top of the ground. Roadways were built on fills above ground level and topped with concrete, eliminating the old problem of trucks and equipment bogging down in mud during the winter rains. Beutel had promised the plant would be in operation by July 1. But when June came, some of his engineers said it would be impossible to meet the deadline. "We'll meet the deadline," Beutel said. " I've already invited people from Washington and Midland to be here June 26 to see the first magnesium poured." h! 2801 IT-1- Tin; Dow .Story The firsl ingol of magnesium was poured at the Velasco plant, as lieulei promised, on June 26. This time not even a belated public announcement was made that the plant had gone into operation to take magnesium from the sea. Secrecy cloaked much of the wartime effort across (he nation. Hentel would recall: " When we started the Velasco job, I said to myself, 'I've got to be an athlete to live through this.' I quit smoking and 1 didn't have a highball all through that six months. Willard came down for the ceremonies when the plant started production and when lie and the Washington brass left late that afternoon, I found myself all alone. 1 was hushed from the excitement of the day and the long strain of the job. 1 said to myself, `Hell, 1 haven't had a cigaret or a drink for months and that's bad.' So I went out to the kitchen, got a bottle of Scotch, sat down at the table, and opened the Scotch and a package of Camels. I think I smoked the whole package of cigarets and had about three big drinks before I went to bed. I slept like a log." The most urgent need for Camp Chemical passed with the completion of the Velasco plant and the release of many of the workers. Hut Alden Dow still had ajob ahead of him the likes of which come to few architects: the planning and designing of a permanent town from the ground up. This was to be no Camp Chemical, hastily put together as a temporary solution to a transient labor problem. This was to be a small city with shopping center, stores, services, utilities, and homes primarily for the men and women who worked for The Dow Chemical Company and would make the town their home. The site that intrigued Dow was an area of more than 5,000 acres inland from Velasco near Lake Jackson. This freshwater lake stood on what once had been a large plantation. Across the land meandered Oyster Creek, a clean, clear stream where lunker bass lay under lily pads and wild ducks settled for the winter. In Civil War days, the acreage had belonged to Major Abner Jackson. It was part of an estate of three plantations sprawling over 70,000 acres in South Texas. A brick mansion sat among moss-draped pin oaks with slave quarters nearby. Fat cattle and a herd of one hundred and fifty horses and mules grazed in pastures fenced off from the cotton fields and orchards. In the woodlands roamed deer, wild turkeys, opossums, coons, and an occasional bear. Legend has it that alter the Major's death, his two sons quarreled over the division of the estate. One shot the other fatally and then died himself two weeks later from wounds and exposures suffered during the Chapter Thirteen 175 Civil War. No one ever knew the whole story of tile family tragedy. But the old mansion crumbled away. A jungle grew up about Lake Jackson and Oyster Creek. The Jackson estate passed from the family into the hands of strangers, was divided and redivided. The area was a jungle when Alden Dow first saw it. But in the thickets of brush and dewberry, blackberry, ivy, and grape vines stood towering, gnarled old trees of oak, cypress, and elm which in his mind's eye he'could see casting shade over winding streets and homes. The land stood well above flood levels, offering protection from high water as well as the Texas sun and the winds from the Gulf. The first bulldozers, and mule teams pulling scoop shovels, began ripping into the jungle early in 1942. Before the summer ended there were paved streets winding among the trees--streets called Winding Way, Azalia, Yaupon, Bluebonnet, Lanlana, and Lupine. And, with a pixie sense of humor, Dow named on street Thisway and another Thatway. All the streets curled and circled in a pattern that left no angles. The houses that soon began to border the streets of Lake Jackson had the distinctive, modern appearance of all Dow-designed homes. Private builders moved in, too, to help (he development. Federal Housing Authority loans helped buyers finance home purchases. And within less than two years Lake Jackson was a thriving town ol 2,1100 population, generating its own growth and government so rapidly that Dow Chemical could withdraw to the sidelines. The fast growth of the chemical plants at Freeport and Velasco, and the creation of a modern town in a jungle, were hardly noticed by the rest of the country in the hurly-burly of those firsl months of war. Too much was happening too fast at too many places. Fear of Japanese raids on coastal regions by carrier-borne bombers lingered for months after Pearl Harbor. The psychological impact of the attack was such that the military for some time had little faith in its ability to defend the continental Dinted States from another hit-andtun raid. As a result, the War Department circled on its maps the areas considered "safe" for new or expanded war plants and the areas considered " unsafe." No plant was considered in a safe area 1 it stood within two hundred miles of the border. The net effect of these early and exaggerated fears was to drive new war plants inland, separating them from natural sonnies ol raw naterials and hiking the cost of war production. Willard Dow would recall: " After the war started it was a great handicap to us in going to Washington to develop priorities lor 1 i 1 i I I 176 The Dow Story materials, to find in every office a War Department map with zones marked favorable for further development and expansion and other zones marked unfavorable or where no expansion should be made. In the early maps it is interesting to know that Detroit was marked as a zone for no new developments. . . . The Army program started out with two strikes against it on all its stipulations, with their saying no new developments should be made within 200 or 300 miles of our borders. However, from the standpoint of actual production and economic factors involved, this stipulation threw so many stumbling blocks in the .way, it tended to slow things up, as red tape necessarily does. . . ." These restrictions came into play in March, 1942, when the government asked Dow Chemical to add still another 72,000,000 pounds of production to its magnesium plants. Willard Dow suggested that the Velasco plant, already being built, be expanded to take the magnesium from seawater. But government authorities insisted it could not be built near the coast. The upshot was that Dow Chemical was authorized to build the plant at (aldington, Michigan, northwest of Midland, where brine could be pumped from the underground reservoir. The project was plagued with war-related difficulties from the start. Shortages of materials developed and the Defense Plant Corporation could not find the electric generating equipment needed for a plant of that size. The problems were solved by building the first-stage plant at l.udington and the final-stage plant across the state at Marysville, where power was available from Detroit. The cell feed was made at Ludington, shipped across Lite state, and then fed into the cells at Marysville to produce the finished magnesium metal. By June, 1943, these plants were in operation, raising the nation's total magnesium-making capacity to 576,000,000 pounds a year. Of this total, Dow Chemical and the plants using the Dow process were responsible for 258,000,000 pounds. At Bay City, Michigan, the company's magnesium foundry and fabricating division was a hive of activity. It had started in 1934 as a small plant building Dowmetal trailers for hauling new cars from automobile factories to dealers. It had developed into the nation's largest center of research into the engineering, design, and use of magnesium. One of the more important developments during the war emergency came when the Bay City center proved to the Army and Navy that airplane structures could be made safely of magnesium. They designed r o and built wings for a trainer plane used by both services. The wings CD passed all government tests with a 17 percent saving in weight. O IX> f Chapter Thirteen 177 The magnesium plane wings were possible because the Dow Chemical researchers had discovered ways to form magnesium into sheets, to bend the sheets with heat to desired forms, to weld them and to rivet them. Dow Chemical turned over to other companies its accumulated knowledge in magnesium fabrication. The techniques of sand and mold casting were given to 192 companies which had contracts to make plane parts. Sixty-eight other companies were taught the Lricks of incendiary bomb casting, rolling mill operations, forging practices, and die casting. The forced growth of the magnesium industry in the United States after Pearl Harbor was a mixture of remarkable achievement and costly failure. The sorriest record was in the story of Basic Magnesium organized by Basic Refractories of Cleveland, Ohio, to take part in the drive for magnesium. The company started with a $24,000 investment in magnesium-bearing ore lands, obtained a $70,000,000 contract from the Defense Plant Corporation to build a plant near Las Vegas, Nevada, and failed dismally in the production of the metal. The eventual cost to the government was later estimated at $133,000,000. The management of Basie Magnesium had no experience in magnesium production and attempted to use a copy of a British plant which had been licensed under German patents. The plant site itself--halfway between Las Vegas and Boulder--was 950 miles from the company's ore deposits. It cost $6 to ship one ton of ore from the mill to the plant. A government investigation forced a transfer of the management from Basic Magnesium to the Anaconda Copper Company in October, 1942, and Anaconda soon had the plant in production. But Basic's performance was by all odds the worst blot on the magnesium record during the war. A Senate investigating committee would say of the Basic operation: `In the opinion of the committee this was one of the most unjustified contracts which was proposed in connection with the war program and represented a wholly unwarranted advance of Government funds to a newly organized corporation which had no financial resources and only the most meager experience and talent." This report came from a special Senate committee appointed to keep watch over the huge wartime spending programs. The committee Was headed by the then Senator from Missouri, Harry S. Truman, and it became known as the Truman Watchdog Committee. During the Truman committee's inquiry into magnesium pro dduction, Willard Dow saw an opportunity to defend himself and The 17it Tlic Dow Story Dow Chemical Company from the conspiracy charges which had been made hy (he Department of Justice in 1941. The accusation that rankled most was that he had entered into a conspiracy which had the effect of giving Germany indirect control over Dow Chemical's prewar magnesium production and prevented others from entering the field. On March 6, 1944, Dow went before the committee to testify. He had spent weeks organizing his testimony and when he sat in the witness chair he launched a fighting defense of Dow Chemical's record, with no apologies. "In the twenty-two years from 1918 to 1939," he said, " Dow made and sold magnesium at a loss in all except four years. In 1939 Dow was the only surviving American producer and had been for more than ten years. No one else cared to take the punishment. It had steadily expanded production to reduce costs and had brought the price down from $5 a pound in 1915 to 21 cents in 1939, in the hope of increasing consumption. But still it could not in most years dispose of its production. " No one in authority in 1940 recognized magnesium as a vital war material or that Dow had created a national asset. Although Washington refused to recognize that magnesium could be a vital element in the national defense, Dow knew that inevitably it must be and in full faith and courage doubled the production capacity at Midland and greatly expanded research to cover the needs of national defense. " Dow boldly conceived a project to recover magnesium from the waters of the sea and in March, 1940, began the erecting of a plant on the Gulf, at Freeport, Texas, to do what man had never done before, and at the same time it began further additions to facilities in Michigan. By the end of the year, Dow had under way facilities for the production of thirty-six million pounds of magnesium a year and had spent around twenty-five million dollars of money raised by selling stock and by borrowing. . . . "The war side of Washington went all out for magnesium with * $400,000,000 program designed to produce from six hundred to seven hundred million pounds of magnesium a year. These were the same war authorities who bad been content with six million pounds only i*0 years before and fourteen million pounds only a few months before. ^ "The war side of the Government turned to Dow, asking the help 0 its technicians to leach others how to make magnesium and at the same time asked Dow to erect and operate for the account of Government a seventy-two million pound plant using sea water Velasco, Texas. This Dow agreed to do. GO 280 Chapter Thirteen 179 " Dow in 1942 also agreed to build and operate for the Government a seventy-two million pound plant at Ludington-Marysville, Michigan, using brine as at Midland. "With the Dow skill available and with. Government money also for the asking, only two concerns chose the Dow services. " Eight other concerns going into magnesium with Government money followed processes other than Dow's. . . . "There is another side. While the Government's right hand was pressing Dow for more production and more plants, its left hand was stretching out as a barrier. Through the second half of 1940, as Dow was building plants, an Assistant Attorney General was presenting evidence to a Federal Grand Jury. In January, 1941, while Dow was getting the great Freeport plant into producing from sea water, this Grand Jury brought in an indictment charging Dow with monopoly. "The Dow Company and its chief officers were forced by the Government--its right hand unmindful of its left--to choose between defending themselves and putting their skill in the service of the nation. They could not at the same time be in a court defending their honor and be in a factory defending their country. They had no choice, in April, 1942, but to placate by pleading nolo contendere and agreeing to a consent decree. They had to submit to indignity in order to get on with the business of the war. . . . " Dow outlined the history of magnesium production in the United States from its earliest days, and then he concluded: "The magnesium program of the Government, and consequently the source of supply to the Allies, was made possible by the foresight of The Dow Chemical Company in having ready the facilities for production when and as the materials were needed. In 1942, the critical year in magnesium production, Dow produced 4.2 per cent of all the magnesium output in the country, and the Dow roup as a whole produced 91.2 per cent. . . ^Here are the facts for the year 1943: The rated annual capacity of all magnesium metal plants in the country Was 580,000,000 pounds. Dow group had 44 per cent of this rated capacity, and yet `"Pk^^3 they produced 60 per cent of all magnesium made. ^ ^ he Dow group produced 87 per eenl of its rated capacity (others 0 . *be assumption that the Government had spent $400,000,000 of th ma8nes*um program and that the Dow group had $150,000,000 fotal, the Dow group had 38 per cent of the money spent. On 180 The Dow Story "The Government has an investment of $.80 for every pound of magnesium produced in 1943 by the Dow group. "The Government lias an investment of $1.67 for every pound of magnesium produced in 1943 by the others. "The Government received 1.2 pounds of magnesium in 1943 for every dollar invested with the Dow group. "The Government received only half as much [.6 pounds] in 1943 for every dollar invested with the others." When the Truman Committee made its official report one week later, it conceded that the cross-licensing agreement which Dow Chemical had made with the Magnesium Development Corporation had not limited production. One paragraph said in part: " Dow Chemical never has been a licensee of Magnesium Development Corporation production patents but only of fabrication patents, under a cross-licensing agreement Therefore, Dow Chemical was never limited in the volume of its production. . . ." The Committee added: "The committee is interested in this past history, not for the purpose of assessing blame for any possifcte violation of the antitrust statutes, but for the purpose of understanding the background of the magnesium industry. Both Dow Chemical and Alcoa were active in that industry. Dow Chemical incurred original losses in order to produce magnesium and to improve the production techniques. Both Dow Chemical and Alcoa incurred initial losses in order to find and develop the use of new techniques of fabricating magnesium. Without their efforts, we might not have had any magnesium industry, or again the absence of any price differentials or cross-licensing agreements might have induced others to enter the field and to make greater contributions than either Dow Chemical or Alcoa. . . " The committee then praised Dow Chemical for its wartime record, saying: " The magnesium plants owned or operated by The Do* Chemical Co. and the magnesium plants for which The Dow Chemic* Co. acted as consultant and adviser reached 100 per cent production within 5 to 7 months from the start of operations. Other compaWei' new to the magnesium field, with processes heretofore not utilized u> this country, took a longer period to reach capacity operation, and even at the present time there are a few of the projects which are s experiencing production difficulties and have not reached capacity operation. The extent to which magnesium requirements were me* due in no small part to the established production of The V J 2804 i i i L C h u n ter Thirteen 181 Chemical Co. and the speed with which additional projects using the Dow process were brought into production." On the Sunday following the committee's report, the New York H erald T r ib u n e had an editorial comment to make: In its report on war-time magnesium production, just made public, the Truman committee has high praise for the Dow Chemical Company, to which it gives the major share of the credit for the nation's success in meeting its requirements. However, some of the edge is taken off this citation by what the committee lias to say about the company's prewar record. Noting that Germany's production in 1933 was 33 million pounds, against only 7 million pounds for Dow Chemical, the sole American producer, the committee issues a dictum to the effect that it is "incumbent" on any firm holding a monopoly on any type of production to make certain that the United Stales at least equals other countries in output of that material. Commenting on this latter suggestion, Dr. Willard H. Dow, president of the chemical company, notes pointedly that "Germany and the countries preparing for war, as opposed to the United States, operating entirely for peace, represent two entirely different inodes of living, two entirely different approaches to the development of markets, and in no sense is there any comparison between the two." In the rather ungracious observation of the Truman committee two criticisms seem to be implicit: first, that Dow Chemical enjoyed a monopoly in the field of magnesium production which enabled it to determine the amount produced in the prewar years; second, that it was lacking in foresight with respect to war-time needs. It is true that in the middle of the war effort the Justice Department brought monopoly charges against the company, but Dr. Dow has denied these cnipha- hc&lly, and certainly the record, on its face, seems to sustain him. It J*o*!, l r example, that in the twenty-two years, from 1910 to 1939, ^Mpite the fact that the company was reducing prices from $5 a pound cents a pound, it lost money on its magnesium activities in all but Ur Yparar,d could not dispose of its production. I)r. Dow's statement t his firm enjoyed no basic patents which would give it a monopoly 1*8 to be borne out by the events of the war. co ^ according to the unrefuted testimony of Dr. Dow, this and *dne foresaw the importance of magnesium in the war effort co l,rocucdcd on its own convictions and with its own resources to additional facilities with a productive capacity of 36 million Qf Hie metal. In December of that year the advisory commission .*. Council on National Defense, on the advice of the Army-Navy i L me,,nits*ns Hoard, was reporting to the President that 1941 require- would be only 14 million pounds, those of 1942, 22 million. It Itti! 'Die IJow Story was not until the early months of 1941 that the Office of Production Management awakened in a panic to the realization that earlier estimates should have been at least ten times higher than they were The Dow company was called in to help get a $400 million program under way, and in 1942--the critical production year--the group of plants which it organized produced more than 91 per cent of the nation's metallic magnesium. And it produced it twice as economically as competitors following other processes. in the light of this record it can hardly be said that the head of Dow Chemical is overstating the case when he declares that his company has "served the country in spite of, and not because of, the government." In that same week, T im e magazine played the committee report prominently in its Business & Finance section under the heading "Dow Up, Jones Down." The article said in part: When World War II caught the U. S. desperately short of magnesium, a No. 1 component of incendiaries and planes, the Federal Covcrnmcul spilled out $515,000,000 to expand the infant industry. Last week, the Senate's wallet-watching Truman Committee ended a two-year probe of: 1) whether the U. S. got its money's worth; 2) what will happen to the new industry at war's end. Its report: Braised Michigan's Dow Chemical Co. which, with its licensees, turned uul 61% of all U. S. magnesium last year. Itoundly condemned the contract made by Jesse Jones's Defense Plant Corp. with Basic Magnesium, Inc., to build the country's biggest magnesium plant at Las Vegas, Nev. Gave Henry Kaiser a pat on the back for his Permanente project which, despite WPB pessimism, has produced 19,000,000 lb. and has future possibilities.' To Dow Chemical (only prewar U. S. magnesium manufacturer) the mild praise was sweet. But even sweeter to the company's white-haired president, Dr. Willard II. Dow, was the deathblow the Committee gave to the popular belief that the U. S. magnesium shortage was due to an agreement between Dow, Alcoa and Germany's I. G. Farben. Under that deat-so the libelous rumor ran--Dow magnesium manufacture was limited while German production was kited. Other agreements brough antitrust indictments down on the heads of Dow and Alcoa in 194 > forced them to pay $140,000 ini lfiinneess aarftieerr pplleeaaddiinngg nnooiloo ccoonntoen--d--ere (" We couldn't spend months in court and still have time to exp*n production"). The Committer had now found that the agreement " proolbabl^y assisted in fabricating magnesium and increasing its commercial use tin- U. S. though price differentials may have kept newcomers ou1t10 I the field." "Dow Chemical was never limited in its production- A 2805 Chapter Thirteen 183 Rather, it " incurred original losses in order to produce magnesium Without (Dow's) interest the production of magnesium in the U. S. might not have been so great" ----- The generally favorable stories in the press were, indeed, sweet to Willard Dow. But he was not yet willing to let the matter rest, lie felt that the committee report, and some newspaper stories based on the report, left the impression that Dow Chemical had done something illegal or unpatriotic in selling 1,525,027 pounds of magnesium to Japan in 1938. Dow wrote to Secretary of State Cordell Hull, saying: " During 1938, The Dow Chemical Company accepted in the ordinary course of business orders from Mitsui & Company, Ltd., 350 Fifth Avenue, New York City, totaling 1,525,027 pounds of pure, ingot magnesium and in accordance with instructions, duly shipped the orders to them f.a.s. New York. We did not inquire whether or not the magnesium was for the account of the Japanese Government or the use to which it was to be put, since we were not asked for technological service. "On Monday, March 6, 1944, while testifying before the -Senate Committee investigating the National Defense Program, I was asked by counsel for the Committee if we had obtained clearance for the shipment from the Department of State and also why we had not investigated the use to which the magnesium was to be put. The inference or innuendo was that we had in some fashion neglei led our duty as citizens. I am writing to discover if you will be good enough to inform me whether or not this Company failed to perform any duty in the premises which it should properly have performed. . . ." Secretary Hull replied: " . . . The President's Proclamation of May I, 7- . . proclaimed a list of articles to be considered arms, ammunition an implements of war. Magnesium is not included in this list which wss in effect throughout 1938. There was no other law administered by le Seerctary of State requiring such a license at that lime." 'th Secretary Hull's permission, Willard Dow sent copies of the orrespondence to editors throughout the country. And so the bitter magnesium dispute was laid to rest. magnesium production drive was only one of the rmergen- Wa ln* Dow Chemical was swept in those years of crisis. The LLi a-r cVadught the nation with an alarming shortage of crude rubber L feservee:s- And suddenly there was a frantic scramble to find a synthetic MM Tli Dow Slory rubber thul would meet not only the expanding needs of the military Ixil the requirements of a people who now traveled on rubber-tired wheels. The government finally decided to concentrate on producing j synthetic rubber known as Buna-S which also became known as GRS ((Government Rubber, Styrene). This plastic material could be made from butadiene and styrene, both relatively inexpensive materials. Once again-as in the magnesium crisis--Dow Chemical held the key to immediate large-scale production of a critical war material. It was the only company in the United States producing styrene on a commercial basis. President Roosevelt became concerned over the nation's natural rubber stockpiles after the outbreak of war in Europe. When Germany invaded Poland in September, 1939, the United States had a reserve of oidy 125,000 long tons of crude rubber--and there was no synthetic rubber industry. By 1940, the only producer of synthetic rubber in any quantity was Du Pont, which manufactured 2,468 long tons of a synthetic called neoprene. Du Pont had begun a serious search for a synthetic rubber in the mid-twenties. By chance the company heard of research by the Reverend Julius A. Nicuwland of the University of Notre Dame which suggested a new approach to the problem. And by 1931 Du Pont was producing neoprene in commercial quantities. But while lire United States in 1940 was using 2,560 long tons of synthetic rubber, it was consuming 648,500 long tons of natural rubber. In contrast, Germany was using more synthetic rubber than natural rubber and was producing fifteen times more synthetic rubber than the United Stales. Alarm over the rubber situation began to grow as Hitler's divisions slammed into Prance and the Japanese advanced in the Far East. In June, 1940, President Roosevelt created the Rubber Reserve Company under the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Its job was to build up the nation's stocks of crude rubber. headers of the rubber industry met in Washington in August with the National Defense Advisory Council to discuss the rubber situation. The result was a suggested program to increase synthetic rubbef production to 100,000 long tons per year. But the government was not willing to plunge into any such spending and after months 0 discussion, the program was sealed down to 40,000 long tons per yeaf` Plans were advanced to build four plants, each to have a 1 0 ,0 0 0 -tof capacity. < 2806 >-905 Chapter Thirteen 185 It was during this period that Dow Chemical and the Goodyear R ubber Company offered to build a 100,000-ton plant for the government to manufacture the butadiene-styrene type synthetic from which tires would be manufactured. But the offer was rejected. During 1939--41 Washington talked endlessly of a rubber crisis but did little about it. The harsh realization that the war effort was in peril from a rubber shortage came when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and seized the Far East's rubber plantations. Fear of a shortage spread through the country. People began buying and hoarding tires for automobiles and trucks. Tire stocks soon disappeared from dealers' shelves. The government searched in neutral countries for crude rubber, buying whatever they could find at premium prices. The government's plans for the production of 40,000 tons of synthetic rubber were doubled to 00,000 tons and then to 160,000 tons in early 1942. Rubber and chemical companies were asked to pool their patents, processes, and know-how for tiie common cause. In August, 1942, President Roosevelt named industrialist Bernard Baruch to head the Rubber Survey Committee to study the rubber situation and to make recommendations. Baruch underlined the gravity of the situation by reporting: "Of all the strategic materials, rubber is the one which presents the greatest threat. . . to the success of the Allied cause." His committee recommended, among other things, the rationing of fuel and tires. President Roosevelt created the Office of Rubber Director under the War Production Board to supervise a synthetic rubber program. Plans were made that would pour more than $700,000,000 into creating a synthetic rubber industry. Forty-nine rubber, chemical, arid industrial companies were called on to build and operate fifty-one plants for the government's Rubber Reserve Company. The nation that had produced only a little more than 8,000 tons of synthetic rubber in 1941 was now rushing desperately to build an industry that would be producing more han 800,000 tons three years later. in the magnesium program, Dow Chemical shared its know-how in Production and fabrication with others who possibly would be competitors after the war. And it did the same in the synthetic rubber program. The company shared wdtli others its hard-won secrets of manufacturill' slvrene nnc o f llu* tniisl tic m;i1<`ri;ils ill thfi The company received a small royally of .125 cent per pound on 186 The Dow Story the styrene- produced b y others using the Dow process--but the sum was little more than a token payment compared to the value of the process had it remained Dow Chemical's exclusive property. With Ray Lloundy directing the program, Dow Chemical built and operated styrene plants for the United States government at Velasco, Texas, and bos Angeles, and for the Canadian government at Sarnia, Ontario. More than half of the styrene manufactured in World War II came from these plants and from Dow Chemical's own plants at Freeport and Midland. Dow-built plants also supplied large quantities of the butadiene needed in the synthetic rubber program. For a time in the early war years, it appeared that Dow Chemical would /lot only produce styrene and butadiene for GRS rubber, but also a synthetic rubber with the trade name Thiokol. Willard Dow had become interested in Thiokol in the early 1930's when the Thiokol Corporation of Trenton, New Jersey, arranged for Dow Chemical to manufacture the latex required in the synthetic process. Within a few years Thiokol was being widely used as a substitute for rubber in hosing for tank trucks, typewriter rolls, valve seat discs, washers, and a large number of other products which originally had been made from rubber. Thiokol had been discovered in the Twenties by Dr. J. C. Patrick, a chemist-physician in Kansas City, Missouri, while he was experimenting with an antifreeze solution. Patrick had mixed ethylene dichloride and sodium polysulfide in one experiment, and the reaction had brought forth a gummy substance with some of the qualities of rubber. The synthetic looked so promising that a processing plant was built in Trenton. Then in 1938 Dow Chemical obtained a license from the Thiokol Corporation to produce the synthetic. After Pearl Harbor, Dow Chemical's chemists experimented with Thiokol as a substitute for rubber in whole tires and retreads. They found a chemical combination they called Thiokol-N which stood up well under tests. Whole tires fabricated from Thiokol were found to have a useful life of 10,000 miles while retreads lasted for 5,000 milesThe most objectionable feature of Thiokol was its slightly skunkish odor. The road tests impressed the Rubber Reserve Company which g*v Willard Dow the go-ahead in May, 1942, to build a pilot plant in whic to perfect a process for large-scale production of Thiokol. While tn construction was underway, War Production Board Chief Donat Nelson told the Truman Committee: "Thiokol will fill an important gap between the exhaustion of the natural crude rubber supply and volunt* QO O -a Chapter Thirteen 187 production of synthetic rubber. But its use will be limited to retreading tires on vehicles whose operation is deemed absolutely necessary. . . ." A committee of the Rubber Manufaeturers Association endorsed Thiokol as a rubber substitute and so did many of the industry's technical men. The result was that in October (1942) the Rubber Reserve Company gave Willard Dow the go-ahead signal to build a Thiokol plant for the government at Velasco. It was to have a capacity of 33,000 long tons--enough to retread 10,000,000 tires a year. Through the winter of 1942--43 workers rushed construction of the plant at Velasco. But when it was 85 percent completed, the government ordered a slowdown and then abandoned (he project entirely as tire rubber shortage cased with the production of Buua-S rubber. As the United Slates began its third winter at war, The Dow Chemical Company was geared almost entirely to the needs of the government. Research was directed to finding ways for chemicals to aid in the war effort--and there was little time for looking ahead to the shape of the world at war's end. Chapter Fourteen TJ- he Dow Chemical Company's first move into international operations came in 1942 when the Canadian government asked Willard Dow to help with the production of synthetic rubber. The government at Ottawa was shocked--just as Washington--by the attack on Pearl Harbor and Japan's swift conquest of the rubber plantations of the Far Fast. As far as rubber was concerned, Canada was in the same leaky boat with the United States. It had little crude rubber in stock and no synthetic rubber industry. Shortly after Pearl Harbor, the Canadians set up a Rubber Substitute Advisory Committee whose members included the presidents of Canada's major rubber companies--Dominion Rubber, Firestone, Coodrich, and Goodyear. The committee was headed by Canada's Deputy Comptroller of Supplies, John R. Nicholson. This group met in Washington in late December with leaders of President Roosevelt's emergency rubber program. It was agreed the Canadian effort to produee synthetic rubber would be linked with the United States' program. The Canadians would build a $50,000,000 plant at Sarnia, located on the St. Clair River at the southern tip of Lake Huron, and use the butadiene-styrene process. The Canadians moved swiftly after the Washington meeting. Minister of Munitions and Supply C. D. Howe authorized the organization of the Polymer Corporation Limited as the agency to administer the program under the direction of Nicholson. Nicholson had no precedents to guide him. He swept aside red tape with Howe's backing and organized Polymer into four divisions, one to produce styrene., one to produce butadiene and ethylene, one to manufacture the materials into synthetic rubber, and one to coordinate and supervise the operation. The St. Clair Processing Corporation, a subsidiary of Imperial Oil, was chosen to produee the butadiene and ethylene. Canadian Synthetic Rubber, jointly owned by the Goodyear, Firestone, Dominion, and Goodrich rubber companies, was organized to manufacture the finished products. Polymer itself was the coordinating and supervising unit 2808 Chapter Fourteen 109 Nicholson came to Midland in February, 1942, to discuss with Willard Dow the possibility of Dow Chemical taking over the design, construction, and operation of the styrene unit. The two men quickly came to an agreement. And out of their conversations came the organization of Dow Chemical of Canada, Limited. The operating agreement between Dow Chemical of Canada and the Canadian government was dated May 1, 1942. The " party of the first part" was described in the contract as " His Majesty the King in Right of Canada (hereinafter called `His Majesty') herein represented by the Honourable the Minister of Munitions and Supply (hereinafter called ` the Minister') acting through Polymer Corporation Limited. . . ." The party of the second part was merely termed " Dow Chemical of Canada, Limited (hereinafter called `Operator')." A charter of incorporation was issued by the Secretary of State of Canada on June 5. The new company's five directors were Willard Dow, Earl Dennett, 1,eland 1. Doan, Charles Strosacker and Mark Putnam--with Dow holding the office of president. The choice of Sarnia as a site for the synthetic rubber plant was a fortunate one. The town, with a population of some 20,000, had good rail and water transportation facilities. Urine deposits underlay the area. The primary industry was a large oil refinery owned and operated by Imperial Oil. And the St. Clair River provided an inexhaustible supply of fresh water out of Lake Huron. The region had a colorful history. Not far from Sarnia a man named Charles Tripp had struck oil in 1854 or 1855 while digging a well with a shovel, trying to find water. There was no railroad or road through the wild country over which to transport the oil to market and the news of the oil strike created little excitement. However, Canadians boast that this was the first oil well on the North American continent. Tripp sold his holdings to an enterprising neighbor, Janies Miller Williams, and Williams dug more wells, lie managed to gel some 350,000 gallons of oil through the swamps to shipping points, hauling the oil out two barrels at a time. The Sarnia O b se rv e r of 1858 observed: "The ingredient [i.e., mineral oil] seems to abound over a considerable tract of land where it was discovered, and in fact that earth is so saturated by it, so that a hole dug 8 or 10 feet in width and the same depth, will collect from 200 to 250 gallons a day, the supply seemingly inexhaustible." The fupply, of course, was exhaustible and the field gradually lost its importance. It was from Sarnia that the news spread in later years of giant albino 190 The Dow Story turtles being found in nearby Talfourd Creek, arousing the interest of loeal inhabitants and naturalists. R. M. McPherson and R. W. Ford, two historians of Lambton County, recalled the excitement aroused by this discovery. They recorded in a booklet: " Ed and Fred Davis, who ran the ferry between Corunna and Stag Island, would organize launch trips to see the famous turtles when business was slack. But they had to warn people to be careful. 'My God,' Fred would say. `Don't you know a white turtle's bite is. worse than a rattler's? Why an Indian from Walpole Island caught one, and the next day he was gone.' Still, if people looked carefully, they could see them swimming about in the creek. " But one day a brave young wag caught one despite the warnings, and the jig was up--Ed had attempted to stimulate business by collecting hundreds of mud turtles and painting them with white enamel. As for the Indian who had been bitten, he was gone, true enough--gone back to Walpole Island. But perhaps the ghosts of albino turtles still roam the refinery property." The Canadian government brought more than five thousand French Canadians into Sarnia to build tbe synthetic rubber plant. Almost overnight the town was changed from a relatively quiet shipping center into a seething center of building activity. The plant site outside town was a section of 130 acres taken over from the Chippewa Indian Reserve. Tree-bark tepees were relocated and in their place sprang up a work camp much like those of the earlier lumberjack days. The camp at night was a brawling, poker-playing, crap-shooting, whiskey-drinking shack town. Ground was broken in August but then the winter rains turned the area into a sea of mud, mud so deep that it pulled off the workers' boots as they waded through it and it mired bulldozers. Some swore that they saw bulldozers bog down in mud holes and then slowly sink from sight. When it was obvious the main steam plant would not be ready on schedule, engineers improvised a steam plant. They searched the United States and located several old locomotive boilers in Texas. They converted them to oil burners, set them up in series on heavy timbers, and fashioned a make-do steam plant that bridged the gap. Dow Chemical's project manager, Charles Sanford, had his styrene unit in operation by late June, 1943, one month ahead of schedule. He \3 turned it over to John Hacking, a Canadian engineer who had been QO trained in Midland. And on September 29, 1943, the Sarnia plant began O 4 Chapter Fourteen 191 the manufacture of synthetic rubber. It had been designed to produce only 10,000 short tons of GRS rubber a year, but within a few months production had been expanded to 35,000 long tons. This chain of events established Dow Chemical of Canada as one of the pioneers among the companies which built the Sarnia area into what would become known as "Chemical Valley"--the greatest petro chemical complex in Canada. That action-packed year of 1942 which brought the creation of Dow Chemical of Canada also brought into being a partnership which was the beginning of the American silicone industry-an industry producing fluids, resins, and rubbers unlike any ever seen before. The partnership was between the Corning Glass Works of Corning, New York, and The Dow Chemical Company. This relationship could trace its origin to the early I930's when Corning researchers began investigating silicones for possible use in glass manufacture. Silicone was a name coined by chemist F. S. Kipping of Nottingham University, England, in his nineteenth century experiments with compounds made from silicon. There was no lack of raw material for this research because silicon is found in silica, a main ingredient of quartz or common sand. It is one of the most abundant elements found in the earth's crust. But learning to tear the atoms of silicon apart and to put them together again in combination with carbon atoms to form a useful product was quite another matter. Some of the keys to manipulating the silicon and carbon atoms were found in years of research by J. Franklin Hyde at Corning Glass and Rob Roy McGregor and Earl L. Warrick, the latter two working on a Coming Fellowship at the Mellon Institute in Pittsburgh. They produced laboratory resins, fluids, and rubbers which had no counter part in nature--materials with the ability to resist extremes of cold and beat and which were impervious to moisture. Coming's Eugene C. Sullivan brought the results of these experi ments to Midland in 1940 and discussed with Dow Chemical's E. C. Britton the possibility of manufacturing the products. Further experi ments directed by Dow Chemical's Shailer Bass in the Midland organic laboratory convinced Britton and Willard Dow that the products were far more than mere laboratory curiosities, and that they should be produced commercially. At this point the project was placed under the direction of Dow Chemical's William R. Collings who guided the development of the commercial processes. By late 1942 a Midland plant was producing 192 The Dow Story several silicone products and one of them was to solve a critical problem for the Army and Navy air corps. This problem was the tendency of airplane engines to fail while flying in the cold, thin atmospheres above 20,000 feet. Also, ignition systems sometimes shorted out in low-level flights over water. The frequent power failures in the planes at high altitudes were traced to a corona or often-luminous discharge of electricity in conductors, caused by reduced air pressure. The low-level failures were resulting from moisture shorting the electric circuits. The Germans had a sealant to prevent such failures in their planes and for a time this gave the Luftwaffe an advantage over United States combat aircraft which had a flight ceiling imposed on them by the corona fault in the ignition systems. Then it was found that a silicone product which Midland researchers had named DC4 (Dow Corning 4) prevented these power failures. Fortunately the discovery came as the Army Air Corps prepared to send flights of Thunderbolt fighter planes to North Africa to support the Allied invasion force of General Dwight D. Eisenhower and the desert army of British General Bernard Montgomery. The silicone-protected ignition systems in the Thunderbolts per mitted them to fly the Atlantic by way of South America, cutting weeks from the time that would have been required to ship the planes by surface transport. The ignition systems worked perfectly. And so it was that DC4 came to be used as an ignition sealant in all United States combat planes, including the high-flying B-29s which raided Tokyo as the war drew nearer a close. It also was used to seal disconnect junctions of radio and radar systems. In addition to DC4, the Midland plant turned out silicone resins and varnishes used to insulate electrical equipment in factories and aboard Navy ships. Test motors were built with silicone insulation and put through " torture tests" at temperatures ranging from 392 degrees Fahrenheit to 590 degrees-temperatures that normally would bum out motors. The ordinary insulation would have quickly deteriorated under such heat but the silicone-insulated motors were still running at the end of two years. Tin; Corning Glass--Dow Chemical partnership was formally legal ized in February, 1943, with the organization of the Dow Corning Corporation. Coming's Eugene C. Sullivan was chosen as the first president. Dow Chemical's William R. Collings was named general manager, and Shailer Bass director of research. f O Wartime secrecy imposed from Washington forbade any publication GO o i Chapter Fourteen 193 of the discovery and use of DC4. It was months before Midlanders knew that the brightly colored plant on the east side of town was the world's first center for the manufacture of silicones and the birthplace of a new industry. The coming of war revolutionized the entire plasties industry, forcing chemists and engineers into a race to find substitutes for metal and rubber, and to develop new methods of producing and fabricating plastic products required in the war effort. In many ways, the development of the plastics industry was one of the most significant achievements of the chemical industry during the war. Dow Chemical had three versatile plastics in its storehouse as a result of the research carried on through the 1930's. The most important was based on the monomeric (liquid) styrene which made possible the nation's swift production of synthetic rubber in huge quantities. But the polymeric (solid) Styron, a child of styrene, was also in such demand for war-related uses that none was available for nonessentiai civilian uses. Styron was used as an insulation material, molded into battery cases, and fashioned into parts fur radio transmitters, receivers, altimeters, direction finders, homing devices, radar, and other military equipment. The company's easy-to-mold Ethocel became a workhorse among the plastics that went to war. Its toughness, resistance to shock at low temperatures, excellent electrical characteristics, lightness, and other qualities made it adaptable to many military needs. It was formed into control knobs, telephone head sets and mouthpieces, dust goggles, canteens, and airplane parts to name but a few. A liquid Ethocel was used to impregnate soldiers' tents, bags, and elothiug to make them water and chemical resistant. In these days that demanded almost instant solutions to critical needs, Dow Chemical came up with one of the most important packaging techniques of the war. This was the sealing of spare parts for planes, tanks, jeeps, and other equipment in a quick-drying coating of Ethocel. The parts were dipped into a vat of molten Ethocel. The plastic dried in a matter of minutes, funning a lough skin which protected the parts from salt water corrosion, dust, grime, and high humidity. The coating could be slit with a knife and peeled Irorn the part like pulling off a rubber glove. The simple process saved untold man-hours in labor alone. Dow Chemical's other heavily used plastic was Saran. It could be extruded into pipe and tubing, injected into molded parts, made into sheets of varying thickness, or woven into a fabric. In later years this 194 The Dow Slory material would become known to housewives across the country as Suran Wra|>. Researchers stumbled onto Saran in 1933 while working on chlorinated dry cleaning solvents. For a time they believed they had found a new compound. But then it was discovered that the clear liquid which became cloudy when it changed into a solid was the same " monomeric vinylidene chloride" which the French chemist, Regnault, had made in his laboratory a century earlier. Regnault wrote an article on his find which was preserved in scientific literature available to any researcher. But through the years no one paid much attention to his work. A German chemist, H. Staudinger, investigated the compound in 1929--30 while doing research on synthetic rubber, but he apparently concluded it was not worth much as a commerical product. Dow Gheinical's researchers spent six years investigating the compound. In that lime, they found the processes for converting it into a useful synthetic resin which they first called VC Plastic. It was a substance that could be forged, drawn, rolled, blown, stamped, and welded. It could be made into a heavy cable or a strong thread as fine as silk. Slight variations in the molecular structure produced resins with different characteristics, all of them resistant to water, acids, alkalies and other corrosive chemicals. In 1940, the sales and advertising departments produced a trade name for the new plastic-Saran. Not everyone in the company liked it. Some quipped the name reminded them of " a new breakfast food." But most employees liked the word. Explaining how the name was chosen, the company's magazine, the D o w D ia m o n d , said: So wc tried a new tack, and suddenly out of thin air appeared the gleaming magic word, Saran. What did it mean? Nothing, obviously. And that is the word's greatest virtue. It could have meant almost anything, until it got into the hands of your Patent Department, your Sales and Advertising Departments. By legal document, by word of mouth, by the printed page, they made it mean just one thing, and today that Dow plastic which we have known variously as "Vinylidene Chloride," "Polyvinylidene Chloride," " Plastic VC," etc., for con venience in handling it, has been definitely christened "Saran." From now on, in fact, any one caught referring to Saran by any of its former names will he tried for heresy, and if found guilty will suffer the usual penalty. Saran products began moving onto the domestic market in the form ro co Chapter Fourteen 195 of men's suspenders and bells, handbags, and heavy-duty seal covers for buses, trains, and subways. Seats in New York City subways were fitted with woven Saran covers. Saran found a growing use where pipes, tubing, and fittings were required to handle corrosive chemicals, oils, and waste matter. But after Pearl Harbor, almost all the Saran produced by Dow Chemical was siphoned into the war drive. It was woven into insect screening for Army use in the tropics and humid climates where metal screening would have rotted away. It was used to impregnate fabrics and fashioned into scores of parts for airplanes, tanks and military equipment. Sheets of Saran film were used for packaging machine guns, airplane and automotive engines, magnetic instruments, and other equipment requiring protection from the elements while being shipped to the fighting forces. The parts were placed in Saran bags containing a chemical agent to absorb all moisture. The air was drawn from the bags and then they were sealed. Machine guns were sealed into heavy Saran tubes along with a moisture-absorbing agent, guaranteeing the weapons would arrive at their destination ready for use. This latter technique was developed by the Frigidaire Division of General Motors. One Styron product was molded into the first successful radar housing for submarine-hunting airplanes. And the discovery of Styrofoam-the rigid, lightweight, buoyant, air-filled plastic-made possible lightweight pontoon bridges and virtually nonsinkablc life rails. Dow Chemical's products went into incendiary bombs, flares, and tracer powder, camouflage paints, germicides, fungicides, and preserva tives, gun muzzle covers, water purifiers, greases and oils, dyes, shoe polish, shaving cream, shell casings, map protectors, soaps, explosives, and other products too numerous to list. By the tens of thousands of tons, chemicals poured from the Dow Chemical plants at Midland, Marquette, Wilmington, Freeport, Velasco, Los Angeles, Pittsburg, and Sarnia. They were in the form of products that perfomed at least one necessary function for almost every industry in the United States. In these years, the general public had not been awakened to the importance of the chemical industry in the war effort, or tin- role it would play in the postwar world. Without a well-developed chemical industry the United Slates could not have competed with the German war machine, backed by a strong chemical industry. The War Department was well aware that much of Germany's strength lay in her ability to produce chemicals. But in planning bombing raids against this industry, the question arose as to where the 196 The Dow Story most crippling blows could be struck. An advisory committee of chemical and industry leaders was enthusiastic in 1942 over a report which advocated bombing the German ammonia plants. If ammonia plants were wiped out, the report reasoned, Germany could not produce nitrates, and without nitrates the Germans would soon be without explosives. The committee, meeting in Washington, was sailing to unanimous approval of the report, with compliments to the author, until the report was passed around the table to Willard Dow. "It's a lousy report," Willard said, startling the assembly with the brusque frankness to which he was accustomed in his Midland surroundings. " Whoever wrote it doesn't know anything about the chemical industry." For a moment there was a shocked silence. Then a committee member turned to Dow and said, " You don't understand, Mr. Dow. Ammonia makes nitrates and nitrates make explosives." Dow said, "Thai's the way it was in the last war, but if we took away all their ammonia plants, Germany could still be as aggressive as ever." "I'm afraid you don't understand nitrates or explosives." Dow snapped, " If you don't know what I'm talking about, I don't see why I should explain the chemical industry to you." Recalling this clash later for the benefit of a friend, Dow wrote: " 1 was pretty warm under the collar. Just prior to that meeting we had been talking in Midland about the peroxides and how the explosives of the future would be peroxides, but it was not until sometime after the buzz bomb came out that people finally realized they were using peroxide instead of nitrate explosives. I contended at this lime the oidy way to control the chemical industry in Germany was by the control of the amount of electric power permitted to be generated. It would not matter if they used chlorates, perchlorates or peroxides or whatever, the factor of power would enter into it somewhere and would be a definite controlling point. No chemical plant could be controlled in itself, because the imagination and ability of the chemists would go beyond the control of any specific product." lie added wryly, " Like a darn fool, I didn't realize that report had been written by a friend of mine who wasn't a member of the committee. Hut then he never could understand what I was talking about." Dow did not win bis argument in the committee meeting. But as the r o war progressed, it became apparent that the most damaging blows to GO to Chapter Fourteen 197 German production were the bombings of electric power facilities. Without power, all manufacturing was disrupted. In the fall of 1944, even the most pessimistic conceded the great war was in its final stages. Allied troops on the Western Front were fighting on German soil with complete mastery of the air. The Russian armies were driving the Germans back on the Eastern Front. In the Pacific, American land, sea, and air forces were closing in on Japan. Already the leaders of government and industry were thinking of the adjustments that would have to be made with the closing of war plants and the dismantling of the war machine which had consumed the people's energies and taxed the nation's purse for more than three years. There were many industrialists and economists who predicted the country would have to endure a severe economic depression at the war's end. Factories would be closed and men laid off from their jobs. Soldiers, sailors, marines, and airmen would be returning home by the millions--and there would be no jobs for them. The postwar period, they said, would be bleak until the nation could adjust to a changed world. But Willard Dow saw the future in quite a different light. He was convinced that the war--while it had demanded tremendous increases in production facilities--had been a brake on research, business initiative, and opportunity to develop normal markets. He had fretted under the wartime restrictions and controls and was eager to see them ended. He foresaw only a temporary slump at the end of the war and then a spurt in business that would call for production even greater than the production achieved in the war years. In December, 1944, he told a gathering of scientists in Midland: "We already have in mind many new additions to Midland as well as Texas and California. We have much more development work to be accomplished. When that is achieved, new operations and new lines of research will open up. "Some of us ask why it is that we want to keep on growing. The average fellow will say, `Because we want to make money,' and although we have to make money in order to continue in business, 1 do not believe that this is in any respect the controlling factor. Any enterprise which exists purely for profit can never lit; long enduring, because it lacks the basic spirit and responsibility which is an absolute necessity to all progress. I believe that the average American, if he has any spark in him, is born with a sense of responsibility to his country and to himself, and a consuming desire to make a success of any venture he tackles. . . . 198 The Dow Story " I think (hut one could say that in place of the company multiplying ten times in ten years as during the past decade, it would be very surprising if we did not multiply ten times again in the next twenty years. There is every reason to suppose that after the war is over, there will be a decline in business, but with the demand that the market of the United States can offer, there is no reason to believe that within five years after the war we should not be producing at a greater rate on all major items than during the war period. And I think we can back up this statement. An analysis of our normal markets and the increasing interest on the part of the public in new products with all their outstanding advantages, indicates that this is no wild dream." With the surrender of Germany and Japan in May and August, 1945, Dow Chemical was ready, not for retrenchment, but for expansion. Through tin; war years, Dow Chemical regularly received the Army and Navy awards for excellence in production. But there was no commendation that meant as much to Willard Dow as the letter he received from the War Production Board's Rubber Director Bradley Dewey on September 6, 1944. Dewey wrote: " 1 know that it is a source of great satisfaction to you that the synthetic rubber problem is now solved and that the contributions of The Dow Chemical Company to the solution of this problem have been of major importance. The production of styrene has been largely based on the experience of your company and I feel that the success of this part of the program is largely the result of this experience. "The contributions of The Dow Chemical Company to the synthetic rubber program, however, have not been limited to the field of styrene. Your early work in connection with the production and purification of butadiene and in the production of various polymers which are suitable as rubber substitutes has been of major importance. " 1 am particularly appreciative of the cooperation which you and your associates have shown by willingly aiding others in the production of both butadiene and styrene. . . . " Without your contribution the country might well have suffered disaster." ro oo JCO Chapter Fifteen T _L here was something of the incredible in the iiftieth anniversary of The Dow Chemical Company in 1947-almost too much of the poor-boy-inakes-good theme to be wholly believable. And yet that was the story. For one dealing in fiction, the plot was overdrawn. There was the young man coming from college to start a business in a remote, rundown village in the Miehigan backwoods. . . . The ridieide and suspicion of the townspeople. . . . The struggle against financial disaster. . . . The battle for survival against international cartels. . . . The drawing together of exceptional talent far from the centers of commerce and learning. . . . The discovery of new processes. . . . The dream of going to the sea for bromine and magnesium. . . . The son taking over from the father in the midst of the nation's worst economic crisis. . .. The discovery of new processes for making products vital to the synthetic rubber program. . . . And the explosive growth placing the company among the top leaders in the nation's chemical industry. The contrasts between the founding of the company in 1897 and its position in 1947 were startling. In 1897, Herbert Dow was constructing his first buildings and chlorine cells from rough, tarred lumber, counting the nails that would go into each. He had to count nails and count pennies to stretch his budding budget as far as possible. In 1947, Willard Dow was spending more than $100,000,000 in a postwar expansion and building program. The company had more than 1200,000,000 in assets, sales of more than $130,000,000, and the fastest growth rate of any major chemical company in the United States. The one product produced in 1897-bleaching powder-had become more than 500 products. The tar-wood cells and handmade equipment had been replaced by automated equipment of sophisticated design. The fewer than 30 full-time employees had grown to 12,500 Workers. The Midland plant itself employed 7,000 people--more than diree times the entire population of the town when the company was 200 TUo Dow iitory founded. The single crude laboratory had become 32 laboratories. The single paid chemist had become 1,500 researchers. The lone engineer had become teams of chemical engineering experts. The Midland plant in 1947 was housed in 400 buildings spread over 705 acres of a 2,000-acre tract on the bank of the Tittabawassee River. The company owned its own railroad system with 24 miles of track inside the fences. Seven locomotives shunted carloads of coal, supplies, and chemicals within the enclosure. There were 850 tank cars for carrying chemicals to factories across the country. And beyond Midland were the plants at Ludington, Bay City, and Marquette, Michigan; at Sarnia, Canada; at Freeport and Velasco, Texas and at Long Beach and Pittsburg, California. (The Ethyf-Dow Chemical Company plant at Kure Beach, North Carolina, had been closed down and the operation transferred to Texas.) From 1930 to 1947, Willard Dow had lifted the company's assets from 122,474,000 to more than $213,000,000 through research, the marketing of new products, and expansion of basic chemical production. World War II had given tremendous impetus to plant expansion. But the growth would have come even had there been no war because the United States had moved into an era in which chemicals were to play a more and more important role in industrial production, medicine, farming, and everyday living. It was the beginning of " the chemical age." The growth of the entire chemical industry had been a runaway development through the 1930's and 1940's. In 1937 the seventeen largest chemical producers in the country had total sales of $931,000,000. By 1944, the peak year of the war boom, sales had climbed to $2,177,900,000, in part reflecting the swift growth of the organic chemical business. The climb continued after the war with only a slight pause in 1946. By the middle of 1947, the demand for basic chemicals had out-distanced the industry's capacity to produce them. The seven-fold growth of Dow Chemical under Willard Dow's direction had brought the company to a point far beyond the dreams of Herbert Dow and established a production base for an even greater growth to come. On the basis of this record, it was difficult for anyone to fault the management of Dow Chemical. It seemed the son's batting average was lopping that of the father who had explained his success on the basis that " 1 was right more than 50 percent of the time." But there was a weakness. Willard Dow was grooming no one to take Ids place, lie held all the reins in his own hands. He retained for himself 2814 Chapter Fifteen 201 the titles and powers of general manager, president, and chairman of the board. He was, in fact, director of research, and he handled the company's public relations. It was a crushing load for any man and perhaps that is why between the ages of thirty-three and fifty, Willard Dow's dark hair turned to snowy white. Willard's strength was in his willingness to push into uncharted areas of research and enlarge the frontiers of the company's activities. He could move with confidence because he had behind him a team of strong men who were one of the most formidable combinations of brains, energy, and experience in the chemical industry. They were the veterans who had gathered around Herbert Dow in the young days of the company and they had rallied around Willard when he moved into the top command after the father's death. The nine-man board of directors had only two members who were not in key positions in the company's management. They were Willard's brother, Alden Dow, and John S. Crider, one of the early investors in Dow Chemical. The others were Earl Bennett, treasurer; l.eland 1. Doan, director of sales; Ed Barstow, production; Charles Strosacker, production; Mark Putnam, production; and W. R. Veazey, research. In the Texas Division, Willard had tough, aggressive Dutch Beutcl as general manager, and in the Great Western Division he had able Russell Curtis. Both of these men had grown up with Willard in the company. This team made Willard's ideas work. They operated within a loose framework of authority with no formal organization chart. Areas of responsibility overlapped. Financial writers who came to Midland to see what made the company lick invariably left town with only a hazy picture of who was responsible for what. The system worked largely because an informal atmosphere brought management close to research and production and no department was walled off from another. It worked, also, because the managers stayed close to plant problems and the company avoided both absentee ownership and remote-control management. The company's operations meshed in a team effort. But, curiously, while Willard Dow insisted on teamwork and helped develop it in the company, he was hardly a team player himself. He was the coach, involving himself in innumerable details. An older colleague of Willard would say of him in this period: " As an individualist, and as a man of great energy and amazing capacity for detail, he found it difficult to delegate authority. I think he never quite escaped the feeling that every detail of operation of the entire company V which he had grown up was his own personal responsibility. His 202 The Dow Story judgment convinced him of the impossibility of the thing, yet instinctively he could not resist keeping his hand in the most unexpected details of operation." Willard realized during World War II that the company was getting far too big and sophisticated an operation for the one-man control he had exercised for so many years. He began in 1944 to shift some of the management burden to others by naming Mark Putnam as head of a board to coordinate the growing geographical divisions. He moved to coordinate research through a General Research Group composed of the heads of Dow Chemical's laboratories. In the field of selling, Willard did not build on what his father had started. Herbert Dow had paid his first sales manager a larger salary than he received himself, explaining to Bennett, "If that fellow sells as much as 1 hope he does, he will make money for all of us." He had gone on to develop direct-to-market sales of magnesium products, agri cultural chemicals, and chemicals such as calcium chloride for laying dust on roads. For several years, Willard was content to let the sales department operate in a narrowly restricted area. The huge sales were in basic chemicals such as phenol and caustic soda which were used by other industries in their manufacturing processes. Their sale required no specialized techniques. And even though Dow Chemical produced a lion's share of the aspirin consumed in the United States, it was sold to others to be packaged under their trade names. Dow Chemical did not have to work hard to find customers for products which were in scarce supply. Nevertheless, Lee Doan had built through the 1930's an aggressive sales force made up of men with backgrounds in chemistry and chemical engineering. They understood not only the company's operations and its products, but the application of chemicals to the needs of industry. They saw that the broader opportunities were not merely in taking orders for chemicals, but in identifying the problems of industries and then helping to find a chemical solution to these problems. Donald Ballman, who started his career in Dow Chemical as a chemist and then went into selling, recalled: " Sales opened a good many doors and vistas in research and production. For example, we were selling chemicals to the paint industry. This led to further research that ended with us being in latex, and from latex we got to working with the synthetic rubber, Thiokol." The coming of World War II forced Dow Chemical into a greater GO H " 4, cn -at Chapter Fifteen 203 appreciation of the need for more knowledge about the end use of the company's products, particularly in plastics. Industries were looking for substitutes for rubber, metals, cotton, wool, and other materials which had been diverted to the war effort. It was up to the chemical industry to replace the things taken out of the economy. Quite suddenly, Lee Doan's men were more involved with helping businesses to solve their problems than with selling as such. Circum stances had turned them into a service organization. Salesmen were spending most of their time in industrial plants studying a specific problem and then working with Dow Chemical's researchers and production men to find the solution. Ballman recalled: " You had to have a certificate of necessity from the government to sell anything in those days. There simply was no creative selling--but there was a hell of a lot of creative non-selling. We gained a tremendous amount of know-how we hadn't had before, working with people to help solve their problems and studying the end products." Lee Doan explained the sales philosophy in a joint meeting of chemists and engineers in Midland in 1947: "There are a number of old line chemicals which require little or no `servicing,' but as we have found new uses for these old materials, and as we have developed new chemical products we have found it necessary to base our selling upon customer service. " Merely offering our chemicals for sale is not enough. We have found that we can sell best by helping our customer to use our materials to improve his product or process, or to make them more economically. To do this properly we have not been able to rely upon middlemen or distributors. Rather we have had to develop our own groups of sales personnel, trained not only in a knowledge of their own products but in a knowledge of the function of those products in industry and the problems of the industries they serve." Industrial managers, engineers, and chemists flocked to Midland to seek Dow Chemical's help in the war years. Businessmen were threatened with shutdowns unless they could find a plastic pipe that could replace a metal pipe, a synthetic hose to replace a rubber hose, or other raw materials that would substitute for something that had gone to war. Such pressure pushed applied research forward, particularly in the field of plastics. The enormous expansion of plastics production and the public's ready acceptance of substitutes--often as good as or better than the original--built a broad base for the growth ol this new industry. 204 Tlie Dow Story Lee Doan made a tentative move in 1942 to set up a Market Research and Technical Service to back up the salesmen in handling agricultural chemicals and new products. But Willard was less than enthusiastic. He was fearful that such moves would tend to place too much emphasis on sales. Nevertheless, when the war came to a close, the younger men were conscious of the need for moving Dow Chemical closer to the needs of the market. They also wanted a continuing survey of market trends and what Dow Chemical's competitors were doing. The Texas Division's E. B. Barnes, an assistant to Beutel, wrote Willard Dow proposing the appointment of a research subcommittee to keep the researchers informed on what competing chemical companies were doing. Dow reluctantly agreed to give the subcommittee a try even though he did not think much of the idea. He wrote Barnes: ``. . . 1 cannot get very enthusiastic about the idea of putting too much emphasis on what competition does, for the reason that just as soon as we start doing that, it will be bound to reflect on our own original thinking. There has been a great tendency in the past number of years to refer to what the Germans are going, or the Russians or our competition rather than going out and doing the job ourselves. I get very much out of patience with the thought of always having to find out what the literature says before we attempt to carry out a development of our own. I admit it is foolish not to be informed on the literature, but what we want to do all the time is stimulate new, original thought on the part of our research organization. As a secondary consideration we ought to think in terms of what competition is doing, and the third, last and least important consideration would be the market. Somebody will misinterpret this last comment as meaning we might develop a wonderful product, build a plant and then tell the Sales Department it is available for sale. Of course, we would not be as foolish as all that, but 1 feel there is a very nice balance between original thought, market demand and the research necessary to the work; and it can easily be thrown out of balance by the man who talks the most--the salesman. . . ." An oldtimer would say: " You got the feeling that Willard looked on sales as a necessary evil and certainly salesmen felt they were third-class people in the organization. But the trend was toward greater recogni tion of the need for knowledge in the end use of products and com|>etilion was growing. The use of new thermoplastic resins got a tremendous boost during the war and opened up a new field of chemistry, based on the needs of the customers and not what D ov/ Chapter Fifteen 205 Chemical wanted to sell. These things helped stimulate the growth of our sales department" In the field of research, Dow Chemical's fiftieth anniversary found the company with fifteen hundred people working in more than thirty laboratories located in Midland, Ann Arbor, and South Haven, Michigan; Freeport, Texas; and Pittsburg and Long Beach, California. Two-thirds of the laboratories were in Midland, with experts in such specialized fields as chemistry, biology, botany, geology, medicine, mathematics, metallurgy, radiology, physics, and nuclear energy. Willard Dow leaned heavily on Ray Boundy--together with the General Research Group--to direct the flow of research toward specific objectives and to choose the discoveries which would be taken into production. The moving from discovery to production required a high degree of team work. The necessity for working together and sharing knowledge was drilled into recruits from the first weeks of their employment. The veteran W. R. Veazey had the task of explaining to recruits that their best chance for advancement was in becoming a member of the team. " Good research," he said, " may be preceded by a lot of imagination, discussion and argument but it always terminates in a lot of plain, tedious, hard work. A good researcher is the fellow who can add reality to the poet's dream. Industrial research requires another factor, for the industrial process is too complex for any one man to comprehend. Industrial research requires the cooperation of many different types of minds and skills. It takes team work of the highest order. Ability to work well with all sorts of other people is more important to industry than any other single ability. It takes a lot of people all pulling together to make a suecessful Dow Chemical Company." The Golden Anniversary year was a time for taking slock. In balancing the gains and losses of the war years, it was evident to Willard Dow and his managers that the war had cost Dow Chemieal heavily in terms of competitive advantages. The secrets of commercial production f styrene and butadiene--the primary ingredients in the most widely-used synthetic rubber--were no longer the sole properly of the company. This knowledge had been shared with others who now had become competitors. Promising research and market development Programs had been postponed or abandoned. Despite all Lhis, Dow Chemical had emerged in a strong position to r,de with the rising tide of the postwar demand for chemicals. Among the major products, which accounted for roughly 50 percent of sales, GO h"4, "sj[ 206 The Dow Story were: ammonia for general industrial uses; aniline, used in the manufacture of dyes, rubber accelerators, and pharmaceuticals; buta diene and styrene, used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber and plastics; bromides and iodides, used for medical and photographic purposes; calcium chloride, used for laying dust on roads, ice control, concrete curing and refrigeration; carbon tetrachloride, used in making dry cleaners and fire extinguishers, and in solvent extraction; caustic soda, used in the manufacture of soap, paper, and petroleum; chlorine, used in the manufacture of organic chemicals and paper, and for water purification; Dowicides, used in the treatment of lumber, fabrics, glue, and paints, and also as germicides; Epsom salts, used for medical purposes and in the manufacture of leather and rayon; ethylene dibromidc, used in anti-knock gasoline and in soil and grain fumigants; ethylene and propylene glycols, used in antifreeze, explosives, dyes, plasticizers, and solvents; ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, used in the manufacture of organic chemicals, detergents, plasticizers, and insceticides; ferric chloride, used in photoengraving and sewage and water treatment; hydrochloric acid, used throughout industry; mag nesium chloride, used in the manufacture of stucco, cements, and magnesium metal; organic chlorides, industrial solvents used for waxes, tars, greases, and extraction of fats; phenols, used in the manufacture of plastics, resins, and pharmaceuticals, and in oil refining; sodium sulphide, used in the manufacture of rubber, paper, and leather; and vinyl and vinylidene chlorides, used in the manufacture of plastics. And this was only a partial list. Pharmaceutical chemicals accounted for 10 percent of sales, agricultural chemicals for 10 percent, magnesium and fabricated magnesium alloys for 10 percent, and plastics for 20 percent. Willard Dow and his managers had read the situation correctly when they predicted there would be no slackening of demand for chemicals with the coming of peace. While war had forced a large expansion in chemical production, the war also had shut off the normal consumption of chemicals for non-war purposes. This market had lain dormant for four years as research and production focused on war needs. And this pent-up consumer demand proved to be even greater than the demand created by war. It was the end of the war that opened the way for Dow Chemical to start a manufacturing operation in Canada on a permanent basis. At that lime the Canadian government had to decide whether to close down its synthetic rubber operation at Sarnia or continue production on a reduced scale until supplies of natural rubber were available. The Chapter Fifteen 207 decision was to continue the operations of the government-owned Polymer Corporation. This meant that Polymer, while cutting back on synthetic rubber production, would have excess styrene from the plant which Dow Chemical had built and operated for the Canadians. Willard Dow quickly reached agreement with the Canadian government in late 1945 to purchase the excess styrene and convert it into Styron. Through Dow Chemical of Canada--the war-born corporation formed to help the Canadians with their synthetic rubber program--a tract of 113 acres was purchased near the Polymer plant. Dow reached into California for an executive to take his place as president of the Canadian corporation, a title he had held merely for corporate purposes. He wrote to N. R. " Russ" Crawford, manager of the Dow-built, government-owned styrene plant at Los Angeles: "This company needs a man who is willing to spend the time and live in Canada and see the operation develop and grow. Would you be interested in taking over the job as President of the company? . . .The whole thing is a pioneering project, with everything more or less starting from scratch, but there is a bigger picture involved than appears on the face of it." Crawford was willing. He came to Sarnia in early January, 1946, and took over the presidency. He brought along LeRoy D. Smithers from the Los Angeles operation to be his general manager. And the two supervised the construction of a $1,000,000 Styron plant which began production in February, 1947. This plant, as Willard had said to Crawford, was a " pioneering project." By the end of World War 11, Dow Chemical's researchers had discovered a way to produce both erystal and colored Styron in a continuous process. The Sarnia plant was the company's first full-scale use of the process. It proved so successful that a similar but larger plant was built two months later in Midland. With the Styron plant operating smoothly, Willard arranged to buy the excess ethylene produced by Polymer. Crawford began building a second plant to produce 1,500,000 pounds of glycols per month. This plant cost $2,750,000 and went on stream in January, 1948. The "bigger picture" which Willard Dow had mentioned in his letter to Crawford was a plan to develop Dow Chemical of Canada into a major supplier of basic chemicals for Canadian industry. The Styron and glycol plants were only the beginning. Within ten years tin- Sarnia peration was not only turning out Styron and glycols but caustic soda, styrene, ethylene, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, and ammonia. The plant 210 The Dow Story humored. At the end of four weeks a compromise was reached with both sides giving a bit, and the men returned to work. A company oldtimer said: "Willard got stubborn in his dealings with Lhc union and they got stubborn with him. I guess it was a good thing the blow-up came when it did. The strike cleared the air of a lot of grievances on both sides with no serious damage done. We became more conscious of the union's gripes and the union began to help us with some of our plant problems. It was the beginning of a realistic relationship that worked with remarkable smoothness after the flare-up." The strike reflected only one of the changes that were taking place in The Dow Chemical Company in that period. Willard Dow had decided the time had come to shake up his top councils, and make plans for the future. One phase of the company's development had ended and another was beginning. Dow explained to a friend in 1948: " Following the war there was a big demand on all of us for peacetime requirements, and we feel the war set us back ten years in definite progress. The only way we could put ourselves back into the position we had held was to get right in there and do as intensive a job as possible after the war. It is pretty well accomplished by now, or at least we are beginning to see the end of postwar requirements. From now on, beginning with the fiscal year 1949, the principal investments we make will be along the line of developing new activities and new fields. Up until now we have had to fortify our base position on everything we had produced up until the close of the war." Dow did not intend to lose the momentum gained in the three years following the war. He explained his position further in this way: " 1 don't believe it is possible to take an organization as big as we are and say you are going to stop growing at any given point. I just don't think it is feasible, nor do 1 believe it is proper. The greatest obligation we have for ourselves as well as for our fellow men is to use what we have and make it multiply and increase, not for the purpose of earning money alone, hut because it is our responsibility to use our assets constructively. . . . In no sense can we take the position that there should be any stagnation so as lo create dry rot from within. I cannot believe it is possible to stand still and yet be modern and aggressive. . . . " In preparing for his next moves, Dow enlarged the nine-man board of directors lo fourteen members. He brought in Beutel of the Tex** Division; Curtis of the Great Western Division; Calvin Campbell, gener*1 2819 Chapter Fifteen 211 counsel; Nelson Griswold, an assistant general manager in the Texas Division and son of the company's first engineer; and, the youngest of them all, thirty-two-year-old Carl Gerstacker, who also was made a member of the finance committee. Gerstacker was the first of a team of younger men who would rise to the top in Dow Chemical and take the places of the Bennetts, Barstows, and Strosackers. He had come to Dow Chemical in 1938 after his graduation from the University of Michigan with a degree in chemical engineering. His uncle, James Pardee, had been an intimate friend of Herbert Dow and one of his early backers in organizing Dow Chemical. Gerstacker started work with the accounting staff of the Dowell Division but when war came, he entered the army where he rose to the rank of major in the Ordnance Department. After the war, he returned to Dow Chemical as a production engineer and then was placed in the company's purchasing department while being groomed for administrative work. In starting his reorganization at the top, Willard Dow had no premonition that his own time was running short. He was only fifty-one, in good health, and was planning years ahead. Ilis primary concern was that Dow Chemical remain imaginative and avoid complacence. "The greatest concern I have," he said, " is that we stay original thinkers--imaginative--with no patience in copying the other fellow or copying competition. There is nothing worse than to become selfsatisfied and complacent. Then you start to rot. There is always a better way to do things, and sometimes we have to kiek ourselves to realize it." Dow watched with sympathy the postwar struggles of the Ford Motor Company to overcome its management problems. In analyzing the position of Dow Chemical in relation to the Ford Motor Company, Willard wrote to a friend: `Our whole foundation is basic and fundamental, and unless we are all a bunch of dumbbells, we cannot help developing as the years go by. ^ur company is so much bigger than any one individual that it necessarily has to be a combination of brains working together rather than any single dominating figure. Our strength lies in just this feature, "ecause in the event of a catastrophe where half a dozen prominent People in our company were wiped out, the organization eould still Cari7 on. As 1 see it, that is the basic difference between us and the way ne Ford Company is operated. Henry Ford, and my father, too, rough sheer force of personality started and developed a wonderful 3 1 ]I lt \ $ Chapter Sixteen T_L he deatli of Willard Dow on a rain-sodden field in Canada marked the end of one cycle and the beginning of another in the life of The Dow Chemical Company. The beginning of the new cycle came when the company's board of directors met in Midland on April 5, 1949, and chose fifty-four-year-old Leland I. " Lee" Doan as president. He was a soft-voiced diplomat- salesman who would lead the company through a growth period that would dwarf all past achievements and catapult Dow Chemical into a global operation. It was not an easy time for a growing company to change captains, reorganize management, and alter its direction even slightly without losing momentum in the confusion of change. The country had not fully recovered from the war. Europe was struggling to rebuild in the wreckage left by bombs and cannon. And the Cold War between the Communist and non-Communist nations cast its pall of unease and uncertainty over the entire world. But Doan was not intimidated either by the times or the responsibilities he was assuming. He had literally grown up with the company, starting as a twenty-two-year-old plant helper under the stern eye of Herbert Dow. For twenty years he had been general sales manager and director of sales for Dow ChemicaL And then as a member of the board and a vice president, he had shared in the decision-making through Willard's regime. His easy-going ways were in sharp contrast to those of Herbert and Willard Dow. He had their toughness and strong sense of purpose even though he preferred a less abrupt and direct approach to people and their problems. From the very first, Doan avoided any bruising show of authority n1 taking over the presidency. When the announcement of his election was prepared, he carefully arranged to have it appear that he was merely one of a three-man team who had moved into places of authority to share the duties that had been Willard Dow's. r o The announcement in the company's magazine, the D o w Diamond, GO reported the reorganization in this way: A O Chapter Sixteen 215 .. .The task of reorganization was not a pleasant one. It was carried out, however, with the full knowledge that time is of the essence in the daily affairs of men and business and that Dr. [Willard] Dow would have willed it no other way. With these thoughts in mind, the Dow board of directors on April 5 named three men with long company service records to the top executive positions. The trio, together with the ten other directors who likewise have served many years, constitute a board which assures continuity of management for the firm's affairs. Chosen as chairman of the board was Earl W. Bennett, who next year will complete half a century with the company. He became a vice president in 1931 and treasurer in 1934. Named as president and chief executive officer was Leland 1. Doan, a brother-in-law of Dr. Dow, who had served as vice president since 1938, secretary since 1941 and head of the company's sales organiza tion since 1929. Dr. Mark E. Putnam, a vice president since 1942, and long identified with Dow's production activities, became general manager. Also named during the reorganization were two new vice presidents, Dr. A. P. Beutel, who is general manager of Dow's Texas Division at Freeport, Texas, and Russel L. Curtis, general manager of the Great Western Division with headquarters at San Francisco. Carl A. Gerstacker was elected treasurer, succeeding Mr. Bennett and Calvin A. Campbell, the firm's general counsel, was named secretary, replacing Mr. Doan. . . . The casual reader would have had to assume from this announce ment that Lee Doan was merely one of a triumvirate chosen to direct the company's affairs. And that is the way Doan wanted it to appear. But within the inner circle there was no misunderstanding about who was boss even when Doan told his colleagues he was going to share the responsibilities of the office. One who remembered those days of transition recalled: "A dangerous time for any company is when there is a complete change of management Willard had been his own man. As a leader he was aometimes capricious He would even let a young squirt like me walk in and tell him how to run the company. But he did the running. When Lee Doan came in as president, we began to discuss things for the first bme as a group. Basically, the company didn't change much, but it got a little less capricious The decisions were more orderly. We became more sensitive to economic conditions and what the competition was doing. There was more emphasis on general planning and thinking ahead. We became more customer-oriented than we had been in the past. 21C The i )ow Story "It took some time to orient to the change, I guess the research people fell the change more than any others. Suddenly they had no one they could talk to. They could come to Lee, but he didn't tell them what to do next as Willard had. They could go to Willard over the heads of their superiors and he would suggest, `Why don't you do it this way?' because he was a research man himself. Now they had no one to run to. To a lesser degree, the production people were in the same fix. They could not go to one of several key men in production and get an on-the-spot decision. The decisions had to be cleared with Mark Putnam and Mark wouldn't do anything in a hurry. It was frustrating to the wheeler-dealers. But there was more uniform treatment from Putnam. The new way of doing things may have slowed up operations in some ways when they were right, but it also slowed things that were wrong and for the long haul this was a more balanced approach to our problems. " After his election, Lee wasn't quite certain where he stood in popularity with our people. But shortly after taking office he appeared in public for the first time at a company banquet. He told the crowd he could not be another Willard Dow, taking on all the responsibilities Willard had carried, lie said he could only be Lee Doan and he didn't intend to try to change his personality. He asked the help of all those men, urging them to share the responsibilities. I don't think there was anyone present who didn't have tears in his eyes. It was an emotional moment and lie swept the house. When he finished talking, they stood up and cheered him." The policy of handing over greater responsibilities to subordinates was well timed. Dow Chemical was entering a cycle of growth in which sales would grow from $200,371,000 in fiscal 1949 to $781,434,000 in fiscal 1960; and assets in the same period would climb from $294,337,000 to $901,244,000. The business was becoming far too large for one-man control as Willard Dow had realized in his last years. Lee Doan was as bold and aggressive as Willard Dow even though he did guide with a looser rein. In less than four years, he and his team were deep into a new $350,000,000 budding program designed not only to meet the heavy demands of industry but also to help fill the urgent needs of American military services fighting in Korea. Half of the money was earmarked for the booming growth of Beutel's Texas Division where power requirements were climbing from 50,000 to 450,000 kilowatts, making this complex the second largest electric power system in the stale of Texas. Whde Texas produced only ouc-lcnlh as many products as the old, established plant at Midland, its 1 i 2821 Chapter Sixteen 217 sixty products included such big-volume chemicals as caustic, styrene, chlorine, glycols, vinyl chloride, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and mag nesium. Midland received $88,000,000 of the money with the remainder divided between other locations. These funds did not include a $13,000,000 expansion program for Dow Corning, whose silicone products were filling both military and industrial needs. Doan followed the policy which Bennett had explained years earlier to an inquiring analyst, "We build in boom times to keep up with the demand; we build in slump times for the future; so we never stop building." With the expansion program well underway, Doan told the stockholders: "If you were to ask me the one most fundamental factor behind our growth, I would put it down to the fact that the will to progress is a part of the personality of the Dow company. . . . For the long pull, we can be optimistic. Our country is in an era of inspiring scientific development far beyond anything our limited imaginations can now project." One of Doan's early moves was io tighten control over plant production, the lack of which had begun to create serious problems. Chemicals in short supply and essential in almost all production, such as chlorine, were allocated to the geographical units to keep production balanced. The control worked through a group composed of repre sentatives from each geographical division and from sales, with Putnam making the final decision as to who would produce what in what quantity. In this new setup, the sales department occupied a place of importance it had never held before. Production was linked directly to the salesmen's forecasts of what they expected to sell in the months ahead. Sales estimates were made on forty major products which controlled balanced production. Helping in the control program were economic-engineering people who decided which products could be produced most economically in which plants. Doan gave the go-ahead to his director of sales, Donald Williams, to beef up the sales organization. Williams sent recruiters to colleges and universities across the country looking for bright young men interested in a career in the chemical industry. The path from campus to selling was by no means automatic for those brought to Midland for interviews. In the 1951 recruiting campaign, as an example, interviewers talked to more than a thousand seniors. From this group, two hundred were invited to Midland for further interviews. Anil from this number seventy-five were given jobs. Many of them spent as much as 211! Tiie Dow Story thirty-three weeks studying plant operations and products before joining the sales force--and Dow Chemical had as much as $15,000 invested in each man. The company's in-plant training courses were the distillation of more than thirty years of experience in fitting young men into the organization. As early as 1918 Herbert Dow had seen the need for a training course to help college graduates understand their jobs as well as the policies of the company, and to help ambitious young men without a college degree upgrade their skills. lie had turned this job over to a young high school teacher, Steve Starks, and the Starks school had become through the years Dow Chemical's own "university" and training ground for future laboratory directors, plant managers, and executives. The trainees attended classroom lectures to familiarize themselves with Dow Chemical's products, processes, and operations-and they were spread through the various departments so that they would have the counsel of older men to guide them until they could make their own way. This system fitted snugly into the company's policy of always promoting from within its own ranks and never going outside the structure for men to fill key positions. It brought the newcomers quickly into personal contact with the top research, production, and management people. The company's first concentrated sales campaign directed toward the consumer market put the advertising spotlight on Saran Wrap, the filmy plastic used as a household and commercial wrapping for meats, vegetables, bakery products, and other foods. The sales campaign began early in 1953. Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton, and Toledo were chosen as test cities. Radio and television stations broadcast Saran Wrap commercials and advertisements were placed in local newspapers. The sales of Saran Wrap jumped in all the test markets. Encouraged by these results, Director of Sales Williams launched what was up to that lime the greatest single-product promotion in the company's history. Commercial spots were purchased on three of the National Broadcasting Company's most popular television programs. Dave Garroway sold Saran Wrap on the "Today" show; Kate Smith on her " Kate Smith Hour" ; and Sid Caesar and Imogene Coca on their Saturday night " Show of Shows." The Sunday magazine, This Week, carried a series of color advertisements into millions of homes. The campaign was a success and established Saran Wrap as one of the leading household products in the country. It also supported Doan S A 2822 Chapter Sixteen 219 conviction that Dow Chemical should move into the consumer market whenever the company had a quality product worthy of the Dow trademark. Surprisingly, however, while pursuing an aggressive policy in production and sales within the United States and Canada in the early postwar years, Dow Chemical was slow in recognizing the opportunities in overseas trade. It was surprising because the company had a long record' of doing business abroad, dating back to the early days of Herbert Dow. The elder Dow exported bromine and bleach at the turn of the century even though these sales involved him in two trade battles that shook his small company badly. Despite these difficulties, he persisted. When his chemists and engineers succeeded in synthesizing indigo, he found a profitable market for his " Midland Blues" in China, where Dow Chemical's " chop" or trademark became well known wherever silks were being dyed. Willard Dow found a market for magnesium in Europe when few were interested in the metal in the United States. During the 1930's, the company also exported caustic soda, phenol, sodium sulfide, indigo, Epsom salts, aniline, calcium chloride, and chloro benzene. An export department was organized in 1936 under Manager Howard Ball to handle orders, expedite shipments, and take care of the details of overseas trade. But there was no significant effort by management to develop markets abroad. The business was largely one of taking unsolicited orders. But World War II changed this situation drastically. The United States' chemical industry came out of the war in a strong position and with its production plant not only intact but expanded far beyond its prewar size. In contrast, the chemical industries of England and Europe had been badly battered. Many plants were gaunt wrecks. The economies of the nations were disorganized. None had developed a plastics industry on a scale to match that in the United Stales and the demand for plastics was growing around the world. Pressure for Dow Chemical to move into the overseas markets did n t come from the management in Midland in these years. It came from foreign manufacturers and entrepreneurs seeking licenses to use the Dow processes in rebuilding their countries' chemical industries. It also came from young salesmen who saw that Dow Chemical was over looking an opportunity to move its surplus production into countries "'here many chemicals were urgently needed. One of the most aggressive of this new young breed of business- 220 The Dow Story men--who looked at the world as their marketplace--was Dow Chemical of Canada's Zoltn Merszei. He was a dark-haired, handsome young man of Hungarian descent who joined the anti-Nazi underground in Hungary during the war. When the fighting in Europe ended, Merszei joined the sales force of export-minded Dow Chemical of Canada. Within a comparatively short time orders from Merszei's customers were pouring in from Europe and also from Latin America. A Dow offical recalled: " Merszei was aggressive and hungry. He had good connections. It seemed to us he was swarming all over the place, finding people who had a need for our products. A real competition developed between the Toronto sales office and our people in Midland." Another who pushed hard for export business was Clayton Shoemaker, who had come to Midland from the New York sales office. He traveled through Europe searching for outlets for surplus production and appointing well-known chemical distributors as Dow's repre sentatives in key trade centers. By 1950, the company's exports had climbed from 5 percent of sales to the industry average of 8 percent. Nut all of Dow Chemical's older managers approved of the company becoming too deeply involved in foreign trade. But Lee Doan saw that the maverick export department had reached the point where better organization and control were necessary. In 1951, he named an export com mittee to coordinate foreign marketing with domestic marketing. At this time, a combination of circumstances made foreign operations more attractive. Dow Chemical not only needed outlets for surplus chemicals but the federal government offered tax concessions to United States corporations willing to risk their capital in establishing belter business and trade connections abroad. These concessions were designed to help bolster the economies of the non-Communist nations struggling to recover from World War II. The government was deeply com m itted to economic aid through th e Marshall Plan to the rehabilitation of Eastern Europe, and to aiding underdeveloped nations in Asia and South America. Behind these commitments were the fears that unless the economies of the free nations were supported by United States dollars, their governments would fall under Communist control. Lee Doan and his managers decided to form Dow Chemical Inter-American, Limited, responsible for all trade with Latin American countries and Dow Chemical International, Limited, responsible for the com pany's business in other parts of the world. Clayton Shoemaker was named president of the two subsidiaries and soon was traveling around the world organizing Dow's own international sales force. Merszei set 2823 Chapter Sixteen 221 up headquarters in Zurich as sales manager of the European operation. International offices were established in Hong Kong, Brussels, and Montevideo. During this period, emphasis was on developing an overseas sales organization. Little serious thought was given to Dow Chemical becoming involved in production outside the North American conti nent. But the arrival in Midland of two visitors from Japan was to change all this. The visitors were Kagayaki Miyazaki and Manabu Enseki, executives of Japan's Asahi Chemical Company. They were interested in joining forces with Dow Chemical in Japan to form a company for the manufacture of saran filaments which would be woven into fish nets. Through the years, Japanese fishermen had used nets made of cotton and ramie, a plant fiber found in Asia. Since both fibers had to be imported by the Japanese, their cost created a drain of the Japanese economy. Experiments with saran filaments had convinced Enseki and Miyazaki that the synthetic would find a ready market in Japan's large fishing industry. The filament nets resisted corrosion, they were tough, and being heavier than water, they sank w ithout weights. Their proposition was: " We will furnish the capital. You furnish the manufacturing know-how. And the company we form will be jointly owned." Carl Gerstacker would recall: " To tell the truth, we were sitting here during this time doing very little about foreign trade. If they beat a path to our door, we let them have it. We thought of the export business merely as a sideline and it had no real backing from management. When the two Japanese representatives made their proposition to us, we almost wished they had gone away. We didn't want to say yes and we didn't want to say no." Lee Doan decided the Japanese's proposition was worth looking into. A Dow Chemical representative, Jack Chamberlain, was sent from Midland to investigate. At the time of his arrival, the " westernization" of Japan was well underway and the nation was making an astonishingly swift comeback from the war. Chamberlain was enthusi astic over the possibilities of a joint venture and he recommended a partnership be formed. Agreement was reached in 1952 to form the Asahi-Dow Limited, the first of the Dow Chemical chain of partnerships abroad. It began as a reluctant venture. For a time the company made little progress. But when it began the manufacture of styrene and Styron in 195C, sales shot up dramatically and the partnership generated enthusiasm in Dow Chemical's ranks for similar joint ventures abroad. 222 The Dow Story This movement overseas as a manufacturer of chemicals was a major break with tradition. But then Lee Doan's first years as chief executive found the company involved in a good many unusual adventures. None was stranger than the chain reaction which came from Soviet Russia's first explosion of an atomic bomb, drawing Dow Chemical into the nation's nuclear defense program. This story had its beginning in 1949 when news was flashed to the world that Soviet scientists had exploded an atomic " device." The device was an atomic bomb and its explosion ended the United States' A-bomb monopoly. President Truman's announcement of this event on September 23 added a new dimension of fear to the Cold War. Nine months later, the army of Communist North Korea drove across the 38th Parallel in a sweep to conquer the Republic of South Korea. President Truman quickly ordered General Douglas MacArthur to send American troops to the defense of South Korea. And once more the United States was engaged in a hot war. In this international crisis, Congress authorized a stepped-up nuclear weapons program. A short time later a representative of the Atomic Energy Commission called on Lee Doan in Midland to ask the com pany's help in a new super-secret project involving research, development, production, and storage of nuclear weapons. There also would be responsibilities for basic research in peaceful applications of atomic energy. The AEG had screened several companies in private before reaching a decision that Dow Chemical had the scientific and manufacturing experience required in the program. Part of this experience came from the fact that Willard Dow had been intensely interested in the post-war research into peaceful uses for atomic energy. Several Dow Chemical scientists, including John Grebe and F. II. " Heinie" Langell, had gone to the government's atomic center at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to study possible applications of this new technology to Dow Chemical's operations. 'Pile company had organized a nuclear research laboratory and also had joined with the Detroit Edison Company in exploring the application of nuclear energy to the production of electric power. As Dow was one of the largest power users in the United States, any discovery that resulted in cheaper power would have an important bearing on the company's costs of production. Lee Doan agreed to join witli the AEC in the new project and he chose Mark Putnam to head a group of scientists and engineers to visit Los Alamos, the oldest of the nation's atomic installations, for some preliminary studies. The group received security clearance and on New 2824 0-Zfz-3 Chapter Sixteen 223 Year's Eve the group was aboard a Santa Fe train, heading across Kansas toward Los Alamos. When Putnam returned to Midland a few days later, lie called tall, scholarly " Heinie" Langell into his office and offered him the job as manager of the $45,000,000 project--which would be rated as a new division of The Dow Chemical Company. Putnam could give Langell only the sketchiest outline of what he was to manage, because of the secrecy involved. But he accepted, and began choosing his aides for key positions. Langell was a veteran employee of Dow Chemical who in 1930 had helped build the first successful pilot plant to take bromine from the sea. He had been among those who developed the full-scale commercial plant at Kure Beach in 1933. And during World War 11, he had managed the government-owned magnesium plant at Ludington, Michigan. Langell became a member of the team chosen by the AEC to select a site for the new operation. Seven sites were considered in various parts o f the country, but the team finally agreed that the place which came closest to meeting all the conditions fixed by the AEC was an area near Denver, Colorado, identified on maps as Rocky Flats. The name was appropriate. It was a flat, rocky, lonely acreage lying between Denver and Boulder where foothills begin their climb to the towering Rocky Mountains. A railroad line ran nearby. Labor was available in Denver. Water and electricity could be obtained easily. The final decision to build at Rocky Flats was made at a secret meeting held in Denver. Langell would recall: " It was rather funny, the extremes to which we went to keep our actions secret But that was considered necessary at the time. Our group included representatives of the AEC, Dow Chemical, and the Austin Company, which had been chosen to do the primary architectural engineering and construction. We held our meeting in the old Olin Hotel in Denver. The hotel was in the middle of tow n near the capitol and was in fact an old ladies' home. But no one seemed to think it unusual for us to be meeting there." With the site chosen, the AEC called a news conference in Denver on March 23, 1951, to announce the news. " Are you going to make bombs?" a reporter asked. " Not as such," the spokesman parried. A bout all that the reporters got from the conference was that Dow Chemical would manage the $45,000,000 plant; two thousand con struction workers would be employed at the peak of the building; there were military applications to the product; employees would work with 224 The Dow lory radioactive materials; and the operation would be secret. Later announcements disclosed the materials would be plutonium and uranium. Langell considered ealling his operation the Denver Division of The Dow Chemical Company. But Davis W. Persons, AEC project engineer, suggested that " Rocky Flats Division" would be more appropriate since maps designated the area as Rocky Flats. And Persons' suggestion was chosen. A month after the news conference in Denver, survey crews were on the ground. Construction workers soon followed and by the end of 1951 the Rocky Flats Division was operational although it was not until 1954 that it was in full swing. Those were not easy days for the pioneers in this project. The rocky, gullied roads were so rough that automobile engines were often jarred loose from the car frames. In the winter months, winds reaching 75 miles an hour--the low limit of hurricane force--often swept down from the Rockies and whistled across the flats. Wind-driven grit scoured paint from ears, trucks, and buildings as a sandblaster would. But the work went on and Rocky Flats was on its way to becoming an important part of the government's nuclear program. The postwar expansions put a heavy financial strain on Dow Chemical. During the lifetimes of Herbert and Willard Dow, the company had been able to finance its growth to a large extent with retained earnings. But with federal and state taxes taking larger bites from earnings during and after World War II, Lee Doan was forced to turn to external financing to pay for the building programs. Bennett and Cerstacker in 1952 devised a financing plan to raise more than $100,000,000 in one of the largest financial transactions of its kind ever attempted by a chemical firm in the United States. It called for the sale of subordinate debentures, which were in effect a promise by Dow Chemical to pay the holders 3 percent interest a year for thirty years, at which time the notes would mature. The debentures were convertible to common stock of the company, under a schedule of conversion prices, at the option of the buyers. But being " subordinate" debentures, they stood last in line at the pay window, with all other debts having priority. The sale of the debentures proved to be a show of confidence by buyers in the future of Dow Chemical. The notes were offered to the public through an underwriting combine headed by Smith, Barney & Company, and were sold within a matter of hours at a premium. On July 22, 1952, a cheek for $100,425,000 was handed over to Chairman 2825 J'SfSf Chapter Sixteen 225 of the Board Earl Bennett. And again there were some who remembered the day when a windblown $2 bill, found on the street in Midland, had saved Bennett from the embarrassment of having to admit that he was broke. If there were any fears at this time that Dow Chemical was in a reckless spending mood, Lee Doan put them to rest. He told the stockholders: " . . .under our present lax structure there is little incentive to operate efficiently. There is, in fact, quite an ineentive to operate lavishly. We can make good fellows of ourselves for 30 cents on the dollar--so we think. I contend that such thinking is fallacious, shortsighted and extremely dangerous. Furthermore, it just won't work. If we choose to spend recklessly it simply means that tax collections will fall below expectations. And if that happens we can only expect a further increase in tax rates. . . . In our own company we have always tried to operate economically. Today we are, if anything, redoubling our efforts in that direction. We are spending a lot of money, to be sure. But it is going for legitimate expansion and productive purposes, and we are guarding against the temptation to add frills with dollars we might theoretically withhold from the tax collector. . . ." The frugality which Herbert Dow had practiced and his son had encouraged had become a way of life in Dow Chemical that Lee Doan had no intention of changing. There were no frills provided for in the $100,425,000 check turned over to Bennett. If there had been, it would have shocked the entire top command. They were men schooled in a tradition of avoiding pomp and ceremony and displays of affluence--even in their private lives. Spending for production and expansion was another matter. The era of Lee Doan was a high-spending period for Dow Chemical as the company moved in so many directions in such a short space of lime. One important decision by Doan was to build new plants, wherever possible, closer to the consumers of the plant's products. Over the years this policy would place Dow Chemical plants, installations, and laboratories in 36 states and avoid the problems and risks of loo-great concentration in the older divisions. The initial move in this direction came in 1951 when Dow Chemical moved into New England. A plant was built at Allyn's Point on the Thames River between New London and Norwich to produce styrene products for the manufacturers of housewares, toys, wall tile, refrigerator parts, television lenses, and other plastic merchandise. An 800-foot, deep-water dock was constructed so that raw materials could be shipped by water to Allyn's Point from Texas. 2828 226 The Dow Story In this same year, construction started on a $30,000,000 plant at Madison, Illinois, for large-scale rolling of magnesium sheets. It was, in the words of Dow Chemical's magnesium expert, J. D. Hanawalt, " as significant for the magnesium industry as was the introduction of continuous rolling for the steel and aluminum industries." Hanawalt added: "The desirability of large-scale rolling for mag nesium has been discussed in the United States for some years, but it requires a large-scale volume to support a large investment, and, on the other hand, the reduced costs of a large mill are first needed to develop the volume market. It was The Dow Chemical Company which once more look the kind of step which growth of the magnesium industry requires." The Madison plant gave Dow Chemical a close-to-the-market distribution point for shipping rolled magnesium economically to the automobile industry, airplane makers, and other fabricators. The magnesium ingots were sent by inland waterways from Texas to Madison. While comparatively few knew anything about the fabrication of magnesium at the beginning of World War II, there were now more than thirty companies in the United States fabricating magnesium into trucks and trailers. Others had learned the techniques of using the metal in a wide variety of products, including industrial equipment and machinery. For those with a long memory, it was amusing to note that where experts in 1941 had believed United Slates military planes could reasonably use only 44 pounds of magnesium per plane, the long-range bombers being built during the Korean War had magnesium parts whose combined weight per plane ran from 10,000 to 30,000 pounds. And Dow Chemical had led the way in developing the technology making this possible. Dow Chemical's subsidiary, Dowell, developed one of the more important markets lor magnesium by using the metal as an electrical protector to prevent corrosion of underground tanks, steel piers, pilings, ships' hulls, water pipes, and other metal structures. The corroding process generally resulted from electrical currents created by the hare metal reacting with chemical elements in soil and water. The flow of electricity carried away tiny particles of the metal, causing it to pit and rust. But when metal, such as a water pipe, was wired to an ingot of magnesium, the magnesium and the pipe became, in effect, the poles of a battery. The pipe became the cathode and the magnesium the anode. The electricity flowed from the more chemically active magnesium into the pipe, with the deterioration taking place in j I Chapter Sixteen 227 the magnesium. Thus, when tiny particles of the magnesium anode flaked off, the ingot became an expendable part of the " battery." It could be easily and cheaply replaced while the pipe itself remained undamaged. One company found that by placing magnesium anodes along its water lines, leaks were cut by 70 percent and maintenance costs lowered as much. From metal to plastics, Dow Chemical provided the raw materials which enabled many independent small businesses to develop through out the country in this post-war period. This was particularly true in plastics, where, with a relatively small investment, plants could be built for molding styrene polymers into cabinets for television sets, refriger ator parts, wall tile, radio cabinets, and household wares of an endless variety and color. One of Dow Chemical's most successful plastics was Styrofoam. This expanded white plastic, in which were trapped millions of air bubbles, was light, buoyant, water resistant, rigid, and adaptable to as many uses as the imagination could devise. One cubic foot of it weighed only 1.2 to 2 pounds and could support twenty-five times its own weight in water. It was three times as light as cork. Its multicellular structure made it useful as a nonconductor of electricity and an insulation material. It could be cut, sawed and shaped into a giant-sized toy panda, a stage setting, or a Christmas tree bauble. And it could be installed in boats, making them virtually unsinkablc, or used as floating supports for boat docks. The use of Styrofoam in boats received a boust in 1950 with the forty-third running of the motorboat Gold Cup Classic on the Detroit River. One of the entries was a speedster called Slo-Mo-Shun IV, which had been timed over a straightaway run on Seattle's Lake Washington at 160.323 miles per hour. The Slo-Mo-Shun IV had Styrofoam flotation instead of air tanks in its bow and stern, a fact noted by writers and boat designers. The craft lived up to its advance hilling. It won the Gold Cup Classic and went on to capture the famed llarmsworth Trophy. Less publicized was the Bell Telephone Company's use of Styro foam in its system of telephone and television signal towers stretching from New York to Chicago. Atop each tower was a boxlike structure called a Delay Lens Antenna. The antenna, used both as transmitter and receiver of radio microwaves, was made of five miles of metal ribbon embedded in 500-pound blocks of foamed plastic. Styrofoam was chosen by Bell because of its light weight and its excellent electrical insulating properties. n i liltl TI: Dow Story Small businesses had been developed to weave saran monofilaments into automobile seat eovers and insect screening, and to fashion saran rubber into linings for railroad tank cars carrying corrosive chemicals, greases, aeids, solvents, and oils. As the number of these small firms increased, so did Dow's production. Throughout the chemical industry, there was no growth more spectacular than that of Dow Corning. This company, which had started operations during World War II making silicone sealants for the ignition systems of airplanes, had developed more than six hundred products in a span of ten years. The most successful of its postwar consumer products was a silicone-treated tissue marketed under the trade name " Sight Savers." These tissues cleaned, polished, and protected the lenses of spectacles with so little effort that they quickly became standard items on the shelves of merchants. Silicone products found increasing use as water repellents for leather and textiles, in beat- and weather-resistant paints, in automobile and furniture polishes, and in industry. The demand for Dow Corning products forced the company to double its size three times in ten years and then quadruple its capacity. In 1953, the company was growing at the rale of 40 percent a year as compared with the 9 percent growth of the chemical industry as a whole. Silicone greases began to replace ordinary lubricants which could not withstand temperatures ranging from 350 to 700 degrees Fahren heit. One oven conveyor system tested by Dow Corning experts had seventy-two hundred bearings which traveled through temperatures up to 700 degrees for ten out of every sixteen hours of its operation. Frequently the bearings froze and production had to be halted. But the use of Dow Corning 41 silicone grease eliminated the failures, reduced relubricalion to once a week, and cut electric power costs by 80 percent. In another study, experts found that motors doing heavy-duty work in an automobile parts factory burned out their windings on an average of each eight days. F.aeli motor failure cost three hours' repair time plus $80 for the rewinding. When the motors were rewound with siliconeprotected wiring at a cost of $150, they ran for six months without a halt. This meant a net savings of $8,000 for the factory in repair costs, (lie savings of four hundred man hours of labor, and an increase in production of forty thousand parts. The discovery of new products and finding new uses for old products was one of the keys to Dow Chemical's growth in the 1950 s. But even more important was Lee Doan's move to bring younger men 3 1 2827 Chapter SixIran 229 into the management councils. It came at a time when the company was rapidly developing into one of the giants of the United States chemical industry and the times required a break with many customs of the past. Doan faced up to the reality that the men who had helped Herbert and Willard Dow build the company were getting on in years and the time, was nearing when age would inevitably thin their ranks. Doan began to set the stage for the transfer of power from the Old Guard to younger men. He made his initial moves in the early 1950's. The commit tee-type direction of research was abolished and forty-nine-year-old Ray H. Boundy was promoted from his post as manager of the plastics department and made director of research. He had through the years contributed to the development of many of the company's most important processes and products. Doan named thirty-seven-year-old C. B. " Ben" Branch to lake over the plastics department, the fastest-growing unit in Dow Chemical. Branch had come to the company in 1937 from Cleveland's Western Reserve University and had risen to head the important Technical Service and Development Department. In other changes, Doan chose Max Key, a tweiity-four-ycar veteran of Dow Chemical, to manage plastics production and to be a vice president and director of Asahi-Dow Limited. Two grandsons of Herbert Dow were elected to the board of directors. One was Willard Dow's son, twenty-six-year-old Herbert Henry Dow 11. The other was thirty-one-year-old Herbert Dow " Ted" Doan, a son of Lee Doan. During World War II, Ted Doan had served for three years with the Air Force Weather Service, two of them in the South Pacific, lie had returned after the war to finish his schooling at Cornell University where he was graduated in 1949 w'ilh a chemical engineering degree. After a period of student training, he went to work in the Technical Service and Development Department under Ben Branch. It was during this period that Ted Doan and Ben Branch formed a fast friendship which was to have its inilucnce on the future of The Dow Chemical Company. Chapter Seventeen i n lh.* aftermath of the hot war in Korea, the business boom in the Unileil States picked up momentum. And Dow Chemical's growth was a phenomenon that intrigued the eastern financial community because the company had started in such a remote place as Midland, Michigan, and seemingly had progressed through a fierce sort of independence which look little note of what other industry leaders were doing. A F o r b e s magazine writer arrived in Midland in the summer of 1956 to lake a look at " the fourlh-largest and the fastest-growing chemical colossus in the country" which was spending money at a rate that was impressive even to Wall Street. Last mouth, he wrote for the September issue of his magazine, Dow was literally bursting apart at the seams with growth. In Midland, new plants were springing up like prairie flowers. In the South, at Dow's sprawling plant-sites along the Mississippi River in Louisiana and beside the Brazos River in Texas, fresh concrete and new steel seemed as commonplace as Gulf Coast sunshine. In a dozen other Dow plants scattered from Connecticut to California, old walls were coming down to allow for the restless expansion that has long been the trademark of the gentlemen from Midland. In the decade since the War, Dow had calmly spent a whopping $700 million on new plants to manufacture its 600-odd chemical products. In the years ahead, they plan-apparcntly just as calmly--to shell out even more. "This coming year," says Dow's tweedy, pipe-smoking president, Lee Doan, " we will spend at least another $75 million. And it looks like we'll soon be off on another round of expansion which will overshadow anything we did before." Kveii the pessimists in Wall Street these days have to agree with the optimists on a fundamental fact. That is that the money which a chemical company spends on expansion is a pretty fair bet to come pouring hack in the form of lush earnings. Certainly Dow's own dy mimic glow lh has been classic proof that this is so. On the very day that l.elaml Doan so blandly outlined his big future plans, he also authorized the release of Dow's annual report covering fiscal 1956 (ended May .11). It showed Dow's sales up 20 per cent to a record $565 2828 Chapter Sevenleen 231 million. It showed profits up 59 per cent to almost $60 million. But most of all it showed beyond possibility of doubt that Dow's free-handed spending is paying off. . . . Plants were hardly " springing up like prairie flowers" nor were the millions spent as casually as it might have appeared. But the rate of expansion was impressive. The basic reason for this growth was that Lee Doan and his managers had been correct in their estimates of the nation's chemical needs in the postwar era. They had foreseen a period of industrial growth that would call for chemicals in greater ami greater quantities, in an ever-widening range of uses. There was not a single one of the seventy-two major industries in the United States which did not depend to some degree on chemical products. By 1954, almost half of the chemical industry's sales were in products that had not existed ten years earlier. The chemist had become deeply involved in every facet of everyday living--food, clothing, housing, health, and transportation. By 1956 the chemical industry was pouring $275,000,000 into research, more than any other industry, and Dow Chemical was investing a greater share of earnings in research than any of its competitors. During Lee Doan's first ten years in office, Dow Chemical broke from the ranks of medium-size companies to a rating as one of the largest manufacturers in the nation. When he look office, the eompany had total assets of $294,337,000 and sales of $200,371,000. At the end of ten years, the assets stood at $859,001,000 and sales at $705,442,000. An investment of $1,000 in Dow Chemical stock in 1949 was worth $5,000 in 1959. As early as 1956, Dow Chemical was well advanced on its program to decentralize production by building plants outside the Midland and Texas Divisions. New Styrofoam plants were under construction at Pevely, Missouri, and Ironton, Ohio, and a fibers plant was going up on the James River near Williamsburg, Virginia. Near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, ground had been broken for a new complex to produce many of the basic chemicals manufactured at the Texas and Midland plants. Looking to the future, Doan had concluded that loo much concentration in Midland and Texas could lead to grave problems with water, waste disposal, depletion of resources, and labor. There were disadvantages, too, in the two main divisions becoming so big as to be cumbersome from the administrative standpoint. Explaining the policy of plant dispersal to stockholders, Doan said: " . while we dislike to think of unpleasant possibilities, we cannot conscientiously ignore the very important factor of vulnerability. The 232 The I)ow Story concentrated, all-eggs-in-one-basket operation is vulnerable to certain hazards just as the business with a single or limited line of products is vulnerable to whims of the market. " A major catastrophe in a concentrated installation can be not only tragic but absolutely crippling. Likewise a work stoppage, whether by means of strike or some other cause, can have extremely serious effects. " And in these things we have also to keep in mind our dependability as a supplier. Customers who depend heavily upon us for materials essential to their own business sleep better at night when they know our production of those materials is split over two or more locations rather than concentrated in one. . . ." The most ambitious of the new projects was the Louisiana complex--the largest venture of its kind since Willard Dow had put Dutch Beutel to building the Texas giant in 1940. Early in 1956, a team headed by Jack Stein, one of Beutel's assistants in the Texas Division, looked over possible sites in the Baton Rouge area. Stein had been one of the young men Beutel had hand-picked in Midland to help get the Texas operation underway and he had played an important part in the postwar development of the division and its production control program. Stein's team recommended the plants be built on a 1,700-acre tract on the west bank of the Mississippi River, ten miles south of Baton Rouge and just north of the town of Plaquemine. This was plantation country and for years had been a land of sugar cane and cattle raising. But the plantations were disappearing as industries expanded along the river front, attracted by the availability of water, oil, gas, salt, sulfur, and good transportation by water, highway, and rail. Dow Chemical purchased the 1,700 acres and later added another 1,900 acres lor possible future expansion. Lee Doan named Stein as general manager of the new division and Stein picked most of his management staff from the ranks of the younger men in the Texas Division. Others came from the Midland, Western, and Rocky Flats divisions. On a hot day in September, 1956, Dutch Beutel headed a group who came to Plaquemine for ground-breaking ceremonies. Dutch refused to use a tool so traditional as the shovel for the earth-turning, lie climbed into the seal of a bulldozer, turned on the engine, and dropped the blade to cut a deep furrow in the parched grass and black soil. This act was the start of a two-year building drive in which twenty-seven hundred construction men would erect plants to produce the first of the Louisiana products--vinyl chloride, chlorine, caustic soda, ethylene, chlorinated solvents, and glycol. 2829 0-4 Chapter Seventeen 233 Dow Chemical incorporated into the Louisiana complex the most advanced of its processes and techniques in an effort to make it a model of chemical manufacturing efficiency. But the plants were completed in 1958 in a cycle of business recession when their capacity was not needed. For a brief time Stein found himself manager of some of the world's most modern chemical plants--with nothing to produce. Stein recalled: " As it turned out, this slack period in business was fortunate for us. We were able to capitalize on adversity. We had time to think and to plan. Midland told me that if 1 could find a way to operate with the few people 1 had, I could start production. 1 had kept the nucleus of the team I had chosen and we went to work. We took a hard look at our basic requirements. We found that we actually needed twenty-five to thirty fewer people than we had figured. We stripped ourselves down to where there was no fat." The business recession didn't last long. But in this period Stein and his people evolved a unique operation: all the Dow Chemical people were salaried, but maintenance and certain services were contracted out to local firms on the basis of low bids. It was a system which Dow Chemical would adopt through its other operations on a modified scale. The start-up of the Louisiana plants removed some of the production pressure from the Texas Division, placed Dow Chemical closer to the growing markets of the Southeastern United Stales, and provided back-up production as insurance against shutdowns at Midland or in Texas. With all of the new building and expansions, however, the base of Dow Chemical's strength in the South remained in Texas where Dutch Beutel ran his operation with a degree of independence given to no other manager. The volume of chemicals which flowed from the Texas plants at Freeport and Velasco was enormous. They turned out 22 percent of all the hydrochloric acid produced in the United Stales. One year's production of ethylene glycol, if used entirely in automobile antifreeze, would give 15,000,000 cars and trucks protection from sub-zero temperatures. One month's production of perehlorelhylene, used as a dry cleaning agent, would clean 12,000,000 men's suits. These were not only measures of the Texas Division's size but of its importance in the United Slates economy. The three power plants of this division alone produced enough electricity to supply the needs of a city the size, of Dallas. There were 70 miles of streets and roads inside its fences, 32 miles of railroad tracks, and 7 miles of a canal waterway for barges. The roads and waterways were traveled day after day by 520 wheeled vehicles, more 234 Tilt: Ilow Story than 1,800 lank cars, two tugboats, and some 40 barges either owned or leased by the company. Thousands of tons of chemicals moved to markets by seagoing tankers. With one exception, the plants in the Freeport-Velasco complex were wholly owned by Dow Chemical. The wartime installations which had produced magnesium and styrene for the British and United States governments had been purchased by the company in postwar negoti ations spread over several years. The exception was the plant producing ethylene dihromide for anti-knock gasoline, jointly owned by Dow Chemical and the Ethyl Corporation. The men who helped Beulel build this petrochemical giant were, on the average, only thirty years old when they arrived in Texas in 1940. Now their average age was only forty-five. Their drive and vitality had contributed much to placing Dow Chemical among the world's leading chemical producers. And it was to the Texas Division that Dow Chemical turned for many of the young executives needed for new ventures such as the one in Louisiana. Through the years, Dow Chemical had grown almost entirely from within. But in 1957 Lee Doan turned to a merger to put the company into the plastic packaging business in the United States and Europe. This was achieved through a merger with the Doheckmun Company, one of the best-known packaging firms in the country, with head quarters in Cleveland. Doheckmun products were made from such raw materials as polyethylene, cellophane, saran, acetate, aluminum foil, cloth, and paper. Chemicals produced by Dow Chemical were basic in some of its products and (he merger fitted into Doan's plans for moving the company toward consumer products. The Doheckmun Company had been founded in 1927 by Thomas Dolan, its president, and two engineers, Logan E. Becker and John Munson, to produce, the first machine-made cellophane wrappers for cigars. The founders look the first syllables from their names--DoBeck Mini--as the name of their company. Front cellophane cigar wrappers, the company had gone on to pioneer in the design and development of flexible packages such as plastic bags, and transparent films. Doheckmun had three manufacturing plants in Cleveland, one at Berkeley, California, one in London, England, and one in Amsterdam, Holland. Two others, producing paper products, were the subsidiary Ben-Mont I'aper Company of Bennington, Vermont, and the Adams I'apcr Company of Wells Itiver, Vermont, a subsidiary of Ben-Mont. tQOo GO O 0 -2 9 J .9 Chapter Seventeen 235 While negotiations were underway on the merger, Doan reached a decision to put Dow Chemical into the highly competitive synthetic textile field with a fiber given the trade name " Zefran." From the days of Herbert Dow, the company had produced raw materials which could have been converted to fibers hut it had made no attempt to compete with Du Pont and others in this field. The decision to enter the textile competition was not an easy one, nor was it unanimously popular within the company. Doan and those who supported him realized they were getting a late start. But they were convinced that at last they had a fiber which would give the company a strong position in a big business that was certain to grow bigger. Zefran was a material which could he used alone or blended easily with wool, angora, rayon, cotton, silk, or other synthetics. It had been discovered in the Dow Chemical laboratory at Pittsburg, California, where G. W. Stanton had guided the original research. Stanton and his team had begun a search in 1949 for a luxury fiber which would meet the exacting standards of mill operators and designers. They screened literally hundreds of polymers over a period of seven years before they produced the one with all the properties for which they had been searching. The fluffy fiber was based on acrylonitrile and was called an " acrylic alloy." The first fifty pounds shipped to the Lowell Textile Institute for testing and evaluation were ceremoniously wrapped in blue ribbon and insured for $50,000.. A name for the new fiber originated unexpectedly in the Stanton household. Stanton came home one evening and announced to his family, " We need a name for our new fiber." Stanton, his wife and daughter, Sharon, sixteen, huddled around a kitchen tabic trying different combinations of syllables. Sharon began toying with the word " zephyr" because it sounded so light and airy. "Why not call it Zefon?" she suggested. Stanton sent Sharon's nomination to Midland where the new textile fibers department had turned to a computer to obtain a long list of syllables that might produce a name pleasing to the ear. With Sharon's Zefon as a starter, they arrived at Zefran. Although the research had started in California, the development had centered in Midland, and the raw materials were produced in Texas, Doan decided the finished product wuuld he manufactured in a plant within easy reach of eastern mills and the New York textile marketing center. For these reasons, a plant site was chosen on a bluff overlooking the James River in Virginia. Tin; pilot plant operation in California was L 236 The Dow tSlory transferred to the new loeation and enlarged to produce as much as 12,000,000 pounds of Zefran a year. The plant began production in June, 1958, and a visiting w riterunfamiliar with the processes for converting chemicals to synthetic fibers--reported with a tone of astonishment, " The production end of the plant is simply a maze of pipes, tubing, boilers and machines." And so it was. But for Dow Chemical, the James River plant was much more than just another assembly of pipes, tubes, and machines. It was a mulli-milliun-dullar gamble that Dow Chemical could enter the textile competition as a late starter and hold its own against the best of the producers. The growth of the plasties industry was one of the more spectacular industrial success stories of the 1950's and Dow Chemical played an aggressive role in its development. In 1940, the company was fifteenth in size in the plastics industry but in 1957 it had moved into second place behind Union Carbide. The sale of plastic products leaped from 2 percent of total sales to approximately 32 percent in this period. By 1957, the sales of plastics were greater than the total sales of all Dow Chemical products ten years earlier. The stars in Dow Chemical's products for the plasties field were styrene for the synthetic rubber industry, Styrofoam, Styron, and saran polymers for the plastics fabricators. Saran Wrap for the consumer market had been such a success that by the mid-1950's the company was moving more than five million rolls each month into the market. And in this period polyethylene was added to the plastics line. Polyethylene was a British discovery. Chemists in the laboratories of the Imperial Chemical Industries (I.C.I.) first worked out the means for transforming ethylene gas into a solid polymer in 1933. The first pilot plant went into operation in 1938, and the plastic became an important material in Britain's war effort. The manufacture of polyethylene in the United States was restricted under the l.C.l. patents until 1953 when court decisions forced their licensing to other United Slates manufacturers. Dow Chemical took advantage of this opportunity to go into the manufacture of the popular product since ethylene was one of the company's basic building materials. The process of converting ethylene to polyethylene required five basic steps. Klhylcnc gas, obtained from petroleum, was purified anil placed under pressures up to 30,000 pounds per square inch after which a polymerization reaction took place. Unreacted materials were removed and the final product obtained. A wide range of polymers could be made to fit the customers' needs by changes in the pressures to and temperatures used in the conversion process. GO GO Chapter Seventeen 237 While strengthening its position in plastics, Dow Chemical was establishing stronger positions in other lines of chemicals. In 1954, the company became the world's second commercial producer of synthetic glycerine with construction of a Texas Division plant equipped to turn out 36,000,000 pounds a year. For more than a century, the world's supply of glycerine was chiefly a by-product of soap making. But as soap consumers turned to synthetic detergents, the old sources of glycerine dwindled. The synthetic product had all the properties of natural glycerine and it satisfied the diverse needs of the manufacturers of such products as paint, enamel, cellophane, adhesive, paper, and cigarettes (glycerine helps tobacco retain its moistness). The chemical solutions to industrial problems were endless, leading Dow Chemical's researchers into many strange fields. And none, perhaps, was more intriguing than the development of " chemical mining." Early in the century, the operators of western ore mines began searching for some means other than smelting to separate metals from raw ore. Traditionally, metals had been separated from unwanted rock, earth, and other materials by the simple process of melting the metal in furnaces. The process was satisfactory in handling ores with a high metal content. But smelting alone was neither economical nor efficient with low-grade ores unless the ores were put through a concentrating process before smelting. Several methods were found to concentrate the low-grade ores before smelting. One of the more suceessful was "froth flotation" in which the ore was crushed to powdery fineness and mixed with water which was agitated. Chemicals were added which, attracted to the metal-containing fine particles of the ore, floated them to the top of the tank where they could be easily removed and prepared for smelting. Early in 1920, it was found that certain organic, sulfur-containing compounds called xanthates worked especially well in (he flotation, particularly when the metals to be recovered were combined with sulfur. The flotation process has been described in this way by a Dow Chemical expert: " The basic idea of froth flotation is the attachment of air bubbles to certain mineral particles which have been wholly or partially freed from other minerals or gangue (rock and other non-mineral substances) by crushing and grinding. This action takes place after the ore is finely ground in water. " The air bubbles carry the wanted mineral particles to the surface TJjt* Dow Story leaving the unwanted materials behind. . . . Flotation sounds quite simple and in principle is, but several things must be done to make the wanted mineral particles attach themselves to the air bubbles and float. "The ore must be ground in the presence of water to a size small enough to liberate the valuable minerals--either one from another or from adhering or enclosing gangue. This grinding is normally accomplished in a ball mill. " The water-mineral pulp or slurry must be agitated to keep the minerals in suspension while the air bubbles are picking up the selected minerals and carrying them to the surface. The agitation also insures the maximum dispersion of air for bubble formation. " Certain chemical collectors, frothers, and modifying agents must be added lo create conditions favorable to making the chosen mineral adhere lo the air bubbles and favorable to forming a stabilized froth. "The xanlliates are manufactured and used as collectors, the function of which is lo promote contact between mineral particles and air hubbies by forming a thin coating over the selected minerals and thus rendering them water repellent. " The main purpose of a frothing agent is to permit formation of finely dispersed air bubbles and a coalescent froth, above the pulp, stable enough to hold the floated mineral particles in suspension until they flow or are swept over the top of the flotation machine. " Modifying agents perform such functions as regulating pH, depressing one mineral while allowing another to float or activating the flotation of one mineral in preference to another. . . . " Wilhelm Ilirschkind, directing research at the Great Western Electrochemical Company, saw a promising future for xanthates and he pushed research and production to aid the western mining industry. When Dow Chemical took over Great Western in 1939 this program was expanded under a Mining Technical Service centered at Pittsburg, California. Gradually, Dow Chemical became deeply involved in so-called chemical mining. With this background, it naturally followed that Dow Chemical was greatly interested in the Atomic Energy Commission's efforts in the late 1940's to encourage uranium mining. Favorable prices for uranium bearing ores sent prospectors, armed with geiger counters, rushing to the hills lo search for deposits of the metal. The fissionable material was lo be used not only in nuclear weapons, but in reactor research, industrial power development, atomic power plants for ships and submarines, radiotherapy, and for many other applications. Among the large uranium deposits discovered in this country were A Chapter Seventeen 239 those on the Continental Slope known as the Colorado Plateau, a region dotted with derelict mines left from the gold and silver boom days. Twelve big mills were built to handle the uranium ores taken from some two hundred tunnels driven into the mountains. Milling uranium ore brought new problems. No one had any experience in milling the ore on the scale required to satisfy the government's need for the m etal The critical need was to find a means of separating the uranium from rock and other minerals quickly and efficiently. Dow Chemical's researchers studied the problems of the Colorado mills and came up with a product called Separan 2610. It was a flocculating agent which caused uranium particles in crushed ore to join together or floe in a water solution and settle out quickly--as mud settles in a glass of water. Not only did the solids form a cake on a filter cloth, but the cake was porous and would not clog the filter. Within a short time, almost every mill on the Colorado Plateau was using Separan 2610 to solve its separation problem, and its use spread to mills in other parts of the United Slates and Canada. In New Mexico, an industrial mill found Separan 2610 useful in clearing turbid river water so that it could be used in the plant's operations. Uranium mining was only one of many unusual activities to claim the interests of Dow Chemical researchers. In a roundabout way, the researchers also became involved in a fight to save the Great hakes fishing industry from being destroyed by the lamprey eel, a villain whose family was older than the dinosaur. The lamprey had found its way into Lake Eric by 1921, and then had spread into Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. It hatched in streams, migrated to the main bodies of water as an adult, and then returned to spawn. The larvae remained in the fresh water for six to seven years before moving into the main bodies of water as adult predators. The eel-like adult was It! to 24 inches long and had a suction-cup mouth by which it attached itself to a fish to become a parasite. The creature gouged a hole through the fish's scales with a rough tongue and then fed on the blood and juices of its victim until the fish was lifeless. By 1940 the lamprey was well on the way to destroying the multi-million-doilar fishing industry on the Great Lakes. l''roni 1940 to 1950, the volume of trout taken from Lake Huron dropped Iroin almost 4,000,000 pounds to less than 500,000 pounds while on Lake Michigan the trout catches over the same period dropped from more than 5,000,000 pounds to virtually zero. Authorities agreed that the lamprey eel, given time, would wipe out the Great Lakes trout population entirely. I> 240 The Dow Story Conservationists in the Canadian and United States governments and in Lite Croat Lakes states joined forces to do battle against the lamprey. The program was taken over by an international group, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, after 1956. Two of the leaders were Dr. James W. Moffett and Dr. Vernon C. Applegate of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Various control methods were tested and used. In the first stages, the main effort was directed at controlling the immediate threat to the lake trout. At the same time, scientists studied long-range methods for breaking the life cycle of the lamprey. Applegate and his colleagues fashioned electro-mechanical weirs or nets to trap the lampreys on their spawning runs into tributary streams. The nets were placed in watershed streams and they proved effective in reducing the lamprey population. But this was not enough. Studies turned to chemical means of destroying the larvae in the stream beds. A search began for a chemical that would be toxic to the lamprey larvae hut would not injure other fishes. In a laboratory at Hammond Bay on Lake Huron near Rogers City, Michigan, Applegate's team tested some six thousand chemicals on lamprey larvae as well as trout and bluegill fingerlings. After almost two years of patient and frustrating work, USFWS Laboratory Director John Howell found one jar in which, he reported, "larval lampreys were dead and the trout still alive and happy." It was a beginning and the chemical compound which turned the trick was called 3-bromo-4nitrophenol. Unfortunately, this eompound was found to be almost impossible to synthesize with the required degree of purity. Also, it was expensive. At this point, Applegate turned to the chemical industry for help. One of his letters arrived on the desk of Edwin E. Dunn of Dow Chemical's Biochemical Research Laboratory. Dunn invited Applegate to come to Midland and discuss the problem. Within days, Dow Chemical had a team organized under research chemist Clarence L. Moyle to cooperate with the USFWS representa tives. Moyle suggested that a chemical in the same family as S-brouio-4-nilrophenol possibly would be effective and easier to produce. Niue compounds were chosen for further studies at Hammond Bay, among them a compound known as 3,4,6-trichloro-2-nitrophenol. It had been synthesized in Dow Chemical's laboratories in 1941 during a study of fungicides, hut had been put on the shelf for possible future developinenl. The long-shot 3,4,(>-triehloro-2-nitrophenol looked most promising GO Zj CO Chapter Seventeen 241 of all the compounds in the testing stage. Within a few weeks, Dow Chemical production people in the latex-organic chemicals department had found the keys to volume production and by fall of 1957 they were able to produce the compound in a 30 percent concentration. They named it Dowlap. And now the time had come for an actual stream test to see if it killed the larvae as efficiently as it did in the laboratory. The company's D o w D i a m o n d reported the results of this lest in a story written soon after the experiment was made: A stream was picked--Little Billie's Creek near Cheboygan, Michigan. A date was set, October 29, 1957. And 3,4,6-trichloro-2-nitrophenol got a new name--Dowlap. The years of labor had built up tension that was almost tangible as Moffett, Applegate, their USFWS associates and Dow representatives went to work that dreary October day along a two-mile stretch of the Little Billie's. About 1,200 larval lampreys were confined in cages along the stream. These were the control specimens. Their reactions would be recorded hourly over a 24-hour period. If they died within the test period, the stream treatment would be considered a success. If they lived? Well, the search would start anew. In the late afternoon, John Howell turned the valves and Dowlap was pumped into Little Billie's Creek at the rate of 30 parts to a million parts of water. About four hours after the chemical was metered into the sLream, observers at the first station downstream from the feeder noted activity among the caged control larvae. A few pupped out of the mud, obviously " unhappy and uncomfortable." And as the hours wore on, more and more of the distressed larvae came out of the mud. By dawn, with nearly eight hours of treatment still scheduled, lamprey larvae native to the stream began to pile up along the banks. And as the day went on, these windrows of dead grew larger and larger and attracted gulls and sandpipers by the hungry hundreds. At the end of the 24-hour test period, about 92 percent of the larvae in the control cages were dead. And even the living did not seem long for this world. The tension of the years broken, Moffett and Applegate almost casually pronounced the lest a success. In the first press release of this first stream lest of a selective chemical for lamprey control, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission said: " On the basis of Preliminary evaluation the results. . . were very successful. . . indi cations are the final kill would lop 95 percent." The release concluded: " Further stream trials of Dowlap and other 2-12 The l.)uw Story promising larvicides are scheduled in the near future. If the results of these tests substantiate preliminary stream trials findings, the chemical controls will he used in conjunction with the electric weirs. Supple menting these control methods already in use with a larvicide will hasten the day when the dread parasitic lamprey is driven from the waters of the Great Lakes and the fishery there is restored to its former productivity." And so Dow Chemical could proudly claim a role in the battle to save the (real Lakes fishing industry. Not the least of Doan's innovations in the 1950's was the shipment of chemicals by sea and inland waterways in tankers and barges designed and built for Dow Chemical The first experimental shipments by tanker had begun in 1949 when the M arine C h e m is t, a converted oil tanker, was leased to haul liquid styrene to the Allyn's Point Styron plant in Connecticut. The M u rin e C h e m is t proved so successful as a chemical carrier that Doan gave the go-ahead to the Shipbuilding Division of Bethlehem Steel Company to build the first tanker ever designed solely for carrying chemical cargoes. December 10, 1953, the M a rin e D o w - C h e m --551 feet long and capable of carrying 16,000 long tons of chemicals in her specially designed hold--slid down the ways at Quincy, Massachusetts. Dow Chemical was on the way to acquiring its own fleet. Perhaps, in the hurly-burly of the 1950's, the most intriguing aspect of Dow Chemical's growth was the gradual evolution of the company from a domestic operation into an international operation. Just as Willard Dow had looked beyond Midland for opportunities (and, indeed, had been forced to do so), so did Lee Doan look beyond the borders of the United Stales for even wider opportunities. The development of a " global outlook" in Dow Chemical's management was not at first a conscious effort. And in fact it grew out of events abroad rather than events at home. First, there was a continuing demand from overseas for Dow Chemical products, services, and engineering and production know how. Tin; steady economic recovery of Europe was creating investment opportunities. Popular sentiment in Europe was running strongly in favor of a European trade alliance that would break down ancient harriers and stimulate the flow of goods between nations. (This sentiment was given some practical force early in 1957 when representatives of France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Nether lands, and I.uxembourg signed treaties creating the European Economic f O Community or Euromarket.) 00 CO Chapter Sevenlei'ii 243 Without any guiding foreign-trade policy, Dow Chemical by 1958 had become more and more involved in ventures abroad. Partnership plants in England were producing agricultural chemicals and plasties. Another partnership in Bombay, India, was manufacturing plasties. Still another partnership in Australia was producing styrene. Dobcckmun, the company's subsidiary, was involved in the manufacture of metallic yarns in. Italy, France, England, and the Netherlands. And Asahi-Dow Limited in japan was developing into a major supplier of plasties for that nation. In South America, Dowell hud won a strong position in servicing gas and oil wells and industrial equipment. A partnership company in Brazil was producing carbon tetrachloride, and a subsidiary in Argentina was manufacturing caustic soda and chlorine products. Before the treaties were signed forming Euromarket, Lee Doan had agreed to a plan to establish a storage, warehousing, processing, and distribution center in Rotterdam to give heller service to European customers. A subsidiary company, Ncdcr.landsche Dow Maatschappij N.V., was formed to direct the operation which called for small plants to process Styron, magnesium alloys, glycols, and other chemicals. Specialists were to be stationed in Rotterdam to supply technical information to manufacturers and to help them wiLh their industrial problems. From Rotterdam, products were to he delivered to customers within three to six days after an order was received. All these ventures, from Europe to Asia to South America, had developed separately and not as the result of any organized effort on Dow Chemical's part to encourage overseas expansion. The initiative came from abroad and before Lee Doan and his people realized it fully, the company was involved in a series of operations so loosely lied together on the management level that each was virtually independent of the other. In short, Dow Chemical in 1958 was up to its knees in foreign trade with no guiding policy. The time had come either to fish or cut hail in Europe. The younger men in the company--Carl Gerslacker, Ted Doan, Ben Branch, and Max Key among others-w ere pushing for Dow Chemical to make an aggressive move into foreign operations. Some of the older men maintained a " show-ine" attitude and were skeptical While the situation was being debated, the veteran Ed Barslow, who had joined Herbert Dow in 1900 in the " bleach works" and done so much to help build the company, announced his retirement as vice president and a member of the hoard. At the same time, the veteran Russ Curtis stepped down from his post as hoard member and general manager of the Western Division. 244- Tin* Dow Story Doan readied down into the second echelon of managers and chose Den Dranch, manager of the plastics department, and Donald Ballman, direeior of sales, to fill the board vacancies. Leland A. Doan, Lee Doan's elder son, succeeded Curtis as Western Division manager. Al this point in December, 1958, Dow Chemical was on the threshold of " going global." ro oo G0 CH Chapter Eighteen iI T.he year 1958 marked the beginning of a period of broad change in The Dow Chemical Company--change which was to influence the company's policies, organization, and philosophy of doing business. It was a period involving risk and venture of a greater magnitude than any the company had experienced in all its long history. For Lee Doan and his team of veteran managers, it was a time for the gradual shifting of controls to younger hands and a time for helping the younger men chart the course for which they had been pressing. This willingness to give the younger managers their way--once they had made a persuasive case--was in the company tradition. Herbert Dow had given such freedom to Barslow, Putnam, and Strosackcr. Willard Dow and Lee Doan had operated in the same fashion in dealing with younger men and giving them their bead. Ted Doan recalled: " Once you convinced the older men your idea was good, you got their support. They gave you a remarkable degree of freedom. I remember once that Ben Branch, after a promotion, tried to get Mark Putnam to outline his specific responsibilities. Mark told him, `I'm not going to tell you your responsibilities, I'm not going to fence you in by placing limits. You do what you must do.' That is the kind of freedom we are going to continue to give to our people." The question of overriding importance in 1958 was whether Dow Chemical should use its energies and money to develop along domestic lines as it had done so successfully for sixty-one years, or to move strongly into overseas competition and thus become a global operation "rtth worldwide.responsibilities, opportunities, and risks. But also there were questions of where management control should be centered, how the company should be organized, and what the goals of the future should be. Through the years, Dow Chemical's strength had been in its strategic Position as a supplier of basic chemicals to other manufacturers who processed them into finished products. On this base the company had A gSrtoown and prospered, climbing the ladder to rank fourth in size in the k. ! 246 The Dow Siory United States chemical industry. Its researchers and engineers had developed the processes, techniques, and equipment to keep Dow Chemical out in front in supplying the basic molecular building blocks obtained from brine and petroleum. The primary aim of Herbert Dow, Willard Dow, and Lee Doan had been to maintain this leadership in the production of basic chemicals. The guiding philosophy had been that Dow Chemical should position its strength on the basic chemicals required by United States industries and not stray too far from this base. . Younger men in the second echelon of management argued that the old base was not the secure foundation it once had been. They believed that the techniques and processes, which had long been so important in Dow Chemical's development, no longer provided the margin of advantage they once had. The oil industry, for example, was invading the chemical-making field. Others also were developing their own sources of basic chemicals. Competition in the basics was growing rapidly and the opportunities were becoming fewer. The time had come for Dow Chemical to develop a broader and more sophisticated base, to search for areas of need, and to push for products that would have a unique value rather than merely a competitive value. Few people outside Dow Chemical's top command knew that deep and fundamental questions were being debated, or that the company was entering the most critical period of transition in its history. As for the overseas operations, a majority of the veterans regarded them as a sideline. The foreign market was all right as a place for getting rid of surplus products, but the only truly promising market was in the United Slates. They questioned the idea of the company becoming too deeply involved in countries whose politics, languages, cultures, monetary controls, and ways of doing business were strange to them. Y'ounger men were convinced the opportunities overseas far outweighed the risks and that Dow Chemical's future lay in this direction. They came from a generation which had traveled to far places during and alter World War II and they had no fears of going ml strange lands to do business. In fact, they were excited by the prospect. They were eager to enter the world marketplace. They wanted to puN the fragmented overseas operations together, give them strong support from Mildand, and move aggressively into both sales and production wherever an opportunity presented itself. Among this group wer Herbert Dow "Ted" Doan, manager of the chemicals department, Car Cerslacker, the company's treasurer, and Ben Branch, manager of e plasties department. to GO GJ cn Chapter Eighteen 247 Ted Doan would recall: " I remember that in the spring of 1958 1 decided to go to Europe on business and to look over our chemical operations. Things had fallen out of bed badly here at home and I caught hell for leaving at such a bad time. But I wanted to see for myself what they were doing over there. The thing that stuck out like a gore thumb was the lack of aggressiveness and organization." The debates came to a head when Clayton Shoemaker, who had helped pioneer Dow Chemical's postwar move into Europe, decided to retire as president of Dow Chemical International. President Doan did not lack for applicants who wanted the job--all of them young men intrigued by the opportunities they saw in foreign development. At this point Lee Doan decided to give Ben Branch the job of reorganizing the overseas operations. To take over these responsibilities meant that Branch had to give up his post as head of the important plastics department--fastest growing of all the company's departments-- and gamble with an uncertain future where the hazards could not be charted on the same graphs used at home. And a failure abroad would hardly be a recommendation for future advancement. Branch told Doan: " The way things are now, everybody has a finger in this pot. I don't want it unless 1 can run it all--including sales." To take control of all overseas sales from the sales department and hand it over to Branch called for a drastic shift in policy. But Doan, having made his decision, was ready to go all the way. " Ben," he said, " you've got a blank check. You run the show." Early in January, 1959, Doan announced that Branch had been appointed manager of all the company's overseas and foreign activities except those in Canada and Mexico. He was named president of Dow Chemical International. The job of running the plastics department was given to Bill Goggin. In later years, Branch would recall: " One thing! knew when 1 took on this job was that if I made mistakes--and they were not loo big--the company would back me up. That has been the great thing about working for Dow Chemical. You have the freedom to make mistakes. " I remember back in 1952 when 1 was head of Technical Service and Development I was pushing a weed control compound called demerge. We went to market with it after it received a good recommendation from the II. S. Department of Agriculture. We sold 9uite a lot of it to cotton growers in the Mississippi Delta in the spring of `52. " One day I got a call from our man in the Della, lie said `1 don't want you to be too alarmed, but 1 thought you'd better know that I 2-ttl Tlte Dow Slory we've got some scattered damage in the fields where Premerge was used.' Then llie next day he called and said, `You'd better get down here, Ben. We're in trouble.' " 1 caught a plane to Greenville and got the story. It looked bad. At dawn, 1 went out to the fields to see for myself what had happened. The seedling cotton was limp in the fields, acre after acre of it. I hurried hack to Greenville and called Bill Britton whose people had developed the compound. `You had better call an Executive Committee meeting Bill,' I told him. `This looks had.' . " I got hack to Midland and the next morning I saw Lee Doan and told him the story. At that time I was up for a promotion to head the Plasties Department and Ray Boundy was slated to he promoted to head research. I went to the Executive Committee meeting and told my story. Someone asked, `What will it cost us?' I said if the growers had applied all the Premerge we had sold in the area--and if the damage could he blamed on the chemical rather than a plant disease--the cost conceivably could run as high as $20,000,000. " I was feeling pretty low after the meeting when Mark Putnan called me into his office, lie said: `This has hit you pretty hard, hasn't it?' I told him it had. `Well,' he said, `if there are any lessons to be learned from this, learn them. But after that, don't worry. You are doing your best for the company and this isn't going to have any adverse effect on your future.' " The damage cost the company $250,000 but no one ever blamed me. W'hat happened was that the Delta had had a rare combination of weather and humidity which had made the cotton seedlings susceptible to chemical injury and disease. We learned a lot from that incident--and made sure it would never be repealed. But from that time on, I also knew 1 had nothing to fear from making a mistake that the company could live with." It was the knowledge that he had strong backing in Midland that gave Branch confidence to tackle Europe as he did. At any rate he gathered around him a group of young recruits who formed the nucleus of his organization, pew had any experience in business abroad. But on the other hand, they were not bound by old ties, associations, or obligations as their competitors were who were already well established in P.iiropc. The liming was good. P.uropc's economy was booming. The countries needed the chemicals and services which Dow Chemical con provide, poreign investors were eager to help provide the cash neeile for new plants and to form joint companies to operate them. Even 2837 Chapter Eighteen 249 | though Dow Chemical was slow in entering the foreign field, this slowness proved to be an advantage, for Branch was not forced to conform to any previous practices. In less than four years, Branch had Dow Chemical solidly established as one of the fastest growing American companies in Europe. Plants were operating or in the proeess of being buiil from ! Holland to Greece--and he bad drawn plans for bringing Dow Chemical's capital investment in Europe to $200,000,000. Some of the | plants were wholly owned, others were partnership associations. Among Branch's first moves was the organization of Dow Chemical I International A.G., with headquarters in Basel, Switzerland (later moved to Zurich). This was a wholly owned holding company which , provided a central control over all the manufacturing and marketing i subsidiaries through which Dow Chemical operated outside the United I States, Canada, and Mexico. New sales offices were opened in major cities and the sales organization strengthened. In Midland, an Inter national Traffic Department was established to handle the movement of products and supplies to points overseas. To establish itself in the European capital markets, Dow Chemical International borrowed $14,000,000 in Swiss francs from Europeans through the sale of 454 percent bonds even though the money was not needed. It was a means calculated to make Dow Chemical known in the money markets and to underline the fact that the company was in I Europe to stay as a member of the business community, largely manned by European personnel. Wholly owned plants to produce Slyron resins and other chemicals were built in Greece, Holland, Germany, and Italy. Partnership plants to produce plastics and chemicals were built in Spain. And this was only the beginning. The most ambitious of all was the building of a chemical complex at Terneuzen, in Southern Holland near the Belgium border, designed primarily to supply customers in the Common Market countries. In the initial building, more than $50,000,000 was poured into the complex I which, it was hoped, would become to Europe what the company's giant Texas plant had become to the United Slates chemical industry. | Ethylene taken from the Shell Oil Company's plants at Rotterdam was converted at Terneuzen to styrene, polystyrene resin and foam, ethylene oxide, glycols, and other intermediates. Erom this plant came | many intermediates to be processed at other company plants in Europe. I And the Terneuzen operation was closely linked to Dow Chemical's I storage, warehousing, shipping, and docking facilities at Rotterdam. 2oU Tlic Dow Slory Williin a short time Midland discovered that whenever a new plant went into operation in a foreign country, there was an almost immediate rise in exports to that country. The building of plants stimulated demand for other Dow Chemical products as manufacturers learned more about the compounds that were available and how they could be used profitably to meet the complex needs of the European community. Gerstaeker recalled: " Ben changed our whole approach to inter national operations. He was the kind of guy who said, `Here I go, follow me.' And be bad some strong men around him who weren't afraid to go. We went into Europe late but when we did go in, we went in strong. Ben set a pattern and it wasn't long until other companies were reorganizing along the same lines. But Dow Chemical was the most aggressive of all." As the European operation boomed, Gerstaeker and his associate, John Van Slirum, realized the way money was being handled in Europe made little sense. Dow Chemical International was dealing in an uncoordinated fashion with banks scattered throughout Europe. They would have idle money in the banks of one country while paying interest on the overdrafts in other countries. They were paying retail banking prices on all interest, fees, transfers, and collection charges. At any given time, the company might have several million dollars floating around and Ibis annoyed the men of Midland who were not accustomed to seeing money idle. To simplify the money problem, Gerstaeker arranged to buy a 40 percent interest in a small Amsterdam bank, Bankierskantoor Mendes Cans, giving Dow Chemical a financial clearing house through which it could operate with greater efficiency and at lower cost. At the same time, Dow Chemical's subsidiary, Dowell, strengthened its overseas position in gas and oil well services by joining in a 50-50 association with an old French firm, Schlumberger, Limited (pro nounced Slurnbcrzhay) which bad a worldwide organization. Schlumberger, Limited had been formed in 1919 by two scientistbrothers, Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger, who opened a geophysical consulting office in i'aris. Their service was based on an invention designed to locale ore and mineral deposits by means of electrical measurements at the earth's surface. In later years this process was adapted to oil prospecting and was often used to provide data on rock formations without the cosily mechanical coring. In time electronic logging became widely used by the oil industry around the world. Joining forces with Schlumberger gave Dowell a complementary 2838 Chapter Eighteen 251 service to its own acidizing, cementing, and fracturing processes which had been developed to increase oil flow in oil-hearing formations. In the fracturing process, fluids containing " propping" agents, such as sand, were forced under high pressure and at high velocities into oil-hearing rock strata. The fluid acted on the layers of rock much like a strong wind separating the pages of a book, and then the sand kept the rock propped apart to permit oil to flow more easily into the well. While these developments were underway, Lee Doan began clearing the way for an almost total management takeover by the younger men. One by one the veterans, whose experience reached back into the early days of Herbert Dow, stepped from active management into advisory positions. Long and unbroken years of service were not regarded as anything unusual in The Dow Chemical Company--because once a man joined the company's executive ranks he rarely left seeking opportunities elsewhere. The reasons were a complex combination of pleasant living conditions, opportunities for advancement, the excitement generated by a company growing and expanding into new fields, and an informal working relationship. Over the years Dow Chemical had encouraged employees to buy stock in the company, giving them a personal slake in its future. Early in the century, Herbert Dow had kept after his key men to buy stock. He took the attitude that a purchase of stock was a vote of confidence in the company's future. If the company prospered, the employees prospered, too, but if there were bad times, the employees should share them. Willard Dow had followed much the same policy with the result that key employees saw their personal fortunes grow as the company prospered. In the late 1920's, Herbert Dow and his family owned some 25 percent of the company's stock. In the 1960's, his heirs and their spouses controlled 12.3 percent of the stock while 40 percent of the thirty-one thousand employees were stockholders and owned 20 percent of the stock outstanding. And most of these family and employee holdings were in the hands of Midland residents. An almost incredible fact was that in January, I960, almost all the key men who had joined with Herbert Dow early in the century and helped build The Dow Chemical Company into an industrial giant were still living and most of them were active in company management. The only two who had retired were Tom Criswold, Jr., the company's first engineer, and Ed Barstow, the production genius who was recognized as the father of magnesium." Earl Bennett at eighty was a vice president t i iil 252 The Dow Slory and chairman of the board. Charles Strosacker, seventy-seven, was a vice president and board member. He continued to keep an eye on production as did seventy-three-year-old Mark Putnam, the executive vice president and a board member. Dutch Beutel, sixty-seven, was not only a vice president and board member but he ran the $600,000,000 'lexas empire, headed the Dowell subsidiary later turned over to Carl Polk, was president of the Brazos Oil and Gas Company, and had the new Louisiana Division under his general supervision. The shift of command actually began in 1959 when thirty-nine-year -old Hubert B. Bennett was named company treasurer, stepping into the post his father, Karl Bennett, had held for so many years. Ben Branch and Donald Baliman were named vice presidents. And then in November, 1959, came the sudden death from a heart attack of forty-seven-year-old William H. Schuette, a brilliant graduate ol Case Institute of Technology who had risen rapidly to become a vice president and manager of the big Midland Division. His post was filled by Ibirly-four-year-old Macauley Whiting, son-in-law of the late Willard Dow. One year after the death of Schuette, the community was shocked by the death of Mark Putnam. Later in the same month, Earl Bennett stepped aside as chairman of the board and within a short time Dutch Beutel turned over the command of the Texas Division to forly-lhree-year-old Earle Barnes, who had helped him create the Gulf Coast giant. Ollier important changes came when Jim Williams took over as director of sales (later becoming manager of the plastics department). Julius Johnson joined (and later succeeded) Ray Boundy in research administration after turning over the bioproducts depart ment to Bill Dixon. In this shifting, Carl Gerstacker was named chairman of the board succeeding Bennett, and Ted Doan was moved from manager of the chemicals department to the post of executive vice president, suc ceeding Putnam. These changes were the most sweeping that Dow Chemical had ever experienced. Not even the deaths of Herbert Dow or his son, Willard, had brought such a changing of the guard. In those two critical periods Herbert Dow and Willard had a solid team of experienced veterans to help guide the company over the shoals. They had provided much of the drive which had transformed the company from a small, isolated concern to a top-ranking business. They had helped shape the character of Dow Chemical. Each in his own way had become a legend in Midlan and the slory of their combined achievements was largely the story o the development of the American chemical industry from its infancy- 2839 Chapter Eighteen 253 Each had carved out a place in the company for himself and had dominated his niche for years. They had made Dow Chemical their lives, and they had made their lives a creative adventure. Through the years--under the leadership of Herbert Dow, Willard Dow, and Lee D oan-they had taken pride in being " different" from other companies. Some called this difference " creative discontent." Some said it was " the freedom to make mistakes." Some said it sprang from " a mania for independent thinking" nurtured in the so-called isolation of the Midwest. Whatever it was, they had been bold, strong, independent, and original in their thinking, and they had built well. It is doubtful that any other major company in the United States had such a team working together over such a long and unbroken span of years. Now this team was moving to the sidelines. But the younger men moving up in late 1960 to take over the controls were themselves veterans. Ted Doan had been with the company eleven years, Branch twenty-three years, Gerstacker twentytwo years, Whiting twelve years, Barnes twenty years, Bob Bennett eighteen years, and Ballman twenty-five years. And yet their average age was only forty-two years. In this shakeup, lean, intense Ted Doan emerged as the leader who, with Gerstacker and Branch, would reshape the hues of organization and point the direction the company would take in the years ahead. For two years young Doan plotted the course that would be followed and the organizational changes he believed were necessary to achieve the goals. Ted Doan recalled: " From I960 through 1962 I was working cautiously through our loose organization. Over the years, the real power in Dow Chemical had become centered in production, both in Midland and in Texas. The power had drifted to these centers because historically production had been the most important function--and the people who ran production were strong and able men who reached out for responsibility, men like Bill Schuette and Dutch Beutel. But the time had come to centralize this control and the veterans understood it." For 63 years, emphasis on production had been of major importance. But as Ted Doan studied the trends, he was convinced that the production of basic chemicals no longer was the controlling key to profits and growth. As he saw iL, the big-volume chemicals would remain important, but the great profits and growth in the future would come from intensified research. They would come from finding chemical solutions to such fundamental problems as housing, health, 254 Tlic Dow Story food, clothing, and water and air pollution--not merely in the United States but throughout the world. He saw a need to return to long-range research aimed at solving vital social, economic, and industrial problems, with management willing to provide the " patient money" that would be required. He saw Dow Chemical as a company composed of some thirty-five separate businesses ranging from pharmaceuticals to building materials; and it was necessary to group these businesses into departments in such a way that production, research, marketing, and development would be highly integrated, with products more intelligently designed to achieve an end rcsulL. And he was certain that with a better understanding between production, research, marketing, and development--and given time and money--research would continue to achieve breakthroughs opening new fields of opportunities as great as and even greater than those of the past. In line with the emerging policy of developing more sophisticated products and beeomihg involved in broad problems of health, Dow Chemical in December, 1960, took over Allied Laboratories, Incorpo rated, one of the country's largest manufacturers and distributors of human health products. Allied Laboratories had ended its fiscal year 1959 with net sales of more than $30,000,000. Dow Chemical's common stock, selling at 75, was issued to Allied shareholders on the basis of two-thirds of a share of Dow Chemical stock for one share of Allied slock, selling at 49%. This merger gave Dow Chemical control of facilities which included the subsidiary Pitrnan-Moore laboratories in Indianapolis and Zionsville, Indiana, and Sioux Falls, South Dakota; Campana Corporation, Batavia, Illinois; Allied Laboratories, Limited, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; PitmanMoore of Canada, Limited; Allied Laboratories International of Panama; Pilman-Moore S. p. A., Rome, Italy; and Establecimientos Francimcx, S.A., Mexico City. "We believe," President Doan said after the merger, " that the specialized research and marketing skills of Allied should blend well with Dow's efforts in exploratory chemical research and other broad research areas." Allied brought to Dow Chemical more than six hundred products, including a long list of ethical drugs. Pilman-Moore had been one of the major manufacturers of the Salk polio vaccine and had shortly before tin- merger introduced a 4-in-1 vaccine, Compligen, providing one-shot protection against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, and polio myelitis. The subsidiary also had developed a complete line 0 2840 Chapter Eighteen 255 animal-health pharmaceutical and biological products sold exclusively to veterinarians. In a talk to Allied employees, welcoming them into the Dow Chemical family, Ted Doan said: " As technology becomes more widespread, the unique positions of the older members of the chemical industry, based largely on process know-how, have diminished. It will be true in the future that the successful companies must be good enough to establish unique positions in research, development and marketing so that they can charge for their products on the basis of value to the customer rather than having the price set by competition. Building new positions, each as exclusive as possible, then, is the answer to the disappearing exclusiveness of the historical chemical industry." Young Doan disclosed in this talk, for the first time, that Dow Chemical was undergoing a " reorientation," and was in the process of adding new opportunities to the production of old-line chemicals. He concluded his talk by saying: " You can see the merger of Dow and Allied was not an unrelated event but part of a reorientation toward new growth opportunities. We realize that to be successful we have to make the maximum use of our capabilities. We went into the international business aggressively, for example, mostly because it represented an opportunity for growth in sales and profits, but also because it could provide a larger base to support our research efforts.. . . We have not only a large amount of biologically-oriented work to contribute to the Allied Division, but also the chemical synthesis people to turn up thousands of new chemicals each year, some of which may fit pharmaceutical or veterinary needs, whether or not this was their original aim. . . . Allied obviously offers us not only skill in the unique marketing methods of the pharmaceutical industry, but such things as pharmacology and clinical work, pathology, virology, and pharmaceutical p r o d u c t development and other areas which we of course had not developed to any extent." As the Allied Laboratories' manufacturing, research and marketing were being consolidated with those of Dow Chemical, Lee Doan was moving to put the company in a dominant posiLion to help munici palities and industries solve their growing problems of industrial waste, sewage disposal, and water pollution. The Industrial Service Division of Dowell, which had pioneered in the chemical cleaning of industry's boilers, equipment, and machinery, was given the status of an independent division with headquarters at Cleveland and it took over this program. This move meshed neatly with the plans being drawn by Ted Doan 25i) Tlie Dow Slory to involve Dow Chemical in long-range programs dealing with the well-being of millions of people. Early in the Administration of John F. Kennedy, Dow Chemical had begun to operate the nation's first experimental salt water conversion plant at Freeport, Texas. On June 21, 1961, Lee Doan and Dutch Hen tel stood beside Mr. Kennedy at the White House as he pushed a button to dedicate the plant designed to take 1,000,000 gallons of fresh water a (lay from the sea. Similar ceremonies at Freeport were attended by Vice President and Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson, Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. lldall, and Carl Gerstacker. Dow Chemical had provided five acres of land for the experimental plant and supplied the steam and seawater feed. Through studies at this plant it was hoped that economical processes would be found to tap the sea for fresh water not only for areas of the United States but for arid countries with few fresh water resources. No doubt Herbert Dow would have gotten a wry chuckle from these ceremonies had lie lived to witness them. For he had dreamed of converting seawater to fresh water back in 1915 when he had read of a drought in California--and had been laughed at for suggesting it. Now his grandsons were seeing his old dream become a reality. But, in a sense, most of the activities of The Dow Chemical Company in the industrial field seemed of secondary importance to what was taking place in the cluster of offices housing the company's top management in Midland. In the summer of 1962 Earl Bennett and Charles Slrosacker stepped down from the powerful Executive Commince and turned over their places to Ben Branch and Donald Ballman. And then Lee Doan made his final preparations to give up the presidency. For Lee Doan, it was the end of thirteen tumultuous years that had begun when Willard Dow died in the plane crash on the rain-soaked field in Canada. In that time he had led the company over the postwar shoals into the greatest period of growth in its history. He had poured more than $1,000,000,000 into capital improvements and expansions, lie had guided the company through the first critical period of its transformation from a domestic concern into a worldwide organization with a global business outlook, lie had semi the company's assets climb from $294,337,000 in 1949 to $1,055,337,000 in 1962 and sales from $200,371.000 to $90,6:19,000. In that same time the number of employees had increased from 14,000 to 31,000, and the number o sharcl'ioldcrs from 19,000 to more than 100,000. He had given Dow Chemical's marketing organization a stronger position in the company- 284 Chapter Eighteen 257 And in his regime the company had diversified even further and its plants had been dispersed throughout the United States. Beyond this, Lee Doan had been the bridge between the older men and the new leaders. With his quiet diplomacy he had moved the younger men into positions of control with a minimum of friction. And with this transition of management completed, lie was ready to step down from the presidency. On September 12, 1962, Lee Doan's forty-year-old son, Ted Doan, became tbe fifth president of The Dow Chemical Company. Chapter Nineteen TX lu; size of The Dow Chemical Company was both a blessing and a burden as Ted Doan stepped into the presidency of the 65-year-old company in 1962. Bigness was an asset in reducing costs, expanding quickly into promising fields, and remaining competitive in an industry where competition was growing keener year after year in the sale of basic chemicals and intermediates. The company was the world's largest and most efficient producer of chlorine and caustic soda. It ranked at the top or near the top in supplying industries with vinyl chloride, propylene oxide, glycol, phenol, synthetic glycerine, hydrochloric acid, methylene chloride, bromine, aspirin granules, magnesium, and plastic monomers and polymers. Overseas, the company was pouring money into new planLs and expanding at a faster rate than any of its competitors. But as the company had grown so had the problems of communi cation among management, research, production, marketing, and development. And this was the burden of bigness--this difficulty of communication which threatened to stifle individual initiative and to frustrate talent. It was a burden which young Doan was determined to overcome. Ted Doan had no desire to play the role of the strong man calling all the signals. Indeed, he was convinced that while this form of leadership had served the company well in its earlier years, the time had come for a reorganization that would spread more of the decision-making to the middle management, leaving lop executives free to make policy and long-range plans for profit growth. But before this type of organization could he fully developed, the controls had to become centered in Midland headquarters. Doan formed a triumvirate--himself, Carl Gerstacker, and Ben Brunch --In lead Dow Chemical through the reorganization and point the direction it would lake in the future, lie concentrated largely on planning. Cer.slacker looked alter finances. And Branch--promoted to the post of executive vice president--took charge of operations. The 2842 C-Xfif Chapter Nineteen 259 executive committee, through which Lee Doan had operated in his decision-making, became a group which reviewed the decisions of the triumvirate while the board of directors was a back-up review and advisory group. One of Ben Branch's first moves was to launch a research program designed to improve the production processes and bring down the costs of the big-volume commodities such as styrene and phenol. Dow Chemical had always been strong on its processes and Branch was determined it would remain strong. He pressed the division research people to step up their work on ways to improve the processes as a basic means of improving profits. And this drive worked, pushing down the costs of the company's big-base commodities and plaeing Dow Chemieal in a stronger position to move out in other directions. I In other management shuffles, Macauley Whiting was named ! director of overseas operations and fifty-five-year-old Max Key was placed in charge of the big Midland Division. In the background were the veterans Lee Doan, Dutch Beutel, Earl Bennett, and Calvin Campbell to give the balance of long experience. But the younger inen were now in charge. Just as Herbert Dow, Willard Dow, and Lee Doan had avoided drafting a rigid organization chart, so did Ted Doan, lie believed that rigid, military-like lines of command were too confining for individual initiative and that group decisions were imperative. He had the enormous task of breaking down the old organization and reshaping it to the new plan. The old organization had developed around the company's divisions and in time these divisions--particularly in Texas and Midland--had become empires within an empire. They competed with each other for plants and projects. Each had its own research laboratories and each pursued its own independent research. Each had its own development, design, and construction services. And each contributed its share to jealousies between partisan groups. The divisions had become more or less isolated from direct management control. An example of inter-division friction arose in l `J43 when the Texas Division built a carbon tetrachloride plant, using a process that had been developed by the Western Division. The plant failed to produce at ts rated capacity. Beutel put Earle Barnes to work seeking the trouble and after a time Barnes was certain there was some element in the plant feed acting as an inhibitor to the production of carbon tetrachloride. However, the Texas Division had no research laboratory at that time libit Tin: Dow -Slory because Willard Dow had decreed the research would be centered in Midland and California. A team of chemists came from the California division to study the Texas problem and reported the trouble was not caused by an inhibitor hut was the result of the plant being " under-engineered." The only remedy would he lo rebuild the plant. Ileulel's hackles rose over the slur against his division's engineering, and Barnes challenged the report of the visiting firemen. His tests indicated that a trace of ammonia in the Freeport water was the guilty agent. When ammonia-free seawater was used instead of the Freeport water, the plant began to produce at capacity. Alter this incident, Bcutel was determined to have his own research facilities and not to be dependent either on Midland or the Western Division. Secretly, he had Barnes organize a research center, covering up the costs with a bit of bookkeeping sleight-of-hand. When this became known in Midland, there was an uproar. But Beutel insisted he had to have his own research center for developing new products and processes. It all ended with a high-level meeting in Pittsburg in February, 1947, with (diaries Slrosacker and Ray Boundy acting as referees. Beutel won his battle but not without some bruised feelings. Cerslaeker would recall another incident: "1 remember soon after World War II, I was trying to be the company's production control man. Willard showed me reports he had received from Beutel, asking for an expansion, and Willard didn't know what it all m eant He wanted to set up some method by which he could check on Texas production and lie asked me lo do it. 1 went to Texas and Dutch damned near threw me out of his office--and probably should have. A young upstart was meddling in bis affairs. Maybe be thought I'd go away and not bother him after the blow-up. But I didn't. I had my jaw set and we had a battle. Then we worked out a way to report production satisfactorily. Doan's primary concern in those first years was to install the organization plan lie had developed before he became president: the dividing of Dow Chemical into product departments with teams organized in each department to develop and promote the various business groupings. In Ibis structure, the major departments were chemicals, plastics, metal products, bioproduets, packaging, and consumer products, each beaded by a manager who reported directly to Branch. Each depart ment manager bad a staff of managers who headed business teams responsible for a certain group of products. These teams brought 2843 j Chapter Nineteen 261 | | together men from marketing, research, production, and development. Linked to the business teams and reporting to them were product teams responsible for the management of certain specified products. The system also made it possible for teams to be organized for special ; projects and products. 1 In its total effect, the reorganization was the breaking down of Dow Chemical into relatively small, manageable businesses in which per formances at all levels could be checked, problems identified, and goals fixed with a degree of cooperation that had been possible only in the earliest days of the company. "These businesses," Branch explained to an employee group, " are designed to be as close as we can come to a small business with the flexibility and maneuverability of a small business, and with all of the j strength in depth of a big company." j The system was not one suddenly imposed on the company, j Actually it had begun to develop in the late 1940's with the organization of a plastics department under Ray Boundy. Then in 1956 { Ted Doan had set up the chemicals department. It was from this base that Doan set out to reorganize the entire company and establish new relationships between product departments, research, production, business teams, and product teams. It was a breaking down of old walls, the broadening of contacts between departments, and the opening of opportunities for men who had the desire and ability to grasp more responsibility. Distribution, which had been the responsibility of the different production divisions, was linked to marketing and purchasing and placed under the direction of Vice President Don Ballman. And in I 1965, the company's manufacturing centers were placed under effective i centralized control for the first time when fifty-seven-year-old Max Key was made director of manufacturing, engineering and maintenance. The management of the Midland Division went to Harold Bosseher. Explaining the company's reorganization to a group of European business men, Gerstacker said: " We believe in something you might for want of a better word call `democracy.' We operate largely on the basis of group decisions and with a surprising amount of overlapping of duties and responsibilities. We are in many respects the opposite of a military organization with its carefully defined lines and bounds of authority. | " We believe that this loose, freedom-oriented organization gives our people the very maximum chance to use their initiative, to develop 2(>2 I V Dow Slury their initiative, to develop their ideas and their abilities, and to make their maximum contribution. " Linked with this we have an unwritten law that we promote wherever possible from within the organization. We don't hire executives; we develop them." To another group, Ben Branch said: " Where top management act as long-range leaders of change, middle management will increasingly act as managers of change. They will have new, broader charters to run day-to-day operations. In fact, they will take over many of top management's jobs of today, leaving the top men free to carry out broader responsibility." One of the new departments to emerge from this reorganization was the Government Affairs Department. For many years Dow Chemical had supplied products, technical services and research facilities to federal agencies. BuL this business had grown with no one person responsible for its development. Dutch Bculcl took over the task of organizing and managing the new department. And he set out in his usual hard-charging manner to place Dow Chemical in a stronger position to bid on contracts in the government's programs of defense, nuclear development, oceanography, waste and water treating, pollution control, and space exploration. But as a result of fulfilling a contract obligation to the United States government, The Dow Chemical Company became--in 1966--the target of perhaps the most abusive attack ever launched against an American business firm. The attack was part of a nationwide anti-war campaign whose primary aim was to force American withdrawal from Vietnam where United States military forces were fighting to prevent a Communist conquest of South Vietnam. The United States' involvement in Vietnam--reaching back through the Administrations of President Truman, President Eisenhower, President Kennedy, and President Johnson--had distressed millions of Americans of all political shades. And this distress grew as the fighting became more intense and claimed more American lives. It was by no means a " popular" war. But the debate over the American role in South Vietnam and the most effective way to obtain peace often degenerated into violent actions by a minority. For many years the government had bought products from Dow Chemical ranging from measles vaccine to magnesium. But it was the Air Force's use of one product as an offensive and defensive weapon in Vietnam which made the company a target for attack, r o The product was napalm, a jelly-like, inflammable substance packe 00 0 'W 3 'N Chu|iter Nineteen 263 j into canisters and dropped by planes on observed or suspected enemy : targets in the jungle fighting. Napalm bombs had become one of the important weapons used to support American troops in certain combat ! situations. At times, troops threatened with being overrun by the enemy had called for napalm strikes on their own positions. More than once these supporting strikes had saved the units from annihilation. I Such a time came in June, 1966, when the 1st Brigade of the 101st Airborne drove into the mountains of the Ron Turn Province along the border of Laos and Cambodia. The battle that developed was described in this manner in the Associated Press' annual roundup of important news events: The engagement was noteworthy for an exploit involving Captain William S. Carpenter, Jr., known to sports fans as the " lonesome end" i of West Point football teams 15 years earlier. Carpenter's company, on outpost duty, was attacked by a battalion of North Vietnamese and badly mauled in close-quarter fighting. At one point, the Reds were so sure of victory that their buglers sounded laps for the beleaguered Americans. In the emergency, Carpenter called for an air strike on his own position, aiming " to take a few of them with us." The strike, with bombs and napalm, broke the Communist assault, enabled what was left of the trapped unit to hook up with another company in a defense perimeter; later, the survivors were removed by helicopter. Napalm was not a new weapon. It was invented in 1942 by scientists from Harvard University and the Army Chemical Warfare Service for flamethrowers. During World War 1, both the Germans and the Allies had used flamethrowers which hurled burning gasoline. But the gasoline was not very effective because it burned too quickly. The napalm of World War II was a combination of coconut oil, oleic acid and naphthenic acid (the word " napalm" derived from naph thenic). These compounds formed a powder which was mixed with gasoline to produce a gel of any desired consistency. The mixture was j used by the Marines in their flamethrowers as they attacked Japanese entrenched in eaves, holes, and bunkers on Guadalcanal and other Pacific islands. It was used in infantry assaults on German positions in Europe and in Allied bombings of enemy positions. It was a weapon also in the Korean war. By 1965, the Air Force had developed a new formula for napalm. It called for 25 percent benzene, 25 percent gasoline, and 50 percent : Polystyrene, the latter a plastic material manufactured by Dow Chemical and others. The Air Force contracted with Dow Chemical to supply part of its needs, and this was done at a plant at Torrance, 264 The I )ow Slory California, which employed less than a dozen workers. In terms of dullars, the contract was a small one in the range of $5,000,000 in 1000, or about one-fourth of one percent of the company's total sales. The profit involved was of little material significance. As the United States stepped up its war effort in 1966, opposition to the war increased. Anti-war groups began taking to the streets in increasing numbers to stage protests. Pickets carried signs labeling President Johnson, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, and Secretary of Defense Robert MaeNamara as " murderers." The debate over Vietnam often degenerated into violence, abusive name-calling, attempts to interfere with or evade the draft, and charges that American pilots were ruthlessly killing Vietnamese civilians with napalm. But those who demonstrated against the use of napalm to defend American troops curiously found no reason to protest the Communist Viet Cong's deliberate campaign of murder and terrorism waged against South Vietnamese civilians. On Saturday, May 28, 1966, more than one hundred pickets paraded at Dow Chemical's plant at Torrance, protesting the making of napalm. On the same day, a noisy group of some seventy-five persons picketed the offices of the company in New York's Rockefeller Center. Among the organizations represented was the United States Committee to Aid the National Liberation Front (the NLF was the political front of the Viet Cong). One picket carried an NLF flag. They chanted " Napalm burns babies, " Dow makes money," and " Nazi ovens in '44, napalm in '66." Newspapers carried stories of the picketing and television cameras brought pictures of the protesting groups to television sets throughout the country. Almost immediately leaders of the anti-war movement centered their abuse on The Dow Chemical Company from among all the many companies in the United Slates supplying war materials to the armed forces. Napalm had become the emotion-rousing symbol in the movement whose primary aim was to force the United States to withdraw from Vietnam. In the early demonstrations, Dow Chemical issued a formal statement saying in part: " Our position on the manufacture of napalm is that we are a supplier of goods to the Defense Department and not a policymaker. We do not and should not try to decide military strategy or policy. "Simple good citizenship requires that we supply our government and our military with those goods which they feel they need whenever J O we have the technology anil capability and have been chosen by the Q 0 government as a supplier. CJ1 Chapter Nineteen 265 " We will do our best, as we always have, to try to produce wliat our Defense Department and our soldiers need in any war situation. Purely aside from our duty to do this, we will feel deeply gratified if what we are able to provide helps to protect our fighting men or to speed the day when the fighting will end." The anti-Dow Chemical campaign was picked up by anti-war groups on university campuses across the country. Dow's recruiters were harrassed as they tried to carry on job interviews with students. Demonstrations erupted on the campuses at Harvard, Princeton, University of California, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and many others. At Madison, Wisconsin, university officials were forced to call in police to break up a demonstration. At Princeton, President Robert F. Cohecn defended the right of all company recruiters to visit the campus and interview graduate students. He rejected student demands that they he barred. Dr. Goheen was a veteran of combat with the First Cavalry Division in World War 11. lie told the students: " 1 probably have a somewhat different view of napalm than you do, because 1 remember vividly how it helped save the lives of many of my friends in the hills east of Manila in 1945 and on other occasions as well." lie went on to say: "When representative^of companies come to the campus to recruit, they provide Princeton students with opportunities they might not otherwise have to gain information and make their own judgments and choices about future careers. We could only deny students such opportunities when to fail to do so was demonstrably injurious to the university, to the country, or to both." At times, the anti-Dow Chemical campaign in some university newspapers became grossly irresponsible. Such was the case when a Dow Chemical recruiter, Glenn Allen, visited the campus of the University of California at Santa Barbara in January, 1967, to interview students. Anti-war demonstrators tried to halt the interviews, carrying signs which bore such slogans as " Burn, Baby, Burn," and " Help Dow Burn People." A student newspaper, E l C a u c h o , burst forth with a banner headline: " `Yes, We Burn Babies,' Dow Rep Boasts to Picket." Three days later, a small item appeared in El Cuiiclio reading: RETRACTION--E l C a u c h o erred in its reporting of Dow Chemical's appearance on campus last Thursday. Apparently an impersonator, pretending to be the representative from Dow, made the statements concerning the burning of babies that was reported in Monday's El C a u c h o . 266 Thu Dow Story Our reporter took the word of several demonstrators who heard the impersonator make those statements. Dow's true, representative, Glenn Allen, informed us that it is against the c o m p a n y 's policy to talk to demonstrators, and he never went outside the building. E l G u u c h o would like to apologize to Dow Chemical and Allen for misrepresenting his statements, and we would like to retract those statements falsely attributed to Allen in Monday's paper. It is doubtful that all those who saw Monday's blaring headline, and believed it, also noted Thursday's apology. Alkis Mangriotis, a senior at UCSB, wrote to the editor of E l (jauclio: " 1 am addressing this letter to the people who picketed The Dow Chemical Co. It was an idiotic and childish demonstration of anti-Vietnam sentiment. Dow makes chemicals of various kinds: fertilizers, plasties, and napalm among many others. These products can be used in profitable or in destructive ways. I think that it is obvious that Dow docs not bomb Vietnam, but the Air Force, the government, we. We are carrying out the war, not that company, nor any other. They produce what wc ask them to produce. If we don't like the bombing, let us change the government policies. If they picket Dow they should also picket Standard Oil, U. S. Steel, IBM among hundreds of others because they probably provide the fuel, the construction material, and the guidance of the bombers. Besides, The Dow Chemical Co. was recruiting research chemists, not necessarily napalm producers. 1 hope that picketing students would think more clearly before they stand for hours accomplishing nothing." But it was the active, vocal minority who captured the headlines. Protestors distributed pictures of babies allegedly burned by napalm and played on (lie tbeme which implied that thousands of innocent Chilians were victims of napalm burns. One of the first on-the-spot surveys seeking the truth or falsity of sui'h claims was made in early 1967 by Dr. Howard A. Rusk, medical editor of T h e N e w Y o rk Tim es. Dr. Rusk's report from Saigon said in part: Cor (lie last week this writer lias been on an intensive tour of 20 Vietnamese civilian hospitals from the 17th Parallel in the North to the Cull of Siam in (lie South. The facilities visited ranged from an isolated dispensary serving the Miuilagnards in the highlands to large provincial civilian hospitals in the hottest rnmhal areas. to GO oo Chapter Nineteen 267 To many Americans, Vietnam is a distant and devastated country filled with children who have been burned by American napalm bombs. This picture simply is not true. The very nature of the fighting in Vietnam has made civilian casualties inevitable. From the beginning of the struggle, the Viet Cong have continu ously used terror tactics against civilians. As the military activities have become intensified the Viet Cong have deliberately wiped out villages and mined busy roads. More and more civilians have been inadvertently caught in the crossfire despite the very stringent precautions taken by the United States and Allied forces. Not even partial statistics on the number of civilian casualties were available until last November when the first nationwide hospital survey was held. Monthly surveys since indicate that, nationwide, approximately 15 per cent of all hospital admissions are war casualties. The remaining 85 per cent are for disease and accidents. Certainly there are burned children and adults in Vietnam. This writer personally saw every burn case in the 20 hospitals he visited. Among them was not a single case of burns due to napalm and but two from phosphorus shells. There have been cases of severe burns from napalm but the numbers are not large in comparison to burns due to accidents. Of the scores of American physicians queried many had not seen a single case of burns due to napalm and others had seen but a single case. For every case of burns resulting from war there are scores of eases of burns resulting from gasoline. Because of inflation the cost of fuel for cooking is very high. As a result, many Vietnamese farmers and villagers pilfer or buy stolen gasoline. They are inexperienced in its use and try to ii.se it like kerosene. The results are tragic. . . . During the summer of 1966, a team of distinguished physicians, appointed by President Johnson, made a survey of South Vietnamese civilian war casualties and the hospital facilities available to give them medical care. The team was headed by Dr. F. J. L. Blasingame, executive vice president of the American Medical Association. The team's report to President Johnson said in part: " Prior to leaving the United States, the team was aware of exceptional public interest in the number and type of civilian burn cases in Vietnam. "Throughout our visit, individual team members paid particular attention to burns. The cases were relatively limited in number in L 2btl Tin- l)ow Story relation to other injuries and illnesses, and we saw no justification for the undue emphasis which had been placed by the press upon civilian bums caused by napalm. " A greater number of burns appeared to be caused by the careless use of gasoline in stoves which were not intended for gasoline. Probably most of the burns occurred from this source." For those seeking the facts, these reports by trained observers on Ihc scene should have laid to rest the claims of widespread burnings by napalm. But the campaign against Dow Chemical continued. For months the Administration in Washington merely observed the attacks on Dow Chemical, issuing no comment. But in 1967 Secretary of Defense Robert MacNamara wrote to Ted Doan saying in part: " The implication that napalm is used indiscriminately in Vietnam is not true. General Carle G. Wheeler, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has said publicly that napalm is a military necessity. It answers a specific military need in certain combat situations peculiar to the type of warfare practiced by the Viet Cong. " General Wheeler has also pointed out that the precautions we take against injury hy this weapon to noncombatants are as painstaking as we can make them without hamstringing our military operations. By contrast, the Viet Cong has repeatedly carried on terror and murder campaigns directed against innocent civilians. . . . " There are also charges that your company is a war profiteer, charges made hy persons ignorant of the purchasing procedures of the Department of Defense and of your company's role as a defense supplier. As you well know, our contracting procedures insure that there can he no profiteering. . . . " The protestors who attempted to interfere with recruiting efforts by any company as a form of protest against either a military weapon or the war in Vietnam were misdirecting their efforts. These are matters of military policy and foreign policy over which private industry has no control. Along with you, we deplore the isolated instances where demonstrations have gone beyond mere protest to the point of interfering with the rights of students to discuss employment oppor tunities with any prospective employer in whom they may be interested. " Your employees and stockholders should be aware that your company is performing a service for our armed forces--a service that plays a vital role in protecting our fighting men." Mixed with the letters of protest written to the company were letters of support, many of them from fighting men in Vietnam. A iO GO O-StM Chapter Nineteen 269 winner of the Medal of Honor wrote, "War and killing are not at all pleasing to anyone. The infantry in Vietnam fights to win and stay alive. We need and are thankful for napahn." An eidisted man wrote, "The war would not end if eompanies sueh as you suddenly refused to manufacture napalm and other military supplies." Another: "The effectiveness of napalm in saving U. S. lives is overwhelming." The letters of support were welcome, hut the harassment and abuse and sometimes obscene charges, and the efforts to cripple How Chemical in the marketplace, weighed heavily on Ted Doan and those around him, as well as on thousands of company employees and stockholders. The hoard of directors discussed the possibility of withdrawing from napalm production. But a great deal more was involved than a simple decision to drop a relatively small contract with the government. There was Ihc matter of a company's right to deny weapons to American troops fighting for their country and their lives on a foreign battlefield. The decision of the hoard was that Dow Chemical had no choice other than to continue fulfilling its contract. In discussing the problem in an article written for the IkaU S tr e e t J o u r n a l in December, 1967, Ted Doan said in part: " Why do we produce napalm? In simplest form, we produce it because we feel that our company should produce those items which our fighting men need in time of war when we have the ability to do so. " A quarter of a century ago this answer would have satisfied just about everyone who asked this question. Today, however, it doesn't. Today we find ourselves accused of being immoral because we produce this product for use in what some people consider an unjust war. We're told that to make a weapon because you're asked to do so by your government puts you in precisely the same position as the Cernian industrialists who pleaded at the Nuremberg trials that they were `only following orders.' " And these are just a few of the milder charges in a barrage of protests that has included picketing of some of our plants and sales offices, boycotts against our products, thousands of letters of protest to the company and to individuals within the company, and, most publicized of all, organized demonstrations on campuses across the nation which have ranged from peaceful protest to violent and physical obstruction of Dow job interviews. "The central issue, of course, is the war in Vietnam. This is not a popular war. No one likes war, least of all the men who have tin: dirty and dangerous and heart-breaking job of having to fight it. All of the 1 270 The Dow Story debate in the world about how we got there or how we get out is proper and right in its place, but it doesn't change the fact that we are there nor the fact that our men are there and need weapons to defend themselves. " . . .what of the argument that we are no different from the German industrialists who `just followed orders'? We reject the validity of comparing our present form of government with Hitler's Nazi Germany. In our mind our Government is still representative of and responsive to the will of the people. " Further, we as a company have made a moral judgment on the long-range goals of our Government and we support these. We may not agree as individuals with every decision of every military or Govern mental leader but we regard these leaders as men trying honestly and relentlessly to find the best possible solutions to very, very complex international problems. As long as we so regard them, we would find it impossible not to support them. This is not saying as the critics imply that we will follow blindly and without fail no matter where our Government leads us. While I think it highly improbable under our form of government, should despotic leaders attem pt to lead our nation away from its historic national purposes, we would cease to support the Government. Hut 1 can foresee this happening only if through resort to anarchy we prevent the functioning of democratic processes. " Our critics ask if we are willing to stand judgment for our choice to support our Government if history should prove this wrong. Our answer is yes. . . . " Basically the debate over Vietnam, as long as it remains peaceful and honest debate, is a healthy thing. And many of the questions being asked are pertinent questions which business must ask itself. Business should and must be willing to discuss some of these questions with the campus and intellectual community which has raised them--discuss them not in the emotional atmosphere of demonstrations and confron tations but under conditions which will allow a true dialogue. " Equally important, however, is the challenge to Dow and the business world to focus attention and action on an issue far more vital Ilian Vietnam. That issue is peace itself, the lasting peace that man has sought throughout history. .Such lasting peace can be achieved only when we find solutions to such basic world problems as hunger and disease and lack of economic opportunity. " These are things that Dow is working on right now--things on which we spend vastly more lime and money and effort than we spend on the production of napalm. We intend to continue making napalm 2848 Chapter Nineteen 271 because we feel that so long as the United Stales is sending men to war, it is unthinkable that we would nut supply the materials they need. But we also intend to continue to direct our talents and efforts toward that better tomorrow for all mankind that can build lasting peace. . . . "We firmly believe that the young men and women truly concerned about doing something to build a better world rather than just talking about it are in the vast majority. We intend to make every effort to convince them that the business world offers one of the best opportunities to do that job effectively." The campaign had no apparent short-term adverse effect either on Dow Chemical's sales or its recruiting. But the nightmarish nature of the sensational charges tended to obscure the contributions which the company had made and was making to the health and well-being of people, to industrial research, and to the discovery of new and useful products. Among these was the discovery of a vaccine, Lirugen, that immunized children against common measles and its often crippling or fatal effects. This discovery was made in Dow Chemical's Pitman-Moore laboratories by Anton Schwarz. After a period of careful testing, the vaccine was used on a large scale for the first time when a measles epidemic threatened in California's Los Angeles County in early J966. More than 100,000 injections of the one-shot vaccine were given to children over a ten-day period. Within three weeks, the reported cases peaked at 540 and then steadily dropped. Dr. Benjamin A. Kogan of the Los Angeles County Health Department, said, "This is the first time in a quarter of a century that the weekly incidenec of measles--having once exceeded 500 cases a week--has dropped below 300 a week this early." The program was considered so successful that county officials recommended an immunization program on a year-round basis. And when reports of the Los Angeles success reached other parts of the country, similar programs were organized. The United Stales govern ment's Communicable Disease Center contracted for one million doses of Lirugen for use in its measles eradication program across the nation. And the Government Agency for International Development (All)) chose Lirugen in its program to inoculate more than twenty-four million children in fifteen West African countries. Among other important products to conic, from the company's laboratories were a rabies vaccine and an effective, nonexplosive anaesthetic. Also, scientists and engineers at Dow Corning were deeply involved in research to help the medical profession solve many of its 272 The Dow Story problems. A popular move had been the organization of an Aid to Medical Research Center where the medical profession could obtain technical assistance without charge in developing new medical tools from silicone products. In 1940, silicones had been little more than a curiosity. But in twenty years Dow Corning scientists had made them the base of a fast-growing business. The uses for silicones seemed endless. Silicone rubber and wiring had been incorporated into pacemaker heart units (the small, battery-powered, transistoerized mechanisms implanted in patients to keep their hearts beating regularly by means of electrical impulses). Silicone materials were used in heart-lung machines. Silicone products were used by plastic surgeons in restoring the natural appearance of a woman's breast or a damaged ear. They were used in fashioning artificial human organs, in bandages, in the treatment of burns, and in scores of other ways. In the nation's space program, silicone products found heavy use as sealants, greases, adhesives, electrical insulation, and heat shields. Their resistance to aging, to heat and to cold, and to chemical action gave space scientists and engineers materials peculiarly adaptable to the program. When Astronaut Edward H. White II made his famous twenty-one-minute " stroll in space" in 1965, the 27-foot hose which supplied his oxygen was made of Dow Coming's Silastic silicone rubber. Among new products exciting to Ted Doan was a new family of chemical polymers, with the trademark Pusher, which held the promise of greatly increasing oil recovery in fields throughout the world. This was the sort of chemical development which fitted into his long-range program of finding chemical solutions to major problems. 'The Pusher program began when scientists and engineers began experimenting in 1956 with chemicals that would alter the viscosity of water and in effect thicken it so that when the water was forced down into an oil field, it would act as a " pusher" to shove the oil from sand, rock, and crevices into the well. In one of the Brazos Oil and Gas Company fields in Kansas, the Pusher process recovered 350 barrels per acre-fool from an area which normally would have yielded only 150 barrels per acre-foot had the old water-flooding technique been used. It was the hope of Doan and others in Dow Chemical that the Pusher process would become a major factor in oil recovery around the world. Another new product was a liquid fuel gas, trademarked MAPP, which quickly became a competitor of acetylene and propane gas. It combined the high heating qualities of acetylene with the safety of propane. The combination was achieved by rearranging the hydro > Chapter Nineteen 273 carbon molecular structures of acetylene and propane. This resulted in a new gas called " stabilized methylacetylene," the basic ingredient of MAPP. The new gas was quickly accepted by industry, among the first users being the Buick Division of General Motors in Flint, Miehigan, which used MAPP to flame-harden automobile parts. Dow Chemical marked up another achievement in 1963 by building the first commercial installation to employ atomic energy as a catalyst in a production process. In this process, cobalt-60 was used as a catalyst to produce ethyl bromide, important in the production of solvents, fumigants, refrigerants, and a number of pharmaceutical compounds. The process resulted from more than seven years of research. The reaction vessel--about the size of a 30-gallon hot water tank--was buried in concrete. Raw materials were piped through the underground reactor and exposed to the radiation energy emitted by rods containing small slugs of cobalt-60; a chemical reaction resulted to produce ethyl bromide which flowed from the reactor uncontaminated by the rays. It was a pioneering effort which Midland scientists hoped would lead them to other chemical processes using atomic energy. So much has happened so fast in Dow Chemical in the 1960's that not even company employees have been able to keep track of all the changes. The company organized its own worldwide engineering and construction service. The development of the textile business was made the responsibility of Dow Badische, an associated company. The company moved strongly into the international pharmaceutical field by acquiring controlling interests in Italy's large pharmaceutical group, Ledoga, and in LIFE, the largest pharmaceutical house in Ecuador. But nothing, perhaps, was more significant than the overseas developments. While Ted Doan was reshaping the domestic organi zation, Macauley Whiting, President of Dow Chemical International, was taking a hard look at the overseas operations where growth was even faster than it was at home. In 1952, Dow Chemical's sales from foreign exports and manufacturing were only 6 percent of total sales. But by 1965 the foreign sales were 16 percent of total sales (25 percent with Canada included). If the indicators were accurate, the foreign growth would continue to out-distance domestic growth for years to come. One of the major problems was that the foreign and domestic operations had become increasingly interdependent and yet their management was only loosely lied together. Whiling was convinced the foreign operations would have to be integrated with management in Midland. As matters stood, Dow Chemical was no longer a large 1 t 271- 'I lie I)ow Mory domestic producer with sideline interests abroad. Its interests had become global and management had to be organized on that basis. To achieve better coordination, Whiting proposed the foreign operations be divided into four areas--Europe-Africa, with headquarters in Zurich; Latin America, with headquarters at Coral Gables, Florida; the Pacific, to be run from Hong Kong; and Canada, where Dow Chemical of Canada had long been wel] established. Each area would have a manager witli almost total control over his own production and sales; each manager, eventually, would have funtional departments similar to the corporate departments. Through these managers, exports, sales, and production around the world would be closely linked with Midland. Whiting's plan was adopted and put into effect in early 1966 as Dow Chemical was pushing a new round of expansions overseas and doubling its investment in the $100,000,000 complex at Terneuzen, Holland. Additions at Terneuzen included a large naphtha cracking plant to produce ethylene and other olefins, a plant for low-density poly ethylene, and a number of derivatives. As the overseas business grew in volume and complexity, Ted Doan, Carl Gerstacker, and Ben Branch agreed that a more sophisticated approach was needed in the European banking operations. The result was the formation in 1965 of a wholly owned bank in Zurich, Switzerland, with paid-in capital of $18,000,000. The bank did not do business with the Swiss public or accept deposits and make loans to Dow Chemical. Its main purpose was to make medium- and long-term loans to the company's European customers in a market where money usually was tighL. The hank proved an instant success--and in its first six months turned a profit of $287,643. During the years of Ted Doan's presidency, Dow Chemical truly has become a global operation. They have been years of constant change, innovation, growth and considerable tumult. In 1964, Dow Chemical broke the billiou-dollar mark in sales and joined the relatively small group of American businesses ever to achieve that peak. From 1962 to 1967, sales increased from $890,639,000 to more than $1,138,300,000. In (hat period, profits rose 80 percent averaging an increase of about 12 percent a year. And all this came during the most sweeping reorganization in the history of the company. The Dow Chemical Company had traveled a long road to reach this point. In 1007, Herbert Dow was struggling through a money panic and lighting to keep his small chemical company from bankruptcy. Sixty years later his grandson was chief executive of the same company. But ,< 2850 >~ a ? ? ? / Chapter Nineteen 275 its plants were spread around the world. It had assets of about $2,000,000,000. And it ranked as the fourth largest chemical company in the United States. What are the secrets of this achievement? Ted Doan sat in his office late one summer afternoon and pondered the question. Finally he said: " I t all comes down to people. We've had the good fortune to have men who were outstanding and independent thinkers, and they were models for others. They were strong men who believed in themselves and in the company. Sometimes you wonder where the Strosaekers and Boundys and Barstows and Bennetts and Beutc.ls of the future will come from. But we have them. They're out there. Men like Branch and Gerstaeker and others like them. And they make the future look good." Conclusion in te r s ta t e Highway 75 runs north from Detroit some 100 miles into Loyyer Michigan's Saginaw Valley. Midland-bound motorists leave 1-75 at Bay City on the edge of Lake Huron and veer westward on Highway US-10. After swinging onto the Midland turnoff they pass the brightly eolored towers and minarets of The Dow Chemical Company sprawled over a huge tract alongside the Tittabawassee River. Beyond these is the business district of the town. And still further along are uncommonly attractive homes, gardens, parks, tree-shaded streets, schools, golf courses, churches, and all the outward signs of a community that is prospering. It is difficult for the stranger to realize that this modern town of some 30,000 people (the average age is twenty-four) was, three-quarters of a century ago, a forlorn village sitting in a dreary countryside that had been stripped of its timber and abandoned by the loggers. Honky-tonk saloons dominated the main street. The dirt roads leading from town wandered away into nowhere and, it seemed, so did the future of the town and its people. The contrast between the old Midland and the new Midland is startling. And no one can stay long in the town without becoming aware that the change was brought about by Herbert Dow and his young dream that he could take bromine from the brine with electricity. This is the legend with which Midland lives, like the stories of the Indians who once roamed the forests of towering white pines. Midland is an interesting town, only partly because it is the headquarters of a chemical company that is out-ranked in size only by Du Pout, Union Carbide, and Monsanto. Perhaps its real attraction is that there are more brains, talent, and varied personalities among its inhabitants than are normally found in a place of its size. On this score, an observer once said: "We have more Ph.D's per square acre than you'll find most anywhere else. These fellows tend to marry women with virulently high IQ's. Wives around here prepare breakfast and then a paper on the latest trend in economics before going to art class." 2851 oshe-Q Conclusion 277 It is not unusual on any one day at the Midland Country Club--the company's favorite place for entertaining visitors--to hear conversations in Japanese, French, Spanish, German, or Italian. The visitors come from all over the world to confer, to dicker, and to study, with the result that Midland is about as isolated from the current of inter national affairs as the United Nations. Because strange languages are not unusual, one group of neighbor hood youngsters thought it not strange that a dog on their block could speak French quite fluently. This came to light when Mrs. B., the Brittany-born wife of a Dow Chemical employee, began conducting French classes in her home for the children of neighbors. It was her habit at home to converse only in French with her husband--and to fuss, scold, command, and otherwise communicate with her dog in her native tongue. The dog understood his French-speaking mistress quite well, often growling in his throat and muttering as dogs will. Mrs. B. was unaware that her young students had taken such an interest in her dog until they appeared at her door one morning before school with a petition. " Mrs. B.," the spokesman said, " can we take your dog to school with us?" Mrs. B. was surprised. " Now why would you want my dog in school?" "Well," the youngster said, " we want to show him to our class. He's the only dog in town who speaks French." Chamber of Commerce statistics show that Midland residents are the graduates of some 500 American and 30 foreign universities. As high as 92 percent of the registered voters can be expected to turn up at the polls on election day. The town has 40 churches. Eighty-five percent of the families own their own homes. Some 1,200 acres are in parks and more than 500 acres in a city forest. Midland supports its own symphony orchestra, the Midland Art Association, and the Little Theatre Guild. The 1,000-member Sportsmen's Club operates its own lodge and has a 120-acre tract with bait-casting ponds and target shooting areas. A modern, 225-bed, nonprofit community hospital was built and equipped through fund-raising drives. The public library is one of the most heavily used in the slate. The 1,500,000-cuhic-toot Community Center provides facilities for instruction and entertainment ranging from ballet to bowling. Northwood Institute, a coeducational institution located on a 200-acre tract in the city, offers two-year degrees in liberal arts, advertising, automotive marketing, banking and 271) The Dow Story finance, business management, journalism, retailing and marketing, and secretarial science. In addition to the Institute and the public schools, the town has two Catholic and one Lutheran elementary school and a Catholic girls' high school. Nearby are Delta College, a two-year community college, Alma College, Saginaw Valley College and Central Michigan University. Not so far distant are the University of Michigan and Michigan State University. Midland is a town with a large percentage of high-income families because tbe company employs so many scientists, engineers, managers, and skilled workers. Through the years many employees invested in the company's stock and saw its value multiply. Those who bought 100 shares of slock at 4014 in 1923--exercised all stock rights and retained all slock dividends--have seen the investment grow to 16,446 shares of stock wliicli, on January 15, 1968, were worth $1,414,356. Stock that was purchased in 1945 for $1,000 was worth more than $8,600 in 1907. Curiously, in an age of growing absentee ownership, those who built Dow Chemical and made their fortunes in the building remained in Midland as did most of the sons and daughters and grandchildren. They involved themselves in the community affairs and " Dow money" was given generously to education, churches, recreation centers, and cultural projects. The menfolk almost invariably knew from boyhood that their careers would be somewhere with The Dow Chemical Company. Among the " old families" in Midland are the Bakers and Curries and Crisseys and Balls, and Reinharts and Siases, and Towsleys, and Harts. They were farming the land and managing small businesses when Herbert Dow arrived in 1890. Then came the Bennetts, Barstows, and Doans. Families intermarried to link the town closer to the company, both socially and economically. Inevitably, with this cross-linking of families, and as sons followed in the steps of fathers, there was talk of nepotism. An oldtimer said; " Sure, we know if a choice has to be made there is always a point in favor of tbe house. But they work so damned hard at their jobs and get such results that nobody can say they didn't deserve it. But it's no big problem. The company is growing in so many directions there are opportunities all over the place." The management of Dow Chemical is sensitive to any suggestion that Midland is a " company town" because the phrase carries the implication that the company presides with feudal benevolence over the affairs of the people. To an outsider, it seems that this sensitivity often 2852 1 ; I I 1 1 j j -i CONCLUSION 279 leads to a self-conscious effort to avoid linking the name of the company with the name of the town. There is some doubt that the company could dictate to the townspeople even if it tried. Willard Dow found this to be true on one occasion in the late 1930's when a CIO union group asked permission to hold a meeting in the Community Center, largely financed by " Dow money" and gifts by Ed Barstow. Dow voiced his objections to the governing board of the Center (some of them Dow Chemical employees) and was promptly overruled on the grounds that the Center was open to any group of citizens wanting it for reasonable cause. " I guess the board was right," Willard said later. " There's too much attention paid to the Dows in this town as it is." But the Dow imprint is on Midland and noticeably so in the distinctive architecture of many of the homes, churches, and community buildings designed by Alden Dow, the rebel son of Herbert who didn't go into the chemical business. Tbe unconventional structures-- showing the influence of the master, Frank Lloyd Wright, on the pupil, Alden Dow--are among the showplaces of the town, Ed Barstow and Charles Strosacker were among those who grew up with Dow Chemical, became wealthy, and used generous shares of their money to help charitable causes and promote community services. But the largest contributions through the years have come from The Herbert H. and Grace A. Dow Foundation. The nonprofit foundation was established in 1936 by Mrs. Herbert Dow " in memory of her late and revered husband, Dr. Herbert H. Dow, and in token and esteem of the mutual friendship which has always existed between the members of the Dow family and the citizens of the City of Midland." At this time 100 shares of Dow Chemical stock were deposited in a trust. Other gifts were made by Mrs. Dow in later years, and then at her death in 1953 the Foundation received a bequest of 150,000 shares. From this fund, large sums have been poured into worthwhile causes. The Foundation provided funds for the Grace A. Dow Memorial Library, a modern, 70,000-square-foot building designed by Alden Dow as the nucleus of a cultural center. It was completed in 1955 and in 1967 its shelves held more than 120,000 books and they were increasing at the rate of 500 a month. Donations were made to the building funds of hospitals, schools, and churches and to charitable organizations, the Little Theatre Guild, the Midland Art Association, Interlochen Arts Academy, an addition to the courthouse, property for a municipal golf course, a science building at Kalamazoo College, and 280 Tlic Dow .Story the installation of a closed-circuit television system at the University of Michigan Medical School. These were but a few of the Foundation's gifts. Not many are left in Midland who knew Herbert Dow in his young days. One who did is eighty-seven-year-old Earl Bennett. He still has an office at Dow Chemical's Headquarters building. A l m o s t every week day, weather permitting, he arrives to read his mail, check company reports, and dial with those who drop in for advice or to reminisce. " My memory is not so good," he says with a twinkle. " I used to be able .to remember things that hadn't even happened." And then he amazes the visitor with his storehouse of remembered lore. He remembers how much bromine sold for in 1903 and how cold the wind was that day in 1907 when he found on the street the $2 which saved hint from the embarrassment of admitting he couldn't buy a loaf of bread. He remembers the price wars with the British and Germans and how Tom Griswold, Jr., built chlorine cells from secondhand lumber and old nails. He remembers his first trip to Wall Street and how big the city seemed to a small-town boy. He chuckles over the time he visited Europe and was mistaken for royalty because he signed the hotel register, " Earl Bennett--Midland." They called him the " Earl of Midland." There isn't much he doesn't remember about The Dow Chemical Company and he is the last of the old, old guard who saw it all happen. Dutch Beutel remembers a lot of the story, too, although he came to Midland several years after Bennett. At seventy-four, he maintains a pace that would wear out men half his age, directing the big Government Affairs Department and holding membership on the executive committee and the board of directors. Lee Doan is another who saw much of the building. He continues as a board member, chairman of the executive committee, and a member of the finance committee. Ilis office is only a few paces down the hall from that of his son Ted. Among the scientists who contributed so much to the discovery of new products and new processes, William R. Collings, seventy-four, is still active as honorary chairman of the Dow Corning Corporation and advisor to Chairman Shailcr Bass, with whom he worked in pioneering a silicones industry. At Dow Chemical of Canada, Limited, in nearby Sarnia, N. R. Crawford hail turned over the presidency to L. D. Smithers. They had built Dow Canada into one of the company's strongest links with the help of such men as John Smart, Paul Scott, and B. A. Howard. ro 1 00 c ji i oo I 0 - d JSa. Conclusion 281 Most of the others who played leading roles in the building of Dow Chemical are dead--Griswold, Barstow, Strosacker, Britton, Veazey, and Hale. Don Gibb, who helped introduce plastics to the American scene as Dow Chemical's first manager of plastics sales, sat in his lakeside cottage in Upper Michigan one day and talked of the men with whom he had worked before his retirement. " Looking back," he said, " you realize what strong men they were and how much talent they had. But they weren't on a lofty plateau above you. They got down in the dirt with you when there was a job to be done. " I remember as a young man I bought a furnace for my house and it just about broke me to buy it. Dutch Beutel was head of tile pipe shop at the time with all he could handle at the plant. But one morning he turned up at my house in overalls and installed the furnace in my basement. He said he wanted to be sure the job was done right--but the truth was he knew I was about broke. " They weren't men who were always easy to work with. Working with Strosacker was a little like being on the same team with Ty Cobb. There were times you hated his guts, but you never wanted to see him playing for another team and you were a better man for having been on the same team with him. " One time Dutch bawled out two of his men who hadn't done their job the way he thought it should have been done. As he turned to leave them, he growled; `And when I'm gone I don't want you saying, `I'm glad to get rid of that old +$%--&*()*!' One of the men said, `Why, Dutch, I've never heard anybody call you old.' " Not many of the people and few of the old landmarks remain from the early days of Herbert Dow. One of the last landmarks is the rambling old house out on West Main Street which Dow built just before the turn of the century. It was called a " mansion" in those days, but it really is only a large, comfortable frame house, with a mid-Victorian dignity about it. A caretaker keeps it much as it was when Mrs. Dow died. The gardens around the house--a place of beauty that was created out of a virtual wilderness--draw hundreds of sightseers each year. Beyond the house and gardens is the orchard where Dow experi mented with his first agricultural chemicals and to which he retreated when he wanted to leave behind the affairs of business. The gnarled trees produced a bountiful harvest of apples each fall for many, many years but they are coming down to make way for the new Midland Center for the Arts building. 282 The 1)ow Story From Ins dream grew the old house and the gardens and the orchard. From it also came a modern little city. . . ways to take chemical treasures from the sea. . . a company that had ventured forth from Midland to girdle the globe. All this, and more, from the dream of a man they called "Crazy Dow." Q-2.<tS Index Acetic anhydride, 91 Adams Paper Company, 234 Agency for International Develop ment (AID), 271 Aid to Medical Research Center, 272 Air pollution, chloroform plant, 57 Airplanes: Herbert Dow on future of, 90 magnesium in, 6,85, 90, 100, 121,136,147-149,163, 169, 171,176-177, 226 silicones in, 192, 228 World War II, 160-161,163, 169, 171, 176-177, 192 Wright brothers, 55 Ak-Bulak, Russia, eclipse observa tion, 150-151 Alien, Glenn, Dow Chemical re cruiter, 265-266 Allen, William, chemist in sales force, 135-136 Allied Laboratories, Incorporated, merged with Dow Chemical, 254-255 Allied Laboratories International, 254 Allied Laboratories, Limited, 254 Allyn's Point, Connecticut, Dow plant, 225 Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa), 180, 182 magnesium, early use, 99 American Business World, 128 American Magnesium Corporation (AMC), 99, 101 and 1. G. Frabenindustrie, Magne sium Development Corporation, 136-137 magnesium manufacture slopped, 121 patent rights, 120-121 Ammonia in water, 260 Ammonia plants, bombing of, 196 Amsterdam, Bankierskantoon Mendes Gans, 250 Anilin oil, 87 Aniline: dyes, 16-17 as gasoline additive, 104 Applegate, Vernon C., of Great Lakes Fishery Commission, 240, 241 Argentina, Dow subsidiary, 243 Arnold, Thurman, Attorney General, 167, 168 Arsenic in oil-well treatment, 130 Asahi Chemical Company, 221 Asahi-Dow Limited, 221,229, 243 Aspirin, 87,91,202 Atomic bomb, Russian, 222 Atomic Energy Commission, 222223, 238 Atomic energy research, 222-224, 273 Austin Company, 159-160, 223 Australia, Dow partnership plant, 243 Automobiles: Ford Model T, 77-78, 103, 121 Herbert Dow's first, 75 magnesium in, suggested uses, 101 in 1900,49-50 in 1924, 103-104 self-starter, 103 Babson, Roger, 123 Bakclite, 97 Baker, W. L., store in Midland, 3, 4 Bull, itoward, manager of export department, 219 Ballman, Donald, 6, 202, 203, 253 on board of directors, 244 vice president, 252, 261 I i 2855 284 The Dow Story Barnes, Earle B., 253 research on competing companies suggested, 204 Texas Division, general manager, 252, 259-260 Barstow, E. 0., 6, 8, 73, 75,84,85, 111, 118, 126, 127,245,279, 281 on board of directors, 124, 201 bromine from sea, project, 128, 129 chloroform odor control, 57 first job with Dow Chemical, 53 magnesium from sea, 149 magnesium production, 85-86, 99- 101, 166 Midland Community Center sponsored, 85 research and development, 68, 81, 96, 143 retirement, 243, 251 Texas plant development, 171 Baruch, Bernard, 90, 185 Basic Magnesium, Incorporated, 170, 177 Bass, Shailer, 192, 280 Baton Rouge, Dow plant (see Louisiana Division) Bay City, Michigan, Dow plant, 176 Bell Telephone Company, Styrofoam used, 227 Ben-Mont Paper Company, 234 Bennett, Earl Willard, 6, 9, 51, 58, 75,84,85,94, 126, 127, 139, 259 assistant treasurer, 123 on board of directors, 124, 201, 215 dircclor of llow Chemical of Canada, 189 financing: debenture sales, 224-225 postwar expansion, 208 first job willi Dow Chemical, 51-52 magnesium monopoly charge, 167 memories, 280 New York banking bouses visited, 151 panic ol 1907 described, 04-65 resignation, 252, 256 in 6tyrene research, 145-146 treasurer, 124 vice president, 215, 251 Bennett, Robert B., son of Earl Bennett, 252, 253 Benz, Karl, 18 Berle, Adolf A., quoted, 129 Bernstorff, Count Johann Heinrich von, 82, 88, 89 Beutel, A. P. ("Dutch"), 6,94-95, 253, 256, 259, 280, 281 assistant general manager, 131 on board of directors, 210, 252 bromine from sea, plant construct ion, 137-138 in Dow Well Service (Dowell), 131 Government Affairs Department, management, 262 iodine plant study, 131-133 Louisiana ground-breaking ceremony, 232 magnesium production problems, 165-166 phenol production process, 98 pipelines, 94-95, 108 Texas Division, general manager, 201,208,233,252, 260 Texas plant development, 161, 171-174 Texas scouting trip, 154-155, 158-159 vice president, 215,252 waste disposal problem, 154 Willard Dow'6 relationship with, 209 Beutel, Mrs. A. P., 94-95, 137 Blasingaine, Dr. F. J. L., survey of Vietnam casualties, 267 Blue, Robert, 166 Boats, Styrofoam in, 227 Bombay, Dow partnership plant, 243 Bonus March, 1932,129-130 Boron, magnesium production prob lem, 166 Bosscher, Harold, in Midland Divi sion, 261 Boundy, Ray IL, 6, 131, 248, 252, 260, 261 bromine from sea, project, 118 index 285 director of research, 229 Bureau of Aeronautics, 148 research and development, 143, Burow, Albert, 28, 29 145, 205 Burow, Julius, 28 synthetic rubber program, 186 Butadiene, 7, 12, 170,184, 186 Bragg, Sir William, quoted, 143-144 Branch, Ben, 6,13, 229, 243, 245, Calcium chloride, 76, 87 253, 261,262,274 Campana Corporation, 254 on board of directors, 244 Campbell, Calvin, 208, 259 executive vice president, 258-259 in airplane accident, 212-213 foreign operations, development, on board of directors, 210 246-247, 249-250 secretary, 215 president of Dow Chemical Inter Campbell, Mrs. Calvin, 212-213 national, 247 Canada: Dow Chemical operations, vice president, 252 206-208 Branson, Carl A., 138, 162 synthetic rubber program, 188-189 Brazil, Dow partnership plant, 243 Canadian Synthetic Rubber, 188 Brazos Oil and Gas Company, 208, Canton Chemical Company, 22-23 252, 272 Carbon tetrachloride, 74-75, 91, 259 Brine: chemical contents, 34 chloroform synthesis from. 56, 81 Michigan deposits, 1,7-8, 28 Carpenter, R. R. M., vice president in oil wells, 20 of du Pont, 118 products extracted from, 1, 2, 7, Carpenter, Captain William S., 263 20-21 Case School of Applied Science, (See also Bromine: Chlorine) 16-17, 20, 37 salt from, 20-21 honorary degree for Herbert Dow, wells, sulfuric acid treatment, 130 114 Britain (see Great Britain) research for Dow Chemical, 72 Britton, Edgar C., 6, 95-96, 281 Caustic soda, 91,158, 258 phenol production process, 97-98 research and development, 143 Bilicone research, 191 Bromides, 53, 68 German monopoly (see Deutsche in phenol process, 97, 98 Cellulose, wood distillation as source, 144-145 Chamberlain, Jack, Japanese sales investigation, 221 Bromkonvention) Chemical Engineering Award, 171 in World War I, 81 Chemical industries; advances in, Bromine: extraction from brine, 2, 78-79, 140-141, 147,200, 231 20-22 in World War 1, 80-31 blowing-out process, 21-24 in World War II, 195-196 electrolysis, 22-24, 29 Chemical mining, 237-238 gasoline additives from, 6, 104-105 Chile, iodine monopoly, 7, 104, 122, production expanded, 94 133, 156 from sea, 105-109, 118-119, 128- China, dyes sold in, 219 129, 137-139 Chlorbenzol in phenol production, 97 Buna-N synthetic rubber, 170 Chlorine, 258 Buna-S (GRS) synthetic rubber, 170, evaporation process, 76 184, 186, 187 extraction from brine, 33-35, 37, Burbank, Luther, 61 40 Burdick, E. C., chemist, 85 in phenol process, 98 J 286 The Dow Story products, 76, 91, 153, 158 Chlorine bleuch, 3-4, 34, 35, 40, 53 British competition (see United Alkali) electrochemical manufacture, 43, 47 Great Western Power Company, 152-153 production discontinued, 75 Chlorine cells, improvement, 67-68, 71,75-76 Chloroform, 91 synthesis from carbon tetrachloride, 56,81 Churchill, Winston, 163, 212 Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company, 14-4- 145 Cliffs Dow Chemical Company, 145, 156 Coalwell, Norris, 138 Colling, William K., 6, 85, 143, 280 in Corning Class-Dow Chemical partnership, 192 silicone research, 191 (kmununicabie Disease Center, 271 Gnnpligen vaccine, 254 Cone, Lee II., chemist, 82 Convcrs, A. K.: chairman of board of directors, 91, 110, 117 letters from Herbert Dow, 60, 81, 83 president of Dow Chemical, 43, 46, 83 on price war witli Deutsche Bromkonvcnlion, 61 Coolidge, Calvin, President, 116, 134 Cooper, 11. S., in Midland Chemical Company, 32, 33, 39, 40 Corning Class Works, Dow Chemical partnership, 191, 192, 217, 228 ( orpus Christi, Texas. 158 159 Cote, Kl/.ie, tribute to Herbert D o w , 125 ()llringer, Paul, 98 Craw lord, N. K. (liuss), 162 president of Sarnia plant, 207, 280 Crider, J.S ., 117, 123 on board of directors, 201 letter from Herbert Dow, 107 Currie, G. A., Congressman, 90 Curtis, Russell: on board of directors, 210 in Great Western Division, 201 retirement, 243 vice president, 215 Curtiss, Frank A., letter from Herbert Dow, 42 DC4 (Dow Corning 4), silicone product, 192, 193 Defense Plant Corporation, 169, 171, 173, 176 Department of Justice, magnesium monopoly charge, 167, 168 Depression: of 1907 (see Panic of 1907) of 1920s, 93-9 4 ,1 2 6 of 1930s, 12,123-124,126, 129-130,133-134 Detroit Edison Company, atomic energy research, 222 Deutsche Bromkonvention: Herbert Dow confers with, 69-71 price war with Dow Chemical, 6, 55-56, 59-61,66-71 Dewey, Bradley, Rubber Director, letter to Willard Dow, 198 Diamond Magnesium Company, 169 Diphenyloxide, 99 Dixon, Bill, 252 Doan, Herbert Dow (Ted), 243, 245-247,261,273-275 on board of directors, 229 executive vice president, 252 on napalm, 269--271 organization policy, 253--255, 258-259 president of Dow Chemical, 13, 257, 258,274 Doan, Poland A., son of Leland 1. Doan, 244 Ihum, Leland 1. (Lee), 105,256, 2856 259, 280 on board of directors, 201 director of Dow Chemical of Canada, 189 management policy, 215--216, 229 plant dispersal policy, 231--232 president of Dow Chemical, 12, 214-216 resignation, 12, 256-257 sales director, 124, 135, 202, 204 sales philosophy, 203 Bpending policy, 225 Doan, Mrs. Leland 1. (Ruth Dow), 12, 36, 124,137 childhood, 42, 66 Dobeckmun Company, 243 merger with Dow Chemical, 234 Dominion Rubber Company, 188 Dow, Alden, son of Herbert Dow, 66 as architect, 115, 173 on board of directors, 201 Camp Chemical, Velasco housing, 173 Lake Jackson, near Velasco, 174-- 175 Midland architecture, 279 Dow, Helen, daughter of Herbert Dow (see Hale, Mrs. William J.) Dow, Helen, sister of Herbert Dow (see Griswold, Mrs. Thomas, Jr.) Dow, Herbert Henry, 1--11, 14, 25 argument, love of, 102 birth, 19 Canton Chemical Company, 21- 23 at Case School of Applied Science, 16-17, 20 death, 6, 11, 125 Dow Chemical Company: board of directors, disagreement with, 109-111 incorporation, 43--44 president and general manager, election, 90-91 sale to syndicate, offer rejected, 83-85 Dow Process Company, 37-43 electrochemical manufacture, Index 287 statement on, 42--43 engineers, use of, 160 in England, 67, 69--71 fiftieth anniversary recalls, 199 in Germany, 66 home in Midland, 46, 281 honorary degree, 114 horticulture, interest in, 57, 67 in japan, 110, 113 landscape gardening, interest in, 57, 110 magnesium, interest in, 89-90, 170 in management: criticism of, 7 2 - 74 early years, 8- 9, 57--59 ideas on, 111-112 marriage, 4, 30--32 Midland, Michigan: courthouse, 113-114 housing for employees, 85 landscape gardening, 113 Library, 85 plant, building design, 44 Midland Chemical Company, 24, 28-40, 51 new products and methods, search for, 72-73, 96 office, new, request for, 83 Perkin Medal Award, 124-125 spending habits, 83 in War Industries Board, 90 Dow, Mrs. Herbert Henry (Grace Ball), 42,59, 66, 102, 109, 134 foundation established by, 279 marriage, 4, 30- 32 Dow, Herbert Henry, II, son of Willard Dow, 212, 229 Dow, Herbert II. and Grace A., Foundation, 279- 280 Dow, Joseph, father of Herbert Dow, 19,45 Dow, Margaret, daughter of Herbert Ilow, 66 Dow, Ruth (Sec Doan, Mrs. belaud L) Dow, Willard Henry, 6, 10-12, 86, 96, 105, 279 assistant general manager, I 15 -2 9 S S 288 The Dow Story birth, 40 childhood, 42, 66 death, 12, 212-213 Dow Chemical of Canada, president and director, 189 expansion, attitude toward, 152 on German ammonia plants, 196 magnsium monopoly and conspiracy charges, 167--169, 178-183 management responsibilities, 200-- 202, 210-212, 216 on postwar development, 197--198, 210 president of Dow Chemical, 11, 126-127 research, attitude toward, 146--147 sales, attitude toward, 202, 204 on Texas plants,* 163--164 Dow, Mrs. Willard Henry, 212--213 Dow Hadischc, 273 Dow Chemical Company: Allied Laboratories, Incorporated, merger with, 254-255 Chemical engineering Award, 171 chronology, periods, 11 --13 Corning Glass Works, partnership with, 191, 192,217,228 debenture sales, 224--225 Dobcckmun Company, merger with, 234 du Pont offers to buy controlling interest, 117--118 early staff members, 5--6, 8 employees (see employees) ethyl Corporation, joint operations, 128, 138, 147,234 expansion program: 1901, 53--54 1935-1938, 143, 157- 158 1945-1949, 199,206-208 1950s, 216- 217 fiftieth anniversary, 199-200 foreign operations, 12, 219-222, 242-243,246 251,273-274 formation of, 2-3, 11,43-44 Goodyear Tin- and Rubber Com pany, joint operation, 170. 185 growth. 1897-1947, 199-200 1930s, 142-143,155-156 1949-1962, 216, 230-231, 256 1960s, 274 incorporation transferred to Dela ware, 208 library, 95 magnesium monopoly and con spiracy charges, 167-169,178183 management, 8-9,12-13, 127, 200202, 210-212,215-216, 229, 245, 251-253 Midland Chemical Company merged with, 51 organization structure, 258-262 planLs decentralized, 225-226, 231 products: 1910, 74-75 1916,87 1929, 117 1947, 205-206 1962, 258 research (see Research and develop ment) sale to syndicate, offer rejected, 83-85 sales department, 202-205, 217218 stock: employee purchases, 112, 251 family ownership, 251 listed with New York Stock Exchange, 152, 156 trademark, 92 training courses, 85, 218 World War II awards, 198 Dow Chemical Inter-American, Lim ited, 220 Dow Chemical International A. G., 249 Dow Chemical International, Lim ited, 220, 247 Dow Chemical of Canada, Limited, 189, 191,206-207, 220, 274, 280 Dow Corning, 191,192, 217, 228, 272 Dow Diamond, 164, 165, 194, 214-- 215, 241-242 Dow Process Company, 37--40 merged with Midland Chemical 2857 Company, 41--43 payment of stock to partners, 46-- 47 Dowell, Incorporated (Dow Well Service), 131, 143,155,252 fracture, use of, 154 Industrial Service Division, 255 magnesium, use of, 226 Schlumberger, Limited, assoc iated with, 250--251 Dowicides, 99 Dowlap, 241 Dowmetal, 99 eclipse observation equipment, 150 Dowtherm, 99 Dreisbach, Robert, 97 styrene research, 145-146 Dressel,G.F., 138, 139, 171 Drugs and health products, 254-- 255, 271 Dunn, Edwin E., in lamprey eradication, 240 Du Pont de Nemours, E. L, and Company: dyes, 82 experiment on bromine from sea, 108 offer to buy controlling interest in Dow Chemical, 117--118 synthetic rubber, 184 Dyes, 8 1 -8 2 aniline, 16--17 Chinese use of, 219 German monopoly, 6, 17, 81 -8 2 Eastman Kodak Company, bromides for, 68 Eclipse observation equipment, mag nesium, 149--151 Edison, Thomas A., 17 Electricity in White House, 23 Electrolysis: bromine extraction, 22-24, 28 chlorine process, 43, 47 magnesium production, 86 Elektron, German name of mag nesium, 100 Employees: in Depression of 1930s, 133-134 Index 289 fiftieth anniversary summary, 199 housing, Midland, 85 number of: in 1938, 156 in 1962, 256 profit-sharing plan, 53 stock purchases, 112, 251 strike, 209-210 training courses, 85, 218 England (see Great Britain) Enseki, Manabu, 221 Epsom salts, 76, 91 Establecimientos Francimex, S. A., 254 Ethocei, 144, 145, 193 Ethyl bromide, atomic energy in production, 273 Ethyl Corporation, 11, 107, 119 joint operations with Dow Chem ical, 128, 138, 147, 234 Ethylene, 158 Dutch plant using, 249 mustard gas from, 91 polyethylene from, 236 Ethylene dibromide, 158, 234 as gasoline additive, 104--105, 107, 118,127 General Motors purchase, 106 production increased, 108, 147 Ethylene dichloride, 158, 186 Ethylene glycol, 158, 207, 233 Euromarket (European Economic Community), 242 Explosions, 35, 45, 47 Fay, Jesse B., letter to Herbert Dow, 57-58 Ferric bromide, 31 Ferric chloride, 74 Firestone Tire and Rubber Company in Canada, 188 Forbes Magazine, 230 Ford Edsel, 212 Ford, Henry, 5, 77-78, 103, 211- 212 wages raised, 77--78 Ford Model T, 77-78,103, 121 Ford Motor Company: magnesium production, 170 management problems, 211--212 i J 290 The Dow Story Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, assassinated, 79--80 Frasch, Herman, theory on oi!--well treatment, 130 Freeport, Texas, J58--159 Dow plant, 160-164, 169, 209, 233 salt water conversion plant, 256 styrene production, 186 Froth flotation, 237--238 Fungicides, 99 Gardiner, Ewart L., article in Mid land Sun, 114 Gas from oil wells, 155 Gasoline: additives, J04--105 anti--knock, 6, 11, 103--105, 108, 147, 158 prejudice against, 107--108 General Motors Corporation, 103, 104 bromine from Dow Chemical, 105-- 106 Frigidaire Division, 195 Germany: bromide manufacture (see Ileutsche Hromkouvention) chemical industries, 16--17,81 Dow operations in, 249 dye monopoly, 6, 17, 81 --82 magnesium production, 100--101 scientists, 16-17 Gerslacker, Carl, 6, 13, 21 1,221, 224, 243, 246, 253, 256, 274 on hoard of directors, 211, 252 in foreign operations, 250 reorganization explained, 261--262 treasurer, 215, 258 Gibb, Don, 139, 281 Glesncr, Leo, 138, 162 Glycerine, synthetic, 237 Goggin, (till, 247 Goheen, Kobcrl F., president ol Frincelon, 265 (old from sea, rumors of, 139, 140 (old bromide, 5.1 Goodrich Rubber Compam in Cana da, 188 Goodyear Dow Corporation, 170 Goodyear Tin- and Rubber Company: in Canada, 188 Dow Chemical operations with, 170, 185 Government Affairs Department, 262 Graves, James C : in Dow Chemical, 45, 47, 59, 60 in Midland Chemical Company, 35, 40 Great Britain: alkali combine (see United Alkali) Dow partnership plants, 243 magnesium ordered in World War II, 162, 169 Great Lakes Fishery Commission, 240, 241 Great Western Electrochemical Com pany, 152-153, 238 Dow Chemical acquires, 153--154 Grebe, John J., 6 atomic energy research, 222 bromine from sea, research, 118 iodine process, 133 oil-well treatment, 130, 131 research and development, 143, 145, 146 Greece, Dow plants in, 249 Green, Colonel E. H. R., 5, 142 Green, Hetty, 3--4 Dow stock bought by, 5, 142 Greene, George W., 171 Greene, Leo, 166 Griswold, Nelson: on board of directors, 211 in Cliffs Dow Chemical Company, 145 Texas plant development, 161-- 162, 171,172 Griswold, Thomas, Jr., 6, 8, 44--45, 47, 53, 68, 75, 84-87, 94-95, 160, 281 retirement, 251 Griswold, Mrs. Thomas, Jr. (Helen Ihiw), 44 GILS (see Huna--S) Haber, Fritz, scientist, 153 llaekenberg, H. E., secretary: in England, 69-71 sale of company to syndicate 2858 0 -M S 7 Index 291 favored, 8 3 -84 Hacking, John, in Sarnia plant, 190 Hale, William J., 6, 95, 281 phenol production process, 97--98 research laboratory organized, 95 Hale, Mrs. William J. (Helen Dow), 95 childhood, 36, 42, 66 Hanawalt, J. C., on magnesium roll ing, 226 Harding, Warren Gamaliel, President, 93,116 Harlow, Ivan, 132 bromine from sea, research, 118, 119, 128 Texas plant development, 171 Harr, A. R., 117 Harrison, Benjamin, President, 23 Heath, S. B., 171 Heath, Ted: iodine process, 133 research and development, 143 Helman, B. E.: in Midland Chemical Company, 31--35, 39--41 sells interest to Dow, 46 Hens, experiment with, 18 Hirschkind, Wilhelm, chemist, 6, 153-154, 238 Hitler, Adolf, 157, 160, 172 Hock, Clarence, 164 Holland (see Netherlands) Honor, Paul, artist, 114 Hoover, Herbert, President, 130, 134 Howard, B. A., 280 Howe, B. W., in Midland Chemical Company, 29--31 Howe, C. D., Canadian Minister of Munitions and Supply, 188 Howell, John, in lamprey eradica tion, 240, 241 Hulbert, W. L., in Midland Chemical Company, 29--31 Hull, Cordell, quoted, 161, i 83 Hunter, Ralph M., 166, 17] Hyde, J. Franklin, silicone research, 191 Hydrochloric acid, 233 Hydrogen: from chlorine process, 76 from phenol process, 98 J. C. Farbeninduslrie: agreement with Dow Chemical rumored, 182 and American Magnesium Corpor ation, Magnesium Development Corporation, 136--137 magnesium, competition with Dow Chemical, 120 Imperial Chemical Industries, 236 Incubators, 18--19 Indigo, synthetic, 81--82, 89, 219 Industrial Workers of the World (1WW), 93 Insecticides, 74, 91, 99 International Mineralsand Chemical Corporation, 169 international Traffic Department, 249 (See also Dow Chemical Company, foreign operations) Iodine: blowing--out process, 133 Chilean monopoly, 7, 104, 122, 133, 156 as gasoline additive, 104 lo--Dow Chemical Company, 133, 143, 156 Jones Chemical Company, 122, 131-132 Long Beach plant, 132--133 from oil--field brine, 122 silver process, 132--133 lo--Dow Chemical Company, 133, 143,156 Lronton, Ohio, Dow plant, 231 Iroquois Cement Company, 65 Italy, Dow operations in, 249, 273 Jacobsolm, Herman, of Deutsche Bromkonventioii, 55--56, 59, 71 James Hiver, Dow plant, 231, 235-- 236 Japan: Dow sales in, 221 magnesium sold to, 183 Johnson, Julius, in research admin istra lion,.252 Johnson, Lyndon B., President, 256, 292 The Dow Story 264, 267 Jones, C. W., 131-133 iodine process, 122 Jones Chemical Company, 122, J31 -- 132 as lo--Dow Chemical Company, 133 in Long Beach, 132--133 Kennedy, John F., President, 256 Kettering, Charles F., interviews with Herbert Dow, 103--107 Key, Max, 243, 261 in Midland Division, 259 vice president and director of Asaln-Dow Limited, 229 Kipping, V. S., silicone named by, 191 Knickerbocker Trust Company, 63 Kogan, Dr. Benjamin S., on Lirugen, 271 Korean war, 216, 222, 226 Kure Beach, North Carolina: bromine from sea water, 119, 128 bromine plant, 133, 140, 147, 200, 223 production costs, 154 Lake Jackson, Texas, 174--175 Lampreys, eradication, 239--242 Laugell, F. II., atomic energy re search, 222-224 Ledogu, Italian pharmaceutical group, 273 Lehman Brothers, 151 Lessing, Lawrence l\, quoted, 73 LIFE, Ecuadorian pharmaceutical firm, 273 Lincoln, Abraham, 112 Linville, J. A., in Canton Chemical Company, 22 Lirugen vaccine, 271 Long Beach, California, iodine plant, 1 3 2 -J33 Los Alamos, New Mexico, 222-223 Los Angeles: styrene plant, 180 water shortage, 112 113 Louisiana Division, 252 Plaquemine plant, 231, 232 Lowry, Fred, general plant super intendent, 95 Ludington, Michigan, Dow plant, 176, 223 Lusk, Fred, in iodine plant, 132--133 Mabery, Charles F., 17 MacArthur, General Douglas, 130, 222 McDade, Louisiana, Jones Chemical Company, 122 McGranahan, George M., 161, 171, 172 McGregor, Rob Roy, silicone research, 191 McKinley, William, President, 49 MacLaughlin, E. R., 171 MacNamara, Robert, Secretary of De fense, 264, 268 Madison, Illinois, magnesium plant, 226 Magnesium, 6, 11, 85--86, 89--90, 96, 136-137 in airplanes, 6, 85, 90,100,121, 136, 147-149,163,169, 171, 176-177, 226 aluminum alloys, 99--101 American Magnesium Company patent rights, 120--121 casting, 101, 136, 177 Dowrnetal, trade name, 99 eclipse observation equipment, 149-151 flares, 91 foreign sales, 147 Freeport plant, 164--166, 169 German production, 100--101 Herbert Dows interest in, 89--90, 170 1. G. Furbenindustrie competition, 120 incendiary bombs, 169, 171 manganese alloys, 101 monopoly and conspiracy charges, 167-169, 178-183 postwar decline, 209 production expanded, 121--122, 147-148 2859  -P 9 5 S Index 293 production problems, 165--166 production process improved, 99-- 101 rolling, 226 from sea, 149, 154-155, 158, 164165, 171 uses, 226-227 suggested, 101 in World War II, 6, 149, 162, 163, 169-172, 176-183 Magnesium chloride, 76, 164 Magnesium Development Corporation, 136-137, 180 Magnesium hydrate (milk of magnesia), 164 Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, 59 MAPP gas, 272-273 Marquette, Michigan, Cliffs Dow Chemical Company, 145 Marysville, Michigan, Dow plant, 176 Massachusetts Institute of Technol ogy^^ Mathieson Alkali Works, 170 Mencken, H. L., quoted, 116 Menzel, Donald H., astrophysicist, 149-151 Merszei, Zoltn, in export sales, 220 Michelson, Albert, 17 Michigan: brine deposits, 1, 7--8, 28 lumbering industry, 26--27 Midgley, Thomas, Jr.: anti--knock gasoline investigated, 104-106 bromine from sea investigated, 119 interviews with Herbert Dow, 103-- 107 letter to Willard Dow, 105-106 Midland, Michigan, 1,10, 24, 27 Community Center, 85 courthouse, 113--114 Dow plant: fiftieth anniversary summary, 199--200 first buildings, 44 in 1890, 25-28 Herbert H. and Crace A. Dow Foundation, gifts, 279--280 housing for Dow employees, 85 landscape gardening, 113 Library, 85, 279 in 1900,51 in 1926, 114 in 1960s, 276-281 Midland Chemical Company, 24, 28-- 40 merged with Dow Chemical, 51 merged with Dow Process Company, 41-43 new organizations, 56, 73--74, 81 Midland Division, interdivisionai relationships, 259--260 Miller, Jacob, in Canton Chemical Company, 22 Mine Workers Union, 209 Minger, F. R., 171 Mining: chemical, 237--238 uranium, 238-239 Mining Technical Service, 238 Mitlnacht, Arthur, 139 Miyazaki, Kagayaki, 221 Moffett, James W., of Great Lakes Fishery Commission, 240, 241 Monochlorbcuzenc, 87 Monochlorbcnzol, 91 Morgan, John Pierpont, 64, 93, 123, 129 Morley, Edward, 17, 72 Morrison, William, electric automobile, 50 Moyle, Clarence 1.., in lampn y eradication, 240 Mustard gas, 91 Napalm, 263-264 Dow Chemical statements on, 264-265,269-271 protests against, 262-271 National Aniline, 82 National Broadcasting Company, Sarun Wrap advertising, 218 National Defense Advisory Council, 184 Navarre, Ohio, Dow Process. Company, 38-39 Neiterlandsclic Dow Maalschuppij, 243 Neoprene, 184 Netherlands, Dow operations in, 2860 294 The Dow Story 243, 249, 250 New York Herald-Tribune on Dow Chemical wartime production, 181 New York Slock Exchange, Dow Chemical slock, 152, 156 Nicholson, John K., Canadian Deputy Comptroller of Supplies, 188, 189 Nieuwland, Rev. Julius A., synthetic rubber research, 184 Office of Price Administration, 169, 170 Ohman, M. K., iodine process, 133 Oil wells: brine in, 20 gas from, 155 Pusher in, 272 in Sarnia, 189 sulfuric acid treatment, 7, 130 Ontario Nickel Company, 65 Orthophenylphenol, 98-99 Osborn, J. II., 54, 59 on birth of Willard Dow, 40-41 in Dow Chemical, 43 in Dow Process Company, 37, 38 letter from Herbert Dow, 72 in merger of Midland Chemical Company and Dow Process Company, 41-42 in Midland Chemical Company, 24, 28-31 Osmun, Roy, bromine from sea investigated, 1)9, 128 Palmer, A. Mitchell, Attorney General, 93 Panic of 1907,63-65 Paraphenylphcnol, 98-99 Pardee, James T., 117, 126,211 in Dow Chemical, 43 in Dow Process Company, 37-39, 41 letters from Herbert Dow, 74, 110 Paris, Rupert, sales manager, 59, 60 Patrick, J. C., Thiokol discovered, 186 Payne, 11. 1.., letter from Herbert Dow, 112-113 Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack, 171 Perchlorethylene, 233 Perkin, William H., aniline dye discovered, 16,124-125 Perkin Medal Award, 124-125 Permanente Metals Corporation, 170 Persons, Davis W., AEC engineer, 224 Pevely, Missouri, Dow plant, 231 Phenol, 11,89-91,96-97,259 by-products, 98-99 production process, 97-98 Picric acid, 89, 91 Pierce, James, styrene research, 146 Pitman-Moore, 254, 271 Pitman-Moore of Canada, Limited, 254 Pitman-Moore S. p. A., 254 Plaquemine (see Louisiana Division) Plastics, 7,143-144,193-195, 203, 227-228, 234, 236 Poffenberger, Noland, 130 Polk, Carl, 252 Polyethylene, 236 Polymer Corporation Limited, 188, 207 Polystyrene, 144,146 Post, Charles, in formation of Dow Chemical, 41-43, 46 Potassium bromide, 31, 68 Premerge, damage from, 247-248 Princeton University, protest against napalm, 265 Profit-sharing plan, 53 Proximity Manufacturing Company, 82 Pure Oil Company, 130 Pusher polymers, 272 Putnam, Mark E., 6,81, 96, 127, 210,217,245, 248 atomic energy research, 222-223 on board of directors, 201, 252 coordination of geographical divisions, 202 death, 252 director of Dow Chemical of Canada, 189 Index 295 executive vice president, 252 phenol production process, 98 research and development, 143 vice president and general manager, 215 Rusk, Dr. Howard A., report on Vietnam casualties, 266 Russia: atomic bomb, 222 eclipse observation, 150-151 Quayle, .William 0.: chloroform synthesis, 56, 57 in Midland Chemical Company, St. Clair Processing Corporation, 188 Salicylic acid, 87 73-74 Quinlan, Robert, 130 Salk polio vaccine, 254 Salt (see Sodium chloride) Sanford, Charles, Sarnia project Reconstruction Finance Corpo- manager, 190 ration, 170* Sanford, Ross, 130 Regina Sublima music box, 48 Saran, 193-195,228, 236 Regnault, Henri Victor, chemist, Japanese sales, 221 194 Saran Wrap, 194, 218, 236 Remson, Ira, quoted, 16 Sarnia, Ontario: Dow plants, 207- Research and development, 68,72, 208 94-96, 140, 146-147, 259 oil wells, 189 atomic energy, 222-224, 273 synthetic rubber plant, 186, 188- chemical mining, 237-238 191,206-207 in Depression, 127, 135 Schlumhergcr, Limited, Dowell fiftieth anniversary summary, 205 associated with, 250-251 General Research Group, 202, 205 Schuelte, William 11., 252, 253 laboratories, 143, 205 Schwarz, Anton, Lirugen dis lamprey eradication, 239-242 covered, 271 styrene, 145-146, 259 Scott, Paul, 280 Richards, L. J-, 171 Sea: bromine from, 105-109, 118- Rockefeller, John D., Sr., 64, 93 119, 128-129, 137-139 Rocky Flats, Colorado, 223 fresh water conversion: Freeport Rocky Flats Division, 224 plant, 256 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, Presi Herbert Dow's idea, 112-115 dent, 134-135, 170 magnesium from, 149, 154-155, in preparedness program, 160-161 158, 164-165, 171 in synthetic rubber program, 184, products from, 6, 12, 158 185 Separan 2610, 239 Rotterdam, Dow subsidiary % company, 243, 249 Shell Oil Company, 249 Sberbrook, llarlaml, 138, 1(>I Rubber, in World War II, 172, 183- Shiglcy, C. M., 162, 171, 172 185 Ships (see Tankers) Rubber, synthetic: early experi Shoemaker, Clayton: in export ments, 72 sales, 220 Goodyear Dow Corporation, 170 president of Dow Chemical Inter in World War 11,7, 12, 183-191 national, retirement, 247 Rubber Reserve Company, 184, Short, Charles, 138 185 Sight Savers, 228 Rusk, Dean Secretary of Stale, 264 Silicones, 191,228,272 296 The Dow Story in airplanes, 192, 228 lubricants, 228 in spacecraft, 272 surgical use, 272 in World War II, 192-193 Silver iodide process, 132-133 Smart, John, 280 Smith, Albert W., 20, 34, 72-74, 109,120 chloroform synthesis, 56 in Dow Chemical, 43, 110-111 electrochemical manufacture, ex planation of, 42 on indigo production, 82 mustard gas process, 91 Smith, Herman, 138 Smith, Joseph in Canton Chemi cal Company, 22 81,84,85,96,104-105,126, 127, 245, 260, 279, 281 on board of directors, 124,252 director, Dow Chemical of Canada, 189 phenol production process, 97 research and development, 143, 145 resignation, 256 vice president, 252 Styraloy, 146 Styrene, 7, 12, 144,170,193, 236 Allyn's Point plant, 225 Canadian production, 207 Japanese production, 221 research on, 145-146, 259 synthetic rubber, 184-186 Styrofoam, 195,227,236 Smith, Barney & Company, 151, in boats, 227 224 Smithers, LeRoy D., 162 general manager of Sarnia plant, 207 president of Sarnia plant, 280 Sodium chloride, 76 from brine, 20-21 phenyl process by-product, 98 Solvay Process Company, 36 Spacecraft, silicones in, 272 Spain, Dow operations in, 249 Staley, Cady, 38, 43 Styron, 146,193,195, 236 Japanese production, 221 Sarnia plant, 207 Sulfuric acid, oil-well treatment, 130 Sullivan, Eugene C.: in Coming Glass--Dow Chemical partner ship, 192 silicone research, 191 Synthetic rubber (see Rubber, syn thetic) Standard Oil Company, tetraethyl lead poisoning in laboratory, 108 Stanton, G. W., Zefran developed, 235 Starks, Stephen, director of training courses, 218 Staudinger, 11., chemist, 194 Stein, J. K.: Louisiana operations, general manager, 232-233 Taft, William Howard, President, 74 Tankers: Marine Chemist, 242 Marine Dow-Chem, 242 Teal, Frank, barber, 42,102 Terneuzen, Netherlands, Dow plant, 249, 274 Tesla, Nicola, 17 Tetraethyl lead: as gasoline addi tive, 104 poisoning from, 108 in Texas Division, 162, 171 Texas, search for sites, 154-155, Stock market crash, 1929, 123-124 158-159 Slockwell, John E., 17 Texas Company, 119 Slocsser, Sylvia, styrene research, Texas Division, 201, 233-234 146 expansion, 208-209, 216-217 Strike at Midland, 209-210 glycerine plant, 237 r o Strosacker, Charles, 0, 68, 73, 75, interdivisional relationships, 259- oo CD 260 (See also Freeport; Velasco) Thiokol, 186,187, 202 Thioko) Corporation, 186 3-bromo-4-nitrophenol, 240 3, 4, 6-trichloro-2-nitrophenol, 240- 241 Tiffin, Edward, Surveyor General, 26 Time on Dow Chemical wartime production, 182-183 Tonow, Paul, landscape architect, 113 Torrance, California, napalm plant, 263-264 Tripp, Charles, oil well in Sarnia, 189 Truman, Harry S., President, 177, 222 Truman Committee, 177, 178, 180, 186 Tuttle, Bloodgood, architect, 113- 114 Udall, Stewart L., Secretary of the Interior, 256 United Alkali, British bleach com bine, 6, 40, 51 Herbert Dow visits, 67 price war with Dow Chemical, 54- 55 University of California, Santa Bar bara, protest against napalm, 265-266 Uranium mining, 238-239 Vaccines, 254, 271 Van Stimm, John, 250 VC Plastic, 194 Veazey, W. R., 6, 85, 86, 96, 111, 281 on board of directors, 201 research and development, 143, 205 Texas plant development, 171 Velasco, Texas: Camp Chemical, 172, 174 Dow plant, 171-174, 176, 208, 233 Index 297 Lake Jackson, 174-175 styrene plant, 186 Thiokol plant, 187 Vietnam war, 262 napalm, protests against, 262-271 Vinylidene chloride, 158 War Production Board, 170, 185, 186 letter to Willard Dow, 198 Ward, Louis E., 171 chlorine process improved, 75 Warrick, Earl L., silicone research, 191 Waste disposal, 154, 255 Water pollution, 154, 255 Weed control compound, damage from, 247-248 Wheeler, General Earle G., 268 White, Edward H., II, astronaut, 272 Whiting, Macauley, 253 director of overseas operations, 259, 273-274 vice president and manager of Midland Division, 252 Wiles, Charles, 166 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 50, 88 Williams, Donald, sales director, 217,218 Williams, James Miller, oil wells in Sarnia, 189 Williams, Jim, sales director, 252 Williamsburg, Virginia (see James River) Wilson, Woodrow, President, 88-90 Wintergreen, oil of, 87 Wood distillation, 145 World War I, 11, 79-80, 87-89, 92 chemical industries in, 80-81 World War II, 12, 157,160-163, 171, 172,196-198 airplanes, 160-161, 163, 169, 171, 176-177, 192 chemical industries in, 195-196 magnesium, 6, 149, 162, 163, 169-172, 176-183 plants in safe areas, 175-176 silicones, 192-193 298 Tile Dow Story synthetic rubber, 7, 12, 183-191 U.S. preparations, 160-161 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 115, 173, 279 Wright, Orville and Wilbur, 55 Xanlhates, 153,237-238 Zefran, 235 Zimmerman, Arthur, German Foreign Secretary, 88 Zinc chloride, 74 Zurich, bank, 274 to oo CD VO -m ; H ATO A TO ? Of _ST. o 2864 -J943 2865 -ittf 0 t* BRIEF HISTORY OF CHLOROPHENOLS AND THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY In 1922 Dow Chemical Company developed the Hale-Britton process for the production of phenol.-- ^ By 1930 the company was operating the largest synthetic phenol plant in the world.-- ^ This process also produced four useful by-product chemicals which helped reduce the cost of the end product, phenol.-- 3'/ Two of these by-products were never-before-seen chemicals called orthophenylphenol and paraphenyphenol.-- ^ They became the base of a line of germicides, fungicides and insecticides marketed under the trade name Dowicides.-- ^ They were effective against pests ranging from termites to fungus growths plaguing the paper, leather and glue industries.-- ^ Patents were obtained by Dow in 1935 and 1936 for the use of alkali metal salts of 2-4-5-trichlorophenol as fungicides.--7/ The Dowicides were described in a company prospectus dated Decem ber 16, 1936.-- / However, even before this prospectus was published, these 9/ Dow chlorophenols were identified as a potent source of chloracne.-- Chloracne was first recognized as a distinctive acne condi tion around the turn of the nineteenth century.-- -- ^ Eventually, chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, including the contaminant TCCD, were identified as the cause.-- ^ Although relatively harmless it self, chloracne constitutes a reliable and highly sensitive indi cator that a person has been exposed to a substance containing TCCD.-- -- ^ in early 1936, severe cases of chloracne were reported in 2866 -1 - \/ lumber workers in Mississippi involved in treating wood with a fungicide chlorophenol formulation, apparently Dowicide H, which consisted of primarily tetrachlorophenol.-- -- ^ In a more detailed report, Stingily indicated that three or four hundred persons were involved.-- In 1937 Butler reported a similar incident at the Dow Chemical plant at Midland, Michigan involving twenty-one workers who had handled 2- (2-chlorophenyl) phenol and tetrachlorophenol.--^ ^ In his paper Butler stated that these chemicals should not be used as biocides until the mechanism by which they caused chloracne was understood. The plant was closed temporarily.-^-^ Butler indicated that experimentation would be undertaken with animals in an attempt to discover the mechanism of toxicity, be he was not supported in this effort by Dow Chemical.--17-'/ As observed by Whiteside: "If these experiments had been completed, it is possible that the chlorodioxins would have been identified as being highly toxic twenty years before the eventual discovery in 1957. In 1941 Adams et al. of Dow Chemical Company reported a bioassay for chloroacnegens which consisted of applying suspected agents to the interior surface of the rabbit ear and monitoring acne-like changes,--1-9/' They tested five types of chemical pro ducts which were acnegenic, including crude chlorophenols. As again observed by Whiteside: "Although they did not discuss which component of each product may have caused the chloracne, the fact that of the classes of compound they examined the term 'crude' was attached only to chlorophenols suggests that they may have been 2867 Q -Z 9U \ been aware that in this case compounds other than the main chlorophenol products were involved."--2-0 '/ The first reference to 2,4,5-T came in 1941 when Frank Pokor- ny of Westport, Connecticut published in the Journal of the Ameri can Chemical Society a simple method of synthesizing the compounds 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. 21 / No possible use of these compounds was dis- cussed, .--2-2/ Secret British research had begun in 1941 to study the effect of auxins (growth hormones) on the roots of seedlings. Other com pounds were also studied, including 2,4-D, which was found to have a significant potential as a differential plant killer.- 23/ This research was being conducted at the height of World War II, and a new plant killer was regarded as a potentially valuable weapon for use against enemy crops.--2-4/ This British research was shared with the United States early in 1944. 25/ In June, 1944, two United States Department of Agri culture researchers published an article reporting that 2,4-D at high concentrations was more toxic to some plants than to others, and suggested that "this may be of importance in connection with 26 / the differential killings of w e e d s . " --:-- ' Two months later a second article was published on the herbicidal value of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. 27/ This article generated a great deal of scientific and commercial interest in these compounds. 28/ Two researchers at the Dow Chemical Company, Keith Barrons and L.L. Coulter, reported in 1947 that 2,4,5-T was markedly superior to 2,4-D in controlling various species of brambles.--2-9 / They suggested that further research should test the herbicidal value 2868 30/ of 2,4,5-11 for some type of weeds that showed resistance to 2,4-D. D -2& 7 _ *3_ In 1948, 2,4,5-T was regis-tered for use as a herbicide in the United States by the Dow Chemical Company and the American Chemical Paint Company 31/ (now Amchem) .--- ' Between 1948 and 1950, various researchers came to the conclusion that in eradicating hardwoods (oak, birch and maple), as compared to conifers (pine and spruce), the 2,4,5-T ester alone was more potent that esters of 2,4-D.-- 3--2/ By 1950, 2,4,5-T had come to be recognized as an effective means for the control of woody plants.--- In 1954, Dow introduced 2- (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid, instead of the corres- o/ / poinding acetic acid, marketed under the Dow trade name Silvex.--- ' Dow's commercial production of 2,4,5-*^ beg an in March, 1950.-- -- ^ The original process was operated continuously until it was per- Og / manently shut down in May, 1971.-- 1 ' In 1967, a second operation, employing different personnel, was begun and continued until 1979.--3-7 / In 1976, Dow announced a $37 million expansion chlorobenzene 38/ program for its Midland, Mchigan facilities.--- ' Dow noted that its expansion would enhance its capabilities to supply a wide variety of products, including monochlorobenzene, 2,4,5-T herbicide and phenyl-phenols.--- Its present equipment was described as old and inefficient The first stage of the modernization project involved p-di- chlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene and tetrachlorobenzene facilities, all of which were rebuilt and modernized.-- -- ^ Tetrachlorobenezene 42/ is used by Dow in its 2,4,5-T herbicide.--- ' By 1979, Dow was one of only three major producers of 2,4,5-T in the United States (the others being Thompson-Hayward Chemical Company and Transvall, Inc.) and the only U.S. producer of 2,4,5- 2869 0~2?C* - 4- trichlorophenol, the chemical intermediate whose production in evitably results in some formation of TCCD.-- -- ^ 2870 REFERENCES -- /whitehead, Don, The Dow Story -- The History of the Dow Chemical Company, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968, p. 98. --2'/ Putnam, M.E., Plastics and Moulded Products, 1931, p. 255, quoted by Whiteside, Thomas, The Pendulum and the Toxic Cloud, Yale University Press, 1979, p. 147. -- ^ W h i t e h e a d , op. c i t . -- ^ W h i t e h e a d , op. c i t . , PP . 98-99. -- / w h i t e h e a d , o p . c i t . , P- 99. -- /ibid. -- / w h i t e s i d e , o p . c i t . , P- 147. -- /ib id . -- / w h i t e s i d e , op. c i t . , P- 146. - ^ - / s t a t e m e n t of Dr. Ralph Cook, Dow 74-662-PHX-CAM (JKR), Shoecraft et al. v. The Dow Chemical Company, p. 4 (Dow #1469756). /Ibid, -- /Ibid., p. 2 (Dow #1469754). -- ^-/Queries and Minor Notes, 106 J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 2092 (1936), quoted by Whiteside, 0. cit., p. 147. -- -- /stingily, K.O., 33 Southern Med. J. 1268 (1940), quoted by Whiteside, o. cit., p. 147^ 2871 -6 - -- ^ B u t l e r , M.G., 35 Arch. Derm. Syph. 25 (1937), quoted by W h i t e s i d e , o . c i t . , p. 147. 16/W h i t e s i d e , o p . cit., p. 148. ---/ib id . -- /ib id . --19/E.M. Adams, D.D. Irish, H.C. Spencer and V.K. Rowe, 10 Ind. Med. 1 (1941), quoted by Whiteside, 0. cit., p. 148. --2 0W/ hiteside, op. cit. 21/ --- Statement by Dr. Kenneth V. Thimann, Professor Emeritus, University of California, No. CIV 74-662-PHX-CAM (JKR ) , Shoecraft e t al. v. The Dow Chemical Company, p. 6 (.Dow # 1469691). 22/ Ibid. 2 3 / Ib i d ., p. 8 (Dow #1469693). 24/ Ibid. 25/ Ibid. 26/ Ibid., pp. 8-9 (Dow #1469693-1469694). 27/ Ibid., p . 9 (Dow #1469694). 28/ Ibid. 29/ Ib i d . 30/ Ibid., pp. 9-10 (Dow #1469694-1469695). 3 1 / Ibi d . , p. 10 (Dow #1469695). 2872' - 7- O 'Z t? / -- /Ib id . -- /ib id . -- /ibid. --3-5'/ Statement by Dr. Ralph Cook, Director of Epidemiology, Dow Chemical U.S.A., No. CIV 74-662-PHX-CAM (JKR), Shoecraft et al. v. The Dow Chemical Company, p. 12 ( D o w #1469764). -l'ibid. 37 / Ibid. 38 / --- '"Chlorobenzenes, DPO In Expansion Program Of Dow at Midland Site," 209 Chemical Marketing Report 1, April 26, 1976. -- ^-/I b i d ., at pp . 1, 23. -- ^/"Chlorobenzene Expansion For Dow's Midland Facilities," 207 Chemical Marketing Report 3, January 13, 1975. --^ / ibid., at pp. 3, 16. -- ^-/ibid., at p. 16. /o/ --- 'Rawls, Rebecca, "Dow finds support, doubt for dioxin ideas," 57 Chemical & Engineering News 12, February 12, 1979. 2873 -8 - Z 0 -Z f7 3 'n f/.RAZ I nntum VETERANS -ADMINISTRATION HOSPITAL , Vancouver, Washington July 22, 1952 1315 Your File Reference: In Reply Refer To : 5 17 7 -lOM/ The Dow Chemical Company Midland Michigan Gentlemen: I would appreciate any information you have on the physiological or toxic effects of your weed killer, "Esteron 2^5," (2,^,5-Trichloro- phenoxyacetic Acid, Propylene Glycol (C-*HgO to C9H 18O3 ) Butyl Ether Esters). ^ After reading the label we realize you have absolved yourself of any liability in theuse of this product, but would like this in formation because of possible hepatotoxic effect in a patient. Yours truly, M. H. Duxbury, M.D. Wrard Physician o O' GB 2875 T T H E August 1, 1958 DOW CHEMICAL 131 COMPANY M IDLAND MICHIGAN X, B Duxbury, * 0* Hard physician Veterans Administration Hospital Vancouver, Wshington Reference* 5177-10K/1* Dsar fir Puxburyt Your letter of July 22, 1952* Inquiring as to tbs physiologi cal effects of our Estoron 245* containing ss tbs active in gredient 2,4,5-trtchlorophenoxyaeetie acid propylene glyool TC9H5O to CoSiBOs) bufc3rl other esters, has been referred to our laboratory for reply. The toxicological studies we bars conducted on this type of compound have been based prisarlly upon tbs base material; that is, tbs 2j4,5*trlcbloropbenoxyacetic sold. The type of ester employed seeas to have very little effect upon the toxicological properties of tbe aaterial. Aoute oral toxicity studies on 2,4,5-trichlaropbanaxyaeetle acid o n rata# aloe, gninsa pigs, and chicks are a a a v i n d l a the enclosed shite print. Studies o n dogs base been con ducted by a n outside laboratory and are la the prooesa of being prepare d-far publication z a effect#- these latter studies have shorn that tbe acute oral^JLJicATor doge_tt_f the order of 0.1 g./kgj Acutelyfcoxic dosejrproduced b o o s diffuse hepatic injury, but tbs general observation was a non-specific hepatic congestion (Repeated feedings to dogs over a six aonthsperiod have shorn that they can tolerate 10 ag/icg, per day for six months without evidence of any injury^ Higher doses, of tbs order of 25 eg./kg./day, cause muscular- weakness, increased muscle tonus i n the hind legs, particularly on passive extension, and also a slight ataxia* Tbe animals in terminal stages exhibited difficulty in oralloving and some bleeding from tbe buoeal mneoaa Upon autopsy, these anieals showed onlyirritation of tbe gastro intestinal mucosa, particularly, in tbe duodenum and jejunum. Consistent significant liver in jury was not observed In most cases death was believed due to pneumonia which followed the development of anorexia, weight loss, and myotonia. Ester 245, which is a composition containing as an active ingredient, the propylene glycol butyl ether esters of 2,4,5trtchlorophsnoxyaostlc acid, was studied also to determine UUW IV b Y U W M. R. Duxbury, K* D* August 1, 195C if the toxicity of tho oompoeition as significantly differ ent from that elicited by the active ingredient* It van found that hen single oral doses ere fed to rats, the LDcn as in the neighborhood of 0*8 g*/kg* This is roughly equi valent t o the aaouat of the 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetle acid present i n the cosgxssitiUau Zn strong solution, tbs material as slightly to Moderately irritating hen instilled into the eyes; In dilute solution ss used la spraying, it failed to produce eye irritation* Test for skin Irritating properties upon rabbits indicated that the undiluted notarial muptaoderately Irritating hen confined or applied repeatedly to the slcin, dilute solutions, such as are used in spraying, w e not irritating Prolonged contact vlth strong solutions of the material or vlth the concentrt failed to indicate that acutely toxic amounts could be absorbed through the skin* Z trust that this information ill be helpful to you in your particular problem* Insofar as a know, there have been ni cases of Injury due to this type of coseuad^ Occasionally, a ease of dermatitis is reported, but ve feel quite certain that these are associated 1th persona having unusually sensitive skint-* These cases, however, are ezceediz^ly f e w end far b#> tveexi, particularly, ben one considers the large number of persona ho have contacted such materials in the field*. Judgingfromthe'results of studies on animals, considerable experience in our o wn plants, as well ss extensive use over several r e asons, It doma_nct te a m liloaly that the type of c o m pounds- considered herein is likely to emus# hepatic injury in hxBans. l t isconeeivable, however, that hepatic injury eight result if large amounts were swell need accidently* I hope this discussion, of the toxicology of 2,4,5-T will be helpful to you* If we can be of any further assistance to you, please feel free to call o a ms* Sincerely yours, 7* X. ROWS Biochemical Research Oepertasnt 2-280 Building VXR/dbr cc t H. L. Smith, Ag. Chem. Sales, 1-47 Bldg* H. L. Gordon, M.D. __ will hear from them directly. 287 7 76 12 u2 \) THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY MIDLAND MICHIGAN April 23, 195^ Hr. I. J. Castro Acting Superintendent United States Departnent of Interior National Park Service Hawaii National Park Hawaii Dear Mr. Castro: I regret the delay in replying to your letter of April 1 relative to the dermatitis which one of your employees has suffered and which you believe was caused by the use of our Esteron 243. Unfortunately, I was oat of town when it arrived. I am at a loss for an explanation. It most certainly does not sound like one which would be caused by Esteron 243, but more like one which would be caused by contact with poisonous weeds or brush. I should like to s u m a r l s e for you the Information we have obtained on this product so that you will be better able to understand oar position. As yea perhaps know, Ester: 243 Is m ooaposltlcn containing as the active Ingredient the mono, dl, and tripropylene glyeol butyl ether esters of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The "Inert" Ingredients of this composition are materials used widely In the agricultural field. The toxicological work we have done on Esteron 243 may be summarised as follows: When the material was administered in single doses to rats, the L D ^ was found to be 800 mg,/kg. with a range of from 600 to 800 mg./kg. The undiluted material was slightly to moderately Irritating when Instilled Into the eyes of rabbits. Dilute aqueous solutions such as are used in spraying, failed to produce any eye Irritation Dilute oral solutions are irritating to & degree camnensurate with that of the oil diluent. Tests for skin Irri tating properties upon rabbits have Indicated that the un diluted material Is somewhat Irritating when confined or applied repeatedly to the skin. Dilute aqueous solutions such as are used in spraying, however, were not Irritating Prolonged contact with strong solutions of this material or with concentrates failed to Indicate that acutely toxic amounts oould be absorbed through the skin. ro oo c: rc 2878 -W ? ? Mr. Z. J. Castro 2 April 23, 1954 In order to substantiate our conclusions about the effects of the material upon the skin* we submitted Bsteron 243 to an outside consulting laboratory for tests on human subjects. Patch tests (Schwartz) were conducted on 200 human subjects.in order to determine whether the material was likely to cause primary irritation or whether it was likely to induce hypersensitivity. In these tests, no individual exhibited any primary Irritation nor any Hyper sensitivity. It was concluded that Xsteron 243 was not likely to cause skin irritation. It must be recognised, however, that a test on a sample of 200 individuals is only indicative of expected response and that an occasional person may exhibit a hypersensitivity to this or any other chemical in spite of the breadth of testing. Strawberries and common soap nay elicit an unusual response in an occa sional person. It is also interesting to note that teats conducted in our laboratory have indicated that practically all the oils whioh are used as diluents for herbicides, that is, diesel oil or fuel oil Mo. 2, are more irritating to the skin than the undiluted composition itself. T h u s , we would expect oil solutions of the product to be more likely to cause irritation than water emulsions. But even so, they would not be more likely to cause irritation than the oil itself which moat people handle without the appearance of any deimatltls. nevertheless such o I I b can cause serious effeots upon the skin if exposures are sufficiently severe. Considerable laboratory studies on animals and human subjects together with extensive field experience with this product have glven us assuranoe of the safety of the product for its recommended uses. Mhlle it is impossible for us to ascertain the true cause of the dermatitis which has been experienced, it would seem quite possible that the effected person could have come in eontact with herbage which was capable of caus ing a contact dermatitis. I am passing a copy of your letter and my reply on to Dr. H. H. Cay, Director of our Medical Department for his comments and also for any suggestions that he may wish to make with regard to possible treatment. \ Again, we sincerely regret that this unfortunate incident occurred but our experience with Ssteron 243 has been such that it is difficult for us to believe that this product is responsible for the case which you described. cc 2879 DOW127S629 Mr. I. J. Castro - 3 April 23# 195^ We will very such appreciate being informed of the outoome and of any farther experience which you may have. Xf we can be of any further assistance, please let us know. Sincerely yours, ~0-K4Z ;^i:\ Vi Ci Rowe Blocheoioal Research Department 2-280 Building . VKR/Jcw cc: Dr. H. H., Oay ^ G. J. Williams H. L. Smith 2880 0 -2 9 T 9 , 12 o . . CONFlDENTiio. 'A r * %V . V->. A, 3 'l , ' * ~ . - a 4 t 14 i ~^r ' v 35\ M.ERS. gGW ER':C0M P4IS' Y. . ' ? ic ie r J a c k so n , i t i c a i c v r / ;. ^ - -r r r s.-*-' ; : ^ -j- " '`C \ June vfr, i9 5 * `. - -- - - h*- Ar- `- 's - - ;4.- ,rr A ..' ` -- --" ' . r * ... ' . . Dr . ,,7. r^Sowc^ Biochemical Bewareh Department Dov Chemical -Company- . *r Dear' Dr- -ilo * * :'****- --.s.--V*1p-*<- i*i*.,,%. ' >>' . " .- v . . : ... ... ,, Trr*:-- .-. s/* _* ... * i ----- ------ '* - *. . - ' :V : l \ D- . CZ -ro '.c ri v '* .. ' . . - %. -- - ^Tolltavi&g our recent conference ^concerning the ; p o s s ib ility o f tiering 'fn employee a lle rg ic , to 5terac .2^5?,.th is man as sent to'D r- X. A. Sand, Saginaw,-Michigan fo r patch t e s t s . - .* . --i^ o r your inform ation, the .'file attached--is a: copy of .the report, r e c e i v e d ' D r . . Band and w i l l note .the te s t indicated' no reaction, to Bsteron -2455.* "lie-have- not ar yet 'been .adriaed hy D r.^and aa to. hat inatrnctioae be gave th is nan on ^avoiding^the.IjeTitagt^hich^n. th ja/caw ^ '^.jCcairse', eaa rode o i l . - " r > : > - . 2 . ' y ' ^ .-.Tl.;*1 . ~y /rC '" ?i". ' v- ,^ r i ^ *S ' / 1"- ' r ^ a _ ^ . < * *> \ v_` >- -' th la ' ,, ^jneport aa-""tii^ e r tar^^is. a^xoabisatloo o f :'chemicala -.'i^lnding - ; ' pi&tachlorphenol; naofl' .as a wood.preservative..'' ' "4 - ' W . " wh i>?ha<rw . Tours very trulyj ^Ri iL 0 T fcil, Borester ` yH .*`v : -* v- ot < t CONFiDENTIAt 2.881 12o 5 i r )l i \ > $> the Dow Jui^ IQ55 'j >rJl} H ID u z h i c h . o M U U N 360 LD AL ' 'X. N S DR. HAROLD SAY ,, r CUSTOMER SPRAYXMO HEAVY CONCENTRATION ESTERON.245 WEED KILLER IH <8 > KEROSENE HAD PUMP TROUBLE AMD 80T MIXTURE ON HANDS FOR PERIOD OF TIME. So PALMS OF ^ A W DS^.A^ARro^JUVEiBtM B8RMID B Y T HE SOUJITOIL^UID 3fILL~ ^ NOT REALiPEIMMEJrrrnnRETHAS^BSED LANOLIN CREAM SOT* `WITH NO StJCCESS.-v V ^r. . ~ U H " T A C T ^ I B l ^ A P ^ E A R S 'tif 8CT NORSE. CAN YOU RECOMMEND TREATMENT. T L C STEWART AL > 0050 Ci ro a CO *p I O N S 'ft! DOW1276til8 1255 T H E D O W C H E M I C A L C O M P A N Y M IDLAND M ICHIOAN April 7, 1955 Kr K. R Musson Insurance Manager 1-47 Building Subject! LUCAS TREE EXPERT COMPART SSTERON 2*5 PSRLEY V. CHASE As per your request of March 31st, I have sianarlzed the toxi cological information we have on Ssteron 2*5 for transaittal to The Travelers Insurance Company as requested in their letter of March 28th signed by C. R. Baker, District Adjuster. I have also included some discussion of the preblea which may be useful to Travelers in understanding the problea as a whole. Ssteron 2*5 is a composition containing as the active ingredi ent the mono-, di-t and tripropylene glycol butyl ether esters of 245 trichlorophenoxy acetic acid. The "inert" ingredient* of this composition are materials used widely in the agricultural field. Toxicological work we have done on Ssteron 2*5 may be mimesrland as foil. When the material mss administered in single doees to imts, the LD^O was found to be 800 mg./kg. with a range of from 600 to 806 mg./kg. The undiluted material was slightly to moderately irritating when instilled into the eyes of rabbits. Dilute aqueous solutions such as are used In spraying, failed to pro duce any eye irritation. Dilute oral solutions are irritating to a degree commensurate with that of the oil diluent. ?e6ts for skin irritating properties upon rabbits have indicated that the undiluted material is somewhat irritating when con fined or applied repeatedly to the akin. Dilute aqueous solu tions such as are used in spraying, however, were not irritat ing. Prolonged contact with strong solutions of this material cr with concentrates failed to Indicate that acutely toxic amounts could be absorbed through the skin. In order to substantiate our conclusions about the effects of the material upon the skin, we submitted Ssteron 2^5 to an outside consulting laboratory for tests on human subjects. Patch tests (Schwartz) were conducted on 200 human subjects in o rd er to determine whether the material was likely to cause primary irritation or whether it war likely to induce hyper sensitivity. In these tests, no individual exhibited any Mr. N. H. Bunson April ", i?5? DOW 1278613 primary irritation or any hypersensitivity. It va concluded that Ssteron 2^5 was not likely to eau skin irritation. It rust be recognized, however, that a test on a sample of 200 individuals la only indicative of expected response and that an occasional pereon nay exhibit a hypersensitivity to this or any other chemical in spite of the breadth of testing. Straw berries and comma soap B&y elicit an unusual response in an occasional parson. It is also interesting to note that tests conducted in our laboratory have indicated that practically all the oils which are used as diluents for herbicides, such as diesel oil or com mon fuel oil, are ore irritating tc the skin than the Ssteron 2^5 itself. TRius, we would expect oil solutions cf the product to be ore likely to cause irritation than water suislone. 3ut even so, they would not be sore likely to cause irritation than the oil Itself which oat people handle without the ap pearance of any dermatitis. Kevertheless such cils cas cause serious effects upon the skin if exposures are sufficiently severe. The laboratory studies on animals end htarer subjects outlined above together with extensive field experience with this product ;a/e given us assurance cf the safety of the product for its recommended uses. While we ere in no position to ascertain the true cause of the dermatitis alleged la this ease, it would see quite possible that the affected person could hare coc in contact with herbage or materials other than Ssteron 2-5 which ay have been capable of causing a contact dermatitis. This case reminds Be of a case cf dermatitis which occurred here in Michigan last summer and v:hieh will serve to illustrate the problems associated with determining the causative agent in such cac-es. A power company was spraying right-of-ways with Ssteron 2^f. and one of a crew of men experienced an appreciable derma titis. be discussed the cotter with representatives of the company and they decided tc have the an patch tested tc find cut If any of the mate-rials which he hac been handling were enuring his difficulty. This was uone by a competent deroa'.oiorist and this investigation revealed that the mar, was hiithly sensitive to the fuel oil usee 63 tre diluent in the sprey and to poison iyy but that he had no sensitivity whatsoever to the licteron 2^5. Vo sir.cerly regret that this case cf dermatitis has occurred. However, our experience with liEtercr 2'-5 hat beer, such that it is difficult for us to believe that it is responsible fer the dermatitis experienced by Hr. Chase. This seems particularly true in view of the fact that the man was quite some distance away and could have cornc- in contact with only rather minute quantities of the material. 2884 >'2723 DOW 1 27820 Kr. K. H. Runon - 3- April 7, 1955 In regard to the Inquiry About a technical expert who would be helpful I know no dermatologists in the Portland area. How ever if the company were interested in procuring a good deroatclogist, is fact one who has actually studied Ksteron 2*5 I would strongly urge that they contact Dr. Joseph V. Slander Consultact in Dermatology, 193* Spruce Street Philadelphia 3 Pennsylvania. Dr. Slauder is a very excellent dermatologist and we can recommend his very highly. If we can be of any further assistance in this satter please let us know. Sincerely yours V. K. Howe Blocheeloal Resea rch Department 2-280 Building VKR/bb cc : H. I*. Saith / H. H. Gay, ll.D. ' 2885 ? 'Z n Y j)0W 1 365752 MN069799 ^ O % C\ io iO oV tS Transi. MID. '; V* Archiv fur gowerhopathologic und gewcrbchygicne. vol.18 n o .538-555 p. (1961) Industrial poisoning in the manuf acture of ehlorophenol compounds. Author; H.Dauer, K.H.Schulz and U,Spiegelberg. Translator: Hr. Bergman Date: 9 May 1962 Requested by: Original language; Translation no,; V.K.Rove, Biochem Gorman 62-5-9- 1701 Bldg. a 2887 d -Z fh i Translation No. 62-5-9* INDUSTRIAL POISONING IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CHLOROPHENOL COMPOUNDS by'H.Bauer, K.H.Schulz and U.Spiegclberg. Archiv fr Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbe hygiene, 18, 558-555, (1961) CJI . <1 en INTRODUCTION, HI GENERAL. Within the last few years workers of at least three west German plants wfac were enlaced in the manufacture of chlorinated phenols, groupv/ise became ill v/ith acne with chronical progress and further effects on health. Baaden and Bauer as well as Erinkmann reported in 1950/51 about a group of 17 workers becoming ill in a plant in ITordheim-Viestfalen. The workers of this establishment were engaged in the manufacture of pentachloro phenol. Apart of a comedo acne with various degrees of secondary pustular infectio. and formation of furuncles, in most cases -already in the first stages of the skin disease pain developed nnd weakness of the lower limbs, mild paracsthesia, heart complaints and undetermined psycho-vegotative distur bances. Examination of the case histories of 17 patients showed the fol lowing: All."llLi/orkcrsthsd: ano ache, v.of'these-A very severe, 8 rather severe, 5 mo derate to mild, almost all with extensive pustular infections and furun culosis, 4 v/ith a busitis at elbows. Of further disturbances 11 workers had bronchitides, 5 myocard damage, 2 liver cirrhosis (one fatal), in 9 cases symptoms of neuritis (in 7 cases strong pains of the lov/er extremities, in 4- cases sensibility disturbances in 2 cases mild paresis without atrophy and in 2 cases v/eakening of the Achilles reflexes. 7 workers complained of psychic difficulties such as continuous tiredness, depression, lack eff energy, nervousness, mild head aches, disturbances of sleep, decrease of lobido and potency. A larger number (about 60 cases, prof. Hergt) of similar' cases were in two work3 in iddle-Rhein amongst workers who were engaged for a longer period of time (mostly for several years) in the manufacture of trichloro phenol (saponification of 1:2:4:5- tetrachloro benzene to 2:4:5-trichloro phenol by treatment v/ith alcoholic sodium hydroxidefurther health disturbances of this group of trichloro phenol workers appeared only a long time after the exposure at work was discontinued. According to a discussion following a lecture by 5picgeibcrg(at the Northwest German neurologist and psychiat rist congress at Ltincburg, I960) who included a brief report about our cas in Hamburg in his lecture about psychopathic delayed and permanent damago duo to industrial poisoning, Janzarik described coiuosponding disturbances observed in cases of workers from these establishments in Middlc-Rhein. The third group comprises 31 workers of an establishment in Ilaraburg. Those affected workers' were employed in the trichloro phenol department of tuo company whera tha horbicidc Ri'l-^-trichloro phonoxy acotic acid wap made 2888 2 DOW 1 365754 iron tcc'uiical grade 2:A:5-trichloro phenol by heating the latter with so diun hydroxide and mono cliloro acetic acid in autoclaves. After completio of t'.ic cstorification reaction, the end product was purified by double re crystallisation. The duty of the workers was to charge the autoclaves; fo: tris purpose the trichloro phenol in form of flakes had to be taken with shovels from open drums. During this process a very fine dust was formed and spread throughout the room. Other workers filled and operated centrifuges as.well as inlet and outlet linc3. Since these workers-who had the strongest 'effects' on skin were espcially intensely exposed to contact with the trichlr phenol, it was ob vious to suppose the originating poison in. the technical grade trichloro phenol. How far this presumption applies, will be discussed in the follow ing together with the etiology. ov:u clinical observations . 5 years after the discontinuation of the exposure 9 of the 3 1 workers of this company in Hamburg are still under medical care due to residues of their acne, a continuous neuro-muscular weakness of leg muscles, vasovege tative lability but especially due to pronounced psychopathological dis turbances. The table gives information about the complaints determined an dan'hge to health. The developments of the effects on skin in general were similar for all patients. They first appeared on the face, especially on checks, face hones, forhead, temples; numerous comedones on chin and ears later due to secondary infections pustuli and furuncles as well as reten tion cysts appeared additionally. In further progresa spreading of these effects took place for most of the patients, especially on neck and-upper half of hack, chest, underarms, genitalia and hips. Numerous furuncles d'e vcloped1.especially on neck and back. The arrangement of the efflorescence was generally of extraordinary density so that hardly any follicles remai unchanged. Bor some, apparently more exposed workers with the development of these acne-like symptoms, there was dermatitis with erythema and swelling whiat extended to the rea surrounding the eyes, cheeks and forhead* In some c cases at the same time blepharo-conjunctivitiiappeared which (similar tc the effects on skin) partly became chronical. As the table of the findings shows, for some patients there was in additi partly spotty, partly areal pigmentation of the face which imparted a dii greyish-broym, appearance of the skin. On the whole, there was a picture of a disease which corresponds to that which appears after contact with chlorinated naphthalenes, diphenylcnes and other aromatics and which coincides wit h that first described by Her: heimer (1899), later by several other authors (Bettmann* Holznann, Telele; Herzberg, Braun, Grimmer and others). Even if not being completely exact designations "chloracne" or "perna disease" have been mostly used for th forms of industrial poisoning. , The progress of the dermatologic manifestations in our cases were very d ficuit. The therapeutic treatment used (emptying of the comedones, exter keratolytic and antibacterial treatment as well as in severe cases also internal antibiotic treatment) could not prevent new devclopnent of come dones, retention cysts and furuncles even if there was no more contact w the noxa causing there developments. As final conditions especially in c vere cases, there are numerous depressed scars close together which aspe cially when localliscd in the face, are repulsive (pseudo atrophydermiavcrmiculata). 2889 - 3 - DOW 1365755 Coincidingly all patients complained, about a pronounced tiredness and weakness in legs, often with pains especially in the region of proximal leg muscles, Theso complaints wore prominent already ia the first stages of the disease, partly already before the development of more extensive, changes of the skin. On the basis of case histories or spontaneous state meats, paracsthcsia was found only in two cases. Paresis or atrophia, we ening of reflexes or absence.of muscular extension reflexes as a sign of toxic polyneuropathy were not found in any of the cases. Two of the pati-. examined showed reduced sensibility with sporadic epicritic disturbances in the lower limbs. There were no certain signs of a neurogenous damage (examined clcctro-myographicaliy) as it would be expected in case of per phcric nerve lessions; the finding of premature tiredness in serial exci tation experiment requires a further confirmation with respect to method test as well as for the results. As sho\7n by the results, the neuro-musc lar disturbances can not be classified with the typical picture of a tox polyneuritis or polyneuropathy. The electrical brain examination showed in six cases abnormal electroenc phaloxram with lability of frequency and disrithmical groups of partly a metric character. In one case there was an accented disrithmic and ihore; abilit?/ of cerebral excitation after photostinulation. The electroenceph. graphic changes found , were non-characteristic and they did not provide any diagnostic points of essential meaning. Some of the workers examined complained of headaches, attack or dizziness and tendency of orthostatic collapse. Five of the 9 patients examined she signs of vegetative overexcitability, trembling of hands, increased sweaof hands and legs, underarm sweating, increased dermographia, indication of Chvostek's sign. The blood pressure values averaged within the limits of normal, for 5 of the 9 patients examined, they were close to the lowci limit of normal.Orthostatic collapse tendency was not observed eithor in examinations or during stay in hospital. In 2 cases there was suspicion c myocardium damage. Abdominal complaints such as feeling lull, pressure in the region of' stom and liver as well as mild pain was expressed by five of the nine patients examined. In 4 cases stomac secretion disturbances were found, in 5 cases subacidjty, in one case hyperacidity and in one case gastritis was found by X-ray examination. In repeated medical examinations and during hospital observations, it was searched for liver damage. V/hilst the lability reactions were non-charac teristic in'all cases, the bronophthalein test in two cases nhowedsa slig delay in excretion of the dyestuff. In 5 ca3G3 biopsy of the liver gave pathologic findings. Here in two cases perihepatic changes of low degree were found and in ono case a fatty liver with ilflammatory appearance and light liver fibrosis; on the basis of clinical and histological findings there was suspicion of a condition after virus hepatitis. In this case in closures of iron-containing and iron-free yellow pigment were found which however, do not correspond to the grey, iron-free pigment found- by Kailc and Y.'ildhirt in case of chloro phenol poisoning. An erythrocyte excretion in urine with otherwise normal kidneys remained unexplained in case of on of the workers. Especially notable were tho psychopathological changes of tho chloro phen workers who all were thoroughly examined psychiatric-psychopatholpgically In six casc3 it was possible to observe the progress over a period of abo 2 yearn. Thera was possibility for objoctivo anamnosis and experimental psichologiual investigations. 2890 1- DOW 1 365756 with extensive coincidence all of the patients examined described a subjc tivo syndrom v;'nich with po"l7/ncuropath vindicating complaints in the regie of extremities, cardiovascular and abdominal symptoms, already from the bcgihninG pointed to psychic sphere especially to the vital stimulation behaviour (Ergcr-Brins). Generally there were complaints about distrbar. of vital sensations auch as weakness, tiredness, indisposition, unertaint fcclinG, internal anxiety and sicimcss feeling. The psychic basic 3 tate c mind was described as depressed in the direction of an uncatisfied-depres or sullen-excited behaviour. Often there was a frightened-troubled depres sion concernent. Changes in afie'cti.vity in its proper sense were expressed in complaints about increased 'notional excitability, irritability, enh dency to anger .attacks or also a certain numbness. General weakness, lowered internal drive and stimulus represented symptom which were expressed in all of the observed cases. The patients examined described decrease of initiative and interest, weakness of willpower, low ered efficiency, increased exhaustability in physical and mental fields. The subjective and objective-anamnestic psychopathological picture must b supplemented by a number of further more or less regular symptoms. There were disturbances in tho stimulus sphere practically in all cases. Thus all patients admitted larger reduction of potency, most of them also dc-*r crease of libido. Apetitc was decreased, sometimes there were considerable changes of body weight. The sleep and sleep requirements were disturbed i; most cases, i.e. more sleep was required simultaneously with lack of con tinuous sleep; there were seldom difficulties to fall asleep. In some cases reduction of mental efficiency was stated, especially distu: bances of ability to think and memorise. There was alcohol intolerance in most of the cases. Finally hyperesthetic characteristics with hypersensi tivity to noises and light must be mentioned. Pronounced variation of the psychopathological syndroms just described was noted in almost all cases. Change of intensity of t h e .symptoms in respect to changes during the day in favour of the morning, before noon as well a3 evening hours wascdescril in several cases there were periods of practically no complaints for seve^ days and weeks. For the sake of completeness two more phenomena should be described* Two patientd admitted to note that cooling treatments (cold showers or baths) always gave a relief of general complaints and polyneuropathie symptoms fc longer or shorter periods of time. One patient had developed peculiarily changed, always varying eating habits, e.g. exclusive enjoyment of rye bre milk soups or dronlcing 5 litres of milk daily in disfavour of other meal: In comparison with the polysymptonatic subjective picture, the objective pcychopathologic signs can be rapidly described. In explorative conversa tions with most of the patients a softly depressed, damped basic mood wa3 noted; it was possible to improve that only to a very small extent or not at all. The patients appeared dull in respect to stimulus, tho psycho-mo toric wu3 slack, tired. One had nore of an impression of a light cerebral organic stimulus reduction than that of restrain. The affectivity. behavioi occasionally draw attention through reduced capability of expression and livelyncss, also by lability and ability to bo decompensated. In two case: a pronounced hypochondria .was piusumed, in one case a definite indiffren ciation of tho total personality. T h e `psychological examinations arc important through disclosure of fine_ intcllctual lack of efficiency and disturbance of psycho-organic affnetivity. In most of the patients examined'*by means of the Hamburg-'.'/echslcrintclcgcncy test for adults (Ilawic) a significantly increased degeneratior percent (''chsler) was found whereby at least a certain indicationais gl^ 2 8 9 1 0'ZYf DOW 1365757 - 5- to an aquircd decrease of.mental efficiency. The Roschach psychogram ind entnd coartation of experience type, cirns of weakened emotional reactiv weakness of concentration, decrease of pace, slowing of thinking process and perserveration tendency in the direction of cerebral-organic altcrat DldCUooIUli. On the basis of findings with these independent groups of chloro phenpl workers (total of over 100 patients) the characteristic picture o disea is formed; the most important points of this picture arc the following d turbances: 1. After initial face dermatitis and irritation of conjunctiva; often gr dually developing acne predominantly in the region of face, then neck, shoulders and upper body parts, in severe cases on the whole body with c medones, retention cysts, pustula, furuncles and spotty pigmentation. In several cases with strong irritation mucous membranes of the face and uprespiration tract, pattly with persisting blephoro-conjunctivititis. 2. In several cases disturbances in internal organs, especially liver da mage with deposits of iron-free gray-pigment as characteristic biopsy fi: ins.In some cases chronical bronchitis, sometimes myocard damage. 3. In all cases general tiredness and weakness mainly affecting the prox: muscles of the lower limbs, often with pains of the muscles, in some cast paresthesia a n d -limited hyperesthesia. Only in some cases pronounced sen sibility disturbances, small paresis of the type described.and weakening of reflexes. - .. A. A psycho-vegetative syndrom with the following disturbances: subjecti\ disturbance of vital sensations, disturbance of psychic basic mood and affectivity,- initiative disturbances, weakness of thinking and concentra tion, vegetative disregularitics, tendency to orthostasis, disturbance of sleep, especially, increased demand for sleep, disturbance of stimulus spl decrease of libido, hypochondria, entdifferenciation of personality.. Objettively-psychopathologic: Hawie:- increased degeneration percent; Ror schach psychogram: coartation of experience type, signs of weakened emo tional reactivity, weakness of concentration, reduction o pace, slowness of. thinking processes, perservation tendency. The dermatological picture of-the chloro phenol intoxicationsahuw3 exten sive coincidence with the illness caused by aromatic hydrocarbons which was first described by Herxheimer and later by several authors (S.Brown, Risse-oundornann). O n the basis of tho observation that predominantly chi rinated naphthalenes were initially made responsible for it, '.Vauer and la Telelcy proposed the designation P e m a disease (perchlorinated naphthalene Telelcy pointed out that the chloracnc, described by Herxheimer already in 1899, is not caused by pure chlorine, but by chlorinated hydrocarbons or by simultaneous reaction of chlorine and tar. Further observations about the Perna disease by Hittelstddter, Flinn and Jarwick, Drinker and coworlc q t 3 , Greenburg and coworkers showed that apart of the skin effects, tired nesc, loss of appetite, dizziness, heavy liver damage with fatal accute liver atrophy can result from work with chlorinated naphthalenes. Baador mentions mass illness in American shipyards during the second world war. Describing the partly fatal cases which occurcd in America and England, Teleky points tohthe report of Brown, president of tho Ilalowox Co, ilew To (1937) that only tho manuiact-arc of higher dogreo.of chlorination and com bination withschlorinatod ui|jho.nyl3 and other materials load' to iaoreihcav darnago to health and partially fatal accuto yollow liver atrophy. Tolclcy 2892 0-JM / 6 DOW 1365758 also mentions the experiments with animals by. C .K.Drinker and coworkers t support the presumption that only the higher chlorinated diphenyl amines cause serious damage. Obviously, general symptoms of chloro phenol intoxication arc more pro" -> nounccd than those caused by the initially used, low chlorinated naphtha lenes. This was also experienced b y Truhaut and coworkers with workers wh used chloro phenol for preservation of wood, and Kubota in Japan who men tions numerous disturbances of the autonom nervous system and*who also sav several fatal cases. There was liver damage in all three groups of the eh rophenol poisoning in Germany. V/itbin all groups chronical emphysematous bronchitis and nyocard damage were foundiin several cases, however, these disturbances did not occur at such regularity as the pronounced tiredness and neuronusculat weakness which we observed in all our cases. Of similar regularity was the psycho syndrom described' which.,was found to similar ex tent also by Janzarik and R i c h e r t .amongst the workers from Middle-Rhein. It was possible to separate differential-diagnostically the psychopatholopical syndrom from endogenous psychosis, especially mild cyclothymic ill nesses, neurotic personality developments and organic psycho syndroms of difCerent etiology, and some presenilo or cerebral sclerotic degeneratioi processes. Phenomenologically relationships to pseudoneurasthenic syndrom (which is described in many cases of industrial poisoning, i.e. lead, car bon monoxide, manganese,, thallium, arsenic, carbon disulphide, trichloro ethylene, etc; literature survey by Eorbely. von Hattingbcrg, ileggendorfex I.'oeschlin, Peutschew, Teleky), especially also to endogenic depression cor ditions were also mistakablc. Vital niveau depression, depressive temper periods, vegetative expressions and intensity changes are mostly observed within the limits of endogenic-depressive states. In other respects the alcohol intolerance, hypcresthetic irritable and polyneurotic tendencies direct the differcntialdiagnostic aspect more in the direction of.exogenic state pictures. Here the somewhat older psychiatric literature must be remenbered (Meggendorfer, Stertz) which completely classifies the neurasther syndrom within the limits of exogenic symptom complexes. Finally the phene menologic relationship of our observations with the (exogenic) hyperesthet emotional weakness state by Bonhdffer must be pointed out which Evald de signated ot as heteronomous but as homonomous in'.the meaning by Kleist. In spite of the phnomnologie relationships described, th psychopathic late effect syndrom of the chloro phenol workers is hardly represented by any of the known clinical pictures. On the basis of the observations de scribed here, it may concern an especial psychic-vegetative poisoning late effect syndrom which 7/as described by Gpiegelberg in connection with obsor vations of persons who were chronically-industrially affected b y chemical warfare materials. In our observation material psychogen-neurotic moments generally could bo excluded as far as individually-neurotic, i.e. charactcrogenic states are concerned. Two of the nine patients showed considerable psychopathic or neurotic structure elements. Those were easily separated from the?other, completely or partially non-neurotic patients. Certain ncollective-ncuroti factors in all group--.examinations, especially etiological judgement, must be taken nto account as misleading, however, practically unavoidable.fact (Gpicgelocrg) S u c h reactions were also observed in our cases in the sense of an overlapping psychologic side structure with simultaneous "phyniologi (in any case, not inadequate) individually-neurotic (due to complexes) com pensation wishes. The pcychopatliologic analysis of individual cases and comparison of the particular findings with ouch of independent collectives of the came etiology provide sufficient protection against advisory and 2893 -? - D0W 1 36575S scientific misjudgements. In spite of the prolonged progress,' the progne appear favourable to psychopathologic poisoning results. Although the d tuation is not completely cleared, subjectively mostly a certain improve nent or stationary state of the symptoms was described. 'He have not seen any objective worsening with exception of the intensity weakening Just d scribed. Also the experiences of ITcrve Clinic of Mainz (Richer) and im pressions obtained by works physicians (Knccht) claim a benignant progre of acute and chronical poisonings as far as toxic parenchim damages as sdo not influence the prognosis unfavourably. It is clear to attribute the toxic effect to the highly chlorinated phen i.e. a conception which is supported by experiments with animals by Mach, ana Thomas, II.Kntzmiller, a series of further investigators (Xehoe, Dei mann, Gruebler, Boyd, LIcGavack, Tcrranova, Piccione cited by Oettinger), as we11 as own experiments with animals, however, Kinning and Schulz wer able to show that the use of non-industrial, 'analytically pure highly ch rinated chloroplienols (trichloro phenol, pentachloro phenol) does, not le. to the characteristic appearance of chloro phenol poisoning.. Experiments with animals were carried out with the goal to find the orig no::n responsible for the effects. The ear of rabbit appeared a suitable test object where it was possible to' cause changes with substances which initiate chloracne which very much corresponds to that of humans (Hofmam and Iteumann, Braun, Landes and others) .Application of a material effectiin this respect, first leads to spotty dermatitis accompanied by reddeni: swelling and scurf; after a fe\v day3 appears hyperceratosis bound to fol licles and small cyst formation which can be well detected histologically Apart of these experiments (application by brushing), investigation abov the general toxicity on rabbits was carried out, with-some materials alsc the effect on cats. Hereby coincidence with findings was apparent which Oettel as well as Hofmann had.observed in cases of similar Intoxications in a larger chemical plant in southern Germany, i.e. that the substances which cause chloracne, have a. pronounced liver toxicity. It was possible to follow the liver parenchym damage by means of the micromodification. oi the brono sulphthalein test described by Hofmann and Oettel. Fattening ar. extensive necrosis of the liver parenchym was found in autopsy. The inves tigations (about which a report wa3 given already earlier; Schulz 1956; Kimming and Schulz 1957) gave the following results: The effective substances must have been formed on alkaline hydrolysis of 1:2:V.5-tetrachlro benzene to-2 5-trichloro phenol which is carried out technically.under pressure at temperatures of about 180C in the presence of methanol and sodium hydroxide. Hot the trichloro phenol itself but by products appearing in small amounts during the pressure phenol process were considered as causal noxa since it was not possible to causo any of the above mentioned changes on rabbit ear with pure, repeatedly distilled 2:4:5-trichloro phenol as well as with 1:2:4:5--tetrachloro benzene but ti appeared when technical grade trichloro phenol was used. ------- (1) ----------- ( 2) Since at first the isolation of definite compounds from- the residue of distillation of the technical trichloro phenol was not possiblo, compound v/cre chemic_lly synthesised and submitted to us for experiments with anic for which there was certain probability that they could be formed as by products in the saponification of tetrachloro benzene to trichloro pheno] First various chlorination products of diphenyl ether and dibenzo furane (diphenyl oxide) were available. 2 8 9 4 0-ZYY3 DOW 1 365760 Whilst the diphenyl ether and its 1-4 chJLoro derivatives as well as diber furane and monochloro dibcmzo furane were ineffective in experiments with animals, the 3 and 4 chloro dibenzofuranes already in.concentrations of 0.03,'j caused the described symptoms on rabbit car. One oral dose of 0.51 mg/kg caused heavy liver damage of rabbits which was fatal for the anir, in oost cases. The clinical observation of a technician working somewhere else, who beca: ill with a severe chloracne after exposure to tetrachloro dibenzo dioxane (tetrachloro diphenyl dioxide) pointed to chlorine derivatives of dibenze dioxane. ______ _ ^ ^ Tetrachlorinated dibenzo dioxane, especially 2:3:6:7-tetrachloro dibenzo dioxane were effective on rabbit ear already in very small concentrations Trinple brushing with O.OI-O.OO^j solution (in polyglycol) was sufficient to cause severe spotty inflammations as well as folliculous hyperlreratosi One oral dose of 0.05-0.1 mg/kg of body weight caused severe liver necros mostly resulting in deth of the animal. The presumption that 2 : 3 :6:7-tetrachloro dibenzo dioxane is actually impo tant in the development of the industrially occuring chloracne had. furthe support from chemistry. It was possible to prove that these compounds are formed from two molecules., of sodium trichloro phenate by splitting^off i-inCl under the pressure and temperature conditions prevailing in the auto clave- ---------(6 ) Further, it was successful to isolate the tetrachloro dibenzo dioxane fro: the byproduct appearing in the technical pressure-phenol process (alkslin saponification of tetrachloro benzene to trichloro phenol). In order to prove that 2 : 3 :6:7-tetrachloro dibenzo dioxane causes changes in the way of chloracne also on human skin, one of us (Schulz) carried out a self-ex periment: double brushing application of a O.Oli'j solution on a marked are. of skin of the lower arm caused a mild dermatitis after two days, a few days later folliculous hyperkeratosis and comedones developed which were easily identified histologically. Hereby the etiologically important mean: of this material for- the diseases' described here appears sufficiently pro' However, it is not 'impossible that in this technical process also other chlorinated aromatic compounds v/ith highly toxic properties can develop which have not been identified heretofore and examined by means of experi ments with animals. - The experimental and clinical findings are an impressive example that in industrial pathology materials may have importance which are formed only : small amounts as byproducts in lorgc scale chemical processes. In investi gations of causes of frequently appearing industrial intoxications this point of view 3hohld not be disregarded. If it is successfully proved tha impurities in the main product are causal noxa of an industrial disease, f important factor for successful prophylaxis is obtained^ In our caso it wa3 successful to avoid the formation of tho multichlorina dibenzo dioxines and dibenzo furanes by a chango of the manufacturing pro* coos, dince then 2:4:5-trichloro phenol i3 manufactured in this plant and added to the herbucido 2:4:5-trichloro phenoxy acetic acid without the v/orka_-. developing any intoxication symprora3 of any kind 2 8 9 5 7- m y o*t 3 / 7 , -p - ty U ^ - Archiv fiir Cewerbcpathologie und Gewerhehygicna IS, 5.18- -------- S?. a CJV <1 cn i'i (inci) Aus der Neurologischen Klinik (Direktor: Prof. Dr. Dr. Janzes). der Hamkku (Direktor: Prof. Dr. Dr. Kimmio) und der Psychiatrischen nml Xerv.rikl,,. (Direktor: Prof. Dr. Brger-Phisz) des Universitts-Krankenhauses Haml..,, Eppendorf Berufliche Vergiftungen bei (1er Herstellung von ChlorphcnoUTcrbiudungen Von H . Ba i e b , K . I I . S c u i'LZ u n d l T. Sh e b e l b e h c , H a m b u r g Mit 7 Textabbildungen (Eiugetjangen am 20. J ta i 1061) Einleitung, Allgemeines Durch die berufliche Arbeit bei der Herstellung chlorierter Phenol,kam es in den letzten Jahren in mindestens drei westdeutschen Be trieben zu Gruppenerkrankungen an Acne m it langwierigem Verlauf und weiteren Gesundheitsstrungen. ber Erkrankungen bei einer G ru p p t ron 1 7 A rb eitern a u t tiu r m Iltlri'h N u rH rh tin -W e stfn ltn berichteten Baadkb und Bauza sowie B riskiasn l'j.'n .W. Die Arbeiter dieses Betriebes waren mit der Herstellung von Pciit.ichlorjilui.,J beschftigt. Neben einer Comcdonenacne mit verschiedenen Graden sekundier pustulser Infektion und Furunkclbildungcn traten bei den meisten Aibcn-wu bereits in den ersten Stadien der Hauterkrankung Schmerzen und eine Sch" der unteren Gliedmaen, leichtere Paraesthesien, Herzbeschwerden und i:rii=<-stimmte psycho-vogctative Strungen auf. Eine Nachprfung der Unterlagen \>i 17 Fllen1 ergab folgende Befunde: Alle 17 hatten eine Acne, davon 4 sehr schwer, 3 ziemlich schwer. .1 mit i.-lschwer bis leicht, fast alle mit ausgedehnten pustulsen Infektionen und l'uruukiilosen, 4 mit einer Bursitis am Ellenbogen. An weiteren Strungen fanden sich bei 11 Arbeitern Bronchitiden, bei Mykardschdcn, bei 2 Lebcrcirrhoaen, davon 1 mit tdlichem Ausgang, in i) l'.dlrn Symptome einer Neuritis (in 7 strkere Schmerzen der unteren Extremitten. in 4 Sensibilitiitsstrungcn, in 2 leichtere Paresen ohne Atrophie und in 2 Ahsi-Iiu.i~chungtn der Aciiillessehncnrcflcxej. Sieben Arbeiter klagten ber psychische B*-schwcrduti, wie dauemdo Mdigkeit, gedrckte Stimmung, Antriebslosiekcii. Nervositt, leichte Kopfschmerzen, Schlafstrungen, Abnahme von Libido und Potenz. Eine grere Anzahl ( r i n n 60 F llt, Prof. ITkuut) von hnlichen Erkraukimc'ii ereignete sich tu zu-ei m ittelrltiiiiixchen J itlrirb n i unter Arbeitern, die lngere Zeit, meist mehrere Jahre, bei der Herstellung von Trichlorplienol (Verseifimj! vi*u l,2,4,-TetnichIorbcnzol zu 2.4.-Triehlorphenol durch Behandlung mit mc(h.ui>>1isolier Natronlauge) ttig waren. NVio Ihm den noch eingehender zu sch ild ern d en Erkrankten einer dritten Gruppe aus dem Hamburger Baum, zeiclir.cton sieh 1 Fr di berlassung ihrer Akten und anderer Unterlagen sowie ihn- ver stndnisvolle Haltung liei der teilweise langwierigen klinischen Beobacht me.: derv15enifsgcnosensclmft der Chemischen Industrie gedankt. A H v a a n w o x o a M t o io ix s s T V iH M x a u o o a rM S p o n d a s A d3 01W Vergiftungen bei Herstellung von Clilorplicnol-Vcrbindungeu 539 ,li, -.11 T riclilorplirnol-A rbeitem weitere G esundheitsstrungen o ft e rst lngere /.,( nneli Aufhoicn d r r beruflichen Exposition ab. AulUlich einer Diskussion i cuRiii Vortrag S ri KorxiiKncs, der auf dem Nord w estdeutschen Neurologen- und l'-v. hi.iti rkungivfl 1llliO in L neburg im R ahm en eines V ortrages ber jisychoMiliologisclir S|m t. m ul D.iucrschclco nach beruflichen V ergiftungen iilier unsere H am burger l'iille kurz b erichtete, beschrieb J aszauik w eitgehend bereinstimmende! ,'i..rungen bei den Arbeitern aus diesen m itteirheinischen netrieben. Die dritte Cru[i|ie umfate J / A r b e i t e r e i n e s H a m b u r g e r e t r i t b r * . Die Er:i.inUteil dieser Gruppe waren in der Trichloqihciiolabteilung des Werkes Ikj. .. h.iftigt. in der aus technischem 2, l..)-Triehlorplicnol das Herbizid 2,4.0-Trichlor- nuxyessiysure hcrgestellt wurde, indem Triehlorjihenol zusammen mit Natronl,.igc und .Moiioclilnies.sigsure iin Autoklaven erhitzt wurde. Xcli Ablauf dieses Vi-iciteriingsprozesses wurde das Endprodukt durch zweifaches Umkristallisiei-cn jrieinigt. Die Aufgabe der Arbeiter bestand zunchst darin, den Autoklaven zu 1--ducken; zu dem Zweck mute das iu behuppenform vorliegende Trichlorphenol ,ms offenen Fssern mit der Schaufel entnommen werden. Bei diesem Vorgang i-ntu ickclto sich ein feiner Staub, der sich im Raum verteilte. Weitere Arbeiten dienten zur Fllung und Bedienung von Zentrifugen sowie von Zu- und' Ahflulcitungcn. Da diejenigen Arbeiter die strksten Hauterscheiuunecu aufwiesrn, die dem Kontakt m it Trichlorphenol besonders intensiv aus. gesetzt waren, lag es von vornherein nahe, die urschliche K ose in dem technischen Tiii hlorphcnol zu vermuten. Inwieweit diese Annahme zutraf, soll weiter unten im Zusammenhang mit der tiologie errtert werden. Eigene klinische Beobachtungen Von den Bl Arbeitern dieses Hamburger Betriebes befinden, sich :i Jahre nach Aufhren der gewerblichen Exposition noch 9 in rztlicher Betreuung wegen Residuen ihrer Acne, einer anhaltenden neuromusku lren Schwche der Beinmuskulntur, vasovegetativer Labilitt, ins besondere aber ausgeprgten psyehopalhologischcn Strungen. ber die festgcstellten Beschwerden und Gesundheitsschden unterrichtet die Tabelle. Die Entwicklung der Hauterschcinungen nahm bei den Er krankten im groen und ganzen einen gleichfrmigen Verlauf. Es ent wickelten sieh zunchst im Gesicht, und hier besonders an den Wangen ber den Jochbeinen, Stirn, Schlfen, an K inn und Ohren, zahlreiche C'umedonen, spter traten infolge sekundrer Infektion Folliculitiden, Pusteln und Furunkel sowie Retentionscysten hinzu. Im weiteren V er lauf kam es bei den meisten Patienten zu einer Ausbreitung dieser Erscheinungen, insbesondere auf die seitlichen Halspartien, den Nacken, die obere Rckenhlfte, Brust, Unterarme, Genitalien und Oberschenkel. Besonders im Nacken und am Rcken bildeten sich zahlreiche Furunkel aus. Die Anordnung der Efflorescenzen war im allgemeinen von auer ordentlicher Dichte, so da kaum ein Follikel unverndert geblieben war. Bei einigen offenbar strker exponierten Arbeitern ging der Ent "icklung dieser acncartigcn Erscheinungen eine mit Erythem und s'<Invclhmg einhergehende Dermatitis voran, die sich auf Augen umgebung, Wangen und Stirn erstreckte. Etw a gleichzeitig traten bei t0o0 C0D0 io -s> t I I Tabello H aut und Schlcimb&ute; Gcsichtsdcrmatitia im B eginn................................ Comcdoncn, Uclcntionacyatcn, Kntchon, Pusteln, F u ru n k e l............................................... Flcckfnnigo P igm entierungen ............................ B le p h a ro - C o n ju n c tiv itis ........................................ Innere Organe: A p p e titlo s ig k e it....................................................... Abdominelle B eschw erden.................................... Gewichtsverlust ................................................... Reduzierter Allgcmcinzustand . . ........................ Aciditt des Magensaftes v e r n d e r t.................... G a stritis................................................................... L e b e r s c h a d e n ........................................................... Lungenemphysem, D y s p n o e .................... .... Mydeardschuden....................................................... Blutdruck ............................................................... dem e....................................................................... Pathologischer Harnbefund (Nicrenschaden). . . Nervensystom -- neurologisch: M uskclschmerzen................................................... beim ache in den B e in e n ....................................... (Allgemeine) M d ig k e it........................................ Vermehrtes Schlafbedrfnis.................................... Pnrncsthesicn....................... ................................... K opfschm erzen....................................................... sSdiuindclaU uckcn............................................... OrthoslutiHcho K olkipsncigung............................ Paresen (um schriebene)........................................ C oordm ntionsilrungrn........................................ lly puchth e s i r ........................................................... ..................................... V l .|| IVv ( k c - i t ................ . . . 1 + ++ + 4* + + + + 120/80 + + + + + + + ++ + + + Verd. 125/80 + 4" + (+) 4* ++ +4* + 120/80 + 4* + t (+) (+) (+ ) (+) + + + + + + ++ (+) + + + +++ + ++ ++ 4* + Void. 120/76 + 160/00 120/75 135/56 + Vcrd. Vcrd. 100/30 + + 160/100 + + <+) + + + 4" 4- + ' + +++ + + ++ + + + + + + + 4- ++ 4- + 4- T + (+) + ) it E9AS9el MOQ Vciyiflungcn bei Herstellung von Clilorphenol-Verbindungen 541 + H- + H- + + P3i i l i + + -i- + + + + | -= C + -r + + + + + + + + g => C ----------- ---- --------------- 3 ++ ++ '| + + ++ + - + ~s 'S S.:3 S CS* o + , . , + + , + 4+ _r+ + + + + + ++ +++ +++ + +++ + ++++ + +++ + E "3 1 *tS o "3t* ^* *.3 Qa Je -* . 3 * -T3 = *:t"3-* SOep IIII 4 ; Q> *S .2 ! l a. w^ 0 h3 .2tt H CO <2-5 Q2 V : &0 .c -tQ:23 ? - M 1= := O -= NO co. i 3c =v -2j l- js = : i5 j 2*fOi c gaoNT3fo3_i a o3 3 0 1 S 3&o .3 .g . 2 = .2 '. " S.S V ^ - 5 S.~ "3 II-3 S'MS 'ao2 5P'~ j5e33 c 32 1 "o t Is ^ c2 g> g5 3 a 2 . 3 * S$>a*u 5- lo ice |? --2 o 32 ie o 3-5 3 C *<< 1j i O S 0w 1S* .3 15O==s 1~J~3sZi-*,nazaQ*ez33 oM C* C2I s2** oSe ,>ea i * -C 2 "5o oa i : 5 "5 .- j 3g 4 l*3 S-S=3 3 .MJ 'S |a # |!> i? s f | u Sfl 9S MO.S -1 mehreren Kranken Ble- pharo- Conjunctivitiden auf, dio wio (Uo Haut- crschcintingcn zum Teil einen chronischen Ver lauf nahmen. Wie die tabella rischo Zusammenstellung der Befunde zeigt, fanden sich bei einigen Patien ten darber hinaus teils fleckige, teite mehr fl chenhafte rigmentic- nmgen im Gesicht, die der Ilau t ein schmutzi ges, graubraunes Aus sehen verlieh. Insgesam t bot sich ein K rankheitsbU d, das m it dem erstm alig von H ebxhjeisieii (1809), sp ter von m eiireren a n deren A utoren (B ett- itAXX, HoETZMAMIf, T eleky, H eezbeho, B iu .to , G RnntER u. a.) beschriebenen, nach U m gang m it chlorierten N aphthalinen, D ipheny- len, und anderen Aro- m aten aufgetretenen E r scheinungen herein- stim m t. [N heres siehe bei W . B tu.m r sowie A. RissE-StraD ERU A m r (1050)]. O bwohl nicht ganz ex ak t, haben sich f r diese F o rm en beruf licher V ergiftungen die B ezeichnungen ,,Chlo- racne" oder ,,Pem a- krnnkheit" am m eisten d u rc h g e s c tz t. i I f I I ! i ! I ------.1--------- P -M 1S I i 542 H. B a u e s et aJ: Vergiftungen'bei Herstellung rot Oilorplicfioi-Vorbindiin..:.,, Der Verlauf clor dermatologischen Manifestationen- gestaltete i, bei unseren Fllen auerordentlich hartnckig. Die angewandten d.,-;,. peutischcn Manahmen (Entleerung der Comedonen, uerlich kernln. lytische und antibaktcricllc Manahmen sowie in schweren Fllen ata I. .1r..: innerliche Gabe von Antibiotica) konnten in den ersten (bis zwei) J.ilim, i die Neubildung von Comedonen, Retentionscysten und Furunkeln ninit If.II verhindern, obwohl kein K ontakt mit den auslsenden Noxen nn-lir bestand. Erst nach lngerer Zeit kam die Rezidivneigung zum Still I.} stand. Als Restzustand finden sich heute vor allem bei den schwerer Erkrankten zahlreiche dicht stehende eingesunkene Nrbchcn, die U-. sonders bei Lokalisation im Gesicht entstellend wirken (Pseudo-Atropliodennia vermiculata). bereinstimmend berichteten alle erkrankten Arbeiter ber eine ausgesprochene Mdigkeit und Schwche in den Beinen, oft mit Schmer zen besonders im Bereich der proximalen Beinmuskulatur. Diese Be . .u schwerden waren bereits im Frhstadium der Erkrankung ausgeprgt, zum Teil noch vor der Entwicklung strkerer Ilautverndenmgcn. Paraesthcsicn waren nur in 2 von 9 Fllen auf Grund der Akten oder spontaner Angaben zu ermitteln. Umschriebene Paresen oder Atrophien, Reflexbschwclmng oder Fehlen von Muskeldehnungsreflexcn als Zeichen einer toxischen Polyneuropathie lieen sich in keinem der Flle nachweiseu. Zwei der Untersuchten gaben eine Scnsibilittsmiudcruug mit vereinzelten epikritischen Strungen an den unteren Gliedmaen an. Elektromyographisch fanden sich keine sicheren Zeichen einer neuro genen Schdigung, wie sie bei peripheren Xcrvenlsionen zu crwarlcn wren; die Feststellung einer vorzeitigen Erm dbarkeit im Sericnreizversuch bedarf sowohl hinsichtlich der Methodik wie der erhobenen Befunde einer weiteren Sicherung. Wio diese Befunde zeigen, lassen --sich die neuromuskulren Strungen nicht dem typischen Bild einer toxischen Polyneuritis oder Polyneuropathie zuordnen. .!ii Die hirnclcktrische Untersuchung zeigte in 6 Fllen ein abnorme* i.-ii Elektrocncephalogramin mit Frequenzlabilitt und dysrhytlimiseln-n Gruppen von teils asymmetrischem Charakter. Bei einem der Unter suchten zeigten sich eine akzentuierte DysrJiythmio und erhhte eenbralc Erregbarkeit nach Folostnulation. Dio gefundenen clcktroennphalographisclicn Vernderungen waren uncharakteristisch und boten keino diagnostischen Gesichtspunkto von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Einigo der untersuchten Arbeiter klagten ber Kopfschmerzen. Schwindciattackcn und orthostatisdia Kollnpsncigung. Bei d er !) l'n torsuchtcn waren <leutliehe Zeichen einer vegetativen bcrcm-glmrkeii feinschlgiger Tremor der Hnde, vermehrtes Schwitzen an H nden und Beinen, Aehsclscliwei, erhhter Dermographismus, angcileutete> Clivostcksches Zeidicn vorhanden. Die bei ambulanten Koni rollen 2900 0.1 2 9 0 1 G -3oo \ ' 'V; .......... i ; ' |l..* -V. T* 99Q9elMQ 544 H . Bauer, K. H. Schulz und U. Spieqelbkkg: gemessenen Blutdruckwertc lagen durchweg im Xoriuulbcrcicli, h e i , | . . 9 Untersuchten un der unteren Grenze der Norm. Eine orthostaii |,, Kollapsncigung wurde weder ambulant noch whrend der iutcrni.stix h.,, Beobachtung fcstgcstellt. In ^Fllen ergab sich der Verdacht ,mf einen Myokardschaden. Abdominello Beschwerden, w o Vllegefhl, Druck in der Magm und Lebergegend sowie leichte Schmerzen wurden von 5 der 9 Untersuchten angegeben. In 4 Fllen wurden Magcnsckretionsstrungiu dreimal eiiie Subaciditt, einmal eine H yperaciditt, in einem Fall der rntgenologische Befund einer Gastritis fcstgestcllt. Sehr eingehend wurde im Bhmen wederholter ambulanter Unter Buchungen und der stationren Beobachtung nach einem Lcberschndeti gefahndet1. W hrend die Labilittsreaktionen in allen Fllen <m charakteristisch waren, zeigte der Brointhalciutcst in 2 Fllen cinc leichtVerzgerung der Farbstoffausscheidung. In 3 Fllen ergab die 1x4htbiopsie einen pathologischen Befund. Dabei w m lc n zweimal x-ri hepatitische Vernderungen leichten Grades gefunden und in einem F.u! eine Fettleber mit entzndlichen Erscheinungen und leichter Lclur fibrse; auf Grund der klinischen und histologischen Befunde bestand hier der Verdacht auf einen Zustand nach Virushepatitis. In diesem Fall wurden Einlagerungen von eisenhaltigem und eisenfreiem gelb braunen Pigment nachgewiesen, die jedoch nicht dem von K alk und W il d ihrt bei Chlorphcnolvergiftungcn gefundenen grauen eisenfreien Pigment entsprachen. Ungeklrt blieb eine Erythrocytenausscheiduug im H am bei sonst normalen Nierenbefunden bei einem der A rbeiter. Besonders bemerkenswert waren die psychopathologischcn V ernde rungen bei den Chlorphenolarbcitern, die alle psychiatrisch-psychupathologisch eingehend untersucht wurdon. In 6 Fllen konnte der Verlauf etw a 2 Jahre lang beobachtet werden. E s b e s ta n d die Mglich keit zu objektiven Anamnesenerhebungen und experim ental psychologi schen Untersuchungen1. Mit sehr weitgehender bereinstimmung wurde von den U nter suchten ein subjektives Beschwerdesyndrom geschildert, welches .-iel ber dio polyncuroputhisch anmutenden K lagen im Bereich der tremitten, kardiovasculre und abdominelle Sym ptom e hinaus vm vornherein auf die psychisch-geistige Spltrc, insbesondere aber di vita 1-antricbsmlgen Verhaltensweisen (BCuckk-Puinz) richtete. I* einzelnen wurden Strungen der Vitalgefhlo n ie allgemeines Schwach 1 Prof. Dr. Hornbostel und Dr. S en o s telo eh. I. Med. Univ.-Klinik llaudm r Eppendorf. * Herrn Dipl.-Psychologen W. vc ' 0'-. imnEBT wird an dieser Stelle fr l D urchfhrung iter T estuntcnuchungcn (llonehach-Psychogram m und llaiidmr Wechsler-Intelligenztest fr Erwachsene) gedankt. 2 9 0 2 C'loof DDW1365768 Vergiftungen l>ci Herstellung von Clilorplicnol-Verbindungen 345 fhl, Miidigkei (gef lii, Unw ohlsein, U nsichcrhcitsgcfhlc, inneru Uni ulic mul K rankheitsgefhl geklagt. Dio psychische G rim d slim iu u n g h i i i Ir als verschlechtert, gesenkt in R ichtung eines im/.ufricdenl,, ilniekteii oder m rrisch-gereizten V erhaltens angegeben. N ich t selten ; eine ngstlich-bcunruhigtc Verstim mmigskom poiicnto vor. Ver.nideningen der A ffektivitt im engeren Sinne wurden in Form von Mimi lirtcr f.'oiniitscrregburkeit, Reizbarkeit-, N eigung zu zo rn m tig en Aii'briieheu oder auch einer gewissen .Stum pfheit geklagt. Allgemeine K raftlosigkeit, verm inderter innerer Schw ung und An:iub stellten Sym ptom e dar, die in jedem der beobachteten Flle ,iniert wurden. Die Probandcn sehilderteu Initiative- und Interessenv,-r.irmung, W illensschwche, verm inderte Leistungsfhigkeit-, v erm eh rte Kr.-ehpfharkeit auf krperlichen und psychisch-geistigen Gebieten. Das subjektive und ohjektiv-anam nestische psychopathologisehcB ild i-i noch d u rch eine A nzahl w eiterer m eh r oder m in d er regelm ig v o r handener Symptome zu komplettieren. Strungen dcrTricbsphre kam en .i.iktisch bei sm tlichen Fllen vor. So gaben alle P ro b an d en grberen l'uii'iizuachla, die m eisten auch L ibidoverm inderu n g an . D er A p p e tit ui- verschlechtert, cs kam gelegentlich zu erheblichen G ew ichtsschw nnl.ungcn. Der Schlaf und das Schlafbedrfnis w aren bei den m eisten l'mhauden gestrt im Sinne einer Zunahm e bei gleichzeitig bestehender Durchschlaf-, seltener Einschlafstrung. In einigen Fllen wurde geistiger L cistungsnachla, insbesondere Gedchtnis- und M erkfhigkeitsstrungen angegeben. Bei der M ehrzahl -Irr Flle kam A lkoholintoleranz vor. Schlielich sin d noch hyperu-.'thctische Zge m it Gerusch- und L ichtbcrcm pfindlichkeit zu er whnen. A usgeprgte Schw ankungen des beschriebenen psychopathoIt.cisvhen S yndrom s w urden in fast allen F llen angegeben. fntensittsw echsci der Sym ptom e im Sinne von Tagesschwankungcn zugunsten der Morgen-, V orm ittag- wie auch d er A bendstunden w urden geschildert, bei m ehreren Probanden kam en praktisch beschwerdefreie Intervalle von einigen Tagen und W ochen vor. Der V ollstniligkeit halber seien noch zwei seltenere Phnom ene ge'iliildert. Zwei Probanden gaben an, von K lteauw endungen (kalte Duschen und W aschungen) jeweils m ehr oder m inder lang an h alten d e l'rlcichtcning d e r A llgem einbeschw erden u nd d er p o ly n cu ro p ath isch en Symptome zu bem erken. Bei einem Probanden ist es zu eigenartig 'i-rnderten, jeweils wechselnden E gew ohnheiten gekom m en wie z.B . ms'chlieliehcm Genu von Schw arzbrot, Essen von M ilchsuppen oder lViukeu von 3 L ite rn M ilch tglich zu u n g u n ste n so n stig er N ah ru n g s aufnahme. Im Vergleich zu dem vielgestaltigen polysym ptom atischen subjek tiven Bilde sin d die objek tiv en psychopathologischen Z eichen rasch i I1 I II I I I i I II 1 2903/^-3^2' CO O cn cn CO 546 IL B a u e r , K . H. S c h u h und U. S t i e c e l r e r o : wiederaugeben. Im explorativen Gesprch fiel bei der Mehrzahl ,|..r Probanden eino weich-gedruckte, gedmpfte Gnmdstimmung auf. .b. wenig oder gar nicht aufzuhellcn war. Die Untersuchten wirkten ,n;. triebsmig matt, die Psychomotorik war schlaff, milde. Man gew.u.n mehr den Eindruck einer leichten cerebral-organischen Antrichsn-duU. tion als den einer Gehemmtheit. Die affektiven Verhaltensweisen waren gelegentlich durch verminderte Ansprechbarkeit und Schwingungsflu'-.;. keit, dann aber auch durch Labilitt und Dckompcnsicrbarkeit auffllig. In 2 Fllen' wurde ausgeprgtere Hypochondrie, in einem eine leichtaber deutliche Entdifferenzierungder Gesamtpersnlichkeit angenoninit-u. Die psychologischen Testuntersuchungen sind durch die Aufdeckung feinerer intellektueller Leistungsmngel und psychoorganischer Affektivstrungen von Bedeutung. In der Mehrzahl der mit dem HamburgWechsler-Intelligenztest fr Erwachsene (H a w ie ) untersuchten i 'r.ibanden fand sich ein signifikant erhhtes Abbauprozent (W eciisi.kki. womit zumindest ein gewisser Hinweis auf einen erworbenen Nachla geistiger Leistungsfhigkeit gegeben ist. Im Rorschach-Psychngmmtr. deuteten Koartation des Erlcbnistyps, Zeichen abgeschwchter emutioneller Reaktivitt, Konzentrationsschwche, Tempovermindcning. Zhflssigkeit der Denkvorgngo und Pcrsevcrationsneigung in Richtung cerebralorganisch bedingter Alterationen. Diskussion Auf Grund der Befunde bei drei voneinander unabhngigen Gmp|H-n von Chiorphenolorbeitern, die insgesamt ber 100 Erkrankte umfaten, ergibt sich ein charakteristisches Krankhcitsbild, als dessen wichtigste Merkmale die folgenden Strungen zu nennen sind: 1. Nach initialer Gcsichtsdermatitis und Reizcrscheinungcn seilen der Augenbindohute oft aber auch allmhlich sich entwickelnde) Acne vonviogend im Bereich des Gesichtes, dann der Nacken-, Schulter- uml oberen Rumpfpartien, in schweren Fllen am ganzen Krper, mit Coincdoucn, Retentionscysten, Kntchen, Pusteln, Furunkeln und fleck frmigen Pigmentierungen. In mehreren Fllen mit strkerer Reizung der Schlciinhuto des Gesichtes und des oberen Respirationstrakte?-, zum Teil mit anhaltender Blcpharoconjunctivitis. 2. In mehreren Fllen Strungen seitens der inneren Organe, in.-- besondere Lchcrsciidcn mit Einlagerung eines eisenfreien grauen Pig mentes als charakteristischem, bioptischcn Befund. In einigen l'iilK-n chronische Bronchitis, vereinzelt Myokardschudcn. 3. In allen Fllen allgemeine Mdigkeit und eine h a u p ts c h lic h die proximalen Muskeln der unteren Gliedmaen betreffende Schw che, oft mit Schmerzhaftigkeit der Muskulatur, in einigen Fllen P ariisth esieu 2904 Vergiftungen bei Ifcratclliui;' von Chlorplicnol-Verbindmigcn 547 mul "'ringe l T y h c M i c . Nur in einzelnen Fllen ausgeprgtere S.iisibilil.ilsstiungcn, geringfgige Paresen umschriebener A rt und l' i-flexabsehwchung. I. Hin psycho-vegetatives Symlrom mit folgenden Strungen: Subj.U iv: Strungen 1er Vitaigcfhln, Strungen der psychischen Grund.limniung und der Affektivitt, Antricbsstning, Gedchtnis- und K.m/.entraliiinsschivehe. hyperaesthetisehc Zge, vegetative Uysregul.ii: ih' si- Neigung 7.ur Ortiuista.se, Schlafstrungen, insbesondere ver,>!ic!S ch lafb ed rfn is, Storungen der Tricbspltre, Ilcrubsetzung von l.iidu und Potenz, Alkoholintolcranz. O bjekt iv-p.syciiopa thologisch:Antrielisinindcrung.sulideprcssive Zge Hau Typ eeiitcr vitaler Vcrstimmungsinotnentc, Affektivstrnngcn iin .sinne einer gewissen Nivellierung, vermehrter Erregbarkeit, gelegentlich Stumpfheit, Hypochondrie, Pcrsnlieldvcitscntdiffcrenziorung. ExpcriuicntalpsyehologLch: H a w ik : Erhhtes Abbauprozent; Rormhach-Psychogramm: Koartation des Erlebnistyps, Zeichen abge-vliwchler emotioneller Reaktivitt, Konzentrationsschwche, Tcmpoivnninderung. Zhflssigkeit der Denkvorgngc, Perseverationsneigung. Das dermatologische Bild der geschilderten Chlorphcnol-Tutoxikation zeigt weitgehende bereinstimmung mit iler erstmals von I I e r x h e i m e r , spter von mehreren Autoren (s. B r a R , R i s s e - S u x d e r m a x x ) bc- -chricltcneti lurch chlorierte aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe verursach ten Krankheit. Auf Grund der Beobachtung, da vorwiegend gechlorte XnphUulinc urschlich verantwortlich zu machen waren, schlugen M a u e r und spter T e l e k v die Bezeichnung Perna-Krankheit vor (/rcldoricrtc .Vaphthaline). T e l e k y wies darauf hin, da die von U e r x h e im e r bereits 1800 beschriebene Chloracne nicht durch reines Chlor, sondern durch gechlorte Kohlenwasserstoffe oder die gleich zeitige Wirkung von Chlor und Teer hervorgerufen wird. Weitere Beob achtungen ber die Perna-Krankheit durch M i t t e l s t a d t , F l e t n und i.utwiK, D r i x k e r u . Mitarb., G b e e x b u r q u . M itarb. zeigten, da neben den Ilautersclieinungen Mdigkeit, Appetitlosigkeit, Schwindel, schwere UliersL'hden mit akuter gelber Leberatrophie mit tdlichem Ausgang hoi der Arbeit mit chlorierten Naphtlialinen resultieren knnen. B a a d e r erwhnt Massenerkrankungen in amerikanischen Scliiffswerften wlireud dos zweiten Weltkrieges. Unter Schilderung der in Am erika und England mfgetretenen, zum Teil tdlichenFllo verweist T e l e x y a u f den Bericht von B rowx, Prsident der Halowax Co., N ew Y o rk (1937), da erst die Herstellung hherer Grade der Chlorierung und die Kombination mit chloriertem Diphenylcn und anderen Stoffen zu schweren Gesund- h'iUsehdeu und zum Teil tdlichen akuten gelben Leberatrophien fhrte. T e l e k v fhrt auch die Tierversuche von C. K . D r i n k e r u. Wt-Ii. Ocwrrlwynth. Gcwefhtfavg. Bd. Id 3a 365771 543 H. B a u e r , K . H. S c h u l z u n d U . S p ie g e l h c r o : Mitarb. an zur Sttzung der Annahme, da nur die hher gcchlorim Diphenylainine ernste Schdigungen hervorrufen. Offenbar ausgeprgter als bei den anfangs verwendeten nii-il,,-. cliloricrten Naphthalincn sind die Agenieinencheinungen bei h e n i f . liehen Chlorphenol-Intoxikationen. Diese Erfahrungen machten amh T k u h a u t u . ^Litarb. bei Arbeitern, die Pentachlorphenol zur H o l z , konservierung verwendeten und Ko b o t a in Japan, der vielseitige Xt. rungen des autonomen Nervensystems erwhnt und der auch mehrere tdliche Flle sah. In allen drei deutschen Gruppen von ChlorphciinlVergiftungen wurden Leberschden fest gestellt-, am ausgeprgtesten uml hinsichtlich der Leberbefunde am intensivsten bearbeitet bei den Er krankten aus zwei mittclrheinischcn Betrieben ( H e r g t , Kalk uml W i l d h i r t ) . In allen Gruppen wurden mehrere Flle von chronischer Emphysem-Bronchitis und Myokurdschdeu gefunden, doch traten diese Strungen lngst nicht so regelmig auf wie die ausgeprgte Mdigkeit und neuromuskulre Schwche, die wir bei allen unseren Erkrankten sahen. Ebenso regelmig war das geschilderte Psychosyndrom, welches neben uns auch von J a n z a r i x und R i c h e r t in vllig gleichartiger Ausprgung bei den mittelrheinischen Arbeitern gefunden wurde. Das psychopathologische Syndrom konnto differcntialdingnostisi h gengend sicher von endogenen Psychosen, insbesondere leichten eydothymen Erkrankungen, neurotischen PersnliciikcitscntwicklnngciL u n d organischen Psychosyndromen anderer tiologie, etwas prsenilcn oder cerebralsklerotischen Abbauprozessen abgegrenzt werden. Phnomeno logisch sind Beziehungen zum pscudoneurastlienischcn Syndrom d a bei einer Vielzahl beruflicher Vergiftungen beschrieben ist (Blei, Kohlen oxyd, Mangan, Thallium, Arsen, Schwefelkohlenstoff, Triehlorthylen _u. a . ; Litcraturbcrsichtcn bei B o r b k l y , v . H a t t e g u e r g , M e g g i -:s d o r f e b , M o e s c u l i x , P e x t s c i i e w , T e l e k y ) -- vor allem aber auch zu bestimmten endogenen Vcrstimmungszustudcn unverkennbar. Vitale Nivcausenkung, depressivo Verstimmungsmomente, Vegetativerscheinungen und nicht.zuletzt Intcnaittsschwankungcn sind b e r w i e g e n d im Rahmen von cndogcn-dcprcssivcn Zustnden zu beobachten. A n d e r e r seits lenken Alkoholintolernnz, hyperaestlictisch-reizbuiv und p o l y n e u r o pnthisclu; Zge den diffcrcntialdiuguostischcn Aspekt mehr in Richt u n g exogener Zustnndshildcr. Es ist hier an dio etwas ltere p s y c h i a t r i s c h e Literatur zu erinnern ( M e u o e x d o r f e u , S t e r t e ) , die das n e u r u s t h e n i s c l u Syndrom ganz eindeutig in den Rahmen exogener S y m p l o m c n k n m p l c x e cinordnct. Nicht zuletzt ist auf die phnomenologische V e r w a n d t s c h a f t unserer Beobachtungen mit den (exogenen) hypcrsthcliseh-cmotioncllcu Schwchczustndcn B o x i i o f f k r * hinzuweisen, welche E w a l d v o m psychopathologischcn Bildo her, bezeichnenderweise nicht mehr als hctcronom sondern hoinonom im Sinne von K l e i s t bczciclmclc. DOW 1365772 Vergiftungen bei Herstellung von (.'hlorpliciiol-Verbindungen sin T rotz der diskutierten phnomenologischen Beziehungen deckt sich .i.i-i psyciuipathulogische Spiitfulgcsyndrum d er C hlurplm nolarbcitcr k.iiiin vllig m it einem der b ekannten klinischen Bilder. Die F rage t Ines lii'sondctci! psychisch-vegetativen Vergift ungsspAtfidgcsyndrom cs, .ii<- von .'-imtuKt.intm: im Z usam m enhang m it B e o b ach tu n g en au chroiiisch-lieruflich kam pfstoffgeschdigten Personen er rtert wurde, stellt -u lt jedenfalls auch an Ilam l d er hier referierten B eobachtungen. Pss eliogcu-ncurotiselie .Momente k o n n te n bei unserem B eobachtung*- 111 im allgem einen ausgeschlossen w erden, sow eit iudividucll-ncuro- iiM-lte, d. h. charaktertigcnc und erlelm issituativ e G egebenheiten benuffi ii siiul. Zwei der neun P robandcn wiesen w esentliche psycho pathische oder neurotische S trukturelcm ente auf. Dieselben lieen sich .ibrr im Vergleich zu den anderen vllig oder sehr w eitgehend uimcurotischen Probanden gut abgrenzen. Gewisse ,,kollektiv-neurotische" Faktoren sind u. E. bei allen G ruppcnuntersuclnm gen, insbesondere bei sliologiseh-gutaclitlichcu, als miliches aber praktisch unvermeidbaresFaktum in K auf zu nehm en (Si'iKOF.LnEnc). D erartig e R e ak tio n en sind .mell bei unseren Fllen zu beobachten gewesen im S inne eines b er lagernden psychogenen Beiwerkes m it gleichsam ,,physiologischen" jedenfalls nicht inadquaten, individuell-neurotischen (kontplcxbedingten) E ntschdigungsw im schen. Die psychopathologische A nalyse des Fiuzelfalles und der Vergleich tler jeweiligen Befunde m it solchen unabhngiger Kollektive gleicher tiologie bieten gengenden Schutz vor gutachtlichen und wissenschaftlichen Fehlurteilen. T rotz des langwirrigen Verlaufs erscheint die Prognose d er psychopathologischen Vorgiftuugsfolgcn gnstig. Obwohl die rentcntcchnischo S ituation noch nicht endgltig geklrt ist, wurde subjektiv berw iegend eine gewisse Besserung oder ein Stationrblciben der Sym ptom o geschildert. Objeklive Verschlechterungen haben wir m it Ausnnhm e d er eben erw hnten passageren Intcnsittsseliw ankuiigcn n ich t gesehen. Auch dio E rfahl angen d er .Mainzer N crvcnkiinik ( R i c h e u ) u n d b etrieb s rz tlic h e E indrcke (K necht) sprechen fr einen benignen V erlauf ak u ter und ebroni.-eher V ergiftungen, sow eit n ich t toxische P aren c h y m sch d en als solche die Prognose ungnstig bestim m en. Es erschien naheliegend, den hochchlorierten Chlorphcuolcn dio toxische W irkung zuzuschrciben, eine A uffassung, die durch Tierversuche von Machle un d T homas, H . K itzm iller, eine R eihe w eiterer Untcrsuc-Iier (Iveh oe, D eichm an r, G b e b l e r , B o y d , Mc Gavack, T kuranova, P iccionb zit. nach vov Oettw q ek ) sowie eigene Tierverstiriic gest tz t wurde. K iumio und Schulz kon n ten aber zeigen, d a dio Verwendung nicht industrieller, analytisch reiner hochchlorierter Chloribctiolc (T iichlorpitenol, P entachlorphenol) n ic h t zu d en C harakteristik ^chen Erselicinungen der C hlorphenolvergiftung fhrt. Arrh. (icwrrbcpatli. Geswerbcliyg. Bd. Id 304 . ! ' 1 , j ; i ! i I i ! j j I | ! j j i j j j I j I j \ j , ) j 2907 0 -3 o 6 k > 2908 9 '2>otn |[. 1'al' kh ct nl.: Vergiftungen hoi Herstellung von Chlorplicnol-Verbindungen ;)51 Mit dem Ziele, die fr die Erscheinungen urschlich verantwortlichen N o x en mfz.tjfiiuU-1, wurden Tierversuche durchgefhrt. Als geeignetes T e sto b jek t erwies sich (Ins Knninehcunhr, an dem sieh mit Uhloracne .iiislseu d on Snhstanzen Vernderungen erzeugen lassen, die denen der m eiiM -lilicbeu (.'Idoraenc weitgehend entsprechen (H oi'Ma n x und N kumann", Bu a i x , Landes u. a.). Die l 'inselung mit einem in dieser lliu ric-ht w irk sam en .Stoff fhrt zunchst zu einer mit Rtung, Schwellung und Schuppung einhergehenden flachcuhnftcn Dermatitis, einige Tage -pater treten dann an die Follikel gebundene HYperkcratoscn und kleine (.Ysteubildungen auf, die sieh auch histologisch gut naehweisen lassen. Xehen den Finselungsversuchen wurden Untersuchungen ber die all gemeine Toxizitt an Kaninchen und mit einigen Stoffen auch an ICutzeu durchgofhrt. Dabei zeigte sich in bereinstimmung mit Befunden, die O kttkTj sowio H ofm a xn an Hancl von hnlichen Intoxikationsfllcu in einem greren chemischen Werk in Siiddcutschland erhoben hatten, da die ciiloracneerzcugendcn Substanzen bei Kaninchen eine aus gesprochene Lebertoxizitt besitzen. Die Lcbcrparcnchymschdcn lieen sich intra vitain mit der von I I o fsia n n und 0 e i t e l angegebenen Mikromudifikation des romsulftlialeintestcs gut verfolgen. Autoptisch fanden sieh diffuse Verfettungen und ausgedehnte Nekrosen des Lobcrpnrcnrliyms. Die Untersuchungen, ber die bereits frher berichtet wurde (Schutz 19G; Kjm m io und S c h u lz 1957), fhrten zu folgenden Ergebuissen: Dio wirksamen Substanzen muten bei der alkalischen H ydrolyse von 1,2,4,5-Tctraohlorbcnzol zu 2,4,5-Trichlorphenol entstanden sein, die technisch unter Druck bei Temperaturen von etwa ISO C in Gegen wart von Methanol und Natronlauge vorgeuommen wurde. Aber nicht das Trichlorphcnol selbst sondern im Verlauf cles Druckplienolprozesses in geringen Mengen auftretende Nebenprodukt waren als urschliche Noxen anzusehen, denn am Kaninchenohr waren mit reinem, mehrfach destilliertem 2,4,3-Trieblorphenol ebenso wie mit 1,2,4,5-Tctrachlorbcnzol keine der oben genannten Vernderungen hervorzurufen, wohl aber mit dem technisch verwendeten Trichlorphenol. Abb. J. Normale Kunifichcnohr Abi). ICanlnclicnohr, 3 W ochen nach dreim aliger Plnaelnwr m it_2,3,3.7-T ctrachlor- hW nzmliuxiu (1 riuuoo,ffclat in Polnftykol). FolUkvlachircUuiur*XolUlnilAro Uypcrkonitotf am., g. IUstololsvhcr Schnitt. EAnincticnohr nach Plttitclum rm itT ctm chlonitbciuodloxin iv4Mi%Miti`nitnn I ;*JUO) Frlutadiiun: Inwiteniiur derFollikel. KoMikitiAiv JiypcrfcrnttOM . EuUnUlk'li In filtrat Ja der Unufubun* der Follikel \bb. 7. in.'tolnu'iyvlicr ch u ltt. K anlachcuolir nach Plnrciuna m it TVtntrhloniU>cnso<Uoxiit i Kt.nzi iuniUi) 1 : JUUu(i), ^(WUiLatUmu: Grolle HetcutlonacfnU* unjccfllt m it kvm totlschcn Mim c ik Arch. Gcwcrbepath. Gewcrbehyg. Bd. 19 Mb c c o: ai 552 H. D a u e r , K. H. .Sc h u l z und U . SncoELucno: -<E CJT ci /\ CI--f V /!! CI 4-N OH + C H ,O H .OH CI--: H--CI CI 1,2,4,5-Tctnichlorhcnzol 2,4,5-Trichlorphenol Da die Isolierung definierter Verbindungen aus dem bei der Dcstilla. t-ion von technischem Trichlorplienol anfallenden Rckstand zunchst nicht mglich war, wurden von chemischer Seito Verbindungen synthetisiert und uns zur tierexperhnen teilen Prfung bergeljon, fr diu eine gewisso Wahrscheinlichkeit bestand, da sie als Nebenprodukte bei der Verseifung von Tctrachlorbcnzol zn Trichlorplienol entstehen knnen. Zur Verfgung standen zunchst verschiedene Chlorierung, produkto des Diphenylthers und des Dibenzofurans (Diphcnylcnoxyd). "iC^O Diphenylther (verschieden stark chloriert) Dibenzofunn (Diphunylcndioxyd (rerschicdcn chloriert) Whrend der Diphenylther und seine 1-- ifach chlorierten Derivate sowie Dibenzofurnn und Monochlordibcnzofuran ini Tierversuch un wirksam waren, fhrten 3- und ifach chlorierte Dibenzofuranc schon bi Konzentrationen von 0,05% zu den genannten Erscheinungen aut Kaninchcnolir. Einmal oral vcrabfolgto Dosen von 0,5-- 1 mg/kg liewirkten bei Kaninchen schwero Leberschden, die in den meisten Fllen zum Tod der Tiere fhrten. Dio klinische Beobachtung eines an anderer Stelle ttigen Labo ranten, der nach Exposition m it Tctrachlordibenzudioxin (Tetrachhudiphenyiendioxyd) an einer schweren Chloracne erkrankte, nies auf die Chlordcrivate des Dibenzodioxhw hin. Dibcnzodioxin (= Diphenyiendioxyd) Tctrnchloriertc Dibenzodioxinc, insbesondere 2,3,0,7-Tetruchlordibenzodioxin waren am Kaninchenohr schon in geringer Konzentration stark wirksam. Drciinuligo Pinselungen mit 0,01-- 0,005 %igcn Lsungen (ln Polyglykol) gengten, um schwero fluhcnhafte Entzndungen sowie follikulr ungeordnete llyperkeratoscn licrvorzurufen. Bei oraler Galhatten einmalig verabfolgte Dosen von 0,05-- 0,1 mg/kg K rp erg ew ich t schwere Lebernekrosen und meistens den Tod der Tiere zur Folge. Dia Annahme, da 2,3,.7-Tct-rachlordibcnzodioxin in d e r G enese der im Betrieb uufgctrctcncii Chlorucnc-Erkrnnkungcn auch tatschlich 2 9 1 0 Q - 3oo^ 9U S9B I M(1 Vergiftungen hei Herstellung von Cldoriilicitol-Vcrbiiuliingcn '53 \-,ui Bedeutung ist, fand weitere wesentliche Sttzen von chemischer >vitc. Es konnte nachgcwicscn werden, da sich diese Verbindung aus zwei .Moleklen Xalrium-Triehlorplumulafc unter Abspaltung von XaCl un ter den im Autoklaven herrschenden Druck- und Tempernturbediu- eimgcn bildet. q n -r^^-O N a C l-j-A j-C I C l-L ^ -C ! ' XaO--!s J -- C l o /;! A; V! + 2 Xaci cl-s\ / \ A y _cl 2,4,.j-Trichlorplienol-Xntrium 2,3,6,7-Tetrachlordibenzodioxin Weiterhin gelang cs, das genannte Tctrachlordibenzodioxin aus deni beim technischen Druckphenolproze (alkalische Verseifung von Tetracldui'bcnzol zu Trichlorplienoll auftretenden Nebenprodukt zu isolieren. Um zu beweisen, da 2,3,6,7-Tctrachlorclibenzodioxin nicht nur am Kauinchcnohr, sondern auch an der menschlichen Haut Vernderungen im .Sinne der Chloracne auszulsen vermag, wurde von einem von uns (.Schulz) ein Selbstversuch durchgefhrt: Zweimalige Pinselung einer ,u l''gen Lsung an einem umschriebenen llautbczirk des Unterarms fhrte nach zwei Tagen zu einer leichten Dermatitis, einige Tage spter entwickelten sich follikulre Ilyperkcratoscn und Coinedouen, die sich auch histologisch gut nachwciscu lieen. Die tiologisch wichtige Be deutung dieses Stoffes fr die hier beschriebenen Erkrankungen scheint uns damit ausreichend begrndet. Es ist aber nicht ausgeschlossen, da Inddiesem technischen Proze auch noch andere chlorierte aromatischeVer bindungen mit huchtoxischen Eigenschaften entstehen knnen, die bisher nicht identifiziert und nicht ticrexpcriinentcll untersucht werdenkonnten. Die experimentellen und klinischen Befunde sind ein eindrucksvolles Beispiel dafr, da in der Arbeitspathologie Sloj/e von Bedeutung sein knnen, die bei grotccluiisch-chcmischen Prozessen nur in geringen Mengen als XebenpnMlukie anfnllcn. Bei Versuchen zur urschlichen Klrung von gehuft aufgetretenen beruflichen Intoxikationen sollte dieser Blickpunkt nicht auer acht gelassen werden. Gelingt der Nach weis, da den llauptproduktcn anhaftende Verunreinigungen als ur.-achLiehe Noxe einer Berufskrankheit anzusehen sind, so ist damit eine wesentliche Voraussetzung fr eino erfolgreiche Prophylaxe geschaffen. In unserem speziellen Fall gelang es, durch eine von betriebschemi.-eher Seite entwickelte Umstellung des Herstellungsverfahrens die Bil dung der hochtoxischen, mehrfach chlorierten Dibenzodioxine und Dibcuzofurlunc zu vermeiden. Seitdem wird in diesem Betrieb weiter zM.j-Tiichorphcnol hcrgestellt und zu dem Herbizid 2,4,5-Trichlorl'lu uoxycssigsure weitrrverarbeitet, olino da bei den Arbeitern Intoxi. uionssymptoino irgendwelcher Art aufgetreten sind. i lIIIi II I i I t i ! j Q -3010 uUW 1365777 554 H. B a u e r , K. H. S c h u l z m l U. S p ie c e l r ir g Lilcrulur B aader. E. W a n d II. J. B auer: Industrial intoxication due to pcuiai-M- phenol. Ind. Med. Surg. 0, 280-- '290 (1U51). B ettmann : ,,Chlorakno" eine besonder Form von professioneller liauti-rkr:,;. kung. D tsch. med. Wschr. 27, -137 (1901). Bonkuefer, K .: Die exogenen Beaktionstvpcn. Arch. Psvehint. Xervenkr. 58(1917). Bon BELY, F .: Erkennung und Behandlung der organischen Lsungsm itteln r giftungen. Bern: Huns Huber 1940. B raun, \V .: Chlorakne, Monographien zur Zeitschrift ,,Berufsdenuatosen'*, IM. , Auiendorf i. Wrttemberg: Kditio Cantor 1953. B rinkmann, 0 . : Pentachlorphenol-Vergiflung. Vortrag. Gewcrbcrztl. Ta;s Hamm i. \V., 25. 10. 1950. Broses, F .: Dio cerebralen vegetativen Anflle. Berlin-Gttingen-Hci(lcll-i. Springer 1958. BOboer-Prinz, H .: Gedanken ber die vitale Person. Xervenarzt 12, 304 (] 9Btt > D rinker, C. K ., M -F . Wahren and G. A. B ennett: Tlte problem of imsubl. system ic effects from certain chlorinated hydrocarbons. J. industr. Hvg. 13 283 (1937). E wald, G.: Psychosen bei akuten Infektionskrankheiten, Allgcmeinlcidcn unErkrankungen innerer Organe. In Handbuch fr Geisteskrankheiten. Jhl. 2 Berlin: Springer 1928. F linn, F. B ., and X . E . J arvik: Liver lesions caused b y chlorinated naphlhulciK Aracr. J . H yg. 27, 19 (1938). Greenburo, L., M. It. ILayer and A. R . S lu m : The system ic effects resnltin from exposure to certain chlorinated hvdrocarbons. J. industr. H vc. 21, (1939). Grimmer, H .: Beruflich bedingte Akne durch chlorierte srom atischo Kohlcnwas-M-r Stoffe (Chlorakno, Pernakrankheit). Zbl. Arbeitsmed. 5, 70 (1955). H attincberc, J . v .: Dia Erkrankungen des X ervensystcm s durch gewcrMi-! Vergiftungen. Fortschr. XouroL Psychiat. 12. 1-- 18, 59-- 82 (1940). H ebet, W. Diskussion. Werkirate-Konferenz, Bad Drkheim. 1955. H ebxheimeb, K .: Ubor Chlorakne. Mnch, med. Wschr. 1S99, 278. H erzu ero, J . J .: Chlorakno nach Genu von chloriertem Paraffin. Derm. Wschr 119, 425 (1947). H ofmahn, H . T n ., u. W . X zuman: E ine Methode zur TiercxpcrimonteUci Pru fung der H autwirkung chlorierter Xaphthaline. Zbl. Arbeitsm ed. 2, 1(19-- 1` (1952). -- Die Leberfunktionsprfung m it dem Brom sulfthaleintcst als einfacho Mikrv inethode. Arztl. Wschr. 1954, 905. -- Vortr. W erkirzte-Konferenz, Bad Drkheim, 1955. Hoi.tzmann, F .: Dio Hnlogeno. In U li.manx, Oppenheim B ille,"Die Schdig der H aut, Bd. II, S. 97. Leipzig 1020. J anzahik, W. Diskussionsbemerkung zum Vortrag U . S piecelhero, Luebiir.19G0. Kalk, Wii.diurt: Gutachten im Fall 0 unserer Serie. K im mio, J ., u. 1C. II. .Schulz; Ueruflicho Akno (sog. Chlornkne) durch chlorier: aronintiucho cyclische ther. Dcrmatologica (Basel) 115. 540 (1957). -- Chloricrto aromatische cyclische ther als Ursache der sogenannten *"hlor akno. Xatunvisseiisehnftcn 44, 337 (1957). Kleist, K .: Zit. bei E wald. K necht, Inoemikim: Persnliche Mitteilung. V triillm iijcii bei I lerstctlung von flilorphenol. Verbindungen fSO , !.: P1'ruinlicli Mitteilung. K.: 1)i -i.a--,ioii.-(lx-im-rkmia. Derm. Wsclir. 131), 1101 (J9.14). : u m i:. W. Dkk'iim \ sx and G. T homas: OliMTvations oi\ the fnto of |>cntn- , |,|,m,|.hc-iiol in llic animal urganisin. J. inilnstr. Hyg. 25. 192--191 ( 1013). ....i.Mniiin-.it. I'.: Jn(oxikations|isy<:hoscii. It.imllmch der Geisteskrankheiten, | h1. 7. Ili-rlin: .Springer 1023. i rt i ' r mit, O.: ('.ewcrbc.-ehdigungcn dnrelt Kaflax (Trichloniaph thalin). Dis*. .]MI. 1 1:1. Z i t . nnell T ki.KKY. ;.,i.-1iii.in. S.: Klinik und Tliera|iic der Vergiftungen, 3. Aull. Stuttgart: Georg rii.viuo I0.70. II.: Klinische und ticroxiierimcidellc Erfahrungen m it hochloxischcn i i.li.ikiihli-iiw.isscrstnfiru; ein Beitrag zum Pcrna-Problem. Voilr. WcrkarztcKonLirn/., B.ul Drkheim, 1955. MiiriNi.KX. \V. ]'. v.: ['henol nnd its derivatives: the rulation bctwcon their i lii iim-al constitutum aiul their effeet on llic organism. X at. Inst. H ealth Hll. Nu loil, Washington 1019. Puisoniiig -- a guido to clinieal diagnosis and Irnatment. Philadelphia: W. B. S.uindcrs Company 19.03. -- Hin>'-eis auf Pentachlorphenol. Lit. G. \V. ICort im i u. K. Wikhi.: Z. Haut- u. Gcschl.-Kr. U , 280 (1953). -- R. X titm auT , P. Ki kk ct K. Rousskmakt: Areh. Mal. prof. 13, 567 (1932). IY.\ H iitw , A.: Intoxikationen. In Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Analuiuic und Histologie. Bd. X III/2. Bandteil B. Berlin-CUingcn-Heidelbcrg: Springer 1933. i',.rrn. H.: Uber den vegetativen Anfall. Z. ges. Xeurol. Psyehiat. 105, 320 (1930). 1::i iiiiut: Persnliche Mitteilung. i'ir.-.Sc NOKu.'iANN', A.: Intoxikationen durch chlorierto Aromalcn. Monographie, Aii'licfcning dureh die Dermatol. Univ. Klinik Kln. Diss. Kln 1959. Si iu i.Tn, \ \ \ : Die syncopalen Anflle. S lu llgart: Georg Thiemo 1949. ;iri /,, K. II.; Klinische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zur tiologie der Chlurakiie. Arch. klin. exp. Dcrm. 206, 539 (957). Sm.uvi.iiKrn. U.: l'olgczustndo nach Kampfstoffsciidigungen. Vortrag. Wiss. il/.ung ilcr rztl. Vereins Hamburg, 22. 4. 1958. ur Prge psycho pathologischer Spt- und Duuerschdcn nach gewerblichen Vergiftungen. Vortrag. Tagg der Ges. Xord- und Xordwestdtsch. Xcurologen u. Psychiater, Lneburg. 23.-- 2 4 .4 . 1960. Med. K linik 56, 436 (1901). Sri nrz, Ci.: Die neurasthcuischc Reaktion. In Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten, IM. 5. B erlin: Springer 1923. T ki.eky, L.: Die Pcm akranklicit (Chloraknc). K lin. Wschr. 1927, 345, 397; 1923, 214; 27. 253 (1919). -- (.'euerbliche Vergiftungen. Berlin-Gdttingcn-Heidelberg: Springer 1955. T u m v c r , R., G. Vitte et E. Boussemart: Recherehes gur la tozicologio du |*-mm.hlorophcnol. Arch. Mal. prof. 13, 561-- 574 (1952). Waif.k: Gewerbliche Erkrankungen durch gechlorte Kohlenwasserstoffe. Zbl. (iew.-Hyg. 0. 100 (1918). W u iisi.K.H. D .: Die Messungen der Intelligenz Envachsener. Bern u. Stu ttgart: H ans H uber 1950. Professor Dr. HFXiitJT B auer, Xeurologische Universittsklinik, Privatdozent Dr. K . H. Schulz, Univcrsitts-Hautkiinik, Privatdozent Dr. U. SriE nzusK O , Psychiatrische und Xerveuklinik, Homburg-Eppendorf f i tx DOW127S617 DANIEL-EARRELL CLINIC Medical Arts Building 317 State Line Avenue Texarkana, Arkansas-Texas June 195: The Dow Chemical Company 3615 Olive Street St. Louis 8, Missouri Gentlemen: Recently, a patient of mine has been hospitalized with a clinical picture of mild hepatitis. Forty-eight hours prior to the onset of his symptomshe had been using your weed killer, Esteron 245-t , and as a result, it has occurred to us that perhaps this may have been a factor in his illness. We would appreciate very much any reports of toxicity associated with the use of this chemical and an ex pression of-your opinion as to the possible relation ship to hepatitis and exposure. Yours very truly, /s/ Andrew G. Goesl Andrew G. Goesl, M. D. AGG/bt 2 9 l4 v 3ol3 2915 0 -_ 3 rt C H L0 RA CN E Dow Ex p e r i e n c e 120 ac o o *S1 CD o PO DOW'l 767165 TCBD2 , 3 , 7 , 8 - t e t r a c h l o r o d i b e n z o - p - d i o x i n -- -- TCP2 ' , A , 5 - T R I C H L O f t O P H E N O L 2916 D-3oi5" n - CHLORACNE IN HUMANS 1 . Lik e teenage a c n e , but more b la c k h ea d s, 2 . Ap p e a r s f i r s t on f a c e , may s p r e a d to th e b a c k and OTHER PORTIONS OF THE BODY, 3 , Lo n g - t e r m -- 2 to 5 y e a r s to r e c o v e r , w it h or WITHOUT TREATMENT, A, Us u a l l y n o t d i s a b l i n g b u t . m a y b e f a t a l , 5, L iv e r in ju r y -- documented in European e x p e r ie n c e . AND R A B B I T T E S T S , NOT D E T E C T E D IN DOW C A S E S BY L I V E R F U N C T I O N T E S T S , ONE B I O P S Y ON A S E V ER E C A S E , cn a 05 05 6 , Ma n y o t h e r s y m p t o m s c l a i m e d -- l i s t l e s s n e s s , t i r e MORE E A S I L Y , E T C . 2917 V '3o DOW EXPERIENCE - 1964 TO PRESENT n - 1 , Ab o u t 1 0 0 c a s e s , 2, 60 TCPAb o u t in in c id en t described below, 3 , Mo s t o f r e m a i n d e r i n Do w i c i d e s p r o d u c t i o n , 1, S o m e c a s e s i n l a b o r a t o r y r e s e a r c h , 5, Three extrem ely sev e r e c a s e s , about f if t e e n sev e r e . C A S E S , ABOUT THREE " A C U T E " C A S E S , ABOUT FOUR P E O P L E . L O S T 'E H = , 6 , Mo s t c a s e s a r e m i l d , m a n y w e r e f o u n d i n h e a l t h M.D.'S,INVENTORY A C T I V I T Y BY " S E N S I T I Z E D " DOW|767167 V 3 0 t fe SIGNIFICANT CASES ~ DOW 1934-1936 PDo w i c i d e p r o d u c t io n -- s e v e r e o u tb r e a k s among EMPLOYEES, MM 767168 SODIUM TETRACHLOROPHENATE O-CHLOROPHENYLPHENOl 1 9 3 0 's La b o r a t o r y c a s e f r o m " c h l o r i n a t e d d i p h e n y l e n e o x id e" C l 3_g, A c ti v e DIPHENYLENE OXIDE/ ALSO DIBENZOFURAN 2919 1941 n - D, D. E,I r i s h a n d M. Ad a m s P U B L I S H E D PAPER ON R A B B I T EAR T E S T FOR P R E D IC T IN G ACNEGENS! S T I L L THE MOST S E N S I T I V E TEST AVAILABLE. 1 9 4 0 'S 1966 DOW CUSTOMERS CONTRACTED CHLORACNE FROM THEN Do W I C I D E 3 (NOW Do w i c i d e 3 1 & 3 2 / h i g h p u r i t y t h a n Do w i c i d e 3 ) . KT 03 <1 03 CO MIXTURE OF 4 - AND 6 - C H U O R O - 2 - P H E N Y L PHENOL Product and pro cess were clean EXCEPT FOR TAR, 2920 D -3oi* 1942 -H - Benzene research lab -- one sev ere TCPCASE FROM RECYCLING R E S I D U E Ii N GLYCOL S O L V E N T . AN E X O f l C MOLECULE WAS I D E N T I F I E D BY I R AND H Y P O T H E S I Z E D AS C U L P R I T / BUT NOT CONVICTED BY THE EVIDENCE, DOW 1 767170 1950'S TO 1960'S Dow 6X PRODUCTION " AT LEAST ONE S EVER E C A S E / SOME MI LD C A S E S . DOW TERMINATED PRODUC TI ON BECAUSE I T WAS LOW-VOLUME/ L O W - P R O F I T IT E M / NOT WORTH THE COST OF R E - E N G I N E E R I N G TO PREVENT FURTHER INJURY. Cl. _ Active 4-6 Clg Inactive 0 -3 0 1 9 1963-1964 CHEMICAL-PHYSICS LAB -- SEVERAL CASES AT L E A S T ONE S E V E R E / FROM RECYCL ING CAUSTIC INSOLUBLE O IL IN ALCOHOLIC HYDROLYSIS OF TETRACHLOROBENZENE, AT LEAST ONE EXPLOSION OCCURRED, 1965 WESTERN D I V I S I O N TORDON PROCESS -- FOUR MILD C A S E S, RAB BIT T ES TS F A I L E D / S U G G E S T I N G NEW F A M IL Y OF ACNEGENS I N CHLORINATED PYRIDINE CHEMISTRY, 4 - amino- 3 / 5 / 6 - t r ic h l o r o p ic o l in ic a c id 2922 <P- 3 o 2x > DOW C O RNI NG - R E SE ARC H LAB C H E M I S T TCPH E A T E D FOR RESEARCH PURPOSE UNRELATED TO DOW P R O C E S S E S / I S O L A T E D TCBD AS AN UNKNOWN BUT I N T E R E S T I N G BY-PRODU > OF OUR BETTER SOURCES CASUAL D I S P O S A L OF LAB WASTES RESULTED IN ONE MILD CASE -- THE JANITOR HOW176717 2923 13 -3 c < Z i 1966 FORT SASKATCHEWAN/ DOW CANADA ~ ABOUT TEN CASES RELATED TQ DOWICIDE PRODUCTION/ PROBABLY DOWICIDE G DRYER AND HIGH TEMPERATURES ( W IT N E S S HAD S EEN AT L E A S T THR EE F I R E S I N THE DRYER), PLANT WAS CLEAN BY THE T I M E WE GOT THERE TO WIPE T E S T i 2924 *>or J 1966 1968 Un i v e r s i t y o f I owa -- 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 - T E T R A B R O M O D I B E N Z O - P - D I OX I N A P P E A L S TO TCBD,BE AS POTENT AS AT LEAST ONE SEVERE C A S E ; D ID NOT RELATE I T TO H I S R E SE ARC H U N T I L ASKED FOR A SAMPLE AND DESCRIBED THE PROBLEM. Br Br 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 - tetrabrom odibenzo- p - d io x in ONE MILD CASE RESULTED FROM DI CHLO ROPHENO L TARS FROM 3 4 9 B U I L D I N G . THE TAR WAS USED IN A PUMP T E S T I N G S E T UP AT 5 6 2 B U I L D I N G . P O S S I B L E HAZARD HAD BEEN M E NT I ON ED BUT NOT ' EMPHASIZED TO U S E R S, V I C T I M DISMANTLED CONTAMI NATED PUMPS WI T H NO P R E C A U T I O N S , 2925 "3C)^^5 1930's OTHER EXPERIENCE MANY SEVERE CASES INCLUDING LIVER INJURY RESULTED FROM CHLORINATED NAPHTHALENES/ THREE CHLORINE EQUIVALENTS OR MORE, 1950's FRENCH ~ MANY SEVERE CASES, REVISED PROCESS, WERE VERY SECRETIVE, USED MOUSE TEST IN PLACE OF RABBIT/ APPEARED TO BE IGNORANT OF MANY IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF PROBLEMS. W W 176717 2926 |)W 1767176 1955 1957 1964 GERMAN ~ SEVERE CASES INCLUDING SOME SUSPECTED FATALITIES, SHUT DOWN. AND RESEARCHED NEW PROCESS, SHOWED AGAIN THAT RABBIT EAR AND LIVER ARE MOST SENSITIVE TESTS, SENT A REMARKABLE LETTER TO ALL KNOWN PRODUCERS OF TCP DESCRIBING PROCESS PARAMETERS NECESSARY TO AVOID CHLORACNE HAZARD ~ LETTER WAS FILED AND FORGOTTEN! GERMANS WERE QUITE KNOWLEDGEABLE AND . VERY COOPERATIVE. DOW BOUGHT PROCESS INFORMATION, 2927 D ^30 3 3 THE ANILINE MOUNTAIN STORY ~ 199 BUILDING 1946 1952 1957 1962 BATCH PROCESS START UP/ RAN UNTIL 1952. BEGAN CONTINUOUS COIL REACTOR PROCESS, C, I. OIL AT 10% ------SEVERE FOLLICULITIS, .^ EXPERIMENTED WITH 73% AND 24% CAUSTIC TO REPLACE FLAKE, 10%C, I, OIL AT ------ =** FOLLICULITIS, NO DIFFERENCE IN SEVERITY BETWEEN FLAKE PRODUCED AND 24% CAUSTIC PRODUCED OILS, 1767177 2928 Jp ~2>oO~(o JULY NEW EQUIPMENT START UP/., PLUGGED LINES PROBABLY , PRODUCED MORE EXPOSURE. NOVEMBER PUSHED PROCESS TO INCREASE PRODUCTION/ RAISED TEMPERATURE FROM 195 C TO 205-225 C. MADE MORE OIL/ BEGAN SAMPLING IT. How1767178 2929 V '2 > 0 3 l7 DOWJ 767179 FEBRUARY SUPERVISORS/ LAB MAN AND OPERATORS WITH CHLORACNE, PHOENIX SPRINKLER MEN MOVED IN. REDUCED EXPOSURE BY EQUIP MENT AND PROCEDURE- CHANGES, APRIL 1 APRIL 15 APRIL 20 MAY JULY C, f, OIL AT 0,25% KILLED RABBITS PHOENIX MEN MOVED OUT, C, I. OIL AT 0.25% KILLED RABBITS, C, I. OIL AT 10% ----=* SEVERE FOLLICULITIS. PHOENIX MEN WITH CHLORACNE, 2930 O ' Q A Y > 3 2886 3 s 2931 j>3 OZ3 DOW C H E M IC A L U.S.A. Septem ber 15, 1977 MIDLAND. MICHIGAN 48040 ALL DOW U . S . A . SUPERVISORS RECORDS RETENTION Recent events have dram atized th e need for reem phasis of g u id elin es for the c re a tio n and re te n tio n of records. B rie fly s ta te d , those re c o rd s which a re u sefu l to our b u sin ess, fa c tu a lly re p o rte d , and which a c c u ra te ly p o rtra y a s itu a tio n should be c re a te d . C onversely then, records which c o n ta in more f e e l in g s o r o p in io n s th an f a c t , which contain p h rases, paragraphs or s u b je c ts of dubious value or are re a d ily capable of m is in te r p r e ta tio n should be a v o i d e d . T o d a y ' s memo may b e t o m o r r o w ' s h e a d l i n e o n l y b e c a u s e we h a v e n o t a n t i c i p a t e d t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s when we g e n e ra te d th e p ap erw ork. Too f r e q u e n t l y , w ords a re tak e n o u t o f c o n te x t by p e o p le who w ant to e m b a rra s s u s, e s p e c i a l l y in a tim e fram e of 10 y e a rs o r more a f t e r th e w r itin g . R easonableness and d is c r e tio n sh o u ld accompany our words. The m ain ten an ce of re c o rd s i s a ls o a c o s tly p r o p o s itio n and to d a y , m ore th a n e v e r , we c a n n o t a f f o r d th e lu x u ry o f r e t a i n i n g u s e l e s s o r o b s o l e t e d a t a i n o u r f i l e s . We face trem endous c o s ts in f i l i n g and h a n d lin g p a p e rs. Not long ago, one document r e t r i e v a l e x e r c is e , r e q u ire d by a co u rt o rd er to d isc lo se docum ents to a p l a i n t i f f , turned up more th an 5 0 ,0 0 0 docum ents in v a r i o u s company and p e rs o n a l f i l e s . The c o s t o f c o m p ly in g w ith th a t o rd e r was in ex cess o f $10 p er docum ent. We h a v e a r e c o r d s r e t e n t i o n p r o g r a m , w i t h a p o l i c y m a n u a l c o n t a i n i n g s c h e d u l e s f o r r e t e n t i o n a n d d e s t r u c t i o n . We need to app ly them more s t r i c t l y to o u r a c t i v i t i e s . - Dow b u s i n e s s m a t t e r s b e l o n g i n D o w 's o f f i c i a l f i l e s - not in personal f ile s . Your e ff e c tiv e le a d e rsh ip in t h i s a re a is needed. I T AWAY ! ! ! Dow C h e m i c a l U . S . A . A N O PERA TIN G UNIT OF THE D O W C H E M IC A L C O M P A N Y (p 2933 Lp 'Q~5>c>3l JOHN A. GAROFALO, M.D. I . QUALIFICATIONS See a tta c h e d cu rricu lu m v ita e . I I . SUBJECT MATTER The s u b je c t m a tte r o f Dr. G a r o f a lo 's testim o n y w ill p e r- t a i n t o t h e f i e l d o f im m u n o lo g y . He w i l l e l a b o r a t e on t h e e f f e c t t h a t A gent O range (d io x in ) can h av e on th e immune sy ste m . I I I . GENERAL S C I E N T I F I C P R IN C IP L E S The f i e l d o f im m unology in v o lv e s th e s tu d y o f how th e body responds to a n tig e n ic (fo re ig n ) s tim u la tio n . P e rip h e ra l blood lym phocytes a re made up o f B - c e ll s ; T - c e lls ;- and T c e l l s u b s e ts ( a ls o r e f e r r e d to as th e im m u n o re g u la to ry c e l l s o f th e immune s y s te m ). D uring th e p a s t two d e c a d e s , th e f i e l d o f immunology has re c o rd e d a number of d ra m a tic ad v an ces. The m ost s i g n i f i c a n t of which have been th e re c o g n itio n o f th e v a rio u s c la s s e s of T and B lym phocytes, hybridom a tech n o lo g y (p ro v id es a r e l i a b l e and c o n s is te n t method f o r p ro v id in g la rg e q u a n ti ti e s o f m onoclonal a n tib o d ie s d ire c te d a g a in st s p e c if ic c e ll su rfa c e a n tig en s) and the te c h n o lo g ic a l advances in flow cyto m etry . T lym phocytes (65-85% o f lym p h o cy tes) a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a sp e ctru m of immune r e s p o n s e s r e f e r r e d to a s c e l l - m e d i a t e d im m unity w h ich i n clu d e d elay ed h y p e rs e n s itiv ity ; a llo g ra p h r e je c tio n ; tumor c y to to x ic ity , whereby they d e stro y h o st c e lls b e arin g fo re ig n a n ti gens; and cell-m e d ia ted re s is ta n c e to in fe c tio u s agents (fungi, v i r u s e s , an d i n t r a c e l l u l a r f a c u l a t i v e b a c t e r i a ) . Two f u n c t i o n a l l y d is tin c t su b sets o f T c e lls have been d e fin e d w ith m onoclonal a n t i b o d i e s . T4 + c e l l s r e p r e s e n t t h e h e l p e r / i n d u c e r p o p u l a t i o n 38-53%) w h ereas T8+ c e l l s r e p r e s e n t th e s u p p r e s s o r / c y t o t o x i c pop u l a t i o n (18-30%) ( c y to to x ic r e f e r s to th e m ajo r e f f e c t o r f u n c tio n s o f T c e l l s , th e c a p a c i ty to k i l l s p e c i f i c c e l l s to v/hich th ey a r e s e n s i t i z e d ) . T4+ ( h e l p e r / i n d u c e r ) c e l l s r e g u l a t e th e immune r e sponse by means o f c e l l - c e l l i n t e r a c t i o n s as w e ll as by p ro d u cin g b i o l o g i c a l l y p o t e n t r e g u l a t o r y m o le c u le s . T4+ c e l l s p r o v id e in d u c e r fu n c tio n in T-T c e l l (re q u ire d f o r o p tim a l developm ent o f cy t o t o x i c i t y by t h e , T 8+ c e l l s ) ; T-B c e l l ( in d u c e s B c e l l s to p r o l i f e r a t e and d i f f e r e n t i a t e i n t o im m unoglobulin c o n ta in in g p lasm a ); and T -m a c ro p h a g e i n t e r a c t i o n s . T4+ c e l l s p ro d u c e h u m o ra l f a c t o r s such as lym phocyte m ito g en ic f a c to r , w hich induces p r o lif e r a tio n o f a l l m a jo r ly m p h o c y te s u b c l a s s e s . A n tig e n s t i m u l a t e d T4+ c e l l s produce h e lp e r fa c to rs th a t m odulate e ry th ro id ste m -c e ll pro d u ctio n and a re im p o r ta n t in h e m a to p ie tic d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . T8+ c e l l s c o n ta in c e lls w ith su p p re sso r/c y to to x ic fu n c tio n s. This su b set su p p resses B c e l l im m unoglobulin s y n th e sis and has th e c a p a c ity to k i l l c e lls to which th ey a re s e n s itiz e d . B lym phocytes are c e lls coded to p ro d u ct im m unoglobulins, which a re p ro te in s found in blood and v a rio u s s e c r e tio n s . B c e lls p ro d u ct Ig which belong to four m a jo r g o r u p s : IgG - r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d e f e n s e a g a i n s t b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n s i . e . p n e u m o n ia a n d s t r e p t h r o a t ; IgM - r e s p o n s i b l e fo r the defense a g a in st anerobic b a c te ria l in fe c tio n s i .e . bowel p ath o g en s; IgA - d efen d s us a g a in s t v i r a l i n f e c ti o n s and is found in la rg e q u a n titie s in our s e c re tio n s ; IgE - re s p o n s ib le fo r our defense ag ain st a lle rg e n s. HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY -- T h e a d v e n t o f h y b r i d o m e t e c h n o l o g y h a s p r o v id e d a new a p p ro a c h to im m unology r e s e a r c h . W ith i t s a p p l i c a t i o n m onoclonal a n tib o d ie s cap ab le of reco g n izin g w ith p re c is io n the f u n c t i o n a l com p o n en ts o f th e immune sy stem p r o v id e th e m e d ic a l community w ith h ig h ly s p e c i f i c re a g e n ts f o r th e stu d y o f T lympho cy te m a tu ratio n and fo r th e id e n tif ic a tio n of T lym phocyte sybp o p ulations. ORTHO SPECTRUM I I I u t i l i z e s t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t h u m a n lym phocytes, m onocytes and g ra n u lo c y te s posses d if f e r e n t lig h t s c a tte rin g c h a r a c te r is tic s . C e lls undergoing a n a ly sis tra v e l in sin g le f i l e through a q u a rtz c u v e tte where they in te r s e c t a n a r row ly fo c u se d 488nm w a v e le n g th beam o f l i g h t from an a rg o n -io n la s e r . The illu m in a te d c e l l s s c a t t e r th e l ig h t in a l l d ir e c tio n s . A s o l i d - s t a t e se n so r c o l l e c t s low a n g le forw ard s c a t t e r to d is c rim i n a t e s i z e o f c e l l s , a n d a p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r t u b e (PMT) s e t a t 9 0 . These sig n a ls produce a h isto g ram of c e lls counted based on in te n s ity of green flu o re sc e n c e . A nalysis of p e rip h e ra l blood sam ples i s p erfo rm ed u s in g w hole b lo o d . The c e l l s a re la b e le d by d ir e c t im m unofluorescence, in which th e m onoclonal an tib o d y d ire c te d a g a in st the d e sire d c e ll su rface antigen is conjugated w ith a flo u re s c e n t dye, o r by in d ir e c t im m unofluorescence, in which the m onoclonal an tib o d y , having been found to th e c e ll su rfa c e , is v isu a liz e d w ith a second flu o re sc e in a te d antibody d ire c te d ag ain st th e m onoclonal im m unoglobulin. In th e e v a lu a tio n of lym phocyte p o p u la tio n s both p e r c e n ta g e s and a b s o lu te v a lu e s a re ta k e n in to c o n s id e r a tio n . The ^ . 3 ^ 3 m echanism o f how a b n o rm al ly m p h o cy te c o p u la t io n s a f f e c t s t h e im- mue r e s p o n s e w i l l be s e t o u t. The b a s ic th eo re m i s t h a t changes in lym phocyte p o p u la tio n s a re su g g e stiv e of d ise a s e p ro c e sse r and often but not u n iv ersa lly r e la te to dysfunction. For the purposes o f t h i s l i t i g a t i o n , i t i s i m p o r ta n t to d i s t i n g u i s h b e tw e en immune d e f ic ie n c ie s and im m uno-suppression. S u p p ressio n r e f e r r i n g to an a c q u ir e d immune d e f i c i e n c y t h a t c a n be th e r e s u l t o f e x p o s u re to chem ical to x in s. Dr. G a ro fa lo -h a s had p a r t i c u l a r c l i n i c a l e x p e rien c e r e l e v a n t t o t h i s l i t i g a t i o n . He h a s , s i n c e D e c e m b e r, 1 9 8 3 , e x a m in e d a b o u t t h i r t y - f i v e (35) V ietnam v e te r a n s f o r A gent O r a n g e - r e la te d immune a b b e r a t i o n s . To th e b e s t o f h i s k n o w led g e, t h e p u b lis h e d lite r a tu r e does not co n ta in any re p o rts of d a ta com parable to th a t which he has a c q u ire d . A g e n e ra l review of h is d a te in d ic a te s th a t the Vietnam v e te ra n s exposed to Agent Orange have s li g h t ly e le v a te d le v e ls of lym phocytes, w ith p a r tic u la r re fe re n c e to T h e lp e r c e lls . T here i s even some e l e v a t i o n o f s u p p re s s o r T c e l l s . I V . SUBSTANCE OF O P I N I O N S 1. A g en t O ran g e c a n a f f e c t t h e immune s y s te m by p ro d u cin g changes in the numbers and d i s tr ib u tio n o f T c e l l s , T h e lp e r c e l l s , and T s u p p re s s o rs c e l l s , though i t i s much m ore l i k e l y t h a t i t has i t s e f f e c t th ro u g h changes in th e l a t t e r two ty p es of cells. 2. The e f f e c t on h e l p e r T c e l l s may r e s u l t i n a h e ig h te n e d immune r e s p o n s e , le a d i n g t o t h e f o r m a tio n o f au to -im m u n e d i s e a s e s . T hese i n t u r n may l e a d t o e x c e s s c a n c e r f o r m a ti o n , a r t h r i t i s , and nerve damage, the l a t t e r in clu d in g both c e n tra l 29374- - V - 3 o3 nerve damage and p e rip h e ra l n eu ro p ath y , o f which th e "dying back" variant is ty p ical. 3. A gent Orange can cau se an ex cess o f T8+ c e ll s ( s u p p r e s s o r / c y t o t o x i c ) . T h is may r e p r e s e n t an i n c r e a s e in e i t h e r the su p p re sso r p o p u la tio n which in tu rn can in te r f e r e w ith h e lp e r T c e ll and B c e ll fu n c tio n o r th e c y to to x ic c e ll p o p u la tio n which have th e c a p a c ity to k i l l s p e c if ic c e ll s to w hich th ey a re s e n s i tiz e d . 4. A gent O range may a c t as an a n tig e n bound to body tis s u e s r e s u ltin g in th e form ation of a u to a n tib o d ie s and c y to to x ic c e lls d ire c te d ag ain st the se n sitiz e d tis s u e . Auto A ntibody: "Auto" r e f e r s to s e l f ; "A ntibody" r e f e r s to a p r o t e i n fo rm ed by t h e immune s y s te m i n a r e s p o n s e to a n t i g e n e x p o s u r e . An a u t o a n t i b o d y i s t h u s a n a n t i b o d y t h a t i s fo rm ed w i t h i n a p e r s o n a g a i n s t t h e i r own t i s s u e s , i . e . , r e d b lo o d c e lls , p la te le rs , nerve tis s u e , sk in ). 5. I n d iv id u a l o p in io n s c o n cern in g th e r e p r e s e n ta tiv e p la in tif fs are contained in th e ir in d iv id u al re p o rts. V. GROUNDS FOR O P IN IO N S D r. .G a ro fa lo w i l l r e l y upon h i s own e x p e r i e n c e in the e v a lu a tio n of o th er v e te ran s he has ev alu ated in the p a st o r whom h e w i l l e v a l u a t e i n t h e f u t u r e , a n d u p o n t h e a t t a c h e d lis t of a rtic le s. 2938 5- - V -3 o 3 C c A R T I C L E S UPON WHICH DR. GAROFALO MAY RELY IN WHOLE, OR IN PART, ARE : J. Hopkins D ioxin: C arcin o g en icity FD. COSMET. TOXICOL. 1980 Voi. 18, pp. 739-741 J. H opkins, P. Cooper D io x in D a n g e r s t o Man FD. COSMET. TOXICOL. 1980 V o l. 18, pp. 541-546 J . E. H u f f , J . A. M oore, R. C a r a c c i an d L. T o m a tis Long-Term H a z a rd s.o f P o ly c h lo rin a te d D ib en zo d io x in s and P o ly c h lo r in a te d D ibenzofurans ENVIRONMENTAL. HEALTH PER SPEC TIV ES 1980 V ol. 36, pp. 221-240 David P a en & Edward G lover Our P rom otion by 0 in Skin o f MACMILLAN JOURNAL November 18, 1982 V ol. 300, pp. 271-273 HRS/J H airless M ice G. R e g g i a n i , F . H o f f m a n n A c u t e H um an E x p o s u r e t o TCDD i n S e v e s o JOURNALOF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL 1980 V ol. 6 , pp. 27-43 Ita ly HEALTH M i c h a e l I . L u s t e r , G a r y A . B o o r m a n , J a c k H . D e a n , M a r t h a W. H a r r i s , R o b e r t W. L u e b k e , M a r t i n L . P a d a r a t h s i n g h a n d J o h n A . M o o r e E xam ination o f Bone Marrow, Im m unologic P a ram e te rs and H ost S u s c e p tib ility F ollow ing P re- and P o s tn a ta l Exposure to 2 ,3 ,7 ,8 T e t r a c h l o r o d i b e n z o - p - D i o x i n (TCDD) I N T . J . IMMUNOPHARMACY 1980 V ol. 2, pp. 301-310 W i l l i a m G. D u n a g i n , M.D. D io x in E f f e c t s on Human H e a lth MISSOURI MEDICINE M arch, 1983 V ol. 80, No. 3, pp. 127-131 P - 3 6 3 '7 R. P . S h a r m a , P . J . G e h r i n g E f f e c t s o f 2 , 3 , 7 , 8- T e t r a c h l o r o d i b e n z o - p - D i o x i n (TCDD) On S p le n ic Lym phocyte T ra n sfo rm a tio n in M ice A f te r S in g le Repeated Exposures ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF S C IE N C E S 1979 pp. 487-497 and S . J . S t o h s , M . Q . H a s s a n a n d W. J . M u r r a y L i p i d P e r o x i d a t i o n a s a P o s s i b l e C a u s e o f TCDD T o x i c i t y BIOCHEMICAL AND BI O P H Y S IC A L RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS March 29, 1983 Volume 111, No. 3, 1984, pp. 854-859 D a v id A. C l a r k , J a c k G a u l d i e , M yron R. S zew czu k a n d G e o rg e Sw eeney Enhanced S u p re sso r C e ll A c tiv ity as a M echanism o f Im m unosuppres s io n by 2 , 3 , 7 , 8-T e tra c h lo ro d ib e n z o -p -D io x in (41275) PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIE TY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 1981 pp. 290-299 G r a z ie lla F i l i p p i n i , M.D., B ianca Bordo, M.D., P aolo C renna, M.D., N i c o l e t t a M a s s e t t o , M . D . , M a ssim o M u s i c c o , M . D . , R e n a t o B o e r i , M.D. R e la tio n s h ip Between C lin ic a l and E le c tro p h y s io lo g ic a l F in d in g s and I n d ic a to r s of Heavy E xposure to 2 , 3 , 7 , 8-T e tra c h lo ro d ib e n x o d io x in SCAND J WORK ENVIRON HEALTH 1981 V oi. 7, pp. 257-262 C . M. B i s h o p , A . H. J o n e s N o n -H o d g k in 's Lymphoma o f t h e Scalp in W orkers E xp o sed to D io x in s THE LANCET A ugust 15, 1981 p . 369 Jan a P a z d e ro v a -V e jlu p k o v a , M.D., M arcela Nemcova, P h . D . , Jane Pickova, Ph.D., Lubor J ira s e k , Ph.D., Edgar Lukas, Ph.D. The D evelopm ent and P ro g n o sis o f C h ro n ic I n to x i c a t io n by T e t r a c h l o r d i b e n z o - p - d i o x i n i n Men ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH J a n u a ry /F e b ru a ry , 1981 V o l. 36, No. 1, pp. 5-11 2940 7- - 0 -3 & 3 & - H en ry C. P i t o t , Thomas G o l d s w o r t h y , H. A. C a m p b e ll, a n d A la n Poland Q u a n tita tiv e E v alu atio n of th e Prom otion by 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , -T e tra c h lo ro d ib e n z o -p -d io x in o f H e p a to ca rcin o g e n e sis from D ie th y ln itro sa m in e CANCER RESEARCH O c to b e r, 1980 Vol. 40, p p .3316-3620 J . G. V o s , J . G . K r e e f t e n b e r g , H. W. B . E n g l e , A . M i n d e r h o u d a n d L . M. V a n N o o r l e J a n s e n S t u d i e s on 2 , 3 , 7 , 8- T e t r a c h l o r o d i b e n z o - p - D i o x i n - I n d u c e d Immune S uppression and D ecreased R e sista n c e to In fe c tio n : Endotoxin H y p e r s e n s itiv ity , Serum Zinc C o n c e n tra tio n s and E f f e c t of Thym osin T reatm en t TOXICOLOGY 1978 V o l. 9, pp. 75-86 M ichael I . L u ste r, R obert E. F a ith and George C lark L a b o r a to r y S tu d ie s on t h e Immune E f f e c t s o f H a lo g e n a te d ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF S C I E N C E S 1979 pp. 473-483 A rom atics R alph R. Cook D ioxin, C h lo racn e, and S o ft T issu e Sarcoma THE LANCET March 14, 1981 A . M a n t o v a n i , A . V e c c h i , W. L u i n i , M. s i r o n i , G . P . C a n d i a n i , F. S p re afico and S. F a r a t t in i E f f e c t o f 2 , 3 , 7 , 8- T e tr a c h lo r o d ib e n z o - p - D io x in on M acrophage and N a tu ra l K i l l e r C e ll-M e d ia te d C y to to x ic ity in M ice BIOMEDICINE 1980 V ol. 32, pp. 200-204 M ichael I. L u s te r and R obert E. F a ith A ssessm ent o f Im m unologic A lte r a tio n s A rom atic H ydrocarbons ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF S C I E N C E S 1979 pp. 572-577 Caused by H alogenated V 7 2942 V - 3cWo Mortality Among U.S. Merkers Employed in the Production of Chemicals Contaminated with 2,3,7,8-Tetraehlorodibenxo-p-dioxin (TCOD) FINAL REPORT J a n u a rv , 1991 NTIS# PB 91-125971 Marilyn A. Fingerhut, Ph.D. William E. Halperin, M.D., M.P.H. David A. Marlow, B.S. Laurie A. Piacitelli, M.S., C.Z.H. Patricia A. Honchar, Ph.D. Marie H. Sweeney, Ph.D. Alice L. Greife, Ph.D., C.l.H. Patricia A. Dill, A.B. Kyle Steenland, Ph.D. Anthony J. Suruda, M.D., M.P.H. Industrywide Studies Branch Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies Cincinnati, Ohio 45226 D.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Industrywide Studies Branch Cincinnati, Ohio 45226 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors greatly appreciate the careful microfilming and coding efforts of Edith Dodd, Steve Green, Bettie Walpole, Jean Geiman, Pat Pedersen, Chris Gersic, Bernice Vehr, Rita Niesz, and Bill Ehling, the vital status record keeping by Pauline Bischak and Sally Toles, the hospital record acquisition by Mary Hogan and Rose Watkins, the review of medical records by Betty Foy, and the typing of numerous reports by Joyce Godfrey, Kathy Masterson, Frances Guerra, Patricia Gudlewski, Patricia Lovell, Marianne Fleckinger, Jennifer Huxford, and Juanita Nelson. We also appreciate the contributions to the exposure assessment by Leo Blade, Dennis Roberts, and the various contributions of many other IWSB staff members. We thank our colleagues at the Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control, CDC, for analysis of the serum of the samples. We. received valuable advice from David P. Brown, Lawrence J. Fine, and the members of our blue-ribbon peer review panel, and helpful assistance from representatives of the companies and unions included in the study. This study was funded in part by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Aba-tract To examine the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on mortality, a retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted of 5172 chemical workers from 12 U.S. plants. Occupational exposure was documented by a review of process descriptions and job duties and by measurement of serum TCDD levels in a sample of 253 workers from 2 plants. The serum TCDD levels in the sample of workers, with a range up to 3400 parts per trillion, were highly correlated with years worked in TCDD-contaminated processes (r=.72, p<.0001). Therefore, the number of years worked in these processes was used as a surrogate for cumulative TCDD exposure in the cohort Btudy. Mortality from several rare cancers previously associated with chemicals contaminated with TCDD was not statistically significantly elevated in the cohort. This included cancer of the stomach (SMR 103, 95% CZ 50-190), cancer of liver, biliary passages and gallbladder (SMR 116, 95% Cl 42-252), Hodgkin's Disease (SMR 119, 95% Cl 25-349), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (SMR 137, 95% Cl 66-254). Mortality from soft tissue sarcoma (STS) was nonsignificantly elevated in the overall cohort, based upon 4 deaths which had been described in earlier reports (SMR 338, 95% Cl 92-865). In a subcohort of 1520 workers with more than one year of exposure and more than 20 years of latency, STS mortality was significantly elevated (3 deaths, SMR 922, 95% Cl 190-2695). However, only two of the deaths were confirmed as STS by review of tissue specimens. In the same subcohort, respiratory system cancer was significantly elevated (SMR 142, 95% Cl 103-192). Mortality due to "all cancers combined" was significantly elevated both in the cohort (SMR 115, 95% Cl 102-130) and in the subcohort (SMR 146, 95% Cl 121-176). Mortality due to "all accidents" was significantly elevated in the cohort (SMR 128, 95% Cl 104-154). This study does not confirm the high relative risks for several rare cancers reported in previous studies. Conclusions about STS should be tempered due to the small number of deaths and to misclassification of cause of death on the death certificates of the workers and of the national comparison population. Excess mortality from "all cancers combined", respiratory cancer and soft tissue sarcoma, expecially in the subcohort with more than one year of exposure, is consistent with TCDD being a carcinogen. However, the study could not completely exclude a possible contribution from factors such as other occupational chemicals or smoking. Surveillance of this substantially exposed cohort of workers will be continued. Key words: dioxins, NIOSH, occupation, epidemiology, cancer, cohort studies, serum TCDD levels, phenoxy herbicides, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, trichlorophenol. O - 3- 11 I . INTRODUCTION An etiologic association between cancer excess and exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), or the chemicals it contaminates, has been suggested by several epidemiologic studies. These cancers, which include soft-tissue sarcoma (STS), Hodgkin's Disease (HD), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), stomach, liver, and nasal cancer, comprise the a P r i o r i hypotheses for the study described here. The relative risks reported in the positive studies are listed in Table 1. In other studies, statistically significant elevations were not found for STS (Smith, 1984; Wiklund, 1986); NHL (Pearce, 1987; Wiklund, 1987); HD (PerBson, 1989); liver (Hardell, 1984); or nasal cancer (Olsen, 1984). The inconsistent epidemiologic evidence has been extensively reviewed (Fingerhut, 1986; Ad Hoc Panel, 1988; Johnson, 1989). Interpretation of the studies has been complicated by possible confounding from other occupational chemical exposures, and also by small population size and limited latency periods. TCDD was shown to be a tumor promoter in animal test systems of rat liver carcinogenesis and hairless mouse skin tumorigenesis (Pitot, 1980; Poland, 1982). In two long-term feeding studies, TCDD produced statistically significant increases in liver tumors, prompting the a priori hypothesis tested in this study (Kociba, 1978; NTP, 1982). Histiocytic lymphomas, fibrosarcomas, and tumors of hard palate, nasal turbinates, tongue, lung, thyroid, and skin have also been found (Kociba, 1978; NTP, 1982; Rao, 1988; Poland, 1982). Although there is general agreement that TCDD is a promoter in animals, conflicting views exist regarding its role as a complete carcinogen (Poland, 1982; Shu, 1987; Rao, 1988). TCDD is considered to be the most toxic of the 75 isomers of dioxin, based upon animal studies. In the United States, the unintentional formation of TCDD occurred primarily during the production of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) when two sodium 2,4,5-trichlorophenate (NaTCP) molecules reacted with each other to form TCDD (Figure 1). TCDD was carried as a contaminant into the subsequent herbicide production processes (Esposito, 1980). The herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), which is synthesized from TCP, was widely used to kill brush on residential and commercial property in the United States, and it was also a constituent of defoliants, such as Agent Orange, used by the military in the Vietnam war. Interest in occupational and environmental exposure to TCDD derives from its toxicity in animals, the variety of populations exposed to it, and its wide dispersion in the environment. Populations exposed to TCDD include chemical workers exposed during routine production and during occupational incidents with sudden unintentional releases, community residents exposed in Seveso, Italy, after an industrial explosion (Reggiani, 1978), community residents in Missouri, U.S.A., exposed to soil contaminated with industrial wastes (Kimbrough, 1977), and military personnel exposed to Agent Orange during the Vietnam war (Wolfe, 1990). The general public in industrialized countries has low level exposure to TCDD primarily through the food chain and also from general environmental exposures, including municipal incinerator emissions and bleached paper products (Amendola, 1989; Ryan, 1988; Vainio, 1989). In 1978, researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) initiated an effort to identify the exposed workers at all U.S. - 4- 3? chemical plants which produced TCDD-contaminated products. As a result, the NIOSH Dioxin Registry was established. It includes demographic and work history information for all workers assigned to the production of products contaminated with certain isomers of dioxin. The workers in this study were employed at 12 U.S. plants. They have records of assignment to jobs in the production of TCP or its derivatives, which were contaminated with TCDD (Table 2). To evaluate the effect of exposure to TCDD-contaminated materials on mortality, particularly non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma, stomach cancer, liver cancer, Hodgkin's Disease, and nasal cancer, NIOSH researchers have conducted a retrospective cohort mortality study among these workers. This report describes the first analysis of mortality in the cohort of U.S. workers exposed to TCDD. In this study, duration of assignment in the processes making the TCDD-contaminated products was used as a surrogate for cumulative exposure. A subsequent mortality analysis of this cohort will utilize an exposure matrix constructed from historic process descriptions, analytic measurements of TCDD and industrial hygiene data. Puture analyses based upon data in the NIOSH Dioxin Registry will evaluate mortality among workers whose medical records show a history of chloracne and among workers exposed to pentachlorophenol. NIOSH researchers have also conducted a cross-sectional medical study of living workers from two plants and an unexposed comparison group, during which serum TCDD levels were measured for 253 workers (Sweeney, 1989). II. METHODS: Identification of Companies Thirteen chemical facilities, located throughout the United States, synthesized TCP or its derivatives. These companies were identified by reviewing indices of commercial producers and by interview of producers. Twelve plants were included in the NIOSH Dioxin Registry (Table 2). One company owned plants 7 and 8, but the other plants were operated by separate companies. One small pesticide formulating company was excluded because it synthesized 2,4,5-T for an undetermined period, and it had no records to describe the process or to identify workers assigned to it. At the 12 plants the products contaminated with TCDD were 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP), its sodium salt, and several derivatives: the herbicides 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyaeetic acid (2,4,5-T), 2-[2,4,5-triehlorophenoxy]propionic acid (Silvex) and 2-[2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy]ethyl-2,2-dichloropropionate (Erbon); the insecticide, o,o-dimethyl-o-[2,4,5-trichlorophenyl]phosphorothioate (Ronnel); and the bactericide/fungicide, 2,2-methylene-bis[3,4,6-trichlorophenol] (hexachlorophene) (Table 2). Identification of Exposed Workers Workers from the 12 plants were included in the cohort if: 1) upon review of company personnel records or payroll records, NIOSH staff identified a work record documenting an assignment to a production or maintenance job in a process in which substances contaminated with TCDD were made (N"5000); or 2) the worker did not have a work record, but was identified in a previously - 5- published study based upon exposure to TCDD (N-172, from Plant 8) (Suskind, 1984). The second criterion was placed in the study protocol as an a priori stipulation because the quality of company records for identification of TCDD-exposed workers was unknown at the time. Personnel records for these 172 workers did not show duration of assignment to TCDD-contaminated processes; therefore, they were included in the overall mortality analysis, but were excluded from analyses by duration of exposure. Also excluded from analyses using duration of exposure were 30 maintenance workers identified in a 1949 company memo as having worked for several days in the cleanup process following the 1949 trichlorophenol reactor explosion at Plant 8. Because company records did not liBt the specific assignments of maintenance workers, it was not possible to know the total time the workers might have worked in TCDD-contaminated production areas during this employment at the plant. Sixty-seven females are not included in this report. Among them there were 10 deaths, including one cancer death (lung cancer). Exposure Assessment At each plant a thorough review was made of the process operating conditions, the employee job duties, and analytical records of TCDD levels in industrial hygiene samples, process streams, products, and wastes. The review provided clear evidence of potential daily exposure to TCOO for the members of the cohort. Production at the various plants involved similar raw materials, process steps, and job duties. Detailed descriptions are contained in twelve site visit reports prepared by the authors (Fingerhut, 1983; Piacitelli, 1990; Marlow, 1990 a-e, 1989, 1987, 1986, 1984). A listing of the dioxin-contaminated products made at each plant is presented in Table 2. Of the eight sites which produced TCP, seven used the same raw materials (1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene, methanol, and caustic), similar process steps, and job duties. Using similar processes, six sites produced 2,4,5-T acid from the raw materials of TCP, monochloroacetic acid and caustic. Eight of nine sites made 2,4,5-T esters by similar process steps from 2,4,5-T acid and alcohols. Two of these companies, as well as the ninth ester producer, also made 2,4,5-T esters by a second method, using TCP, caustic, and alcohol esters. Both of the hexachlorophene producers used purified TCP for production. Three plants also produced pentachlorophenol, which is contaminated with hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorinated dioxins and furans, but which in the United States did not contain TCDD (Esposito, 1980). Occupational exposure to TCDD-contaminated processes was confirmed by measuring serum TCDD levels in 253 surviving cohort members from Plants 1 and 2. These workers were participants in a related NIOSH cross-sectional medical study, during which serum TCDD levels (lipid-adjusted) were measured (Sweeney, 1989). Both plants produced TCP and 2,4,5-T (Table 2). Methods for serum collection (Fingerhut, 1989), chemical analysis and lipid-adjustment (Patterson, 1987; Lapeza, 1986), calculation of half-life extrapolated levels, and preliminary results of the serum measurements (Sweeney, 1990) have been described previously. Life Table Analysis The vital status of the members of the cohort was determined as of December 31, 1987, from records of the Social Security Administration, Internal Revenue D"3o 'fU Service, or the National Death Index (Stampfer, 1984). All death certificates were independently coded by two nosologists according to the rules of the revision of the International Classification of Disease in effect on the date of death. Discrepancies were resolved by a senior nosologist at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). All nosologists were blind to the nature of the study and the outcomes of interest. Lifetable analysis methods were used to evaluate mortality in the cohort (Waxweiler, 1983; Steenland, 1990). Person-years-at-risk (PYAR) at each plant were accumulated from the first date when records systematically documented assignment to a TCDD-contaminated process until the date of death or the study end date of December 31, 1987, whichever occurred first. Individuals whose vital status was unknown were assumed to be alive until the end of the study. In the lifetable analysis program, the PYAR were stratified by race, five-year age and calendar time periods, duration of exposure, and time-since-first-exposure (latency). Each death was counted in the stratum of longest duration and latency achieved by the cohort member. PYAR within each stratum were multiplied by the appropriate race-, age-, calendar time- and cause-specific mortality rates of the U.S. population to yield the number of expected deaths. Total expected deaths for a given cause were obtained by summing across strata. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were computed for each stratum by dividing the observed number of deaths by the expected number and multiplying the ratio by 100. Two sided 95% confidence intervals (Cl) were constructed for each cause-specific SMR using the Byar approximation for eight or more deaths and the Fisher exact method for fewer than eight deaths (Rothman, 1979). The U.S. male population was the reference group. National rates were used as comparison rates for all plants because of their dispersion in ten states across the U.S. (Table 2). To estimate whether the use of local rates would have yielded different results, state and (separately) county mortality rates for all cancerB combined among white males between 1970-1979 (EPA/NCI, 1983) were weighted by the person-year contribution of each of the 12 plants. The weighted average mortality rate for all cancers combined was compared with the U.S. rate for that time period. This estimation indicated that the use of state rates would have increased the expected number of all cancers combined by 1.8% and the use of county rates would have increased the expected number by 4%. Thus, the use of local rates would not have changed the results of the study substantially. Additionally the use of national rates avoids the problems associated with the use of county rates, including instability due to small numbers, the need for workers to reside in the counties where they worked (about which we have no information), and the possibility that some county rates were influenced by deaths at the study plants, because the study plants were major employers. A modification was made of the existing NIOSH lifetable program to evaluate non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (ICD 200, 202). In the NIOSH standard program, ICD 200 constitutes a death category, but ICD 202 is contained in a category with ICD 203. (Waxweiler, 1983). To evaluate mortality due to NHL, separate comparison rates were created for ICD 200 and 202 from computer tapes of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Because the ICD 200 and 202 rates on the NCHS tapes begin in 1960, the observed deaths were collected and the PYAR were calculated for NHL from 1960. No deaths due to HHL occurred before 1960 in the cohort. 7 Analyses bv Duration of Kxposure and employment 'Duration of exposure" was defined as the number of years worked in processes contaminated with TCDD. The use of duration of exposure as a surrogate for cumulative exposure was based upon the high correlation of the logarithm of serum TCDD levels in a sample of workers from two plants with the logarithm of the number of years assigned to TCDD-contaminated processes (Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) - .72, p <.0001)(Figure 2), and the assumption that the production processes and the exposures to workers were similar in the 12 plants. However, there were inter-job and inter-plant differences in the extent of TCDD exposures. Consequently, for some members of the cohort the use of the length of time worked in TCDD-contaminated processes as a surrogate for cumulative TCDD exposure may have misclassified their exposure levels. In a subsequent report, a dioxin exposure matrix constructed from historic process descriptions, analytic measurements of TCDD and industrial hygiene data will be used to develop the relative ranking of workers exposed to TCDD. Personnel records were used to calculate duration of exposure. These records were available for all years of production at all plants, with two exceptions: 1) The last year of exposure in hexachlorophene production at Plant 11 was not coded, because the records were obtained one year before production ended; and 2) At five plants systematic records were not available to identify some workers as exposed in the earliest years of production (Table 2). For those workers for whom job assignment records were available in the early years at these 5 plants, all periods of assignment to TCDD-contaminated processes were included in the analyses by duration of exposure. The PYAR for workers in these five plants began on the date when systematic company records identified individuals assigned to TCDD-contaminated processes. Prior to analysis, duration of exposure was stratified into categories of less than 1 year, 1 - <5, 5 - <15, and 15+ years, in order to have several strata of duration longer than one year. For some analyses, the cohort was divided into two groups of less than and greater than one year of exposure. Mortality was also examined by latency in periods of 0 - <10, 10 - <20 and 20+ years, which reflect induction-latency periods that have been observed for occupational cancers (Cole, 1975). To evaluate cancer mortality among a subcohort of workers who had experienced substantial exposure and adequate latency for expression of some cancers, a "high exposure" subcohort was identified. One year was chosen as a outpoint for the high exposure subcohort, because 100% of the workers with more than one year of TCDD exposure in the subgroup of 253 surviving cohort members from plants 1 and 2 had serum TCDD levels higher than the unexposed referent group mean of 7 parts per trillion (ppt) (Figure 2). A cut point of twenty years of latency was chosen because that time period permits development of some cancers. PYAR for this subcohort were accumulated from the date that the individuals attained both 20 years of latency and one year of exposure. All plants contributed person-years to the subgroup of workers with more than 20 years of latency, except plant 2, which began production of relevant products less than twenty years before the study end date. Most of the plants were large U.S. chemical manufacturing sites, which produced thousands of chemicals. Complete documentation of all exposures 2950 -8 - P-J3of" i experienced by each worker was not possibls* Thr#for0/ & separate [DG&surG called "duration of employment" was defined as the total time that each worker was employed at the study plant. Because of the long total employment at the plants, the analyses by duration of employment were stratified into periods of less than 5 years, 5 - <10, 10 - <15, 15 - <20, 20 - <25, 25 - <30, and 30+ years. For these analyses latency was defined as time since firBt employment. PYAR began on the same date used in the analyses of duration of exposure. The Spearman correlation coefficient (r, ) was used to evaluate the correlation between duration of exposure and duration of employment (Snedecor, 1972). When the SMRs showed an apparent trend with exposure and employment and the observed numbers of deaths were sufficiently large, internal comparisons were conducted using directly standardized rate ratios (SRRs) and tests for trend (Rothman, 1986). For the SRRs, the cause-specific mortality rate in each of the longer duration categories was compared with the rate in the shortest category. The SRRs were adjusted for the.effects of age, race and calendar time by using standardized weights (the total person-years for the cohort) to weight the rates in each duration category. The use of SRRs avoided the potential bias which could occur in the comparison of SMRs across duration categories if the categories had differences in age, race or calendar time of exposure. Pathologic Confirmation of Cause of Death on Death Certificates To verify the causes of death for cancers of a priori interest, pathology reports were requested. However, the underlying causes of death as coded from the death certificates were not changed for any of the lifetable analyses. To identify and describe all deaths from soft tissue sarcomas which might have occurred in the worker cohort, all death certificates were reviewed on which a malignancy was identified as an underlying or contributory cause, or as a significant condition. For malignancies without a specified primary site noted on the death certificate, and for malignancies in organs where soft tissue sarcomas comprise 2% or more of tumors at diagnosis (NCI, 1981), hospital and pathology reports were obtained and reviewed to identify the histology of the tumors. The sites included stomach, small intestine, retroperitoneum, bones and joints, eye and orbit, parts of the respiratory and male genital systems, and cancers with unknown primary sites. There are no comparison rates for this type of information; the intent was to describe all soft tissue sarcomas in the worker cohort. Smoking Adjustment Although smoking data were not available for the entire cohort, lifetime smoking histories were obtained in 1987 by interview of 223 living workers from Plants 1 and 2 who were 20 years or older in 1965 and who participated in a related NIOSH medical study of TCDD-exposed workers (Sweeney, 1989). The sample comprised 5.4% of the total cohort. Smoking status in 1965 was estimated for the entire cohort from the smoking histories of the sample of living workers. The year 1965 was selected because it was the approximate mid-point of the observation period for the cohort mortality study, and because age-stratified smoking status was available for the national population in the 1965 Health Promotion Survey (NCHS, 1981). To estimate the contribution from molting, an adjustment was mad of th SMR for mortality from cancer of trachea, bronchus and lung (Axelson, 1978). The procedure is described in detail in Steenland (1989). Smoking data were restricted to cigarette smoking, and nonsmokers were defined as those who had never smoked more than 100 cigarettes. The adjustment assumed relative risks for lung cancer of 1.0 for nonsmokers, 4.7 for former smokers and 10.9 for smokers (Kahn, 1966). A similar adjustment was made for the subcohort of workers with over one year of exposure and more than 20 years of latency. This adjustment was based upon a subsample of 87 workers who were in the high exposure subcohort and in the smoking survey. III. RESULTS Description of the Cohort The cohort of 5172 male workers, contributed 116,748 person-years. A total of 5000 workers (97%) met the first entry criterion of assignment to TCDD-contaminated processes. An additional 172 workers (3%) from Plant 8 met only the second entry criterion: identified as exposed in a published study (Suskind, 1984). The distribution of the cohort by plant, exposure, vital status, race, duration of exposure, duration of employment, latency, and time since last exposure is presented in Tables 2 and 3. Through December 31, 1987, the vital status of 98% of the cohort was successfully traced: 4043 (78%) workers were alive, and 1052 (20%) workers were deceased. Only 77 (2%) individuals were lost-to-followup. Death certificates were obtained for 99% of all deaths. Of the 5172 males in the cohort, 4590 (89%) were white, 385 (7%) were races other than white, and 197 (4%) were of unknown race. For approximately 60% of the workers, 20 years or more had elapsed between first exposure and the date of death or the study end date of December 31, 1987. For 55% of the workers, 20 years or more had elapsed between last exposure and the study end date (Table 3). The mean age of the overall cohort as of December 31, 1987, was 56 years. Among the workers with over 20 years of latency, the mean ages at the study end date were 56 and 63, respectively, for those with under and over one year of exposure to TCDD-contaminated processes. Mortality Experience of the TCDD Cohort Overall Mortality The results from the lifetable analysis for all causes of death are presented in Table 4. Overall mortality for all males from all causes was similar to mortality in the U.S. comparison rates (1052 deaths, SMR 99, 95% Cl 93-105). Heart disease mortality (393 deaths, SMR 96, 95% Cl 87-106) and deaths from diseases of the respiratory system (59 deaths, SMR 94, 95% Cl 72-122) were also similar to national rates. Significant deficits were observed for deaths from diseases of the circulatory system (67 deaths, SMR 77, 95% Cl 60-98), primarily due to cerebrovascular diseases (ICD 430-438) (43 deaths, SMR 75, 95% Cl 54-101), and for deaths from diseases of the digestive system (38 deaths, SMR 69, 95% Cl 49-96), primarily due to cirrhosis (ICO 571) (22 deaths, SMR 72, 95% Cl 45-108). There was also a significant deficit for deaths from alcoholism and personality disorders (2 deaths, SMR 23, 95% Cl 3-87). The deficit in circulatory disease mortality may be a reflection of ET Q 10' o' D -3ofO the "healthy worker" effect* that worker cohorts die at lower rates than the general populations, particularly of causes other than cancer (Fox, 1976). The deficits for cirrhosis and alcoholism may indicate that this cohort consumed less alcohol than the general population. Deficits may also have occurred simply by chance, because of the multiple comparisons which were made between the cohort and the D.S. population. Deaths from injury in the category of "all accidents" were significantly elevated in the cohort (106 deaths, SMR 128, 95% Cl 104-154) (Table 4). A significant excess was observed from mortality in the subcategory "accidental poisoning" (9 deaths, SMR 222, 95% Cl 101-421). Five of the deaths occurred at work at the study plants. On the death certificate for one of these deaths, the agent was identifed as monochloroacetic acid, a chemical which is used in 2,4,5-T processes. A significant excess was also found from mortality in the category of "other accidents", which includes fatal injury from causes other than falls, unintentional poisonings and transportation incidents (41 deaths, SMR 182, 95% CZ 131-248). Ten of-.the 12 plants in the TCDD cohort had elevated mortality due to "other accidents". Notations on the 41 death certificates indicated that 20 deaths occurred while the individual was at work. Of these, 12 deaths occurred at study plants, including four in TCP processes: three in 1959 due to a TCP reactor explosion at one plant, and one death in 1963 at another plant due to severe burns from a spill of hot TCP. It was of interest to evaluate whether the work-related deaths from fatal injury were in excess. Although population-based or chemical industry comparison data were not readily available, the proportion of deaths in this category which could be expected to be work-related was estimated using population-based data from two sources. The number of work-related deaths (1980-85) within the category of "other accidents" was available for U.S. males aged 20 to 64 from the NIOSH National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities database (NIOSH, 1989), and the total number of deaths of U.S. males aged 20-64 for 1980-85 was abstracted from a National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) table of "Deaths for 282 Selected Causes, 1979-86" (NCHS, 1988). The NSHS dataset included unemployed men. Based upon these data, 23% of the deaths among U.S. males which occurred between 1980 and 1985 in the category "other accidents" were expected to be work related, while 49% of deaths in the cohort were observed to be work related. This suggests that the workers in this study were at increased risk of fatal injury on the job, although a review of the death certificates showed that the jobs were not necessarily in TCDD-contaminated processes or even at the study plants. Because no data are available for earlier periods, it is not known whether the results for work-related deaths would have been different if comparison data for 1940-1987 had been used. Cancer Mortality Table 5 presents the SMRs for cancer deaths experienced by the entire cohort(N5172). The table also shows the SMRs for 3036 workers with more than 20 years of latency, who are divided into two subcohorts with less than or greater than one year of exposure to TCDD-contaminated processes. The subcohort of 1520 workers with greater than one year of exposure and more than 20 years o t latency is referred to as the "high exposure" subcohort. 2953 ii- V -3 C & 1 Cancers of A Priori Interest The term eoft tissue sarcoma describes a group of rare malignant neoplasms arising from supportive tissue other than bone (Suit, 1978). Analysis of mortality due to soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is restricted to those soft tissue sarcomas coded as underlying cause of death from death certificates into the ICO category, "malignant neoplasms of connective and other soft tissue", in the overall cohort, mortality from STS was nonsignificantly elevated (4 deaths, SMR 338, 95% Cl 92-865). The deaths occurred at 2 of the 12 plants, with a statistically significant elevation at Plant 8 (2 deaths, SMR 1516, 95% Cl 183-5474) (Table 6). Only two of the four deaths (cases 1 and 4, Table 7) were confirmed as STS upon pathologic review of tissue specimens (Fingerhut, 1984). In the high exposure subcohort, mortality from STS was significantly elevated (3 deaths, SMR 922, 95% Cl 190-2695) (Table 5). Two other deaths in the cohort (cases 5 and 6) were attributed to soft tissue sarcoma by hospital records, and one (case 5) was confirmed by a review of a tissue specimen. These two deaths did not contribute to STS mortality in the lifetable analysis, because their deaths were coded from death certificates into other ICD categories. Cases 5 and 6 were in the group of 202 workers from Plant 8 excluded from analyses involving duration of exposure because their work records did not indicate this information. Case 5 had been identified by the company for inclusion in a previous medical study (Suskind, 1984) because he had "intermittent" exposure to TCDD, but the company record did not cite dates of exposure. Case 6 was identified in a 1949 company memo as a maintenance worker who worked 2 days in cleanup following a trichlorophenol reactor explosion. Since records of maintenance workers do not specify the departments where they worked, it was not possible to assess whether he had additional exposure to TCDD during his employment. Five of the STS deaths from this cohort had been described previously (Fingerhut, 1984). The sixth STS death was identified during the review of hospital records in the current study (case 6, Table 7). SMRs for the other cancers of a priori interest were elevated but not statistically significant in the cohort: cancer of the stomach (10 deaths, SMR 103, 95% Cl 50-190); cancer of the liver, biliary passages, and gallbladder (6 deaths, SMR 116, 95% Cl 42-252); Hodgkin's Disease (3 deaths, SMR 119, 95% Cl 25-349); and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (10 deaths, SMR 137, 95% Cl 66-254) (Table 5). No deaths from nasal cancer occurred in the cohort, with approximately one expected. In the high exposure subcohort, the SMRs were elevated but not statistically significant for stomach cancer (4 deaths, SMR 138, 95% Cl 38-353), and Hodgkin's Disease (1 death, SMR 276, 95% Cl 7-1534) and were lower than expected for NHL (2 deaths, SMR 93, 95% Cl 11-337) and for cancer of the liver, biliary passages, and gallbladder (1 death, SMR 59, 95% Cl 1-327). For the 29 deaths in the cohort which were due to cancers of i priori interest, the underlying cause of death was confirmed for all 22 death certificates for which hospital records were available. Records could not be obtained for 4 of the 10 stomach cancer deaths, 1 of the 3 Hodgkin's Disease deaths and 2 of the 10 NHL deaths. Table 6 shows the plant-specific results for mortality due to cancers of priori interest. 2954 - 12- V ~ 3 o5bL A Posteriori Findings: A statistically significant excess of mortality in ths category of all cancers combined was observed in the entire cohort (265 deaths, SMB 115, 95% ci 102-130) (Table 5). Mortality due to all cancers combined in the high exposure subcohort was significantly elevated (114 deaths, SMR 146, 95% CI 121-176). Mortality for all cancers combined was elevated at nine of the 12 plants in the cohort, including a statistically significant excess at Plant 10 (30 deaths, SMB 181, 95% CI 122-259) (Table 6). Although mortality for many cancer categories was nonsignificantly elevated in the cohort, the only statistically significant elevation occurred in the category "cancer of unspecified sites" (ICO 194-199) (24 deaths, SMR 162, 95% CI 104-241) (Table 5). This category includes rare cancers not included in a specific NIOSH lifetable cancer category and deaths for which no primary cancer site was listed on the death certificate. Hospital records were obtained for 23 (96%) of these deaths. Five deaths were due to lung cancer, and single deaths were due to cancer of the femur, breast, liver, pharynx, prostate, neck, adrenal gland, and mesothelioma of peritoneum. The primary site was not specified on the hospital records for ten deaths (including carcinomatosis listed on the death certificate for Case 5, Table 7). The record for one death could not be obtained. In the high exposure subcohort, deaths coded in the category "unspecified sites" and those coded as soft tissue sarcomas were primarily responsible for the significant elevation in the larger category of "other sites" (ICD 170-173, 190-199) (18 deaths, SMR 201, 95% CI 118-316) (Table 5). The cohort experienced a nonsignificant elevation in mortality from cancers of the trachea, bronchus and lung (ICO 162) (89 deaths, SMB 111, 95% CI 89-137) (Table 5). The SMR was 106 for white males (81 deaths, 95% CI 84-132), and 201 for males other than white (8 deaths, 95% CI 87-397). Mortality from this cause was elevated in 9 plants, including a significant excess at Plant 10 (13 deaths, SMR 214, 95% CI 114-366) (Table 6). In the high exposure subcohort, mortality from cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung (ICD 162) was nonsignificantly elevated (40 deaths, SMR 139, 95% CI 99-189). Of the 11 plants contributing to the high exposure subcohort, 4 had significantly elevated mortality and 4 had nonsignificantly elevated mortality from this cause. Mortality from cancers of the respiratory system (ICO 160-165) was significantly elevated (43 deaths, SMR 142, 95% CI 103-192) in the high exposure cohort. Information on smoking prevalence in the sample of 223 workers from two plants was used to conduct a limited adjustment of the results for lung cancer mortality in the cohort. The sample included 24.7% nonsmokers, 11.2% former smokers, and 64.1% smokers in 1965. The age-adjusted smoking status of the U.S. male population in 1965 included 24.3% nonsmokers, 17.6% former smokers and 58.1% current smokers. Adjustment for smoking status in the cohort, based upon the data from two plants, increased the number of expected lung cancers by 5%, thus reducing the SMR for cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lung in the cohort from 111 to 105 (95% CI 85-130). A limited smoking adjustment was also applied to lung cancer mortality in the high exposure cohort. The smoking status of the sample of 87 workers with more than 1 year of exposure and more than 20 yearB of latency was 27.6% 13 :P -3 0 5 3 nonsmokers, 13.8% former smokers and 58.6% amokerB. The age-adjueted smoking status of O.S. males in 1965 included 23.5% nonsmokers, 19.4% former smokers and 57.1% smokers. The smoking adjustment increased the expected number of lung cancers in the high exposure subcohort by 1%, thus reducing the SKR from 139 to 137 (95% Cl 98-187). Analyses bv Duration of Exposure and Employment On average, the entire cohort worked about five times longer in all chemical operations at the plants (mean 12.6 years) than in TCDD-contaminated processes (mean 2.7 years) (Table 2). Workers with less than one year of exposure to TCDD-contaminated processes had a mean exposure of 0.3 year but a mean employment of 8.3 years. Workers with more than one year of exposure had a mean exposure of 5.8 years but a mean total employment or 16.5 years. Among workers with over 20 years of latency, those with less than one year of exposure to TCDD had a mean exposure of 0.3 years and a mean employment of 10.7 years. Those with over one year of exposure (the high exposure subcohort) had a mean of 6.8 years of exposure to TCDD and a mean of 19.2 years of total employment at the plants (Table 5). Table 8 shows the distribution of deaths for the a priori cancers of interest by latency and duration of exposure to TCDD-contaminated processes. The number of observed deaths for each of the cancers of a priori interest was too small to conduct meaningful tests for trend. Table 9 shows the distribution of mortality due to all cancers combined and to cancers of the trachea, bronchus and lung with increasing duration of exposure to TCDD-contaminated products. Although the SRRs were elevated in the strata of longer duration for both outcomes, significant linear trends were not found for either outcome with increasing exposure. Mortality increased with increasing latency for both outcomes. To examine whether the elevated mortality in the longer duration stratum was significantly different from mortality in the stratum of under one year of exposure, the cohort was also divided into two strata of under and over one year of exposure to TCDD-contaminated substances. For workers with more than one year of exposure, a statistically significant SRR of 127 was observed for all cancers combined (95% Cl 100-160); for the same workers, the SRR was 135 (95% Cl 79-229) for cancers of trachea, bronchus and lung. Table 10 shows the distribution of mortality for the same outcomes with increasing duration of total employment at the plants. Significant linear trends were not observed for either outcome with increasing employment, although SRRs were elevated in several strata of employment longer than 20 years. Mortality increased with increasing latency for both outcomes. When the cohort was divided into two strata with under and over 5 years of total employment at the plants, the SRR for the over 5 year stratum was 94 (95% Cl 74-120) for all cancers combined and 127 (95% Cl 75-215) for cancers of trachea, bronchus and lung. Serum Levels of 2.3.7,8-TCDD The mean serum TCDD level (lipid-adjusted) in the sample of 253 workers from Plants 1 and 2 was 233 parts per trillion (ppt) (median 76 ppt) ranging from 2 to 3400 ppt (Figure 2). A mean of 7 ppt (median 6 ppt) was found in the - 14- comparison group of 79 nonexposed persons, whose levels ranged from less than the limit of detection to 20 ppt, a range found in other nonexposed populations (Patterson, 1989). Workers with less than one year of exposure to TCDD-contaminated products had a mean serum TCDD level of 69 ppt (median 24 ppt). The mean for those exposed longer than one year was 418 ppt (median 231 ppt).. In the latter group, 119 workers (100%), had levels higher than the mean level of 7 ppt observed in the unexposed comparison population (Figure 2). Among the 176 workers in the sample who had at least 20 years of latency, those with under one year of exposure (N81) had a mean serum TCDD level of 78 ppt, and those with over one year of exposure (N95) had a mean of 462 ppt. Production of TCDD-contaminated substances ended at Plant 1, when it closed down in 1969 and at Plant 2 by 1972, when the building was decontaminated (Table 2). Therefore, the serum TCDD levels reflect occupational exposures which occurred 15 to 37 years earlier. Figure 2 also shows that there is a high correlation between the logarithm of serum TCDD levels and the logarithm of years exposed to TCDD-contaminated processes (r.72, p<.0001). When the 253 serum TCDD levels were extrapolated to the dates when the individuals were last employed in TCDD-contaminated jobs, the mean level was 2000 ppt, with a range up to 32,000 ppt, assuming a 7.1 year half-life for TCDD elimination (Sweeney, 1990; Pirkle, 1989). A high correlation (r=.70, pc.OOOl) was found between logarithm of the half-life extrapolated serum TCDD levels and the logarithm of duration of exposure. Among the workers in the sample who had over 20 years of latency, the mean of the half-life extrapolated levels for the subgroup with less than one year of exposure was 640 ppt; for those with more than one year of exposure the mean was 3600 ppt. Discussion: Only a few populations have had sufficient exposure, long latency, and adequate size to provide an appropriate study population for assessing the relationship between exposure to TCDD-contaminated substances and long-term health effects. For these reasons, NIOSH researchers studied the mortality experience of essentially all U.S. production workers assigned to the manufacture of trichlorophenol and its derivatives, which are contaminated with TCDD. TCDD has acquired the reputation of a potent carcinogen. This study, although limited in size to detect excesses of rare cancers, demonstrates little adverse effect from cancers associated with TCDD in prior human studies. The exception is the excess mortality from soft tissue sarcoma. The difficulties in evaluating soft tissue sarcoma in a cohort mortality study have been described (Fingerhut, 1984). These include variability in pathologic diagnosis and misclassification of cause of death on death certificates and in hospital records. Consequently, interpretation of the excess STS mortality in the cohort study is limited by the small number of deaths and by recognition that misclassification of cause of death has occurred on the death certificates of the workers (Table 7) and is also present in the U.S. comparison population (Percy, 1981). Continued surveillance of the cohort is needed to allow for the appearance of additional deaths, if an association is to be definitively established between soft tissue sarcoma and exposure to TCDD-contaminated substances. 15 *5) ' 3 o $ b It should be noted that an additional, previously unidentified STS death from Plant 8 occurred in a group of 139 individuals with chloracne, who were excluded from this cohort because they did not meet the entry criteria. The procedure for identification of the chloracne cases from medical records was described in O'Malley (1990). The death was identified as STS by review of the tissue specimen; however, STS was not coded as the underlying cause of death on the death certificate. The 139 workers will be included in a future mortality analysis, which will include about 700 additional workers with chloracne from this cohort. Several case-control studies found statistically significant fourfold excesses of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in persons reporting exposure to phenoxy herbicides (Hardell, 1981; Woods, 1987; Persson, 1989) (Table 1), although excesses were not found in other studies (Pearce, 1987; Wiklund, 1987). Based upon their longer duration of exposure, the production workers in the current study probably had greater exposure to TCDD-eontaminated substances than the workers in the case control studies. The probable higher exposure in this cohort and the lower risk for NHL found in this cohort (SMR 137, 95% Cl 66-254) (Table 5) do not provide evidence to support the fourfold elevated risks observed in the case control studies (Table 1). Mortality in this cohort was not significantly elevated for several other cancers of a priori interest (liver, stomach, and Hodgkin's Disease). The results found in this cohort study do not provide evidence for increased mortality from these cancers, although the wide confidence intervals reflect the small numbers of deaths and the consequent limited statistical power of the study for these rare cancers (Table 5). An excess of liver cancer has been found in animals exposed to TCDD (Kociba, 1978; NTP, 1982), but a case control study of liver cancer did not find an association with phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols (Hardell, 1984). Stomach cancer was of a priori interest based upon 3 deaths (SMR 470) in a German cohort (Theiss, 1982). No additional deaths from stomach cancer were reported in a recent update of the cohort (Zober, 1990), which found an SMR for stomach cancer of 297 (3 deaths, 90% Cl 81-768). Elevated mortality was reported for Hodgkin's Disease in one case-control study (Hardell, 1983) but not in another (Persson, 1989). In the cohort study described here only one death due to Hodgkin'b Disease occurred in the high exposure subcohort, precluding a meaningful interpretation. Mortality from cancer of trachea, bronchus and lung was elevated nonsignificantly in the high exposure cohort (SMR 139, 95% Cl 99-189). Respiratory cancer was significantly elevated in the high exposure cohort (SMR 142, 95% Cl 103-192), but not in the subcohort with 20 years of latency but less than one year of exposure (SMR103, 95% Cl 62-161) (Table 5). Lung cancer rates in blue-collar groups are known to be somewhat elevated compared to the general U.S. population due to increased cigarette smoking of blue-collar populations (Siemiatycki, 1988). However, the excess lung cancer in the high exposure subcohort is unlikely to be due to confounding by smoking, for several reasons. (1) Mortality from non-malignant respiratory disease (ICD 470-478, 490-519), which is often associated with smoking, was lower than expected (15 deaths, SMR 96, 95% Cl 54-158) in the high exposure subcohort. (2) Among all exposed workers with 20 years of latency, who presumably shared similar smoking habits, the axcess of respiratory cancer was confined to the high exposure subcohort (Table 5). (3) A limited adjustment 2958 P -3 o 5 fe of the risk for lung cancer (Axelson, 1978; Steenland, 1984}, based upon the smoking prevalence of surviving workers at two of the twelve plants in this study, did not substantially change the results in the high exposure subcohort. (4) Siemiatycki et al. (1988) have shown that confounding by smoking between a blue-collar population and the U.S. population usually does not account for an excess risk of greater than 10-20%, based on empirical evidence from other studies. Although confounding from smoking is unlikely to explain the respiratory cancer excess in the high exposure subcohort, it remains possible that the excess is due to confounding by occupational exposures other than TCDD. For example, there may have been a contribution to the lung cancer mortality in the cohort from asbestos, because there were two deaths due to mesotheliomas. An unexpected finding was the statistically significant excess mortality for all cancers combined. The observed excess mortality from cancer is consistent with a carcinogenic effect of TCDD. This`view is supported by the following observations: (1) Mortality was significantly elevated for all cancers combined in the entire cohort {SMR 115, 95% Cl 102-130), was more pronounced in the high exposure subcohort (SMR 146, 95% Cl 121-176), and was elevated at nine of 12 plants. (2) In an internal comparison of workers with more than one year of exposure to those with under one year of exposure, a significantly elevated SRR was observed for all cancers combined (SRR 127, 95% Cl 100-160). (3) Excess mortality due to all cancers combined remains after excluding mortality due to smoking related cancers. With mortality from cancer of trachea, bronchus and lung excluded, the SMR for all remaining cancers combined was 117 (95% Cl 101-136) in the overall cohort and 150 (95% Cl 118-189) in the high exposure subcohort. Results were similar when mortality was removed due to other cancers sometimes associated with smoking (bladder, larynx, esophagus, kidney and pancreas). In the overall cohort the SMR was 113 (95% Cl 95-134) and in the high exposure cohort the SMR was 150 (95% Cl 113-194) This suggests that the elevated risk for all cancers combined is not explained by smoking or by excess mortality due to cancers associated with smoking. (4) Significantly elevated SMRs for all cancers combined are unusual in occupational studies of chemical workers. (5) The generatidn of tumors in multiple organs in animals exposed to TCDD (Kociba, 1978; NTP, 1982; Rao, 1988) and the demonstration that TCDD promoted tumors in two organs (Poland, 1982; Pitot, 1980) suggest that it is biologically plausible that TCDD might produce tumors in multiple sites in humans. (6) Similar results were observed in a recently updated study of German workers exposed to TCDD following a TCP reactor accident in 1953 (Zober, 1990). A subgroup with chloracne, which was used as a surrogate for exposure, and at least 20 years of latency had an SMR of 201 (90% Cl 122-315) for all cancers combined, based on 14 deaths. In that subgroup, cancer of trachea, bronchus and lung (5 deaths, SMR 252, 90% Cl 99-530) and cancer of colon and rectum (3 deaths, SMR 344, 90% Cl 94-888) were nonsignificantly elevated. Excluding three previous studies of U.S. production cohorts exposed to TCDD, because those workers are included in the current study (Zack, 1980; Zack, 1983; Ott, 1987), the German cohort is the only other industrial cohort with substantial TCDD exposure and with long latency in which mortality has been examined (Zober, 1990; TheisB, 1982). Several observations argue against an association between TCDD and an elevation of mortality due to "all cancers" combined: (1) A statistically significant linear trend of increasing mortality was not observed in the 6verall cohort with increasing duration of exposure to TCDD-contaminated - 17- product (Table 9). However, this might be explained by misclassification of exposure of some workers by the use of duration as a surrogate for cumulative TCDD exposure. Additionally, a significant dose-response relationship with increasing exposure is generally viewed as fair.ly strong evidence for an association when present in a study, but as fairly weak evidence against an association when absent (Monson, 1990). (2) This study does not directly assess the effect of exposure solely to TCDD. Workers also had concurrent exposure to substances containing TCDD, e.g., chlorophenols and phenoxy herbicides. Additionally, workers were exposed to numerous other chemicals encountered while employed at the plants. (3) The significant excess in the overall cohort for all cancers combined could be due to chance, or to non-occupational factors, such as smoking or might be explained by major regional differences in cancer rates which were not accounted for in the use of national rates. However, these explanations are less plausible for the subcohort with long exposure and long latency, for which the SMR for all cancers combined is 146 (95% Cl 121-176). The study described here has several strengths: (1) The cohort is fairly large, consisting of 5172 male workers and 116,748 person-years of observation. (2) It includes essentially all U.S. production plants which made chemicals contaminated with TCDD. (3) Vital status was ascertained for 98% of the cohort. (4) Ninety seven percent of the cohort had work records documenting assignment to TCDD-contaminated processes and 3% had been identified as exposed in a previously published study, producing a cohort with clearly defined exposure. (5) Based upon a review of chemical processes, the measurement of serum TCDD levels in workers at two plants, and the presence of chloracne in medical records of 13% of the cohort, the population has had substantial TCDD exposure. (6) Exposure started sufficiently long ago that 60% of the cohort had at least 20 years of latency for the expression of cancers. This study is limited in several ways: (1) The study, although relatively large, did not have adequate size to definitively evaluate several rare cancers of interest. Table 1 shows the relative risks which were detectable in the overall cohort with 80% power at an alpha level of 5% (Beaumont, 1981). Because all U.S. production workers with records of assignment to TCDD-contaminated processes have been included in this study, no improvement in power can be achieved at this time. With time, person years of observation will accrue and additional deaths will occur, and future studies of the cohort will be more powerful. Despite these limitations, the confidence intervals for some of the rare cancers indicate that the risks in this worker cohort are lower than might have been expected, based upon risks reported in previous studies. (2) The workers were exposed to phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols contaminated with TCDD, and not to TCDD alone. A subsequent report will address the question of whether TCDD or the products themselves may be etiologically associated with the outcomes studied. Several studies have suggested that some risks may be associated with phenoxy herbicides which do not contain TCDD (Eriksson, 1981). (3) The members of the high exposure subcohort worked an average of 6.8 years in TCDD-contaminated processes and a longer time (mean 19.2 years) in total employment at the study plants. Additionally, some workers may have been also employed in other chemical plants. Consequently, other chemical exposures to which the workers were exposed may confound this analysis. For example, the occurrence of 2 cases of mesothelioma suggest some asbestos exposure. (4) There was limited 18 V -3oS1 information about smoking status in 1965, which was obtained by interview in 1987 from surviving workers employed in only two plants, and which was applied by inference to the remaining tan plants. (5) In the exposure response analyses, an internal population with exposure less than one year was used as the base for comparison, rather than a non-exposed population. This could lead to a bias toward the null, and the risk ratios in the longer duration groups could be underestimated. (6) The high serum TCDD levels in living workers from two plants and the high correlation of this serum level with duration of exposure (Figure 2) are assumed to be similar in the overall cohort. (7) The exposure levels of some workers relative to others may have been misclassified, because the use of years worked in the TCDD-contaminated processes as a surrogate for cumulative TCDD exposure does not fully address differences between plants or even among the exposed jobs at a single plant. It assumes that a day of exposure to TCDD-contaminated substances is equivalent for all jobs at each of the 12 plants and for all years of production. Additionally, since some plants had longer production periods than others (Table 2), some plants may contribute more heavily to the longer exposure categories. An exposure matrix, based upon a review of job duties and process operations is being developed to estimate relative ratings of exposure to TCDD. The exposure response analyses for the cohort will be conducted using this matrix in a subsequent report. The results of this occupational study have implications for other populations exposed to TCDD. Based upon measurements of serum TCDD levels, most other populations have experienced TCDD exposure that is substantially lower than that reported here (Patterson, 1989). Under the assumption that in humans TCDD has a 7.1 year half-life (Pirkle, 1989), the 253 exposed workers in the study with serum TCDD levels would have had a mean serum TCDD level of 1900 ppt, with levels as high as 32,000 ppt, on the dates when they left their TCDD-exposed jobs. Recent analyses of a few stored blood specimens indicate that some residents of Seveso, Italy, had serum TCDD levels in the same high range of the workers in this cohort. The residents of Seveso were exposed in 1976 following a trichlorophenol reactor explosion which contaminated the surrounding residential areas. Several residents of Seveso had levels up to 27,000 ppt TCDD in blood drawn months after the incident (Mocarelli, 1988) . A mortality study of the residents of Seveso, Italy has not demonstrated a cancer excess, although the follow-up interval in the study provided a latency period of only ten years (Bertazzi, 1989). The U.S. Air Force Ranch Hand group, which carried out aerial sprays of Agent Orange in Vietnam, was reported to have a mean serum TCDD level of 49 ppt, with a range up to 423 ppt (Patterson, 1989; Wolfe, 1988). The individual with the serum TCDD level of 423 ppt would have had a level of 1530 ppt at the time of his last Agent Orange exposure (Patterson, 1989). A mortality study of this group has not demonstrated a cancer excess, although the study was of limited size and latency (Hichalek, 1990). Two studies of other Vietnam veterans who handled Agent Orange also reported elevated TCDD levels. Kahn (1988) reported a mean serum TCDD level of 46 ppt in 10 veterans, with a range of 1-180 ppt, and Gross (1984) reported levels of 23 and 99 ppt in two veterans. Among Army ground troops, who were not known to have handled Agent Orange but were thought to have received exposure from aerial Agent Orange sprays, the Centers for Disease Control reported a mean serum TCDD level of 4 ppt and a range up to 45 ppt in 646 veterans (CDC, 1988). 2961 19 p -3 S " i Among individuals from the general populations residing in industrial countries, studies have usually found serum and adipose TCOD levels under 20 ppt, with a mean of 8 ppt (Patterson, 1989). It is assumed that the general population is exposed to TCOD primarily through the food chain, and also from incinerator fly ash, paper products, and other environmental situations (Amendola, 1989; Ryan 1989; Vainio, 1989). CONCLUSION: Mortality was evaluated in a large group of chemical workers with exposure to phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols contaminated with TCDD and with sufficient latency for the expression of some occupationally related cancers. Because the exposure of this cohort was substantially higher than experienced by most non-occupational populations, the estimates of effect in this study may provide an upper level of risk to be anticipated in humans. For several types of cancer previously associated with TCDD, excesses were not observed. An exception is soft tissue sarcoma, for which a nine-fold increase was seen among workers with more than one year of exposure and over 20 years of latency. However, interpretation of the elevated SMR is limited because of the small number of cases, and because of misclassification of this cause of death on the death certificates of the workers and of the national comparison population. Continued surveillance of the cohort may provide a more firm estimate of risk. A 15% excess of all cancers combined was observed in the overall cohort. The subcohort with more than one year of exposure and over 20 years of latency had a 46% excess of all cancers combined and a 42% excess of cancers of the respiratory tract. Although the study could not completely exclude the possible contribution of other occupational carcinogens or smoking, the excess mortality, especially in the subcohort with more than one year of exposure, is consistent with TCDD being a carcinogen. 20' p-3 O & O V. REFERENCES Ad Hoc Panel. Hunan health aspects of environmental exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Universities Associated for Research and Education in Pathology, Inc., Bethesda, M D ., June, 1988. Amendola G, Barna D, Blosser R, et al. The occurrence and fate of PCDD's and PCDF's in 5 bleached kraft pulp and paper mills. Chemosohere 18:1181-1188, 1989. Axelson O. Aspects on confounding occupational health epidemiology. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 4:85-89, 1978. Axelson 0, Sundell L, Anderson K, Edling C, Hogstedt C, and Kling H. Herbicide exposure and tumor mortality. Scand. . Work Environ. Health 6:73-79, 1980. Beaumont J, and Breslow N. Power considerations in epidemiologic studies of vinyl chloride workers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 114, 725-734, 1981. Bertazzi P, Zocchetti C, Pesatori A, Guercilena S, Sanarico M, Radice L. Ten-year mortality study of the population involved in the Seveso incident in 1976, Am. J. Epidemiol. 129:1187-1199, 1989. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Veterans Health Studies. Serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin levels in U.S. Army Vietnam-era Veterans. JAMA 260:1249-1254, 1988. Cole P, Goldman MB. In Fraumeni JF Jr, ed., Persons at High Risk of Cancer. Academic Press, New York 1975, pp.167-184. Eriksson M, Hardell L, Adam H. Exposure to dioxins as a risk factor for soft tissue sarcoma: A population-based case-control study. J. Nat. Cancer. Inst. 82:486-490, 1990. Eriksson M, Hardell L, Berg N, Holler T, and Axelson O. Soft tissue sarcomas and exposure to chemical substances: a case-referent study, gr. . Ind. Med. 38:27-33, 1981. Esposito M, Tiernan T, and Dryden F. Dioxins. EPA-600/2-80-197, November, 1980. Fingerhut M, Blade L. NIOSH Dioxin Registry Site Visit Report of Rhone Poulenc, Inc., Portland, Oregon. Report No. 117.14, September 1983. Fingerhut MA, Halperin WE, Honchar PA, Smith AB, Groth DH, and Russell wo. An evaluation of reports of dioxin exposure and soft tissue sarcoma pathology in U.S. chemical workers. Scand. Work Environ. Health 10:299-303, 1984. Fingerhut MA, Sweeney MH, Patterson DG, et al. Levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin in the serum of U.S. chemical workers to dioxin-contaminated products: Interim results. Chemosohere 19:835-840, 1989. 21 P - 3 ot/ Fingerhut M, Sweeney M, Halperin W, and Schnorr T. Epidemiology of populations exposed to dioxins. In Solving Hazardous Waste Problems: Learning from Dioxins, J. Exner, Ed. American Chemical Society, New York 1986. Fox A, Collier P. Low mortality ratios in industrial cohort studies due to selection for work and survival in the industry. Brit. . Prev. Soc. Med. 30:225-230, 1976. Gross H, Lay J, Lyon P. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin levels in adipose tissue of Vietnam veterans. Environ. Res. 33:261-268, 1984. Hardell L, and Bengtsson NO. Epidemiologic study of socioeconomic factors and chemical findings in Hodgkin's disease, and reanalysis of previous data regarding chemical exposure. J. Cancer 48:217-225, 1983. Hardell L, Bengtsson N, Jonsson V, Eriksson S, and Larsson L. Aetiological aspects of primary liver cancer with special regard to alcohol, organic solvents, and acute intermittent porphyria -- an epidemiologic investigation. Br. J. Cancer 50:389-397, 1984. Hardell L, and Ericksson M. The association between soft-tissue sarcomas and exposure to phenoxyacetic acids: A new case-control study. Cancer 62:652, 1988. Hardell L, Eriksson M, Lenner P, and Lundgren E. Malignant lymphoma and exposure to chemicals, especially organic solvents, chlorophenols and phenoxy acids: A case control study. B. Cancer 43:169-176, 1981. ' Hardell L, Johansson B, Axelson O. Epidemiological study of nasal and nasopharyngeal cancer and their relation to phenoxy acid or chlorophenol exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 3:247-257, 1982. Hardell L and Sandstrom A. Case-control study: Soft tissue sarcoma and exposure to phenoxyacetic acids or chlorophenols. Br. J. Cancer 39:711-717, 1979. Johnson E. Association between soft-tissue sarcomas, malignant lymphomas and phenoxys/chlorophenols: evidence from occupational cohort studies, 1990. Fundam. A p p I . Toxicol. 14: 219-234, 1990. Kahn H. The Dorn study of smoking and mortality among U.S. veterans: report of eight and one-half years of observation. National Cancer Institute Monograph 19, pages 1-126; Table 6. 1966. Kahn P, Gochfeld M, Nygrew M, Hansson M, Rappe C, Velez H, Ghant-Guenther T, Wilson W. Dioxins and dibenzofurans in blood and adipose tissue of Agent Orange exposed Vietnam veterans and matched controls. JAMA 259:1661-1667, 1988. Kimbrough RD, Carter CD, Liddle JA and Cline RE. Epidemiology and pathology of a tetrachlorodibenzodioxin poisoning episode. Arch. Environ. Health 32:77-85, 1977. 2964 - 22- D-3o Co3__ Kociba R, Keyes D, Beyer J, Carreon R, Wade C, Dittenber D, Kalnins R, Franson L, Park C, Bernard S, Hummel R, and Humiston C. Results of a two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in rats. Toxicol. Appi. Pharmacol. 46:279-303, 197B. Lapeza CR Jr, Patterson DB, Liddle JA. An automated apparatus for the extraction and enrichment of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in human adipose tissue. Anal. Chem. 58:713-716, 1986. Marlow DA, Fingerhut MA, et al. Dioxin Registry Report of The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan. Report No. 117.15, Draft. August, 1987. Marlow DA, Fingerhut MA, et al. Dioxin Registry Report of the Monsanto Company, Sauget, Illinois. Report No. 117.20, Draft. June, 1990a. Marlow DA, Fingerhut MA, et al. Dioxin Registry Report for the Thompson-Hayward Chemical Company, Kansas City, Kansas. Report No. 117.12, June, 1990b. Marlow DA, Fingerhut MA, et al. Dioxin Registry Report for Hercules, Inc, and Vertac Chemical Corp., Jacksonville, Arkansas. Report No. 117.10, Draft 1990c. Marlow DA, and Fingerhut MA. Dioxin Registry Report for the Thompson Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri. Report No. 117.23, December, 1990d. Marlow DA, and Fingerhut HA. Dioxin Registry Report for Amchem Products, Inc., Ambler Pennsylvania. Report No. 117.24, December, 1990e. Marlow DA, Fingerhut, MA, et al. Dioxin Registry Report of the Monsanto Company, Nitro, West Virginia. Report No. 117.20 August 1989. Marlow DA, Fingerhut MA, et al. Dioxin Registry Report for Syntex (U.S.A), Ine., Verona, Missouri. Report No. 117.11, May 1987. Marlow DA, and Fingerhut MA. Dioxin Registry Report of the Diamond Shamrock Corp., Diamond Alkali Company, Newark, New Jersey. Report No. 117.16, June 1986. Marlow DA, and Fingerhut MA. Dioxin Registry Site Visit Report of the Occidental Chemical Corp., Hooker Chemical Center, Niagara Falls, New York. Report No. 117.18, August 1984. Michalek J, Wolfe W, Miner J. Health status of Air Force Veterans occupationally exposed to herbicides in Vietnam: II. Mortality. JAMA 264: 1832-1835, 1990. Mocarelli P, Pocchiari F, Nelson N., et al. Preliminary report: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure to humans - Seveso, Italy, MMWR 36:733-736, 1988. Monson RA. Occupational Epidemiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 1990:100. 2965 - 23- P'3c>b3 National Cancer Institute (NCI) Monograph 57. Surveillance epidemiology and end results, incidence and mortality data, 1973-1977. NIH Publication number 81-2330, 1981. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Deaths for 282 Selected Causes, 1979-1986. Printout of April 26, 1988. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Health - United States, 1981, (DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 82-1232) Pages 151-154. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities: 1980-1985. September 1989. National Toxicology Program. Carcinogenesis bioassay of 2.3.7.8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (CAS No. 1746-01-6) in Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage study). DHHS Publication No. (NIH) 82-1765, 1982. Olsen JH and Jensen OM. Nasal cancer and chlorophenols. Lancet 2:47-48, 1984. O'Malley M, Carpenter A, Haring Sweeney M, et al. Chloracne associated with the production of pentachlorophenol. m. Ind. Med. 17:411-422, 1990. Ott MG, Olson RA, Cook RR, and Bond GG. Cohort mortality study of chemical workers with potential exposure to the higher chlorinated dioxins. J . O c c u p . Med. 29:422-429, 1987. Patterson DG, Fingerhut MA, Roberts DR, et al. Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxinB (PCDD's) and dibenzofurans (PCDF's) in workers exposed to 2.3.7.8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Am. J. Ind. Med. 16:135-146, 1989. Patterson DG Jr, Hampton L, Lapeza CR Jr, et al. High-resolution gas chromatograpy/high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis of human serum on a whole-weight and lipid basis for 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Anal Chem. 59:2000-2005, 1987. Pearce NE, Sheppard RA, Smith AH, Teague CA. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and farming: An expanded case-control Btudy. Int. J. Cancer 39:155-161, 1987. Percy C, Stanek E, and Gloekler L. Accuracy of cancer death certificates and it8 effect on cancer mortality statistics. m. . Pub. Health 71:242-250, 1981. Persson B, Dahlander A, Fredriksson M, Brage HN, Ohlson CG, and Axelson O. Malignant lymphomas and occupational exposure. r. Ind. Med. 46:516-520, 1989. Piacitelli L, Fingerhut, M, Marlow D. NIOSH Dioxin Registry Site Visit Report of the Givaudan Corp., Clifton, New Jersey. Report No.: 117.22, December, 1990. Pirkle J, Wolfe D, Patterson L, Needham J, Michalek J, Miner M, Peterson M, and Phillips D. Estimates of the half-life of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo -p-dioxin in Vietnam veterans of Operation Ranch Hand. Toxicol. Environ. Health 27:165-171, 1989. 2966 - 24- V -3 o (o i- Pitot HC, Goldsworthy T, Campbell HA, and Poland A. Quantitative evaluation of the promotion by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin of hepatocarcinogenesis from diethylnitrosamine. Cancer Res. 40:3616-3620, 1980. Poland A, Palen D, Glover E. Tumor promotion by TCDD in skin of HRS/J hairless mice. Nature 300:271-273, 1982. Rao M, Subbarao V, Prasad J, and Scarpelli 0. Carcinogenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the Syrian golden hamster. Carcinogenesis 9:1677-1679, 1988. Reggiani G. Medical Problems Raised by the TCDD Contamination in Seveso, Italy. Arch. Toxicol 40:161-188, 1978. Rothman K. Modern Epidemiology. Little, Brown, and Company, Boston, MA. 1986:229 and 338-39. Rothman, K and Boice J. Epidemiologic Analysis with Programmable Calculator. NIH Publication No. 79-1649, June, 1979. Ryan J, Panopio L, Lewis D. Bleaching of pulp and paper as a source of PCDD's and PCDF's in food. Presentation, Dioxin 88, Umea, Sweden. August, 1988. Ryan J, Panopio L, Lewis D, Weber D. PDDD's and PCDF's in cow's milk packaged in plastic-coated bleached paperboard containers. Presentation, Dioxin 89, Toronto, Canada, September, 1989. Shu H, Paustenbach D, and Murray FJ. A critical evaluation of the use of mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and tumor promotion data in a cancer risk assessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Reoul. Tox. Pharm. 7:57-88, 1987. Siemiatycki J, Wacholder S, Dewar R , et al. Degree of confounding bias related to smoking, ethnic group and socioeconomic Btatus in estimates of the association between occupation and cancer. J. Occup. Med. 30: 617-625, 1988. Smith AH, Pearce NE, Fisher DO, Giles HJ, Teague CA, and Howard JK. Soft tissue sarcoma and exposure to phenoxyherbicides and chlorophenols in New Zealand. . Nat. Cancer Inst. 73:1111-1117, 1984. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical Methods. Sixth edition. Ames, Iowa, The Iowa State University Press, 1972. Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Dysert DC, Lipnick R, Rosner B, Hennekens CH. Test of the National Death Index. Am. J. Epidemiol. 119:837-839, 1984. Steenland X, and Beaumont J. Further follow-up and adjustment for smoking in a study of lung cancer and acid mists. m. Ind. Med. 16:347-354, 1989. Steenland K, Beaumont J, Halperin W. Methods of control for smoking in occupational cohort mortality studies. Scand. J. Work Environ Health 10:143-149, 1984. 25 Steenland K, Beaumont J, Spaeth S, et al. Mew developments in the NIOSH lifetable analysis system. . Occ u p . Med. 32:1091-1098, 1990. Suit HO. Sarcoma of soft tissue. CA - A Cancer J. Clin. 28: 284-295, 1978. Suskind R, and Hertzberg V. Human health effects of 2,4,5-T and its toxic contaminants. J.A.M.A. 251:2372-2380, 1984. Sweeney MH, Fingerhut MA, Connally LB, et al. Progress of the NZOSH cross-sectional medical study of workers occupationally exposed to chemicals contaminated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Chemosphere 19:973-977, 1989. Sweeney MH, Fingerhut MA, Patterson DG Jr., Connally LB, Piacitelli LA, Morris JA, Greife AL, Hornung RW, Marlow DA, Dugle JG, Halperin WE, and Needham LL. Comparison of serum levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in TCP production workers and in an unexposed comparison group. Chemosphere 20:993-1000, 1990. Thiess AM, Frentzel-Beyme R, and Link R. Mortality study of persons exposed to dioxin in a trichlorophenol-process accident that occurred in the BASF AG on November 17, 1953. Am- 1- Ind- Hed. 3:179-189, 1982. Vainio H, Hesso A, Jappinen P. Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in the environment - hazard to public health? Scand. Work Environ. Health 15:377-382, 1989. Waxweiler RJ, Beaumont JJ, Henry JA, Brown DP, Robinson CF, Ness GO, Wagoner JK, Lernen RA. A modified life-table analysis system for cohort studies. J. O c c u p . M ed. 25:115-124, 1983. Wiklund K, Dich J, and Holm LE. Risk of malignant lymphoma in Swedish pesticide appliers. Br. J. Cancer 56:505-508, 1987. Wiklund K and Holm L. Soft tissue sarcoma risk in Swedish agricultural and forestry workers. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 76:229-234, 1986. Wolfe W, Michalek J, Miner J, et al. Serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin levels in Air Force Health Study Participants - Preliminary Report. MMWR 37:309-311, 1988. Woods JS, Polissar L, Severson RX, et al. Soft tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in relation to phenoxyherbicide and chlorinated phenol exposure in western Washington. Nat. Cancer Inst. 78:899-910, 1987. Zack JA and Gaffey WR. A mortality Btudy of workers employed at the Monsanto Company plant in Nitro, West Virginia. Environ. Sei. Res. 26:575-591, 1983. Zack J and Suskind R. The mortality experience of workers exposed to tetrachlorodibenzodioxin in a trichlorophenol process accident. . Occup. Med. 22:11-14, 1980. Zober A, Messerer P, and Huber P. Thirty-four-year mortality follow-up of BASF employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD after the 1953 accident. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 62:139-157, 1990. 2968 -26- fable 1. Statistically Significant (p<.05) Relative Risks Reported In Studies Used to Generate a Priori Hypotheses (Relative Risks Calculated as Detectable by the Current NIOSH Study with .80 Power, Alphas.05 Rre Provided for Reference). Study Type Reference Stomach Masai liver Exposure* SIS HD NHL Cancer Cancer Cancer Case Control Hardell, 1979 PH 5.3 Cl 6.6 Case Control Eriksson, 1990 2.*.51 Cl 2.9 3.9 Case Control Eriksson, 1981 PH 6.8 Cl 3.3 Case Control Hardell, 1988 PH 2.4 Case Control Hardell, 1983 PH 5.0 Cl 6.5 Case Control Hardell, 1981 4.8 Case Control Uoods, 1987 PHb 4.8 Case Control Persson, 1989 PH 4.9 Cohort Axelson, 1980 PH 6.1 Cohort fhelss, 1982 ICP 4.7 Case Control Hardell, 1982 PH 2.1 Animal Studies Koclba, 1978 HIP, 1982 CL 6.5 d e Relative Risks Detecteblec In MIOSH Mortality Study with Power .80, Alpha .OS. ICP t PH 4.6 3.2 2.2 2.0 5.0 2.4 PH, phenosy herbicides; Cl, chiorophenols; ICP. 2,4,5 -1r1chiorophenol; 2.4,5-1, 2,4,5-1r1chiorophenoxy acetic acid; SIS, soft tissue sarcoma; HD, Hodgkin's Disease; NHl, non-Hodgkin*s lymphoma, b forest applicators c Power calculation In Beaumont, 19B1. d Rats e Mice. Rats to CO <y> Table 2. Dates of Production and Distribution of Uorlcers Exposed to ICDD-Contaminated Products at twelve Plants. Plant Location Tears of Production PTAR Start Date*1 Type of Product* Number of Exposed Workers TCP 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T PCP HCP acid ester TCDD Onl y TCDD l HCDD TOTAL Tears Exposed to TCDD-Contami nated Processes________ Mean Median Total Years Employed at Study Plants Mean Median 1 Newark, NJ 1951 - 1969 1951e N X X 443 0 443 2 Verona, MO 1968 - 1972 1968 X X X 97 0 97 3 Jacksonville, AR 1958 - 1979 1961 XX X 695 0 695 4 Kansas City, KS 1957 - 1978 1957 XX X 360 0 360 S Portland, OR 1961 - 1962 1961 X 114 0 114 6 St. Louis, MO 1949 - 1970 1957 XX X X 93 44 137 7 Sauget, IL 1960 - 1969 1960 XX 54 42 96 8 Nltro, UV 1948 - 1969 1948d X X 452 0 452 Midland, Ml .. 1 9 4 2 ~ i 9 8 2 ^ * r m r ? i X X x. 1411 6 bT 2092 ' 10 Niagara Palls, NT 1949 - 1973 1949 X 265 0 265 11 Clifton, NJ 1947 - 1984 1957 X 163 0 163 12 Astbler, PA 1949 - 1978 1953 X 258 0 258 3.0 1.0 0.7 0.4 1.6 0.4 2.0 0.5 0.7 0.5 2.9 1.0 0.7 0.1 1.8 0.2 3.0 '0.9 3.7 1.5 3.3 0.7 6.2 2.9 3.3 8.6 2.3 5.2 6.8 3.2 16.1 22.5 17.5 19.2 12.4 10.2 1.1 6.8 0.4 1.4 2.2 1.2 15.7 25.3 15.3 22.5 10.7 5.5 Total 4405 767 5172 2.7 0.7 12.6 9.4 Terms: TCP, 2,4,5- trichlorophenol and/or sodium 2,4,5- trichlorophenol ; 2,4,5-T, Includes 2.4. 5-trichlorophenoxyacetIc acid and Silvex, tonne1 or Erbon and their formulations; PCP, pentachl orophenol and/or sodium pentachlorophenol; HCP, hexschlorophene; TCDD, 2,3,7,B-tetrachlorodlbenzo-p-dlox(n; HCDD, hexa-, hepta- and octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. ** Tear when person-years-at-risk (PTAR) started. At Plants 3, 6, 11 and 12, records did not persiit identification of all TCDD exposed workers during earliest years of production. c Job assignment records were first available in August, 1951, although exposure was coded front february, 1951 when the TCP process started. ^ . Excludes 202 workers missing duration of assignment to TCDO-contaminated processes on work records: 30 maintenance workers assigned PTAR start dates of 8-22-49 because they were identified as exposed in a company memo of that date, and 122 workers assigned PTAR start dates of 6-1-79 because they were identified as exposed for a medical study conducted on that date. to o = > o e -(j Tabi* 3- Vital Statua, Deawgraphic and Employment Characteristics of the Study Population. Vari able Vital Status* Alive Deceased Unknown Total Number 4043 1052 77 5172 Percent 78 20 2 100 Deaths* White males Monwhite males Total Death certificates obtained 985 67 1052 1037 94 6 100 99 Race White Male Monwh ite Male Unknown Total 4590 385 197 5172 89 7 4 100 Duration of Exposure^ Unper 1 year 1 to <5 5 to <15 15 years* Total 2697 1427 639 207 4970 54 29 13 4 100 Duration of Employment^ Under 5 years 5 to <10 10 to <15 15 to <20 20 to <25 25 to <30 30* Total 2125 501 605 403 391 415 530 970 43 10 12 8 8 8 11 100 Tears Since First Exposure (Latency)0 Under 10 10 to <20 20* Total 271 1663 3036 4970 6 33 61 100 Tears Since Last Exposure^ Under 10 10 to <20 20* Total 453 1789 2728 4970 9 36 55 100 * As of Decantar 31, 1987. b Excludes 202 workers missing duration of assignaient to TCOD-contaminated processes on work records. 2971 Taole 4. Mortality From All Cautas Cause ICO Codas f9th Revision) Obs* SSI 95XC1 Atl deaths All cancers U0-208 Benign and Unspee. Nature Neoplasms 210-239 Tjberculos is 010-018 D :aoetes Mellitus 250 Blood and Blood Forming 0 iseases 280-289 Alcoholism and "e-tal Disorders 290-319 Nervous System 2 tseases 320-337, 340-389 Diseases of the Heart 390-398, 402-404, 410-414, 420-429 Diseases of the Circulatory System 401, 403, 405, 415-417, 430-438, 440-459 Respiratory System Diseases Influenza Pneumoni a Other Acute Infections 460-466, 470-478 480-487, 490-519 487 480-486 460-466 Ncn-malignant Resp. D isease Emphysema Asthma Other Resp. D iseases 470-478, 490-519 492 493 470-478, 490-491 494-519 Digestive System Diseases 520-537, 540-543, 550-553, 555-558, 560, 562-570, 572-579 1052 265 2 1 16 2 2 6 393 67 59 2 14 1 42 7 1 34 38 99 115 61 22 108 72 23 55 96 77* 94 210 67 246 f 104 60 58 139 70* 93-105 102-130 7-223 1-123 61 -174 9-262 3-87 20-120 87-106 60-98 72-122 25-757 36-112 6-1367 75-140 24-124 1-323 96-195 49-96 p<.05, p<.01 1 Obs, observad deaths; SUR, standardized Mortality ratio; 95X Cl, 95X confidence intervals. 2972 Table 4. (Continued) Mortality From All Causes Cause ICO Codes (9th Revision) Obs* SHE 95XCI Ceni tour inary System Diseases 580-608, 610-611, 614-629 Musculoskeletal D iseases 710-739 Symptoms and Illdefined Conditions 780-796, 798-799 Acc idents Transportat ion Poisoning Falls Ot"er Accidents Med. Complications E800-848, E850-888, E890-949 E800-8AS, E929.0-929.1 E850-869, E929.2 880-888, E929.3 E890-928, E929.4-929.9 ES70-B79, E930-949 Suicide & Homicide E950-E978 ill otr.er causes Residual ICO Categories Certificates Mot Obtained 10 1 6 106 51 9 4 41 1 A4 19 15 79 38-145 53 1-295 44* 16-95 128* 107 222' 53 182** 71 98 119 104-154 80-141 101-421 14-135 131-248 2-396 71-131 72-185 * p<.C5, ** ps.oi 3 Cbs, observed deaths; SMR, standardized mortality ratio; 95X Cl, 95X confidence intervals. 2973 - _P'3o 7( labie 5. Cancer Mortality In the Entire Cohort And In Workers With More Than 20 Years of latency. CAUSE ICDb Codes (9th Revision) Entire Cohort (N=5172) Mean Yrs. Exposed 2.7 Mean Yrs. Employed 12.6 Obs Exp SHRC 95XCI Subcohorts with Over 20 Years latency (N3036)a Under 1 Year Exposure Over 1 Year Expoaure ( M=15 16; PY =12,299) (N-1S20; PY-15,136) Mean Yrs. Exposed 0.3 Mean Yrs. Exposed 6.8 Mean Yrs. Employed 10.2 Mean Yrs. Employed 19.2 Obs Exp SMR 95XCI Obs Exp SMR 95XCI All Cancer* 140-208 265 229.9 115* 102-130 48 46.8 102 76-136 114 78.0 146* 121-176 Buccal and Pharynx Pharynx Other Parts 140-149 146-149 142-145 5 7.0 70 23-166 2 1.4 145 18-524 2 2.2 90 11-325 3 3.4 88 18-259 2 0.7 298 36-1080 0 1.2 0 -- 2 1.9 105 13-379 0 0.4 0 2 0.6 329 40-1190 Digestive Organs 150-159 Esophagus 150 Stosiach 151 Small Inteatlne 152-153 8 Colon Rectum 154 Liver and Bl1iary 155, 156 Pancreaa 157 Peritoneum and Unspec. 158, 159 dlgeative organs 67 59.7 9 5.9 10 9.7 25 20.4 112 152 103 122 5 5.6 89 6 5.2 116 10 11.9 84 2 1.1 184 87-143 70-290 50-190 79-181 29-209 42-252 40-155 22-666 13 11.8 2 1.2 3 1.7 5 4.3 1 1.0 1 1.0 1 2.4 0 0.2 111 59-189 165 20-602 178 37-521 117 W-274 100 03-557 100 03-557 41 01-232 0 28 20.1 4 2.0 4 2.9 13 7.3 2 1.7 1 1.7 4 4.0 0 0.4 140 200 138 178 115 59 100 0 93-202 55-513 38-353 95-304 14-415 01-327 27-253 -- Reaplratory System Larynx Irachea, Bronchu* 1 Lung 160-165 161 162 96 84.5 113 92-139 19 18.4 103 62-161 43 30.2 142* 103-192 7 3.3 211 84-434 2 0.7 297 36-1074 3 1.1 268 55-783 89 80. 1 111 89-137 17 17.5 96 56-155 40 28.8 139 99-189 Male Genital Organa Proatate 185-187 185 17 15.3 111 65-177 2 3.2 63 08-229 9 6.0 149 68-283 17 13.9 122 71-195 2 3.0 67 08-237 9 5.9 152 70-290 * p<.05, ' p.01 * Exclude* 202 workara Milting duration of assignment to ICOD-contaminated processes on uork records. Abbreviation*: ICO, International Classification of Disease; Obs, observed deaths; Exp, expected deaths; SMR, standardlied mortality ratio; 95X Cl, 95X confidence intervals; PY, person-years. c SMR * Obs/Exp X 100. Slight differences in numbers are due to rounding. to OD <1 Table 5. CAUSE (Continued) Cancer Mortality In the Entire Cohort and In Workers With More Than 20 Years of latency. Entire Cohort tH =5172) x Subcohorts with Over 20 Years Latency (NOOI6)1 Under 1 Year Exposure Over 1 Year Exposure <N =1516; PY=12,299) (1520; PY-15,136) Mean Yrs. Exposed 2.7 Mean Yrs. Exposed 0.3 Mean Yrs. Exposed 4-8 ICDb Codes Mean Yrs. Employed 12.6 Mean Yrs. Employed 10.7 Mean Yrs. Esiployed 19.2 (9th Revision) Obs Exp SMR 95XC1 Obs Exp SMR 95XCI Obs L5J2 S M 95 I Urinary Organ* Kidney Bladder 1 Other 108-109 17 11.4 148 189.0-189.2 8 5.7 140 108, 189.3- 9 5.7 157 189.9 86-238 60-275 72-298 lysiphatlc t Haematopoietic Tissue Hodgkin's Disease Hon-Hodgkin's lymphoma** lymphosarcoma t Ret icutoaarcoma" Other Lymphatic** Multiple Myeloma** leukemia and Aleukemia 200-208 201 200,202 200 202 203 204-208 24 22.1 109 3 2.5 119 10 7.3 137 5 3.5 142 5 3.7 133 5 3.0 164 6 8.9 67 70-162 25-349 66-254 46-332 43-313 53-385 24-146 Other Site* Skin rain 1 Nervous System Bona Connective Tissue 1 Soft Tissue Unspecified Sites 170-173, 190-199 172-173 191, 192 170 171 194-199 39 29.6 131 94-180 4 4.9 82 5 7.3 68 2 0.9 227 4 1.2 338 22-211 22-160 27-819 92-865 24 14.8 162 104-241 3 2.4 128 26-373 3 1.2 253 52-742 0 1.2 0 6 4.0 149 55-324 2 1.9 106 13-384 4 2.2 186 51-476 4 3.9 102 28-260 8 6.4 125 54-247 0 0.2 0 -- 2 1.5 135 16-488 0 0.6 0 V. 2 0.9 215 26-779 0 0.6 0 -- 2 1.6 126 15-457 1 .4 276 07-1534 2 2.1 93 11-337 1 0.9 107 3-594 1 1.4 71 2-385 3 1.1 262 54-766 2 2.6 77 09-277 5 5.8 87 28-202 . 18 9.0 201* 118-316 0 0.9 0 1.3 0 0.1 0 0.2 0 -0 0 -0 2 1.3 155 19-559 2 1.9 106 13-384 1 0.2 521 13-2903 3 0.3 922* 190-2695 5 3.1 159 52-372 10 5.1 196 94-361 p<.05 **p<.01 Exclude* 202 worker* atlaalng duration of assignment to TCDO-contaminated processes on work records. b ICO, International Classification of Disease; Obs, observed deaths; Exp, expected deaths; SMR, standardised mortality ratio; 95X Cl, 95X confidence Intervals; PY, person-years. c SMR Obs/Exp X 100. Slight differences in numbers are due to rounding. ^ Person-years at risk and observed deaths are computed from I960 for these categories. No deaths occurred before 1960. O CO Table 6. Observed Oeaths and SMRs by Plant for Cancers of A Priori Interest, Lung Cancer, All Cancers Combined and "Other Accidents PUnt STS Obi SMR Mon-Hodgkin's Lvmohoma ObS SMR Hodgkin's D isease Obs SMR 1 0 0 1 120 1 368 2 000 0 0 0 3 000 0 0 0 00 1 323 0 0 5 000 0 0 0 A 00 1 556 0 0 7 000 0 0 0 8 2 1516* 0 0 0 0 2 384- 7 217 ' 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 4 338 10 137 3 119 Stomach Obs SMR 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 >7 ' 160 2 297 00 1 193 10 103 1 1ver Obs SMR 1 156 00 1 384 00 00 00 00 1 151 ' 11 $C{l4 1 277 1 791 00 6 116 Lung Obs SMR All Cancers Obs SMR 7 1 4 3 3 2 3 15 2ff^ 13 5 5 72 155 107 101 166 104 238 144 214* 239 125 32 2 10 7 7 7 3 35 30 11 16 115 111 87 75 141 129 86 118 fO t' 181** 193 141 89 111 265 115* Other Accidents Obs SJ& 4 164 2 747 4 193 4 305 1 202 2 320 00 3 160 182 3 206 00 2 173 41 182** Accidental Pol sonino Obs SMR 2 507 00 1 182 00 00 00 00 1 377 3 1395** 00 1 476 9 222** * p<.05 p<.01 * PTAR, person-years at risk; STS, soft tissue sarcoma; Obs, observed deaths; SMR, standardized siortality ratio. ^ o s '-O ' to CO "v* CT' 1abl e 7. Description of Exposure, Mortality, and Histology for Soft Ii ssuc Sarcoma Deaths Among Workers in the Cohort. ' Case* EliQi Years Employed Exposure*1 Year F Irst Exposed*1 Years Exposed*5 Year of Death latency*51* (Years) Death Cert ificate Hospital Records Tissue Revlewe 1 8 1946-1978 TCP,c 1950 2.51 8.8 1978 28 MFHC HFH NFM 2 8 1946-1972 TCP, 1948 2,4,5-T 7.1 1972 24 liposarcoma L iposarcoma Carcinoma, poorly differentiated 3 9 1950-1975 TCP 1963 1.2 1975 12 Fibrosarcoma F ibrosarcoma Renal Carcinoma* 4 9 1951-1982 TCP 1951 14.9 1983 32 MFH MFH MFH 5 a 1943-1975 TCP or Intermittent b ? 2.4.5-T 1980 7 Care inomatos is* Myxoid Neurogenic leiomyosarcoma Sarcoma 6 8 1941-1964 TCP 1949 7 1965 16 Metastatic* Osteosarcoma F ibrosarcoma Not available Cases 1-5 correspond to those described earlier by fingerhut et al, 1984 . Other cases from that paper did not have records of exposure to ICOO and are not included in this cohort study. ** Information differs slightly frosi earlier report (Fingerhut, 1904) due to review of additional records, few details sbout exposure were available for Cases S and 6. A company record indicated Case 5 had intermittent exposure, but no dates were recorded. c Terms: TCP, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol; 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; HFH, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, d Time from flrat exposure to death. * Conducted at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. * Not a aoft tissue sarcoma * Death was not attributed to STS in the lifetabie analysis. i r<xo> -JE Table 8. Mortality by Latency and Duration of Expoaure to TCDD*Contaainated Processes for Cancers of a Priori Interest.* Duration of TCDO Exposure (years) Cause Latency Period (Tears) <1 Obs SMB 1 5 Obs SHR 5-<15 Obs SHR >15 Obs SHR Overall Obs SHR Stomach 0 - 10 10 - 20 Over 20 Total Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma 0 - 10 10 - 20 Over 20 Total Hodgk in's 0isease 0 - 10 10 - 20 Over 20 Total STS 0 - 10 10 - 20 Over 20 Total Liver and Biliary 0 - 10 10 - 20 Over 20 Total p<.05 p<.01 0 0 0 0 1 363 0 0 1 59 1 92 1 119 0 0 0 0 2 72 3 178 2 156 2 193 0 0 7 152 4 113 3 107 3 145 0 0 10 110 1 188 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 106 2 212 0 0 2 452 1 1488 5 241 2 135 2 183 0 0 0 0 4 105 5 169 2 98 2 152 1 188 10 146 0 000000000 0 0 1 410 0 0 1 3968 2 239 0 0 0 0 1 853 0 0 1 165 0 0 1 133 1 261 1 1035 3 122 0 000000000 0 0 1 962 0 0 0 0 1 284 0 0 0 0 3 2795** 0 0 3 548* 0 0 1 296 3 1520** 0 0 4 355 1 287 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 134 1 191 1 235 0 0 0 0 2 141 1 101 1 131 0 0 0 0 2 74 3 157 2 136 0 0 0 0 5 103 * 202 workers were excluded, because their records lacked information with which to calculate duration of exposure to TCDD*contaminated processes. Therefore, the SMRs for each cause and the observed deaths for liver are slightly different from those on Table 5. 2918 j?-3o7& table 9. Mortality from All Cancers Combined and from Cancer of trachea. Bronchus and lung by latency and Duration of Exposure to ICDD-Contaminated Processes, Duration of Exposure to ICDD-Contominated Processes (fears) trend Test <p> Cause Latency Period 1 Obsb SMR 1-<5 Obs SMR 5- <15 Obs SMR >15 Obs SMR Overal1 Obs SMR All Cancers 0 - 10 10 - 20 Over 20 Total (SMB) (SRR) 10 68 28 109 8 102 86 98 100 8 71 16 87 59 165** 83 127* 127 3 71 18 122 37 138 58 126 123 00 7 3*0* IB 115 25 H I 129 21 70 69 113 162 129' 252 116' (.3) Trachea, Bronchus t lung 0 - 10 10 - 20 Over 20 Total (SMB) (SRR) 3 77 6 69 17 96 26 86 100 3 95 5 79 17 126 25 109 109 1 79 9 180 U 146 24 151 166 00 1 137 9 156 10 154 136 7 84 21 101 57 123 85 112 (.2) * p<.05, * p<.01 * Excludes 202 workers missing duration of assignment to TCDD-contaminated processes on work records. Therefore, the observed deaths and SMBs for lung and all cancers are slightly different from those on Table 5. b Obs, observed deaths; SMB, standard!ted mortality ratio; SRR, standardiied rate ratio. to CD "v l CD Table 10 Mortality from All Cancers Combined and from Cancer ol Trachea, Bronchus and Lung by Latency and Duration of Total Employment at the Study Plants*. Cause Latency Period (Tears) Duration of Total Employment at Study Plants (Tears) Trend Test <P> <5 5- <10 0bsb SMR Obs SMR 10- <15 Obs SMR 15- <20 Obs SMR 20-<25 Obs SMR 25- <30 Obs SMR 30 Obs SMR TOTAL Obs SMR All Cancers 0 - 1 0 10 85 1 18 10 - 20 21 111 5 126 Over 20 L0 138 15 U O Total (SMR) 71 120 21 104 (SRR) 100 99 00 12 103 6 70 18 89 61 00 8 80 15 98 23 91 76 00 00 34 134 34 134 128 00 00 31 116 31 116 84 00 00 54 135* 54 135* 115 11 64 46 105 195 125** 252 116 (.9 ) Trachea Bronchus t Lung 0 - 10 10 - 20 Over 20 Total (SMR) (SRR) 3 5 11 19 103 82 102 96 100 1 74 00 2 51 3 46 65 00 5 139 2 65 7 105 91 00 4 122 3 55 7 81 89 00 00 12 133 12 133 171 00 00 18 180* 18 180* 147 00 00 .19 126 19 126 98 4 94 14 98 67 117 85 112 <.05 **<.01 * Escltides 202 workers missing duration of assignment to TCDD-contaminated processes on work records. b Obs, observed deaths; SMR, standard!ted mortality ratio; SRR, standardized rate ratio. (.6 ) to C> QO o Cl a a a 1/45-TetracMorobenzeno OH I a-0 + oXDCo^Oa 2.3.7.8-TCDD Q 'i f \Va X w2A fyT OH HERBICIDE INSECTICIDE BACTERIODE and FUNGICIDE / H . o c - OH jy a i oc O ^ C H f ' c^a ch, ao OCH- /Y 3 o' OCH a a a a Hoxachkxopheno Sflvex a a a Eibon a Ronnel Figure 1. Chemical Derivatives of 2,4,5-Trichloroplienol Contaminated with 2,3,7 ,8-TCDD t<xo> CO 10000 1000 a a > 100 o o o 10 Unexposed Group Mean = 7 ppt 1 0.1005 Mean 418 ppt M ean - 69 ppt x d o ,, o5 * "" a b D tP'tl d qB o ,, # * * * g j ' 2 a rP _ JDD O x n xP x v ,f " B k fj, q 0 O n * ' % a a* eP X x Xv iX DD d X P1 * a a x i> dp "x o o o X DX x '" " 1 -- 0.005 0.05 0.5 1.0 YEARS OF EXPOSURE ono PLANT 1 XXX PLANT 2 r = 0.72, p = 0.0001 '"T---5 0 50.0 'O 1 CO U i <22 o CO oQ CO O Figure 2. Lipid Adjusted Serum Levels of 2,3,7,0-TCDD (ppt) by Years of Exposure ^ P?eu-D i)c f \ P^Vglt j e : Y ? ' 1411 ~ 83il ^4-^Vdbj 3E2,- 5%H 2983 P-3ol APPENDIX A PART II 2984 NUMBER DOCUMENT 2 8 5 2 AUTHOR DON ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: DATE 12/30/6$ TYPE PAGES LETTER HAMMER OH SACHS SB 1 DOCUMENT 2 8 5 3 00/00/73 AUTHOR! UNIV OF CINCINNATI ADDRESSEE! COPYEE-' REPORT HILSON JG 3 DOCUMENT 285$ AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE USDA COPYEE: DOM 03/0$/60 LETTER MCINTYRE HH MHITE RO LYNN GE 1 DOCUMENT 2 8 5 5 00/00/79 REPORT 6 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE! COPYEE GEHRING PJ DOCUMENT 2856 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE* DOM COPYEE: 02/25/6$ LETTER HAMMER OH SACKS SB 1 DOCUMENT 2857 07/08/66 AUTHOR: LAUDEN LL ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE: HAMMER OH STAMPER ER LETTER 1 SACHS S LA STATE UNIV USDA DOCUMENT 2858 09/00/73 AUTHOR: BAUGHMAN R t o ADDRESSEE CD COPYEE: GO O l DOCUMENT 2859 0$/09/63 CP AUTHOR: DOM o AODRESSEE! d> COPYEE: VJ REPORT HARVARD REPORT 10 8 TITLE PAGE All SPEC IFIC ANIMALS IN TERATOGENICITY TESTING (ENVIRONMENT AND BIRTH DEFECTS). OUELETTE FE SOUTHWICK L EFFECTS OF TCDD ON SPLENIC LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION IN MICE AFTER SINGLE AND REPEATED EXPOSURES (ANNALS NY ACADEMY OF SCI 3 2 0 , A87-497) . SHARMA RP UT ST UNIV LOUPE D MILLHOLLON R AN ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR DETECTING TCDD (DIOXIN) LEVELS OF TCDD IN SAMPLES FROM VIETNAM (ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES). MESELSON M DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF 2-C245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY)-PR0PI0NIC ACID AND THE PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOBUTYL ETHER ESTERS OF 2-(2A5-TRICHLOROPHENOXY) PROPIONIC ACID IN SUGAR CANE PULP. NUMBER DOCUMENT 2860 DATE 08/13/59 TYPE TEST PAGES 5 AUTHOR* DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 2861 AUTHOR DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE 03/09/77 REPORT SHADOFF LA 6 DOCUMENT 2 8 6 2 09/24/59 TEST 10 AUTHOR* DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2 8 6 3 02/21/78 PRESENT 15 AUTHOR* BLAIR EH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOM DOCUMENT 2864 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE* 09/00/69 LABEL 1 DOCUMENT 2 8 6 5 00/00/78 AUTHOR* GIVAUDAN RESEARCH SAMBETH J ADDRESSEE* COPYEE REPORT 82 HOFFMAN LAROCHE WIPF H DOCUMENT 2866 02/05/68 ABSTRACT 1 2986 9-30^ AUTHOR* BAILEY GM USDI ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: COCHRANE DR TITLE PAGE 412 DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTERS OF 2-(245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY) PROPIONIC ACID IN SUGAR CANE JUICE. STATEMENT OF LEWIS A SHADOFF ON TCDD IN THE ENVIRONMENT. DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF 2(245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY> PROPIONIC ACID, OR THE PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTERS OF 2(245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY) PROPIONIC ACID IN SUGAR CANE PULP. THE CHALLENGE OF DEVELOPING SAFE AND EFFECTIVE CHEMICALS FOR CREATING A PRODUCT FOREST ENVIRONMENT (SYMPOSIUM ON THE USE OF HERBICIDES IN FORESTRY USDA EPA, ARLINGTON, VA 7802 2 1 TO 7 8 0 2 2 2 ) . KURON. THE SEVESO ACCIDENT, ITS NATURE, EXTENT AND CONSEQUENCES. HOMBERGER E REGGIANI G THE DEGRADATION, KINETICS, AND PERSISTENCE OF SILVEX UNDER IMPOUNDED CONDITIONS (ABSTRACTS 6 8 0 0 0 0 MEETING OF THE WSSA NEW ORLEANS LA 6 8 0 2 0 5 TO 6 8 0 2 0 8 ) . FED WATER POLLUTION CONT POPE JD JR NUMBER DOCUMENT 2867 DATE 06/06/79 TYPE REPORT PAGES 31 AUTHOR! HOFFMANN LAROCHE ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2868 AUTHOR' DOH ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE' 06/29/71 DOCUMENT 2 8 6 9 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 12/00/70 DOCUMENT 2 8 7 0 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 06/29/71 DOCUMENT 2871 10/17/75 AUTHOR* DAVIDSON JH ADDRESSEE: EPA COPYEE* DOW GETZENDANER ME HOFF RC SHELDON HW DOCUMENT 2 8 7 2 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* 08/05/71 DOCUMENT 2 8 7 3 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 09/00/71 REGGIANI G LABEL LETTER HOERGER FD REA JM 7 LABEL 2 LABEL 1 LETTER 2 DOW JOHNSON E BLAIR EH GIBSON N M MCCOLLISTER DD LETTER REA JM HOERGER FD 1 LABEL 1 2987 TITLE PAGE Al3 ACUTE HUMAN EXPOSURE TO TCDD IN SEVESO, ITAIYICONFERENCE ON SCIENTIFIC RESOLUTION OF DISPUTE IN DECISION MAKING PROCESS)(WORKSHOP ON HUMAN EXPOSURE TO 245T AND TCDD WASHINGTON DC 7 9 0 6 0 4 TO 7 9 0 6 0 6 ) . KURON BRUSH KILLER USDA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR LETTER OF 7 0 1 1 0 4 . KURON LOW VOLATILE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER (USDA REGISTRATION 464-162). KURON BRUSH KILLER REVISED LABELING. LOT NUMBERS OF 245-TRICHL0R0PHENDL PRODUCED SINCE 7 4 0 8 0 0 . CRUMMETT WB GLEESON JG MULL I SON WR OEHRING P J HEFNER RE PARSEY ES LABELS AND DATA FOR KURON BRUSH KILLER EPA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR LETTER OF 7 1 0 6 2 9 . KURON LOW VOLATILE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER (EPA REGISTRATION 464-162-AA). 2988 p HUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 2 8 7 4 01/10/72 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE* ADAMCZYK TA COPYEE! DOH HATSON AJ DOCUMENT 2 8 7 5 AUTHOR* DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 11/00/75 DOCUMENT 2876 01/27/72 AUTHOR* ADAMCZYK TE ADDRESSEE* DOH COPYEE* DOCUMENT 2877 AUTHOR* DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/72 DOCUMENT 2878 04/13/78 AUTHOR* CROH K ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 2879 00/00/77 AUTHOR* ABRAHAMSON LJ UNIV OF HI ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 2 8 8 0 12/26/72 AUTHOR* DOH ADDRESSEE* DOH COPYEE* DOH MCCOLLISTER DD TYPE PAGES LETTER HOERGER FD EPA LENG ML 1 REPORT JENSEN DJ 9 LETTER EPA HOERGER FD 1 LABEL 9 NEHS 3 REPORT NEH SCIENTIST REPORT 10 ALLEN JR UNIV OF HI MEDICAL LETTER HOERGER FD TALCOTT AT CAMPBELL T MULL ISON HR 1 TITLE PAGE HURON BRUSH KILLER, EPA REO 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 , YOUR LETTER OF 7 1 0 8 0 5 . Al* MCCOLLISTER DD MOFFAT RH DISSIPATION OF SILVEX FROM SOIL IN FIELDS TREATED WITH KURON HERBICIDE. MILLER PW KURON BRUSH KILLER, EPA REO * 6 4 - 1 6 2 , YOUR LETTER OF 7 2 0 1 1 0 . KURON LOW VOLATILE HEED AND BRUSH KILLER EPA REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 SUPPLEMENTAL LABELING. CHLORACNE THE CHEMICAL DISEASE (NEW S C IEN TIST, 7 8 - 8 0 ) . PRINCESS MARGARET HOSPIT MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN MONKEYS CONSUMING A DIET CONTAINING LOW LEVELS OF TCDD (FD COSMET TOXICOL 1 5 , 4 0 1 - 4 1 0 ) . BARSOTTI DA LALICH J J SCHOO VANMILLER J P LETTER ENCLOSING LABELING COPY FOR DOHPON M, KURON, AND SODIUM TCA INHIBITED CTTL. GANTZ RL WATSON AJ LENG ML HOOD CR NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 2881 00/00/80 AUTHOR F HOFFMANNLAROCHE ADDRESSEE' COPYEE TYPE PAGES REPORT 19 REGGIANI G DOCUMENT 2 8 8 2 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 09/00/73 LABEL 2 DOCUMENT 2 8 8 3 09/05/77 REPORT 42 AUTHOR HOFFMANN LAROCHE ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 2 8 8 4 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 01/05/73 DOCUMENT 2 8 8 5 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE CAST COPYEE 01/10/73 DOCUMENT 2886 00/00/57 AUTHOR KIMMIG J ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 2 8 8 7 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE 01/10/73 DOCUMENT 2888 00/00/57 AUTHOR KIMMIG J ADDRESSEE COPYEE REGGIANI G LABEL 16 LEGIS 2 MULLISON WR REPORT SCHULZ KH 2 LEGIS 1 MULLISON WR REPORT SCHULZ KH 5 2989 TITLE PAGE 415 ACUTE HUMAN EXPOSURE TO TCDD IN SEVESCO, ITALY (JOUR OF TOX AND ENVIRON HEALTH 6 ( 2 7 ) , 2 7 - 4 3 ) . KURON LOW VOLATILE BRUSH AND WEED HERBICIDE ( S A 4 . 0 0 B ) . MEDICAL PROBLEMS RAISED BY THE TCDD CONTAMINATION IN SEVESO ITALY (PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (MEDICHEM) SAN FRANCISCO, CA 7 7 0 9 0 5 TO 7 7 0 9 1 0 ) . KURON LOW VOLATILE BRUSH AND WEED HERBICIDE. KURON (APPLICATION FOR AMENDED REGISTRATION OF ECONOMIC POISONS). CHLORIERTE AROMATISCHE ZYKLISCHE THER ALS URASCHE DER SOGENANNTEN CHLORAKNE (NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN, 4 4 , 3 3 7 - 3 3 8 ) . UNIVERSITATS HAUTKLINIK KURON(APPLICATION FOR AMENDED REGISTRATION OF ECONOMIC POISONS). OCCUPATIONAL CHLORACNE CAUSED BY AROMATIC CYCLIC ETHERS (DERMATOLOGICA 1 1 5 , 5 4 0 - 5 4 6 ) . UNIV CLINIC OF DERMATOLO 2990 NUMBER DOCUMENT 2889 AUTHOR.- EPA ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* DATE 03/05/73 DOCUMENT 2890 02/21/78 AUTHOR: HAVARD ADDRESSEE COPYEE* DOCUMENT 2891 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* EPA COPYEE* 03/13/73 DOCUMENT 2 8 9 2 08/19/78 AUTHOR* HOFFMAN LAROCHE ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* DOCUMENT 2 8 9 3 00/ 0 0 / 0 0 AUTHOR* UK HLLMSHR HOS ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 2899 11/23/78 AUTHOR* HOFFMAN- LAROCHE ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* DAVIDSON1 JH DOCUMENT 2 8 9 5 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* oo/oo/oo DOCUMENT 2896 03/20/79 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* TYPE PAGES LETTER 9 MOUNTFORT RF MULLISON WR PRESENT 11 MESELSON M LETTER 1 MULLISON WR MOUNTFORT RF LETTER 1 REGGIANI G SCARNWEBER HC REPORT WARD AM 28 LETTER REGGIANI G GEHRING PJ HOLDER BB 1 LEGAL 17 REPORT OTT MG 9 TITLE PAGE <16 AMENDMENTS KURON BRUSH KILLER EPA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 Z YOUR APPLICATION OF 730110. COMMENTS ON THE EVALUATION OF POSSIBLE HEALTH HAZARDS FROM TCDD IN THE ENVIRONMENT!SYMPOSIUM ON THE USE OF HERBICIDES IN FORESTRY ARLINGTON, VA 7 8 0 2 1 1 TO 7 8 0 2 2 2 ) . AMENDMENTS KURON EPA REG < 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR LETTER OF 7 3 0 3 0 5 . SEVESO ACCIDENT INFORMATION CTTL. YOUNG AL USAF INVESTIGATION OF THE IMMUNE CAPABILITY OF WORKERS PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO TCDD. HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE AFTER TCDD EXPOSURE CTTL. REGGIANI MG HOFFMAN LAROCHE SCHWETZ BA WILLARD AND B ILLIE SHOECRAFT VS. THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY EXHIBIT C 2<5 TRICHLOROPHENOL ANALYTICAL AND SHIPMENT RECORD. A FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF HEALTH EXAM PARAMETERS 8 MORTALITY ON 61 EMPLOYEES PRESUMABLY EXPOSED TO TCDD IN A TRICHLOROPHENOL PROCESS DURING 1 9 6 4 . 2991 9-3^ NUMBER DOCUMENT 2897 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE DATE 05/01/73 DOCUMENT 2898 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE DOW 05/21/73 DOCUMENT 2 8 9 9 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 06/27/73 DOCUMENT 2 9 0 0 10/06/72 AUTHOR WEST AD ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE DOCUMENT 2901 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 03/00/73 DOCUMENT 2 9 0 2 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE 05/01/73 DOCUMENT 2903 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE 06/27/73 DOCUMENT 2 9 0 4 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE 06/13/73 TYPE PAGES LETTER 2 MOUNTFORT RF MULL ISON MR LETTER 6 REPORT LENG ML PARRAN HM JR MCCOLLISTER DD LABEL 16 LETTER 1 WEST TREE SERVICE WRIGHT WG REPORT NATION HA 2 LETTER 2 MOUNTFORT RF MULLISON MR LETTER 2 MULLISON WR MOUNTFORT RF LABEL LETTER 15 TITLE PAGE KURON BRUSH KILLER EPA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR LETTER OF 7 3 0 3 1 3 . 417 PESTICIDE PETITION 8F0675 (SILVEX)FOOD ADDITIVE PETITION 2H 5001. KURON LOH VOLATILE BRUSH AND HEED HERBICIDE. NOTES ON POHER TRANSMISSION LINE BRUSH CONTROL TEST NEAR ST. FRANCISVILLE, LAPLACE, LA 7 2 0 0 0 0 . KURON BRUSH KILLER EPA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR LETTER OF 7 3 0 3 1 3 . KURON HEED AND BRUSH KILLER EPA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR LETTER OF 7 3 0 5 0 1 . KURON LOH VOLATILE BRUSH AND HEED HERBICIDE. 9 - 2 > ^o 2992 NUMBER DOCUMENT 2 9 0 5 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE: DOH COPYEE: DATE 08/13/73 DOCUMENT 2906 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 09/00/7J DOCUMENT 2907 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE: 10/17/7J DOCUMENT 2 9 0 8 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE 09/00/73 DOCUMENT 2 9 0 9 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE DOH COPYEE: 11/05/73 DOCUMENT 2 9 1 0 05/13/7 AUTHOR: ADAMCZYK TE ADDRESSEE: HOERGER FD COPYEE: LENG ML DOCUMENT 2911 07/23/7 AUTHOR: GUEST RT ADDRESSEE: DOH COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2 9 1 2 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE!: EPA COPYEE: DOH 08/01/7 TYPE PAGES LETTER I GTL MULLISON HR 1 LABEL 2 LEGIS HOERGER FD 1 LABEL 2 LETTER 1 MOUNTFORT RF MULLISON HR LETTER EPA SOUTHWICK L 1 LETTER RUTGERS UN1V LENG ML 1 LETTER LENG ML GUEST RT 2 TITLE PAGE 418 KURON BRUSH KILLER EPA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR APPLICATION OF 7 3 0 6 2 7 . MOUNTFORT RF KURON LOH VOLATILE BRUSH AND HEED HERBICIDE. KURON (APPLICATION FOR AMENDED REGISTRATION OF ECONOMIC POISONS). KURON LOH VOLATILE BRUSH AND HEED HERBICIDE. KURON BRUSH KILLER EPA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR APPLICATION OF 7 3 1 0 1 2 . KURON BRUSH KILLER EPA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR APPLICATION OF 7 3 1 0 1 7 . STRINGER HM REQUEST TO PETITION EPA TO ESTABLISH A TOLERANCE FOR SILVEX ON APPLES CTTL. IR -4 PETITION SILVEX IN APPLES. MCCOLLISTER DD RUTGERS UNIV NUMBER DOCUMENT 2 9 1 3 DATE 10/00/54 AUTHOR DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2 9 1 4 05/00/69 AUTHOR: PALMER J S ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2 9 1 5 04/01/64 AUTHOR: CLARK DE ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2916 01/18/66 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2917 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE-1 11/00/70 DOCUMENT 2918 01/07/59 TYPE NEWS PAGES 4 REPORT HYMAS TA REPORT 28 RADELEFF RD REPORT HUNT LM 6 REPORT 16 MULL ISON HR NEHS 14 MULLISON HR REPORT 7 2993 AUTHOR: HALCO CHEM NJ ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2 9 1 9 01/08/58 AUTHOR-. NJ CONSERV DPT ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: O 0 YOUNGER RR REPORT YOUNGER RR 7 TITLE PAGE 419 SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON 24D AND 245T TYPE HERBICIDES AND AN EVALUATION OF THE HAZARDS TO LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR USE (AM JOUR OF VETERINARY R E S H D T E ). ROWE VK THE TOXICITY OF SOME ORGANIC HERBICIDE TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS (PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 1 0 6 ) USDA. USDA ARS TOXICOLOGIC EFFECTS OF SILVEX ON YEARLING CATTLE (JAVMA 1 4 4 ( 7 ) , 750-755). PALMER J S USDA SOME TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SILVEX (PRESENTED AT THE SOUTHERN WEED CONF 6 6 0 1 1 8 JACKSONVILLE FL MPUBLISHED IN PROC SOUTHERN HEED CONF 1 9 , 4 2 6 - 4 3 5 6 6 0 0 0 0 ) . EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON WATER AND IT S INHABITANTS (WEED SCIENCE 18(6), 738-750). PROGRESS REPORT ON THE USE OF KURON, 24D AND 2 4 5 -T P GRANULES AS AQUATIC HERBICIDES (REPRINTED FROM PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NE WEED CONTROL CONF, 5 9 0 1 0 7 TO 5 9 0 1 0 8 TO 590100). PRELIMINARY STUDIES USING KURON AS AN AQUATIC HERBICIDE (NORTHEASTERN WEED CONTROL CONFERENCE, NEW YORK CITY JANUARY 1 9 5 8 ) . NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 2920 OA/OO/58 AUTHOR: NJ CONSERV DPT ADDRESSEE * COPYEE DOCUMENT 2921 07/00/65 AUTHOR: CORNELL UNIV ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2 9 2 2 01/07/59 AUTHOR: BOSCHETTI MM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2 9 2 5 10/15/58 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE BARRONS KC GIBSON JW KAGY J F SPALDING JL DOCUMENT 292A 10/10/58 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE BARRONS KC GIBSON JW KAGY J F SPALDING JL DOCUMENT 2 9 2 5 11/13/58 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE BARRONS KC HAMMER OH LIPPIE LJ SPALDING J TYPE PAGES REPORT 2 YOUNGER RR REPORT COWELL BC 2 REPORT 7 MA HEALTH DPT REPORT WRIGHT ML BOUNDY RH HANSON RG RITTY PM STRATTON S I 16 REPORT WRIGHT WL BOUNDY RH HANSON RG RITTY PM STRATTON S I 15 REPORT WATSON AJ BLAIR EH HANSON RG LYNN GE SWEZEY AW 15 TITLE PAGE 420 A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON CONTROLLING AQUATIC VEGETATION IN NEH JERSEY WITH HURON (DTE SPRING 1 9 5 8 ) . THE EFFECTS OF SILVEX ON AQUATIC VEGETATION AND PLANKTON IN CENTRA NEW YORK FARM PONDS (DTE 21 ( 1 - 2 ) 1 0 , 20 SUMMER-FALL 1 9 6 5 ) . FIELD TESTING OF HURON AS AN AQUATIC HERBICIDE IN MASSACHUSETTS (NORTHEASTERN WEED CONTROL CONFERENCE JANUARY 1 9 5 9 ) . FIELD-TANK EXPERIMENTS IN AQUATIC WEED CONTROL ( T A - 1 3 3 ) . TRUCHELUT GB COULTER LL JOHNSON JE SEYMOUR KG WATSON AJ DAVIDSON JH JOSEPHS MJ SHIGLEY CM TANK-FARM EVALUATIONS OF COMPOUND COMBINATIONS AS AQUATIC HERBICIDES (T A -1 3 2 ). LARDRAN J F ILLEG COULTER LL JOHNSON JE SEYMOUR KG WATSON AJ DAVIDSON JH JOSEPHS MJ SHIGLEY CM A FIELD EVALUATION OF SEVERAL EXPERIMENTAL AQUATIC HERBICIDES SUPPLEMENT TO SH-REPORT 391 (REPORT S H - 3 9 3 ) . COLBY RW JOHNSON JE NORTON TR VANVALKENBURG JW DIETER CE KAGY J F PERKINS RP WARREN LE NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 2926 09/19/58 AUTHOR! AL POLTECHNIC INST MATSON AJ ADDRESSEE COPYEE ' DOH BLAIR EH HANSON RG LIPPIE LJ PERKINS RP MARREN LE TYPE REPORT DOM PAGES 41 HAMMER OH BOUNDY RH HINMAN CM LYNN GE SPALDING JS DOCUMENT 2927 11/23/56 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE' COPYEE BARRONS KC JOHNSON JE REPORT MATSON AJ BOUNDY RH KAGY J F 7 DOCUMENT 2 9 2 8 12/15/55 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE' BARRONS KC JOHNSON JE NUTTING HS DOCUMENT 2 9 2 9 03/24/55 AUTHOR'- DOM ADDRESSEE' COPYEE! DOM COLBY RH LYNN GE DOCUMENT 2 9 3 0 01/24/54 AUTHOR' DOM ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' BARRONS KC COLLIER BL GRAY HE MULLISON HR PEARSE FS REPORT MATSON AJ BOUNDY RH KAGY J F PEARSE FS 9 REPORT NYMAN F MATSON AJ DAVIDSON JH NORTON TR 7 REPORT MATSON AJ BAYNOR RN DAVIDSON JH JOHNSON JE NATION HA WARDEN RL 13 ro CD CD CJ1 & -G TITLE A FIELD EVALUATION (REPORT S H -3 9 1 ) . HAMMER OH MATSON AJ COLBY RM JOHNSON JE NORTON TR SMEZEY AM PAGE 421 SEVERAL EXPERIMENTAL AQUATIC HERBICIDES LAMRENCE JM BARRONS KC DIETER CE KAGY JF NUTTING HS VANVALKENBURG JM RESPONSE OF COTTON TO LOM RATES OF PHENOXY ACETIC, PROPIONIC AND BUTYRIC ACIDS (REPORT S H - 3 8 0 ) . COLBY RM NORTON TR DAVIDSON JH SOUTHHICK L FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE RESPONSE OF COTTON TO 24D , 245T AND SILVEX, 1955 RESULTS (REPORT S H - 3 7 0 K COLBY RM LYNN GE DAVIDSON JH NORTON TR FIELD SCREENING RESULTS HITH SEVERAL EXPERIMENTAL HERBICIDES 5 4 0 0 0 0 (REPORT S H - 3 6 5 ) . MATSON AJ BARRONS KC JOHNSON JE NUTTING HS BOUNDY RH KAGY J F FIELD STUDIES MITH SILVEX - 1954 (REPORT S H - 3 6 3 ) . BOUNDY RH DIETER CE KAGY JF NORTON TR COLBY RM GIBSON JH LYNN GE NUTTING HS .UMBER DATE DOCUMENT 2931 01/00/55 AUTHOR ! DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE ALOUIST FN BRITTON EC JOHNSON JE SMITH HL DOCUMENT 2 9 3 2 12/10/48 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' IR ISH DD DOCUMENT 2 9 3 3 11/21/56 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: BARRONS KC DAVIDSON JY NORTON TR SOUTHWICK LL DOCUMENT 2 9 3 4 04/07/55 AUTHOR: MARTIN RT ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: BARRONS KC DAVIDSON JH LYNN GE SWEZEY AW DOCUMENT 2 9 3 5 12/00/54 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE ALOUIST FN BRITTON EC KAGY J F SMITH HL DOCUMENT 2936 00/00/00 AUTHOR: GRIGSBY BH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: CUTLER WA TYPE PAGES REPORT 54 TRUCHELUT GB BARRONS KC DUTTON WC KAOY J F SOUTHWICK L REPORT SWEZEY AW 11 REPORT MARTIN RT BOUNDY RH DOAN LA NUTTING HS WATSON AJ 24 REPORT 16 PACIFIC CHEMICA BOUNDY RH FAYERWEATHER BL NORTON TR REPORT 45 HUDGINS HR BARRONS KC DUTTON WC NORTON TR SOUTHWICK L REPORT 6 MI ST COLLEGE REIMER CA j.V>-6 to CO co 00 TITLE PAGE 422 THE YIELD RESPONSE OF COTTON TO SILVEX AND OTHER GROHTH REGULATORS (TA -70). BEUTEL AP FAYERWEATHER BL NORTON TR STRATTON S I BOUNDY RH HUDGINS HR SHIGLEY CM MATSON AJ LABORATORY SCREENING STUDIES WITH DOH CHEMICALS FOR THE CONTROL OF ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL GRASSES (REPORT 8 2 ) . FIELD EVALUATION OF EIGHT PRE-EMERGENENCE CHEMICALS ON THREE HAWAIIAN SOILS (GS REPORT 2 9 0 ) . COLBY RW LYNN GE OTIS CE CURTIS RL MARTIN D RAYNOR RL PRE-EMERGENCE EXPERIMENTS WITH DOW CHEMICALS INTWO HAWAIIAN SUGAR CANE SOILS (REPORT 2 3 7 ) . COLBY RW JOHNSON JE NUTTING HS CURTIS RL KELLY JA RAYNOR RN COTTON DEFOLIATION RESULTS FOR TEXAS 1 9 5 4 ( T A - 9 ) . BEUTEL AP FAYERWEATHER BL SCHAMBRA WP STRATTON S I BOUNDY RH JOHNSON JE SHIGLEY CM TRUCHELUT GB OBSERVATIONS ON THE CONTROL OF CATTAIL TYPHA AMP, BY CHEMICAL SPRAYS. NUMBER DOCUMENT 2 9 3 7 DATE 07/05/55 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE' COPYEEs BARRONS KC DAVIDSON JH MULLISON HR HATSON AJ DOCUMENT 2938 02/28/55 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: BARRONS KC DAVIDSON JH LYNN GE TRUCHELUT GB DOCUMENT 2 9 3 9 05/21/57 AUTHOR: COULTER LL ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOH BRYANT CA DAVIDSON JH FOSTER T KELLY JA MULLISON HR RAYNOR RN SHELDON HH HARDEN RL DOCUMENT 2 9 9 0 03/17/55 AUTHOR: COULTER LL ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: ASADORIAN AA DAVIDSON JH MULLISON HR DOCUMENT 2991 08/06/52 AUTHOR: COULTER LL ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: TYPE REPORT PAGES 10 FISHER JR BOUNDY RH JOHNSON JE NORTON TR REPORT FISHER JR BOUNDY RH DOERNER MP MARTIN D 7 REPORT DOH ALLEN HH COLBY RH FALSEY HP GIBSON JH LEASURE JK NATION HA RITTY PM SMITH GN HARREN LE 10 REPORT DOH BARRONS KC HUMMER RH NORTON TR 15 REPORT 11 DOH to CO CO <1 TITLE PAGE 423 CHLOROARYLOXY DERIVATIVES OF PROPIONIC ACID AS COMPARED TO 24D IN THE CONTROL OF NEEDS IN RICE IN CALIFORNIA (ROI 1 0 8 1 0 ) (OS REPORT 240). COLBY RW LYNN GE NUTTING HS CURTIS RL MARTIN D RAYNOR RN 1954 FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY COMPARING SEVERAL DITHIOOXAMIDES WITH MAGRON AS COTTON DEFOLIANTS (REPORT 2 3 2 ) . COLBY RW JOHNSON JE NORTON TR CURTIS RL JOHNSTON J NUTTING HS "WHAT ABOUT KURONT" ( ACD PROJECT STATUS REPORT DOCUMENT 1 2 8 5 0 ) . BENDALL TJ CONNOR DL FAYERWEATHER BL GREEN J LYNN GE PEARSE FS ROWE VK SMITH HL WATSON AJ BRITTON JH COON ET FISHER JR GULLIKSON GE MADDOX J F PRESCOTT RF SEEKER B SOUTHWICK L WILTSE MG ACITIVITY OF SEVERAL CHEMICALS INCLUDING ETHYLENE GLYCOL BIS BROMOACETATE AS POTENTIAL CHEMICAL DEBARKING AGENTS (SH REPORT 3 6 4 ) . BOUNDY RH KAGY J F NUTTING HS COLBY RW LYNN GE PROGRESS REPORT ON WEED CONTROL WITH THE PROPYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTER OF 245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XYPR0PI0NIC ACID (H -1078)(R E P O R T SH 3 0 8 ) . UMBER DATE DOCUMENT 2 9 4 2 10/27/50 AUTHOR: BARRONS KC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DUNN EE DOCUMENT 2 9 4 3 AUTHOR : DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 07/00/59 DOCUMENT 2 9 4 4 01/00/61 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 2 9 3 5 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 04/00/73 DOCUMENT 2946 01/00/62 AUTHOR* GAYLOR J ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* HOUSER A DOCUMENT 2947 12/04/80 TYPE PAGES REPORT 16 DOW IR ISH DD REPORT 2 REPORT RITTY PM 10 REPORT SOUTHWICK L 7 NEWS 4 SAM ROB NOBLE F REPORT 4 AUTHOR * CA REGIONAL WATER DUAL IT JOSEPH DC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2948 11/17/80 REPORT AUTHOR: NORTH COAST REGIONAL WAT ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 31 <0 O CoP oe co oo 6" PAGE A2A IE THE PERSISTENCE IN SOIL AND THE TOXICITY TO CERTAIN GRASSES OF SEVERAL SUBSTITUTED PHENOXY ALIPHATIC ACIDS CE 2 3 . 1 4 - 1 - 6 , E - 3 9 ) . HURON FOR AQUATIC WEED CONTROL (DTE 1 5 ( 1 ) , 1 6 ) . HHAT HAPPENS TO PHENOXY HERBICIDES WHEN APPLIED TO A WATERSHED AREA(INFORMATION SHEET) ( PRESENTED AT NE WEED CONTROL CONF 610100MDA l.OOSL). WINSTON AW JR HURON SILVEX HERBICIDE CONTINUES TO GAIN ACCEPTANCE (DTE 2 8 ( 4 ) , 26-32). THREE YEARS RESULTS WITH SILVEX FOR AQUATIC PLANT CONTROL IN OKLAHOMA (DTE 1 8 ( 3 ) , 2 - 4 , 1 9 6 2 ) . CALIFORNIA REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD NORTH COAST REGION RESOLUTION NO. 8 0 - 1 8 AMENDING THE WATER QUALITY CONTROL PLANS FOR THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN AND THE NORTH COASTAL BASIN, ACTION PLAN FOR CONTROL OF DISCHARGES OF PESTICIDES WASTES FROM SILVICULTURAL AND RELATED APPLICATIONS. DRAFT WORK PROGRAM FOR CONTROL OF PESTICIDE DISCHARGES TO NORTH COAST WATERS. .UMBER DOCUMENT 2949 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* DOW DATE 03/19/75 DOCUMENT 2 9 5 0 07/12/66 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* DOWNARD GW COPYEE* DOW COMPTON CC LOUPE D SACHS SB WARD J DOCUMENT 2951 11/02/65 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* DOWNARD GM COPYEE* DOW DOCUMENT 2 9 5 2 06/01/65 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* DOWNARD GM COPYEE* DOW DOCUMENT 2 9 5 3 05/10/65 AUTHOR* DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* DOCUMENT 295A 0 1/0A /65 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* DOWNARD GM COPYEE* DOW DOCUMENT 2 9 5 5 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* 11/28/77 DOCUMENT 2956 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* 08/18/75 TYPE PAGES LETTER HOLMSEN TW DAVIDSON JH HANSON RG 1 LETTER HAMMER OH USDA USDA LA ST UNIV LYNN GE SOUTHWICK L WATSON AJ 2 LETTER SACHS SB USDA HAMMER OH 1 LETTER SACHS SB USDA HAMMER OH 1 LETTER USDA SACHS SB 1 LETTER SACHS SB USDA HAMMER OH 1 LETTER 1 MOUNTFORT RF LENG ML LETTER <\ MOUNTFORT RF LENG ML /, boC'G to CD CD CD TITLE TCDD EFFECTS ON PLANTS. PAGE 425 REVISED LABEL FOR KURON (USDA REO 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) ON SUGAR CANE. AG EX SERVICE LA LAUDEN LL MILLHOLLEN R STAMPER ER AM SUGAR CANE LEAGUE LICHY CT RUTGERS UNIV SUNDERLAND WH HURON REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 . SUNDERLAND WW KURON, REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 . SUNDERLAND WW KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 SUBMITTED 6 5 0 3 2 5 . KURON REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 . SUNDERLAND WH NUMBER DOCUMENT 2957 DATE 07/28/78 TYPE LETTER PAGES 1 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE* DOM COPYEE* DOCUMENT 2958 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 05/00/78 DOCUMENT 2 9 5 9 AUTHOR* DOM ADDRESSEE* EPA COPYEE* DOW 05/17/78 DOCUMENT 2 9 6 0 AUTHOR* DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 09/00/71 DOCUMENT 2961 08/12/76 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* DOM COPYEE* DOM TRAYNOR MJ DOCUMENT 2 9 6 2 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 06/17/63 DOCUMENT 2 9 6 3 05/25/70 AUTHOR* BRADY P ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOW SCHMIDTKE DJ MOUNTFORT RF MULL ISON MR LABEL 1 LETTER MULLISON HR MOUNTFORT RF SMITH LL 1 LABEL 2 LETTER HERITIER MJ STEPHENSON E HOLDER BB TREE RM 1 REPORT 1 REPORT DOM CHASE F I VOGELSANG P 5 w o o oo TITLE PAGE 426 AMENDMENTS LABEL REVISIONS DOH DMA 6 UNSEQUESTERED EPA REO 4 6 4 -4 6 7 DMA 4 HERBICIDE EPA REO 4 6 4 - 1 9 6 DOH DMA-6 HEED KILLER EPA REO 4 6 4 - 1 5 1 KURON LOH VOLATILE BRUSH AND HEED HERBICIDE EPA REO 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR APPLICATION OF 7 8 0 5 1 7 . KURON LOH VOLATILE BRUSH AND HEED HERBICIDE (EPA REO 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) . KURON EPA REO 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 LABELS. HOODS CD KURON LOH VOLATILE HEED AND BRUSH KILLER (EPA REGISTRATION 4 64-162-A A ). DEMOLITION CONTRACT FOR DOHICIDE PLANT. SCHNEIDER EC OLSON RD SAUNDERS EE KUROSAL SL (LOT 4 7 0 0 8 2 H H A S T E CONTROL LABORATORY). THE MANUFACTURE OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES. HABERSTROH HH NILLIAMS L KENSICKI RF NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 2 9 6 4 12/18/70 AUTHOR! DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOM I CMH I EHB I JFK I LJM I RBJ I RJS I MBB STEAHLINO EC DOCUMENT 2 9 6 5 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 12/29/72 DOCUMENT 2966 01/16/76 TYPE PAGES ABSTRACT 1 HEDLUND RT I AJS I DDM I ERL I JHG I ML I RDM I RLG I MBN REPORT KENAGA EE 21 REPORT 15 AUTHOR: DOM SMITH FA ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOM HOLDER BB KOCIBA RJ MOOLENAAR RJ ROBINSON VB THOMPSON DJ DOCUMENT 2967 03/06/72 AUTHOR DOM THOMPSON DJ ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOM HAYDEN J JOHNSON JE MAFFII G NARANJO P ROME VK 5TRYCKER S ZELLERCELSO GEHRING P J BLAIR EH JOHNSON JE LENG ML NORRIS JM ROME VK MARNER SB REPORT 1 EMERSON JL BJORK K HINMAN C JOHNSON RV MCCOLLISTER DD NUMMY MR SCHELL X TEDESCHI R bb^'G CO o o h -4. TITLE PAGE 427 THE DECOMPOSITION OF PICLORAM IN SO IL , EFFECT OF SOIL DEPTH ON THE RATE (REPORT G S - 1 0 9 8 ) . MEIKLE RW YOUNOSON CR I CKB I DWO I FPP I KCB I PDL I REN I RVJ I WR I CSW I EEK I JEJ I KGS I PJG I RGH I TAH I WRN THE COMPARATIVE TOXICITY TO BIRDS OF DOW HERBICIDES CONTAINING CHLOROPHENOXYALKANOIC ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES (GHR 3 2 ) . REPORTS TERATOGENIC EFFECTS COMPARABLE TO THOSE SEEN IN STUDIES UTILIZING OTHER STRAINS OF MICE. THE INCIDENCE OF MALFORMATIONS WAS NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT AT THE 0 . 1 MIGROGRAMS PER KG PER DAY LEVEL AND BELOW. NITSCHKE KD SCHHETZ BA DAVIDSON JH KAYE SCHOLER LYNN GE OLSON RD SCHARNWEBER HC WESSEL MR HEFNER RE KILIAN DJ MCCOLLISTER DD RINZEMA L SPENCER HC YATES WM TERATOLOGY AND POSTNATAL STUDIES i h RATS TREATED ORALLY WITH 2-(245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY) PROPIONIC ACID (SILVEX) (REPORT 3 8 4 ) (CRI 722619). GERBIG CG STREBING RJ DEZULIAN MV HYMAS TA KAMMFRAAD A MILCH LJ PETERSON NR SCHWARZ AJ WHITE H GRAZIER G JOHNS D LYNN GE MUNDEN B ROBINSON VB SENSI P WOLF MA .UMBER DOCUMENT 2968 AUTHOR- DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 05/30/74 DOCUMENT 2 9 6 9 10/27/72 AUTHOR: DOW THOMPSON DJ ADDRESSEE COPYEE-' DOW HAYDEN J JOHNSON RV MILCH LJ SCHWARZ AJ WHITE H DOCUMENT 2 9 7 0 10/27/72 AUTHOR: DOW THOMPSON ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOW GRAZIER JOHNS D LYNN GE MILCH LJ PETERSON NR SCHWARZ AJ TEDESCHI R DOCUMENT 2971 00/00/00 AUTHOR: GREIG JB ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2 9 7 2 08/08/73 AUTHOR'- BOSSHARDT HP ADDRESSEE! DOW COPYEE- TYPE PAGES REPORT GEHRING P J 96 TITLE PAGE TCDD RESULTS OF A 13 WEEK ORAL TOXICITY STUDY IN RATS. KEELER PA KOCIBA RJ 428 REPORT 36 EMERSON JL BJORK K HINMAN C LYNN GE NARANJO P SENSI P WOLF MA ABSTRACT 1 EMERSON JL BJORK K HAYDEN J JOHNSON JE MAFFII G MUNDEN B ROBINSON VB SELLER L WHITE H ABSTRACT 1 TERATOLOGY AND POSTNATAL STUDIES IN RATS TREATED ORALLY WITH 2 - C245TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY)PR0PI0NIC ACID, PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTERS (SILVEX, PGBE). GERBIG CG STREBING RJ DEZULIAN MV HYMANS TA MAFFII G PETERSON NR STYCKER S ZELLERCELSO L GRAZIER G JOHNS D MCCOLLISTER DD ROBINSON VB TEDESCHI R "TERATOLOGY AND POSTNATAL STUDIES IN RATS TREATED ORALLY WITH 2 - t 245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY) PROPIONIC ACID, PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTERS (SILVEX, PGBE)" (LAB REPORT HH 4 7 8 ) . GERBIG CG STREBING RJ BRAHAMSHA GM HOUSE RJ JOHNSTON RV MARTIN J NARANJO P ROWE VK SENSI P WOLF MA DEZULIAN MV HYMAS TA KAMMERAAD A MCCOLLISTER DD NUMMY WR SCHELL K STRYCKER S NIEHS CONFERENCE ON CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS PROPOSED PRESENTATION(NIEHS CONF ON CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS DIBENZOFURANS, RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC, 7 3 0 4 0 2 TO 7 3 0 4 0 3 ) . LETTER 1 COVER LETTER DIOXINE HINTERHLTIGE UMWELTSOIFTE CTTL. SWISS FED RES STATION FO STEHL RH HUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 2 9 7 3 00/00/71 AUTHOR* COLLINS TFX ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* TYPE REPORT FDA PAGES 9 DOCUMENT 2 9 7 00/00/72 REPORT AUTHOR* AO RES CNCl POULTRY RES PETTIGREW RJ ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 7 DOCUMENT 2 9 7 5 00/00/72 AUTHOR* ANDERSEN KJ TAKAHASHI MT ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* REPORT 8 BATTELLE MEMORIAL DOCUMENT 2976 00/00/73 REPORT 6 AUTHOR* BEHSON WW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* EPA DOCUMENT 2977 05/00/78 AUTHOR* CARPENTIER J ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* REPORT 9 DOCUMENT 2978 00/00/7 REPORT 8 AUTHOR* AXELSON 0 ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* SUNDELL L DOCUMENT 2 9 7 9 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 12/00/78 LABEL 3 l o '& 00 o o 00 TITLE PAGE 429 TERATOGENIC STUDIES WITH 245T AND 24D IN THE HAMSTER (BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION 8 TOXICOLOGY 6 ( 6 ) , 5 5 9 - 5 6 7 ) . GRAY GC WILLIAMS CH THE SUBACUTE TOXICITY OF 24D AND 245T TO CHICKS (TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 2 1 , 3 4 8 - 3 5 4 ) . WHITEHEAD CC EVALUATION OF HERBICIDES FOR POSSIBLE MUTAGENIC PROPERTIES (JOUR AG FOOD CHEM 2 0 ( 3 ) , 6 4 9 - 6 5 6 ) . INST 0 LEIGHTY EG RUTGERS LYMPHOCYTE CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS DURING EXTENSIVE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDESiMUTATION RES 2 1 , 335-340). WATSON M YODER J HERBICIDE USE PERMITS VANCOUVER ISLAND, APPEAL BY MR. JACQUES CARPENTIER. HERBICIDE EXPOSURE, MORTALITY AND TUMOR INCIDENCE. AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION ON SWEDISH RAILROAD WORKERS (HORK ENVIRON HEALTH 1 1 , 2 1 - 2 8 ) . TORDON 101 MIXTURE. NUMBER DOCUMENT 2 9 8 0 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DATE 09/00/74 DOCUMENT 2981 00/00/79 AUTHOR ABRAHAMSON LJ ADDRESSEE' COPYEE DOCUMENT 2 9 8 2 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE 08/25/70 DOCUMENT 2 9 8 3 11/07/74 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: BROWN M LENO 1ML SEYMOUR K WOLF 1MA DOCUMENT 2984 12/19/79 AUTHOR HENCK JW ADDRESSEE COPYEE CAPUTO R KOLESAR RC RINZEMA L VENABLE JR DOCUMENT 2 9 8 5 12/19/79 AUTHOR: HENCK JH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: HENCK JW CAPUTO R KOLESAR RC OLSON KJ SMITH LL WESELOH JW TYPE LABEL PAGES 4 REPORT ALLEN JR 8 LETTER NORRIS JM ROWE VK 2 REPORT MATALON R CRUMMETT WB MAHLE NH STEHL RH 4 REPORT JERSEY GC DEGESERO RA LANHAM JM ROBINSON VB WESELOH JW 15 ABSTRACT JERSEY GC JERSEY GC DEGESERO RA LANHAM JM RAMPY LW STADE WG WESLOW J 1 'fcOj * O O TITLE _____ PAGE ASO KURON LOW VOLATILE BRUSH AND WEED HERBICIDE (EPA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 - A A ) . ORMONAL ALTERATIONS IN FEMALE RHESUS MONKEYS FED A DIET CONTAINING TCDDiENV CONTAM. TOXICOL. IN PRESS Z 1 C 3 ) ) . BARSOTTI DA UNIV OF HI ANALYSIS INFORMATION ON SAMPLES OF OCTACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN AND 27-DICHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN. DETERMINATION OF TCDD IN BRUSH KILLER LV 2-2 ML-AL 8 7 - 4 5 7 . HOFF RC MANFROM R THEIS J HOLDEMAN GE MCLAUGHLIN E HENGERT C ACNEGENIC POTENTIAL OF 24D SAMPLES (R8D REPORT HET K - 2 3 7 2 - ( 2 5 ) ) . RAO KS DOW OLSON KJ STADE WG FISHBECK H RAMPY LH TALCOTT TA ACNEGENIC POTENTIAL OF 24D SAMPLES CHET K - 2 3 7 2 - ( 2 5 ) ) . RAO KS RAO KS DOW LOCKWOOD DD RINZEMA L TALCOTT TA BUZZELLI D FISHBECK H MCGREGOR S ROBINSON VB VENABLE JR NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 2986 08/2A/71 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOW DOW HOLDER BB MCCOLLISTER DD DOCUMENT 2987 00/00/AA AUTHOR: MCCOLLISTER DD ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2988 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 08/00/70 DOCUMENT 2989 12/00/69. AUTHOR: US DEPT HEW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 2 9 9 0 11/09/65 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 2991 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 06/30/58 DOCUMENT 2 9 9 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 0A /05/56 TYPE PAGES REPORT 38 GEHRING PJ BLAIR EH JOHNSON JE PROBINSON VB REPORT ROWE VK 1A REPORT 2 ABSTRACT REPORT SPEC 21 2 TECH HOYLE HR 2 TECH HOYLE HR 2 co o 0 01 TITLE PAGE 431 THE EFFECT OF 2 4 0 AMD ESTERS OF 2 4 0 ON RAT EMBRYONAL, FETAL AND NEONATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. SCHWETZ BA SPARSCHU GL GORDON HL KILIAN D SCHWARZ AJ GORING CA LYNN GE WILLIAMS CS SEMICHRONIC ORAL TOXICITY OF 24D TO RATS. SPENCER HC DOW DISCUSSION OF SCIENTIFIC STUDIES ON TERATOLOGY OF 24D, 245T AND SILVEN ON CHICKENS, SHEEP AND RATS CTTL. TERATOGENICITY OF PESTICIDES (REPORT OF THE SECRETARY'S COMMISSION ON PESTICIDES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH). SKIN IRRITATION AND ACNEGENIC PROPERTIES OF VEON BRUSH KILLER, VEON 2 4 5 T , TORDON 101 MIXTURE AND WEEDAR 245T AMINE (COMPOSITION OF FORMULATIONS USED). ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OS DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS. MCCOLLISTER DD WOLF MA ESTERON BRUSH KILLER TYPE FORMULATION DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS. MCCOLLISIER DD TORKELSON TR 1BER DOCUMENT 2 9 9 3 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: DATE 02/18/63 TYPE PAGES TECH 2 HOYLE HR DOCUMENT 2996 07/31/58 TECH 2 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: HOYLE HR DOCUMENT 2 9 9 5 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 11/15/57 TECH 2 MCCOLLISTER DD DOCUMENT 2996 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: 00/00/00 REPORT 11 DOCUMENT 2997 10/11/56 LETTER 1 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE' DOM COPYEE' DOM ROME VK BRYANT C CRAIN HD DOCUMENT 2998 09/16/59 LETTER AUTHOR: DR HAL MOONEY 8 ASSOC MILLER DM ADDRESSEE COPYEE- 1 DOCUMENT 2999 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE- 00/00/00 NEMS 1 DOCUMENT 3000 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: 11/27/68 REPORT KING CD 1 S 3 CO o * o ooe U . PAGE 432 ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OS USING STANDARD 4 5 0 THINNER DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS. OLSON KJ OTEN F 128 OZ BUTYL( 5 0 - 5 0 ) BRUSH KILLERISPECIAl FORMULATION 3 3 ) DATA SHEET ON PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS. MCCOLLISTER DD OLSON KJ BRUSH KILLER DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS. OLSON KJ PETERSON JE A REVIEW OF LITERATURE PERTAINING TO 24D , 245T AND SILVEX. EXPRESSES AN OPINION THAT ANY FUMES ARISING FROM THE SPRAYING OF ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OR SIMILAR HERBICIDAL COMPOSITIONS WOULD HAVE NO EFFECT ON PERSONS 150 FEET AWAY CTTL. GAY HH ESTERON BRUSH KILLER. SILVEX TRACES FOUND IN WATER. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER TX TORDON ACID REQUEST FOR PATHOLOGY DOCUMENT 1001 AUTHOR- DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 12/17/68 DOCUMENT 3 0 0 2 12/13/68 AUTHOR CONRAN PB ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3003 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 12/27/65 DOCUMENT 300$ AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 12/02/68 DOCUMENT 3 0 0 5 12/12/68 AUTHOR CONRAN PB ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3006 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 11/27/68 DOCUMENT 3007 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 10/08/68 DOCUMENT 3008 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE' COPYEE 00/00/68 DOCUMENT 3 0 0 9 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 11/26/68 REPORT TRICE V 2 REPORT DOW 5 REPORT TRICE V 2 REPORT 1 SPARSCHU 6L REPORT DOW 3 REPORT KING CD 1 REPORT 1 REPORT 2 REPORT KING CD 1 <0 CO o o o U\ <1 T' IN 1Z4V BRUSH KILLER TX TORDON ACID SINGLE VAPOR POSURE. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER CCA TORDON ACID) REQUEST FOR PATHOLOGY. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER CA TORDON ACID. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER CA TORDON ACID REQUEST FOR PATHOLOGY. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER CA TORDON ACID REQUEST FOR PATHOLOGY. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER CA TORDON ACID REQUEST FOR PATHOLOGY. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER TOXICOLOGY WORKSHEET. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER CA TORDON ACID. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER REQUEST FOR PATHOLOGY. HU: DOCUMENT 110 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: i/(U u 12/04/68 DOCUMENT 3011 12/12/68 AUTHOR: CONRAN PB ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 0 1 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE* 11/07/68 DOCUMENT 3013 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 10/22/68 DOCUMENT 3014 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 11/04/68 DOCUMENT 3015 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 10/22/68 DOCUMENT 3016 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 12/19/68 DOCUMENT 3017 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 11/00/59 <i REPORT SPARSCHU GL 1 REPORT DOW 1 REPORT KING CD 5 REPORT DUNN FL 18 REPORT DUNN FL 6 REPORT DUNN FL 3 REPORT KING CD 2 REPORT 4 CO o o 00 TO N 124V BRUSH KILLER REQUEST FOR PATHOLOGY. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER 40 PERCENT CORN OIL REQUEST FOR PATHOLOGY. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER 10 PERCENT SOL CORN OIL REQUEST FOR PATHOLOGY. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER REQUEST FOR PATHOLOGY. LITCHFIELD NL TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER SKIN CONTACT IRRITATION. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER EYE CONTACT TEST. TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER 40 PERCENT CORN OIL (REQUEST FOR PATHOLOGY) CTTL. ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OS SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ITS HANDLING AND USE. N"MBER DOCUMENT .>018 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 11/00/70 DOCUMENT 3019 02/27/69 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOW DOW BYRD BC I AWS I JHG LENG ML DOCUMENT 3020 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 3021 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 3 0 2 2 08/26/70 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3023 06/17/70 TYPE PAGES REPORT 14 MULLISON WR REPORT 58 KENAGA EE ABLARD KD DAVIDSON JH I ERL I PDL LYNN GE REPORT 46 REPORT 19 - PRESENT 47 JOHNSON JE LEGIS 11 AUTHOR: BAYLEY ND HART PA ADDRESSEE: HART P COPYEE: BYERLY TC BYERLY TC US SENATE / q i -dr w O O CD TI" ~ PAGE 435 EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON HATER AND ITS INHABITANTS (HEED SCIENCE 18(6), 738-750). THE TOXICITY OF 24D 245T SILVEX MCPA DALAPON ERBON TCA PICLORAM DNBP AND THEIR DERIVATIVES AND FORMULATIONS TO FISH AND OTHER AQUATIC ORGANISMS ( G H - P - 5 8 1 ) . MCCOLLISTER DD BARRONS KC HANSEN RG I FHD I RDM MCCOY HJ BIDIACK HD I AJB I JFK I TAH ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PHENOXY COMPUNDS 24D , 2 4 5 T , 245TP (HAZARDS TO MAN). RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF 24D, SILVEX AND 245T APPLIED AS AERIAL BUD BREAK OR FOLIAR SPRAYS. INCOMPLETE DOC. SYMPOSIUM ENTITLED POSSIBLE PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF WIDESPREAD USE OF HERBICIDES (CHAIRMAN, DR ARTHUR GALSTON) (AM INST OF BIO SCIENCES). STATEMENT OF DR. NED D. BAYLEY, DIRECTOR OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION USDA ACCOMPANIED BY DR.T. C. BYERLY, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, SCIENCE AND EDUCATION USDA (EFFECTS OF 245T AND RELATED HERBICIDES ON MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT). USDA BAYLEY ND NU. _R DATE TYPE PAGES DOCUMENT 3 0 2 4 02/20/70 LEGIS 1 LETTER AUTHOR: IRVING 0 JR USDA ARS ADDRESSEE CENTER FOR STUDY OF RESP WELIFORD H COPYEE! DOCUMENT 3 0 2 5 01/12/70 LEGIS LETTER AUTHOR! CENTER FOR STUDY OF RESP HELIFORD H ADDRESSEE ANDERSON RJ USDA ARS COPYEE! 2 DOCUMENT 3026 11/17/69 LEGIS LETTER AUTHOR ANDERSON RJ USDA ARS ADDRESSEE CENTER FOR RESPONSIVE LA WELLFORD H COPYEE! 2 DOCUMENT 3 0 2 7 07/23/69 AUTHOR) MANGHAM FR ADDRESSEE EASLEY TJ COPYEE* LEGIS LETTER USDA ARS 2 DOCUMENT 3028 07/07/69 AUTHOR' HAYS HH ADDRESSEE' EASLEY JT COPYEE' LEGIS LETTER USDA ARS 1 DOCUMENT 3029 07/02/69 AUTHOR- EASLEY JT ADDRESSEE' HAYES HW COPYEE' LEGIS LETTER USDA ARS I frQ K'C UD O R itrai o TITL QE 436 EXHIBIT 7 (EFFECTS OF 245T AND RELATED HERIXCIDES ON MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT). EXHIBIT 6 (EFFECTS OF 245T AND RELATED HERBICIDES ON MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT). EXHIBIT 5 (EFFECTS OF 245T AND RELATED HERBICIDES ON MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT). EXHIBIT 4 (EFFECTS OF 245T AND RELATED HERBICIDES ON MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT). EXHIBIT 3 (EFFECTS OF 245T AND RELATED HERBICIDES ON MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT). EXHIBIT 2 ( EFFECTS OF 245T AND RELATED HERBICIDES ON MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT).  \ER DOCUMENT 3 0 3 0 DATE 06/17/70 TYPE LEGIS PAGES 8 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE C0PYEE EASLEY JT HART PA HARDIN C USDA ARS MANGHAM FR NEVAS B KATZ HAYS HH DOCUMENT 3031 05/23/77 AUTHOR DOH PINKERTON MN ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT 12 JOHNSTON RV UNIV TX DOCUMENT 3 0 3 2 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE COrYEE 08/06/67 LABEL DOH 6 DOCUMENT 3 0 3 3 08/18/67 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE MCINTYRE HH DOCUMENT 3036 05/06/59 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE MCINTYRE HH LABEL DOH LABEL DOH ' 6 2 DOCUMENT 3 0 3 5 07/00/62 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE MCINTYRE HH LABEL DOH 6 DOCUMENT 3036 10/00/63 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE MCINTYRE HH LABEL DOH 6 DOCUMENT 3037 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE 01/00/66 LABEL DOH 2 y o -( CO o AGE 437 n\ COMPLAINT FOR INJUNCTION AGAINST UNLAWFUL WITHHOLDING OF RECORDS AND FOR ORDER FOR PRODUCTION OF RECORDS I EFFECTS OF 2A5T AND RELATED HrRBICIDES ON MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT). WELLFORD H HELLFORD H IRVING GW JR USDA CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS OF PICLORAM ON BONE MARROH CELLS OF RATSLCRI 7 7 3 1 3 6 RAD REPORT DOW OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND MEDICAL R E S). KILIAN DJ MENSIK DC WHORTON EB JR VEON BRUSH KILLER. VEON BRUSH KILLER. ESTERON BRUSH KILLER 3 - 3 O .S . ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O .S . ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O .S . ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O .S . Uh l e DOCUMENT 38 11/18/00 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE* MCINTYRE HH DOCUMENT 3039 08/17/61 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: MCINTYRE HH DOCUMENT 30A0 06/20/62 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: MCINTYRE HH DOCUMENT 30A1 05/29/63 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE- MCINTYRE HH DOCUMENT 30A2 07/11/60 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* MCINTYRE HH DOCUMENT 30A3 07/22/63 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* MCINTYRE HH DOCUMENT 30AA AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 02/00/66 DOCUMENT 30A5 00/00/77 AUTHOR* DOW SHADOFF LA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* lite LABEL DOW I ou A LABEL DOW 2 LABEL DOW 2 LABEL DOW 2 LABEL DOW 2 LABEL DOW 2 LABEL DOW 2 NEWS REPORT HUMMEL RA 11 4a? CP O o <3 I 1 I LL ES\ JN BRUSH KILLER O . S . BRUSH KILLER TX. BRUSH KILLER TX. BRUSH KILLER TX. BRUSH KILLER X. BRUSH KILLER X. BRUSH KILLER X. THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TCDD IN FAT FROM CATTLE FED RONNEL INSECTICIDE ( ANNALI DI CHIM1CA 6 7 , 583-59Z). JE NS EN DJ MAHLE NH DOCUMENT *046 09/00/73 REPORT AUTHOR BOWES GW RISEBROUGH RW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' DOCUMENT 3047 09/00/66 AUTHOR' AG CHEM OR ST ADDRESSEE COPYEE' DOCUMENT 3048 10/03/77 AUTHOR' BARNARD S QUAST J F ADDRESSEE COPYEE' BARNARD S BEAMER HH BRAUN WH BURGERT BE CARLSON RG DAVIDSON JD DISHBURGER HJ DOW JAPAN GETZENDANER ME HALPHEN CE HOLDER BB JACKSON L JOHNSTON RV LANGNER RR LENG ML MACKEY JC MCFEDRIES R JR MOORE JH NICHOLS JL NOWAK RM POTTS WJ RAMPY LW ROBERTS DJ SCHAFFER AW SERCU CL TODD LM VRANISH SR YOCUM RH BURLINGAME AL SIMONEIT BR REPORT FANG SC ABSTRACT BEYER JE DOW BEARDEN CR BRUNLICH FH CALDWELL CE CRUMMETT WB DAVIS RA DON BRAZIL DOW SWITZ GLEESON JG HEFNER RE HORVATH BS JERSEY GC KELLY ME LAPE RL LIUG MANSTON J MCINTIRE OR MURPHY PM NIELSEN WH NUMMY WR PRUITT ME RAMSEY JC ROBINSON VB SCHARNWEBER HC SHAVER RJ TRAYNOR MJ WACHOB WW YOUNG DJ 03 O h-* 03 THE -ARCH FOR CHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS AND CHLORINAT DIB .ODIOXINS IN WILDLIFE POPULATIONS SHOWING ELEVATE 4.EVELS OF EMBRYONIC DEATH (ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 5 , 1 9 1 - 1 9 8 ) ( 7 3 0 9 0 0 CONFERENCE ON DIBENZODIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS SPONSORED BY NIEHS, RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK NC). CAN WILDLIFE SERV DELAPPE BW UC BERKELEY UC BODEGA BAY 29D METABOLISM METABOLISM OF C19-LABELED 29D IN RATS ( J AGR FOOD CHEM 1 9 ( 5 ) , 5 0 0 - 5 0 3 ) . KHANNA S AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF LIVER CELLS FROM FEMALE RATS MAINTAINED FOR TWO YEARS ON DIETS CONTAINING TCDD (R 8 D REPORT) (HET K -06668-28). DOW KOCIBA RJ QUAST J F BLAIR EH BROWER HH CAPUTO R DAIGRE GW DEGESERO RD DOW CAN ENGIBOUS DL GRAHAM DL HENRY H HUMISTON CG JOHNS DB KILIAN DJ LEAVITT FC MAASBERG AT MCCLURE HH MCKENNA MJ MURRAY FJ NOLAN RJ OLSON KJ PUMPELLY CT REUVERS H ROGERS WA SCHNEIDER JA SHEETZ DP ULRICH JR WARNER SD YOUNG JD AXE RD BLOGG CD BUREK JD CARLETON RE DANIEL RL DELINE DD DOW CHINA GEHRING P J GRIESS GA HOERGER FD HYDE MA JOHNSON RL KIMMEL CE LEBEAU JE MACGOWAN CF MCCOLLISTER DD MOOLENAAR RJ MURRAY N NORRIS JM OLSON RD RABOLD GP RINZEMA L ROWE VK SCHWETZ BA THOMPSON CF VERSCHUUREN HG WATANABE PG P' ^BER DATE DOCUMENT 3049 08/28/74 AUTHOR MINTZ M ADDRESSEE COPYEE TYPE REPORT WA POST PAGES 1 DOCUMENT 3050 00/00/72 AUTHOR ENVIRON CAN ADDRESSEE COPYEE TECH i ZITKO V 6 DOCUMENT 3051 AUTHOR DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE 07/11/75 TECH KRMEL KL 1 DOCUMENT 3 0 5 2 10/25/79 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DARROW WH JR COPYEE DOW DAVIDSON JH HOERGER FD MORGAN AH THEIS JM WILLIAMS CS LETTER 5 STRINGER WM DEPT OF AG VT CASTILLO L FEARS RD HUNTER RC NACA VAUGHN HM DOCUMENT 3053 00/00/78 REPORT 11 AUTHOR NCI FREDERICK CANCER RES REUBER MD ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 0 5 4 09/00/74 AUTHOR BRADLEY R l ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT 4 HOFFMAN RV JR DOCUMENT 3 0 5 5 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/00 SPEC 1 H?\\ * CO O TI' ' PAGE 440 U . S . SCIENTIST DISPUTES EPA ON TOXIC HERBICIDE (HASHINGTON POST). ABSENCE OF CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS FROM AQUATIC ANIMALS (BULLETIN OF ENVIRON CONTAMINATION TOX 7 ( 2 - 1 ) , 105-110). 24D (REACTIVE CHEMICAL HAZARD DATA). HERBICIDES USED ON VERMONT RIGHTS-OF-WAY CTTL. CHAMBERLAIN RS FREDERICK DM JANTZ OK NORRIS MG WATSON AJ COLBY RH HART AT LENG ML ROBERTS KM WESELOH JW CARCINOGENICITY TESTING OF CHEMICALS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES(THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRON 1 0 , 105-115 780000). TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL MAMMARY ADENOCARCINOMA HITH HERBICIDES (CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY REPORTS PART 1 5 8 ( 5 ) , 7 4 5 - 7 4 8 ) . SHOEMAKER JP VET ADMIN HOSPITAL ISO OCTYL ESTER OF SILVEX TYPICAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. DOCUMENT ~^56 03/00/76 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE CRUMMETT HB GLEESON JG MULLISON1 WR DOCUMENT 3057 01/21/76 AUTHOR DAVIDSON JH ADDRESSEE COPYEE CRUMMETT WB DOCUMENT 3058 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE 03/00/67 DOCUMENT 3059 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 12/00/67 DOCUMENT 3060 07/01/70 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOW GILL HH HIDIGER AH DOCUMENT 3061 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/60 DOCUMENT 306Z 12/29/69 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE CRUMMETT HB REPORT 12 DAVIDSON JH JENSEN DJ SCHROETER R REPORT DOW GLEESON JG 11 LABEL 1 LABEL 1 REPORT ROBERTS RW BAILEY CZ LYNN GE 7 LABEL 1 REPORT ERVICK DK 1 a \ - to O - Vre1. SUP MENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 5 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR 511 T 245TP IN FOO. ,ND fo r a g e c r o p s meat and m i l k . DISHBURGER HJ KENAGA EE SOUTHWICK LS GETZENDANER ME LENG ML PROPERTIES AND USE OF 2A5T AND SILVEX IN RELATION TO CURRENT CONCERNS ON PESTICIDES B - 1 7 0 0 6 . DOW HEFNER RE WILLIAMS CS TORDON 10K PELLETS 50 LB. BRUSH KILLER(TORDON FACT BOOK). TORDON 101 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLERLTORDON FACT BOOK). THE DETERMINATION OF 27-D ICH L0R0D IBENZ0-P-DI0XIN IN 24D CML-AL 20-230). CRUMMETT WB ROWE VK FERNANDEZ JB SHRADER SA BRUSH KILLER X. 2A5TP METHYL ESTER. GETZENDANER ME -W K - NP'^ER DATE DOCUMENT 0 6 3 07/28/78 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: DOH GARFIELD EL COPYEE* DOCUMENT 306A 03/23/79 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW DERSNAH B GILBSON WA KOCHER CW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 0 6 5 06/16/78 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW LENG ML COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3066 09/28/77 AUTHOR: CARREON RM HUMISTON CO KOCIBA RJ ADDRESSEE: COrYEE: DOCUMENT 3067 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 02/15/60 DOCUMENT 3068 00/00/00 AUTHOR: DEPT OF AG CAN ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 0 6 9 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 01/28/81 TYPE PAGES REPORT 10 LANGHORST ML BRAUN WH LENG ML REPORT STEVENS TS BUZZELLI D DISHBURGER H GOLD WL SCHMIDTKE D 2 REPORT 7 LANGHORST ML CHENOWETH MB MCCARTY LP REPORT 33A DITTENBER D HUMMEL RA PARK CM REPORT 8 STEVENSON GT REPORT MCGOWAN JE 1 REPORT 1 TIT' PAGE 442 DETERMINATION OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES IN URINE AND BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 245T PLANT PERSONNEL - I I AL 7 8 - 5 0 6 6 8 . CHENOWETH MB MCCARTY LP CRUMMETT HB SAUNDERS JH REDUCTION OF TCDD SPECIFICATION FOR 245T AND SILVEX PRODUCTS. CRUMMETT HB DONALDS JE JONES GG HESTOVER H DAVIDSON JH DRECKPOHL J JHD WILLIAMS CS DETERMINATION OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES IN BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 245T PLANT PERSONNEL A L - 5 0 4 8 9 . CRUMMETT HB STEHL RH GARFIELD EL RESULTS OF A TWO YEAR CHRONIC TOXICITY AND ONCOGENICITY STUDY OF TCDDCTCDD) IN RATS CR8 D REPORTKLAB REPORT CODE HET K - 0 6 6 6 8 1 - C 2 8 ) ) . DOW FRAUSON L KALNINS R KEYES DO SCHWETZ BA WADE CE SILVEX ADDED TO THE DRINKING WATER OF CATTLE, SHEEP, SWINE, TURKEYS, DUCKS AND CHICKENS. CANADIAN 24D REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS ANNOUNCEMENT. CAN TO PHASE OUT SOME 24D PRODUCTS(WEEKLY REPORT FROM OPP 5 ( 4 ) ) . NUMBER DATE TYPE PAGES DOCUMENT J 7 0 12/02/80 LETTER AUTHOR: GA PACIFIC MELO JL ADDRESSEE: NORTH COAST REGIONAL WAT TUTTLE A COPYEE' 3 DOCUMENT 3071 12/03/79 REPORT 6 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE' DOCUMENT 3 0 7 2 02/00/81 AUTHOR' DOUGHERTY RC ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 0 7 3 08/07/81 AUTHOR: DOW JORDAN LN ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3079 08/07/81 AUTHOR: DOW GOLD WL ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 0 7 5 08/07/81 AUTHOR: DOW JORDAN LN ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3076 08/07/81 AUTHOR DOW JORDAN LN ADDRESSEE COPYEE JELLINEK SD REPORT FL ST UNIV 5 SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHl JW WOODS CD SPEC DOWNS LT 1 SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHL JW WOODS CD SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHL JW WOODS J S 00 ^o G\ POCHMFNT 3125 n n / y * . * 9 t. I i t : ?. *t t. ii> t: TIT ' PUBLIC HEARING, RESOLUTION 8 0 - 1 8 . AGE 3 FINAL DETERMINATION CONCERNING THE REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION AGAINST REGISTRATION FOR CERTAIN USES OF PESTICIDE PRODUCTS CONTAINING SILVEX INTENT TO HOLD A HEARING TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT CERTAIN USES OF SILVEX SHOULD BE CANCELLED PUBLICATION OF FINAL POSITION DOCUMENT CONCERNING ALL NON-SUSPENDED USES OF SILVEX (FEDERAL REGISTER 4<*(2 6 ) , 7 2 3 2 8 - 7 2 3 3 3 ) . NEW SCREENING METHODS FOR ACIDIC TOXIC SUBSTANCES USING NEGATIVE CHEMICAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY, TETRACHLOROTEREPHTHALATE IN HUMAN URINES (ENVIRON SCIENCE 8 TECH 1 5 ( 2 ) , 2 1 6 - 2 1 9 ) . TONDEUR Y 26D, BUTOXY ETHANOL ESTER (DOM QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION)(2 0 8 6 9 ). FRASER JM GOLD WL WOODS J S 26D, DAMP (DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPEC IFIC ATION)( 2 0 7 6 5 ) . DRENCKPOHL JM FRASER JM 24D, ISOOCTYL ESTER (DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION)(2 0 7 6 0 ). FRASER JM GOLD WL WOODS JS 26D, BUTOXY PROPYL ESTERS (DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION)(20871). FRASER JM GOLD WL ; t>! i. r : i>- NUMBER DOCUMENT ^ 7 7 DATE 12/10/70 AUTHOR DOH SCHWARZ AJ ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW BURGERT BE FREVEL LK JOHNSON JE MACCUTCHEON SM PITCHFORTH L DOCUMENT 3 0 7 8 07/17/70 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW DOW HAKE CL JOHNSTON RV MCCOLLISTER DD NOLAN BB ROBINSON VB ZELLERCELSO L DOCUMENT 3 0 7 9 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 11/06/75 DOCUMENT 3 0 8 0 12/18/70 AUTHOR ADDINGTON WW MEIKLE RW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW I CWH I EHB I JFK I LJM I RBN I RJS I HBN STEAHLING EC TYPE REPORT PAGES 1 GEHRING P J PLEPYS RA CLEGG DH GORDON HL KILIAN DJ MCCOLLISTER DD ROBINSON VB ABSTRACT 1 EMERSON JL DACQUISTO MP HINMAN CH KAMMARAAD A MILCH LJ NUMMY WR ROWE VK REPORT 14 GETZENDANER ME ABSTRACT ANDERSON M YOUNGSON CR I AJS I DDM I ERL I JHG I ML I RDM I RLG I WR 1 C> O GO TITI '* I'fclit i<A ACU1._ oral l e t h a l i t y p r o b e s t u d y c o n d u c t e d o h HEXACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (REPORT NO BC T36.23-84763-4MCRI 70 5337). NORRIS JM PLEPYS RA BARTON J DALTON L GORING CA KIMMEL CE MCINTYRE HH BLAIR EH EWARDS H HOLDER BB LLOYD BH MORSE D "RESULTS OF TOLERANCE STUDIES OF A-AM IN0-356-TRICHL0R0PIC0LINIC ACID (PICLORAM) IN PREGNANT RATS" (LAB CODE LETTERS HHXCRI 70 3323). GERBIG CG THOMPSON DJ DEZULIAN MV HYMAS TA LYNN GE NARANJO P PETERSON NR SCHWARZ AJ GRAZIER G JOHNSON JE MAFFII 0 N1COLIS FB RENZI A SENSI P DISSIPATION OF SILVEX FROM SOIL IN FIELDS TREATED HITH KURON HERBICIDE (LAB REPORT CODE G H C -8 6 7 ). JENSEN DJ MILLER PW DECOMPOSITION OF PICLORAM IN S O IL , EFFECT OF A PREMOISTENED SOIL (REPORT G S -1 0 9 7 ) . DOW HEDLUND RT I CKB I DWO I FPP I KCB I PDL I REN I RVJ I WRB I CSH I EEK I JEJ I KGS 1 PJO I RGH I TAH I WRN . r 'BER DOCUMENT 3081 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DATE 03/00/64 TYPE REPORT GANTZ RL PAGES 5 AGE 445 TI CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MOODY RANGELAND SPECIES (BIOKEMIA 3 , 2 0 - 2 3 ) . LANING ER DOCUMENT 3 0 8 2 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 06/00/64 NEWS MONTESSORI T INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY IN ITALIAN RICE (BIOKEMIA 4 , 2 2 - 2 3 ) . DOCUMENT 3 0 8 3 10/00/67 AUTHORS DOW SCOTT HH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT GORING CA YOUNGSON CR 9 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DECOMPOSITION OF TORDON HERBICIDE IN SOILS (DTE 23 ( 2 ) , 3 - 1 1 ) . GRIFFITH JD MEIKLE RH DOCUMENT 3084 AUTHOR: IARC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 08/00/77 REPORT 29 IARC MONOGRAPHS OF THE CARCINOGENIC RISK OF CHEMICALS TO MAN, SOME FUMIGANTS, THE HERBICIDES 24D AND 2 4 5 T , CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS (IARC 1 5 , 1 1 1 - 1 3 8 ) . DOCUMENT 3 0 8 5 01/04/77 AUTHOR: BLAU GE SAUERHOFF MW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* NEWS REPORT BRAUN WH 9 THE FATE OF 24D(24D)F0LL0MING ORAL ADMINISTRATION TO MANTOX 8 , 3-11). DOW GEHRING P J DOCUMENT 3086 05/23/78 AUTHOR* SWERCZEK TW ADDRESSEE* ANDERSON OS COPYEE* LETTER 2 ORRICK, ET AL VS U . S . AND AMCHEM. * FRIDAY ELDREDGE 8 CLARK DOCUMENT 3087 06/02/78 AUTHOR* ANDERSON OS ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* LETTER 2 NEWTON COUNTY WILDLIFE ASSN V LARRY HENSON. FRIDAY ELDREDGE 8 CLARK TRAYNOR MJ DOCUMENT 3088 06/09/80 AUTHOR* DEPT OF HEALTH CA ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* LETTER ROSENBERG J LANHAM J 1 ive;-er 03 O cp IBER DATE TYPE PAGES DOCUMENT 3 0 8 9 12/05/79 MEDREC AUTHOR: NORTHERN CA OCCUPATIONAL ROSENBERG J ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 3 TI.l E CONSULTATION ON PATIENT, RICHARD OVERHOLT. /AGE 446 DOCUMENT 3 0 9 0 10/22/79 AUTHOR: GAMBIN J P ADDRESSEE GOBLE G COPYEE LETTER 1 RICHARD OVERHOLT. HUMBOLDT NEUROLOGICAL ME DOCUMENT 3091 06/25/80 MEMO AUTHOR: DEPUTY CHIEF FOR HEALTH HADE RL ADDRESSEE HALTS SYSTEM LAPPE M COPYEE: CARTER A LYMAN D PRESS COVERAGE OF THE 24D DHS PRESS RELEASE. VIAL D HHORTON D DOCUMENT 3 0 9 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 LABEL 1 ESTERON BRUSH KILLER (FOR DISTRIBUTION AND USE ONLY HITHIN THE ST OF OR). DOCUMENT 3 0 9 3 06/20/79 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DOW DISHBURGER HJ JOHNSON SR MOSS RD TUCKER MD COPYEE REPORT 3 MULL ISON HR BLAIR H DONALDS JE JONES GG NORRIS MG VRANISH SR REPORT ON THE CONFERENCE "PESTICIDES CONSEQUENCES TO HUMAN HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES" DEDICATED TO OUR CHILDREN AND THEIR FUTURE. COOK RR FRAYER DR KEPHART MR SCOTT TJ DAVIDSON JH GORING CA LENG ML TRAYNOR MJ DOCUMENT 3094 00/00/78 AUTHOR: KITCHIN KT ADDRESSEE COPYEE ABSTRACT NIEHS 1 TCDD INDUCTION OF ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE IN FEMALE RAT LIVER, EVIDENCE FOR DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF CYTOCHROME P448 4764X2 (MOL PHARMACOL 1 4 ( 5 ) , 8 9 0 - 8 9 9 ) . WOODS JS DOCUMENT 3 0 9 5 00/00/75 AUTHOR: DELVAUX EL ADDRESSEE' COPYEE'- ABSTRACT 1 HAUTFENNE A LES POLYCHLORO DIBENZO-P-DIOXINES ( POLYCHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXINS) ( TOXICOLOGY 3 ( 2 ) I 8 7 - 2 D 6 X P E S T ABSTRACTS 7 5 - 1 5 2 5 ) . UNIV CATHOL LOUVAIN BELG VERSTRAETE J CO o cO o j MBER DOCUMENT 3096 DATE 00/00/75 AUTHOR: HOOK GER SONAWANE BR ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3097 00/00/73 AUTHOR* HUFF JE ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3 0 9 8 00/00/72 AUTHOR* AG RES SERV MD ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3099 OA/OO/72 AUTHOR* FITZHUGH OG ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3 1 0 0 00/00/78 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 1 LUCIER GH ABSTRACT 1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB ABSTRACT 1 ELLINGTON CP ABSTRACT 1 HABERMANN RT ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR* COLBURN HA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3101 00/00/77 AUTHOR* DOH SHADOFF LA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* NIEHS REPORT HUMMEL RA 10 tl\ -0 03 o to TITLE PAGE 447 POSTNATAL STIMULATION OF HEPATIC MICROSOMAL ENZYMES FOLLOWING ADMISTRATION OF TCDD TO PREGNANT RATS (CHEM. BIOL INTERACTIONS 11(D ). MCDANIEL OS NIEHS CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS (ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECT 5 2 8 3 - 3 1 2 K P E S T ABSTRACTS 7 5 - 2 0 6 5 ) . WASSOM J S PERSISTENCE AND METABOLISM OF CHLORODIOXINS IN SOILS (ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL 6 ( 1 2 ) , 1 0 1 7 - 1 0 1 9 (E N G ) ) . KEARNEY PC WOOLSON EA CHRONIC TOXICITY OF 24D IN RATS AND DOGS. PEACE AND QUIET FOR 24D (TOXIC. APPL. PHARMAC. 2 0 , 1 2 2 H B R IT IS H INDUSTRIAL BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATION, INFORMATION BULLETIN, 1 5 1 - 1 5 2 , ABSTRACT 2 3 6 6 ) . HANSEN WH QUAIFE ML A MODEL FOR THE DOSE DEPENDENT PHARMACOKINETICS OF CHLOROPHENOXY ACID HERBICIDES IN THE RAT THE EFFECT OF ENTEROHEPATIC RECYCLING (JOUR OF PHARMACOKINET BIOPHARM 6 ( 5 ) , 4 1 7 -4 2 6 M P E S T IC ID E S ABSTRACTS 79-0679). THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TCDD IN FAT FROM CATTLE FED RONNEL INSECTICIDE (ANNALI DI CHIMICA 6 7 , 583-592). JENSEN DJ MAHLE NH IB ER DOCUMENT 3 1 0 2 DATE 05/31/79 AUTHOR*- DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3103 00/00/79 AUTHOR * BEYER JE KOCIBA RJ ADDRESSEE COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3 1 0 4 07/09/77 AUTHOR CROW KD ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 1 0 5 00/00/78 AUTHOR HAMADA N ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3106 00/00/78 AUTHOR BEATTY PW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3107 00/00/78 AUTHOR LUCIER OH ADDRESSEE COPYEE TYPE REPORT PAGES 12 GEHRINO P J NEWS REPORT CARREON RM 7 LETTER 1 NEWS PRINCESS MARGARET ABSTRACT 1 PETERSON RE ABSTRACT NEAL RA 1 ABSTRACT NIEHS 1 ox\<i -6 03 O to to Tl : PAGE 448 EFFECTS OF TCDDCTCDD) ON SPLENIC LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION IN MICE AFTER SINGLE AND REPEATED EXPOSURES(ANNUALS OF THE USA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 3 2 0 , 4 8 7 - 4 9 7 ) . SHARMA RP UT ST UNIV TOXICOLOGIC STUDIES OF TCDD IN RATS (TOXICOLOGY A OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE 2 8 1 - 2 8 7 ) . DOW KEYES DG EFFECTS OF DIOXIN EXPOSURE (THE LANCET, 8 2 ) . HOSPIT THE LANCET EFFECT OF MICROSOMAL ENZYME INDUCERS ON TCDD INDUCED DEPRESSION IN THE BILIARY EXCRETION OF OUABAIN IN RATS(DRUG METAB. DISPOS. 6 ( 4 ) , 4 5 6 - 4 6 4 ) (PESTICIDES ABSTRACTS) ( 7 9 - 0 1 3 1 ) . UNIV MI EFFECT OF ALTERATION OF RAT HEPATIC MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASE(MFO) ACTIVITY ON THE TOXICITY OF TCDDiTOXICOL. APPL. PHARMACOL. 45 ( 2 ) , 513-519) (PESTICIDES ABSTRACTSH79-0456) . VANDERBILT UNIV VAUGHN HK THE DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF ISOLATED INTESTINAL CRYPT AND T IP CELLS TO INDUCTIVE ACTIONS OF TCDD(CHEM. BIOL. INTERACT. 2 2 ( 2 - 3 ) , 1 9 9 - 2 0 9 ) (PESTICIDES ABSTRACTS) ( 7 9 - 0 3 7 8 ) . SCHILLER CM MBER DOCUMENT 310 DATE 00/00/7 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES AUTHOR* MCCONNELL EE ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* MOORE JA PAGE 999 T THE EFFECTS OF LOW LEVELS OF TCDD ON MOUSE PERITONEAL EXUDATE (P E ) CELL NUMBER, CELL VIABILITY, DIFFERENTIAL CELL COUNT AND ON MACROPHAGE PHAGOCYTIC FUNCTION (ABSTR ANNU MEET AM SOC MICROBIOL 7 8 , 18 M PE5TIC IDES ABSTRACTS 7 9 - 0 6 1 2 ) . NIEHS THIGPEN JE DOCUMENT 3 1 0 9 00/00/77 AUTHOR LOHS K ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* ABSTRACT CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY OF THE DIOXINSCSITZUNGSBER AKAD HISS DDR MATH NATURHISS TECH 2 1 N , 9 - 1 8 GERMAN)(PEST ABSTRACTS). SITZUNGSBER AKAD HISS DD DOCUMENT 3110 06/15/79 AUTHOR* OR ENVIRON CNCL ADDRESSEE* COPYEE REPORT 5 PESTICIDES, CONSEQUENCES TO HUMAN HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES. DOCUMENT 3111 08/15/79 AUTHOR SMUCKLER E ADDRESSEE COPYEE* REPORT 3 APPENDIX 1 THE FIFRA S C IEN TIFIC ADVISORY PANEL EVALUATION OF THE ONCOGENICITY, FETOTOXITY, AND EXPOSURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR 2 9 5 T , SILVEX, AND TCDD (FEDERAL REGISTER 9 9 ( 2 9 1 ) , 7 2 3 3 8 - 7 2 3 9 0 ) . UNIV OF CA SCHOOL OF MED DOCUMENT 3 1 1 2 10/22/79 AUTHOR* LONGSTRETH P ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* MEDREC 1 REPORT OF ROENTGEN EXAMINATION OF OVERHOLT, RICHARD. GENERAL HOSPITAL EUREKA DOCUMENT 3 1 1 3 10/22/79 AUTHOR* GAMBIN J P ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* MEDREC 2 OVERHOLT, RICHARD THE GENERAL HOSPITAL EUREKA, CA, HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION. GENERAL HOSPITAL EUREKA DOCUMENT 3119 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE 00/00/00 REPORT 1 LIST OF ATTACHMENTS. DOCUMENT 3 1 1 5 00/00/00 REPORT AUTHOR* NIC FREDERICK CANCER RES REUBER MD ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 1 CARCINOGENICITY OF PICLORAM (COVER PAGE) CTTL. 1 5 K -G CO o ro CO IBER DATE DOCUMENT 3116 00/00/80 AUTHOR'- BOLANDER DH ADDRESSEE8 COPYEE8 TYPE PAGES NEWS 1 PRESCOTT FOREST DOCUMENT 3117 AUTHOR8 FOE ADDRESSEE8 COPYEE8 08/29/79 LETTER JANSSON E 1 DOCUMENT 3118 07/17/79 AUTHOR8 BEEBERGER S VANSTRUM C ADDRESSEE COPYEE8 LETTER CONNELLY M 1 DOCUMENT 3119 00/00/78 REPORT 11 AUTHOR8 GELLERT RJ HIESMEIER EM ADDRESSEE COPYEE8 SHUMAN RM DOCUMENT 3 1 2 0 05/00/80 REPORT AUTHOR: BERRY DL OAK RIDGE NATL LAB TN ADDRESSEE8 COPYEE8 DIGIOVANNI J SLAGA TJ 8 DOCUMENT 3121 08/00/79 AUTHOR8 CARLSTEDTDUKE JMB ADDRESSEE8 COPYEE8 NEWS 5 REPORT KAROLINSKA INSTITUET DOCUMENT 3 1 2 2 00/00/78 NEWS 6 AUTHOR8 LUTZ WK ADDRESSEE8 COPYEE8 REPORT SCHLATTER C - e r i e .-o ' CO o TO T l. LETTER MISLEADING (REPLY TO DONT SPRAY POISON) PAGE 450 EIGHT LISTINGS OF FOE REASONING AGAINST PESTICIDE USE CTTL. REQUEST FOR HERBICIDE SPRAYING CESSATION DUE TO HEALTH DISORDERS CTTL. HIBOON KM SUTTON J TOPICAL EXPOSURE OF NEONATES TO HEXACHLOROPHENE LONG STANDING EFFECTS ON MATING BEHAVIOR AND PROSTATIC DEVELOPMENT IN RATS (TOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY A3, 3 3 9 - 3 A 9 ) . UNIV OF HA WALLACE CA TIME DEPENDENT INHIBITION BY TCDD OF SKIN TUMORIGENESIS WITH POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS (CANCER RES AO, 1 5 8 0 - 1 5 8 7 ) . GLEASON GL KISHORE GS UNIV OF HI TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RECEPTOR FOR TCDD IN THE RATiCANCER RES 39, 3172-3176). SHE TIME COURSE OF THE INDUCTION OF ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE IN RAT LIVER NUCLEI AND MICROSOMES BY PHENOBARBITAL, 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE, TCDD, DIELDRIN AND OTHER INDUCERS. UNIV OF ZURICH VIVIANI A NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3123 03/01/79 AUTHORi CONROY AE I I ADDRESSEE-- DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3129 00/00/78 AUTHOR: HARDELL L ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 1 2 5 08/28/79 AUTHOR: FOE ADDRESSEE COSTLE D COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3126 06/29/80 AUTHOR: TAYLOR RB ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DOCUMENT 3127 09/11/80 AUTHOR: WEIGAND DA ADDRESSEE EDITOR COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3128 11/19/78 AUTHOR HOUGHTON WV ADDRESSEE: LAFOLLETTE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3129 11/07/78 AUTHOR: LAFOLLETTE ADDRESSEE HOUGHTON WV COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3130 00/00/79 AUTHOR: GREIG JB TAYLOR DM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: CO o CO cn TYPE LEGAL EPA PAGES 1 TITLE STOP SALE, USE, OR REMOVAL ORDER. PAGE 951 REPORT 11 SANDSTROM A MALIGNANT MESENCHYMAL SOFT TISSUE TUMORS AND EXPOSURE TO PHENOXY ACIDS OR CHLOROPHENOLS, CASE CONTROL STUDY (MALIGNA MESENKYMALA MJUKDELSTUMORER OCH EXPOSITION FOR FENOXISYROR ELLER KLORFENOLERMLAKARTIDNINGEN 7 5 ( 9 0 ) , 3 5 3 5 - 3 5 3 6 ) . UMEA LETTER JANSSON E EPA 2 NEWS 1 REQUEST FOR REVISION OF ACTIONS ON PICLORAM AND 29D CTTL. 29D. STATE WARNING ON 29D HERBICIDE EXPOSURE ISSUED. LETTER NEWS JAMA 3 AGENT ORANGE AND SKIN RASH A DIFFERENT EXPERIENCE!JAMA 2 9 3 ( 1 9 ) , 1922-1923). LETTER 1 MINISTER OF HEALTH AUSTR SCHROETER RH LETTER 1 REPORT OF 29D AND 295T INVESTIGATION (DR JH ALDRED, CHAIRMAN). SCHROETER RH MINISTER OF HEALTH AUSTR REPORT 9 EFFECTS OF TCDD ON STIMULATED DNA SYNTHESIS IN THE LIVER AND KIDNEY OF THE RAT (CHEM BIOL INTERACTIONS 8 , 3 1 - 3 9 ) . INST OF CANCER RES ENG JONES JD MEDICAL RES CNCL LAB ENG NUMBER DOCUMENT 3131 DATE 08/11/77 AUTHOR: ALLEN JR ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 1 3 2 03/00/72 TYPE PAGES NEWS 8 REPORT LALICH J J REPORT 1 AUTHOR USDA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 1 3 3 05/00/69 REPORT 1 AUTHOR USDA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOCUMENT 313A 09/23/80 AUTHOR: MEIEROTTO LE ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 1 3 5 0 1 /0 A /8 0 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW DISHBURGER HJ HOERGER FJ KOCIBA RJ MOSS RD VRANISH SR COPYEE DOCUMENT 3136 03/19/5A AUTHOR: FISHER CE ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: DOW REPORT USDI A LETTER SCHOBER AE ASHLEY J DONALDS JE HOLDER BB LEE A PRIDDY JK WATSON AJ 1 LETTER TX A8 M WALKER EA SOUTHWICK 2 CO o to 05 TITLE PAGE 452 INCREASED INCIDENCE OF NEOPLASMS IN RATS EXPOSED TO LOH LEVELS OF TCDD (CHEMOSPHERE 9 , 5 3 7 - 5 4 4 ) . UNIV OF HI VANMILLER J P SUMMARY OF DOSAGES OF VARIOUS ORGANIC HERBICIDES THAT CAUSE SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT LOSS, REDUCED HEIGHT GAIN, OR POISONING IN CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS (PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 1 3 7 ) ( SUMMARY SECTIONS FROM AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF 2 4 D ) . SUMMARY OF DOSAGES OF VARIOUS ORGANIC HERBICIDES THAT CAUSE SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT LOSS, REDUCED HEIGHT GAIN, OR POISONING IN CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS (PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 1 0 6 ) ( SUMMARY SECTIONS FROM AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF 2 4 D ) . ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY PESTICIDE USE POLICY. 24D DATA REVIEH. COULTER LL GEHRING P J HUNTER RC MCCOLLISTER DD SCHWETZ BA HESELOH JH DAVIDSON JH GORING CA JORDON LN MORGAN AH THEIS JM HILLIAMS CS PEFORMANCE DATA ON KURON CTTL. NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3137 12/30/64 AUTHOR * DOW ADDRESSEE'- DOWNARD GM COPYEE: DOW TYPE PAGES LETTER 1 HAMMER OH USDA ARS LYNN GE DOCUMENT 3138 03/23/54 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: LETTER 1 WHITE RO SUNDERLAND WW DOCUMENT 3139 10/22/80 AUTHOR: MAYER A ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: NEWS 1 EDMONTON JOUR DOCUMENT 3140 10/22/80 AUTHOR: MAYER A ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* NEWS 1 EDMONTON JOUR DOCUMENT 3141 10/23/80 AUTHOR- EDMONTON JOUR ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: NEWS SHEPPARD J 1 DOCUMENT 3 1 4 2 10/25/80 AUTHOR: HAMILTON SPECTATOR ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* NEWS 1 DOCUMENT 3 1 4 3 01/09/80 AUTHOR* LONDON FREE PRESS. ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: NEWS 1 DOCUMENT 3 1 4 4 01/09/80 AUTHOR: LONDON FREE PRESS ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: NEWS 1 5n?ig*T CO o TO TITLE PAGE A53 PROPOSED USE OF KURON ON SUGAR CANE IN FL (HURON USDA REGISTRATION NO 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) . SACHS SB SUNDERLAND HH REGISTRATION OF KURON CTTL. IT COULD TAKE SOME YEARS TO KNOW FOR SURE HOW SAFE AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS REALLY ARE (EDMONTON JOUR). DOCTORED CHEMICAL TESTS RAISE QUESTIONS ABOUT WIDE RANGING DISHONESTY IN LABS (EDMONTON JOUR). CHEMICAL SAFETY TESTS DISCREDITED (EDMONTON JOURNAL) CTTL. 24D BAN WOULD HURT CROPS AND ADD TO COSTS OFFICIALS (HAMILTON SPECTATOR). PESTICIDE SCARE TRACED TO VIETNAM (LONDON FREE PR E S S ). BIOLOGIST DISSECTS MISINFORMED FOR SPREADING TALES ABOUT CHEMICALS (LONDON FREE PRESS). NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 31A5 01/09/80 AUTHOR: LONDON FREE PRESS ADDRESSEE: COPYEE TYPE PAGES NEWS 1 WAINMAN G TITLE PAGE A5A LONE ACTIVIST BEARDS LION IN DEN AT GUELPH SEMINAR ON PESTICIDES (THE LONDON FREE PR E S S ). DOCUMENT 3 1 A6 00/00/70 AUTHOR: BERWICK P ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: ABSTRACT 1 2AD POISONING IN MAN, SOME INTERESTING CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FINDINGS (JOUR AM MEDICAL ASSN 2 1 9 ( 6 ) , 1 1 1 A - 1 1 1 7 ) . MIDDLESEX MEMORIAL HOSPI JOUR AM MEDICAL ASSN DOCUMENT 31A7 11/09/70 AUTHOR BERWICK P ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT A 2 AD POISONING IN MAN, SOME INTERESTING CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FINDINGS (JOUR OF AM MEDICAL ASSN 2 1 A ( 6 ) , 1 1 1 A - 1 1 1 7 ) . MIDDLESEX MEMORIAL HOSPI JOUR AM MEDICAL ASSN DOCUMENT 31A8 00/00/69 AUTHOR: BASHIROV AA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: ABSTRACT 2 7 1 - 0 5 0 9 THE STATE OF HEALTH IN WORKERS MANUFACTURING THE HERBICIDES, THE AMINE SALT AND THE BUTYL ESTER OF 2AD (VRACHEBNOE DELO 1 0 , 92-95MHEALTH ASPECTS OF PEST A, 1 3 9 - 1 A 0 ) . AZERBAIJANI RES INST OF VRACHEBNOE DELO DOCUMENT 31A9 05/00/70 HEWS AUTHOR ADDRESSEE: COPYEE * WALLIS WE CORNELL MEDICAL REPORT VANPOZNAK A CENTER GENERALIZED MUSCULAR STIFFNESS, FASCICULATIONS, AND MYOKYMIA OF PERIPHERAL NERVE ORIGIN (ARCHIVES NEUROLOGY 2 2 , A 3 0 -A 3 9 ). PLUM F NT HOSPITAL DOCUMENT 3 1 5 0 00/00/66 AUTHOR: CHOW PN KEERE 8 CO ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: ABSTRACT PRINT BURNSIDE OC ABSORPTION, TRANSLOCATION AND METABOLISM OF SILVEX IN PRICKLY PEAR (WEEDS 1 < K 1 ), 3 8 - A 1 ) . LABY TL KNOCHE HW W T ' T DOCUMENT 3151 00/00/66 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: CO o TO QO WRIGHT FC ABSTRACT PRINT PALMER JS TOXICOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICL EFFECTS OF SILVEX ON SHEEP (AM JOUR VET RES 2 7 ( 1 1 6 ) , 1 7 2 - 1 7 6 ) . HUNT LM USDA NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 1 5 2 DATE 00/00/79 AUTHOR ELO HA CHEM ABSTRACTS ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 1 PRINT YLITALO P TITLE PAGE 455 DISTRIBUTION OF 2-METHYL-4-CHL0R0PHEN0XYACETIC ACID AND 24D IN MALE RATS,EVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THEIR TOXTCITY, (TOX APPL PHARMACOL 5 1 ( 3 ) , 4 3 9 - 4 4 6 ) . TOX OF APPLIED PHARMACOL UNIV TAMPERE DOCUMENT 3153 00/00/80 ABSTRACT AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE PRINT ELO HA YLITALO P TOX APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 2 DISTRIBUTION OF 2-METHYL-4-CHL0R0PHEN0XYACETIC ACID AND 240 IN MALE RATS, EVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THEIR TOXICITY, (TOX APPL PHARMACOL, 5K3KM EDLARS 2 ) . BIO ABSTRACTS UNIV TAMPERE DOCUMENT 3 1 5 4 00/00/79 AUTHOR EBERSTEIN A ADDRESSEE COPYEE ABSTRACT PRINT GOODGOLD J EXPERIMENTAL MYOTONIA INDUCED IN DENERVATED MUSCLES BY 24D , (MUSCLE NERVE; 2 ( 5 ) , 364-368MMEDLARS 2 ) . MUSCLE NERVE NY UNIV DOCUMENT 3 1 5 5 00/00/80 AUTHOR* TILSON HA ADDRESSEE COPYEE ABSTRACT 2 NEUROBEHAVIORAL TOXICITY OF DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO THE 24D IN JAPANESE QUAIL, (TOX RES PROJECTS DIRECTORY 5 ( 8 ) ) (MEDLARS 2 ) . PRINT TOX RES PROJECTS DIRECTO NIEHS DOCUMENT 315 00/00/69 AUTHOR FULLERTON PM ADDRESSEE COPYEE ABSTRACT 1 TOXIC CHEMICALS AND PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES (PROC ROY SOC MED 6 2 ( 2 ) , 2 0 1 - 2 0 4 ) . ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICIN DOCUMENT 3157 00/00/71 AUTHOR MCLEOD JG ADDRESSEE* COPYEE ABSTRACT 1 AUST NZ JOUR MED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY CAUSED BY DRUGS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES (AUST NZ JOUR MED 3 , 2 6 8 - 2 6 9 ) . CD O to CD NUMBER DOCUMENT 3158 DATE 00/00/71 AUTHOR BIROS FJ ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 1 5 9 00/00/71 AUTHOR NATURHISS ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3160 00/00/79 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE ALBRO PH CLARK G NIEHS DOCUMENT 3161 00/00/79 AUTHOR ALIEN JR CBAC ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 1 6 2 00/00/79 AUTHOR LUSTER MI CHEM ABSTRACTS ADDRESSEE* COPYEE DOCUMENT 3163 00/00/63 AUTHOR BERKLEY MC ADDRESSEE COPYEE TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 2 PEST IDENTIFICATION ABSTRACT 1 ABSTRACT PRINT LUSTER MI LAHSON LD CBAC 2 ABSTRACT 1 PRINT BARSOTTI DA CHEM ABSTRACTS ABSTRACT PRINT FAITH RE NIEHS 1 ABSTRACT MCGEE KR 1 >TSlg' CO o CO o TITLE P A G E A 56 APPLICATIONS OF COMBINED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY TO PESTICIDE RESIDUE IDENTIFICATIONS tPEST IDENTIFICATION AT THE RESIDUE ( 1 0 6 , 1 3 2 - 1 5 0 ) . AT T ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE HAR IN VIETNAM (NATURHISS RUNDSCH 2 6 ( 2 ) , 73-75). A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS (TOX OF APPLIED PHARMACOLOGT 5 0 ( 1 ) , 1 3 7 - 1 6 6 ) (MEDLARS 2 ) . CHAE K CORBETT JT CHEM ABSTRACTS CHAUDHARY SR MCKINNEY JD TOX OF APPLIED PHARMACOL REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF HALOGENATED AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ON NONHUMAN PRIMATES (ANN NY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 3 2 0 , 619-625HMEDLARS 2). LAMBRECHT LK UNIV OF HI VANMILLER J P ANN NY ACADEMY OF SCIENC LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE EFFECTS OF HALOGENATED AROMATICS (ANN NY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 3 2 0 , 619-625HM EDLARS 2 ) . CLARK G CBAC ANN NY ACADEMY OF SCIENC NEUROPATHY FOLLOHING EXPOSURE TO DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OF 26D (ARCH INT MED 1 1 1 , 3 5 1 - 3 5 2 ) . ARCH INT MED NUMBER DOCUMENT 3164 DATE 00/00/77 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 2 AUTHOR! FARA GM ADDRESSEE COPYEE LOMBARDIO ITALY DOCUMENT 3165 00/00/77 AUTHOR SCHULTZ KH ADDRESSEE! COPYEE ABSTRACT 1 PEST ABSTRACTS DOCUMENT 3166 06/16/80 REPORT 8 AUTHOR! CITIZENS FOR ALTERNATIVE CORBIN M MERRELL P SOUTHER COALTN 1 ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3167 06/25/80 REPORT AUTHOR' SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE ADDRESSEE' COPYEE 1 DOCUMENT 3168 06/24/80 REPORT AUTHOR SAN FRANCISCO EXAMINER ADDRESSEE COPYEE WAUGH D 1 DOCUMENT 3169 07/10/80 AUTHOR FOE ADDRESSEE COSTLE D1 COPYEE: LETTER EPA 1 DOCUMENT 3170 07/10/80 AUTHOR FOE ADDRESSEE COSTLE DI COPYEE! LETTER JANSSON E EPA 1 k l ? ve: -CT DOCUMENT 3171 01/00/80 AUTHOR! GROSS ML ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: co O co NEWS KIMBLE BJ 3 TITLE PAGE A57 SEVESO, STUDIES ON TERATOGENIC AND OTHER CHRONIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS FOLLOWING AN ACCIDENT IN A CHEMICAL PLANT (TERATOLOGY 1 6 , 3 6 5 ) . PEST ABSTRACTS TERATOLOGY DERMATOLOGIC ASPECTS OF DIOXIN INTOXICATION ( Z HAUTKR 5 2 ( 6 ) , 198-199). Z HAUTER RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE STATE OF CA HAZARD ALERT SYSTEM ON THE HERBICIDE 2AD, 8 0 0 6 1 6 . EUE JANSSON E THE E ZEMANSKY 0 CALFORNIA HARNS ABOUT PLANT KILLER (SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE). STATE WARNS HERBICIDE MAY CAUSE NERVE DAMAGE (SAN FRANCISCO EXAMINER). PETITION 1 2AD AND THE REGISTRATION PROGRAM OF THE EPA. PETITIONS HAND DELIVERED. TCDD QUANTITATION IN STACK COLLECTED COAL FLY ASH(SCIENCE 2 0 7 (A ) 59-61). UC DAVIS UNIV NB JMBER DATE TYPE DOCUMENT 3172 02/01/80 NEWS AUTHOR: CHEM REGULATION REPORTER ADDRESSEE' COPYEE PAGES 1 DOCUMENT 3 1 7 3 02/01/80 NEWS . AUTHOR' CHEM REGULATION REPORTER ADDRESSEE* COPYEE' 1 DOCUMENT 317A 05/30/80 AUTHORS DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' DOW CHARLTON RW GORZINSKI S KOCIBA RJ WATSON AJ ROC SCHOBER AE ASHLEY J DAVIDSON JH HEBBOURN D NORRIS MG WESELOH JW A DOCUMENT 3175 0 A /1 3 /7 8 AUTHOR' CROH K ADDRESSEE COPYEE' NEWS 3 PRINCESS MARGARET DOCUMENT 3176 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 09/00/77 REPORT SPEER LH 2 DOCUMENT 3177 10/21/78 REPORT 28 AUTHOR' CEF1S F REHDER H ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* GROPP A SANCHIONI L oeKc-cr CO o CO K cE PAGE 458 DIOXINS, VA STUDY FINDS TRACE CONTAMINATION IN EXPOSED VETERANS, CONTROL GROUP (CHEM REGULATION REPORTER, 1 6 8 0 ) . PENTACHLOROPHENOL, EPA STUDY FINDS POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN PCP , EXPOSURE, LEUKEMIA (CHEMICAL REGULATION REPORTER, 1 6 6 0 ) . 24D DEFENSIVE DATA CALL IN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES REPORT OF CALL. BLAIR EH DONALDS JE HOERGER FD SCHWETZ BA CASTILLO L GEHRING P J JORDAN L THEIS JM CHLORACNE, THE CHEMICAL DISEASE (NEW SCIENTIST 78-80HPRESENTED AT MEETING OF BRITISH OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE SOCIETY). HOSPIT 245T TECHNICALS AND FORMULATIONS (SILVEX) 2 4 5 -T P (245-TRICHLOROPHENOXY PROPIONIC ACID) PRODUCT PROFILE. PATHOLOGICAL EMBRYOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CASES OF ABORTION RELATED TO THE SEVESO ACCIDENT (JOUR OF SWISS MEDICINE 1 0 8 ( 4 2 ) , 1 6 1 7 - 1 6 2 5 ) . PATHOLOGICAL EMBRYOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CASES OF ABORTION RELATED TO THE SEVESO ACCIDENT (JOUR OF SWISS MEDICINE 108(42), 1617-1625). ISTIT U T I ELIN IC I DI PERF MEDICAL HOCHSCHULE NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3178 02/00/72 AUTHOR HEATH RG USDI ADDRESSEE' COPYEE TYPE REPORT HILL EF PAGES 14 DOCUMENT 3 1 7 9 02/01/80 NEWS AUTHOR CHEM REGULATIONS REPORTE ADDRESSEE' COPYEE 1 DOCUMENT 3 1 8 0 00/00/79 AUTHOR' CLARK G NIEHS ADDRESSEE COPYEE NEWS REPORT FAITH RE 13 DOCUMENT 3181 00/00/00 AUTHOR GOLDSWORTHY T ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT PITOT HC 19 DOCUMENT 3 1 8 2 00/00/79 AUTHOR ALBRECHT RM ADDRESSEE COPYEE NEWS REPORT PETERSON RE 10 DOCUMENT 3 1 8 3 00/00/79 AUTHOR AITIO A UOTILA P ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT NIENSTEDT E 9 DOCUMENT 3 1 8 4 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 01/00/76 REPORT ROWE VK 38 l i CO o CO CO TITLE PAGE 459 COMPARATIVE DIETARY TOXICITIES OF PESTICIDES TO BIRDS (SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT WILDLIFE NO. 1 5 2 ) . KREITZER J F SPANN JW VA STUDY FINDS TRACE CONTAMINATION IN EXPOSED VETERANS, CONTROL GROUP (CHEM REGULATION REPORTER). EFFECTS OF BRIEF IN VITRO EXPOSURE TO TCDD ON MOUSE LYMPHOCYTES (JOUR OF ENVIRON PATHOLOGY AND TOX 2 , 9 6 5 - 9 7 7 ) . LAWSON LD LUSTER MI PROMOTION BY TCDD OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS FROM DIETHYLNITROSAMINE. POLAND A UNIV OF MI EFFECTS OF TCDD ON INDOCYANINE GREEN BLOOD CLEARANCE IN RHESUS MONKEYS (TOX 1 4 , 2 6 3 - 2 7 2 ) . SEEFELD MD UNIV OF MI EFFECT OF TCDD ON THE HEPATIC METABOLISM OF TESTOSTERONE IN THE RAT (TOX 13 2 3 3 - 2 3 6 ) . PARKKI M UNIV OF TURKU TESTIMONY FOR THE 245T HEARING. '"'MBER DOCUMENT 3 1 8 5 DATE 09/00/73 AUTHOR: GUPTA BN VOS JG ADDRESSEE! COPYEE! DOCUMENT 3186 02/22/71 AUTHOR! COURTNEY KD ADDRESSEE COPYEE! DOCUMENT 3187 00/00/76 AUTHOR! DOH ROSE JQ ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3188 09/27/79 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE: CONLON WILLIAMS M DOCUMENT 3189 09/11/78 AUTHOR: STH OKANAGN ENV ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: LENG ML DOCUMENT 3190 10/00/74 AUTHOR: MORSE JW ADDRESSEE: SALMON TP COPYEE: NIELSEN GR DOCUMENT 3191 10/00/73 AUTHOR: US FISH WLDLIFE ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: GANGSTAD EO TYPE REPORT PAGES 9 HARRIS MW TT' E PAGE 460 GENERAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TCDD IN LABORATORY ANIMALS!ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 5 , 1 0 1 - 1 0 9 H 7 3 0 4 0 0 CONFERENCE ON DIBENZODIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS SPONSORED BY NIEHS, RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK NC). MOORE JA NIEHS REPORT 8 TERATOLOGY STUDIES HITH 245T AND TCDD (TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 20 3 9 6 - 4 0 3 , 7 1 0 0 0 0 ) . MOORE JA NIEHS NEWS REPORT GEHRING P J WENTZLER TH 18 THE FATE OF TCDD FOLLOWING SINGLE AND REPEATED ORAL DOSES TO THE RAT( TOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 3 6 , 2 0 9 - 2 2 6 ) . HUMMEL RA RAMSEY JC REPORT FOWLER HW JR DELLARCO M REPORT OF THE FI FRA SCIEN TIFIC ADVISORY PANEL ON PROPOSED SECTION 6 (B ) ( 2 ) NOTICES FOR 245T AND SILVEX. MENOTTI PRESTON J REPORT 179 WARNOCK JW LEWIS J THE OTHER FACE OF 24D, A C IT IZ E N S ' REPORT. S OKANAGAN ENVIRON COALT TUCKER M REPORT 232 SPECIAL REPORT TO GOVERNOR THOMAS P . VT PEST ADV CNC VT GOVERNOR VT PESTICIDE ADVISORY CO SALMON ON 245T AND TCDD. REPORT 36 WHITNEY EW SILVEX RESIDUES IN AQUATIC FAUNA. b U7 NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3 1 9 2 08/31/70 AUTHOR: ANILINE 0 ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* TYPE REPORT DOW PAGES 2 DOCUMENT 3193 12/00/70 REPORT 92 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE* GENTRY WM DOCUMENT 3199 02/20/79 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* EPA COPYEE* FLETCHER C TAYLOR R LETTER REPORT LENG ML HOLLAWAY WT GARNER H 2 DOCUMENT 3 1 9 5 00/ 00/00 REPORT 11 AUTHOR: BOSSHARDT HP BUSER HR SWISS FED RES STATION HA UNIV OF UMEA SHEDEN ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' DOCUMENT 3196 00/00/00 REPORT AUTHOR: BUSER HR UNIV OF UMEA SWEDEN ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: GARA A II DOCUMENT 3 1 9 7 00/00/00 REPORT 9 AUTHOR: BOSSHARDT HP UNIV OF UMEA SHEDEN ADDRESSEE COPYEE: BUSER HR DOCUMENT 3198 05/21/73 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: EPA COPYEE: MCCOLLISTER DD LETTER LENG ML PARRAN HM 5 CO o CO or TITLE PAGE 461 UNSYMETRICAL 1Z34-TETRACHL0R0DIBENZ0-P-DI0X1N(CHL0RACNET HUMBER 2 8 1 3 ) (REQUEST FOR PRELIMINARY TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES). POHLAND AE RESIDUE DATA FOR 24D, 2 4 5 T , AND SILVEX IN GRASS FROM TREATMENTS WITH VARIOUS FORMULATIONS OF THE HERBICIDES (SA5 0 .0 0 .0 1 .P l)(P P 8 F 0 6 7 5 ). LENG ML GETZENDANER ME I R - 4 PETITION FOR SILVEX IN CITRUS (P P 4 E 1 4 7 6 ) . MARKLE GM RUTGERS UNIV IDENTIFICATION OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBEZOFURAN ISOMERS IN FLY ASH AND PCB PYROLYSIS (CHEMOSPHERE). LINDAHL R RAPPE C POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS (PCDFS) FOUND IN YUSHO OIL AND USED IN JAPANESE PCB (CHEMOSPHERE). RAPPE C SWISS FED RES STATION WA IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS (PCDDS) AND DIBENZOFURANS (PCDFS) IN 245T ESTER FORMULATIONS AND HERBICIDE ORANGE (CHEMOSPHERE). RAPPE C SWISS FED RES STATION HA PESTICIDE PETITION 8 F 0 6 7 5 (S IL V E X ), FOOD ADDITIVE PETITION 2 H 5 0 0 1 . NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3199 05/07/5 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: ALLINSON RL BOUNDY RH GAY HH KELLY JA ROME VK TYPE PAGES REPORT 7 HOLLINGSMORTH RL ALDUIST FN BRITTON EC GREENE LM LUCE EN SUNDERLAND MM DOCUMENT 3 2 0 0 09/25/70 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE: CHAMPLAIN CE REPORT LAFEVOR D GILL HH 3 DOCUMENT 3201 00/00/73 AUTHOR: CROSBY DG ADDRESSEE COPYEE: REPORT UC DAVIS DOCUMENT 3202 00/00/79 AUTHOR: SEILER JP ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: NEMS REPORT SHISS FEDERAL RES DOCUMENT 3203 12/13/78 NEMS AUTHOR: PEST & TOXIC CHEM NEMS ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 320 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DOM 01/05/73 REPORT KENAGA EE 38 AG RES 8 DEV MGR DOCUMENT 3 2 0 5 01/05/73 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00 o oo cn DOM DOM COULTER LL FERGUSON RH GIAZZ1 JP JOHNSON JE LYNN GE MULL ISON MR ABSTRACT 2 KENAGA EE BARRONS KC DAVIDSON JH GANTZ RL GORING CA JOHNSTON RV MCCOLLISTER DD PESKETT J TITLE PAGE 462 RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON M-186 (HERBICIDAL FORMATION OF BUTYL ESTERS OF A -2 4 5 T P ) ( T 2 . 5 0 - 3 6 - 1 ) . BARRONS KC COLBY RW JOHNSTON H LYNN GE WRIGHT N BESHGETOOR AH DAVIDSON JH KAGY J MACCUTCHEON SM WRIGHT P 245TP. DOW LYNN GE GILL HH PHOTODECOMPOSITION OF P-CHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (JOUR AO FOOD CHEM 21(6), 1069-1052). WONG AS PHENOXYACIDS AS INHIBITORS OF TESTICULAR DNA SYNTHESIS IN MALE MICE (BULL ENVIRON CONTAM TOX 2 1 , 8 9 - 9 2 ) . STATIO HUMAN BIRTH DEFECTS NOT CAUSED BY 245T OR 24D EXPOSURE, REPORT SAYS (PESTIC ID E & TOXIC CHEMICAL NEWS, 2 3 - 2 4 ) . ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF HERBICIDES HERBICIDE STUDY GROUP, HMAC, EPA. MCCOLLISTER DD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF HERBICIDES HERBICIDE STUDY GROUP, HAMC, EPA(LAB REPORT G H - P - 7 8 3 ) . BLAIR EH DOWELL F GEHRINO P J HOLMSEN TW KUYPER CK MCCUTCHEN LR PRIDDY JK BREMNER N DOYLE J P GETZENDANER ME HYMAS TA LANING ER MOSS RD ROWE VK NUMBER DATE SAUNDERS ES SOUTHWICK L DOCUMENT 3206 00/00/78 AUTHOR: BETSO JE ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3207 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOW 06/05/80 DOCUMENT 3208 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 06/16/80 DOCUMENT 3 2 0 9 10/29/80 AUTHOR: SARNIA OBSERVER ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3210 10/18/80 AUTHOR: SUDBURY STAR ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3211 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: 12/13/72 DOCUMENT 3 2 1 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE*- COPYEE: 12/00/80 DOCUMENT 3 2 1 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE'- COPYEE: 03/04/77 TYPE PAGES SCHOBER AE TORKELSON TR NEWS REPORT DOW 12 LETTER 1 DRENCKPOHL JW JORDAN LN GLEDH1LL JR CHART KRASKA TA 1 NEWS 1 NEWS 1 REPORT LENG ML LYNN GE LABEL 1 1 SPEC 1 P-3l3> CO o CO TITLE SHAVER RJ WATSON AJ SHELDON HH WOLF MA PAGE 463 PHENOXY ACIDS; EFFECTS AND FATE IN MAMMALS!CHLORINATED PHENOXY ACIDS AND THEIR DIOXINS ECOL BULL(STOCKHOLM! 2 7 , 1 2 2 - 1 3 3 ) . GEHRING PJ PROPOSED ASSAY REVISION FOR 24D ACID (DAMP). GOLD WL SCHOBER AE MCP DRY VS BULK DMA MCP 6 0 0 0 4 0 0 STD COST. MASSIVE RISE IN CANCER DEATHS PREDICTED (THE SARNIA OBSERVER). UNION CHARGES UNIROYAL WORKERS ENDANGERED BY TOXIC CHEMICALS (THE SUDBURY STAR 8 0 1 0 1 8 ) . ANALYSES OF SILVEX PGBE ESTER FOR TCDD. MCCOLLISTER DD MOSS RD ESTERON 2 4 5 HERBICIDE. 24D, DAMP (SALES SPECIFICATION). NUMBER DOCUMENT 3219 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DATE 02/26/76 TYPE SPEC PAGES 1 DOCUMENT 3 2 1 5 05/29/81 AUTHOR DOM GOLD HL MORGAN RW ADDRESSEE COPYEE SPEC 2 DRENCKPOHL JW KING EJ VEURINK GR DOCUMENT 3216 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE 09/29/80 REPORT ONEILL 1 DOCUMENT 3217 08/31/73 AUTHOR ANDEREGG BN ADDRESSEE COPYEE NEWS REPORT LIANG TT 3 DOCUMENT 3218 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 06/27/73 ' LABEL 16 DOCUMENT 3219 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE 06/29/71 LETTER HOERGER FJ REA JM 5 DOCUMENT 3220 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE 08/05/71 LETTER REA JM HOERGER FD 1 DOCUMENT 3221 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE 03/13/73 LETTER 2 MUL LI SON WR MOUNTFORT RF CO O CO 00 TITLE 24D ISOOCTYL ESTER (SALES SPECIFICATION 2 0 7 * 0 ) PAGE 464 ESTERON (R ) 2 4 5 HERBICIDE (DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE PROD S PEC ). FRASER JM GLEDHILL JR KLOCKE L KRACHT WR WOODS CD WOODS J S EPA ASKS FOR MORE INFORMATION ON HERBICIDE 24D ( ENVIROMENTAL NEWS). SYNERGISM OF INSECTICIDES BY HERBICIDES(SCIENCE 181 8 4 7 - 8 4 9 ) . LICHTENSTEIN EP UNIV OF HI KURON LOW VOLATILE BRUSH AND WEED HERBICIDE. KURON BRUSH KILLER USDA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR LETTER OF 7 0 1 1 0 4 . LABELS AND DATA FOR KURON BRUSH KILLER EPA REG. 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR LETTER OF 710629. AMENDMENTS KURON EPA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR LETTER OF 7 3 0 3 0 5 ( S A 4 . 0 0 B ) . .'-CX NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3 2 2 2 11/19/57 AUTHOR: MCCOLLISTER DD ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 2 2 3 11/19/57 AUTHOR MCCOLLISTER DD ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3229 02/00/79 AUTHOR: DARTMOUTH COL ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 2 2 5 12/28/72 AUTHOR: BERHENKE LF ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DOCUMENT 3226 00/00/72 AUTHOR: ANDERSON KJ TAKAHASHI MT ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3227 00/00/71 AUTHOR* ENOS HF ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DOCUMENT 3228 00/00/76 AUTHOR: COURTNEY KD ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 2 2 9 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: CO O CO 06/02/80 TYPE TECH DON PAGES 8 TECH DON 2 REPORT GRIBBLE GN 9 REPORT DON 39 REPORT 8 COLUMBUS LAB OH REPORT HEN REPORT EPA LABEL 11 8 3 TITLE PAGE 065 BRUSH KILLER X (DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS). OLSON KJ PETERSON JE BRUSH KILLER TX (DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS). OLSON KJ PETERSON JE TCDD A DEADLY MOLECULE(CHEM 0 7 ( 2 ) , 1 5 - 1 8 ) . PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF RESIDUES OF 2 0 5 T , SILVEX, 20D, 205-TRICHLOROPHENOL AND 20-DICHLOROPHENOL, IN CATTLE AND SHEEP TISSUES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. JENSEN DJ MILLER PH EVALUATION OF HERBICIDES FOR POSSIBLE MUTAGENIC PROPERTIES (JOUR AO FOOD CHEM 2 0 , 6 0 9 - 6 5 6 ) . LEIGHTY EG RUTGERS UNIV A METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF LOH LEVELS OF EXPOSURE TO 20D AND Z05T (INTERN. J . ENVIRON. ANAL. CHEM. 1 , 2 3 - 3 3 ) . SHAFIK MT SULLIVAN HC MOUSE TERATOLOGY STUDIES WITH CHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXINS (BULLETIN OF ENVIRON CONTAMINATION AND TOX 1 6 ( 6 ) , 6 7 9 - 6 8 1 ) . ESTERON 2 9 5 . NUMBER DOCUMENT 3230 DATE 12/22/59 TYPE REPORT PAGES 9 AUTHOR: OCONNOR E ADDRESSEE COPYEE1 DOM DOCUMENT 3231 01/28/60 AUTHOR* OLSON KJ ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' REPORT OYEN F 2 DOCUMENT 3 2 3 2 10/28/59 AUTHOR RITTY PM ADDRESSEE HOLF MA COPYEE: COULTER LL MEMO DOM DOM DOM 1 DOCUMENT 3 2 3 3 09/00/80 REPORT 6 AUTHOR: DIDOMENICO A SILANO V INST SUPERIORE DI SANIT ADDRESSEE- COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3 2 3 9 09/00/80 REPORT 23 AUTHOR: DIDOMENICO A SILANO V INST SUPERIORE DI SANIT ADDRESSEE COPYEE- DOCUMENT 3 2 3 5 09/00/80 REPORT 16 AUTHOR: DIDOMENICO A INST SUPERIOR DI SANITA ADDRESSEE COPYEE SILANO V & & e-G C O o TITLE PAGE 466 M -1639 ( VEON BRUSH KILLER TYPEKTOXICOLOOY WORK SHEET, REQUEST FOR SCREENING OR APPLICATION TESTING, ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY, EYE CONTACT TEST, SKIN CONTACT IRRITATION, SINGLE VAPOR EXPOSURE RECORD) CTTL. M -1639 (VEON BRUSH KILLER TYPE)(DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS). HOYLE HR DOW REQUESTING TOXICOLOGY INFORMATION SHEETS FOR ESTERON 2 4 5 OS AND ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OS FOR USERS AND COOPERATORS C T T l . MONITORING OF RESIDUAL TCDD LEVELS IN RECLAIMED BUILDINGS (ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF TCDD AT SEVESO, ITALY)!ECOTOXICOLOGY S ENVIRON SAFETY 4 ( 3 ) , 2 8 3 - 3 5 6 ) . VIVIANO G ZAPPONI G TCDD DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOIL SURFACE LAYER (ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF TCDD AT SEVESO, ITALYMECOTOXICOLOGY S ENVIRON SAFETY 4 ( 3 ) , 283-356). VIVIANO G ZAPPONI G SENSITIVITY AND SPEC IFIC ITY OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES ADOPTED FOR TCDD ASSAY (ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF TCDD AT SEVESO, ITALY)( ECOTOXICOLOGY & ENVIRON SAFETY 4 ( 3 ) , 2 8 3 - 3 5 6 ) . VIVIANO G ZAPPONI G NUMBER DOCUMENT 3236 DATE 05/14/79 AUTHOR DOW NITSCHKE KD ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3237 05/19/80 AUTHOR ADAMSON RH ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE DOCUMENT 3238 09/21/79 AUTHOR HELDER T ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3239 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE 01/21/81 DOCUMENT 3240 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE 01/23/81 DOCUMENT 3241 03/00/71 AUTHOR AMA SMITH D ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3242 05/05/80 AUTHOR DOW FREDERICK DM ADDRESSEE COPYEE TYPE PAGES NEWS 12 REPORT HUMISTON CO SCHWETZ BA LETTER 2 EXECUTIVE 1OFF OF HUMMEL RA REPORT 10 UNIV OF UTRECHT LETTER WILLIAMS M WESELOH JW 4 REPORT 2 REPORT METTER 0 12 AUTH 2 DRENCKPOHL JW LEE AH t e w '< 5 GO O TITLE PAGE 467 THREE GENERAL REPRODUCTION STUDY OF RATS OIVEN TCDD(TCDD) IN THE DIET (TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 5 0 , 2 4 1 - 2 5 2 ) . KOCIBA RJ SMITH FA MURRAY FJ REQUESTS REPORT ON DISAPPEARANCE OF TCDD FROM GRASS FOLLOWING FIELD TREATMENT WITH ESTERON 2 4 5 T , I F AVAILABLE CTTL. IE PRE EFFECTS OF TCDD ON EARLY LIFE STAGES OF THE PIKECESOX LUCIUS LMTHE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1 4 , 2 5 5 - 2 6 4 ) . i REQUESTING INFORMATION ON THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF 24D PRODUCTS CTTL. FACT SHEET ON 24D. A HEALTH SURVEY OF WORKERS IN A 24D AND 245T PLANT WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO CHLORACNE, PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA, AND PSYCHOLOGIC PARAMETERS (ENVIRON HEALTH 22 3 1 6 - 3 2 7 ) . POLAND AP POSSICK P ESTERON 2 4 5 HERBICIDE (PL BULK) (PRODUCT DISCONTINUATION RECORD OF APPROVAL). FITZWATER JO FRASER JM THEIS JM NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3 2 4 3 03/16/79 AUTHOR! ALEXANDER HC ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3244 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 05/15/72 DOCUMENT 3 2 4 5 03/00/80 AUTHOR* DEBEER J TIMPERMAN J ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3246 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/ 00/00 DOCUMENT 3247 04/02/81 AUTHOR: DELISLE NG ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3248 01/00/80 AUTHOR HALTER MT ADDRESSEE COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3249 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/78 DOCUMENT 3250 10/09/62 AUTHOR: BERKLEY MC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* TYPE ABSTRACT DOW TECH PAGES 1 2 NEWS 8 REPORT HEYNDRICKX A VANPETEGHEM V REPORT LENG ML 10 CALCS DOW - 1 REPORT 102 UNIV OF WA LEGIS 2 REPORT MAGEE KR 2 Qbl-G <LO O TITLE PAGE 468 TOXICITY OF ELEVEN HERBICIDES TO DAPHNIDS ( R I D REPORT ES 2 7 4 ) . MCCARTY WM 24D BUTYL ESTERS (MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET). SUICIDAL POISONING BY MCPA AND PARATHIONiJOUR OF ANALYTICAL TOX 4 , 9 1 - 9 8 80D300 TO 8 0 0 4 0 0 ) . PIETTE M ST UNIV OF GHENT BELGIUM RESIDUES IN MILK AND MEAT AND SAFETY TO LIVESTOCK FROM THE USE OF PHENOXY HERBICIDE IN PASTURE AND RANGELAND (DTE 2 8 ( 1 ) , 1 2 - 2 0 ) . TOTAL 245T ACID 8 ESTERON ( 8 2 0 0 0 0 ) . 24D IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT LITERATURE REVIEWS OF FOUR SELECTED HERBICIDES 2 4 0 , DICHLOBENIL, DIQUAT & ENDOTHALL). SUPPLEMENTAL DOCUMENTS FILED BY DOW IN RESPONSE TO THE RPAR ON 245T (30000/26). NEUROPATHY FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO A DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OF 24D. UNIV OF MI NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3251 06/13/79 AUTHOR: GAYLOR DW NELSON CJ ADDRESSEE COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3 2 5 2 02/00/63 AUTHOR! FLORSHEIM WH WILLIAMS AD ADDRESSEE* COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3 2 5 3 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEES COPYEEs 00/ 00/00 DOCUMENT 3254 07/09/59 AUTHORS DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEEs DOW VANVALKENBURG JW DOCUMENT 3 2 5 5 02/27/69 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEEs DOW DOW BYRD BC I AWS I JHO LENG ML DOCUMENT 3256 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE 06/00/70 TYPE PAGES REPORT 9 GREEN HO REPORT 7 UC LOS ANGELES REPORT 14 REPORT WOLF MA BOUNDY RH 16 REPORT 23 KENAGA EE ABLARD KD DAVIDSON .JH I ERL I PDL LYNN GE REPORT LENG ML 2 jM'- 00 O oo TITLE PAGE 469 RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGRICULTURAL USE OF 245T AND CLEFT PALATE OCCURRENCE IN AR (TERATOLOGY 1 9 ( 3 ) , 3 7 7 - 8 3 ) . HEW HOLSON J F SOME EFFECTS OF 24D ON THYROID FUNCTION IN THE RATt EFFECTS ON PERIPHERAL THYROXINE ( 7 2 , 3 2 7 - 3 3 3 ) . US VETERANS HOSPITAL VELCOFF SM STUDIES OF THE TOXICITY OF 24D, 2 4 5 T , AND SILVEX ON VARIOUS ANIMALS AND MAN. RESULTS OF COMPARATIVE SKIN TESTS ON ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OS FORRON BRUSH KILLER ESTERON 2 4 5 OS FORRON 2 4 5 ( T 2 . 3 0 - 3 - 3 T 2 . 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 T 2.30-123-2 T 2.30-112-2). COULTER LL OYEN F THE TOXICITY OF 24D, 2 4 5 T , SILVEX, MCPA, DALAPON, ERBON, TCA, PICLORAM, DNBP; AND THEIR DERIVATIVES AND FORMULATIONS TO FISH AND OTHER AQUATIC ORGANISMS ( G H - P - 5 8 1 ) . BARRONS KC HANSEN RG I FHD I RDM MCCOLLISTER DD BIDLACK HD I AJB I JFK I TAH MCCOY HJ SUMMARY OF TOXICITY OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES TO LIVESTOCK. NUMBER DOCUMENT 3257 DATE 00/00/77 AUTHOR CROFT HA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 325 02/21/7 AUTHOR* EPA WINE JB ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3259 08/00/63 AUTHOR* LA ST UNIV ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3 2 6 0 00/00/77 TYPE PAGES NEWS 12 REPORT PETERSON RE MEMO FLAMM B 38 REPORT SEABURY JH 8 ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR* ANTONENKO TA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* SARAT NAUCHNO ISSLED DOCUMENT 3261 00/00/00 AUTHOR* HEALTH REVIEW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* NEWS 1 DOCUMENT 3 2 6 2 05/01/80 NEWS AUTHOR* HAMMOND VINDICATOR LA MCMAHON BT ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 1 DOCUMENT 3 2 6 3 07/17/79 AUTHOR* BEEBERGER S VANSTRUM C ADDRESSEE* CONNELLY M COPYEE* LETTER CONNELLY M 1 -~ C -b 1 ` ( S CO o TITLE PAGE A70 EFFECTS OF TCDD ON PLASMA DISAPPEARANCE AND BXLIARY EXCRETION OF FOREIGN COMPOUNDS IN RATSCTOX APPLIED PHARMOLOGY AO, A 8 5 -A 9 6 ). UNIV OF HI YANG KH ADDENDUM TO THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE USE OF HERBICIDES IN FORESTRY!7 8 0 2 2 1 TO 7 8 0 2 2 2 CRYSTAL CITY MARRIOTT HOTEL ARLINGTON, V ). KETCHAM DE USDA TOXICITY OF 2AD FOR MAN AND DOG (ARCHIVES OF ENVIRON HEALTH 7 , 202-209). EXPERIMENTAL DATA FROM A STUDY OF THE PERMEABILITY OF THE PLACENTAL BARRIER FOR THE HERBICIDE 2AD (ACID FORM AND IT S PASSAGE HITH THE MOTHERS MILK DURING FEEDING (GIG ASPEKTY OKHR. ZDORVYA NASALENIYA 177-178). INS RANKING THE MOST COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES (HEALTH REVIEW). POISON HITS PARISH (HAMMOND VINDICATOR LA ). COMPLAINT OF RESIDENTS OF FIVE RIVERS OR ON SPRAYING OF HERBICIDES CTTL . H1BD0N KM SUTTON J NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3 2 6 A 01/00/80 AUTHOR HALTER M ADDRESSEE COPYEEs TYPE PAGES REPORT 1 SHEARER R TITLE PAGE A71 LITERATURE REVIEWS OF FOUR SELECTED HERBICIDES 24D DICHLOBENIL DIQUAT AND ENDOTHAL (TIT L E PAGE) CTTL. DOCUMENT 3 2 6 5 06/16/80 REPORT 1 2<*D EVALUATION OF THE HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS (T IT L E PAGE) AUTHOR: DEPT OF HEALTH SERVICES DEPT OF IND RELATIONS ADDRESSEE COPYEE CTTL. DOCUMENT 3266 AUTHOR: FOE ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/00 LABEL 1 26D FOE PETITION PROPOSED LABEL HORDING. DOCUMENT 3267 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 02/19/81 NEWS 2 DIOXIN HAUNTS EPA REFUSE PLANS. DOCUMENT 3268 00/00/76 AUTHOR: AG CAN ADDRESSEE COPYEE: REPORT 5 COCHRANE WP - GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ETHEPHON AND FENOPROP RESIDUES IN APPLES AND THEIR DECLINE BEFORE AND AFTER HARVEST (JOUR OF THE AOAC 5 9 ( 3 ) , 6 1 7 - 6 2 1 ) . GREENHALGH R LOONEY NE DOCUMENT 3269 09/20/78 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE' EPA COPYEE DOW GETZENDANER ME MCCOLLISTER DD TRAYNOR MJ LETTER LENG ML HARNICK HL EPA HOLDER BB PATTON D WULF ML 2A5T RPAR 3 0 0 0 0 / 2 6 SUPPLEMENT TO DOW RESPONSE NUMBER 1 6 . DAVIDSON JH KENAGA EE SCHWETZ BA GEHRINO P J KOCIBA RJ SMITH LL DOCUMENT 3 2 7 0 00/00/73 AUTHOR BERNDT WO ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: NEWS 12 IN VITRO UPTAKE OF 29D AND 295T BY RENAL CORTICAL TISSUE OF RABBITS AND RAIS (TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 2 6 , 5 5 9 - 5 7 0 ) . REPORT DARMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL KOSCHIER F *i -a CO o NUMBER DOCUMENT 3271 DATE 00/ 00/00 TYPE LABEL PAGES 1 AUTHORS DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE * DOCUMENT 3 2 7 2 10/20/75 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOH DOM FREVEL LK KILIAN DJ MCCOLLISTER DD PULLIN T REPORT KOCIBA RJ BLAIR EH GORDON HL KIMMEL CE MOOLENAAR RJ RINZEMA L 1 DOCUMENT 3 2 7 3 07/00/71 AUTHOR* DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* HAMAKER JH REPORT GORING CA 4 DOCUMENT 3274 00/00/78 REPORT 10 AUTHOR* CEFIS F SANCHIONI L ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* GROPP A DOCUMENT 3 2 7 5 01/10/79 LETTER AUTHOR* CLUSTER J F ADDRESSEE* FRIENDS OF THE EARTHI JANSSON E COPYEE* 1 DOCUMENT 3276 08/28/78 LETTER AUTHOR* FRIENDS OF THE EARTH ADDRESSEE* EPA COPYEE* JELLENICK S 1 DOCUMENT 3277 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* TO O QJ 00/ 00/00 REPORT 1 TITLE PAGE 472 ESTERON BRUSH KILLER (SPECIMEN LABEL) (HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS REPORTED FROM THE FIELD AS A RESULT OF EXPOSURES TO 245T SPRAY DRIFT AND EXPOSURE TO OTHER HERBICIDES CONTAINING TCDD DIOXIN) (INCIDENTS INVOLVING 4 6 5 PEOPLE IN 8 STATES). EVALUATION OF ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY OF KURON HERBICIDE IN RATS. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH LABORATORY ( M - 3 5 0 4 ) . RAMPY LW YAKEL HO BURGERT BE HOLDER BB LEAVITT FC OLSON RD ROBINSON VB CARLETON RE HORVATH B MACCUTCHEON PRUITT ME SHAVOR RJ SM THE DEGRADATION AND MOVEMENT OF PICLORAM IN SOIL AND MATER (DTE 27(1), 12-15). PATHOLOGISCH EMBRYOLOGISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN ABORTUSFALLEN IM ZUSAMMENHAN MIT DEM SEVESO UNGLCK (SCHWEIZERISCHE MEDIZINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1 0 8 , 1 6 1 7 - 1 6 2 5 ) . MEDIZINISCHEN HOCHSCHULE REHDER H LETTER AFFIDAVIT OF JUDY CLUSTER ON HOH Z4D DAMAGED HER VOICE CTTL REQUEST BY FOE FOR EPA TO TAKE ACTION TO PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH CTTL . HEALTH REVIEW RANKING THE MOST COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES. NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3278 01/00/80 AUTHORS SHEARER R ADDRESSEE' COPYEEs TYPE REPORT PAGES 1 DOCUMENT 3279 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' 06/18/80 REPORT 1 DOCUMENT 3280 07/10/80 AUTHOR' ADDRESSEE' COSTLE D COPYEE' LETTER EPA 1 DOCUMENT 3281 AUTHOR' ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' 07/10/80 LABEL 1 DOCUMENT 3 2 8 2 AUTHOR' ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' 06/16/80 REPORT - 2 DOCUMENT 3283 07/10/80 LETTER AUTHOR' FRIENDS OF THE EARTH ADDRESSEE' COSTLE D EPA COPYEE' 1 DOCUMENT 3284 03/00/76 REPORT 3 AUTHOR' DOH ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' DOCUMENT 3285 11/00/75 NEWS 57 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE1 COPYEE! REPORT MCCOLLISTER DD TITLE PAGE 473 LITERATURE REVIEWS OF FOUR SELECTED HERBICIDES 24D, DICHLOBENIL, DIQUAT 8 ENDOTHALL (COVER PAGE) CTTL. 24D EVALUATION OF THE HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS (COVER PAGE) CTTL. PETITION 2 PICLORAM AND CANCER SLIDE REVIEH STANDARDIZATION. 24D PROPOSED LABEL WORDING. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA HAZARD ALERT SYSTEM ON THE HERBICIDE 24D 8 0 0 6 1 6 . PETITION I 24D AND THE REGISTRATION PROGRAM OF EPA CTTL. SUPPLEMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 5 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR SILVEX 2-(245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY)PROPIONIC ACID IN FOOD AND FORAGE CROPS MEAT AND MILK. TOXICOLOGICAL DECISIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS RESULTING FROM THE SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD (CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN TOX, 1 2 5 - 1 8 2 ) . VETTORAZZI G WHO NUMBER DOCUMENT 3286 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DATE 00/ 0 0 / 0 0 DOCUMENT 3287 01/16/80 AUTHOR: DOH JORDAN LN WOODS JS ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3288 01/07/78 AUTHOR: FRANCO B ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3289 00/00/78 AUTHOR HUTZINGER 0 ADDRESSEE- COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 2 9 0 01/10/78 AUTHOR WHO ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DOCUMENT 3291 11/00/65 AUTHOR: CALANDRA JC ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3292 00/00/60 AUTHOR: BROWN JR ADDRESSEE: EDITOR COPYEE: TYPE 00000000 PAGES 1 TITLE PAGE 979 SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHL JW SCOLES GW 29D, BUTYL ESTERS DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION 2 0 7 0 6 . FRASER JM GOLD WL WATSON AJ WOODS CD ' REPORT 11 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON MORTALITY IN THE SEVESO AREA, 7 5 0 0 0 0 TO 770000. INSTITUTO NAZIONALE PER REPORT TULP MTHM 9 RAT METABOLISM OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS(CHEMOSPHERE 9 , 761-768). UNIV OF AMSTERDAM REPORT 5 JOINT NIEHS INTL AGENCY FOR RES ON CANCER HORKINQ GROUP ON THE COORDINATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE LONGTERM HAZARDS OF CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND CHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANSILYON, 780110) . NEWS REPORT KAY JH 9 SUBACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY OF 29D (ARCHIVES OF ENVIRON HEALTH 1 1 , 698-651). PALAZZOLO RJ REPORT 1 PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY (JOUR AM MEDICAL ASSN 1 7 3 ( 1 ) , 8 7 ) . GOLDSTEIN NP MAYO CLINIC JOUR AM MEDICAL ASSN CO O oo NUMBER DOCUMENT 3293 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3299 DATE 01/07/00 10/00/59 TYPE REPORT PAGES 37 MULLISON WR CHART 8 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE * DOCUMENT 3 2 9 5 02/09/80 AUTHOR BOND GO ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE DOCUMENT 3296 02/27/78 AUTHOR BLOGG CD MURRAY FJ SMITH FA ADDRESSEE COPYEE BLOGG CD MURRAY FJ AXE BD BLAIR EH BUREK JD CARLETON RE DAIGRE GW DEGESERO RD GEHRING P J ORI ESS OA HOERGER FD JACKSON L JOHNSTON RV KOCIBA RJ LEBEAU JE MACGOWAN CF MCCOLLISTER DD MOOLENAAR RJ MURRAY N NOLAN RJ OLSON KJ CO o PRUITT ME RAMPY LW ROBERTS DJ CD REPORT HYMAS TA LETTER REPORT DOW COOK RR 9 ABSTRACT DOW NITSCHKE DD 1 DOW RAO KS BARNARD S BRAUN WH BURGERT BE CARLSON RG DANIEL RL DELINE DD GETZENDANER ME HALPHEN CE HOLDER BB JERSEY GC KELLY ME LANGNER RR LENG ML MACKEY JC MCFEDRIES R MOORE JH NICHOLS JL NORRIS JM OLSON RD PUMPELLY CT RAMSEY JC ROBINSON VB /.H S 'T TITLE PAGE 675 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HERBICIDES TO NON TARGET ORGANISMS (PROCEEDINGS OF THE NORTHEASTERN WEED CONTROL CONFERENCE 7 0 0 1 0 7 THROUGH 7 0 0 1 0 7 , NEW YORK CITY 2 6 , 1 1 1 - 1 1 6 ) . SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON 26D AND 265T TYPE HERBICIDES AND AN EVALUATION OF THE HAZARDS TO LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR USE (AM JOUR OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 1 5 ( 5 7 ) , 6 2 2 - 6 2 9 ) ( ROI 3 0 7 1 2 ) . ROWE VK A CRITICAL REVIEW OF "CASE CONTROL STUDY OF MALIGNANT MESENCHYMAL SOFT TISSUE TUMORS AND EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES". THREE GENERATION REPRODUCTION STUDY OF RATS INGESTING TCDD (RSD REPORTMHET K - 6 6 6 8 1 - 2 9 ) )(C R I 7 8 3 9 8 6 ) . HUMISTON CG JOHN JA RAO KS SCHWETZ BA HUMISTON CO SCHWETZ BA BEAMER WH BRUNLICH HH CALDWELL CE CRAWFORD AA DAVIDSON JH DISHBURGER HJ GLEESON JG HEFNER RE HORVATH BS JOHNS DB KILIAN DJ lAPE RL LUI G MANSTON J MCINTIRE OR MURPHY PM NIELSEN WH NOWAK RM PILNY MK QUAST JF REUVERS H ROGERS WA JOHN JA SMITH FA BEARDEN CR BROWER HH CAPUTO R CRUMMETT WB DAVIS RA ENGIBOUS DL GRAHAM DL HENRY H HYDE MA JOHNSON RL KIMMEL CE LEAVITT FC MAASBERG AT MCCLURE HH MCKENNA MJ MURRAY JS NITSCHKE KD NUMMY WR POTTS WJ RABOLD CP RINZEMA L ROWE VK NUMBER DATE SCHAFFER AM SERCU CL THOMPSON DJ VERSCHUUREN HO HATANABE PO TYPE PAGES SCHARNMEBER HC SHAVER RJ TODD LM VRANI5H SR YOCUM RH DOCUMENT 3297 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/79 LEGAL. MEMO 5 DOCUMENT 3298 AUTHOR; DOM ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE: 07/22/76 LETTER MULLISON HR MOUNTFORT RF 1 DOCUMENT 3 2 9 9 07/22/76 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE AG EXP STATION NJ COPYEE: DOM LENG ML LETTER 1 MULLISON HR MARKLE GM BYRD BC MCCOLLISTER DD DOCUMENT 3 3 0 0 00/00/56 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: ALQUIST FN COLLIER BL FAYERWEATHER BL FOSTER T JOHNSON JE NATION HA PEARSE FS RITTY PM SWEZEY AM WILTSE MG TECH 3 BARRONS KC COON ET FISHER JR GEL KELLY JA NORTON TR PRESCOTT RF ROWE VK WARDEN RL DOCUMENT 3301 05/23/56 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE CO 0 01 o COULTER LL DOW COLBY RW FAYERWEATHER FOSTER T JOHNSON JE MULLISON WR OTIS CE RICHARDS WF BL LETTER DOW ALQUIST FN COLLIER BL FISHER JR GEL JOHNSON JR NATION HA PEARSE FS RITTY PM 5 TITLE SCHLACHTER MM SHEETZ DP TRAYNOR MJ NACHOB HM YOUNG DJ SCHNEIDER JA THOMPSON CF ULRICH JR WARNER SD YOUNG JD PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION CASE 7 9 - 1 1 9 - E G - C . PAGE 476 KURON HERBICIDE, EPA REG. NO. 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 (SILVEX ACTIVE INGREDIENT). IR4 PETITION FOR APPLE TOLERANCE. LETTER RECOMMENDATION FOR KURON LABEL COPY ALONG WITH AUTHORIZATION TO EPA OPENING DOW'S KURON FILES CTTL. DAVIDSON JH SOUTHWICK L HEIN ND WILLIAMS CS INFORMATION SHEET ON ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OS AND ESTERON 245 OS ( ROI 1 1 5 2 5 ) . BRITTON JW COULTER LL FITZGERALD CD GIBSON JW LEASURE JK NYMAN FA RAYNOR RN SOUTHWICK L WARREN LE COLBY RW DAVIDSON JH FLETCHER FW JEJ MULLISON HR OTIS CE RICHARDS WF SUNDERLAND NH WATSON AJ INFORMATION SHEET ON ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OS AND ESTERON 2 4 5 OS (ROI 11525). BARRONS KC COON ET FITZGERALD CD GIBSON JW KELLY JA NORTON TR PRESCOTT RF ROWE VK BRITTON JH DAVIDSON JH FLETCHER FW JEJ LEASURE JK NYMAN FA RAYNOR RN SOUTHWICK L 3051 j>3i NUMBER DATE COPYEE SUNDERLAND HH WATSON AJ DOCUMENT 3 3 0 2 0A /0 7 /7 8 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE! HOLDER DB DOCUMENT 3 3 0 3 02/06/79 AUTHOR! CHENOHETH MB ADDRESSEE COPYEE BRAUN WH RAMSEY JC DOCUMENT 330A 02/08/61 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEEi RITTY PM CONNER DL FALSEY WP FURMAN FS HAMMER OH LYNN GE MULL ISON WR SAUNDERS ES SPALDING JL VANVALKENBURG JW WILSON J S DOCUMENT 3 3 0 5 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOW AJW EHB GEL JEJ JMV LS TRN 12/00/62 DOCUMENT 3306 02/10/70 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: WRIGHT WG WARDEN RL TYPE PAGES SWEZEY AW WILTSE MG REPORT A MCCARTY REPORT DOW HOLDER BB SAUNDERS JH 15 REPORT 10 RITTY PM ALLEN WW CORBIN WL FISHER JR GANTZ R JOHNSON JE MARTUCH LL NATION HA SCHWARTZBECK RA SURGEON DK WARDEN RL WILTSE MG REPORT HANSON RG AWS ERL GS JFK KCB MW WATSON AJ 39 REPORT 1 WRIGHT WG GETZENDANER ME TITLE WARDEN RL WARREN LE PAGE 477 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH SILVEX. SAUNDERS ES SHANDLE ABSORPTION OF SILVEX ESTERS THROUGH THE SKIN OF HUMAN VOLUNTEERS. DOW KARBOWSKI RJ MCCARTY LP SUMMARY OF AQUATIC HERBICIDE INFORMATION ON KUROSAL SL (M -1 8 4 5 ) AND KUROSAL G ( M - 1 8 4 7 ) (ROI 2 1 5 2 9 ) . BARRONS KC COULTER LL FLETCHER RO GIBSON JH LEASURE JK MCCOY WJ RAYNOR RN SEEKER B SWEZEY AW WATSON AJ COLBY RH DOSSER RC FOSTER TS GREENFIELD JE LUTZ EM MCINTYRE HH ROWE VK SMITH HL TRUCHELUT GB WIFFEN EE RESULTS FROM 1961 AND 1962 FIELD EXPERIMENTS AT GREENVILLE, M IS S IP P I WITH THE HERBICIDE L IL I ( K 3 8 , 3 2 3 K G H - P 2 7 > . EEK ES HL JKL LEW RGH WR EEW GBT JAK JLS LLC RWC WRM SUGGESTS THAT RESIDUE STUDY BE PERFORMED SO THAT SILVEX CAN BE REGISTERED FOR VINE CONTROL IN CITRUS CTTL. MACDONALD LA MCCOLLISTER DD 3052 p.3i 5v NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3307 05/21/57 AUTHOR- COULTER LL ADDRESSEE* COPYEE ALLEN HH COLBY RW FALSEY WP GIBSON JW LEASURE JK MULL ISON MR RAYNOR RN SHELDON HW HARDEN RL DOCUMENT 3308 01/05/73 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: LENG ML DOCUMENT 3309 01/10/73 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE LENG ML DOCUMENT 3310 09/10/58 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE! DOW COLBY RW HINMAN CW LIPPIE LJ PERKINS RP WARREN LE DOCUMENT 3311 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE 06/21/77 DOCUMENT 3 3 1 2 12/13/61 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE JOHNSON JE WALLBERG JH TYPE PAGES REPORT DOW 11 BENDALL TJ CONNOR DL FAYERWEATHER BL GREEN JP LICHY CT NATION HA RITTY PM SMITH GN WARREN LE LABEL 16 MCCOLLISTER DD OTHER 1 MULL ISON WR USDA PEST REGUL MCCOLLISTER DD REPORT WATSON AJ BARRONS KC DIETER CE JOHNSON JE LYNN GE SPALDING J A1 REPORT HUMMEL RA CRUMMETT WB 1 LETTER 1 ROWE VK MCCOY WJ KOEHLINGER D TITLE "WHAT ABOUT HURON?" (ACO PROJECT STATUS REPORT - DOC. PAGE A78 NO. 1 2 8 5 0 ) . BRITTON JH COON ET FISHER JR GULLIKSON GE LYNN GE PEASE FS ROWE VK SMITH HL WATSON AJ BRYANT CA DAVIDSON JH FOSTER D KELLY JA MADDOX J F PRESCOTT RF SEEKER B SOUTHWICK L WILTSE MG HURON, LOW-VOLATILE BRUSH AND WEED HERBICIDE (EPA REGISTRATION NO. 46A-16Z). PARRAN HN KURON, APPLICATION FOR AMENDED REGISTRATION OF ECONOMIC POISONS (REGISTRATION NO. A 6 A - 1 6 2 ) . USDA USDA PEST REGULATI PARRAN HM A FIELD EVALUATION OF SEVERAL EXPERIMENTAL AQUATIC HERBICIDES (REPORT S H -3 9 1 ) . BLAIR EH HAMMER OH KAGY J F NORTON TR SWEZEY AW BOUNDY RH HANSON RG LAWRENCE JM NUTTING HS VANVOLKENBURG JH KUROSAL SL AL 7 7 - 0 0 9 5 5 . MCCOLLISTER DD KURON - SORDONI CONSTRUCTION COMPANY OF KINGSTON, PENNSYLVANIA. LUTZ E REED PE NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3 3 1 3 04/16/74 AUTHOR! DOH ADDRESSEE HAMAGUCHI H COPYEE! COULTER LL HOLF MA DOCUMENT 3 3 1 4 10/24/75 AUTHOR! DOH ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEEi GEHRING PJ MCCOLLISTER DD WILLIAMS CS DOCUMENT 3 3 1 5 12/30/70 AUTHOR! USDA CROPS PROT ADDRESSEE-' KEARNEY PC COPYEE! BLAIR EH DOCUMENT 3316 00/00/00 AUTHOR1 DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE OLSON K DOCUMENT 3317 07/24/74 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DAVIDSON JH MCCOLLISTER DD THEIS JM DOCUMENT 3318 11/13/58 GO O UT wO <0 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOH DOH BARRONS KC HAMMER OH LIPPIE LJ SPALDING J DOCUMENT 3 3 1 9 12/04/56 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE! DOH COPYEE: ROWE VK > ^f\ TYPE PAGES REPORT LENG ML 2 JANTZ OK REPORT 1 LENG ML DAVIDSON JH GETZENDANER ME SAUERHOFF MW REPORT 1 WOOLSON EA USDA ARS CROPS DAVIDSON JH REPORT OHARE CP ROWE VK 2 REPORT 26 KENAGA EE GEHRING PJ MULLISON HR WATSON AJ REPORT WATSON AJ BLAIR EH HANSON RG LYNN GE SWEZEY AH 15 ABSTRACT WINSTON AW JOSEPHS MJ DOW 1 TITLE SILVEX ( 2 4 5 T P ) TOXICOLOGY REPORTS FOR NISSAN. MCCOLLISTER DO MURPHY A PAGE 479 SHOECRAFT SUIT - ESTIMATED SILVEX EXPOSURE. GORDON HL SCHROETER RH JENSEN DJ SOUTHWICK L ANALYSIS OF SILVEX SAMPLE USED AT GLOBE, ARIZONA. USDA USDA FARHA AS LYNN GE THE EFFECTS OF REPEATED APPLICATIONS OF SYMMETRICAL TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOXIN ON GUINEA PIG EARS. 245T AND DERIVATIVES TOXICITY AND STABILITY IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. HOLMSEN TR ROHE VK HILLIAMS CS LENG ML SOUTHWICK L WOLF MA A FIELD EVALUATION OF SEVERAL EXPERIMENTAL AQUATIC HERBICIDES SUPPLEMENT TO SH-REPORT 3 9 1 . LAWRENCE JM COLBY RW JOHNSON JE NORTON TR VANVALKENBURG JW DIETER CE KAGY J F PERKINS RP WARREN LE ACUTE FISH TOXICITY OF SILVEX, SILVEX ESTER, KURON A BARON. DOW DOW NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3320 08/15/79 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE GET2ENDANER ME DOCUMENT 3321 09/19/72 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: COULTER LL DOCUMENT 3 3 2 2 10/23/75 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: CRUMMETT WM GORDON HL SOUTHWICK L DOCUMENT 3 3 2 3 07/20/62 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: COULTER LL DOCUMENT 3329 06/17/79 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: ROWE VK GARFIELD EL HOYLE HR DOCUMENT 3 3 2 5 03/22/76 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE KEARNEY PC COPYEE: DAVIDSON JH DOCUMENT 3326 09/27/71 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE GORDON HL ROWE VK TYPE PAGES REPORT LENG ML SWART RW JENSEN DJ 1 REPORT LENG ML BREMNER NW DAVIDSON JH 3 REPORT LENG ML DAVIDSON JH JENSEN DJ WILLIAMS CS 2 REPORT ROWE VK WIFFEN EE LENG ML 2 REPORT OLSON RD ROWE VK BLAIR EH GEHRING P J KRAMER CG 12 REPORT 1 LENG ML USDA MCCOLLISTER DD REPORT GEHRING PJ HINMAN CW 9 CO o CJT hU. TITLE SILVEX FEEDING STUDY IN CATTLE. PAGE 480 MCCOLLISTER DD SILVEX PROBLEM IN MEXICO. MCCOLLISTER DD WALKER CR SHOECRAFT VS DOW - SILVEX CALCULATED EXPOSURE AND MAXIUM RESIDUES. GEHRING P J MCCOLLISTER DD GETZENDANER ME SAUERHOFF MH TOXICOLOGICAL DATA ON KUROSAL SL AND KUROSAL G CTTL. DOW DOW LYNN GE EVALUATION OF 245T BUTOXY ETHANOL ESTER DURING FIELD APPLICATION NORTHEAST OF JOHNSTOWN, PA. CRI GORDON HL LANGER RR DAVIDSON JH HOLDER BB SKORY LK RECENT CLAIM MADE ABOUT THE HAZARDS OF SILVEX CTTL. ROSS R TSCHIRLEY FH RESULTS OF A PILOT STUDY ON THE EXCRETION ft ABSORPTION OF 24D ft 245T FOLLOWING A SINGLE DOSE TO HUMAN SUBJECTS. JOHNSON JE KRAMER CG NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3327 04/27/71 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE* DON KRAMER CG COPYEE! TYPE PAGES LETTER 1 GEHRING P J GORDON HL ROME VK DOCUMENT 3328 03/26/71 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE* DOM COPYEE* MCCOLLISTER DD REPORT LENG ML GENTRY MM 6 DOCUMENT 3 3 2 9 02/15/60 AUTHOR* DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* BARRONS KC HINMAN CM KAGY J F PERKINS RP DOH REPORT 8 STEVENSON GT BLAIR EH HYMAS TA LIPPIE LJ RAPER JT DOCUMENT 3 3 3 0 12/17/80 NEMS AUTHOR* MINISTRY OF AG FISHERIES ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 6 DOCUMENT 3331 12/23/71 AUTHOR* DOH ADDRESSEE* CLARK DE COPYEE* GETZENDANER ME REPORT 3 LENG ML USDA ARS MCCOLLISTER DD DOCUMENT 3 3 3 2 10/21/68 AUTHOR* DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* AJB EEK GDJ JENSEN DJ LYNN GE REN HILLIAMS CS CO 0 01 OS REPORT 60 LENG ML CHH EHB GNS JHD MCCOLLISTER DD RJS MRB TITLE PAGE 481 RESULTS OF THE PILOT STUDY ON THE ABSORPTION 1 EXCRETION OF 24D 8 245T BY HUMAN SUBJECTS. H1NMAN CH JOHNSON JE COMMENTS ON REPORT ON SILVEX IN CALF TISSUES. SILVEX ADDED TO THE DRINKING WATER OF CATTLE, SHEEP, SWINE, TURKEYS, DUCKS AND CHICKENS. DOW COLBY RW JOHNSON JE LYNN GE SPALDING J HAMMER OH JOSEPHS ME NORTON TR VANVALKENBURG JH ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON PESTICIDES REPORT ON 245T (JO IN T ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE AG DEPT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM). AMENDED PETITIONS FOR TOLERANCES OF 24D, 2 4 5 T , SILVEX AND MCPA HAVE BEEN SUBMITTED TO THE IND TASK FORCE CTTL. REVIEW ON THE METABOLISM OF PHENOXY COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS (GH-P 5 5 1 ). MCCOLLISTER DD DOW DDD ERL HEALY MJ JHG RAYNOR RN SOUTHWICK L DOW DWO FHD JEJ KCB RDM WATSON AJ NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 3 3 3 AUTHOR > DOM ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE DATE 06/06/78 TYPE PAGES REPORT 1 LENG ML MCCOLLISTER DD DOCUMENT 3 3 3 6 02/12/76 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE GLEESON JG MULLISON MR WESSEL MR REPORT LENG ML DAVIDSON JH HAAG5MA T NAEGELE RE WILLIAMS CS 3 DOCUMENT 3335 08/07/70 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DACQUISTO MP GRAZIER G JOHNSON JE MAFFII G NICOL IS FB ROBINSON VB ZELLERCELSO L REPORT 7 THOMPSON DJ DEZULIAN MV HAKE CL JOHNSTON RV MCCOLLISTER DD NUMMY MR ROWE VK DOCUMENT 3336 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/00 DATA TECH 1 DOCUMENT 3337 10/27/80 AUTHOR HALL J F ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE LETTER NFPA JOHNSON EL 2 DOCUMENT 3338 00/00/76 REPORT 10 3056 v .3 AUTHOR BERNDT MO ADDRESSEE COPYEE KOSCH1ER FJ DOCUMENT 3339 03/20/81 NEWS AUTHOR CHEM REGULATION REPORTER ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 2 TITLE MEMO QUESTIONING NOEL OF SILVEX IN DOO STUDY CTTL. PAGE 482 DIOXIN IN APPLES TREATED HITH SILVEX. DOW DOW MACDOUGALL D MCCOLLISTER DD SEWARD WB SOUTHWICK L DOW -RESULTS OF TOLERANCE STUDIES OF Z45-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY PROPIONIC ACID (SILVEX) IN PREGNANT RATS". EMERSON JL HINMAN CH KAMMERAAD A MILCH LJ PETERSON NR SCHWARZ AJ GERBIG CG HYMAS TA LYNN OE NARANJO P RENZI A SENSI P PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTERS OF SILVEX (PHYSICAL PROPERTIES) IN VITRO UPTAKE OF ORGANIC IONS BY RENAL CORTICAL TISSUES OF RATS TREATED ACUTELY HITH 245T CTOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 3 5 , 355-36A ). UNIV OF MS DIOXINS(SECOND DOW SARCOMA CASE FOUND, COMPANY SUGGESTS SMOKING AS FACTOR) (CHEM REGULATION REPORTER). 4 NUMBER DOCUMENT 33*40 DATE 00/00/73 TYPE NEWS PAGES 12 AUTHOR? GLOVER E ADDRESSEE8 COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3391 00/00/77 AUTHOR8 HUFF PISA UNIV ITALY ADDRESSEE COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3 3 9 2 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE8 COPYEEs 01/16/79 DOCUMENT 3 3 9 3 03/00/77 AUTHOR8 HONOROF I ADDRESSEE COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3399 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEEs 00/00/79 DOCUMENT 3 3 9 5 00/00/77 AUTHOR BERRY DL SLAGA TJ ADDRESSEE COPYEEs REPORT POLAND A REPORT 20 INTL AGENCY FOR RES WASSOM JS TECH 1 FISHBECK WA NEHS 9 ABSTRACT KENAGA EE 1 REPORT 6 DIGIOVANNI J UNIV OF WASHINGTON <LO O cn TITLE PAGE CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS POTENT INDUCERS OF DELTA-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID SYNTHETASE AND ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASECZ. A STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP) (MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY 9 , 7 3 6 - 7 9 7 ) . UNIV OF ROCHESTER 483 A REVIEW OF THE GENETIC TOXICOLOGY OF CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS (MUTATION RES 4 7 , 1 4 1 - 1 6 0 ) . ON C LOPRIENO N OAK RIDGE NATL LAB Z4-DICHLOROPHENOL (MEDICAL INFORMATION). KEELER P EPA MUST PROTECT THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT (A REPORT TO THE CONSUMER). 245T AND DERIVATIVES. TOXICITY AND STABILITY IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT (DOWN EARTH 3 0 ( 3 ) , 1 9 - 2 5 ) . TUMOR INITIATING ABILITY OF TCDD AND AROCHLOR 1254 IN THE TWO STAGE SYSTEM OF MOUSE SKIN CARCINOGENISIS (BULLETIN OF ENVIRON CONTAMINATION 8 TOX 1 8 ( 5 ) , 5 5 2 - 5 5 7 ) . JUCH MR OAK RIDGE NATL LAB VIAJE A 3058 4}-3i54 NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3346 06/14/73 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOH BLAIR EH DOHELL FH GETZENDANER ME HANSON RG JOHNSON JE KUYPER CK LYNN GE NAEGELE RE REGAN JB SHAVER RJ MARREN LE DOCUMENT 3347 04/02/81 AUTHOR MCBRIDE J ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3348 02/26/73 AUTHOR'- BRUST HF ADDRESSEE COPYEE: BRUST HF BLEIHEISS J FAUVER VA HART P LITTLE DM MOSS RD PUMPELLY CT MOODMARD R DOCUMENT 3349 12/07/73 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: ROUSH GJ BLAIR EH KELYMAN M TREE RM DOCUMENT 3350 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: DOM 05/14/58 TYPE PAGES REPORT 65 LANINO ER JR LANING ER JR BYRD BC GEHRING PJ GORING CA HUNTER JH JOHNSON RB LENG ML MCCOLLISTER DD NUMMY MR RITTY PM SHELDON HM MATSON AJ NEMS USDA 4 REPORT DOM DOH BOHNERT TJ FLANNERY R HOFF RC MESSING SH MOYER JR ROBBINS LA YEAGER L 33 REPORT 10 DOM LANGNER RR TECH 2 MCCOLLISTER DD HOYLE HR TITLE PAGE P IC I ORAM IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT (GH P - 8 2 M E P A PR NOTICE 70-15MCR1 73 3407). SOUTHWICK L BARRONS KC COULTER LL GENTRY WM GRUMBLES JB HYMAS TA JOHNSTON RV LINCE MS MCCUTCHEN LR PORTEOUS DJ SAUNDERS ES STRINGER WM WRIGHT WG BJORK CK DAVIDSON JH GERONIMO J HAAGSMA TA JANTZ OK KENAGA EE LUDWIG PD MOSS RD PRUITT ME SEYMOUR KG THOMPSON CF 484 WORKERS* EXPOSURE TO 24D STUDIED (RESEARCH NEWS). SEMI-HYDROUS MOLTEN 24D PROCESS (R 8 D REPORT OC 0 7 3 0 0 1 3 - 2 ) . AERSTIN FO DELINE DD FOX RD LAFEVOR D MINTZ MJ PARMELE CS THEIS JM BLAIR EH DHINGRA YR HABERSTROH WH LENG ML MORRIS LR PARSEY ES WERLING CL WIPE TESTS AT THE TRICHLOROPHENOL PLANT, 8 0 4 BUILDINGCNBH17.4 - 1 2 - 3 ( 5 ) ) . GORGASZ SM OLSON RD HOLDER BB ONAN RE VEON BRUSH KILLER (DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS). WOLF MA NUMBER DOCUMENT 3351 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE? COPYEEs DATE 03/10/75 DOCUMENT 3352 01/23/75 AUTHOR DERSNAW ADDRESSEE* COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3353 01/23/75 AUTHOR DERSNAH ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3354 08/01/70 AUTHOR ABEGG CF ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3355 01/09/75 AUTHOR' DERSNAH ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3356 12/02/74 C AUTHOR! BETHKE JONES W ADDRESSEE* ^ COPYEEs O Ot DOCUMENT 3357 04/11/80 <X> AUTHOR- CHARLTON RW ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs DOW . COOK RR ^3 MULL ISON WR TOWNSEND J CP WESELOH JW TYPE PAGES TECH 2 SILVERSTEIN LG DATA TECH DOW 1 DATA TECH DOW 1 DATA TECH DOW 1 DATA TECH DOW 1 DATA TECH BOUST HF 1 TELEX DOW BLAIR EH CRUMMETT WB SCHWEIZ BA VENIABLE J WILLIAMS CS 1 TITLE PAGE 485 24D TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE SALT (DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALSHK-8866). WOLF MA WASTE TREATMENT, BUTYL ESTER OF 24D SOLVENTCREACTIVE CHEMICAL HAZARD DATA). JONES JN JR WASTE TREATMENT, BUTYL ESTER OF 24D, DISTILLATION FEED(REACTIVE CHEMICAL HAZARD DATA). JONES JN JR 24DCREACTIVE CHEMICAL HAZARD DATA). HARRIS W HIGGINS HS ETHYLENE GLYCOL W/ 24D ACID; MOLTEN 24D PROCESS (REACTIVE CHEMICAL HAZARD DATA). FEY K BIS-24D)(REACTIVE CHEMICAL HAZARD DATA). DERSNAH DOW 245T UPDATE. BOYLE CM GF HRING PJ SHADOFF LA VRANISH SR BUMB RR KOCIBA RJ STAMISON PG WAKEFIELD D 3060 P-3IST' NUMBER DOCUMENT 3358 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3359 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3360 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3361 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3362 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 3363 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DOCUMENT 336A AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3365 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3366 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE : COPYEE: DATE 05/21/56 TYPE DATA PAGES 2 04/2A/56 DATA 2 03/08/56 AUTH WHITE LE 1 00/00/00 TECH 1 02/15/60 10/31/7A TECH OLSON HOYLE HR TECH HEBBOURN R 3 1 11/20/78 TECH 1 FISHBECK WA 00/00/00 DATA 2 03/13/60 TECH 1 TITLE BRUSH KILLER TX (SKIN CONTACT IRRITATION). PAGE 486 BRUSH KILLER TX (EYE CONTACT TEST). BRUSH KILLER TX (REQUEST FOR APPLICATION TESTINO). BRUSH KILLER X (DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS). M-1684(E5TERON BRUSH KILLER TYPE)DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS. OYEN F 24D PGBEE (REACTIVE CHEMICAL HAZARD DATA). KERBY JE BUTYL 400, 24D HEED KILLER(TX-1021)(MEDICAL INFORMATION). KEELER P SILVEX (PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA SHEET). M-1639(VEON BRUSH KILLER TYPE). 3061 j?`3\& NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3367 11/22/57 AUTHOR DOH DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE* DOM BESHGETOOR AM ELSHERE D HYMAS TA MARTIN D TISDALE ML DOCUMENT 3368 03/31/60 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE* DOM DOH DOH ELSHERE D HART A KILIAN DJ SCOLES G DOCUMENT 3369 05/03/56 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE DOM BRITTON EC GREENE LM MACCUTCHEON SM WRIGHT N DOCUMENT 3370 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE* 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 3371 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/68 DOCUMENT 3372 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 00/00/00 TYPE PAGES REPORT 29 MCCOLLISTER DD ALLINSON RL BOUNDY RH GAY HH JONES GO MCINTYRE HH WHITE LC REPORT OLSON K 19 BARRONS KC GAY HH HYMAS TA LUCE EN STENGER VA REPORT LOCKWOOD D ALLINSON RL COULTER LL HART A MARTIN D 22 TECH 1 REPORT DUNN FL 31 TECH 2 TITLE PAGE 487 RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON BRUSH KILLER X, WEED KILLER X AND BRUSH KILLER TX. OLSON KJ PETERSON JE ALLISON HE COLBY RW GREENE LM KILIAN DJ MUSSELL DR WRIGHT N ATHAY RM DOSSER RC HART A LUCE EN PERKINS RP RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL FORMULATION M1639 CVEON BRUSH KILLER TYPE). OYEN F OCONNOR E BOUNDY RH GREENE LM JONES GD LYNN GE TISDALE HL COLBY RH HAMMER OH KAGY JF MCINTYRE HH HRIGHT N RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS OH M-697 CESTEROH BRUSH KILLER TYPE F0RMULATI0NLT2.30-66). MCCOLLISTER DD TORKELSON TR BESHGETOOR AH ELSHERE D KILIAN DJ SCOLES G BOUNDY RH GAY HH LUCE EN SUNDERLAND HH BRUSH KILLER TtMEDICAL INFORMATION). TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER. LITCHFIELD N M3401 BRUSH KILLERCDATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS). cr3>-cr NUMBER DOCUMENT 3373 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE ' DATE 01/23/69 DOCUMENT 3379 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 03/05/53 DOCUMENT 3375 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 01/23/69 DOCUMENT 3376 10/30/53 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOW BARRONS KC DAVIDSON JH KAGY JF PRESCOTT RF DOCUMENT 3377 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 10/00/68 DOCUMENT 3378 00/00/68 AUTHOR: DOW TRICE V ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3379 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/68 DOCUMENT 3380 10/28/59 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE: DOW CO o oe ro TYPE REPORT PAGES 1 AUTH ROWE VK 1 REPORT NORRIS JM 15 REPORT OYEN F 7 ALLEN HW BESHGETOOR AW DUTTON WC LUCE EN SUNDERLAND WW REPORT DUNN FL 3 REPORT KING CD 8 REPORT 16 LITCHFIELD N LETTER RITTY PM WOLF MA COULTER LL 1 TITLE TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLERCTOXICOLOGY MORR SHEET) PAGE 488 DOW BRUSH KILLER T (REQUEST FOR BIOLOGICAL TEST). SPENCER HC WHITE L TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER HADE HITH CA TORDON ACID. RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON DOW BRUSH KILLER T. ALLINSON RL BOUNDY RH GAY HH LYNN GE WHITE L ALQUIST FN BRITTON EC GREENE LM MACCUTCHEON SM WRIGHT P TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLERIEYE CONTACT TEST). TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLER(REQUEST FOR PATHOLOGY). LITCHFIELD N SPARSCHU GL TORDON 124V BRUSH KILLERiACUTE ORAL TOXICITY). NORRIS JM NEED FOR TOXICOLOGY INFORMATION SHEETS ON ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OS CTTL . NUMBER DOCUMENT 3381 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 05/00/59 DOCUMENT 3382 11/15/80 AUTHOR: OMANG J ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3383 05/07/73 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: FERNANDEZ J COPYEE: DOCUMENT 338$ 03/15/79 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOW OWENS PW DOCUMENT 3385 03/06/80 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOW DOW FISHBECK W LANHAM JM RAMPY LW TALCOTT TA WISNIEWSKI DF DOCUMENT 3386 01/15/75 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE ADAMCZYK TE COPYEE: DOW SOUTHWICK L DOCUMENT 3387 11/02/77 AUTHOR: BATCHELDER TL ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: ALEXANDER HC CHASE FI HUNTER RC MCCOLLISTER DD CO ROWE VK o oe co TYPE TECH PAGES 1 NEWS 1 WASHINGTON POST AUTH MANN JR LENARDSON H 1 REPORT 1 WISNIEWSKI DF BRADLEY TD REPORT 15 HENCK JW CAPUTO R HUMBERT DK LOCKWOOD DD RAO KS TOLLETT J LETTER MULLISON WR EPA HEIN ND WOODS CD 1 REPORT DOW BLAIR EH DEGESERO RA KEHAGA EE MOSS RD THEIS JM 8 TITLE FORRON BRUSH KILLER M-1368 PAGE 489 PARK SERVICE TO STOP 24D WEEDKILLER USE ON ALL ITS 325 AREAS (WASHINGTON POST). KURON CUSTOMER REQUEST (AL 67-601). TETRACHLORO XANTHONE (TCX)(CUSTOMER REQUEST AL 79-00676). I DKH JEWETT G 24D FORMULATIONS CONTAINING SPECIFIC AMOUNTS OF 2457TETRACHL0R0XANTH0NE; CHLORACNEGENIC POTENTIAL. KOCIBA RJ CHENOWETH MB KOLESAR RC MORRISON LG RINZEMA L VORWERK W ENGDAHL G KRMEL KL OLSON KJ ROBINSON VB WESELOH JW KURON LOW VOLATILE BRUSH AND WEED HERBICIDE EPA REGISTRATION NO. 46 (SA4.00B). KARWAL JH MCCOLLISTER DD TOXICITY OF SILVEX PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTERS TO DAPHNIDS. BLOGG CD GORING CA MADDOX JF MULL ISON WR THOMAS PA BROWER FM HEIN HD MCCARTY WM MURPHY PM DOW HUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 338 00/00/59 AUTHOR APFFEL CA ADDRESSEE COPYEE' DOCUMENT 3389 01/31/58 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE BARRONS ICC IRISH DD DOCUMENT 3390 01/03/78 AUTHOR BOSSHARDT HP ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3391 12/01/70 AUTHOR BJORK MCCOLLISTER DD BJORK CK ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE DOCUMENT 3392 08/23/78 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE DOW GETZENDANER ME LINDERMAN TG STRINGER WM DOCUMENT 3393 06/08/76 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE BLAIR EH FLANNERY RF HEFNER RE LINDERMAN TG MOSS RD CO o 03 rf*. TYPE PAGES REPORT 17 RALPH MCELROY CO LETTER ROWE VK COULTER LL BRITTON JW 3 REPORT BUSSER HR 11 TEST 27 BLAIR EH MILLER PW MCCOLLISTER DD ERVICK DK LETTER 1 LENG ML TAYLOR RJ ANDERSON GA HINTON ML MCCOLLISTER DD TOWNSEND RM REPORT LENG ML DAVIDSON JH CRUMMETT WB GEHRING PJ HEIN ND LYNN GE MULLISON WR A TITLE PAGE 490 THE CYTOSTATIC ACTION OF CERTAIN AUXINS)PRELIMINARY REVIEH (PRESSE MEDICALE 67(6), 207-Z09). KURON FOR AQUATIC HEED CONTROL. CONNER DL FLETCHER FH FORMATION OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS (PCDFS) FROM THE PYROLYSIS OF PCBS (CHEMOSHERE (1), 109-119). SHISS FED RES STATION HA UNIV OF UMEA SHEDEN DETERMINATION OF 24D AND 24-DICHLOROPHENOl OR OF 245T AND 245-TRICHLOROPHENOL IN MILK AND CREAM BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY (ACR 70.9) (CRI 710589). DOW KIN SM WILLIAMS CS WILLIAMS CS MOSS RD EPA NOTICE ON NITROSAMINES. 42 FR 64931, 771229. LETTER FROM ML LENG, 780424. COLBY RW HUNTER RC MOSS RD VOGEL AJ GANTZ RL JONES GG SEYMOUR KG HESTOVER LB STATUS OF 245T AND SILVEX FOR M. LENG. DOW DOW DISHBURGER HJ DONALDS JE GLEESON JG GORING CA JENSEN DJ JOHNSON JE MACDONALD LA MCCOLLISTER DD S0U7HW1CK L WILLIAMS CS NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3394 01/10/72 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: ADAMCZYK TA COPYEE: DOW WATSON AJ DOCUMENT 3395 06/16/79 AUTHOR: OR ENVIRON COUN ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3396 05/00/78 AUTHOR MITCHEL AD ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3397 10/00/76 AUTHOR KENDE A ADDRESSEE COFYEE: DOCUMENT 3398 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOW 01/13/72 DOCUMENT 3399 06/07/73 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE MARKLE GM COPYEE DOW DOCUMENT 3400 11/16/72 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE'- MARKLE GM COPYEE: DOW WA ST UNIV TYPE PAGES LETTER HOERGER FD EPA 1 DDM 1 REPORT 4 REPORT NEWELL G 2 NEWS REPORT POLAND A 9 LETTER 2 REPORT LENG ML WARREN LE MCCOLLISTER DD LETTER REPORT LENG ML RUTGERS UNIV FLANNERY RF 1 LETTER REPORT LENG ML RUTGERS UNIV FLANNERY RF WATSON AJ 2 CO o C75 or TITLE PAGE KURON BRUSH KILLER EPA REG. 464-162 YOUR LETTER OF 710805. 491 I MLL I RUN PESTICIDES CONSEQUENCES TO HUMAN HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES. IN VITRO MUTAGENIC EVALUATION OF THE HERBICIDE Z4D (NOTICE OF RESEARCH PROJECT TOX TIPS). SIMMON V SRI INTL TCDDf ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT AND MOLECULAR PROBE (FED PROC FED AM SOC EXP BIOL 35(12), 2404-2411 760000). UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER SILVEX ON PRUNES. HATSON AJ SILVEX IN PRUNES. MCCOLLISTER DD SILVEX IN PEARS. MAXWELL RC HATSON AJ MCCOLLISTER DD NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3401 07/06/73 AUTHOR! DON ADDRESSEE MARKLE GM COPYEE! DOW DOCUMENT 3402 11/26/73 AUTHOR' DOH ADDRESSEE: MARKLE GM COPYEE: DOH HATSON AJ DOCUMENT 3403 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE DOH COPYEE: DOH 07/10/73 DOCUMENT 3404 06/06/57 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOH DUTTON GIBSON MULL ISON HR ROHE VK DOCUMENT 3405 03/03/77 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE BYRD BC GORING CA HOLMSEN TW REGAN JB SMITH LL HRIGHT HG DOCUMENT 3406 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: AJH JS MEG HR CO o 03 03 04/20/61 TYPE PAGES LETTER 2 REPORT LENG ML RUTGERS UN1V MCCOLLISTER DD LETTER REPORT LENG ML RUTGERS UNIV MAXHELL RC 2 LETTER 1 REPORT LENG ML HAAGSMA T MCCOLLISTER DD REPORT RAYNOR RN BARRONS KC FISHER HAERTL NORRIS SOUTHHCK L 1 REPORT 7 COLBY RH GRUMBLES JB LICHY CT RITTY PM STRINGER HM REPORT 9 GETZENDANER ME EHB KCB RPP TITLE SILVEX IN PEARS AND PRUNES. WATSON AJ SILVEX IN PRUNES. MCCOLLISTER DD HA ST UNIV SILVEX IN APPLES TO PREVENT PREHARVEST DROP. PAGE 492 KURON ON BLUE OAK AND POISON OAK (ROI 6232). COULTER LL FITZGERALD HAMMER OTIS HARDEN RL CRENSHAW FLETCHER HOHE PEARSE HARREN LE WOODY PLANT CONTROL OBTAINED FROM HIGH VOLUME APPLICATION OF TRICLOPYR IN NH IN 740000 (REPORT GH-P 1003). DOW HANSON RG MCCOLLISTER DD RYDER JC WARREN LE FEARS RD HEFNER RE MOSS RD SAUNDERS ES WILLIAMS CS RESIDUE STUDIES ON APPLES SPRAYED WITH COLORSET (SILVEX FORMULATION) TO CONTROL PRE-HARVEST DROP OF APPLES OH-568. JEJ JFK LJL LYNN GE RWC TRN NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3407 03/26/60 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE! CWH JFK LYNN GE RWC DOCUMENT 3408 12/28/60 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE-- BARRONS KC JAK JWG LYNN GE TRN DOCUMENT 3409 06/11/75 AUTHOR! KONSTANTINOVA T ADDRESSEE! COPYEE! DOCUMENT 3410 01/04/80 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE! DOH DISHBURGER HJ HOERGER FD LEE A PRIDDY JK WATSON AJ COPYEE ' DOCUMENT 3411 AUTHOR.' ADDRESSEE: COPYEE-- DOW 07/02/76 TYPE PAGES REPORT 7 GETZENDANER ME EHB JS MJJ TRN REPORT 5 GETZENDANER ME BLAIR EH JFF JWV MARQUARDT RP REPORT LIVAK J 9 LETTER 20 REPORT SCHOBER AE ASHLEY J DONALDS JE HUNTER RC MCC0LLI3TER DD SCHWETZ BA WESELOH JW REPORT 1 MCCOLLISTER DD 5 C5) 'CT CO o CO ^3 TITLE PAGE 493 A RESIDUE STUDY OF SILVEX IN FISH LIVING IN HURON CONTAINING NO. 841000. HAMMER OH JHV PMR JEJ LJL RPP A STUDY OF RESIDUES OF SILVEX ESTER IN COTTON SEED RESULTING FROM PREHARVEST USE OF KURON. GNS JOHNSON JE LJL RPP HINMAN CH JS LS RHC EFFECT OF HERBICIDE 245T BUTYL ESTER ON MATERNAL ORGANISM AND DEVELOPMENT OF FETUS UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION LGIGIENA I SANITARIIA 8, 101-102, 740000) (TRANSL MID 10183). 24D DATA REVIEW. COULTER LL GEHRING PJ JORDON LN MORGAN AH THEIS JM WILLIAMS CS DAVIDSON JH GORING CA KOCIBA RJ MOSS RD VRANISH SR KURON IN APPLE ORCHARDS AND CITRUS GROVES. MULL ISON WR SOUTHWICK L NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3412 11/11/77 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: EPA COPYEE: DOW DAVIDSON JH LINDERMAN TG SMITH LL WILLIAMS CS TYPE PAGES LETTER 2 LENG ML MOUNTFORT RF EPA GLEESON JG MARKLE GM STAMISON PO DOCUMENT 3413 02/15/77 REPORT 17 AUTHOR BYRD BC ADDRESSEE: COPYEE* BYRD BC GORING CA HOLMSEN TW REGAN JB SMITH LL WRIGHT WG DOW DOW GRUMBLES JB LICHY CT RITTY PM STRINGER WM DOCUMENT 3414 10/31/73 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOW WILLIAMS CS LETTER LENG ML GEHRING PJ JENSEN DJ 1 DOCUMENT 3415 00/00/71 ABSTRACT 2 AUTHOR: AZERBAIJANI RES INST OF BASHIROV AA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE-' DOCUMENT 3416 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 02/18/63 TECH HOYLE HR 2 DOCUMENT 3417 00/00/74 AUTHOR: HUFF JE ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: CO o 03 00 NEWS 5 REPORT OAK RIDGE NATL LAB TITLE PAGE 494 PESTICIDE PETITION 8F0675 SILVEX IN CROPS, ORASS, MEAT, MILK IR4 PETITION 4E1476 SILVEX IN CITRUS. LETTER FROM H.R. MULLISON OF DOM. COLLEDGE CE HEIN ND MCCOLLISTER DD TRAYNOR MJ CRITCHLOH PM JANTZ OK MULLISON HR HARNICK HL WOODY PLANT CONTROL OBTAINED FROM HIGH VOLUME APPLICATIONS OF TRICLOPYR IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES IN 740000 (LAB REPORT GH-P 1004, 771651). COLBY RW HANSON RG MCCOLLISTER DD RYDER JC HARREN LE FEARS RD HEFNER RE MOSS RD SAUNDERS ES WILLIAMS CS RESIDUES OF PHENOXY ACIDS AND THEIR PHENOLS IN MEAT. MCCOLLISTER DD MATSON AJ THE STATE OF HEALTH IN WORKERS MANUFACTURING THE HERBICIDES, THE AMINE SALT AND THE BUTYL ESTER OF Z4D (VRACHEBNOE BELO 10, 92-95 690000 USSRHHEALTH ASPECTS OF PESTICIDES 4, 139-140). ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OS DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS. OLSON KJ OYEN F HEALTH HAZARDS FROM CHEMICAL IMPURITIES, CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND CHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS (INTERN. J. ENVIRON STUDIES 6, 13-17). WASSOM JS l^ \ ' 0 3069 NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3418 00/00/00 AUTHOR MCNULTY WP ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3419 10/26/65 AUTHOR COX NS III ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3420 10/26/65 AUTHOR COCHRANE DR ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3421 AUTHOR US DA ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 3422 12/14/70 AUTHOR DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3423 08/29/77 AUTHOR ALEXANDER HC ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW DEGESERO RA MURPHY PM WILLIAMS CS DOCUMENT 3424 08/29/77 AUTHOR ALEXANDER HC ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW CHASE FI JR JANTZ OK MULLISON WR TOWNSEND RM TYPE PAGES REPORT 2 OR REGIONAL PRIMATE REPORT HEW 12 REPORT HEW 22 NEWS REPORT WILLIAMS MC 3 TEST 12 MARQUARDT RP REPORT DOW BLOGG CD KENAGA EE ROWE VK WRIGHT WO 8 ABSTRACT DOW BLAIR EH DEGESERO RA KENAGA EE MURPHY PM WILLIAMS CS 1 TITLE PAGE <95 TOXICITY OF TCDD FOR RHESUS MONKEY BRIEF REPORT (BULLETIN OF ENVIRON CONTAMINATION & TOX 18(1), 108-109). RES THE DETERMINATION OF SILVEX AND ITS LOW VOLATILE ESTERS IN HATER AND MUDS. POPE JD JR PROGRESS REPORT ON SILVEX PERSISTENCE. NICHOLSON HP POPE JR DETOXICATION OF TIMBER MILKVETCH BY 245T AND SILVEX. THE DETERMINATION OF 245 TRICHLOROPHENOL AND 245T IN BLOOD AND URINE BY GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (ANALYTICAL METHOD) (ML-AM-70-95). TOXICITY OF 4-AMIN0-356-TRICHL0R0PIC0LINIC ACID, PICLORAM, TO DAPHNIDS (R8D REPORT ES-137MCRI 77 5734). MCCARTY WM BROWER FM MCCOLLISTER DD STRINGER WM CHASE FI JR MULL ISON HR TOWNSEND RM TOXICITY OF 4-AMIN0-356-TRICHL0R0PIC0LINIC ACID, PICLORAM, TO DAPHNIDS (RAD REPORT ES-137KCRI 77 5734). MCCARTY WM BLOGG CD GORING CA MCCOLLISTER DD ROWE VK WRIGHT WO BROWER FM HEFNER RE MOSS RD STRINGER WM NUMBER DOCUMENT 34Z5 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DATE 00/00/72 DOCUMENT 3426 00/00/7 AUTHOR CO ST 'UNIV ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3427 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 12/16/79 DOCUMENT 342 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 01/20/71 DOCUMENT 3429 10/24/72 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOW DOCUMENT 3430 05/10/71 AUTHOR* DELONG HC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DELONG HC HOLDER BB DOCUMENT 3431 01/16/80 AUTHOR* DOW JORDAN LN ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: TYPE CHART PAGES 4 REPORT NEWTON M 9 TEST 7 WISNIEWSKI DF TEST SOLOMON RA 14 REPORT 46 KENAGA EE DAVIDSON JH REPORT DOW DOW KILIAN DJ 2 SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHL JW SCOLES GW CO o o TITLE TCDD NEUBERT 8 VILLMAN, 720000, NMRI MICE PAGE 496 EXPOSURE OF FOREST HERBIVORES TO TCDD IN AREAS SPRAYED WITH 245T. OR ST UNIV SNYDER SP DETERMINATION OF TETRACHLOROXANTHONE IN REACTOR CRUDE FROM THE 24D PROCESS (ANALYTICAL METHOD ML-AM-79-50). DETERMINATION OF 24-DICHL0R0PHEN0L AND Z4D IN HUMAN BLOOD BY GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (ANALYTICAL METHODKML-AM-70-98). A REVIEW OF SOME RECENT FINDINGS CONCERNING THE ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES OF 24D, 245T, AND PICLORAM (REGISTRATION REPORT). MCCOLLISTER DD MCCUTCHEN LR LANING ER WATSON AJ ESTERON 76E, ISOPROPYL ESTER BUTYL ESTER 24D FORMULATION M-3558 (NB TZ.MO-3558-IXCRI 71 2763). NORRIS JM EDWARDS HS SOULE RD GORDON HL 24D,ISOOCTYL ESTER (DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION) (20760). FRASER JM GOLD ML WOODS CD NUMBER DOCUMENT 3932 AUTHOR) DOM ADDRESSEE) COPYEE: DATE 10/29/79 DOCUMENT 3933 09/29/77 AUTHOR) ALEXANDER HC ADDRESSEE) COPYEE) DOM CHASE FI JR HEIN ND MCCOLLISTER DD SMITH LI DOCUMENT 3939 AUTHOR) ADDRESSEE) COPYEE) 00/00/79 DOCUMENT 3935 AUTHOR) DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE) 06/30/80 DOCUMENT 3936 AUTHOR) DOM ADDRESSEE) COPYEE: 11/16/79 DOCUMENT 3937 03/10/78 AUTHOR) DOM ADDRESSEE) CHASE FI COPYEE) DOW MOREHOUSE DS DOCUMENT 3938 01/16/80 AUTHOR) DOM JORDAN LN ADDRESSEE) COPYEE: TYPE PAGES SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHL JW REPORT 8 BATCHELDER TL BLAIR EH DEGESERO RA JANTZ OK MOSS RD THOMAS PA REPORT 18 TECH 1 TECH 3 LETTER 1 DRENCKPOHL JW DAVIDSON JH MOOD CR SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHL JM SCOLES GW y n '0 o TITLE PAGE 24 D, BUTOXY PROPYL ESTERS (DOM QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION)(20871). A97 TOXICITY OF 29D TO DAPHNIDStCRI 77 6656HES-143) DOM MCCARTY MM DLOGG CD GORING CAI KENAGA EE MULL ISON MR MILLIAMS CS BROMER FM HEFNER RE MADDOX JF MURPHY PM MULF MA AN EVALUATION OF 29D DATA. 29D BUTYL ESTER (TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT DATA CODE 20706). 24D PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTER (MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET PRODUCT CODE 20938). POTENTIAL CONTAMINATION OF 24D ACID HITH DIOXINS. DONALDS JE GOLD ML 2<*D ISOOCTYL ESTER (QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION). FRASER JM GOLD ML MOODS CD NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3439 01/16/80 AUTHOR: DON JORDAN LN ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3440 10/29/79 AUTHOR* DOW SCOLES GW ADDRESSEE-' COPYEE: A DOCUMENT 3441 06/05/80 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3442 01/10/78 AUTHOR: MOORE JA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3443 06/00/78 AUTHOR: IARC ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3444 00/00/76 AUTHOR: HIIBIG V SEBEK V ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3445 01/26/79 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOW NORRIS MG TYPE PAGES SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHL JW SCOLES GW SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHL JW SPEC FRASER JM 1 REPORT 8 REPORT NIEHS 54 REPORT LUCAS K 20 LETTER SMITH LL WATSON AJ DAVIDSON JH TRAYNOR MJ 4 0U\Z'0 co o KI CO TITLE PAGE 49 24D, BUTYL ESTERS DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION 20706. FRASER JM GOLD WL WOODS CD 24D, BUTOXY PROPYL ESTERS DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION GOLD WL JORDAN LN OBSOLETE ESTERON 245 BRUSH AND WEED KILLER (PL AND BULK) (DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE OFFICE QACACI SPECIFICATION CONFIRMATION COPY). GOLD WL COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF DBENZODIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS (IARC MEETING ON DBENZODIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS, LYON, FRANCE, 780110 TO 780111). LONG TERM HAZARDS OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS(MET DURING 780110 TO 780111 LYON FRANCE). STUDIES OF THE DETERMINATION OF TOXIC EFFECTS GF DERIVATIVES OF 24D 245T ON INCUBATED PHEASANT, QUAIL AND HEN EGGS (ANZEIGER FUR SCHADLINGSKDE PFLANZEN UND UMWELTSCHUTZ 49(5), 65-68)(GERMAN). MUNCHOW H NALT BUR OF HEALTH BERLI SILVEX 24D RPAR PLANNING. HUNTER RC WILLIAMS CS JOHNSON SR l/jie-a NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3446 10/14/80 AUTHOR BRAUN WH RAMSEY JC ADDRESSEE COPYEE' DOCUMENT 3447 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 01/07/80 DOCUMENT 3448 09/25/80 AUTHOR BUMB RR ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3449 08/18/80 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE' IMPERIAL COPYEE DOCUMENT 3450 03/21/79 AUTHOR DOW SCOLES GW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3451 02/00/70 AUTHOR DAVIS FS ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3452 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 04/13/67 DOCUMENT 3453 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE co O a 04/13/65 TYPE REPORT DOW SMITH FA PAGES 17 MEMO F DAVE B 1 LEGIS DOW 32 PURCH REPORT RUHBERG LR 1 SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHL JW REPORT TX ASM SPEC 13 2 SPEC 1 TITLE PAGE $99 DOSE LEVELS OF 2$D IN FOREST WORKERS (REFERENCE 9XHERNER H BRAUN EXHIBITS AND REFERENCES). LAVY TL PARK CN UNIV OF AR ESTERON 2$5T. DIRECT TESTIMONY OF DR ROBERT R BUMB(BEFORE THE EPA OF USA) (IN RE DOW ET AL)(DOCKET NOS. $15 ET AL). ESTERON 2$5 BRUSH AND WEED KILLER (CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS). 2$D (DRYMQUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION). FRASER JM GOLD WL PROPERTIES OF REGULATED HERBICIDES (PROCEEDINGS SECOND ANNUAL TX CONFERENCE ON INSECT, PLANT DISEASE, WEED AND BRUSH CONTROL)(PP 8F0669). VERTON T BRUSHKILLER. VEON BRUSH KILLER CONFIDENTIAL COMPLETE INGREDIENT STATEMENT. NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 345$ 04/13/65 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE DOHNARD GM COPYEE DON SUNDERLAND HW DOCUMENT 3455 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 11/08/66 DOCUMENT 3456 11/11/66 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: DONNARD GM COPYEE: DON DOCUMENT 3457 02/23/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE: DOH COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3458 01/09/58 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3459 01/09/58 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE* USDA ARS COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3460 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 02/00/56 DOCUMENT 3461 03/30/56 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE* DOH COPYEE: TYPE PAGES LETTER 1 SACHS SB USDA ARS DIEM J NARD B SPEC 2 LETTER SACHS SB USDA ARS HAMMER OH LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB 1 1 LEGIS MCINTYRE HH 2 LETTER GARL LH HHITE RO LABEL 1 2 LEGIS HHITE RD 1 -~zb\,'a o.O TITLE PAGE 500 SOUTHERN AG INSECTICIDES, INC. LABEL FOR SA 50 BRAND AMINE BRUSH KILLER, REGISTRATION NO. 829-126. HAMMER OH SOUTHERN AG INSECTICIDES VEON BRUSH KILLER(CONFIDENTIAL INGREDIENT STATEMENT) CTTL. VEON BRUSH KILLER, REGISTRATION NUMBER 464-198. SUNDERLAND NH VEON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION NO. 464-198 HITH LETTER OF 660923. ESTERON 245 O.S., ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O.S. APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF ECONOMIC POISONS. ENCLOSURE LETTER FOR DUPLICATE APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION AND LABEL COPY FOR ESTERON 245 O.S. AND ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O.S. CTTL. MCINTYRE HH BRUSH KILLER TX. BRUSH KILLER TX (NOTICE OF REGISTRATION UNDERFIFRA). NUMBER DOCUMENT 3462 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DATE 02/29/56 DOCUMENT 3463 04/26/60 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE' USDA ARS COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3464 06/13/60 AUTHOR' HOFFMAN CE ADDRESSEE: DON COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3365 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 01/00/56 DOCUMENT 3466 06/13/60 AUTHOR* HOFFMAN CF ADDRESSEE* DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3467 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 01/05/66 DOCUMENT 3468 01/28/66 AUTHOR* DOM ADDRESSEE: DOMNARD ON COPYEE* DOM HARRIS TH DOCUMENT 3469 04/04/66 AUTHOR: DOMNARD GM ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE TYPE SPEC PAGES 2 LETTER MCINTYRE HH MHITE RO 1 LETTER USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH 1 LABEL 2 LETTER USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH 1 SPEC 1 LETTER 1 SACHS SB USDA ARS CHEMITROL CHEM SUNDERLAND MM LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB 3 rl>) G CO O <1 CJJ TITLE BRUSH KILLER TX. PAGE 501 WEED KILLER X REG NO 464-187, BRUSH KILLER X REG NO 464-182, BRUSH KILLER TX REG NO 464-186. REVISED LABEL FOR BRUSH KILLER TX REGISTRATION NO 464-186 LETTER OF 600426. BRUSH KILLER TX. REVISED LABEL FOR BRUSH KILLER TX REGISTRATION NO 464-186 LETTER OF 600426. BRUSH KILLER TX. BRUSH KILLER TX REGISTRATION NO 464-186. DOUST AF USDA HAMMER OH BRUSH KILLER TX REGISTRATION NO 464-186(HITH LETTER OF 660128). r.ifMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3370 10/19/66 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3471 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 08/30/60 DOCUMENT 3472 10/19/66 AUTHOR: DOHNARD GM ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE-' DOCUMENT 3473 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 06/22/65 DOCUMENT 3474 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 11/00/61 DOCUMENT 3475 02/27/64 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: DOHNARD GM COPYEE DOM DOCUMENT 3476 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 11/00/61 DOCUMENT 3477 04/09/64 AUTHOR DOHNARD GM ADDRESSEE' DOM COPYEE: TYPE MEMO PAGES 2 LABEL 2 LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB TEST 1 7 LABEL 4 LETTER MCINTYRE HH USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 LABEL 2 LETTER USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH 'G CO CJ TITLE PAGE 502 BRUSH KILLER TX 464-186 CFISH AND WILDLIFE CAUTION STATEMENTS). BRUSH KILLER TX. BRUSH KILLER TX REGISTRATION NO. 464-186 WITH LETTER OF 660914. THE DETERMINATION OF TCDD IN 245T BY GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (MLW.65.11). KURON BRUSH KILLER. KURON, REGISTRATION 464-162. SACHS SB SUNDERLAND WW KURON BRUSH KILLER. AMENDED LABEL FOR KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 464-162 RECEIVED ON 640302. NUMBER DOCUMENT 3478 DATE 11/10/64 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE' DOWNARD GM COPYEE* DOW TYPE LETTER PAGES 1 SACHS SB USDA ARS HAMMER OH TITLE PAGE 505 ESTERON 76BE, REGISTRATION 464-279 DOHFUME H-8S REGISTRATION 464-121 DOW GENERAL WEED KILLER REGISTRATION 464-098 KURON REGISTRATION 464-162 VERTIFUME REGISTRATION 464-188. SUNDERLAND WW DOCUMENT 3479 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE! DOW COPYEE'- DOW 12/10/64 LETTER SOUTHWICK L HAMMER OH LICHY CT 2 KURON FOR FL SUGARCANE. LYNN GE WILTSE MG ` DOCUMENT 3480 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE 11/16/64 LABEL 2 KURON BRUSH KILLER. DOCUMENT 3481 12/23/64 LETTER 1 WEED POPULATIONS IN SUGARCANE RESISTANT TO 24D AND OR 245T NEED SILVEX AND WOULD BE RECOMMENDED FOR USE IF CLEARED CTTL. AUTHOR AG EXP STATION UNIV OF F EVERGLADES EXP STATION F ORSENIGO JR ADDRESSEE: DOW SOUTHWICK L COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3482 12/30/64 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOWNARD GM COPYEE: DOW LETTER HAMMER OH USDA ARS LYNN GE 1 PROPOSED USE OF KURON ON SUGAR CANE IN FUKURON USDA REGISTRATION 464-162). 1 SACHS SB SUNDERLAND HH DOCUMENT 3483 01/04/65 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE: DOWNARD GM COPYEE: DOW LETTER SACHS SB USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 KURON, REGISTRATION 464-162. SUNDERLAND WW DOCUMENT 3484 03/05/65 AUTHOR DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB 1 KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 464-162 LETTERS OF 650104 AND 641230. DOCUMENT 3485 AUTHOR: DOW 'o ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: 3 \ CO xO -v i ^1 03/25/65 LABEL 1 KURON. 3078 J>3i NUMBER DOCUMENT 3486 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE* DATE 09/00/64 DOCUMENT 3487 06/01/65 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE DOMNARD GM COPYEE DOM DOCUMENT 3488 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 05/26/65 DOCUMENT 3489 07/14/65 AUTHOR: DOMNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3490 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE* 10/00/65 DOCUMENT 3491 11/02/65 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE DOMNARD GM COPYEE DOM DOCUMENT 3492 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE* 11/14/65 DOCUMENT 3493 12/02/65 AUTHOR* DOMNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3494 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 04/00/65 TYPE LABEL PAGES 1 LETTER SACHS SB USDA ARS HAMMER OH LABEL 1 6 LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB LABEL 1 1 LETTER SACHS SB USDA ARS HAMMER OH LABEL 1 2 LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB LABEL 1 1 TITLE KURON BRUSH KILLERCSPECIMEN LABEL). PAOE 504 KURON, REGISTRATION 464-162. SUNDERLAND WW PROPOSED ORDER AND HORDING OF SECTION OF KURON BRUSH KILLER LABEL UNDER "USE RECOMMENDATIONS IN SUGAR CANE". KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 464-162 WITH LETTER OF 650601. KURON BRUSH KILLER. KURON, REGISTRATION 464-162. SUNDERLAND HH KURON BRUSH KILLER. DOW KURON BRUSH KILLER, REGISTRATION 464-162, WITH LETTER OF 651102. KURON BRUSH KILLER CTTL. BER DOCUMENT 3495 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE DOW DATE 11/23/65 TYPE PAGES CHART 6 LETTER REPORT GETZENDANER ME GOWELL JH LYNN GE TI SUGAR CANE JUICE FROM KURON TREATMENTS SOUTHWICK L PAOE 50S DOCUMENT 3396 07/08/66 LETTER AUTHOR: AM SUGAR CANE LEAGUE LAUDEN LL ADDRESSEE DOW SACHS SB COPYEE AG EXTENSIONSERVICE LA HAMMER OH MILLHOLLON R STAMPER ER HOPE DOW CAN GET KURON REGISTERED FOR USE ON SUGAR CANE CTTL. LA ST UNIV SUGAR CANE STATION LA LOUPE D USDA DOCUMENT 3997 AUTHOR-' DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 10/00/65 LABEL I KURON BRUSH KILLER. DOCUMENT 3998 07/12/66 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DOWNARD GM COPYEE DOW COMPTON CC MILLHOLLEN R WARD J LETTER HAMMER OH USDA USDA LA ST UNIV RUTGERS 2 REVISED LABEL FOR KURON (USDA REGISTRATION 464-1625) ON SUGAR CANE. AG EXTENSION SERVICE LA AM SUGAR CANE LEAGUE LAUDEN LL LOUPE D SACHS SB STAMPER ER DOCUMENT 3499 07/28/66 LETTER APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION FOR REVISIONS OF KURON LABEL NOT ACCEPTED CTTL. AUTHOR DOW HAMMER ON ADDRESSEE AM SUGAR CANE LEAGUE LAUDEN LL COPYEE DOW AG EXTENSION SERVICE LA COMPTON CC LA ST UNIV LOUPE D MILLHOLLEN R SACHS SB STAMPER ER SUNDERLAND WW USDA SUGAR CANE STATION DOCUMENT 3500 05/31/60 AUTHOR LA ST UNIV ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE LETTER STAMPER ER SOUTHWICK L 2 APPLICATION OF KURON ON SUGARCANE CTTL. DOCUMENT 3501 AUTHOR USDA ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE 03/23/54 LETTER 1 WHITE RO SUNDERLAND WW APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF DOW KURON CTTL. 'o t C3 ,ir- l NUMBER DOCUMENT 3502 DATE 12/20/57 TYPE REPORT PAGES 13 AUTHOR* DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3503 12/20/57 AUTHOR* DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3509 10/29/08 AUTHOR* BJORN MK ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3505 03/06/62 AUTHOR* DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOM COLBY RM GREENE LM KAGY JF MCINTYRE HH PERKINS RP DOCUMENT 3506 AUTHOR* DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 05/00/60 DOCUMENT 3507 02/27/63 AUTHOR* BRISCOE JR ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* MCCOLLISTER DD REPORT 6 MCCOLLISTER DD REPORT NORTHEN HT 2 REPORT JIMANEZ EG BARRONS KC ELSHERE D HART A KILIAN DJ MULL ISON MR SHRADER SA 9 LABEL 2 REPORT 7 PITMAN MOORE RES LAB p .3 1 ^ CO o CO o TITLE PAGE 506 SEMICHRONIC ORAL TOXICITY OF 2AD TO RATS, ONE, ORAL ADMINISTRATION REPEATED DOSES BY STOMACH TUBE, TWO, ORAL ADMINISTRATION IN THE DIET (SECTION OXPETITION PROPOSING A TOLERANCE FOR 2AD IN OR ON ASPARAGUS)(DA50.01.PII. ROWE VK SPENCER HC ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY OF 24D TO RATS, MICE, GUINEA PIGS AND CHICKS (SECTION OXPETITION PROPOSING A TOLERANCE FOR 2AD IN OR ON ASPARAGUS)(DA50.01;P1). ROWE VK SPENCER HC EFFECTS OF 2AD ON CHICKS (SCIENCE 108, A79-480MSECTION 0) (PETITION PROPOSING A TOLERANCE FOR 2AD IN OR ON ASPARAGUS, 517220XDA50.01.P1) . UNIV OF WY RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON BRUSH KILLER 50-25, A FORMULATION CONTAINING BUTYL ESTER OF 2AD AND 2A5T. OLSON KJ OYEN F BOUNDY RH FALKENSTEIN WJ JIMENEZ EG LUCE EN NASH HA WILSON AW BROWN R GAY HH JONES GD LYNN GE OTIS CE WRIGHT N BRUSH KILLER X. ACUTE PHARMACOTOXICOLOGIC TESTS WITH TORDON ACID (PA5Q.01.01 .P3XPP8F0660) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 3508 DATE 04/18/62 TYPE REPORT PAGES 7 AUTHOR' BUCEK OC ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' OLBY RN DOCUMENT 3509 07/00/67 REPORT AUTHOR' COOP EX COLLEGE :STATION HOFFMAN GO ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' 5 DOCUMENT 3510 04/15/76 REPORT 3 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' DOCUMENT 3511 AUTHOR' DON ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' 07/31/67 REPORT 4 DOCUMENT 3512 AUTHOR' DON ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' 07/31/67 LABEL 6 DOCUMENT 3513 11/05/58 AUTHOR' ALFORD HO ADDRESSEE' DON COPYEE' LETTER USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 DOCUMENT 3514 01/03/69 AUTHOR' BYRD BC ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' REPORT DON 6 3171 (LO O GO M TITLE PAGE EFFECT OF 4-AMIN0-356-TRICHL0R0PIC0LINIC ACID AND OF A-AMIN0-35-DICHL0R0PIC0LINIC ACID IN GROWING FATTENING SWING RATIONS (PA50.01.01.P3)(PP8F0660) DOW 507 CONTROLLING PRICKLYPEAR IN TX (DTE 23(1) 9-12)(PA2.18.S3). TECHNICAL INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF APPLICATION FOR STATE REGISTRATION OF TORDON 155 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER TO MEET A SPECIAL LOCAL NEED IN OR (PA2.14.01.SI). CLARIFICATION OF SUBMITTED INFORMATION PERTAINING TO TORDON 155 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER (PA2.14.S2). TORDON 155 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER (LABEL C0PYKPA2.1A.S2). TORDON 101 MIXTURE (WEED AND BRUSH KILLER) USDA TEMPORARY PERMIT A6A-EXP-31G)(PAZ.08.01). TORDON 101 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER PLUS NORBAK PARTICIPATING AGENT INTERIM REPORT, EXPERIMENTAL PERMIT A64-EXP-316, RAILROAD (PAZ.08.01). 3082 NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 5 1 5 AUTHOR HEW ADDRESSEE' DOW COPYEE DATE 09/15/70 DOCUMENT 3516 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE HEW COPYEE 09/28/70 DOCUMENT 3517 AUTHOR AMCHEM ADDRESSEE' COPYEE 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 3518 05/15/63 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DOWNARD GM COPYEE DOCUMENT 3519 06/21/63 AUTHOR' DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE DOCUMENT 3520 03/10/64 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DOWNARD GM COPYEE DOW DOCUMENT 3521 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 09/00/63 DOCUMENT 3 5 2 2 03/27/64 ^ AUTHOR DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOW \ COPYCE TYPE PAGES LETTER 2 STEINFELD JL WILLIAMS GJ LETTER WILLIAMS GJ STEINFELD JL 1 LABEL 1 LETTER MCINTYRE HH USDA 1 LETTER USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH 1 LETTER MCINTYRE HH USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 LABEL 2 LETTER USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH 1 TITLE PAGE 508 HEW ENDORSES USE OF TORDON 101 AS A DEFOLIANT BY THE DOD BASED ON CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF POTENTIAL HAZARDS CTTL. DOD AGREES WITH DOW ON THE USE HAZARDS OF TORDON 1 0 1 . DOW IS COMMITTED TO BASING DECISIONS ON SOUND S C IEN TIFIC DATA CTTL. ASPLUNDH BRUSH KILLER ( 1 0 5 4 E ) . REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION OF ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O . S . REO. NO <*64-204 CTTL. OUELLETTE FE REVISED LABEL FOR ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O . S . BRUSH 8 HEED KILLER REGISTRATION NO. 4 6 4 - 2 0 4 WITH LETTER OF 6 3 0 5 1 5 . REVISED LABELING FOR ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O . S . 464-204. SACHS SB SUNDERLAND WH WIFFEN EE REGISTRATION NO. ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O . S . AMENDED LABEL FOR DOW ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O .S . REGISTRATION NO. 4 6 4 - 2 0 4 WITH LETTER OF 6 4 0 3 1 0 . NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3 5 2 3 07/12/66 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE DOWNARD GM COPYEE* DOW LA ST U SACHS SB TYPE PAGES LABEL A LETTER HAMMER OH USDA ARS AG EXTEN SERVICE LA LAUDEN LL STAMPER ER DOCUMENT 3524 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 11/24/65 LABEL 4 DOCUMENT 3 5 2 5 11/02/65 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOWNARD GM COPYEE: DOW LABEL LETTER SACHS SB USDA ARS HAMMER OH 4 DOCUMENT 3526 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 12/30/64 LABEL 3 DOCUMENT 3527 12/23/64 LETTER AUTHOR: AG EXP STATION EVERGLADE ORSENIGO JR ADDRESSEE: DOW SOUTHWICK L COPYEE: 1 DOCUMENT 3528 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: 00/00/64 LABEL 3 DOCUMENT 3529 05/15/63 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOWNARD GM COPYEE: LETTER MCINTYRE HH USDA ARS 1 DOCUMENT 3 5 3 0 11/02/60 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOW 'O CO o 00 CO LETTER WHITE RO MCINTYRE HH 1 I \' TITLE PAGE REVISED LABEL FOR KURON (USDA REO NO 4 6 4 - 1 ( 2 ) ON SUGAR CANE. 509 ST U AM SUGAR CANE LEAGUE LOUrE D USDA RUTGERS UNIV KURON BRUSH KILLER. COMPTON CC MILLHOLLEN R WARD J KURON REGISTRATION NO 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 , ATTACHED LABEL INCLUDES RECENTLY ACCEPTED REVISIONS FOR USE IN SUGAR CANE CTTL. SUNDERLAND NH KURON BRUSH KILLER. FL SUGARCANE HEEDS RESISTANT TO 24D, 2 4 5 T , NEED SILVEX (KURON) CTTL. UNIV OF FL KURON BRUSH KILLER. COVER LETTER FOR KURON LABEL CTTL. OUELLETTE FE KURON A BRUSH KILLER ( 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) . -e&t'CS NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3531 10/17/60 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 5 3 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE- COPYEE: 07/06/60 DOCUMENT 3 5 3 3 07/18/60 AUTHOR' USDA ARS ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 5 3 4 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 04/11/60 DOCUMENT 3 5 3 5 04/11/60 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 3536 03/04/60 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE DOW DOCUMENT 3537 07/26/57 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 5 3 8 06/21/57 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: CO o 00 TYPE PAGES LETTER WHITE RO MCINTYRE HH 1 LABEL 2 LETTER WHITE RO 1 LABEL 1 LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO LYNN GE 1 LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO LYNN GE 1 LETTER WHITE RO MCINTYRE HH 1 LABEL LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO 2 TITLE HURON A BRUSH KILLER ( 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) . PAGE 510 HURON USE RECOMMENDATIONS IN SUGAR CANE (LA AND H I) LABEL COPY. HURON, USE IN SUGAR CANE ( 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) REGISTRATION NO 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 RECIEVED IN PERSON 6 0 0 7 0 7 . HURON USE RECOMMENDATIONS IN SUGAR CANE (LA AND H I) LABEL COPY. COVER LETTER FOR LABEL SUBMISSION FOR HURON ( 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) USE ON SUGAR CANE CTTL. OUELLETTE FE SOUTHWICK L COVER LETTER FOR DATA FOR REGISTRATION OF HURON ( 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) USE ON SUGAR CANE CTTL. OUELLETTE FE SOUTHHICH L USDA SUGGESTIONS FOR HURON ( 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) LABEL AMENDMENTS CTTL. SUPPLEMENTAL LABEL FOR HURON (REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) USE ON COTTON CTTL. NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3539 11/20/56 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE USDA ARS COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3590 02/25/59 AUTHOR USDA ARS ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3591 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE1- COPYEE-- 00/00/69 DOCUMENT 3 5 9 2 AUTHOR: USDA ADDRESSEE*- DOW COPYEE'- 02/25/59 DOCUMENT 3 5 9 3 03/02/59 AUTHOR) DAVIDSON JH ADDRESSEE! DOW COPYEE! DOCUMENT 3 5 9 9 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 03/09/59 DOCUMENT 3 5 9 5 03/19/59 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE! USDA ARS COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3596 03/23/59 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE! DOW COPYEE-- TYPE PAGES LETTER 1 MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO LETTER 2 WHITE RO SUNDERLAND WW REPORT 1 LETTER 2 WHITE RO SUNDERLAND WW LETTER DOW SOUTHWICK L 2 LABEL 2 LETTER 1 SUNDERLAND WW WALKER EA LETTER 1 WHITE RO SUNDERLAND WW CO o 00 Of TITLE PAGE 511 COVER LETTER REGARDING SUPPLEMENTAL LABEL COPT FOR TWO NEW USES OF KURON(4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) CTTL. LETTER CONTAINING STATEMENTS OF LABEL CHANGES DOW MUST MAKE TO GET KURON REGISTERED CTTL. VERTON 4D MEED BRUSH KILLERCHISTORY OF REGISTRATION ACTIONS FOR VERTON 4D WEED AND BRUSH KILLERKEPA REG 4 6 4 - 3 7 3 ) . CHANGES IN KURON LABELING CTTL. OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF SILVEX FOR POISON IVY AND RAGWEED CONTROL CTTL. KURON A BRUSH AND HEED KILLER (LABEL COPY). KURON 4 6 4 - X . INFORMATION ON KURON DATA CTTL. b&W'G NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3547 04/01/54 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3548 03/19/54 AUTHOR: FISHER CE ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 3549 AUTHOR: USDA ADDRESSEE!: DOW COPYEE: 05/13/54 DOCUMENT 3550 12/29/54 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE USDA ARS COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 3551 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 01/17/55 DOCUMENT 3 5 5 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 04/00/54 DOCUMENT 3 5 5 3 10/17/56 AUTHOR: DARROW RA ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 3554 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 11/08/56 DOCUMENT 3 5 5 5 12/07/56 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: CO o 00 C7D TYPE PAGES LETTER 2 WHITE RO SUNDERLAND WH LETTER TX A8 M WALKER EA SOUTHW1CK L 2 LETTER WHITE RO 1 LETTER 2 SUNDERLAND WW WALKER EA ROBERTSON C LABEL 1 LABEL 2 LETTER DOW MCINTYRE HH FLETCHER FW 2 LABEL 1 LETTER WHITE RO MCINTYRE HH 1 TITLE REVISED LABELING SUGGESTIONS FOR KURON CTTL. AGE 512 KURON RECOMMENDED FOR CONTROL OF MESQUITE CTTL. REGISTRATION OF KURON CTTL. KURON 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 . KURON LABEL COPY CTTL. KURON. HEED CONTROL WITH SILVEX CKURON). SOUTHWICK L TX ABM WEED CONTROL IN LAWNS AND GOLF COURSES (KURON SUPPLEMENTARY LABEL COPY). ADDITIONAL USE ON BROADLEAF WEEDS FOR KURON CTTL. NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3556 12/25/56 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3557 12/19/56 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE USDA ARS COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3558 12/18/56 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE' DOW COPYEE DOW RAYNOR RN DOCUMENT 3559 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE 11/13/56 DOCUMENT 3 5 6 0 12/17/56 AUTHOR USDA ARS ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3561 12/27/56 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE' DOW COPYEE: DOW BRYANT C DOCUMENT AUTHOR: . ADDRESSEE or f COPYEE' QQ DOCUMENT AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE 3562 12/31/56 DOW USDA ARS 3563 DOW 11/00/56 ^ 0 DOCUMENT 3 5 6 A AU1H0R: DOW X? ADDRESSEE USDA COPYEE: \ 03/05/57 TYPE PAGES LETTER MCINTYRE HH NH1TE RO 1 LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO 1 LETTER SOUTHWICK L MCINTYRE HH FLETCHER FW 1 LABEL 1 LETTER WHITE RO MCINTYRE HH 1 LETTER NATION HA MCINTYRE HH ALLEN WW GULLIKSON G 1 LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO 1 LABEL 2 LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO 1 TITLE KURON <6<#-162. PAGE 513 STATE OBJECTIONS TO KURON USE ON RICE CTTL. KURON ON RICE. GIBSON JW NATION HA WEED CONTROL IN RICE (KURON SUPPLEMENTARY LABEL COPY) KURON ACCEPTED FOR USE ON RICE CTTL. REGISTRATION OF KURON FOR USE ON RICE. BARRONS KC OTIS CE BRITTON JH SOUTHWICK L SUPPORT FOR KURON USE ON RICE CTTL. KURON. ENCLOSED KURON LABELS CTTL. NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3565 01/22/57 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE! DOM COPYEE! DOCUMENT 3566 01/09/57 AUTHOR! USDA ARS ADDRESSEE* DOM COPYEE! DOCUMENT 3567 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 12/11/58 DOCUMENT 3568 AUTHOR! USDA ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: 01/19/58 DOCUMENT 3569 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 12/11/58 DOCUMENT 3570 12/15/58 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3571 05/31/60 AUTHOR: LA ST UNIV ADDRESSEE: DOM CO COPYEE-' o 0 0 DOCUMENT 3572 0 0 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 07/06/60 DOCUMENT 3573 07/18/60 AUTHOR: USDA ARS (p ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: TYPE PAOES LETTER MH1TE RO MCINTYRE HH 1 LETTER MHITE RO 1 LABEL 1 LETTER MHITE RO MCINTYRE HH 1 LABEL 1 LETTER MCINTYRE HH MHITE RO 1 LETTER STAMPER ER SOUTHMICK L 1 LABEL 1 LETTER WHITE RO 1 TITLE HURON HAZARDS CONCERNING RICE CTTL. PAGE 514 ENCLOSED HURON REVISED LABELING CTTL. CONTROL OF AQUATIC HEEDS (HURON SUPPLEMENTARY LABEL COPY). SUPPLEMENTAL LABELING FOR "HURON ON RIC E" REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 WITH LETTER OF 5 8 1 2 1 5 . CONTROL OF AQUATIC HEEDS (SUPPLEMENTARY LABEL COPY). HURON LABEL COPY AND SUPPORTING DATA ATTACHED CTTL. HURON APPLICATION ON SUGAR CANE CTTL. HURON USE RECOMMENDATIONS IN SUGAR CANE (LA AND HIHLABEL COPY). TYPED LABELS FOR HURON, USE IN SUGAR CANE REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 RECEIVED IN PERSON 6 0 0 7 0 7 . gi' NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 5 7 4 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE1 DATE 02/00/57 DOCUMENT 3 5 7 5 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 04/11/60 DOCUMENT 3576 04/11/60 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 3577 05/00/60 AUTHOR: LA ST UNIV ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 357 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 04/11/60 DOCUMENT 3 5 7 9 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE 07/00/60 DOCUMENT 3 5 8 0 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 07/06/60 DOCUMENT 3581 09/29/60 0 0 AUTHOR DOW CD ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 3 5 8 2 01/11/55 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: TYPE LABEL PAGES 2 LABEL 1 LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO LYNN GE 1 LETTER STAMPER ER SOUTHWICK L 1 LABEL 1 LABEL 2 LABEL 1 LETTER 1 MCCINTYRE HH WHITE RO SMITH H LETTER 1 WHITE RO SUNDERLAND WW TITLE KURON. PAGE 515 KURON USE RECOMMENDATIONS IN SUGAR CANE (LA AND H I ) LABEL COPY). KURON LABEL COPY ENCLOSURE CTTL. OUELLETTE FE SOUTHHICK L KURON APPLICATION TO SUGAR CANE CTTL. KURON USE RECOMMENDATIONS IN SUGAR CANE (LA AND HIHLABEL COPY). KURON BRUSH KILLER. KURON USE RECOMMENDATIONS IN SUGAR CANE (LABEL COPYMLA AND H I ) . LABEL REVISIONS FOR 2 - * DOW HEED KILLER, ESTERON 7 6 - E , BUTYL * 0 0 , MCP AMINE WEED KILLER, VEON 2 * 5 , ESTERON 2 * 5 O . S . , AND KURON CTTL. OUELLETTE FE SOUTHHICK L SUNDERLAND H REFERENCE TO KURON REVISED AMENDED LABELING CTTL. NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 5 8 3 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE! DATE 06/00/56 TYPE LABEL PAGES 3 DOCUMENT 3589 08/27/56 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: LETTER WHITE RO MCINTYRE HH 1 DOCUMENT 3 5 8 5 01/20/55 LETTER AUTHOR: AG AND MECHANICAL COL OF DARROW RA ADDRESSEE: DOW GIBSON JW COPYEE: 1 DOCUMENT 3586 03/03/55 AUTHOR AG EXP STATION TX ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: LETTER FISHER CE GIBSON JM 1 DOCUMENT 3587 01/20/55 LETTER AUTHOR: AG AND MECHANICAL COL OF DARROW RA ADDRESSEE: DOW GIBSON JW COPYEE: 1 DOCUMENT 3588 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/55 REPORT 1 3090 DOCUMENT 3589 10/19/56 AUTHOR SMITH RJ JR ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: LETTER USDA ARS NATION HA 2 DOCUMENT 3590 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 07/00/60 LABEL 2 TITLE KURON. PAGE 516 DOH KURON A BRUSH KILLER CTTL. ANNUAL BROOMHEED, GREENTHREAD, CROTON, AND RAGHEED CONTROLLED BY KURON CTTL. KURON FORMULATIONS AS EFFECTIVE AS 2A5T FORMULATIONS ON RANGELAND CTTL. ANNUAL BROOMHEED, GREENTHREAD, CROTON, AND RAGHEED CONTROLLED BY KURON CTTL. EFFECT OF 2AD, 2A5T, MCP AND SILVEX ON THE YIELD OF RICE CTTL. SUMMARY OF EFFECTS OF 2A5T, 2AD AND SILVEX ON RICE, CURLY INDIGO AND COFFEEHEED CTTL. KURON. 3091 NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3591 08/11/60 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE! USDA ARS COPYEE! DOW DOCUMENT 3592 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE* COPYEE! 00/ 00/00 DOCUMENT 3593 AUTHOR-- DOW ADDRESSEE-* COPYEE! 0 9/2A /59 DOCUMENT 359$ 08/13/59 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE! DOCUMENT 3595 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 02/16/60 DOCUMENT 359(5 0 3 /0 A /6 0 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE! USDA ARS COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 3597 06/21/57 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE! USDA ARS COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3598 07/26/57 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: TYPE PAGES LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO SOUTHWICK L 1 CHART 1 TEST TEST 8 6 REPORT 7 LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO LYNN GE 1 LABEL LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO 2 LETTER WHITE RO MCINTYRE HH 1 TITLE REVISED LABELS FOR HURON CTTL. OUELLETTE FE SUNDERLAND WW PAGE 517 SMALL JUDERNA DANISH EVAPORATIVE CONCENTRATOR (DETERMINATION OF SILVEX IN F IS H ). SILVEX RESIDUE IN SUGAR CANE CTTL (MLE 5 9 . 1 ) . DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTERS OF 2 - (295-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY)PROPIONIC ACID IN SUGAR CANE JUICE (MLE 5 8 . 2 5 R ) . A RESIDUE STUDY OF HURON IN SUGAR CANE. SUPPLEMENARY HURON LABELING WITH SUPPORTING DATA CTTL. OUELLETTE FE SOUTHWICH L SUPPLEMENTARY LABEL COPY FOR USE OF HURON CTTL. HURON BRUSHKILLER LABEL CHANGES CTTL. 3092 #.31^0 NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3599 10/17/60 AUTHOR USDA ARS ADDRESSEE ' DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 6 0 0 11/01/60 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE: MCINTYRE HH COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 3601 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 11/00/61 DOCUMENT 3602 06/26/63 AUTHOR DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 6 0 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 11/00/61 DOCUMENT 3604 05/15/63 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE) DOWNARD GM COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 6 0 5 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 11/00/61 DOCUMENT 3606 02/27/64 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOWNARD GM COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 3607 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 11/00/61 TYPE PAGES LETTER WHITE RO MCINTYRE HH 1 LETTER WHITE RO 1 LABEL A LETTER USDA MCINTYRE HH LABEL A LETTER MCINTYRE HH USDA ARS 1 LABEL 4 LETTER MCINTYRE HH USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 LABEL 4 TITLE KURON A BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 PAGE 518 KURON A BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 . KURON. REVISED LABEL FOR KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 HITH LETTER OF 6 5 0 5 1 5 . KURON. REVISED LABEL COPT FOR KURON AND REVISED INGREDIENT STATEMENT FOR BAY PF SOLVENT CTTL. OUELLETTE FE KURON KURON REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 . SACHS SB SUNDERLAND WW KURON. NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3608 09/11/69 AUTHOR: DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* TYPE PAGES LETTER 1 USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH DOCUMENT 3609 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 09/00/69 LABEL 3 DOCUMENT 3610 11/10/69 LETTER 1 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOWNARD GM COPYEE: HAMMER OH SACHS SB USDA ARS SUNDERLAND WW DOCUMENT 3611 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE 09/00/69 LABEL 3 DOCUMENT 3612 12/23/69 LETTER AUTHOR: AG EXP STATION UN1V OF F ORSENIGO JR ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: 1 DOCUMENT 3613 12/30/69 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOWNARD GM COPYEE* DOW LETTER HAMMER OH USDA ARS LYNN GE 1 DOCUMENT 3619 01/09/65 AUTHOR: DOW COADDRESSEE: DOWNARD GM ^COPYEE DOW C> ^DOCUMENT 3615 07/17/70 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* USDA COPYEE: LETTER SACHS,SB USDA ARS HAMMER OH LEGIS HOERGER FD 1 2 TITLE PAGE 519 AMENDED LABEL FOR KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 9 6 9 - 1 6 2 RECEIVED ON 6 9 0 3 0 2 . KURON. ESTERON 76BE REGISTRATION 9 6 9 - 2 7 9 , DOHFUME W-85 REGISTRATION 9 6 9 - 1 2 1 , DOM GENERAL WEED KILLER REGISTRATION 9 6 9 - 0 9 B , KURON REGISTRATION 9 6 9 - 1 6 2 , VERTIFUME REGISTRATION 9 6 9 - 1 3 8 . KURON. SILVEX USE ON SUGAR CANE IN FL CTTL. PROPOSED USE OF KURON ON SUGAR CANE IN F I (KURON USDA REG 9 6 9 - 1 6 2 ) . SACHS SB SUNDERLAND HH KURON REGISTRATION 9 6 9 - 1 6 2 . SUNDERLAND HH KURON LOH VOLATILE HEED AND BRUSH KILLER (APPLICATION FOR AMENDED REGISTRATION OF ECONOMIC POISONS). ybub NUMBER DOCUMENT 3616 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DATE 09/00/69 DOCUMENT 3617 AUTHOR-' DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 09/00/69 DOCUMENT 3618 AUTHOR: REA JM ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: 11/09/70 DOCUMENT 3619 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 09/00/69 DOCUMENT 3620 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 12/00/70 DOCUMENT 3621 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE' COFYEE: 09/00/6$ DOCUMENT 3 6 2 2 12/23/6$ AUTHOR' DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 6 2 3 03/15/65 AUTHOR: DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 362$ AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: V-0 03/25/65 TYPE LABEL PAGES 2 LABEL 2 LETTER USDA ARS 1 LABEL 2 LABEL 2 LABEL 3 LETTER US DA ARS SACHS SB 1 LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB 1 LETTER SOUTHWICK L HAMMER OH 2 TITLE KURON. PAGE 520 KURON. KURON BRUSH KILLER USDA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 YOUR APPLICATION OF 7 0 0 7 1 7 . KURON. KURON. KURON. KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 HITH LETTER OF 6 4 1 1 1 0 . KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION NUMBER 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 LETTERS OF 6 5 0 1 0 4 AND 6 4 1 2 3 0 . LETTER OF 6 5 0 3 1 5 FROM GM DOWNARD CONCERNING KURON BRUSH KILLER CREO 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) USE ON SUGAR CANE IN F L . 3095 NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3 6 2 5 03/15/65 AUTHOR: DOMNARD GM ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3626 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: DOM 03/26/65 DOCUMENT 3627 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: DOM 03/19/65 DOCUMENT 3628 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 09/00/69 DOCUMENT 3629 05/06/65 AUTHOR: DOMNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3630 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 09/00/69 DOCUMENT 3631 05/10/65 AUTHOR: DOMNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3632 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 05/26/65 DOCUMENT 3633 06/01/65 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE DOMNARD GM COPYEE: DOM TYPE LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB 1PAGES 1 LETTER HAMMER OH SUNDERLAND LYNN GE LETTER HAMMER OH SUNDERLAND LYNN GE LABEL LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB - LABEL LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB LABEL HAMMER OH LETTER SACHS SB USDA ARS HAMMER OH TITLE PAGE 521 KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION NUMBER 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 LETTERS OF 6 5 0 1 0 4 AND 6 4 1 2 3 0 . KURON BRUSH KILLER (REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) PROPOSED USE ON SUGAR CANE INI F L . SOUTHWICK L KURON BRUSH KILLER (REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 SUGAR CANE F L ) . SACHS SB SOUTHWICK L KURON. KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 SUBMITTED 6 5 0 3 2 5 . KURON. KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 SUBMITTED 6 5 0 3 2 5 . PROPOSED ORDER AND WORDING OF SECTION OF KURON BRUSH KILLER LABEL UNDER "USE RECOMMENDATIONS IN SUGAR CANE". KURON REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 . SUNDERLAND WW NUMBER DOCUMENT 363$ AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DATE 10/00/65 TYPE LABEL PAGES 3 TITLE KURON. PAGE 522 DOCUMENT 3 6 3 5 12/02/65 AUTHOR: DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB DOH KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 HITH LETTER OF 6 5 1 1 0 2 . DOCUMENT 3636 07/08/66 LETTER AUTHOR: AM SUGAR CANE LEAGUE LAUDEN LL ADDRESSEE: DOH SACHS SB COPYEE: DOW HAMMER OH MILLHOLLEN R STAMPER ER 1 KURON USE ON LA SUGAR CANE CTTL. LA ST UNIV USDA LOUPE D DOCUMENT 3637 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 10/00/65 LABEL 2 KURON. DOCUMENT 3638 07/12/66 LETTER 2 REVISED LABEL FOR KURON (USDA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) AUTHOR: DOM HAMMER OH ADDRESSEE: DOWNARD GM USDA ARS COPYEE: DOM AM SUGAR CANE LEAGUE COMPTON CC LA ST UNIV LA ST UNIV AGR EXTENSION LAUDEN LL LOUPE D MILLHOLLEN R RUTGERS UNIV SACHS SB STAMPER ER USDA WARD J ON SUGAR CANE. DOCUMENT 3 6 3 9 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 10/00/65 LABEL 2 KURON. DOCUMENT 3 6 4 0 07/20/66 LETTER 1 KURON FOR USE ON SUGAR CANE AUTHOR: DOM HAMMER OH r p ADDRESSEE :: DOM IT? COPYEE: DOM SUNDERLAND MM AM SUGAR CANE LEAGUE COMPTON CC LA ST UNIV AGR EXTENSION LAUDEN LL LOUPE D RUTGERS UNIV SACHS SB STAMPER ER C WARD J LA ST UNIV MILLHOLLEN R USDA DOCUMENT 3641 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE-' COPYEE: 09/00/69 LABEL 2 KURON. \*y\c'G NUMBER DOCUMENT 3642 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DATE 09/00/69 TYPE LABEL PAGES 2 DOCUMENT 3 6 4 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 09/00/69 LABEL 2 DOCUMENT 3644 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE! 09/00/69 LABEL 2 DOCUMENT 3 6 4 5 07/20/66 LETTER AUTHOR: DOW HAMMER OH ADDRESSEE : DOW SUNDELAND WW COPYEE: AM SUGAR CANE LEAGUE COMPTON CC MILLHOLLEN R RUTGERS UNIV USDA WARD J 1 DOCUMENT 3646 07/25/66 AUTHOR: DOHNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEEi LETTER USDA HAMMER OH 1 DOCUMENT 3647 07/28/66 LETTER 1 AUTHOR! DOW HAMMER OH ADDRESSEE! AM SUGAR CANE LEAGUE LAUDEN LL COPYEE DOW COMPTON CC LOUPE D MILLHOLLEN R STAMPER ER SUNDERLAND WW 3097 DOCUMENT 3648 08/09/66 LETTER AUTHOR: AM SUGARCANELEAGUE LAUDEN LL ADDRESSEE! DOW HAMMER OH COPYEE: DOW COMPTON CC LA STUNIV AGREXTENSION LOUPE D SACHS SB SUNDERLAND WW jp.3 DOCUMENT 3 6 4 9 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 10/00/65 LABEL 2 TITLE KURON. PAGE 523 KURON. KURON. KURON FOR USE ON SUGAR CANE. LAUDEN LL SACHS SB LOUPE D STAMPER ER KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 WITH LETTER OF 6 6 0 7 1 2 . KURON APPLICATION REJECTED CTTL. LA ST UNIV RUTGERS UNIV USDA LA ST UNIV AG EXTENSION SACHS SB APPLICATION FOR SILVEX USE ON SUGARCANE REJECTED CTTL. DOWNARD G LA ST UNIV MILLHOLLEN R RUTGERS UNIV HSDA SUGAR CANE STATION KURON. 3098 NUMBER DOCUMENT 3650 AUTHOR! ADDRESSEE COPYEE! DATE 07/20/66 DOCUMENT 3651 AUTHOR! DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 01/08/80 DOCUMENT 3652 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 02/13/62 DOCUMENT 3653 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 12/26/57 DOCUMENT 3654 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 10/07/65 DOCUMENT 3655 08/10/64 AUTHOR: AMSTUTZ FC H IG H H Ill CA OUELLETTE FE ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: AMSTUTZ FC HIGHHILL CA OUELLETTE FE DOCUMENT 3656 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: DOW 12/18/72 DOCUMENT 3657 00/ 0 0 / 0 0 AUTHOR' AM MEDICAL ASSN ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: TYPE LABEL TECH PAGES 1 3 SPEC SCOLES G 1 SPEC WATSON G 1 SPEC VANHORN R 1 SPEC CORBIN WL HOL DEMAN GE WHITE LC JR CORBIN WL HOLDEMAN GE WHITE LC JR 1 REPORT LENG ML GORING CA 53 REPORT DOLAN WD 6 TITLE LA (PROPOSED REVISIONS) PAGE 524 ESTERON 2 4 5 BRUSH AND HEED KILLER(PL A BULK)(PRODUCT CODE 2 8 7 5 0 ) (MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET). BRUSH KILLER TX ( M - 2 1 6 5 ) . BRUSH KILLER 21 ( M - 1 2 6 4 ) . GH 5 - 1 0 6 8 - 1 2 1 ( M- 2989HBRUSH KILLER LV 2 - 2 ) CTTL. VEON BRUSH KILLER, M-2720CPRODUCT S P E C I F I C A T I O N M 9 0 1 4 1 ) . DELONG HC DOH HUDBERG RN LOUCKS MF DELONG HC HUDBERG RN HIGGINS HS DOH LOUCKS MF SCHEDDEL RT FATE AND SAFE USE OF TORDON IN THE ENVIRONMENT 6 9 0 7 0 0 (REGISTRATION REPORT GH-R 3 0 M C R I 7 2 7 0 6 8 ) . LANING ER SOUTHHICK L HEALTH EFFECTS OF AGENT ORANGE AND DIOXINE CONTAMINANTS (REPORT OF IME CHCL ON SCI ENTIFIC AFFAIRS). Afc>'T 660e NUMBER DATE TYPE DOCUMENT 36 58 00/00/00 ABSTRACT AUTHOR: NJ BEEKEEPERS ASSN NEWS ADDRESSEE: COPYEE ' PAGES 1 DOCUMENT 3 6 59 01/00/70 ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR: UNIV ERLANGEN NUERNBERG ZINK P ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 6 6 0 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE 12/00/76 REPORT VACCARO JR 1 DOCUMENT 3661 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 06/00/77 REPORT 1 DOCUMENT 3 6 6 2 07/31/72 AUTHOR: US DEPT COMMERCE ADDRESSEE COPYEE: REPORT 2 DOCUMENT 3 6 6 3 12/10/69 AUTHOR BJERKE EL SWART RW ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT BUCEK OC 30 DOCUMENT 3 6 6 4 11/16/68 AUTHOR CAMPBELL AD HIGGINBOTHAM GR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: REPORT FDA HUANG A 2 CO o o TITLE SAFEGUARDING THE HONEYBEE CNJ BEEKEEPERS ASSN HEMS). PAGE 525 IDENTIFICATION OF VARIOUS HERBICIDAL CHLORINATED PHENOXYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS BY MEANS OF MASS SPECTROGRAPHY (ARCH TOXIKOL 2 5 ( 1 ) , 1 - 4 ) ( HEALTH ASPECTS OF PESTICIDES ABSTRACT BULLETIN, 1 - ) . 24D, CONSEQUENCES OF OVEREXPOSURE. DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OF 24D, CONSEQUENCES OF OVEREXPOSURE. SILVEX (DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT THE USE OF HERBICIDES IN THE EASTERN REGION, 3 9 - 4 0 ) . RESIDUES OF PICLORAM IN SHEEP TISSUES ( D . 2 . 2 . 1 . 3 ) (VOLUME 7 AMENDMENT TO P P 0 F 0 8 6 3 7 0 0 2 0 0 ) . DOW RILEY V CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS OF ISOLATED AND SYNTHETIC CHLORO DERIVATIVES OF D I BENZO-P-DIOXIN (NATURE 2 2 0 , 7 0 2 - 7 0 3 ) . FIRESTONE D HEW RESS J VERRETT J ybiV'Cr NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3 6 6 5 05/00/72 AUTHOR: CURRIER HF NORRIS LA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 666 02/06/80 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE- BRAUN HH NOLAN RJ BRAUN HH BETSO JE DAVIS KR GEHRING PJ KOCIBA RJ MCCOLLISTER DD OLSON RD RAUSCH DA SAUNDERS STRINGER HM DOCUMENT 36 67 02/06/80 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: CO o r "4 BRAUN HH NOLAN RJ BRAUN HH ADCOCK LD BAUER CA BLAIR EH BROHER HH BURKMAN S CAPUTO R CHARLTON RH DAIGRE GH DAVIS KR DONALDS J E EILERS RJ FEARS RD GEHRING P J GLASS JY HEFNER RE HOLDER BB JACKSON JE JERSEY GC KAGEL RO KOCIBA RJ LANGNER RR LENG ML LYONS KL MCCAY CE MCFEDRIES R JR TYPE PAGES REPORT 15 DOH OR ST UNIV REPORT 38 CURL TC SMITH FA DOH BLAU GE DRYZGA MD GORZANSKI SJ LANDRY TD MCKENNA MJ PARK CN REITZ RH SCHUMANN AM SHANK MG REPORT CURL TC SMITH FA DOH AXE RD BEAMER HH BLAU GE BROZZO J J BURLESON CB CARLETON RR CHEN HL DANIEL RL DIETZ DOSTAL RL ENGDANL GH FLORES GF GERARDO RA GORZANSKI SJ HEGYRSI JH HOOVER HE JACKSON LL JOHNSON RL KELLY ME KOLESAR RC LANHAM JM LIU G MACGOHAN CF MCCLURE HH MCINTIRE OR 1 TITLE PAGE 526 REPORT ON BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR THE PHENOXY HERBICIDES 2AD, 245T, 2A5-TP. GRAHAM C GRATKOWSKI H KINETICS OF CIA-LABELED PICLORAM IN MALE FISCHER 3AA RATS R A D REPORT HET K - 3 8 3 2 3 - 2 2 CRI 8 0 0 6 9 1 . DOW MULLER CJ NOLAN RJ CHEN WL DUNN FL HEFNER RE LANGNER RR MILLER RR RAMPY LW REUVERS JH SCHWETZ BA VERSCHUUREN HG SMITH FA DANIEL RL FEARS RD JERSEY GC LEBEAU J E NORRIS JM RAMSEY JC RINZEMA LC STOTT HT KINETICS OF CIA-LABELED PICLORAM IN MALE FISCHER 3AA RATS R A D REPORT HET K - 3 8 3 2 3 - 2 2 CRI 8 0 0 6 9 1 . DOW MULLER CJ NOLAN RJ BACICA LD BEARDEN CR BOHL RW BUMB RR BUZZELLI DJ CARROLL DB CRUMMETT WB DAVIDSON JH DISHBURGER 1HJ DRYZGA MD ENGIBOUS DL GALLANT RW GETZENDANER ME GRAHAM DL HOERGER FD HYDE MA JANISH D JOHNSTON RV KLUMB GA LANCINI G LEBEAU JE LOOK AT MACKEY JC MCCOLLISTER DD MCKENNA MJ SMITH FA BARTOLOMES FA BETSO J E BRUNLICH FH BURGERT BE CALDWELL BG CELLA DR CURRIER MF DAVIDSON WG DOMBROWSKI SL DUNN FL EVANS CH GAY PC GEYZER A HALPHEN CE HOJO K HYLTON DB JARVIE JG JR JONES GG KNOLL F LANDRY TD LEE JR LUOMA EV MALENCAN CL MCDANIELS GO MILLER RR NUMBER DATE MOOLENAAR NOWAK RM OLSON KJ PARK CN PRUITT ME RAMSEY JC RAUSCH DA ROBINSON VB ROZAS EA SCHMIDTKE DJ SCHUMANN AM SHELDON HW STRINGER WM TOD LM VORWERK H WEIDLICH ME YOCUM RH DOCUMENT 3 6 68 00/00/71 TYPE PAGES NEWBY NUMMY WR OLSON RA PASSOS P PUMPELLY CT RAO KS REITZ RH ROGERS WA SAUNDERS SCHNEIDER EJ SCHWETZ BA SILVERSTEIN LG SWANK MG TUCKER MD VRANISH SR WESTON JW YOUNG DM NEWS 16 AUTHOR^ ALBANY MEDICAL COL ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: REPORT GOLBERG L DOCUMENT 3 6 69 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: 10/28/80 REPORT 15 WILLIAMS CS DOCUMENT 3 6 7 0 12/00/70 REPORT AUTHOR: CENTER FOR THE ENVIRON & FISHER GE ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 41 DOCUMENT 36 71 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 LABEL 1 ` CO o NJ TITLE NICHOLS JL OBERLATZ JH OLSON RD PERO H R RAINWATER EL RAPP DE REUVERS JH ROWE VK SCHAFFER AW SCHNEIDER JA SHADOFF LA SNODGRASS WA TALCOTT AJ VENABLE JR WEAVER BA WINKLER ER NORRIS JM OELFKE KH PANKRATZ PM POWELL G RAMPr LW RATCLIFFE AD RINZEMA LC ROWELL JB SCHARNWEBER HC SCHOBER AE SHEETZ DP STOTT WT THOMPSON CF VERSCHUUREN HG WEBB RM WRIGHT LF PAGE 527 REVIEW SECTION TRACE CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD POTENTIAL FOR HARM (FD COSMET TOX 9 , 65-80HSYMPOSIUM ON CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD HAZARD OR NOT? SPONSERED BY FOOD AND DRUG DIRECTORATE, DEPT OF NATL HEALTH AND WELFARE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO, HELD IN OTTAWA ON 7 0 0 6 1 8 TO 7 0 0 6 1 9 ) . THE STATUS OF 2AD, 2A5T, SILVEX AND MCPA HERBICIDES. STUDY OF VEGETATION CONTROL ON POWER LINE RIGHTS OF WAY. JENKINS CF NORTHEAST U T I L I T I E S SERV TORDON 101 MIXTURE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER (PROPOSED PASTURE LABEL FOR PUERTO R I CO) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 6 72 DATE 01/00/64 AUTHOR BACHE CA WARNER RO ADDRESSEE'- COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 6 7 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 09/12/68 DOCUMENT 3 6 7 4 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 3 6 7 5 10/23/64 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 36 76 10/21/65 AUTHOR' CALANDRA JC ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE DOCUMENT 36 77 06/27/65 AUTHOR! CALANDRA J C ADDRESSEE' DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 6 78 03/28/63 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DOWNARD GM COPYEE: DOW TYPE REPORT PAGES 3 CORNELL REPORT LEND ML 16 REPORT 12 REPORT 15 REPORT 56 IND BIOTEST LAB REPORT CERVENKA H 78 LETTER 2 MCINTYRE HH USDA ARS SUNDERLAND WW JO-e-T O CO TITLE PAGE 528 ELIMINATION OF 2-METHYL-A-CHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID AND A-(Z-METHYL-A-CHLOROPHENOXYBUTYRIC) ACID IN THE URINE FROM COHS (JOUR OF DAIRY SCIENCE A 7 ( l ) , 9 3 - 9 5 M T A 5 0 . 0 1 . P 4 H P P 8 F 0 6 6 9 ) . LISK DJ WAGNER DO SIGNIFICANCE OF METABOLITES AS POTENTIAL RESIDUES IN FOODS AND FEED (PP8F0669MTA50.01 . P3 ) . ACUTE AND SEMI CHRONIC TOXICITY OF SILVEX TO LABORATORY RATS. RESULTS OF 90 DAY DIETARY FEEDING STUDIES OF TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE SALT OF A-AMIN0-356- TRI CHL0R0PIC0LINIC ACID IN RATS (PA50.01.01.P2)(PP8F0660). REPORT TO DOW CHRONIC ORAL TOXICITY OF TORDON ALBINO RATS (PART 1 TOXICOLOGY ) ( P A Z . 1 6 . S I ) . WOLF C REPORT TO DOW(TWO YEAR CHRONIC ORAL TOXICITY OF TORDON BEAGLE DOGSMPART 1 TOXICOLOGY)( P A2 . 1 6 . SI ) . IND BIOTEST LAB KAY JH REQUEST FOR THE CHEMICAL IDENTITY OF TORDON TO REMAIN CONFIDENTIAL UNTIL DOW RELEASES IT TO THE PUBLIC(PA2. 08A) CTTL. QUELLETTE FE NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 6 7 9 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 03/21/63 DOCUMENT 3 6 8 0 AUTHOR- DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 12/09/63 DOCUMENT 3681 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 06/00/63 DOCUMENT 3 6 8 2 12/05/63 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: BONNARD GM COPYEE: DON DOCUMENT 3 6 8 3 00/00/00 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3 6 8 9 AUTHOR* DON ADDRESSEE* USDA COPYEE: 09/08/65 DOCUMENT 3 6 8 5 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 07/00/69 DOCUMENT 3686 AUTHOR* DON ADDRESSEE: USDA COPYEE: 09/08/65 TYPE LABEL PAGES 3 SPEC 1 LABEL 1 LETTER SACHS SB USDA ARS HAMMER OH LABEL 2 1 LEGIS LYNN GE LABEL 2 3 LEGIS LYNN GE 2 'G 3104 TITLE TORDON 101 MIXTURE BRUSH K I LLER(PA2. 0 8 A ) . PAGE 529 TORDON 101 MIXTURE!PA2. 0 8 A ) . TORDON 101 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER!P A 2 . 0 8 A ) . REVISED LABELING FOR TORDON 101 MIXTURE, REGISTRATION 46A-306PA2.08A) . SUNDERLAND MW DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF TORDON 101 MIXTURE FOR THE CONTROL OF MILD CARROT AND OTHER NOXIOUS PERENNIAL HEEDS GROHING ON ROADSIDES(PA2. 08A). TORDON 101 MIXTURE!APPLICATION FOR PERMIT TO SHIP AN ECONOMIC POISON FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ONLY)! P A2 . 0 8A ) . TORDON 101 MIXTURE! PA2.08A). TORDON 101 MIXTURE!APPLICATION FOR PERMIT TO SHIP AN ECONOMIC POSION FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ONLY)! P A2 . 08A) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 3687 DATE 06/24/65 TYPE REPORT PAGES 19 AUTHOR: MILLHOLLON RM USDA ARS ADDRESSEE* CONTACT COMM OF THE AM S COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 6 88 05/26/66 REPORT e AUTHOR: LA ST UNIV STAMPER ER ADDRESSEE: CONTACT COMM OF THE AM S COPYEE: 39 DOCUMENT 36 89 04/18/62 AUTHOR: CALANDRA JC ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: REPORT 62 IND BIOTEST LAB DOCUMENT 3 6 9 0 03/16/64 AUTHOR: CALANDRA JC ADDRESSEE: NACA COPYEE: REPORT 47 IND BIOTEST LAB DOCUMENT 3 6 91 03/13/64 AUTHOR: CALANDRA JC ADDRESSEE: NACA COPYEE: REPORT 62 IND BIOTEST LAB DOCUMENT 3 6 9 2 01/00/64 AUTHOR: ALY OM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT FAUST SD 3 DOCUMENT 3 6 9 3 10/00/62 REPORT 5 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: THIEGS BJ TITLE PAGE 530 C- 8 WEED INVESTIGATIONS IN SUGARCANE (FOR PRESENTATION AT A MEETING OF THE CONTACT COMM OF THE AM SUGARCANE LEAGUE ON 6 5 0 6 2 4 AT HOUMA, LAX PA2.04 . SI ) . CHEMICAL WEED AND GRASS CONTROL 650000CREPORT OF THE DEPT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA AG EXP STATION BATON ROUGE, LA TO THE CONTACT COMM OF THE AM SUGARCANE LEAGUE FOR THE YEAR 6 5 0 0 0 0 PAGES 7 5 - 1 0 5 M F 0 R PRESENTATION 6 6 0 5 2 6 AT BATON ROUGE, LA) ( P A 2 . 0 4 . S 1 ) . REPORT TO DOW, 90 DAY SUBACUTE ORAL TOXICITY OF DOWCO-170, ALBINO RATS (DA 1 . 0 0 S L ) . KAY JH ADDENDUM REPORT TO NACA (REPEATED DERMAL TOXICITY STUDIES ON THREE FORMULATIONS OF 24DMDA 1 . 0 0 S L ) . KAY JH PALAZZOLO RJ REPEATED DERMAL TOXICITY STUDIES ON THREE FORMULATIONS OF 24D(DA I.005L). KAY JH PALAZZOLO RJ STUDY FATE OF 24D IN LAKES, RESERVOIRS(NJ AG 4 6 ( 1 ) , 12 6 4 0 1 0 0 TO 640200). RUTGERS UNIV MICROBIAL DECOMPOSITION OF HERBICIDES!DTE)(PRESENTED IN PART AT THE FALL MEETING OF THE MI BRANCH OF THE AM SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 6 1 1 0 2 0 ) ( DA l . O O S L ) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 3694 DATE 01/00/53 AUTHOR: DRILL VA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 6 9 5 00/00/44 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3696 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/00/49 DOCUMENT 36 97 10/29/48 AUTHOR: BJORN MK ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 36 98 03/00/47 AUTHOR CAMP DETRICK USN ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 6 9 9 00/00/46 AUTHOR: BUCHER NLR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 37 00 00/00/46 AUTHOR: GAETJENS CF ADDRESSEE'- COPYEE: TYPE REPORT PAGES 8 HIRATZKA T REPORT 14 MCCOLLISTER DD REPORT 5 MCCOLLISTER DD REPORT NORTHEN HT 3 REPORT CARLISLE H 12 REPORT 3 COLLIS P HUNTINGTON REPORT HODGSON RE 8 TITLE PAGE 531 TOXICITY OF 2AD AND 245T (A REPORT ON THEIR ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY IN DOGSMAMA ARCHIVES OF IND HYGIENE A OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE 7 , 6 1 - 6 7 )(DA 1 . 0 0 S L ) . WAYNE UNIV COL OF MEDICI SEMICHRONIC ORAL TOXICITY OF 2AD TO RATS Cl ORAL ADMINISTRATION, REPEATED DOSES BY STOMACH TUB EH2 ORAL ADMINISTRATION IN THE DIET)(DA 1 .0 0 S L ). ROWE VK SPENCER HC ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY OF 24D TO RATS, MICE, GUINEA PIGS AND CHICKS (DA l . O O S L ) . ROWE VK SPENCER HC EFFECTS OF 24D ON CHICKSCSCIENCE 1 0 S , 2 7 9 - 2 8 0 H D A l . O O S L ) . UNIV OF WY TOXICITY OF 24D FOR EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALSCJOUR OF IND HYGIENE A TOX 2 9 , 8 5 - 9 5 ) ( DA l . O O S L ) . HILL EV MARINE CORP EFFECTS OF 24D ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS(PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGISTS)(MED 6 3 , 2 0 A - 2 0 5 H D A l . O O S L ) . MEMO HARVARD MA GENERAL HOSPITAL LITERATURE AND REPORTS C l . TOLERANCE OF FARM ANIMALS TO FEED CONTAINING 2 4 D H J 0 U R OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 5 , 2 2 6 - 2 3 2 ) (DA l . O O S L ) . MITCHELL JW USDA NUMBER DOCUMENT 3701 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 02/00/64 TYPE REPORT PAGES 14 DOCUMENT 37 02 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE-' 09/00/65 MEMO 4 DOCUMENT 3 7 03 02/02/73 LETTER AUTHOR: DIRECTORATE OF CIVIL WOR GANGSTAD EO ADDRESSEE: EPA TERBUSH L COPYEE: DOW LENG ML 1 DOCUMENT 3 7 04 07/00/70 NEWS AUTHOR: DEPT OF HEALTH ONTARIO C ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 2 DOCUMENT 3 7 0 5 00/00/77 AUTHOR: SUSKIND RR ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT 7 UNIV OF CINCINNATI DOCUMENT 37 06 00/00/74 AUTHOR: PRIMACK J ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT 16 VONHIPPEL F DOCUMENT 3707 04/13/70 LETTER 4 * 3107 aa AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: t) (p P O REPORT I WBC LYNN GE TITLE PAGE 532 SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON TOXICOLOGY OF 24D REPORTED IN EARLY LITERATURE (DA l . O O S L ) . A COMPILATION OF INFORMATION ON THE TOXICOLOGY OF 2AD AND SOKE REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF(CONTENTS)( DA l . O O S L ) . PHENOXY HERBICIDE TOLERANCE, PETITION INFORMATION CTTL. REVISED REGISTRATION STATUS OF 245T IN CANCNEHS & VIEWS, BULLETIN OF THE PESTICIDES CONTROL SERVICE 5 ( 2 ) ) . CHLORACNE AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH PROBLEMS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF 2 45 T . STUDIES AS AN EXCUSE FOR INACTION THE SAGA OF 2A5T (CHAPTER 6 ADVICE AND DISSENT, SCIENTISTS IN THE POLITICAL ARENA). RESULTS OF CHLORACNE STUDIES CONDUCTED ON ASSORTED 24D, 2 45 T , SILVEX SAMPLES AND THEIR ESTERS, ORANGE AND DIAMOND'S CROP RIDER AMINE AT- 2. NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 7 08 DATE 00/00/5$ TYPE REPORT PAGES $ AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: HYMAS TA DOCUMENT 3 7 09 11/00/77 AUTHOR: DALDERUP LM STERRINGA T ADDRESSEE COPYEE: REPORT DOCTER HJ VOS JG 8 DOCUMENT 3 7 1 0 00/00/76 AUTHOR: ARSTILA AU ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT 7 DEPT OF PUBLIC HEALTI DOCUMENT 3 711 00/00/7$ AUTHOR: MILLER RA USDA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT NORRIS LA 5 DOCUMENT 3 7 1 2 00/00/7$ REPORT 21 AUTHOR: GENERAL MEDICINE INST PR JIRASEK L LUKAS E PAZDEROVA J ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 7 1 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 02/0$/6$ LABEL PROMO 1 DOCUMENT 3 7 1$ 02/19/6$ AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: Vp DOWNARD GM DOW CO -V> oo 6"" 0 0 LETTER USDA ARS 2 TITLE PAGE 333 SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON 2 4 0 AND 245T TYPE HERBICIDES AND AN EVALUATION OF THE HAZARDS TO LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR USE ( DT E ). RONE VK TCDD ACCIDENT AT A CHEMICAL FACTORY IN THE NETHERLANDS. NATL INST OF PUBLIC HEAL PHILIPSDUPHAR ZELLENRATH D AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF TCDD ON FINNISH FORESTRY, ROAD AND RAILWAY WORKERS, PRELIMINARY FINDINGS. 1 SORVARI TE UNIV OF JYVASKY LA FIN THE TOXICITY OF TCDD IN GUPPIES(POECILIA RETICULATUS PETERS) (BULLETIN OF ENVIRON CONTAMINATION & TOX, 1 2 ( 1 ) , 7 6 - 8 0 ) . OR ST UNIV PACIFIC NW FOREST & RANG ACNE CHLORINA, PORPHYRIA CUTANEA AND OTHER MANIFESTATIONS OF GENERAL INTOXICATION DURING THE MANUFACTURE OF HERBICIDES (CESKOSLOVENSKA DERMATOLOGIE 4 9 ( 3 ) , 1 4 5 - 1 5 7 H P A R T 2 ) . KALENSKY J KUBEC K RALPH MCELROY COMPANY TORDON 101 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLERtONE APPLICATION OF NEW HERBICIDE DISCOVERY CONTROLS MOST UNWANTED RIGHT OF WAYS VEGETATION). TORDON 10K PELLETS BRUSH KILLER (NOTICE OF REGISTRATION UNDER FIFRAHREG. 464-320). NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3 7 1 5 05/22/64 AUTHOR: DOMNARD GM ADDRESSEE- DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 7 16 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 01/03/64 DOCUMENT 3 7 17 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 3 7 18 05/29/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 7 19 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 10/00/71 DOCUMENT 3 7 20 12/00/70 TYPE PAGES LETTER 2 USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH LABEL 3 TECH 1 LETTER USDA RYAN MJ REPORT 1 6 REPORT 5 AUTHOR: IND TASK FORCE ON PHENOX ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3721 01/11/63 REPORT AUTHOR: CORNELL ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: OJ 50 (7 O - A CO FERTIG SN TITLE PAGE 534 PRINTED LABELS FOR DOH TORDON 10K PELLETS BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 3 2 0 , WITH LETTER OF 6 4 0 5 0 4 . TORDON 10K PELLETS BRUSH KILLER (COPY). TORDON 101 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER (DATA SHEET). TORDON 10K PELLETS BRUSH KILLER, USDA REG 4 6 4 - 3 2 0 , YOUR LETTER OF 661129. SUMMARY OF RESIDUE DATA FOR SILVEX 7 1 1 0 0 0 ( D . 0 . 9 ) . AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 5 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR SILVEX (2- (2 45 -TR IC HL0 R0 PHEN0 XY) PR 0P I0NI C AC1DJIN FOOD AND FORAGE CROPS SUBMITTED BY THE INDUSTRY TASK FORCE ON PHENOXY HERBICIDE TOLERANCES!VOLUME 2 , SECTIONS D ANIMALS E, F , A G ) ( S A 50 . 0 0 . 0 1 . P 2 ) (INDEX ONLY). THE DETERMINATION OF RESIDUES OF KURON IN BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL AND GRASSES (REPRINT OF PAPER PUBLISHED IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE NE WEED CONTROL CONF, VOLUME 1 7 , 6 3 0 1 0 9 TO 6 3 0 1 1 1 ) (SA50.00.01 .P1HPP8F0675). MERK.LE MG NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 7 22 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 11/16/70 DOCUMENT 3 7 2 3 12/14/70 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 7 2 4 01/28/70 AUTHOR: DEVINE JM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 7 2 5 00/00/66 AUTHOR HUNT LM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3726 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE* 09/00/68 DOCUMENT 3727 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOCUMENT 37 28 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 12/00/70 12/00/70 TYPE PAGES REPORT IS KUTSCHINSKI AH TITLE PAGE 535 DETERMINATION OF RESIDUES OF SILVEX IN SUGARCANE AND ITS PROCESSED PRODUCTS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ( S A 5 0 . 0 0 . 0 1 . P I ) ( P P 8 F 0 6 7 5 ) . PUNWAR JK WARF INST REPORT 19 KUTSCHINSKI AH RESIDUES OF SILVEX IN SUGARCANE AND I TS FACTORY PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM APPLICATIONS OF KURON HERBICIDE ( I N I T I A L REPORT) (SA50.00.01 .P1HPP8F067 5). REPORT 28 SILVEX RESIDUES IN ROUGH RICE AND RICE STRAH CSA50. 0 0 . 0 1 . P I ) . ( PP8F0675). SYRACUSE UNIV RES CORP REPORT PALMER J S 6 PRELIMINARY STUDY ON TOXICOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SILVEX ON SHEEP (AM JOUR OF VETERINARY RES 2 7 ( 1 1 6 ) , 1 7 2 - 1 7 6 ) (SA50.00.01.P1)(PP8F067). USDA HRIGHT FC REPORT LENG ML SUMMARY OF RESIDUE DATA ON 24D, 2 4 5 T , SILVEX AND MCPA IN MILK AND MEAT ( S A 5 0 . 0 0 . P 1 ) CTTL. REPORT LENG ML SUMMARY STATEMENT ON RESIDUE STUDIES HITH PHENOXY HERBICIDES IN FORAGE GRASSES AND LEGUMES ( S A 5 0 . 0 0 . P I ) . REPORT 15 SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES HITH SILVEX TAKEN FROM SECTION C OF PP 8 F 0 6 7 5 6 7 1 2 0 0 ( S A 5 0 . 0 0 . P 1 ) CTTL. IND TASK FORCE ON PHENOX LENG ML NUMBER DOCUMENT 37 29 DATE 07/05/60 AUTHOR FREEMAN RH ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE TYPE PAGES LETTER 2 REPORT US DA NATION HA DOCUMENT 37 30 09/20/60 LETTER AUTHOR GAME & FISH COMM TX GUERRA LV ADDRESSEE DOM GIBSON JM COPYEE 2 DOCUMENT 3731 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 03/13/61 MEMO RITTY PM 3 DOCUMENT 3 7 3 2 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 03/13/61 LABEL 2 DOCUMENT 3 7 3 3 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 04/28/61 LABEL 2 DOCUMENT 3 7 34 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 04/03/61 SPEC 1 DOCUMENT 3 7 3 5 03/27/61 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE DOM SMITH HL LETTER RITTY PM LYNN GE COULTER LL 2 DOCUMENT 3736 07/11/60 AUTHOR DEPT OF CONSV MI ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE DEPT OF CONSV MI GO 5 H"4 O -P K4 LEGIS HUNT MA RITTY PM 1 TITLE PAGE 5 5 6 EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF ESTERON 9 9 , t f - 1 8 4 7 , KURON AND M-1845 CSA5.00.S1) CTTL. DATA OBTAINED USING KURON FORMULATION M- 1847 ( S A 5 . 0 0 . S 1 ) CTTL. DATA ON THE HERBICIDAL PROPERTIES OF KUROSAL S . L . AND KUROSAL G, SALT FORMULATIONS OF SILVEX i S A 5 . 0 0 . S l ) . KUROSAL SL AQUATIC HERBICIDE ( S A 5 . 0 0 . S 1 ) . KUROSAL SL C S A 5 . 0 0 . S 1 ) . IDENTITY, FORMULATIONS KUROSAL SL AND KUROSAL O ( S A 5 . 0 0 . S 1 ) CTTL. POSSIBLE SALE OF KUROSAL 0 OUTSIDE MI 6 1 0 0 0 0 . FALSEY HP LUTZ EM EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT WITH KURON (SPECIAL PERMIT)( DEPT OF CONSV MI ) . NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 37 37 04/03/61 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE: DOM SMITH HL TYPE PAGES LETTER 2 LYNN GE SUNDERLAND MM JOHNSON JE DOCUMENT 3 7 3 8 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 06/00/56 LABEL 2 DOCUMENT 3 7 39 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/55 REPORT MATSON 1 DOCUMENT 3 7 4 0 09/00/54 AUTHOR: AG EXP STATION LA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE CHART REPORT BAKER JB 2 DOCUMENT 37 41 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 11/13/56 LABEL 2 DOCUMENT 3 7 4 2 12/19/56 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE USDA ARS COPYEE: LETTER MCINTYRE HH MH1TE RO 1 DOCUMENT 3 7 4 3 12/31/56 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: LETTER MCINTYRE HH MHITE RO 1 DOCUMENT 37 44 AUTHOR* DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 0 > CO M o CO 02/00/57 LABEL 2 TITLE PAGE NEED FOR PROMPT REGISTRATION OF KUROSAL SL AND KUROSAL G FOR AQUATIC USE CTTL. 537 MCINTYRE HH RITTY PM KURON A BRUSH KILLER. EFFECT OF SILVEX ON RICE. RESULTS OF TESTING 24D, 245T AND SILVEX ON MEXICAN HEED, CURLY INDIGO AND TALL INDIGO CTTL. LA ST UNIV KURON(SUPPLEMENTAL LABEL COPY). REGISTRATION OF KURON FOR USE ON RICE AND USE IN CERTAIN STATES CTTL . USE OF KURON ON RICE(REGISTRATION NO. 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) CTTL. KURON A BRUSH KILLER (SPECIMEN LABEL). NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3 7 45 04/04/57 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE' DOCUMENT 3746 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 06/21/57 DOCUMENT 3747 07/26/57 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3748 12/15/58 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 749 01/19/59 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 37 50 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 11/23/66 DOCUMENT 3751 03/00/69 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: CUPYEE: TYPE PAGES LETTER WHITE RO 1 LABEL 2 LETTER WHITE RO MCINTYRE HH l LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO 1 LETTER WHITE RO MCINTYRE HH 1 SPEC 1 NEWS 6 REPORT KUTSCHINSKI AH TITLE KURON A BRUSH KILLERiREO. NO. 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) CTTL PAGE 538 KURON (SUPPLEMENTAL LABEL COPY). COMMENTS REGARDING PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO LABEL FOR KURON A BRUSH KILLER(REGISTRATION NUMBER 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) CTTL. FEDERAL REGISTRATION NO. 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 , SUPPORTING DATA FOR AQUATIC USE FOR KURON CTTL. SUPPLEMENTAL LABELING FOR "KURON ON RICE" REGISTRATION NUMBER 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 WITH LETTER OF 5 8 1 2 1 5 . KURON BRUSH KILLER. RESIDUES IN VARIOUS TISSUES OF STEERS FED 4- AMI N0 -3 56- TRI CHL 0R0 PI C0 LI NI C ACID (JOUR AG FOOD CHEM 1 7 ( 2 ) , 2 8 3 - 2 8 7 M 6 9 0 3 0 0 TO 6 9 0 4 0 0 ) ( P A 5 0 . 0 2 . 0 1 . P 6 ) . RILEY V JR NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 752 DATE 1Z/16/66 TYPE REPORT PAGES 17 AUTHOR: FISH 8 WILDLIFE SERVICE USDI ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 7 5 3 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 10/11/67 REPORT 28 MCCUTCHEN LR DOCUMENT 3 7 56 12/26/6 AUTHOR: BYRD BC ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT DOH 23 DOCUMENT 3 7 55 11/05/69 AUTHOR: BJERKE EL ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT BYRD BC 79 DOCUMENT 3756 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 01/00/55 REPORT LUCE EN 3 DOCUMENT 37 57 02/18/66 REPORT 2 AUTHOR: AO EXP STATION ME ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: b VK> CO P h-* GETCHELL AS TITLE PAGE 539 PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATION OF ACUTE TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES TO FISH AND NILDLIFECGUIDELINES FOR DATA TO BE SUPPLIED BY INDUSTRY IN ADDITION TO EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY DATA ALREADY REQUIRED)(PA50.0 1 . 0 1 . P 5). DISCUSSION ON VOLUMES AND RATES OF TORDON 101 BRUSH KILLER FOR THE CONTROL DF DEEP ROOTED PERENNIAL WEEDS ( G H - P - 5 0 2 ) ( P A 2 . 0 8 . S 1 0 ) . OBSERVATIONS ON THE POSSIBLE MOVEMENT OF TORDON HERBICIDE IN RESPONSE TO SOIL OR WATER MOVEMENT (GH-P 5 1 5 ) ( P A 2 . 0 8 . S 9 ) . SCHWARTZBECK RA A STUDY OF POTENTIAL MOVEMENT OF PICLORAM AFTER APPLICATION TO HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD RIGHTS OF WAYS ( P A 2 . 0 8 . S 9 ) . DOW HILLIAMS CS DETERMINATION OF 29D IN GRAIN AND SEED (AG AND FOOD CHEN 3 ( 1 ) 51-53)(DA50.02.P0)(PP 8F0670). MARQUARDT RP 29D AND 295T IN BLUEBERRIES (REPORT OF ANALYSISHME AG EXP STATIONHPART 5)(TECHNICAL INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF ESTERON BRUSH KILLER, ESTERON 99 CONCENTRATE, ESTERDN 9 9 , ESTERON 2 9 5 OS, AND ESTERON 2 9 5 CONCENTRATE FOR CONTROL OF WOODY WEEDS IN LOW BUSH BLUEBERRY FIELDS IN ME) ( D A 5 0 . 0 2 . P 0 H P P 8F0670). HUMBER DOCUMENT 37 58 DATE 03/50/64 TYPE LETTER PAGES Z AUTHOR TREVETT MF ADDRESSEE COMPTON CC COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 7 59 06/10/64 UNIV OF ME RUTGERS REPORT 5 AUTHOR AG EXP STATION ME ADDRESSEE COPYEE TREVETT MF DOCUMENT 3 7 6 0 12/00/63 AUTHOR BACHE CA WAGNER DG ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT CORNELL WARNER RG 2 DOCUMENT 3761 02/00/64 AUTHOR CLARK DE WADLEY RES INST ADDRESSEE* COPYEE NEWS REPORT HUNT LM YOUNG J E 3 DOCUMENT 3 7 6 2 10/29/48 AUTHOR BJORN MK ADDRESSEE COPYEE NEWS REPORT NORTHERN HT 2 DOCUMENT 3 7 6 3 05/00/71 AUTHOR ALBAN EK ADDRESSEE COPYEE CO h* cn REPORT OH ST UNIV 27 TITLE PAGE 540 LETTER OF EXPLANATION OF RESIDUE STUDIES (PART 4MTECHNICAL INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF ESTERON BRUSH KILLER, ESTERON 99 CONCENTRATE, ESTERON 9 9 , ESTERON 2 4 5 OS, AND ESTERON 2 4 5 CONCENTRATE FOR CONTROL OF HOODY HEEDS IN LOH BUSH BLUEBERRY FIELDS IN M E H D A 5 0 . 0 2 . P 0 ) CPP 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . A REQUEST FOR APPROVAL OF CONTACT METHOD OF APPLYING 24D AND 245T FOR THE CONTROL OF NOODY HEEDS IN ME LOH BUSH BLUEBERRY FIELDS (PART 3 ) ( TECHNICAL INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF ESTERON BRUSH KILLER, ESTERON 99 CONCENTRATE, ESTERON 9 9 , ESTERON 2 4 5 OS, AND ESTERON 2 4 5 CONCENTRATE FOR CONTROL OF HOODY WEEDS IN LOH BUSH BLUEBERRY FIELDS IN ME) ( D A 5 0 . 0 2 . P 0 H P P 8F0670). ELIMINATION OF 24D IN THE URINE OF STEERS FED 4 - C 2 4 - D B ) OR 24D (JOUR OF DAIRY SCIENCE 4 6 ( 1 2 ) , 1 4 3 5 - 1 4 3 7 ) ( DA50. 0 2 . PO) ( P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . GUTENMANN HH LISK DJ THE FATE OF 24D IN SHEEP (ANIMAL METABOLISM OF HERBICIDES) (AG 8 FOOD CHEM 1 2 ( 1 ) , 4 3 - 4 5 ) ( DA50. 0 2 . PO) ( P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . MCLARAN JK YOUNGER RL USDA ARS EFFECTS OF 24D ON CHICKS (SCIENCE 1 0 8 , 4 7 9 - 4 8 0 ) ( D A 5 0 . 0 2 . P 0 ) ( P P 8F0670). UNIV OF WY A STUDY OF ROADSIDE MAINTENANCE AND LANDSCAPE PLANT DEVELOPMENT (D A 14.02.S2). REISCH KW NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 7 64 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 08/08/67 DOCUMENT 3 7 65 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 08/08/67 DOCUMENT 3766 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 08/09/67 DOCUMENT 3767 09/11/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD 1HG ADDRESSEE: DON COPYEE: DOCUMENT 37 68 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 11/05/65 DOCUMENT 3769 09/14/66 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: DOHNARD GM COPYEE: DOM DOCUMENT 37 70 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 05/00/54 DOCUMENT 3771 02/21/62 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: DOMNARD GM COPYEE: DOM TYPE MEMO PAGES 1 SPEC 1 LABEL 7 LEGIS USDA MCINTYRE HH 2 LABEL 10 - LETTER SACHS SB USDA ARS HAMMER OH LABEL 1 1 LETTER MEMO MCINTYRE HH USDA ARS JIMENEZ E 3 6 SO CO OD TUIE PAGE 541 REFERENCES TO SUPPORT FOR CLAIM TO CONTROL HUSK THISTLE BY VERTON 2D HEED AND BRUSH KILLER. VERTON 2D HEED AND BRUSH KILLER. VERTON 2D HEED AND BRUSH KILLER (LABEL COPY). VERTON 2D HEED AND BRUSH KILLER (NOTICE OF REGISTRATION UNDER FIFRA). BRUSH KILLER LV 2 - 2 BRUSH AND HEED KILLER. REVISED LABELING FOR BRUSH KILLER LV 2 - 2 , REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 3 5 2 . SUNDERLAND HH BRUSH KILLER 5 0 - 5 0 . APPLICATION LETTER FOR BRUSH KILLER 5 0 - 5 0 REGISTRATION ( D A 3 .0 0 BRUSH KILLER GENERAL BEG.) CTTL. OUELLETTE FE LYNN GE SUNDERLAND H NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 37 72 06/20/63 AUTHOR* DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: TYPE PAGES LETTER USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH 2 TITLE PAGE 542 REVISED LABEL FOR DOH REDDON NEW FARM BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION NO. 4 6 4 - 1 8 0 WITH LETTER OF 6 3 0 5 1 5 . DOCUMENT. 3 7 7 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 04/02/62 REPORT 9 PATENTS HELD BY DOW AND OTHER CLOSELY RELATED PATENTS PERTAINING TO THE ESTERS OF 24D, 2 4 5 T , SILVEX, AND MCP. DOCUMENT 3 7 74 02/00/68 AUTHOR SCHULZ KH ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE REPORT 13 CLINICAL PICTURE AND ETIOLOGY OF CHLORACNE (ARBEITSMEDIZIN SOZIALMEDIZIN ARBEITSHYGIENE 3 ( 2 ) , 2 5 - 2 9 ) . S CI ENTI F IC TRANSLATION S UNIV DERMATOLOGY CLINIC DOCUMENT 3 7 7 5 10/00/70 REPORT AUTHOR: HOKKAIDO UNIV JAPAN MATSUMURA A ADDRESSEE: COPYEE' 6 THE FATE OF 245T IN MAN (JAPANESE JOUR OF IND HEALTH 1 2 ( 9 ) , 2 0 - 2 5 ) . DOCUMENT 37 76 06/26/62 REPORT AUTHOR JONES EL ADDRESSEE COPYEE: KRIZEK H 7 A TECHNIC FOR TESTING ACNEGENIC POTENCY IN RABBITS, APPLIED TO THE POTENT ACNEGEN, TCDD (THE JOUR OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY, 5 1 1 - 5 1 7 ) (PRESENTED AT THE TWENTYTHIRD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY FOR INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY I N C . , CHICAGO, I L , 6 2 0 6 2 6 ) . UNIV OF CHICAGO DOCUMENT 37 77 11/00/73 REPORT 5 DEGRADATION OF DICAMBA, PICLORAM, AND FOUR PHENOXY HERBICIDES IN SOILS (WEED SCIENCE 2 1 ( 6 ) , 5 5 6 - 5 6 0 ) . AUTHOR AG EXP STATION OK ST UNI ALTOM JD STRITZKE JF ADDRESSEE: : opyee= DOCUMENT 37 78 08/30/79 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 'O (fi GO DOW BUMB RR FOTHERGILL KRACHT W MCGREGOR S WESTOVER LB ABSTRACT I DKH BUZZELLI D HOWARD AC KRMEL K SCHELL S YOUNG R VALIDATION OF A LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TETRACHLOROXANTHONE AND I TS RELATED IMPURITIES IN 24D PRODUCT FROM 948 BUILDING (ML-AL 7 9 - 0 0 6 8 1 H C R I 8 0 0 1 3 3 ) . WISNIEWSKI DF YOUNG RM CRUMMETT WB HUMBERT DK LUOMA EV TONER D DERSNAH B KARG R MAY V ULSTAD S NUMBER DOCUMENT 37 79 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE DATE 11/12/76 DOCUMENT 3 7 80 00/00/74 AUTHOR LOHANCE SA ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 37 81 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE' COPYEE 00/ 00/00 DOCUMENT 3 7 8 2 12/01/70 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 7 8 3 02/18/64 TYPE PAGES REPORT RITTY PM 2 REPORT PETERS EJ 4 REPORT 1 REPORT 12 MILLIAMS CS CHART 2 AUTHOR AG EXP STATION ME ADDRESSEE COPYEE GETCHELL AS DOCUMENT 3 7 8 4 00/00/66 LEGIS 4 AUTHOR AG EXP STATION ME ADDRESSEE COPYEE CO 00 TREVETT MF TITLE HERBICIDES ON OOLDENROD (ROI 2 8 0 2 8 ) . PAGE 543 IRONMEED CONTROL WITH MIDSUMMER TREATMENTS KITH HERBICIDES 7 5 0 0 0 0 AND 7 4 0 0 0 0 (ROI 2 8 0 2 2 ) . UNIV OF MO COLUMBIA USDA ARS SUMMARY OF USES OF THE PHENOXY HERBICIDES 24D, 2 4 5 T , MCPA AND SILVEX CTTL. THE STATUS OF 24D, 2 4 5 T , SILVEX AND MCPA HERBICIDES (PRESENTED AT THE NORTH CENTRAL MEED CONTROL CONF, LEXINGTON, KY 7 0 1 2 0 8 AND THE IL CUSTOM SPRAYER SCHOOL, URBANA, IL 7 1 0 1 2 7 ) . REPORT OF ANALYSIS ACCOMPANIED BY EXTENSIVE SERIES OF CHROMATOGRAPHS PERTAINING TO ANALYTICAL STUDIES. BY A STANLEY GETCHELL, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY THE ME AG EXP STATION (TECHNICAL INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF ESTERON BRUSH KILLER (REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 4 ) , ESTERON 99 CONCENTRATE (REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 1 ) , ESTERON 99 (REG 4 6 4 - 1 7 8 ) , ESTERON 2 4 5 OS (REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 5 ) , ESTERON 2 4 5 CONCENTRATE (REG 4 6 4 - 3 0 2 ) ( S E C T I O N D) ( T A 5 0 . 0 1 . P 2 PP8F0669 671200). A REQUEST FOR APPROVAL OF A CONTACT METHOD OF APPLYING 24D AND 245T FOR THE CONTROL OF MOODY NEEDS IN ME LOMBUSH BLUEBERRY FIELDS (TECHNICAL INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF ESTERON BRUSH KILLER (REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 4 ) , ESTERON 99 CONCENTRATE (REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 1 ) , ESTERON 99 (REG 4 6 4 - 1 7 8 ) , ESTERON 2 4 5 OS (REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 5 ) , ESTERON 2 4 5 CONCENTRATE (REG 4 6 4 - 3 0 2 ) ( SECTION D ) ( T A 5 0 . 0 1 . P2 PP8F0669 671200). NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 7 8 5 DATE 06/10/6A TYPE REPORT PAGES 2 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3786 10/00/67 AUTHOR: DOM SCOTT HH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 787 07/00/65 REPORT GORING CA YOUNGSON CR 10 REPORT 5 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: USDA COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 7 88 00/00/72 REPORT 3 AUTHOR: DURHAM MF ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 7 8 9 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 06/00/73 DOCUMENT 37 90 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/73 EPA REPORT MEMO 5 3 TITLE PAGE 544 FOREWARD (TECHNICAL INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF ESTERON BRUSH KILLER (REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 4 ) , ESTERON 99 CONCENTRATE (REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 1 ) , ESTERON 99 (REG 4 6 4 - 1 7 8 ) , ESTERON 2 45 OS (REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 5 ) , ESTERON 24 5 CONCENTRATE (REG 4 6 4 - 3 0 2 ) FOR CONTROL OF WOODY WEEDS IN LOW BUSH BLUEBERRY FIELDS IN MAINE (SECTION DKTA50.01 .P2 PP8F0669 671200). FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DECOMPOSITION OF TORDON HERBICIDE IN SOILS (DTE 2 3 ( 2 ) , 3 - 1 1 ) ( P A 5 0 . 0 2 . 0 1 . P 2 ) ( P P 0 F 0 8 6 3 ) . GRIFFITH JD MEIKLE RW TECHNICAL INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL OF LABELING TO PROVIDE FOR THE USE OF TORDON 101 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER WITH NORBAK PARTICULATING AGENT BY AERIAL APPLICATION FOR BRUSH CONTROL ON UTILITY RIGHTSOFWAY ( FOREWORD)(PA 2 . 0 8 . S 4 ) . MUTAGENIC, TERATOGENIC, AND CARCINOGENIC PROPERTIES OF PESTICIDES (PEST AND THE ENVIRON A CONTINUING CONTROVERSY) ( 8 TH INTER AM CONF ON TOX AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE, MIAMI 7 3 0 7 0 0 , 3 1 6 - 3 1 7 ) ( REPRINTED FROM ANN REV ENTOMOL 1 7 , 1 2 3 - 1 4 8 ) ( P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . WILLIAMS CH SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGY STUDIES WITH 24D IN BIRDS 7 3 0 6 0 0 (AMENDMENT TO P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . SECTION C TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 6 ( B I R D S ) ( P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) NUMBER DOCUMENT 3791 AUTHOR * USDA ADDRESSEE* COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3 7 9 2 DATE 03/00/72 05/00/69 TYPE CHART CHART PAGES 1 1 AUTHORS USDA ADDRESSEES COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3 7 9 3 AUTHOR! ADDRESSEE! COPYEEs DOCUMENT 379A AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE! COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3 7 9 5 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3796 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3797 AUTHOR) DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3 7 98 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEEs O TO O 06/00/73 00/00/73 06/00/73 10/06/72 10/18/72 00/00/72 REPORT 3 MEMO REPORT 2 3 PRESENT SCHMETZ BA 3 REPORT LENG ML MEMO 3 2 res. 'O TITLE PAGE 545 SUMMARY OF DOSAGE OF VARIOUS HERBICIDES THAT CAUSE SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT LOSS, REDUCED WEIGHT GAIN, OR POISONING IN CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKLHS (PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 1 3 7 , 38 USDA ( P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . SUMMARY OF DOSAGES OF VARIOUS ORGANIC HERBICIDES THAT CAUSE SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT LOSS, REDUCED WEIGHT GAIN, OR POISONING IN CATTLE, SHEEP. AND CHICKENS (PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 1 0 6 , 24 USDA ( P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGY STUDIES WITH 24D IN LIVESTOCK 7 3 0 6 0 0 (AMENDMENT TO P P8 F 0 6 7 0 2 4 D ) . SECTION C TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 6 ( L I V E S T 0 C K H P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . SUMMARY OF METABOLIC STUDIES WITH 24D IN ANIMALS 7 3 0 6 0 0 (AMENDMENT TO P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . SUMMARY TERATOLOGY ( P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . SUMMARY OF TERATOLOGY STUDIES WITH 24D ( P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . SECTION C TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 6 ( P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 7 99 DATE 00/00/71 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES AUTHOR: FITZHUGH OG HABERMANN RT TOX AND APPLIED PHARMACO ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 8 00 06/00/73 REPORT 11 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 801 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE* 06/00/73 MEMO 5 DOCUMENT 3 8 0 2 12/00/70 REPORT 4 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 8 0 3 07/00/68 AUTHOR: LENG ML ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT 2 DOCUMENT 3 8 0 4 12/08/50 AUTHOR: BATEMAN LL ADDRESSEE: DON COPYEE LETTER 1 HURON COUNTY ROAD DOCUMENT 3 8 05 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOW >9 CO h "4, - o to h* 12/13/50 LETTER ROWE VK GAY HH ROBERTSON C 1 TITLE PAGE 546 PEACE AND QUIET FOR 24D (CHRONIC TOXICITY OF 24D IN RATS AND DOGSMTOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 2 0 ( 1 2 2 ) (BRI TI SH IND BIO RES ASSN INFO BULLETIN 7 2 0 4 0 0 , 1 5 1 - 1 5 2 ( P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . HANSEN WH QUAIFE ML SECTION C FULL REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS MADE WITH RESPECT TO THE SAFETY OF THE PESTICIDE CHEMICAL (SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGY STUDIES WITH 24D, 7 3 0 6 0 0 (AMENDMENT TO P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . SECTION C SAFETY AND TOXICOLOGY (TABLE OF CONTENTS)(AMENDMENT TO PP8F0670 24D). REVIEW OF THE METABOLISM OF PHENOXY COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS ( 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF METABOLITES AS POTENTIAL RESIDUES IN FOODS AND FEED)(DA50.02.01.P1)(PP8F067 0). REVIEW ON THE METABOLISM OF PHENOXY COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS ( DA50. 0 2 . 0 1 . P I ) ( SUMMARY STATEMENT) ( P P 8 F 0 6 7 0 ) . REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ON DOW BRUSH KILLER RELATIVE TO AN ACUTE ATTACK OF LIVER TROUBLE CTTL. COMM HURON COUNTY ROAD COMM AND DOW ESTERON BRUSH KILLER. NUMBER DOCUMENT 3806 DATE 07/31/79 AUTHOR! ADDRESSEE* COPYEEs DOW DOM HORMEL T KENNEDY T MAY V TONER D DOCUMENT 3807 07/31/79 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE! WISNIEWSKI DF CRUMMETT WB HOWARD AC KRACHT W TONER D DOCUMENT 3808 08/18/76 AUTHOR* ALEXANDER HC ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 38 09 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE- 05/01/73 DOCUMENT 38 10 10/06/72 AUTHOR: WEST AD ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3811 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 03/00/73 DOCUMENT 3 8 12 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: <9 (p v> CO h-* P CO' o CO 03/00/73 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 1 WISNIEWSKI DF BUMB RR HOWARD AC KRACHT W OWEN P ULSTAD S REPORT 13 DOW HUMBERT DK KRUMEL K ULSTAD S REPORT 6 BATCHELDER TL LETTER 2 MOUNTFORT RF MULLISON WR LETTER 1 WEST TREE SERVICE WRIGHT WG MEMO NATION HA 1 MEMO NATION HA 1 TITLE PAGE 5<47 VALIDATION OF A LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TETRACHLOROXANTHONE IN REACTOR CRUDE FROM THE 24D PROCESS AT 948 BUILDING ( 7 9 4 8 9 8 ) . BUZZELLI D HUMBERT DK KRMEL K ROTHERGILL W WESTOVER LB CRUMMETT WB KARG R LUOMA EV SCHELL S YOUNG R VALIDATION OF A LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TETRACHLOROXANTHONE IN REACTOR CRUDE FROM THE 24D PROCESS AT 948 BUILDING ( 7 9 4 8 9 8 ) . FOTHERGILL W KARG R OWEN P YOUNG R HORMEL T KENNEDY T SCHELL S TOXICITY OF PICLORAM AND IMPURITIES TO RAINBOW TROUT ( 7 6 6 6 1 1 ) . DOW KURON BRUSH KILLER, EPA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 , YOUR LETTER OF 7 3 0 3 1 3 . NOTES ON TRANSMISSION LINE BRUSH CONTROL TEST NEAR LA PLACE, LA, 720000. NOTES ON POWER TRANSMISSION LINE BRUSH CONTROL TEST NEAR ST FRANCISVILLE, LA, 7 2 0 0 0 0 . NUMBER DATE TYPE PAGES DOCUMENT 3 8 1 3 03/05/70 LETTER 4 NEWS AUTHORS DEPT OF AMPLIFICATION WHITESIDE T ADDRESSEE NEW YORKER COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 8 1 4 01/21/70 AUTHOR- STEINFELD JL ADDRESSEE: BAYLEY NN COPYEE: LETTER 2 SURGEON GENERAL USDA DOCUMENT 3 8 1 5 01/07/70 AUTHOR) BAYLEY ND ADDRESSEE EGEBERG RO COPYEE LETTER USDA HEW 1 DOCUMENT 3 816 03/17/70 LETTER 1 AUTHOR: LIPSON S MONTGOMERY COUNTY ADDRESSEE CENTER FOR STUDY OF RESP WELLFORD H COPYEE: DOCUMENT 38 17 11/16/66 MEMO 1 AUTHOR: HAYS HW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: USDA RS DOCUMENT 38 18 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 08/19/70 REPORT EMERSON JL 4 DOCUMENT 38 19 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 08/19/70 REPORT EMERSON JL 6 DOCUMENT 3 8 20 00/00/73 AUTHOR: JIRASEK L ADDRESSEE COPYEE: CO to CO REPORT KALEN5KY J 22 irett'G TITLE PAGE 548 LACK OF 245T ACTION BY THE U . S . GOVT IN VIETNAM AND THE UNITED STATES CTTL. STATUS OF PESTICIDES PETITION 8 F 0 6 6 9 ( 2 4 5 T ) AS ADVISED BY DOW CTTL. FDA ACTION ON 245T CTTL. SUPPORT ON THE REMOVAL OF 24D AND 245T FROM INDIVIDUAL CONSUMER MARKET CTTL. HEALTH NOTICE TO MANUFACTURERS, FORMULATORS, DISTRIBUTORS, AND REGISTRANTS OF ECONOMIC POISONS(STATUS OF DISCLAIMER STATEMENTS ON PESTICIDE LABELING). SILVEX, PGBE IN RATS ( T - 3 1 9 M T E S T ACTION S LI P 1 - 3 ) . SILVEX IN RATS ( T - 3 1 8 H T E S T ACTION S LI P 1 TO 4 ) . ACNE CHLORINA AND PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA DURING THE MANUFACTURE OF HERBICIDES PART 1 (CESKOSLOVENSKA DERMATOLOGIE 4 8 ( 5 ) , 3 0 6 - 3 1 7 ) . KUBEC K NIH NUMBER DOCUMENT 3821 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE! DATE 00/ 00/00 DOCUMENT 3 8 2 2 AUTHORS DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 03/00/59 DOCUMENT 3 8 23 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 03/00/59 DOCUMENT 3 8 24 AUTHOR AMCHEM ADDRESSEE-- COPYEE 00/00/70 DOCUMENT 3 8 2 5 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 06/12/67 DOCUMENT 3826 06/05/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HO ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 38 27 05/16/67 TYPE LABEL PROMO PAGES 2 LABEL PROMO 2 LABEL PROMO 2 REPORT 44 LABEL - LEGIS USDA ARS HAMMER OH 4 2 LABEL 12 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE LEGIS -erert'O to TITLE VEON BRUSH KILLER. PAGE 549 FORRON BRUSH KILLER. ESTERON BRUSH KILLER 3 - 3 O . S . BRUSH CONTROL WITH AMCHEM BRUSHKILLER 6 9 - 1 6 9 CTTL. TORDON 144 BRUSH KILLER FOR EXPERIMENTAL USE ONLY. DOM TORDON 144 BRUSH KILLER (TEMPORARY PERMIT ISSUED UNDER THE FIFRA FOR SHIPMENT OF AN ECONOMIC POISON FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ONLY). TORDON 1 55 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER (TECHNICAL INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF TORDON 1 55 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER TO CONTROL MANY KINDS OF BRUSH AND UNWANTED TREES IN UTILITY RIGHTSOFWAY)(PA2.14.S1)(FOREWORD AND LABEL). NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 38 28 08/02/67 AUTHOR DON ADDRESSEE : ALFORD HG COPYEEs DON SUNDERLAND MM DOCUMENT 3 8 2 9 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEEs OA/12/67 DOCUMENT 3 8 3 0 0A/1A/67 AUTHOR! BARRONS KC ADDRESSEE USDA COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3831 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEEs 05/25/66 DOCUMENT 3 8 3 2 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEES COPYEEs 07/12/66 DOCUMENT 3 0 3 3 07/12/66 AUTHOR: DOMNARD GM ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEEs DOCUMENT 383A 10/17/66 AUTHOR: DOMNARD GM ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 8 3 5 0A/28/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEEs t) VP CO I---A P V to u> CJ1 TYPE PAGES LABEL LETTER HAMMER OH USDA ARS BYRD BC 9 LABEL 11 LEGIS DOM LABEL 2 3 LABEL 3 LEGIS USDA HAMMER OH A LETTER USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 LETTER USDA HAMMER OH 1 TITLE TORDON 155 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER ( 4 6 4 - T ) . LYNN GE SACHS SB TORDON 144 BRUSH KILLER (LABEL C 0 P Y K P A 2 . i l . S I ) . PAGE 550 TORDON 144 BRUSH KILLER APPLICATION FOR TEMPORARY PERMIT TO SHIP AN ECONOMIC POISON FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ONLY ( P A 2 . 1 1 . S 1 ) . M- 3083 BRUSH KILLER FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ONLY ( P A 2 . 1 1 ) . M-3083 BRUSH KILLER FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ONLY (LABEL COPY) (PA2.11). M- 30 83 BRUSH KILLER TEMPORARY PERMIT UNDER THE FIFRA FOR SHIPMENT OF AN ECONOMIC POISON FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ONLY ( P A 2 . 1 1 ) . USDA ARS M- 30 83 BRUSH KILLER TEMPORARY PERMIT NO 4 6 4 - E X P - 2 4 G ( P A 2 . 1 1 ) . M- 30 83 BRUSH KILLER, TEMPORARY PERMIT NO 4 64 - E X P - 2 4 G ( P A 2 . 1 1 ) . HUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3836 08/12/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE: DON COPYEE: DOCUMENT 38 37 06/15/64 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: DOMNARD GM COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 3 8 38 01/19/70 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 38 39 12/22/69 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 8 4 0 02/15/71 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE FAVORITE FC COPYEE: DOW NAS DOCUMENT 3841 03/10/70 AUTHOR: BIRKHIMER EA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 38 42 01/16/80 AUTHOR: DOW JORDAN LN ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: CO Jirt*i** 5b O 90 CO XL. TYPE PAGES LETTER US DA HAMMER OH 2 LETTER SACHS SB USDA ARS HAMMER OH REPORT USDA 1 4 LETTER REPORT USDA 3 LETTER 1 ROWE VK NATL RES CNCL ROWE VK WANDS RC TECH DOW 1 SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHL JW SCOLES GW TITLE PAGE M-3083 BRUSH KILLER, TEMPORARY PERMIT 4 6 4 -E X P- Z 4G ( P A 2 . 1 1 ) . 551 ADDITIONAL LABELS FOR ESTERON BRUSH KILLER REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 4 , ESTERON 99 CONCENTRATE REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 1 , ESTERON 99 REG 4 6 4 - 1 7 8 , ESTERON 245 O . S . REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 5 , ESTERON 2 4 5 CONCENTRATE REG 4 6 4 - 3 0 2 . SUNDERLAND HU EXTENSION OF CERTAIN "NO RESIDUE" AND "ZERO TOLERANCE" REGISTRATIONS BEYOND 6 9 1 2 3 1 (NOTICE TO MANUFACTURERS, FORMULATORS, DISTRIBUTORS, AND REGISTRANTS OF ECONOMIC POISONS). EXTENSION OF CERTAIN "NO RESIDUE" AND "ZERO TOLERANCE" REGISTRATIONS BEYOND 6 9 1 2 3 1 (NOTICE TO MANUFACTURERS, FORMULATORS, DISTRIBUTORS AND REGISTRANTS OF ECONOMIC POISONS). QUESTIONS AND ANSHERS REGARDING 24D AND 24 5 T CONCENTRATION, PERSISTENCE AND BIOMAGNIFICATION IN HATER, FOOD CHAINS AND SOIL CTTL . KENAGA EE LYNN GE 2 4 -DICHLOROPHENOL (SAFETY KEY P O INT S ). LEHRMANN HH 24D BUTYL ESTERS ( DOH QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION) (20706). FRASER JM GOLD HL HOODS CD NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 8 43 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE* DATE 11/03/75 DOCUMENT 3 8 44 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE* 05/09/76 DOCUMENT 3 8 45 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 05/09/78 DOCUMENT 3846 01/17/79 AUTHOR: DOW SCOLES GW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 38 47 10/29/79 AUTHOR DOW JORDAN LN ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 8 48 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 01/16/80 DOCUMENT 3 8 49 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* USDA COPYEE: 01/17/64 TYPE SPEC SPEC PAGES 1 1 SPEC 1 SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHL JW WARD WA SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHL JW SCOLES GW SPEC 1 LEGIS MCINTYRE HH 2 <=cc?<i'G CO to TITLE PAGE DOW BUTYL 4 00 24D WEED KILLER (SALES S PECIFICATI ON)( 1 2 9 6 7 B ) . 552 24D, PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTER (DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION) ( 2 0 9 3 8 ) . 24D, BUTOXY ETHANOL ESTER (DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATI0NH20869) . 24D, BUTYL ESTERS (DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION)( 2 0 7 0 6 ) . FRASER JM GOLD WL WOODS CD 24D, BUTOXY ETHANOL ESTER (DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION)( 2 0 8 6 9 ) . FRASER JM GOLD WL WOODS CD 24D BUTYL ESTERS (DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATIONS) (20706). TORDON 10K PELLETS BRUSH KILLERiAPPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF ECONOMIC POISONS). NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3 8 50 01/17/64 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOWNARD GM COPYEE! DOW WIFFEN EE DOCUMENT 38 51 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 05/29/63 DOCUMENT 3 8 5 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 3 8 5 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 11/02/60 DOCUMENT 3 8 5 4 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 3 8 5 5 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 12/10/63 DOCUMENT 3 856 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 03/11/63 DOCUMENT 3 857 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 TYPE PAGES LETTER MCINTYRE HH USDA HAMMER OH 1 REPORT 1 REPORT 1 SPEC 1 SPEC 1 REPORT 1 REPORT SPEC 1 1 <7)t-Vo'0 03 to 00 TITLE PAGE INITIAL REGISTRATION ON TORDON 10K PELLETS BRUSH KILLER. SACHS SB SUNDERLAND HH WA OFFICE 553 VEON BRUSH KILLER (HASTE CONTROL LABORATORY). ESTERON BK (ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O . S . ) ( H A S T E CONTROL LABORATORY). ESTERON BRUSH KILLER 3 - 3 O . S . (MANUFACTURING SPECIFICATION ( 2 2 7 9 0 ) . SILVEX ACID ALPHA (245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY) PROPIONIC ACID ( 2 7 9 5 0 ) . (SILVEX ACID) 2(245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY) PROPIONIC ACID (HASTE CONTROL LABORATORY). KURON (HASTE CONTROL LABORATORY). SILVEX, LOH VOLATILE ESTERS ( 2 7 9 5 2 ) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 3 858 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 12/10/63 DOCUMENT 3 8 59 01/30/67 AUTHOR: COPELAND JR ADDRESSEEs COPYEE: DON LYNN GE DOCUMENT 38 60 07/01/70 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOW GILL HH WIDIGER AH DOCUMENT 3 861 01/25/71 TYPE REPORT PAGES 1 REPORT DON BOUNDY RH MOSS RD 17 REPORT ROBERTS RN BAILEY CZ LYNN GE 8 REPORT 2 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 8 6 2 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 08/05/66 DOCUMENT 3 8 6 3 09/29/60 ' AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE SMITH H DOCUMENT 3 8 6 4 08/10/56 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: LABEL 3 LABEL LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO SOUTHNICK L 3 LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO 1 CD H-*to CD TITLE PAGE 554 (SILVEX, DOWANOL PIB MIX ESTER) 2(245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY) PROPIONIC ACID, DOWANOL PIB ESTER (WASTE CONTROL LABORATORY). RESULTS OF FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTION STUDIES IN RATS MAINTAINED ON DIETS CONTAINING TORDDN HERBICIDE. MCCOLLISTER DD JOHNSTON R KAGY J F THE DETERMINATION OF 2 7- DI CHL0R0 DIBENZ0-P -DI 0XIN IN 24D (ML-AL 20-230). CRUMMETT WB ROWE VK FERNANDEZ JB SHRADER SA 245T PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED AND SOLD BY DOW (ANALYTICAL DATA ON TECHNICAL 245T AND CONFIDENTIAL INGREDIENT STATEMENTS FOR 245T PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED BY DOW)( SUPPLFMENT TO SECTION A OF PESTICIDE PETITION FOR 245T SUBMITTED BY THE INDUSTRY TASK FORCE ON PHENOXY HERBICIDE TOLERANCES 7 0 1 2 2 2 K P P 1 F 1 1 0 2 ) . KURON BRUSH KILLER. KURON BRUSH KILLER. OUELLETTE FE SUNDERLAND W LABELS FOR KURON CTTL NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3 8 65 03/09/59 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: TYPE PAGES LETTER 2 SUNDERLAND WW WHITE RO DOCUMENT 38 66 03/19/59 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: LETTER 1 SUNDERLAND WW WALKER EA DOCUMENT 3867 09/01/59 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE: LETTER 2 WHITE RO SUNDERLAND WW DOCUMENT 38 68 09/23/60 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: DOW LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE HG REITH H 1 DOCUMENT 38 69 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE-' COPYEE: 11/19/68 REPORT JOSSI JA 22 DOCUMENT 38 70 08/17/79 LETTER AUTHOR: HEALTH COMM OF NEW SOUTH JONES AT ADDRESSEE: DOW GORING CA COPYEE: 2 DOCUMENT 3871 02/09/70 AUTHOR: BJERKE EL ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOW LENG ML REPORT DOW MOSS RD LUDWIG PD 12 DOCUMENT 3 8 72 02/09/70 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: . Via J p h* fJ OJ> o BJERKE EL DOW COLBY' AE JOHNSTON RV LUDWIG PD ROWE VK WILLIAMS CS ABSTRACT DOW MOSS RD DOWELL FH KAGY J F OSBORNE DW SEYMOUR KG 1 TITLE KURON 4 6 4 - X . PAGE 555 KURON 4 6 4 - X . ADDITIONAL FIELD PERFORMANCE DATA NEEDED FOR KURON CTTL. LABEL REVISIONS FOR 2 - 4 DOM WEED KILLER, ESTERON 7 6 - E , BUTYL 4 0 0 , MCP AMINE WEED KILLER, VEON 2 4 5 , ESTERON 2 4 5 O . S . AND KURON CTTL. OUELLETTE FE SOUTHNICK L SUNDERLAND W SILVEX ACID, DOWANOL ESTER OF SILVEX AND ISOOCTYL ESTER OF SILVEX TECHNOLOGY REVIEW. SEIDEL EM WILLIAMS JL MONITORING EXPOSURE OF WORKERS TO 24D AND 2 4 5 T . SIMPSON GR RESIDUES OF PICLORAM IN HYDROLYZED SHEEP TISSUES A SUPPLEMENT TO GH-C 3 4 6 X C R I 70 7 3 8 ) . MOSS RD COLBY AE RIDNER JM KAGY J F WILLIAMS CS RESIDUES OF PICLORAM IN HYDROLYZED SHEEP TISSUES A SUPPLEMENT TO GH-C 346 (CRI 70 7 3 8 ) . MOSS RD BARRONS KC HANSON RG LAMING ER POPOFF FP SHAVER RJ BAURIEDEL WR HYMAS TA LENG ML RIDNER JM SPALDING JL NUMBER DATE TYPE PAGES DOCUMENT 3 8 73 12/10/69 AUTHOR: BJERKE EL RILEY V ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOW COLBY AE HYMAS TA LENG ML RIDNER JM SPALDING JL ABSTRACT BUCEK OC SWART RW MOSS RD DOWELL FH JOHNSTON RV LUDWIG PD ROWE VK WILLIAMS CS 1 DOCUMENT 3 8 7 A 11/03/70 AUTHOR: ANILINE 0 POHLAND AE ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: ANILINE 0 EDWARDS H HOLDER BB LLOYD BH MORSE D ABSTRACT DOW 1 DOW FREVEL LK JOHNSON J E MACCUTCHEON PITCHFORTH L DOCUMENT 3 8 7 5 0 8 / 2 7 / 7 0 ' REPORT 8 AUTHOR: DOW THOMPSON DJ ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DOW HAKE CL KAMMERAAD A NARANJO P SENSI P EMERSON JL DACQUISTO MP HYMAS TA LYNN GE PETERSON NR ZELLERCELSO L DOCUMENT 38 76 08/27/70 ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DOW HAKE CL JOHNSTON RV MILCH LJ PETERSON NB SCHWARZ AJ EMERSON JL DACQUISTO MP HINMAN CW KAMMERAAD A NARANJO P RENZI A SENSI P t< c ( CO CO K* TITLE PAGE 556 RESIDUES OF PICLORAM IN SHEEP TISSUES (CRI 7 0 6 7 ) . DON MOSS RD BARRONS KC GOMELL JH KAGY J F OSBORNE DW SEYMOUR KG BAURIEDEL HR HANSON RG LANINO ER POPOFF FP SHAVER RJ CHLORACNE STUDY CONDUCTED ON UNSYMMETRICAL 1234-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (BC T 3 6 . 2 5 - D D 5 2 8 - 1 ) ( 7 0 4 8 5 6 ) . GEHRING PJ NORRIS JM BLAIR EH GORDON HL KILIAN DJ MCCOLLISTER DD ROBINSON VB BURGERT BE GORING CA KIMMEL CE MCINTYRE HH SCHHARZ AJ RESULTS OF TOLERANCE STUDIES OF 2 4 5 TRICHLOROPHENOXY PROPIONIC ACID, PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTER (SILVEX, PGBE) IN PREGNANT RATS. GERBIG CG ROBINSON VB DEZULIAN MV JOHNSON JE MCCOLLISTER DD RENZI A GRAZIER G JOHNSTON RV MILCH LJ SCHWETZ BA "RESULTS OF TOLERANCE STUDIES OF 245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY PROPIONIC ACID, PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTER (SILVEX, PGBE) IN PREGNANT RATS" (REPORT 2 5 9 ) ( 7 0 3 7 6 4 ) . GERBIG CG THOMPSON DJ DEZULIAN MV HYMAS TA LYNN GE NICOL 1S FB ROBINSON VB ZELLERCELSO L GRAZIER G JOHNSON J E MCCOLLISTER DD NUMMY WR ROHE VK NUMBER DOCUMENT 3877 DATE 04/00/68 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3878 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 12/00/78 DOCUMENT 3879 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE* 08/02/77 DOCUMENT 3880 11/28/77 AUTHOR: CARPENTER S ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DOCUMENT 3881 00/00/00 AUTHOR: DOM PINKERTON MN ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOM CURRIER MF JOHNS D NORRIS JM SCHARNMEBER HC DOCUMENT 3882 03/00/80 AUTHOR: CASTELLI MG MARTELLI GP ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3883 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 03/09/73 CO TYPE PAGES NEMS 5 REPORT IVON MATKINS LABEL 2 LETTER 2 MOUNTFORT RF MULL ISON MR NEMS REPORT DANON JM 14 REPORT JOHNSTON RV UNIV OF TX KILIAN DJ GEHRING PJ KOCIBA RJ PRUITT ME SCHOBER AE 13 NEMS 4 FANELLI R NOSEDA A REPORT KENAGA EE 4 TITLE PAGE 557 SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISAPPEARANCE OF TORDON IN SOIL (DOWN TO EARTH 23(A), 6-10). MOFFAT RW TORDON 101 MIXTURE MEED AND BRUSH KILLER (PA2.08B). YOUR LETTER OF 770722(DA6.11 ESTERON 99). SUBACUTE SKELETAL MYOPATHY INDUCED BY 24-DICHL0R0PHEN0XYACETATE IN RATS AND GUINEA PIGS (MUSCLE & NERVE, 89-102, 780300 TO 780400). KARPATI G THE CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS OF PICLORAM ON THE BONE MARRON CELLS OF RATS (R8D REPORT HOM-76-6). KILIAN DJ MENSIK DC NHORTON EB JR BLAIR EH HANSON RG MCCLURE HH ROBINSON VB SCHWETZ BA BUELL RL HOLDER BB MOOLENAAR RJ ROME VK PRESENCE OF TCDD IN NILDLIFE LIVING NEAR SEVESO, ITALY; A PRELIMINARY STUDY (BULLETIN OF ENVIRON CONTAMINATION AND TOX 24(3), 460-462). GARATTINI S MARIO NEGRI THE TOXICITY OF DOM CHLOROPHENOXYALKANOIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES MHEN FED IN DIETS OF MHITE LEGHORN COCKERELS (PP 1F1102). HUMBER DOCUMENT 3884 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DATE 12/29/72 DOCUMENT 3885 00/00/74 AUTHOR: LEHN PJ ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3886 06/23/61 AUTHOR: BAY REFINING ADDRESSEE: WHITE L COPYEE: SULLIVAN P DOCUMENT 3887 11/00/61 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DOCUMENT 3888 02/09/54 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: REED WG COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3889 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE DOW 05/16/67 DOCUMENT 3890 05/02/67 AUTHOR: BAKER GR GOWELL JH NYMAN TA WOLF MA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE CO CO CO TYPE PAGES REPORT 21 KENAGA EE ABSTRACT METTEE MF 2 LEGAL LETTER SPEC DOW TIERNAN FJ LABEL LEGAL 2 4 LEGAL 2 LETTER SUNDERLAND WW USDA ARS LABEL 5 HAMMER OH SACHS SB SUNDERLAND WW LABEL BYRD BC HAMMER OH RITTY PM 5 TITLE PAGE 558 THE COMPARATIVE TOXICITY TO BIRDS OF DOW HERBICIDES CONTAINING CHLOROPHENOXYALKANOIC ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES (PP 1F1102). ABSENCE OF TCDD TOXICITY IN AN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM (WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY AM ABSTRACT). USAF YOUNG AL KEROSENE SPECIFICATIONS (SHOECRAFT ET AL VS DOW, EXHIBIT C, CONFIDENTIAL INGREDIENT OF KURON FORMULATION). MILSTER S KURON BRUSH KILLER (SHOECRAFT ET AL VS DOW, EXHIBIT C, CONFIDENTIAL INGREDIENT OF KURON FORMULATIONS). LETTER SENDS LABEL AND SUPPORT DATA FOR KURON, A NEW BRUSH AND WEED KILLER (SHOECRAFT ET VS DOW, EXHIBIT C, CONFIDENTIAL INGREDIENT OF KURON FORMULATIONS) CTTL. TORDON 155 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER (LABEL COPY). USDA ARS TORDON 155 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER (LABEL COPY). DAVIS H DOW HOLDEMAN GE LYNN GE SACHS SB SPALDING J NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3891 10/02/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE TYPE LEGIS PAGES 1 MCINTYRE HH DOCUMENT 3892 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/70 REPORT 3 DOCUMENT 3893 04/22/66 AUTHOR: AXE FD ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE: LETTER DOW HOYLE HR 1 DOCUMENT 3894 00/00/00 LETTER 3 AUTHOR: CRUMMETT NB ADDRESSEE: KEARNEY PC COPYEE: DOW USDA DOCUMENT 3895 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 REPORT 4 DOCUMENT 3896 02/22/82 AUTHOR: POW ADDRESSEE: AM MEDICAL ASSN COPYEE-' LETTER KOCIBA RJ JONES RJ 2 DOCUMENT 3897 12/00/79 REPORT 5 AUTHOR: BUSER HR SWISS FEDL RES STATION ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: LINDAHL R UNIV OF UMEA SWEDEN DOCUMENT 3898 00/00/00 AUTHOR: CROSSLAND J ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: <o CO CO yi V NEWS ENVIRON 4 TITLE PAGE 559 DOM TORDON 155 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER (NOTICE OF REGISTRATION UNDER FIFRA). SIGNIFICANCE OF METABOLITES AS POTENTIAL RESIDUES IN FOODS AND FEED (PP8F0669). TORDON CHLORACNE. ROME VK YOUR MANUSCRIPT ENTITLED FINAL REPORT ON TCDD APPLIED MITH SILVEX TO TURF IN MICROAGROECOSYSTEMS HAS BEEN REVIEMED BY DOM CHEMISTS CTTL . SUGGESTED PROTOCOL PHENOXY HERBICIDE RESIDUES RICE. AGENT MHITE TO BE HIGHLY CARCINOGENIC CTTL. TRIEBMASSER JH ANALYSIS OF SOME OLDER SCANDINAVIAN FORMULATIONS OF 24D AND 245T FOR CONTENTS OF CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS (SCANDINAVIAN JOUR OF MORK ENVIRON & HEALTH 5(4), 375-378). NORSTROM A RAPPE C THE HAZARDS OF IMPURITIES (ENVIRON 15(5), 35-38). SHEA KP NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3899 00/00/73 AUTHOR- TUN6 TT ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3900 04/02/73 AUTHOR: BAUGHMAN R ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3901 00/00/77 AUTHOR: CROSBY DG ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3902 00/00/78 AUTHOR: BEYER JE FRAUSON LE PARK CN ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3903 00/00/78 AUTHOR: KITCHIN KT ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3904 00/00/78 AUTHOR: GUINEY 1PD YANG KH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: TYPE PAGES REPORT 10 VIET DUC HOSP REPORT HAVARD 16 ABSTRACT MILLER G 1 ABSTRACT CARREON RM KALKNINS RP MADE CE 1 ABSTRACT NIEHS 1 ABSTRACT 1 PETERSON RE e^z-G co CjO cj TITLE LE CANCER PRIMAIRE DU FOIE AU VIET-NAM. PAGE 560 AN ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR DETECTING DIOXIN (PAPER PRESENTED 730402 AT THE CONFERENCE ON DIBENZODIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS HELD BY THE NATL INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK. MESELSON M ELECTRON ACCEPTOR PROPERTIES OF CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS (PESTICIDES ABSTRACTSXBULLETIN ENVIRON CONTAM TOX 18(5), 611-616X78-2108). SONTUM S UNIV CA DAVIS RESULTS OF A TWO YEAR CHRONIC TOXICITY AND ONCOGENICITY STUDY OF TCDD IN RATS (TOX APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 46(2), 279-303) (90;I16212H). DITTENBER DOW KEYES DG KOCIBA RJ TCDD INDUCTION OF ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE IN FEMALE RAT LIVER. EVIDENCE FOR DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF CYTOCHROME P-448 (PESTICIDES ABSTRACTHMOL PHARMACOLOGY 14(5), 890-899X79-0425). WOODS JS EFFECTS OF TCDD ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND BILIARY EXCRETION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN RATS (PESTICIDE ABSTRACTS) (TOX APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 45(2), 403-414X79-0453). PROCTOR & GAMBLE SEYMOUR JL NUMBER DOCUMENT 3905 DATE 00/00/78 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 1 AUTHOR BIOCHEM PHARMACOLOGY ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3906 09/00/74 AUTHOR PLIMMER JR ADDRESSEE COPYEE ABSTRACT USDA DOCUMENT 3907 00/00/78 ABSTRACT AUTHOR BEATTY PW ADDRESSEE COPYEE NEAL RA DOCUMENT 3908 07/00/80 AUTHOR KNUTSON JC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE NEWS POLAND A DOCUMENT 3909 00/00/80 NEWS AUTHOR GASIEWICZ TA UNIV OF ROCHESTER ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT NEAL RA DOCUMENT 3910 01/31/80 AUTHOR CRUMMETT WB ADDRESSEE COPYEE NEWS DOW DOCUMENT 3911 04/00/80 AUTHOR CHEM & ENG NEWS ADDRESSEE COrYEE NEWS 1 1 8 8 1 1 CO C0O5 TITLE PAGE 561 RAT LIVER ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE IMMUNOCHEMICAL IDENTITY OF TCDD NIDUCIBLE NORMAL IVER AND 2-ACETYLAMINOFLOURENE INDUCIBLE HEPATOMA ISOZYMES (PESTICIDE ABSTRACTS)(BIOCHEM PHARMACOL 27(20), 2463-2465)(35486). PHOTOLYSIS OF TCDD (ACS DIV OF PESTICIDE CHEM). EFFECT OF ALTERATION OF RAT HEPATIC MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASE (MFO) ACTIVITY ON THE TOXICITY OF TCDD (CHEM ABSTRACTS 89, 141) (89-191899V). VANDERBILT UNIV VAUGHN WK. TCDD; FAILURE TO DEMONSTRATE TOXICITY IN TWENTYTHREE CULTURED CELL TYPES (TOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 54(3), 377-383). UNIV OF HI TISSUE DISTRIBUTION, EXCRETION, AND METABOLISM OF TCDD IN THE GOLDEN SYRIAN HAMSTER (TOX AND APPLIED APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 56, 78-85). OLSON JR ST UNIV OF NY DIOXIN DETECTION (NATURE 283). NATURE HEALTH HAZARD OF DIOXINS STILL UNCERTAIN (CHEM 8 ENG NEHS). NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3912 01/28/80 AUTHOR GUPTA BN VANLOGTEN MJ ADDRESSEE! COPYEEi DOCUMENT 3913 00/00/80 AUTHOR! ALBRECHT RM UNIV OF MI ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 391$ 06/00/80 AUTHOR: CAIRO M SIRONI M ADDRESSEECOPYEE! DOCUMENT 3915 01/00/80 AUTHOR: HALPERIN H ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3916 00/00/79 AUTHOR: GASIEWICZ TA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3917 00/00/79 AUTHOR: BEYER JE KOCIBA RJ ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: TYPE PAGES REPORT 11 MCCONNELL EE REPORT 12 GILCHRIST KW REPORT GARATTINI S VECCHI A 7 ABSTRACT LEMEN R 2 REPORT NEAL RA 11 NEWS REPORT CARREON RM 5 CO P CO V \ -V TITLE PAGE 562 ROLE OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IN THE ACTION OF TCDD ON THE THYMUS (TOXICOLOGY 15, 135 TO 144). MOORE JA NIEHS BLOOD CLEARANCE TESTS FOR DETECTING TCDD HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS AND RABBITS (ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 9(3), 317 TO 327). PETERSON RE SEEFELD MD EFFECT OF ACUTE EXPOSURE TO TCDD ON HUMORAL ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN MICE (CHEMICOBIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 30(3), 337 TO 342). LUINI W MANTOVANI A REGISTRATION OF DIOXIN WORKERS (NOTICE OF RESEARCH PROJECT TOXTIPS)(VMH-C21-659). NATL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE TCDD TISSUE DISTRIBUTION, EXCRETION, AND EFFECTS ON CLINICAL CHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN GUINEA PIGS (TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 51, 329 TO 339). VANDERBILT UNIV LONG TERM TOXICOLOGIC STUDIES OF TCDD IN LABORATORY ANIMALS (ANNALS NY ACADEMY OF SCIENCES PART 5, 397-404). DOW KEYES DO NUMBER DOCUMENT 3918 DATE 00/00/77 AUTHOR: ALLEN JR ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: TYPE PAGES NEWS 8 REPORT LALICH JJ TITLE PAGE 563 INCREASED INCIDENCE OF NEOPLASMS IN RATS EXPOSED TO LOW LEVELS OF TCDD CCHEMOSPHERE (10), 625-632). UNIV OF WI VANMILLER JP DOCUMENT 3919 02/00/75 NEWS REPORT AUTHOR: CIVIL SERVICE DEPT, LOND OLIVER RM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 6 TOXIC EFFECTS OF 2378-TETRACHLORODIBENZO 14 DIOXIN IN LABORATORY WORKERS (BRITISH JOURNAL OF IND MEDICINE 32, 49-53). DOCUMENT 3920 00/00/74 NEWS 2 LES POLYCHLORO DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS (TOX 3(2)). REPORT AUTHOR: DELVAEX EL GOFFIN G HAUTEENNE A UNIV CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVA VERSTRAETE J ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3921 06/00/76 AUTHOR: BERRY DL ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: NEWS REPORT UNIV OF WA 17 TRANSPLACENTAL INDUCTION OF CARCINOGENIC-HYDROXYLATING SYSTEMS WITH TCDD (TOX & APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 36(3)). ZACHARIAH PK DOCUMENT 3922 08/00/80 AUTHOR: DIDOMENICO A VIVIANO G ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: NEWS 12 ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF TCDD AT SEVESO ITALY TCDD LEVELS IN ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES (ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRON SAFETY 4(3), 346-356). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRO INSTITUTO SUPERIORE DI S SILANO V ZAPPONI G DOCUMENT 3923 09/00/80 AUTHOR: DIDOMENICO A VIVIANO G ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: NEWS 8 ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF TCDD AT SEVESO ITALY ENVIRONMENTAL PERSISTENCE OF TCDD IN SOIL (ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRON SAFETY 4(3), 339-345. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRO INSTITUTO SUPERIORE DI S SILANO V ZAPPONI G G CO CO QO NUMBER DOCUMENT 3924 DATE 09/00/80 AUTHOR * DIDOMENICO A VIVIANO G ADDRESSEE! COPYEE! TYPE PAGES NEWS 13 REPORT ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ZAPPONI G DOCUMENT 3925 09/00/80 NEWS 7 AUTHOR: DIDOMENICO A VIVIANO G ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ZAPPONI G DOCUMENT 3926 00/00/78 AUTHOR: ALBRO PW LUSTER MI ADDRESSEE COPYEE: REPORT CHEMOSPHERE NIEHS 6 DOCUMENT 3927 10/26/79 NEWS AUTHOR: CHEM REGULATION REPORTER ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 1 DOCUMENT 3928 09/30/79 NEWS 11 AUTHOR: HAMADA N PETERSON RE YANG KH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: REPORT MADHUKAR BV PLAA GL DOCUMENT 3929 09/15/79 NEWS 12 AUTHOR BERRY DL OAK RIDGE NATL LAB UNIV OF WA ADDRESSEE COPYEE: CO REPORT DIGIOVANNI J PLAA GL rc ^' TITLE PAGE 564 ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF TCDD AT SEVESO ITALY VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TCDD IN SOIL (ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRON SAFETY 4(3), 327-345. ENVIRO INSTITUTO SUPERIORE DI S SILANO V ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF TCDD AT SEVESO ITALY MONITORING OF RESIDUAL TCDD LEVELS IN RECLAIMED BUILDINGS (ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRON SAFETY 4 321-326). ENVIRO ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SA SILANO V INABILITY OF PASSIVE ANTIBODIES TO REVERSE THE EFFECTS OF DIOXIN TOXICITY (CHEMOSPHERE 1 29-34). FAITH RE LAWSON LD STUDY OF 121 DIOXIN EXPOSED WORKERS SHOWS NO EXCESS DEATHS OVER 30 YEARS (CHEM REGULATION REPORTER). REVERSAL OF TCDD INDUCED DEPRESSION OF OUABAIN BILIARY EXCRETION BY PREGNE0L0NE-16ALPHA-CARB0NITRILE AND SPIRONOLACTONE IN ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT LIVERS (TOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 50(3), 407-416). MATSUMURA F MI ST UNIV TOX & APPLIED PHARMACOLO UNIV OF NI EFFECTS OF PRETREATMENT WITH TCDD ON THE CAPACITY OF HEPATIC AND EXTRAHEPTIC MOUSE TISSUES TO CONVERT PROCARCINOGENS TO MUTAGENS FOR SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AUXOTROPHS (TOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 50, 229-239). JONES AH SLAGA TJ JUCHAU MR TOX & APPLIED PHARMACOLO NUMBER DOCUMENT 3930 DATE 00/00/78 AUTHORi BENCE J SUGAR J ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3931 00/00/79 AUTHOR: THOMES PT ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3932 00/00/79 AUTHOR: AITIO A UOTILA P ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3933 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE1- 00/00/79 DOCUMENT 393A 00/00/79 AUTHOR: JUREK A ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3935 00/00/79 AUTHOR: BEATTY PW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3936 AUTHOR: FDA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/77 TYPE NEWS PAGES 12 REPORT BUDAPEST TOTH K ABSTRACT UNIV OF WI 1 ABSTRACT NIENSTEDT W 1 ABSTRACT GEHRING PJ 1 ABSTRACT 1 SYROWATKA T ABSTRACT 1 GAS1EWICZ TA ABSTRACT 1 FIRESTONE D CO O TITLE PAGE 565 CARCINOGENIC BIOASSAY OF THE HERBICIDE 245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XYETHAN0L (TCPE) WITH DIFFERENT TCDD (DIOXIN) CONTENT IN SWISS MICE (PROG BIOCHEM PHARMACOL 14, 82-93). RES INST OF ONCOPATHOLOG SOMFAIRELLE S AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF A POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL AND TCDD ON THE OFFSPRING OF ADULT EXPOSED LABORATORY ANIMALS (DISS ABSTR 40(5), 2031). EFFECT OF TCDD ON THE HEPATIC METABOLISM OF TESTOSTERONE IN THE RAT (TOX 13(3), 233-236). PARKKI M UNIV OF TURKU FIN EFFECTS OF TCDD ON SPLENIC LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION IN MICE AFTER SINGLE AND REPEATED EXPOSURES (ANN NY ACAD SCI 320, 487-497). SHARMA RP UTAH ST UNIV STUDY OF THE ACUTE AND LONG TERM EFFECTS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF SINGLE DOSES OF TCDD ON WISTAR RATS (ROCZ PANSTU ZAKL HIS 30(3), 305). ZAKL TOKSYKOL WARSAW POL STUDIES OF THE MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY OF TCDD (ANN NY ACAD SCI 320, 204-13). NEAL R VANDERBILT UNIV TN THE TCDD PROBLEM A REVIEW (ECOL BULL 27, 39-52) NUMBER DOCUMENT 3937 DATE 00/00/77 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 1 AUTHORi KIM G ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' DOCUMENT 3938 00/00/78 MANIS J 1 ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR' DALGARD DW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: MCCONNEL FE DOCUMENT 3939 00/00/75 ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR: HASEMAN JK ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: HOOKER GER DOCUMENT 3940 00/00/73 ABSTRACT AUTHOR: MAX VON PETTENKOFER INST ROLL R ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 1 DOCUMENT 3941 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 02/13/62 SPEC SCOLES 0 1 DOCUMENT 3942 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 01/04/62 SPEC SCOLES GW 1 DOCUMENT 3943 10/12/50 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW HIGHHILL CA COPYEE: REPORT ROWE VK BRITTON EC HOYLE HR 3 ire?-a CO TITLE PAGE 566 INDUCTION OF INTESTINAL IRON TRANSPORT BY TCDD ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT AND POTENT INDUCER OF ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE (CLIN RES 25(3), 468A)(PEST ABSTRACTS). UNIV OF NY TOXICITY OF TCDD IN RHESUS MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA) FOLLOWING SINGLE ORAL DOSE (TOX APPL PHARMACOL 43011, 175-187)(CHEM ABSTRACTS 88, 780000). MOORE JA NIEHS INDUCTION AND SUPPRESSION OF HEPATIC AND EXTRAHEFATIC MICROSOMAL FOREIGN COMPOUND METABOLIZING ENZYME SYSTEMS BY TCDD (CHEM BIOL INTERACTIONS 10(3), 199-214)(PEST ABSTRACTS). LUCIER GW NIEHS TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SPECIAL ORGANOCHLORINATED COMPOUNDS (ENVIRON QUALITY AND SAFETY 2, 117-124)(PEST ABSTRACTS). BRUSH KILLER X (M-2167). BRUSH KILLER 50-50 (M-2261). RESULTS OF SKIN IRRITATION TESTS ON VARIOUS SAMPLES OF 24D TAKEN AT VARIOUS STAGES IN THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS. BRITTON JW DOSSER RC NUMBER DOCUMENT 3944 DATE 03/07/69 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DON FERNANDEZ JB LOOK AT SEIDEL EM WISNER R DOCUMENT 3945 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 05/24/56 DOCUMENT 3946 04/24/63 AUTHOR: AMSTUTZ FC HOFF RC WHITE LC JR ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: AMSTUTZ FC HOFF RC HOL DEMAN GE DOCUMENT 3947 04/18/66 AUTHOR: AMSTUTZ FC HUDBERG RN WHITE LC JR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: AMSTUTZ FC HUDBERG RN WHITE LC JR DOCUMENT 3948 04/18/66 AUTHOR: AMSTUTZ FC HUDBERG RN WHITE LC JR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: AMSTUTZ FC HUDBERG RN WHITE LC JR DOCUMENT 3949 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: 01/15/63 TYPE PAGES ABSTRACT 11 REPORT WEN RY WEN RY HENNIS HE MCGEE TW SHEETZ DP WOODWARD RE TECH I HRH 1 SPEC DELONG HC KORSMEIR RB 1 DELONG HC LOUCKS MF SPEC DELONG HC LOUCKS MF DELONG HC LOUCKS MF HIGGINS HS SPEC DELONG HC LOUKS MF DELONG HC LOUKS MF HIGGINS HS REPORT 1 1 0/^-d CO TITLE PAGE 567 MANUFACTURE OF Z4D 24T AND 245 TRICHLOROPHENOXYPROPIONIC ACID (A LITERATURE SURVEYMOC 0050205-1). DELINE DD KELLOM DB MOREHOUSE D THOMPSON CJ DEMOTT DN LINDY L PUMPELLY CT THURSTON DH BRUSH KILLER PETERSON JE ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OS, M-2167(PRODUCT SPECIFICATION) (28855). DOW HIGHHILL CA LOUCKS MF OUELLETTE FE DOW OUELLETTE FE HIGHHILL CA WHITE LC JR BRUSH KILLER LV 2-2, M-2989 PRODUCT SPECIFICATI0NK12658). DOW HOLDEMAN GE MCCOY WJ TALCOTT AT DOW MCCOY WJ SCHEDDEL RT HOLDEMAN GE TALCOTT AT BRUSH KILLER LV 4T, M-2988CPRODUCT SPECIFICATION)(12662). DOW HOLDEMAN GE MCCOY WJ TALCOTT AT DOW MCCOY WJ SCHEDDEL RT HOLDEMAN GE TALCOTT AT TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TORDON (PA50.01.01.PI). NUMBER DOCUMENT 3950 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 06/30/66 TYPE SPEC PAGES TITLE PAGE ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OS COMPLETE INGREDIENT STATEMENT. 568 DOCUMENT 3951 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 11/05/65 LABEL BRUSH KILLER LV 2-2 BRUSH AND WEED KILLER LABEL COPY. DOCUMENT 3952 03/16/81 MEMO 9 MINUTES OF THE THIRD MEETING OF THE AD HOC DEQE DPH ADVISORY COMMITTEE. REPORT AUTHOR: COMMONWEALTH OF MA DEPT OF PUBLIC HEALTH TELLES N ADDRESSEE: ADVISORY BD MEMBERS ASST COMMISSIONER PARKER BROWN H COMMISSIONER CORTESE COMMISSIONER FRECHETTE DEQE DPH COPYEE DOCUMENT 3953 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 06/30/80 TECH 1 24D BUTYL ESTER (EMERGENCY RESPONSE INFORMATION). DOCUMENT 3954 07/00/77 AUTHOR: MORITA M ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT OISHI S 7 CLEARANCE AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS IN MICE (BULLETIN OF ENVIRON CONTAMINATION AND TOX 18(1), 61-66). TOKYO METROPOLITAN RES L DOCUMENT 3955 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/00/00 REPORT GEHRING PJ 3 CRITIQUE OF MANUSCRIPT 5482 "THE COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN ISOMERS IN MICE AND GUINEA PIGS" BY EE MCCONNELL, ET AL. DOCUMENT 3956 04/30/77 AUTHOR: DOW MCCONNELL EE ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT GEHRING PJ MOORE JA 2 THE COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN ISOMERS IN MICE AND GUINEA PIGS (TOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY REVIEWERS COMMENTS). HARRIS MW HASEMAN JK NEAL RA NIEHS NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3957 04/30/77 AUTHOR-- HARRIS MW NIEHS ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3958 11/25/75 AUTHOR* HONOROF I ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3959 00/00/74 AUTHOR* FIELDMANN RJ ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3960 AUTHOR* GOUIN ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 08/00/78 DOCUMENT 3961 08/00/78 AUTHOR* GOUIN ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DAVIDSON JH DOCUMENT 3962 00/00/00 AUTHOR* GLOVER E ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 3963 06/00/79 AUTHOR* KIM G ADDRESSEE ' COPYEE* TYPE PAGES REPORT 36 HASEMAN JK TITLE PAGE 569 THE COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN ISOMERS IN MICE AND GUINEA PIGS (TOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY). MCCONNELL EE MOORE JA REPORT GERONIMO J 8 NEWS REPORT MAIBACH HJ 7 DIRTY TRICKS (A REPORT TO THE CONSUMER 5(113-114),) PERCUTANEOUS PENETRATION OF SOME PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES IN MAN (TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 28, 126-132). UC SAN FRANCISCO REPORT 19 POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND OFFSPRING APROPOS OF THE ACCIDENT OF SEVESCO (MEDICINE ET HYGIENE 36 1758-66)(1958). TUCHMANN-DUPLELSIS H REPORT 17 EMBRYOLOGICAL PROBLEMS POSED BY THE ACCIDENT AT SEVESCO (CONCOUPS MEDICIAL (44) SS-37(1377). TUCHMANN-DUPLELSSIS H REPORT POLAND A 33 TCDD, SEGREGATION OF TOXICITY WITH THE AH LOCUS. UNIV OF HI NEWS REPORT MANIS J 6 INTRODUCTION OF IRON TRANSPORT BY A POTENT INDUCER OF ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE TCDD (ENVIRON HEALTH 34(3), 141-145). ST UNIV OF NY NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 396$ 00/00/00 AUTHOR: CALDERA PG GARATTINI S ADDRESSEE COPYEE TYPE PAGES REPORT 5 CHIABRANDO C MARIO NEGRI INST DOCUMENT 3965 00/00/77 AUTHOR GIANOITI F ADDRESSEE COPYEE: NEWS REPORT 9 DOCUMENT 3966 10/00/77 REPORT AUTHOR SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFO ADDRESSEE COPYEE: ABRAHAMSON L ALLEN JR VANMILLER JP 2 DOCUMENT 3967 09/00/77 REPORT 2 AUTHOR: SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFO ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DAVIS J ENDOCRINE LABS OF NIEHS DOCUMENT 3968 09/00/76 AUTHOR HEWITT WR PEGG DG ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT HOOK JB 12 DOCUMENT 3969 05/02/80 NEWS AUTHOR BUR OF NATL AFFAIRS ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 3 DOCUMENT 3970 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: CO 09/08/71 PROP REPORT 1 bec a OY TITLE PAGE 570 DEGRADATION OF TCDD IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS BY GAMMA RAY IRRADIATION. FANELLI R GAMMATOM ITALY FOR PHA SALMONA M "CHLORACNE DUE TO TCDD IN CHILDREN"(ANNALES DERMATOLOGIE VENEREOLOGIE 104, 825-829). TOXIC EFFECTS OF TCDD IN RHESUS MONKEYS (NOTICE OF RESEARCH PROJECT) (SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFO EXCHANGE). NIEHS NIV OF MI TOXIC EFFECTS OF SELECTED XENOBIOTICS ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN MICE (NOTICE OF RESEARCH PROJECT) (SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE). MADISO LUCIER GM MCLACHLAN JA EFFECT OF TCDD ON RENAL FUNCTION IN THE RAT (JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2(1), 55-65). MCCORMACK KM MI ST UNIV EPA REVIEW AND CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE HERBICIDE 24D 800400 (CURRENT REPORT). TCDD(REQUEST FOR PRELIMINARY TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES 1803 BLDG) NUMBER DATE TYPE DOCUMENT 3971 05/28/80 REPORT AUTHOR: VETERANS ADMINISTRATION ADDRESSEE! COPYEE! PAGES 82 DOCUMENT 3972 08/26/81 NEWS AUTHOR! PEST & TOXIC CHEM NEWS ADDRESSEE* COPYEE! 6 DOCUMENT 3973 00/00/00 REPORT 9 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE-- COPYEE: DOCUMENT 397 03/06/80 REPORT 2 AUTHOR DOW RAO KS ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: HENCK JW DOCUMENT 3975 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 12/23/80 REPORT 2 DOCUMENT 3976 12/00/70 REPORT AUTHOR * CENTER FOR THE ENVIRON 8 FISHER GE ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: A DOCUMENT 3977 12/00/70 REPORT 6 AUTHOR! CENTER FOR THE ENVIRON & FISHER GE ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: h '(J Cj J oe TITLE PAGE PROCEEDINGS FROM THE 2ND CONTINUING EDUCATION CONFERENCE ON HERBICIDE ORANGE CWASHINGTON DC 800528 TO 800530). 571 2AD AND SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS QUESTION RAISED BY SURVEY (PES1 8 TOXIC CHEM NEWS, 16). PROCEDURE FOR INTERIM ASSESSMENT OF RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THE EMISSION OF TETRACHLORINATED DIOXINS (TCDDS) FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS. 2AD FORMULATIONS CONTAINING SPECIFIC AMOUNTS OF 2457-TETRACHL0R0XANTH0NE, CHLORACNEGENIC POTENTIAL (R&D REPORT) IHET K-2372-C26)). KOCIBA RJ OLSON KJ DOW STUDY SHOWS NO CORRELATION BETWEEN DIOXIN EXPOSURE AND PREGNANCY RESULTS. STUDY OF VEGETATION CONTROL ON POWER LINE RIGHTS OF WAY (HERBICIDES 5.1.1.2 THE FATE OF 2AD, Z45T AND PICLORAM AFTER APPLICATION). JENKINS CF STUDY OF VEGETATION CONTROL ON POWER LINE RIGHTS OF WAY (HERBICIDES, 5.1.1.1 INHERENT HARMFUL EFFECTS OF 24D, 2A5T, PICLORAM, AND AMMATE TOXICITY). JENKINS CF NUMBER DOCUMENT 3978 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE! DATE 06/22/65 DOCUMENT 3979 11/10/70 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE! DOW GOWEll JH LYNN GE NAEGELE RE STEIN JT DOCUMENT 3980 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 06/00/63 DOCUMENT 3981 12/12/67 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: ALFORD HG COPYEE: DOW SUNDERLAND WW DOCUMENT 3982 11/22/63 AUTHOR: DOW LYNN GE ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3983 04/07/65 AUfHOR: BAKER G 1 CAB ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3984 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 TYPE TEST PAGES 5 REPORT 8 SWEZEY AW ABLARD KD HYMAS TA MCCOLLISTER DD PARSEY ES WATSON AJ LABEL 2 LETTER TALCOTT AT USDA ARS DILWORTH HC 1 LABEL 1 HOLDEMAN GE LABEL DAVIS H LYNN GE REPORT 2 1 5 h-z<L&' CO <1 TITLE THE DETERMINATION OF TCDD IN 2A5T BY GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY!MLW.65.11). PAGE 572 CURRENT STATUS OF THE DOW AMCHEM BRUSHKILLER 168 169 AND PREMERGE 21 DYNORAM PROJECTS(DOW PLANT SCIENCE STATUS REPORT). BLAIR EH JOHNSTON RV MCCUTCHEN LR SHELDON HW WILLIAMS RT GORING CA LANING ER MORGAN RW SOUTHWICK L TORDON 101 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER. TORDON 101 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER, USDA REGISTRATION A6A-306. GOWELL JH HAMMER OH LABEL COPY FOR TORDON 101 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER. I CAB I MGW LABEL COPY FOR TORDON 101 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER. DOW HAMMER OH SACHS SB 2A5T PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED AND SOLD BY D0W(TA2.02 BRUSH KILLER T). NUMBER DOCUMENT 3985 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 10/13/65 DOCUMENT 3986 11/09/65 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOWNARD GM COPYEE: DOW MCCOY WJ DOCUMENT 3987 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: 10/28/65 DOCUMENT 3988 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: 08/17/70 DOCUMENT 3989 06/15/60 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: USDA ARS COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 3990 02/27/64 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOWNARD GM COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 3991 04/09/64 AUTHOR: DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3992 12/23/64 AUTHOR: ORSENI60I JR ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE' DOCUMENT 3993 01/04/65 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOWNARD GM COPYEE: DOW TYPE SPEC PAGES 1 TITLE BRUSH KILLER LV 4T. PAGE 573 LETTER 1 SACHS SB USDA ARS CENEX SUNDERLAND WW LABEL 10 REGISTRATION OF BRUSH KILLER LV 4T. CRAIN HD WOLCOTT A HAMMER OH BRUSH KILLER LV 4T (LABEL COPY). REPORT TEST PARSEY ES 9 BRUSH KILLER LV4T EVALUATION OF FORMULATION M-3508. VANHORN RL LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO LYNN QE 2 LETTER MCINTYRE HH USDA HAMMER OH 1 LETTER USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH 1 KURON USE RECOMMENDATIONS IN SUGAR CANE CTTL. OUELLETTE FE SOUTHWICK L WIFFEN EE KURON (464-162). SACHS SB SUNDERLAND WW AMENDED LABEL FOR KURON BRUSH KILLER (464-162) RECEIVED ON 640302. LETTER 1 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA ASKS FOR SILVEX ON SUGARCANE CTTL. UNIV OF FL EVERGLADES. EX SOUTHNICK L LETTER SACHS SB USDA HAMMER OH 1 KURON (464-162). SUNDERLAND WW NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 3999 06/01/65 AUTHOR' DON ADDRESSEES DOWNARD GM COPYEEs DON TYPE PAGES LETTER SACHS SB USDA HAMMER OH 9 TITLE KURON BRUSH KILLER (969-162). SUNDERLAND WW PAGE 57A DOCUMENT 3995 07/19/65 LETTER 5 KURON BRUSH KILLER (969-162). AUTHOR' DONNARD GM USDA ADDRESSEE: DOW SACHS SB COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3996 11/02/65 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOWNARD GM COPYEEs DOW LABEL LETTER SACHS SB USDA HAMMER OH 2 KURON BRUSH KILLER (969-162). SUNDERLAND WW DOCUMENT 3997 12/02/65 LETTER 1 DOW KURON BRUSH KILLER (969-162). AUTHOR: DOWNARD GM USDA ADDRESSEE DOW SACHS SB COPYEEs DOCUMENT 3998 07/08/66 LETTER 2 AMERICAN SUGAR CANE LEAGUE PLEADS FOR KURON USE ON SUGAR CANE CTTL. AUTHOR AM SUGAR CANE LEAGUE LAUDEN LL ADDRESSEE DOW HAMMER OH COPYEEs LA ST UNIV LA sr UNIV AG EXTENSION LOUPE D MILLHOLLON R STAMPER ER USDA DOCUMENT 3999 10/05/66 AUTHOR DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEEs LETTER 1 USDA SUNDERLAND WW USE (ON SUGARCANE) FOR DOW KURON BRUSH KILLER (969-162). DOCUMENT 9000 11/10/69 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DOWNARD GM COPYEEs HAMMER OH LETTER 1 SACHS SB USDA SUNDERLAND WW ESTERON 76BE (969-279), DOWFUME N-85 (969-121), DOW GENERAL WEED KILLER (969-098), KURON (969-162), AND VERTIFUME (969-188). DOCUMENT 9001 05/19/69 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEEs DOW SOUTHWICK L MEMO REPORT THIEGS BJ HAMMER OH LEASURE JK 3 INFORMATION ON RADAPON, 29D, 295T AND SILVEX. ROWE VK SMITH GN Uhtt'G H -4, CD NUMBER DOCUMENT 4002 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 10/30/63 DOCUMENT 4003 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DON COPYEE: 09/07/60 DOCUMENT 4004 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE * USDA COPYEE: 12/25/56 DOCUMENT 4005 12/07/56 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4006 AUTHOR: USDA ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: 04/01/54 DOCUMENT 4007 02/09/54 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* REED WG COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4008 02/11/54 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4009 AUTHOR: FDA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 TYPE REPORT PAGES 28 LETTER 4 WINSTON AW JR JOSEPHS J LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO 1 LETTER WHITE RO MCINTYRE HH 1 LETTER 2 WHITE RO SUNDERLAND WW LETTER 1 SUNDERLAND WW USDA ARS LEGIS WHITE RO 1 MEMO 1 jt, h t t 'G co cn o TITLE PAGE 575 R E S U L T S OF 8 9 DAY D IE T A R Y F E E D IN G S T U D I E S KUROSAL S I IN BEAGLE HOUNDS. R E S U L T S OF F I S H T O X I C I T Y AND T A S T E EXPERIM EN TS ON THO POTASSIUM SALT OF S IL V E X FORMULATIONS. KURON 9 6 9 - 1 6 2 . LABEL R E V I S I O N S FOR KURON C T T L . LABEL CHANGES FOR R E G IS T R A T IO N OF KURON C T T L . R E G IS T R A T IO N OF KURON C T T L . N O TICE OF R EG IST R A TIO N UNDER THE F IF R A L E S T E R O N 9 9 M 9 6 9 - 1 5 9 ) . D E F I C I E N C I E S IN R E S I D U E DATA FOR S I L V E X L I S T E D BY R E V IE H E R S 1 AND 2 . HUMBER DOCUMENT <010 DATE 09/00/79 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* ARBOGAST B LAMBERTON J DOH DOCUMENT <011 05/07/81 TYPE REPORT PAGES 8 DEINZER M OR ST UNIV QUICK J REPORT 41 AUTHOR* DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT <012 00/00/77 AUTHOR* BEND JR ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT <013 AUTHOR* DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 10/12/81 DOCUMENT <014 AUTHOR* C&EN ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 06/29/81 DOCUMENT 4 0 1 5 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* LANCET COPYEE* 07/09/77 DOCUMENT 4016 07/09/77 AUTHOR* CROH KD ADDRESSEE* LANCET COPYEE* CO jgzKaAi en PRESENT KOCIBA RJ NEHS REPORT GUARINO AM 9 PRINT - NEHS DAGANI R 7 3 LETTER NEHS 1 LETTER NEHS 1 yj-fc TITLE PAGE 576 THE DETERMINATION OF POLYCHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXINS IN PENTACHLOROPHENOL AND WOOD TREATMENT SOLUTIONS (AMERICAN IND HYG ASSOC JOUR AO, 8 1 6 - 8 2 2 ) . GRIFFIN D INMAN R A REVIEW OF THE T O X I C I T Y OF TCDD WITH A COMPARISON TO THE T O X I C I T Y OF OTHER CHLORINATED D IO X IN ISOMERS ( P R E S E N T E D AT SPRING 8 1 0 0 0 0 MTO OF THE CENTRAL ST A T E S ASSN OF FOOD AND DRUG O F F I C I A L S MTO 8 1 0 5 0 5 TO 810507). SCHWETZ BA FA T E AND D IS T R IB U T IO N OF THE H E R B I C I D E S 2AD AND 2A5T IN THE DOGFISH SHARK (XENOBIOTICA 7 ( 1 0 ) , 6 2 3 - 6 3 1 ) . JAMES MO NIH 2 A 5 T , ESTERON 6 E , DOWANOl 97B (2 A - D IC H L 0 R 0 P H E N 0 X Y ) A C E T A T E , 2 A 5 L T , 22-NAPTHOXY ISOPROPYL CHEMICAL EXPOSURE H IST O RY BY DR NUMBER. SEVESO, F IV E YEARS LATER QUESTIONS REMAIN(C*EN, 1 8 -2 0 ). (THE LANCET). E F F E C T S OF DIOXIN EXPOSURE(THE L A N C ET ). NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 017 00/00/77 AUTHOR: RASMUSON B ADDRESSEE COPYEE: TYPE PAGES ABSTRACT 1 SVAHLIN H DOCUMENT 4 018 08/00/78 REPORT AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: FED DEPT OF HEALTH EGERM H I L B I G V SEBEK V 15 DOCUMENT 4 0 19 AUTHOR: BIBRA ADDRESSEE COPYEE 11/00/77 REPORT 1 DOCUMENT 4 0 2 0 00/00/76 ABSTRACT 2 AUTHOR: JENSSEN D ADDRESSEE COPYEE: RENBERG L DOCUMENT 4021 11/00/76 NEWS 13 AUTHOR BERNDT WO ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT KOSCHIER FJ DOCUMENT 4 0 2 2 00/00/76 AUTHOR: IMBERT J ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: ABSTRACT 1 NEWS IN ST NATL SANTE RECH DOCUMENT 4 0 2 3 00/00/74 ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR: KONSTANTINOVA TK ADDRESSEE COPYEE: CO ctno TITLE PAGE 577 MUTAGENICITY T E S T S OF 29D AND 2 95T IN GENETICALLY STABLE AND UNSTABLE STRAINS OF DROSOPHILA MEIANOGASTER CECOL BULL 2 7 , 1 9 0 - 1 9 2 ) . UNIV UMEA SWEDEN S T U D IE S TO DETERMINE THE T O X IC E F F E C T S OF D E R IV A T IV E S OF THE 29D AND 2 9 5 T ON EGGS FOR INCUBATION OF PHEASANTS, QUAIL AND C H IC K EN S . I ITB LUCAS K 29D AND 2 9 5T REVIEW ED ( B I B R A 1 6 ( 9 ) , 9 9 5 ) . D I S T R I B U T IO N AND C YT O G EN E T IC T E S T OF 29D AND 2 9 5 T PHENOXYACETIC A C ID S IN MOUSE BLOOD T I S S U E S (CH EM -BIO INTERA CT 1 9 ( 3 / 9 ) , 2 9 1 - 2 9 9 ) ( BIO SIS ABSTRACTS 6 / 9 ) , 7 7 0 9 0 0 ). WALLENBERG LAB SWEDEN S T U D IE S ON THE MECHANISM OF RENAL TRANSPORT D EPRESSIO N CAUSED BY PRETREATMENT WITH 2 9 5 -T R IC H L 0 R 0 P H E N 0 X Y A C E T A T E (JOUR OF TOX AND ENVIRON HEALTH 2 ( 2 ) , 3 2 3 - 3 3 9 ) . UNIV OF MS MEDICAL CENTE BIOASSAY OF 295T FOR C A R C IN O G EN IC IT Y IN M ICE (B R J CANCER 3 3 ( 6 ) , 626-6 3 3 M B IO S IS ABSTRACTS 6 (2 ) 7 7 02 0 0 ). MED MURANYIKOVACS I RUDALI G THE E F F E C T OF THE H E R B I C I D E BUTYL E S T E R 2 9 5 T ON THE PROGENY OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS (G IG TP PROF ZABOL 9 , 2 9 - 3 9 ) ( B IO S IS ABSTRACTS ON HEALTH E F F E C T S OF ENVIRON POLLUTANTS 5 ( 9 ) 7 6 0 9 0 0 ) . NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 0 24 12/10/75 AUTHOR! GA IN S T OF TECH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: TYPE REPORT KERR WE PAGES 7 TITLE PAGE 578 TERATOGENIC AND TO XICO LO GICA L EXAMINATION OF 2 4 3 T IN DEVELOPING CH ICK EMBRYOS (TOXICOLOGY 6 ( 1 ) , 5 5 - 4 0 ) . STRANGE JR DOCUMENT 4 0 2 5 12/01/75 NEWS AUTHOR T O X IC M ATERIALS NEWS ADDRESSEE* COPYEE 2 EPA WATER Q U A LIT Y C R I T E R I A SENT TO INTERAGENCY REVIEW ( T O X IC M ATERIALS NEWS, 1 7 9 - 1 8 0 ) . DOCUMENT 4 0 26 00/00/75 ABSTRACT AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE! ALBANY MEDICAL COLLEGE P EST IC ID ES ABSTRACTS COULSTON F 1 THE NONTERATOGENICITY OF Z 4 5 T IN THE RHESUS MONKEY, MACACA MULATTA (B U L L ENVIRON CONTAM TO XICO L 1 3 ( 4 ) , 4 7 7 - 4 8 2 ) . DOUGHERTY WJ HERBST M DOCUMENT 4 027 00/00/73 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE BOKHORST R TERBEEK F ABSTRACT OLSTHOORN K VANDERZWAN G DIOXINE, EEN GEVAARLIJKE VERONTREINIGING IN EEN VEEL GEBRUIKT H E R B IC ID E (CHEM WEEKBL 6 9 ( 2 3 ) , 5 , 7 ) . P ESTICID ES ABSTRACTS PLA S MVD VERGRAGT P DOCUMENT 4 028 00/00/74 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE* COPYEE BAUR J R K N IS E L WG ABSTRACT 1 B IO SIS ABSTRACTS MERKLE MG OCCURENCE OF 2 4 5 T AND PICLORAM IN SURFACE RUNOFF HATER IN BLACKLANDS OF T X ( J ENVIRON QUAL 3 ( 1 ) , 6 1 - 6 4 ) . BOVEY RW BURNETT E RICHARDSON U . S . AG R ES SERV C O L L E G E DOCUMENT 4 0 29 00/00/74 AUTHOR ERNE K ADDRESSEE! COPYEE! ABSTRACT 1 1699 H E R B I C I D E S AND WILD ANIMALS SEVERAL FIN D IN G S STARTING POINT OF THE INVESTIGATIONS REINDEER DEATHS IN LAPLAND ( Z JAGDHISS 2 0 ( 1 ) , 68-70). STATENS VETERINAERMED AN DOCUMENT 4 0 30 00/00/74 AUTHOR: BOEHME C ADDRESSEE: COPYEE ABSTRACT GRUNOW W 1 1501 METABOLISM OF 2 4 5 T AND 24D IN RATS AND M IC E (ARCH TOXICOL 32(3), 217-225). MAX VON PETTENKOFER IN ST OJ cn co NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 031 00/00/00 AUTHOR! NEW YORK T IM ES ADDRESSEE COPYEE! TYPE NENS PAGES 1 TITLE DEATH OF ANIMALS L A ID TO CHEMICAL CNEH YORK TIMES). PAGE 579 DOCUMENT 4 0 3 2 00/00/71 AUTHOR! ENOS HF ADDRESSEE-- COPYEE: ABSTRACT 2 A METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF LOW L E V E L S OF EXPOSURE TO 24D AND 2 4 5 T ( I N T J ENVIRON ANAL CHEM 1 ( 1 ) , 2 3 - 3 3 ) 3 4 9 0 . P E R R I N E PRIMATE RES BRAN S H A F IK MT S U L L IV A N HC DOCUMENT 4 0 3 3 00/00/73 AUTHOR? BAGE G ADDRESSEE* COPYEE'- ABSTRACT CEKANOVA E 2 TERATOGENIC AND EMBRYOTOXIC E F F E C T S OF THE H E R B I C I D E S 24D AND 245T (ACTA PHARMACOL TOXICOL 3 2 ( 6 ) , 4 0 8 - 9 1 6 ) 4 1 9 . KAROHNSKA IN ST SWEDEN LARSSON KS DOCUMENT 4 0 3 4 00/00/73 AUTHOR! LLOYD JW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: ABSTRACT 1 MAWHINNEY MG 3 8 8 . 2 4 5 T AND THE METABOLISM OF T E S T E R 0 N E - 1 2 - 3 H 2 BY MOUSE PROSTATE GLANDSiARCH ENVIRON HEALTH 2 6 ( 4 ) , 2 1 7 - 2 2 0 ) . THOMAS JA WV UNIV MED CENT DOCUMENT 4 0 3 5 00/00/73 AUTHOR! UNIV GRAZ AUSTRIA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: ABSTRACT ZLLNER H 1 I N H I B I T I O N OF SOME MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS BY A CROLEIN AND M ETHYLYVINYLKETONE (BIOCHEM PHAMOCOL 2 2 ( 1 0 ) , 1 1 7 1 - 1 1 7 8 ) 3 8 7 . DOCUMENT 4036 00/00/72 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE! COPYEE* A TKIN S LM WALKER EM JR ABSTRACT GADSEN RH 1 E F F E C T S OF 24D AND 2 4 5 T ON EH R LIC H A S C I T E S TUMOR C E L L S IN VIV O AND IN VITRO ( IN D . MED. SURG. 4 1 ( 1 ) , 2 2 - 7 ) . GALE GR VETRANS ADM HOSP SC DOCUMENT 4 037 10/00/72 AUTHOR: EHRENBERG L ADDRESSEE COPYEE: ABSTRACT 2 ON THE MUTAGENIC ACTION OF PHENOXY A C ID PREPA RATIO N S. ENVIRON MUTAGEN S O C I E T Y STOCKHOLM UNIV SWEDEN P- 3a2- CO cn NUMBER DOCUMENT <<038 DATE 07/00/72 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 3 AUTHOR' ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' AMBIO LOFROTH G EHRENBERG L PETTIGREW RJ DOCUMENT 4 0 39 10/14/80 AUTHOR' B E L F I T RW LANGHORST ML ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' DOW EDEN K LABELL L MUJICA L SANDERS W ZEITLER V REPORT TEST DOW 9 LANGHORST ML FOSKETT S LEITERMANN J OOMENS T STORM R DOCUMENT 4 0 4 0 02/18/80 REPORT 9 AUTHOR' ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' B E L F I T RW JR WISNIEWSKI D DOW GALLO G LOPP V SANDERS W ZEITLER V TEST DOW WISNIEWSKI D GOLD WL MUJICA L STORM R DOCUMENT 4041 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' 00/00/70 REPORT 12 WILLIAMS CS DOCUMENT 4 0 4 2 AUTHOR' ADDRESSEE COPYEE' 06/18/70 REPORT 6 DOCUMENT 4 0 4 3 03/06/72 REPORT AUTHOR' AZ COMMUNITY P E S T S T U D I E MORGAN DP ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' 7 TITLE PAGE 580 THE SUBACUTE T O X I C I T Y OF 24D AND 2 4 5 T TO CHICKS CTOX A PPI PHARMAC 2 1 , 3 4 8 ) (MUTAGENIC E F F E C T S OF TCDD ON B A C T E R IA L S Y S T E M S )(AMBIO 1 , 3 2 H H E R B I C I D E S BET T ER FOR B IR D S THAN B A C T E R I A ) . GEJVALL T HUSSAIN 5 TOX A P P I PHARMAC WHITEHEAD CC MONITORING ESTERON 245 IN A IR (M L-A M -80-64)(A N A LYTIC A L METHOD). K E ELE R PT KRACHT WR COIN L GALLO G LOPP V PIERZYNSKI TUTTLE C B COLLARD R KNOLL F MELCHER R POETTCKER G YEAMAN D TETRACHLOROXANTHONE AND I T S RELA T ED I M P U R I T I E S IN FIN A L PRODUCT FROM THE 24D PROCESS AT 948 B U IL D IN G ( M L - A M - 8 0 - 1 6 ) (A N A LYT IC A L METHOD). KEELER P KRACHT WR EDEN K LABELL L OOMENS T WOLCOTT D FOSKETT S LEITERMANN J PIERZYNSKI B YEAMAN D THE STATUS OF 2 4 D , 2 4 5 T , S I L V E X AND MCPA H E R B I C I D E S . 245T(SYM POSIUM 7 0 0 6 1 8 TO 7 0 0 6 1 9 OTTAWA, CAN, PAGES 1 2 - 1 7 ) . A LL E G ED E F F E C T S ON HUMAN HEALTH OF THE U SE OF H E R B I C I D E S , IN THE AREA AROUND G LO BE, AZ. ROAN CC NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 044 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 04/26/67 DOCUMENT 4 0 45 04/25/67 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOW DOUGLAS B KNAUP LR RYAN WJ DOCUMENT 4046 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 03/00/64 DOCUMENT 4047 04/00/64 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4048 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 05/02/67 DOCUMENT 4 0 49 04/20/66 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: BAKER GR HOLDEMAN GE SAUNDERS E DOCUMENT 4 0 50 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 05/27/66 DOCUMENT 4051 04/12/61 AUTHOR: KELSEY D A D D R ESSEE: DOW COPYEE: TYPE PAGES CHART 2 ROBERTSON CD REPORT HICKMAN RA BALLMAN DK BEUTEL AP EVERSON JW M I L L S KA SMITH A JR LABEL 3 1 NEWS REPORT W I L T S E MG 5 SPEC 2 AUTH LABEL CORBIN LW LYNN GE STAPOR MN 4 SPEC 2 LETTER USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH 2 TITLE U . S . GOVT PRODUCT S A L E S , 6 7 0 1 0 0 TO 6 7 0 3 0 0 PAGE 581 MONTHLY REPORT FOR 6 7 0 4 0 0 C O F F E Y WH GUNN F J PATTERSON RM WILLIAMS GJ CRAWFORD RF HUGHES CB ROBERTSON CD YANKA DE TORDON 10K P E L L E T S BRUSH K I L L E R . TORDON H E R B I C I D E AS A S O I L TREATMENT FOR BRUSH CONTROL(DTE 1 9 ( 4 ) , 3-6). TORDON 155 MIXTURE BRUSH K I L L E R . TORDON 150 MIXTURE BRUSH K I L L E R . DOW R I T T Y PM WOLF MA HAMMER OH SACHS SB M-3083 BRUSH K I L L E R . PROPOSED LABEL FOR KUROSAL SL ( 4 6 4 - X ) WITH APPLICATION OF 6 1 0 3 1 3 . NUMBER DOCUMENT A052 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE DOW DATE OA/27/61 DOCUMENT A053 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: OA/28/61 DOCUMENT A05A OA/28/61 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: KELSEY D COPYEE: DOM DOCUMENT A055 08/13/63 AUTHOR: DOMNARD GM A D D R E S S E E: DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT A056 07/03/63 AUTHOR DOHNARD GM A D D R E S S E E : DOW COPYEE DOCUMENT A057 09/00/63 AUTHOR: COHELL BC ADDRESSEE: CORNELL COPYEE: DOCUMENT A058 10/02/63 AUTHOR DOHNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT A059 0A/11/60 AUTHOR: DOW AD D RESSEE' USDA ARS COPYEE: LYNN GE TYPE PAGES LETTER R I T T Y PM NYMAN FA COULTER LL 1 LABEL 2 LETTER MCINTYRE HH USDA LYNN GE 1 LETTER USDA ARS M CINTYRE HH LETTER USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH 1 REPORT 18 LETTER USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH 1 LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO SOUTHWICK L 1 00 on _T TITLE REQUEST FOR SAMPLES OF KUROSAL G AND KUROSAL S L C T T L . PAGE 582 LYNN GE KUROSAL G AQUATIC H E R B I C I D E FOR WEED CONTROL IN LAKES AND PONDS. COVER LET T ER FOR KUROSAL G LABEL SUBMISSION C T T L . OUELLETTE FE R I T T Y PM SUNDERLAND WW PRINTED LABEL FOR KUROSAL SL AQUATIC H E R B IC ID E ( 4 6 4 - 2 7 7 ) R EC EIV ED 630701. PRIN TED LABEL FOR KUROSAL G AQUATIC H E R B I C I D E ( 4 6 4 - 2 1 6 ) WITH L ET T ER OF 6 3 0 6 2 4 . A COMPARISON OF THE E F F E C T S OF TWO AQUATIC H E R B I C I D E S (SODIUM A R S E N IT E AND S I L V E X ) ON THE PLANKTON POPULATIONS IN CENTRAL NEW YORK FARM PONDS. R EV IS ED LABEL FOR KUROSAL G AQUATIC H E R B IC ID E ( 4 6 4 - 2 7 6 ) WITH LETTER OF 6 3 0 9 0 4 . SUBMISSION FOR R EG IST R A T IO N OF KURON ( 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 ) C T T L . OUELLETTE FE NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 0 60 AUTHOR: DOW A D D R E SSE E: USDA COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 4061 DATE 08/11/60 04/09/63 TYPE PAGES LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO SOUTHWICK L 1 TEST 8 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 0 6 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: I CWH I KCB I RWC 01/00/64 DOCUMENT 4 0 6 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE DOW I ENL I JLS I LS I WR 01/02/64 DOCUMENT 4 0 64 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 11/00/61 DOCUMENT 4 0 6 5 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 11/20/67 DOCUMENT 4066 AUTHOR:. DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 10/16/67 REPORT 13 GETZENDANER ME I ENL I KN JOHNSON J E ABSTRACT 1 GETZENDANER ME I AWS I GNS I JWV I PWM JOHNSON J E LABEL 2 SPEC 1 LABEL 4 00 cn 00 TITLE COVER L E T T E R FOR KURON LABEL C T T L . OUELLETTE FE SUNDERLAND HH PAGE 583 DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF 2 - ( 2 A 5 - T R I C H L 0 R 0 P H E N 0 X Y ) P R 0 P I0 N I C A C ID AND THE PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISO BU TYL ETHER E S T E R S OF 2 -(2 4 5 -T R IC H L 0 R 0 P H E N 0 X Y )P R 0 P I0 N IC ACID IN SUGAR CANE PULP (M LE.63.9). R E S ID U E S OF S I L V E X AND S I L V E X E S T E R IN SUGAR CANE R ES U LTIN G FROM A E R IA L A P P L IC A T IO N S OF KURON ( G H - C 9 5 ) . I HAN I LS LYNN GE I JFK I PWM MULL ISON HR R E S ID U E S OF S I L V E X AND S I L V E X E S T E R IN SUGAR CANE R ES U L T IN G FROM A E R IA L A P P L IC A T IO N S OF KURON (G H -C 9 5 ) . I CWH I HAN I KCB I RWC LYNN GE I EHB I JFK I KN I TRN MULL ISON HR KURON BRUSH K I L L E R . MI BK2 BRUSH K I L L E R . MI BK1 BRUSH K I L L E R (L A B E L C O P Y ) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 4067 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE ' DATE 00/00/70 DOCUMENT 4068 04/06/70 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 0 69 AUTHOR' AMCHEM ADDRESSEE: C O P Y E E '- 02/00/72 DOCUMENT 4 0 70 07/12/66 AUTHOR DOWNARD CM A D D R E S S E E: DOM COPYEE' DOCUMENT 4071 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 07/00/64 DOCUMENT 4 0 7 2 12/19/67 AUTHOR' ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: BYRD BC HAMMER OH MCCOLLISTER DD DOCUMENT 4 0 73 00/00/70 AUTHOR-' ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: BLAZER iD PURDUE TYPE PRESENT PAGES 25 REPORT 3 M C C O L L IS T E R DD LABEL 2 L E G IS USDA HAMMER OH 4 LABEL 4 AUTH LABEL DOW HOLDEMAN GE TALCOTT AT 10 ABSTRACT ELDER J I I SERGEANT M 1 G CO si o r sx> T IT L E L E T S TAKE A NEW LOOK 2AD H E R B I C I D E S . PAGE 584 CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS A SSO CIA TED IN BEH ALF OF 2 4 5 T AND I T S USE AS A H E R B I C I D E BY THE NACA IND TASK FORCE ON PHENOXY HERB TOLERANCES ( 2 4 5 T VOLUME 2 M IL IT A R Y D O M E S T IC ! . DINOXOL. TORDON 150 MIXTURE BRUSH K IL L E R (T E M P O R A R Y PERM IT I S S U E D UNDER F I F R A FOR SHIPMENT OF AN ECONOMIC POISON FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES O N L Y ). TORDON 101 MIXTURE BRUSH K I L L E R . COPY OF LABEL OF L A B E L IN G FOR TORDON 101 MIXTURE HEED AND BRUSH K IL L E R . GANIS HD I RHH WOLF MA GOHELL J KIRKLAND J THE T O X I C I T Y OF 2AD AND PICLORAM H E R B I C I D E S TO F I S H (P R O C . IN ACAD SCI 80, ll<i-123). LEMBI CA MORRE DJ NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 0 74 AUTHOR! ADDRESSEE COPYEEi DOCUMENT 0 7 5 AUTHOR! DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE! DOCUMENT 076 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOCUMENT 077 DATE 11/03/67 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 2 01/28/6 REPORT REDEMANN CT 12 11/08/63 REPORT REDEMANN CT 19 03/05/68 REPORT 3 AUTHOR*- DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE! ! DOCUMENT 078 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE* ! 10/11/67 DOCUMENT 079 10/18/67 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE : DEPT OF AG MI COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 0 80 10/31/67 AUTHOR ALFORD HG A D D R E SSE E: DOW COPYEE: 03 SPEC - 2 LETTER 1 SACHS SB K IR K P A T R IC K RL HAMMER OH LETTER USDA ARS 1 OE) O TITLE PAGE 583 METABOLISM IN ANIMALS, BLOOD AND U RIN E STUDIES SUMMARY STATEMENT (PA50.01.01.PA PP8F0660). THE METABOLISM OF TORDON H E R B I C I D E BY THE RAT ( P A 5 0 . 0 1 . 0 1 .PA PP8F066 0 ). THE METABOLISM OF TORDON H E R B I C I D E BY THE DOO ( P A 5 0 . 0 1 . 0 1 .PA PP8F0660). TORDON 101 M IXTU RE, TECHN ICAL INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF A PPLIC A TIO N FOR A TEMPORARY PERMIT TO S H IP AN ECONOMIC POISON FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ONLY, T H I S A P P L I E S TO 10RD0N 101 MIXTURE WEED AND BRUSH K I L L E R WHEN USED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION H IT H NORBAK PARTICULATIN O AGENT ON RAILROADS AND HIGHWAY RIG H TS OF WAY (TORDON 101 MIXTURE A P P L . FOR TEMP. P E R . NORBAK P A 2 . 0 8 . S 8 ) MI BK1 BRUSH K I L L E R CO N FID EN TIA L COMPOSITION C T T L . R E G IS T R A T IO N OF MI BK1 BRUSH K I L L E R . A P P L IC A T IO N FOR R EG IS T R A T IO N OF MI BK1 BRUSH K I L L E R , F I L E SYMBOL 669-RN DATED 6 7 1 0 1 9 . NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4081 10/23/67 AUTHOR* BOLL BD ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE* TYPE PAGES L E G IS 2 DEPT OF AG MI MCINTYRE HH DOCUMENT 4 0 8 2 10/19/67 AUTHOR* ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* L E G IS USDA ARS SACHS SB 1 DOCUMENT 4 0 8 3 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 12/06/57 LABEL TECH OLSON KJ 4 DOCUMENT 4 0 84 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/00 TECH 2 DOCUMENT 4 0 8 5 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/00 LABEL 2 DOCUMENT 4086 00/00/79 NEWS AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT ALBRO PM CHAE K CORBETT JT LAWSON LD NATL IN ST OF ENVIRON HEA 10 DOCUMENT 4087 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOW 08/27/79 REPORT I DKH HENCK JW 1 DOCUMENT 4 088 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOW 04/17/79 REPORT 1 W ISNIEW SKI DF HENCK JW TITLE MI BK1 BRUSH K I L L E R (ECONOMIC POISONS APPLICATION FOR R E G IS T R A T IO N )(M I DEPARTMENT OF A G R IC U L T U R E ). PAGE 586 MI BK1 BRUSH K I L L E R ( N O T IC E OF R E G IS T R A T IO N UNDER F I F R A ) ( R E G NO 464-365). BRUSH K I L L E R X . BRUSH K I L L E R X (M A TERIAL S A F E T Y DATA S H E E T ) . BRUSH K I L L E R X. A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR CHLORINATED D IB E N Z O -P -D IO X IN S (TOX 8 A P P L IE D PHARMACOLOGY 5 0 , 1 3 7 - 1 4 6 ) . CHAUDHARY SK LU STER MI CLARK G MCKINNEY JD TETRACHLOROXANTHONE (TCX)(CUSTOM ER R E Q U E S T ) ( 7 9 - 0 0 6 8 4 ) . W ISNIEW SKI DF HUMBERT DK OWENS PW TETRACHLOROXANTHONE (TCX)(CUSTOMER R E Q U E S T ) ( 7 9 - 0 0 6 1 8 ) . HUMBERT DK OWENS PW NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 0 89 AUTHOR* DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOW DATE 03/02/79 DOCUMENT 4 0 90 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* 08/21/80 DOCUMENT 4091 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 0 9 2 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 12/00/70 DOCUMENT 4 0 93 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* EPA COPYEE* 06/29/71 DOCUMENT 4 0 9 $ 09/00/80 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOMENICO AD ZAPPONI G DOCUMENT 4 0 9 5 09/00/80 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOMENICO AD ZAPPONI G DOCUMENT 4096 AUTHOR* DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOW P oe JO A E' O CO 05/06/81 TYPE PAGES REPORT I DKH 1 BRADLEY TD REPORT H IG G IN S HS GARNER J 1 REPORT 1 T IT L E PAGE TETRACHLOROXANTHONE (TCX)(CUSTOMER R E Q U E S T )( 7 f - 0 0 6 7 6 ) . W ISN IEW SKI DF JEWETT G OWENS PH 587 ESTERON 245 (CUSTOMER R E Q U E S T )(A L 8 0 - 0 0 1 7 0 ). I JMC IN STRU CTION S FOR PR FORM 9 - 1 9 8 . LABEL REPORT 2 KURON LO W -V O LA T ILE HEED AND BRUSH K I L L E R R E V I S E D L A B E L IN G 7 1 0 3 0 0 LETTER HOERGER FD REA JM 6 KURON BRUSH K I L L E R , USDA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 , YOUR L E T T E R OF 7 0 1 1 0 4 . NEWS 12 1 . VERTICAL DISTRIBU TIO N OF TCDD IN SO IL (ACCIDENTAL R ELEA SE OF TCDD AT SEVESO ITA LY K EC O T O X IC O LO G Y 8 ENVIRON SA FETY 4 , 3 2 7 - 3 3 8 ) . IS T I T U T O S U P ER IO R E DI SA SILANO V VIVIANO G NEWS 23 1 . TCDD D IS T R IB U T IO N IN THE S O IL SURFACE LAYER (ACCIDENTAL R EL E A S E OF TCDD AT SEVESO I T A L Y ) ( ECOTOXICOLOGY 8 ENVIRON S A F E T Y 4 , 2 9 8 - 3 2 0 ) . IS T IT U T O SUPEROIRE DI SA SILANO V VIVIANO G REPORT H IG G IN S HS GARNER J F 4 TCDD IN ESTERON 245 (CUSTOMER REQUEST 8 1 - 0 0 1 8 3 ) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 097 DATE 08/09/7 TYPE REPORT PAGES 21 AUTHOR HARRIS S HEALTH R E S GROUP ADDRESSEE US SENATE SUBCOMMITTEE 0 COPYEE DOCUMENT 0 98 02/07/77 AUTHOR BETSO J E ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT DOW 13 DOCUMENT 0 99 02/02/79 AUTHOR NASH RG ADDRESSEE DAVIDSON JH COPYEE LETTER USDA DOM 1 DOCUMENT 1 0 0 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 0/l/78 MEMO 1 DOCUMENT 101 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE 05/23/79 NEWS DOCUMENT 1 02 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE 0/21/77 SPEC DOCUMENT 1 03 01/19/76 NEWS 11 AUTHOR GLOVER E ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT KENDE AS *0 CO OT CO TITLE PAGE 588 TESTIMONY OF STEPH A N IE HARRIS P U B L IC CITIZEN'S HEALTH RES GROUP AS PRESENTED TO THE SENATE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT. HARRIS S PHENOXY A C ID S E F F E C T S AND FA T E IN MAMMALS (CHLO RINA TED PHENOXY A CID S AND T H E I R D IO X IN S ) ( E C O L . B U L L . 2 7 , 1 2 2 - 1 5 3 ) . GEHRING PJ REQUEST FOR REVIEW OF MANUSCRIPT. F A T E OF S I L V E X , 2 4 D , AND TCDD CTTL . XANTHONE. D IO X IN I S FOUND IN CLEANUP WORKERS' BLOODCCHEM W E E K ). MEZCLA TORDON 101 C E R T I F I C A T E OF A N A L Y S IS ( 5 0 - 3 1 5 5 0 2 2 1 ) ( 7 7 0 4 0 0 S A LES ). BYS T E R E O S P E C I F I C , HIGH A F F I N I T Y BINDING OF TCDD HEPATIC CYTOSOL, EV IDEN CE THAT THE BINDING S P E C I E S I S RECEPTOR FOR INDUCTION OF ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE (JOUR OF B IO CHEM 251 ( 1 6 ) , 4 9 3 6 - 4 9 4 6 760825). POLAND A UNIV OF ROCHESTER NY NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 1 04 DATE 00/00/7 A AUTHOR GLOVER E ADDRESSEE COPYEE TYPE PAGES NEWS 11 REPORT POLAND A DOCUMENT 4 1 0 5 00/00/00 REPORT AUTHOR NATL RESEARCH CNCL OF CA ADDRESSEE COPYEE 129 DOCUMENT 4 1 06 00/00/73 ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR CASIDA J E ADDRESSEE COPYEE UC B E R K E L E Y DOCUMENT 4 1 07 00/00/72 AUTHOR GREIG JB ADDRESSEE COPYEE ABSTRACT 1 MED R ES COUNC LAB DOCUMENT 4 1 08 10/22/80 PRESENT 6 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE CAN AG SINGH J DOCUMENT 4 1 0 9 06/13/78 AUTHOR AITIO A ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT COCHRANE WP WAKEFORD B NEWS REPORT MARNI EMI J 6 TITLE PAGE 589 COMPARISON OF TCDD A POTENT INDUCER OF ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE WITH 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE (MOLLCULAR PHARMACOLOGY 10 3 4 9 - 3 5 9 ) . UNIV OF ROCHESTER PICLORAM THE E F F E C T S OF I T S U SE AS A H E R B I C I D E ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (NATL RESEARCH CNCL OF CAN). METABOLIC S T A B I L I T Y OF TCDD IN MAMMALIAN L I V E R MICROSOMAL SYSTEMS AND IN L I V I N G M IC E (ARCH ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL 1 ( 2 ) , 1 2 2 - 1 3 2 (EN G )). VINOPAL JH E F F E C T OF 2 378 TETRACHLORODIBENZO-1 4 - D I O X I N ON DRUG METABOLISM IN THE RAT (BIOCHEM PHARMACOL 2 1 ( 2 3 ) , 3 1 9 6 - 3 1 9 8 ( E N G ) ) . CARSHA A N A L Y S IS OF TECHNICAL AND FORMULATED PRODUCTS OF 24D FOR THE PRESEN CE OF CHLORINATED D IB E N Z O - P - D IO X IN S (P R E S EN TE D AT THE WORKSHOP ON THE IMPACT OF CHLORINATED D IO X IN S AND RELATED COMPOUNDS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 8 0 1 0 2 2 TO 8 0 1 0 2 4 , ROME, I T A L Y ) . MILES W SCOTT J D IF F E R E N T E F F E C T OF TCDD ON GLUCURONIDE CONJUGATION OF VARIOUS AGLYCONES. S T U D IE S IN WISTAR AND GUNN RATS (TO XICO LO G Y AND A P P L I E D PHARMACOLOGY 4 7 , 5 5 - 6 0 , 7 9 0 0 0 0 ) . PARKKI MG UNIV OF TURKU FIN NUMBER DOCUMENT A110 DATE 09/26/77 AUTHOR* NATL CANCER IN S T ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT A l 11 00/00/7A AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* BAUER JR MERKLE MO DOCUMENT A112 00/00/71 AUTHOR* BURNSIDE OC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT A113 07/00/71 AUTHOR* KUNKEL HO ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT A H A 08/00/68 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* BARRONS KC KAGY J F SHWARZ AJ DOCUMENT A115 08/1A/68 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOW DOWELL FH LENG ML OSBORNE DW SHWARZ AJ TYPE MINUTES PAGES 2 ABSTRACT 1 BOVEY RH RICHARDSON C ABSTRACT FENSTER CR 2 REPORT TX A&M A REPORT 19 DAVIDSON JH LUDWIG PD ABSTRACT 1 GETZENDANER ME BARRONS KC HOERGER FD LUDWIG PD REIFSCHNEIDER SMITH GN W 'D ? ,*r CO OT CJ1 TITLE PAGE 590 MINUTES F I F T H MEETING OF THE DATA EV A L U A T IO N / R IS K ASSESSMENT SUBGROUP OF THE CLEARINGHOUSE ON ENVIRON CARCINOGENS, 7709 2 6 B U IL D IN G ' 1 CONFERENCE ROOM 10 NIH BETHESDA M D ). OCCURRENCE OF 2 4 5 T AND PICLORAM IN SU RFACE RUNOFF HATER IN THE BLACKLANDS OF TX ( 4 5 3 1 ) ( JOUR ENVIRON QUAL 3 ( 1 ) , 6 1 - 6 4 ) ( B I O S I S ABSTRACTS FROM ABS 4 340 TO 5071 4 ( 5 ) 7 5 0 5 0 0 ) . BURNETT E K N IS E L HG US AG RES S E R V I C E TX D I S S I P A T I O N OF DICAMBA PICLORAM AND 236 TBA ACROSS NB 4 3 69 (HEED S C I ) ( B I O S I S ABSTRACTS ON HEALTH E F F E C T S OF ENVIRON POLLUTANTS 1 ( 5 ) , 4369-4378 720500). UNIV OF NB H IC K S GA RESIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PICLORAM IN GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS. A STUDY OF THE R E S ID U E S OF S I L V E X IN SUGARCANE AND SUGARCANE PRODUCTS FROM F I E L D A P P L IC A T IO N OF KURON. DOH LYNN GE DOWELL FH MOSS RD A STUDY OF THE R E S ID U E S OF S I L V E X IN SUGARCANE AND SUGARCANE PRODUCTS FROM F I E L D A P P L IC A T IO N OF KURON(GH-C 2 7 1 ) . HERMAN J L BA URIEDEL HR KAGY J F LYNN GE SEYMOUR KG SPALDING JL DAVIDSON JH KENAGA E E MOSS RD SHAVER RJ NUMBER DOCUMENT 4116 DATE 00/00/71 TYPE REPORT PAGES 6 AUTHOR* MORAN E T J R ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4117 10/00/75 REINHART BS REPORT 24 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* LECLERC J SUNLONE LHUISSIER M SUSCHETET M DOCUMENT 4 1 18 05/00/78 REPORT AUTHOR* RAO KS ADDRESSEE* WOMEN IN INDUSTRY TASK F COPYEE* 10 DOCUMENT 4 1 19 AUTHOR* DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 04/00/79 NEWS REPORT KENAGE EE 7 DOCUMENT 4 1 20 00/00/00 ABSTRACT 17 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* LAMB J C RES TRIANGLE INST REPORT MARKS TA UPJOHN DOCUMENT 4121 08/28/80 AUTHOR* BODNER KM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* REPORT DOW 63 TITLE PAGE 591 E F F E C T OF EXTERNAL A P P L IC A T IO N OF P E S T I C I D E S TO THE F E R T I L E EGO ON HATCHING SU CCESS AND EA RLY C H IC K PERFORMANCE 3 , CONSEQUENCES OF COMBINING ZAD WITH PICLORAM AND EXTREMES IN CONTAMINATION (BUL OF ENVIRON CONTAMINATION & TOX 1 1 ( 0 , 5 1 1 - 5 1 6 ) . SOMERS JD UNIV OF GUELPH ONTARIO C T O X I C I T Y AND NUTRITIONAL E F F E C T S OF TWO H E R B I C I D E S IN THE RAT PICLORAM ( 4 - A M I N 0 - 3 5 6 - T R I C H L 0 R 0 - P I C 0 L I N I C A C I D ) AND ATRA2INE ( 2 -C H L O R O -A - E T H Y L A M IN O - 6 - IS O P R O P Y L A M IN O -S -T R IA Z IN E ) CANNALES DE LA NUTRITION ET DE LALIMENTATION 2 8 , 2 9 - 9 7 ) . LOISEL W R ES STATIO N ON THE QUALI 295T. ACUTE AND CHRONIC T O X I C I T Y OF 7 5 P E S T I C I D E S TO VARIOUS ANIMAL SPECIES (DTE 3 5 (2 ), 2 5 -3 1 ). EVALUATION OF 29D 2Q5T AND TCDD T O X I C I T Y IN C 5 7 B L / 6 M I C E , REPRODUCTION AND F E R T I L I T Y IN TREATED MALE M IC E AND EVALUATION OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS IN T H E IR O FFSPR IN G . MOORE JA NATL TOX PROGRAM SURVEY OF REPRODUCTIVE EVENTS OF WIVES OF EMPLOYEES EXPOSED TO CHLORINATED DIOXINS. TOWNSEND J S VANPEENAN PFD NUMBER DATE TYPE PAGES DOCUMENT 4 1 2 2 10/31/80 L E G IS 33 AUTHOR: CROH KD ADDRESSEE COPYEE: AM CNCL S C I 8 HEALTH BREINHOLT MM GILLHAM M LAUTERBACH AA P R I C E WR JR ,VERTAC WHELAN EM DOW AM FARM BUREAU FEDN BUTLER WA JACKSON TG M AYFIELD CD RADEMACHER J J WARREN JM DOCUMENT 4 1 2 3 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 12/18/78 MEMO 1 DOCUMENT 4 1 2 4 10/20/78 AUTHOR ' ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW VACCARO JH REPORT HENCK JH 2 DOCUMENT 4 1 2 5 05/28/80 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: CHASE F I GLEDHILL JR KRACHT WR ULSTAD SJ SPEC 2 DOW GOLD WL MCLAUGHLIN EL WOODS CD DOCUMENT 4 126 02/19/80 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE CHASE F I H EIN ND MCLAUGHLIN EL SPEC DOW HOFF RC S C O L E S GW 3 DOCUMENT 4127 06/02/81 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOW GLEDHILL JR KRACHT WR WOODS J S OD oe SPEC 3 DRENCKPOHL JW GOLD WL MORGAN RN TITLE PAGE 592 D IR EC T TESTIMONY OF DR KENNETH D CROW (BEFORE THE EPA OF THE USA) ( I N RE DON ET A L ) ( F I F R A DOCKET NOS 4 1 5 ET A L ) . NARREN EH ANDERSON S COUNSEL FOR THE ENVIRON KIRK RS JR NN COALTN ALT PEST STEVENS JE JR WENKER JA ARNOLD A PORTER EPA LAHROP KOONTZ R IG H TER CL PATTON D USDA WERTHEIMER RJ TETRACHLOROXANTHONE. ACUTE TO XICO LO GICA L P R O P E R T IE S AND IN D U S T R IA L HANDLING HAZARDS OF 2457-TETRACHL0R0XANTH0NE(RAD REPORT). LOCKWOOD DD OLSON KJ ESTERON 2 4 5 BRUSH AND HEED K I L L E R ( P L A BULK)(DOW Q U ALITY ASSURANCE PRODUCTION S P E C IF IC A T IO N ). DRENCKPOHL JW FRASER JM JONES WO KING EJ S C O L E S GW SEYMOUR KG WOODS J S ESTERON 2 4 5 BRUSH AND WEED K I L L E R ( P L A BU LKHD O H Q U ALITY ASSURANCE O F F IC E QACACI S P EC IFIC A T IO N CONFIRMATION C O PY ). FRASER JM GOLD WL HOLDEMAN GE JONES WL SEYMOUR KG WOODS CD ESTERON (R ) 245 COPY). FRASER JM KING EJ VEURINK GR HERBICIDE (DOW Q U A LIT Y ASSURANCE F R E D E R IC K DM KLOCKE L WOODS CD SPEC CONFIRMATION NUMBER DOCUMENT <128 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE DATE 05/26/66 DOCUMENT 4 1 2 9 01/30/67 AUTHOR ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE: DOH COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 1 3 0 04/28/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE': DOCUMENT 4131 08/14/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 1 3 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 04/11/67 DOCUMENT 4 1 3 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE 04/11/67 DOCUMENT 4 1 3 4 09/13/67 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE ALFORDHO COPYEE DOW SUNDERLAND WW DOCUMENT 4 1 3 5 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 06/00/67 TYPE LABEL PAGES 2 LETTER USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 LETTER USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 LETTER USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 SPEC 2 SPEC 2 LETTER REPORT HAMMER OH USDA ARS LICHY CT LABEL 3 'O CO V ip 0 3 CO TITLE PAGE 593 TORDON 150 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ONLY LABEL COPY. TORDON 150 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER TEMPORARY PERMIT NO. 4 6 4 - EXP-23G. TORDON 150 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER TEMPORARY PERMIT NO. 464-E X P -2 3 G . TORDON 150 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER TEMPORARY PERMIT NO. 4 6 4 -E X P -2 3 0 . TORDON 144 BRUSH KILLER. TORDON 144 BRUSH KILLER. QUARTERLY REPORT ON EXPERMENTAL PROGRAM FOR TORDON 144 BRUSH KILLER USDA TEMPORARY PERMIT NO. 464 -E X P -2 6 G CTTL. MCCOLLISTER DD SACHS SB TORDON 144 BRUSH KILLER. / , y r -T NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT A136 11/03/67 AUTHOR ALFORD HO ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE* DOCUMENT A137 11/00/67 AUTHOR ALFORD HO ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE DOCUMENT Al 38 12/15/67 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE ALFORD HO COPYEE DOW TALCOTT AT DOCUMENT A139 03/01/68 AUTHOR BYRD BC ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE DOCUMENT A l AO 03/08/68 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE ALFORD HO COPYEE BYRD BC DOCUMENT A1A1 06/03/68 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE ALFORD HO COPYEE DOW TALCOTT AT DOCUMENT A1A2 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/7A CO a3 TYPE PAGES LETTER USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 LETTER USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 LETTER REPORT HAMMER OH USDA ARS LICHY CT 2 LETTER REPORT DOW HAMMER OH A LETTER 2 REPORT HAMMER OH USDA ARS MCCOLLISTER DD LETTER REPORT HAMMER OH USDA ARS BYRD BC 2 REPORT 6 TITLE PAOE DOH TORDON 144 BRUSH KILLER TEMPORARY PERMIT NO 464-EX P-26Q 594 DOH TORDON IAA BRUSH KILLER TEMPORARY PERMIT MO. A6A-EXP-260. QUARTERLY REPORT ON EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR TORDON 1AA BRUSH KILLER USDA TEMPORARY PERMIT MO. A6A-EXP-26G CTTL. MCCOLLISTER DD SUNDERLAND HH ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REGARDING HELICOPTER APPLICATION OF TORDON 1AA BRUSH K IL L E R (M -3 I9 2 ) ON AR RIGHTS OF HAY AND GROUND APPLICATION IN MN CTTL. QUARTERLY REPORT ON EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR TORDON 1AA BRUSH KILLER USDA TEMPORARY PERMIT NO. A6A-EXP-26G CTTL. SUNDERLAND HH TALCOTT AT QUARTERLY REPORT ON EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR TORDON 144 BRUSH KILLER USDA TEMPORARY PERMIT NO. 4 6 4 -E X P -2 6 Q CTTL. MCCOLLISTER DD SUNDERLAND HH TORDON 101 MIXTURE HEED AND BRUSH KILLER(REGISTRATION STATUS REPORT). NUMBER DOCUMENT <*143 DATE 01/30/62 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE! DOCUMENT 4 1 4 4 02/27/62 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DOHNARD GM COPYEE! DOW DOCUMENT 4 1 4 5 06/07/63 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE*. DOWNARD GM COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 4 1 4 6 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 01/11/67 DOCUMENT 4147 06/06/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4148 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 07/18/67 DOCUMENT 4 1 4 9 07/18/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4150 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: V)3 CO r?-> -N i o 07/17/67 TYPE LABEL SPEC PAGES 4 LETTER 2 MCINTYRE HH USDA ARS SUNDERLAND MW LETTER SPEC MCINTYRE HH USDA ARS LYNN GE 2 LABEL 2 LETTER USDA ARS 1 LABEL 1 LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB LABEL 1 4 TITLE PAGE FORRON, A BRUSH KILLER FORMULATION (SPECIMEN LABEL)(ROUGH DRAFT) ( DA17. 0 0 ) . 595 WITHDRAWAL OF FORRON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 2 2 2 AND FORRON 2 4 5 , REGISTRATION 4 6 4 - 2 2 1 BY DOW ( D A 1 7 .0 0 ) CTTL. OUELLETTE FE COMPLETE INGREDIENT STATEMENT FOR VERTON CE WITH OIL BRUSH KILLER CTTL. OUELLETTE FE SOUTHWICK L SUNDERLAND HH VERTON CE BRUSH KILLER, LABEL COPY WITH LIST OF REVISIONS, ACCEPTED 670516 CTTL. APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF VERTON CE BRUSH KILLER, USDA REG 4 6 4 - 2 8 9 DATED 6 7 0 6 0 1 . VERTON CE BRUSH KILLER, LABEL ACCEPTED 6 7071B CTTL. DOW VERTON CE BRUSH KILLER, USDA REG 4 6 4 - 2 8 9 , YOUR LETTER OF 6 7 0 6 0 1 . M -1599 BRUSH KILLERtFOR EXPERIMENTAL USE ONLY). >MBER DOCUMENT 4151 DATE 08/23/67 AUTHOR'- ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE* DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 1 5 2 08/30/67 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: ALFORD HG COPYEE- DOM SUNDERLAND MM DOCUMENT 4 1 5 3 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE* 08/29/67 DOCUMENT 4 1 5 4 10/06/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 1 5 5 11/14/67 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: ALFORD HG COPYEE: DOM SACHS SB DOCUMENT 4156 02/23/68 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE ALFORD HO COPYEE: DOM DOCUMENT 4157 08/13/68 AUTHOR: BYRD BC ADDRESSEE DON COPYEE: DOM TYPE LEGIS PAGES 1 USDA ARS HAMMER OH LETTER HAMMER OH USDA ARS LYNN GE 2 LABEL 8 LETTER USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 LETTER 2 REPORT HAMMER OH USDA ARS BYRD BC SUNDERLAND MM LETTER REPORT HAMMER OH USDA ARS BYRD BC 2 LETTER REPORT DOM HAMMER OH NYMAN FA 2 GO V ~vl O '' TULE PAGE 596 M -1599 BRUSH KILLER (TEMPORARY PERMIT ISSUED UNDER THE FIFRA FOR SHIPMENT OF AN ECONOMIC POISON FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ONLYM469-EXP-29G). M -1599 BRUSH KILLER (USDA TEMPORARY PERMIT A6A-EXP-29G) HITH COPIES OF REPORTS ON THE TOXICITY OF POLYGLYCOL 5 9 - 1 3 CTTL. MCCUTCHEN L SACHS SB M -1599 BRUSH KILLERCFOR EXPERIMENTAL USE ONLY). M -1599 BRUSH KILLER TEMPORARY PERMIT A6A-EXP-29G. THE FIRST 3 MONTHS REPORT ON THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR M -1599 BRUSH KILLER CTTL. MACCUTCHEN L MCCOLLISTER DD SECOND 3 MONTHS REPORT ON THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMS FOR M -1599 BRUSH KILLER CTTL. MCCOLLISTER DD SUNDERLAND HH THE FOURTH 3 MONTHS REPORT ON THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR M-1599 BRUSH KILLER CTTL. MELTON JD WILTSE MG QIX'<5 NUMBER DOCUMENT <#158 DATE 08/16/68 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE ALFORD HG COPYEE DOW DOCUMENT 4 1 5 9 01/15/63 AUTHOR: DELANEY AG ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 1 6 0 11/05/65 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4161 04/13/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 1 6 2 09/14/66 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOWNARD GM COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 4 1 6 3 08/09/67 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: ALFORD HG COPYEE DOW DOCUMENT 4 1 6 4 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE: USDA COPYEE: DOW 03/04/60 DOCUMENT 4 1 6 5 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: CO -si CO 02/16/60 TYPE PAGES LETTER 2 REPORT HAMMER OH USDA ARS BYRD BC LETTER 1 DEPT OF AG CAN LETTER HAMMER OH SACHS SB 2 LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB 1 LETTER SACHS SB USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 LETTER HAMMER OH USDA ARS SACHS SB 2 LETTER MCINTYRE HH WHITE RO LYNN GE 1 REPORT 8 TITLE PAGE 597 THE FOURTH 3 MONTHS REPORT ON THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR M-1599 BRUSH KILLER CTTL. MCCOLLISTER DO SUNDERLAND HH CERTIFICATES OF REREGISTRATION, REQUIREMENTS FOR LABELS FOR KORLAN LIVESTOCK BOMB REG. NO. 7 7 0 3 AND RETURN OF APPLICATION FOR ESTERON BRUSH KILLER REG. NO. 3 3 7 2 CTTL. MCLEOD WS DOW IS REGISTERING BUTYL 2 6 5 , BRUSH KILLER L V 2 -2 , WEED KILLER LV-6 , BUTYL 6 0 0 , A BRUSH KILLER LV AT TO PROVIDE GUIDANCE TO REPACKAGING CUSTOMERS WHO WILL REGISTER UNDER THEIR OWN TRADE NAME CTTL. ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O . S . USDA REG. NO. 6 6 6 - 2 0 6 YOUR LETTERS OF 6 6 0 9 1 6 AND 6 6 0 9 2 3 . ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O . S . , REGISTRATION NO. 6 6 6 - 2 0 6 . SUNDERLAND NW DESIRED REGISTRATION OF VERTON 2D WEED AND BRUSH KILLER CTTL. SUNDERLAND WW SUPPORTING DATA FOR KURON TO BE REGISTERED ON A NO RESIDUE BASIS CTTL. QUELLETTE FE SOUTHWICK L A RESIDUE STUDY OF KURON IN SUGAR CANE. NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4166 05/31/60 AUTHORS LA ST UNIV ADDRESSEE: DOH COPYEE* TYPE PAGES LETTER 1 STAMPER ER SOUTHNICK L DOCUMENT 4167 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: 02/25/64 MEMO HAMMER OH SACHS SB 1 DOCUMENT 4168 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOW 12/10/64 LETTER SOUTHWICK L HAMMER OH LICHY CT 2 DOCUMENT 4 1 6 9 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 04/22/65 LABEL 8 DOCUMENT 4 1 7 0 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* DOW 01/23/64 LETTER LYNN GE LICHY CT COULTER LL 1 DOCUMENT 4171 02/04/64 LETTER AUTHOR* DOW LICHY CT ADDRESSEE? CITRUS EXP STATION UNIV MEAGHER WR COPYEE: DOW COULTER LL 1 DOCUMENT 4 1 7 2 01/10/78 REPORT 5 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* CO 0 CO TITLE PAGE 598 KURON USED ON SUGARCANE IN LA APPEARS TO GIVE A BETTER HEED KILL THAN 24D CTTL. REVISED LABEL COPY FOR KURON DATED 6 4 0 2 2 5 CTTL. KURON FOR FL SUGARCANE. LYNN GE HILTSE MG LABEL PETITION FOR THE USE OF KURON FOR VINE CONTROL IN CITRUS. REPLY TO A QUESTION CONCERNING THE FDA ATTITUDE TOHARDS THE PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTER OF SILVEX CTTL. SOUTHWICK L REPLY TO A QUESTION CONCERNING THE FDA ATTITUDE TOHARD THE PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER PORTION OF THE SILVEX MOLECULE CTTL. MORTALITY STUDY OF PERSONS EXPOSED TO DIOXINE AFTER AN ACCIDENT ON 5 3 1 1 1 5 IN LUDHIGSHAFEN GERMANY (COORDINATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE LONG TERM HAZARDS OF CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOX1NM WORKING GROUP OF THE NIEHS AND THE IARC, LYON, 7 8 0 1 1 0 AND 7 8 0 1 1 1 ) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 1 7 3 DATE 08/29/79 TYPE REPORT PAGES 4 AUTHOR BUSER HR RAPPE C ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 1 7 4 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE 04/01/79 DOCUMENT 4 1 7 5 07/01/79 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4176 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/81 DOCUMENT 4 1 7 7 12/15/80 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE DOW FREDERICK DM THEIS JM WINE LM COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 1 7 8 01/05/81 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4179 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 01/22/80 FED RES STATION SHIT; UNIV OF UMEA SWEDEN REPORT 25 REPORT 2 REPORT 92 MULHSON HR MEMO LENG ML CASTILLO L K8E TUCKER MD WOODS CD 1 CHART REPORT SNYDER RE 1 REPORT GAUDARD D 1 TITLE PAGE 599 ANALYSIS OF SOME OLDER SCANDINAVIAN FORMULATIONS OF 2 4 0 AND 245T FOR CONTENTS OF CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS AND DIBENZOFUCANS(SCAND J WORK ENVIRON & HEALTH, 3 7 5 - 3 7 8 , 7 9 0 0 0 0 ) (SELECTED PAPERS ON 245T AND TCDD). I LINDAHL R NORSTROM A 24D (APPENDIX 2 24D TOLERANCES) (T IT L E 21 FOOD AND DRUGS 100 TO 199, 7698765). 24D TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES (APPENDIX 1 24D TOLERANCES) (CODE OF FED REGULATIONS TITLE 40 PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT PARTS 100 TO 399, 489-491). PUBLIC CONCERNS ABOUT 2 4 - D . APPROVAL FOR ADDITIONAL USES FOR ESTERON 2 4 5 , ESTERON BRUSH KILLER, AND KURON CTTL. DAVIDSON JH MULLISON WR WATSON AJ FISCHER AC NORRIS MG WESELOH JW ESTERON 2 4 5 HERBICIDE (EPA PESTICIDE ESTABLISHMENT REPORT WORKSHEET). WOLFE RV HOODS J ESTERON 2 4 5 . WOLFE RV NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4180 02/11/54 AUTHOR: USDA ARS ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4181 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 1 8 2 04/24/67 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: ALFORD HG COPYEE DOW DOCUMENT 4 1 8 5 04/27/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE) DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 1 8 4 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 08/00/65 DOCUMENT 4 1 8 5 08/27/64 TYPE PAGES LETTER 1 WHITE RO SUNDERLAND WW PROMO 1 LETTER SPEC SACHS SB USDA HAMMER OH LETTER USDA 2 1 LABEL 1 LETTER 1 AUTHOR: DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4186 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE: USDA COPYEE 11/09/65 DOCUMENT 4187 11/09/65 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOWNARD GM COPYEE: CENEX e.Q SUNDERLAND WW USDA SACHS SB LEGIS MCINTYRE HH 1 LETTER SACHS SB USDA CRAIN HD WOLCOTT A 1 TITLE REGISTRATION NOTICE FOR ESTERON 99 CTTL. PAGE 600 ESTERON TEN-TEN WEED AND BRUSH KILLER. VERTON T BRUSHKILLER REGISTRATION NO 4 6 4 - 3 0 8 CTTL. SUNDERLAND WW APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF VERTON T BRUSHKILLER (USDA REGISTRATION NO. 4 6 4 -3 0 8 K W IT H LETTER OF 6 7 0 4 2 4 ) . VEON 2 4 5 , NON-VOLATILE 245T AMINE HEED AND BRUSH KILLER. 99 FOR FARM WEED CONTROL (REG. NO. 4 6 4 - 1 7 8 ) ESTERON 99 CONCENTRATE (REG. NO. 4 6 4 - 2 0 1 ) ESTERON BRUSH KILLER O . S . (REG. NO. 4 6 4 - 2 0 4 ) ESTERON 2 4 5 O . S . (REG NO. 4 6 4 - 2 0 5 ) AND ESTERON 2 4 5 CONCENTRATE (REG NO. 4 6 4 - 3 0 2 ) . BRUSH KILLER LV 2 - 2 (APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF ECONOMIC POISONS). REGISTRATION OF BRUSH KILLER LV 2 - 2 . HAMMER OH MCCOY WJ HUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4188 01/25/66 AUTHOR* DOZIER HL ADDRESSEE? DOW COP Y E E - DOCUMENT 4189 11/17/66 AUTHORS DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEEs DOCUMENT 4190 07/31/64 AUTHORS DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEEs DOCUMENT 4191 08/06/64 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEEs DOCUMENT 4192 12/12/67 AUTHOR s DUNN CL ADDRESSEE USDA COPYEEs FDA DOCUMENT 4193 11/12/67 AUTHOR DUNN CL ADDRESSEE: FDA COPYEEs USDA DOCUMENT 4194 12/29/67 AUTHOR: ALFORD HG ADDRESSEE" DUNN CL COPYEEs DOCUMENT 4195 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs CO 08/00/64 TYPE PAGES LEGIS US DA SACHS SB 1 LETTER USDA SACHS SB 1 LETTER USDA ARS SACHS SB 2 LABEL 2 LETTER NACA 1 LETTER NACA HEW LETTER USDA ARS HER LABEL 2 1 1 l-G' CO TITLE PAGE BRUSH KILLER LV 2-2 (NOTICE OF REGISTRATION UNDER FIFRA). 601 BRUSH KILLER LV 2-2 (464-352) (WITH LETTER OF 660914). 99 FOR FARM WEED CONTROL (464-178), ESTERON 99 CONCENTRATE (464-201), ESTERON BRUSH KILLER (464-204), ESTERON 245 OS (464-205), AND ESTERON 245 CONCENTRATE (464-302). CONTROL OF WOODY WEEDS IN LOW BUSH BLUEBERRY FIELDS IN ME (PROPOSED ADDITIONAL LABELING FOR ESTERON BRUSH KILLER, ESTERON 99 CONC, ESTERON 99, ESTERON 245 OS, AND ESTERON 245 CONCENTRATE). REQUEST FOR CERTIFICATION OF USEFULNESS OF SILVEX AS HERBICIDE ON CROPS LISTED IN SECTION B AND REQUEST OPINION ON PROPOSED TOLERANCES CTTL. PETITION REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR SILVEX RESIDUES ON CERTAIN CROPS CTTL. EXTENSION OF REGISTRATION FOR SILVEX YOUR LETTER OF 671127. TIPPON 2-2 WEED AND BRUSH KILLER. NUMBER DOCUMENT $196 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE' COPYEE! DATE 03/00/62 DOCUMENT $197 AUTHOR! DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE! 10/09/7$ DOCUMENT $198 AUTHOR! DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 03/21/79 DOCUMENT $199 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE! 03/21/79 DOCUMENT $200 05/17/61 AUTHOR HOFFMAN CF ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT $201 AUTHOR- DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 03/13/61 DOCUMENT $202 05/17/61 AUTHOR: HOFFMAN CF ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT $203 05/17/61 AUTHOR: HOFFMAN CF ADDRESSEE DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT $20$ 06/2$/63 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE DOWNARD GM COPYEE: CO TYPE LABEL PAGES 1 SPEC 1 SPEC 1 SPEC 1 LEGIS USDA ARS 1 LABEL $ LETTER USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH 1 LEGIS USDA ARS 1 LABEL LETTER MCINTYRE HH USDA ARS 2 TITLE FORRON MEED AND BRUSH KILLER. PAGE 602 TORDON 101 MIXTURE HERBICIDE (PHYSICAL PROPERTIES). 24D (DRYHQUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION). 24D (DRY)(QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION). KUROSAL SL (NOTICE OF REGISTRATION UNDER THE FIFRA). KUROSAL G. KUROSAL G REGISTRATION NUMBER 464-276 AND KUROSAL SL REGISTRATION NUMBER 464-277. KUROSAL G (NOTICE OF REGISTRATION UNDER THE FIFRA). KUROSAL G AQUATIC HERBICIDE. OUELLETTE FE NUMBER DOCUMENT 4205 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE * DATE 03/00/61 DOCUMENT 4206 07/30/63 AUTHOR* DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4207 09/04/63 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* DOWNARD GM COPYEE* DOW DOCUMENT 4208 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 10/01/63 DOCUMENT 4209 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 10/00/65 DOCUMENT 4210 07/25/66 AUTHOR* DOWNARD GM ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4211 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4212 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 05/16/73 TYPE LABEL PAGES 2 LETTER USDA ARS MCINTYRE HH 1 LETTER MCINTYRE HH USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 LABEL 2 LABEL 5 LETTER USDA ARS HAMMER OH 1 REPORT 4 REPORT 3 CO -a QO TITLE KUROSAL 0 AQUATIC HERBICIDE. PAGE 603 PRINTED LABEL FOR KUROSAL G AQUATIC HERBICIDE REGISTRATION NO. 464-216 WITH LETTER OF 630624. REQUEST REGISTRATION OF KUROSAL G (464-216) FOLLOHING REVISION OF LABEL PER USDA RECOMMENDATIONS CTTL. OUELLETTE FE SUNDERLAND HN KUROSAL G AQUATIC HERBICIDE. KURON BRUSH KILLER. KURON BRUSH KILLER REGISTRATION NO. 464-162 NITH LETTER OF 660712. 245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XYPR0PI0NIC ACID PROCESS (SILVEX, FENOPROP). HISTORY OF REGISTRATION ACTIONS FOR ESTERON BRUSH KILLER EPA REG 464-204 (REGISTRATION STATUS REPORT). NUMBER DOCUMENT 4213 AUTHOR*- USDA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 09/30/67 DOCUMENT 4214 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE* COPYEEs 06/10/64 DOCUMENT <215 08/18/64 AUTHORS DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs DON ELSHERE D HAKE CL KAGY JF MULLISON NR WRIGHT N DOCUMENT 4216 11/09/65 AUTHOR* DON OYEN F ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs DON ELSHERE D JONES GD MULLISON NR DOCUMENT 4217 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4218 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEES COrYEE: 01/16/80 TYPE CHART PAGES 3 REPORT 2 REPORT 2 LYNN GE LYNN GE FALKENSTEIN NJ HART A KILIAN DJ NORTON TR REPORT LYNN GE LYNN GE GORDON HL KAGY JF WILSON AN LABEL 16 4 SPEC 1 LlX < '6 OO QO TITLE PAGE 604 SILVEX (USDA SUMMARY OF REGISTERED AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE CHEMICAL USES). PROPOSED ADDITION TO LABELS FOR ESTERON BRUSH KILLER, ESTERON 99 CONC., ESTERON 99, ESTERON 245 OS AND ESTERON 245 CONCENTRATE. RESULTS OF HUMAN IRRITATION AND SENSITIZATION STUDIES CONDUCTED ON TORDON IOI MIXTURE (5 PERCENT AQUEOUS SOLUTION) BY HILL-TOP RES INST (BIOCHEMICAL RES LAB) (BC T2.MO-2439-4). OLSON KJ OYEN F BARRONS KC GORDON HL JOHNSTON RV LUCE EN SHRADER SA BOUNDY RH GREENE LM JONES GD MCINTYRE HH WILSON AW SKIN IRRITATION AND ACNEGENIC PROPERTIES OF VEON BRUSH KILLER, VEON 245T, TORDON 101 AND WEEDAR 245T AMINE (BIOCHEMICAL RES LAB) (BC T2.2-139-2). OHARE CP OLSON KJ BARRONS KC GOWELL JH KILIAN DJ WILTSE MG BOUNDY RH JOHNSTON RV MOSS RD DOW 245T ESTER BRUSHKILLER (DRAFT). 24D, BUTYL ESTERS(DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION) NUMBER DOCUMENT $219 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOH DATE 06/02/76 TYPE PAGES REPORT GIRARDIN D 1 CHASE F DOCUMENT 4220 05/00/79 AUTHOR: JOUR OF RANGE MGMT ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT HOODHARD DF 3 DOCUMENT 4221 05/01/80 REPORT AUTHOR: DEPT HEALTH SERVICES AND ADDRESSEE COPYEE 37 DOCUMENT 4222 01/18/79 AUTHOR: BOHMAN B ADDRESSEE COPYEE: MEMO DOH 1 DOCUMENT 4223 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 02/26/76 SPEC 1 DOCUMENT 4224 02/26/76 AUTHOR: BUZZELLI DT FRASER JM I QAC SCHELL 5H ADDRESSEE COPYEE SPEC DERSNAH BE GOLD HL JORDAN LD HOODS CD 1 DOCUMENT 4225 01/17/79 AUTHOR: BUZZELLI DT FRASER JM KRACHS HR WARD HA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: SPEC DERSNAH BE GOLD HL MORGAN AH HOODS CD 1 DOCUMENT 4226 08/13/80 AUTHOR: DOH JORDAN LN ADDRESSEE COPYEE: SPEC 1 DRENCKPOHL JH HOODS CD (X) O TITLE PAGE MONSANTO PRODUCTION 24-DICHL0R0PHEN0L (CUSTOMER REQUEST). 605 KRMEL K MINTZ MJ ASSESSING THE HAZARD OF PICLORAM TO CUTTHROAT TROUT (JOUR OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 32(3), 230-232). 2AD EVALUATION OF THE HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS. GREENLAND MEETING 790118 FOUR PM. 2AD ISOOCTYL ESTER (QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION). 2AD ISOOCTYL ESTER (QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION). DOW DRENCKPOHL JH I MKT I QA KRACHT MR MORGAN AH 24D, BUTYL ESTERS DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION 20706. DOM DRENCKPOHL JH JORDAN LN KING EJ SCHELL SH SCOLES GM 24D, BUTYL ESTERS DOM QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION 20706. FRASER JM GOLD ML WOODS JS HUMBER DOCUMENT 4227 AUTHOR! ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DATE 01/09/76 TYPE SPEC PAGES 1 DOCUMENT 4228 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 06/18/81 SPEC 1 DOCUMENT 4229 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 02/26/76 SPEC 1 DOCUMENT 4230 05/00/77 NENS REPORT AUTHOR: CLEVELAND CLINIC FOUND LLOYD KK UNIV OF ROCHESTER MUTHRICH RC ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 4 DOCUMENT 4231 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 05/29/58 REPORT HYMAS TA 17 DOCUMENT 4232 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 01/14/64 REPORT 14 DOCUMENT 4233 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE* 00/00/52 REPORT 47 MCCOLLISTER DD DOCUMENT 4234 01/00/53 AUTHOR- DRILL VA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE ' ABSTRACT MIRATZKA T 1 b L^ t-a CO oo ju K tA i TITLE 24D, BUTOXY PROPYL ESTERS SALES SPECIFICATION 20871 PAGE 808 2<*D BUTOXY ETHANOL ESTER (ANALYTICAL METHOD)(METHOD 20869E). 24D, DAMP (SALES SPECIFICATION). CHIORACNE FROM MANUFACTURE OF A NEW HERBICIDE (ARCH DERMATOL 113, 616-619). POLAND A TAYLOR JS TOXICITY OF HERBICIDES TO DOMESTIC ANIMALS. SUBACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY OF TORDON 101 MIXTURE IN RABBITS. THE ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY OF ESTERON BRUSH KILLER TO RATS, GUINEA PIGS, RABBITS, AND CHICKS. OYEH F ROHE VK TOXICITY OF 29D AND 295T, A REPORT ON THEIR ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY IN DOGS (ARCH. IND. HYG. AND OCC. MED. 7,61-67. NUMBER DOCUMENT 9Z35 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 05/09/56 DOCUMENT 9236 08/06/56 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT <237 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT <*238 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: DOM 11/19/59 DOCUMENT <*239 06/27/65 AUTHOR: CALANDRAi JC ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT 9290 12/07/62 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOM BROWN R LYNN GE DOCUMENT <*291 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 02/11/70 TYPE REPORT PAGES 1 TEST HOYLE HR 2 LABEL 2 REPORT MONROE E WOLF MA ONDRUS M 5 REPORT 77 CERVENKA H REPORT 7 DUNN EE MOYLE CL CHERN D NASH HA REPORT 1 FERNANDEZ JB GJ GO CO TITLE PAGE M-697 (ESTERON TYPE BRUSH KILLER F0RMULATI0NHT2.37-66-1 ). 607 ESTERON BRUSH KILLER TYPE FORMULATION (DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS)(25.16-86). MCCOLLISTER DD TORKELSON TR ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OS. ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OS, SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION, AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATION IN ITS HANDLING AND USE. PLUMMER E REPORT TO DOW TWO YEAR CHRONIC ORAL TOXICITY OF TORDON BEAGLE DOGS. IND BIOTEST LAB KAY JH RESULTS OF FOOD ACCEPTANCE TESTS FOR RODENT REPELLENCY ON CERTAIN PYRIDINE AND IODONIUM DERIVATIVES AND PENTACHLOROPHENOL (BC TZ.2 -9 7 -6 ). MOYLE CL WOLF MA ASADORIAN AA EHGIBOUS DL NORTON TR BOUNDY RH KENAGA EE SPALDING J DOWANOL PIB ESTER OF SILVEX (REQUEST FOR PRELIMINARY TOXICOLOGICAL g STUDIES). i NUMBER DOCUMENT 262 AUTHOR* DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DATE 02/11/70 TYPE PAGES REPORT 1 FERNANDEZ JB DOCUMENT 263 00/00/69 ABSTRACT AUTHOR* MONKS HOOD EXP STATION H TOBIC HC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 1 DOCUMENT 26 AUTHOR* DOH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 10/16/70 TEST 3 DOCUMENT 265 00/00/69 ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR* CHEVALLIER C ROBERT ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DUD1EUZEREPRICE 1 SCHIERZ FR DOCUMENT 4266 00/00/70 AUTHOR- LANE JG ADDRESSEE! COPYEE* ABSTRACT PONSENT PJN 1 DOCUMENT 4247 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE* 07/00/70 REPORT 1 DOCUMENT *2A8 00/00/70 AUTHOR CHEM ENG NEHS ADDRESSEE* COPYEE ABSTRACT 1 DOCUMENT 6269 00/00/70 AUTHOR: GALSTON AH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 'O U " 00 ABSTRACT 1 YALE UNIV 2 TITLE PAGE 608 BUTYL ESTER OF 26D ACID (REQUEST FOR PRELIMINARY TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES). TOXICITY AND HAZARDS TO MAN, DOMESTIC ANIMALS, AND WILDLIFE FROM SOME COMMONLY USED AUXIN HERBICIDES (RESIDUE REV (26), 37-62). WAY JM POTENTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF FREE ACID IN ESTERS OF 26D AND 265T AND THEIR FORMULATIONS (ANALYTICAL METHOD ML-AM-70-63). PESTICIDE RESIDUES 20 PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN NATURAL HATERS 2 RESIDUES FROM CHLOROPHENOXY TYPE HERBICIDES (ANN FALS EXPERT CHIM 62(686), 216-20). LAB CHIM APPL EXPERTISE LEONARDI G A CASE OF POSSIBLE 26D AND 265T POISONING IN THE HORSE (VET RECORD 87(8), 267). UNIV OF BOSTOL ENG 265T CANCELLATIONS, USA(5(2), 3). AGRICULTURE WILL CONTINUE TO APPROVE 265T REGISTRATION (CHEM ENG NEWS 68(16), 21). PLANTS, PEOPLE AND POLITICS (BIOSCIENCE 20(7), 605-610). NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 2 5 0 10/21/65 AUTHOR: CALANDRA JC ADDRESSEE'\ COF'YEE : DOCUMENT 4 251 01/16/63 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOW DOW COLBY RW GREENE LM KILIAN DJ MULL ISON WR WILSON AW DOCUMENT 4 2 5 2 11/15/62 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: BEATTY SC DOW HINMAN CW MCINTYRE HH DOCUMENT 4 2 5 3 06/01/61 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOW TOMPSON ER DOW COLBY RW GREENE LM KILIAN DJ PERKINS RP DOCUMENT 4 2 5 4 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 07/10/70 DOCUMENT 4 2 5 5 * * e-a AUTHOR ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: ' a CO S ? GO i45s, V DOW DOW I CWH I EHB I GNS I KCB I R.JS 10/21/68 TYPE PAGES REPORT 55 IND BIOTEST LAB REPORT OLSON K BARRONS KC ELSHERE D HART A LUCE EN NASH HA WRIGHT N 35 REPORT DOW BOUNDY RH KAGY J F NASH HA 10 DISTRB REPORT JOHNSTON H 12 JOHNSTON H ELSHERE D HART A LUCE EN SHRADER SA REPORT 2 ABSTRACT LENG ML HEALY MJ I DDD I ERL I JEJ I MCG I l ir-'n 3 TITLE PAGE 609 REPORT TO THE DOW CHRONIC ORAL TOXICITY OF TORDON ALBINO RATS. WOLF C RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON -AMIN0-356-TRICHL0R0PIC0LINIC ACID (TORDON TRADE NAME). OYEN F BOUNDY RH FALKENSTEIN WJ JONES GD LYNN GE NORTON TR BROWN R GAY HH KAGY J F MCINTYRE HH SHRADER SA RESULTS OF 90 DAY DIETARY FEEDING STUDIES OF 4 - AM I N0 -3 56 -T RI CHL 0R0 PI C0LI NI C ACID IN RATS (BC T 3 5 . 1 2 - 3 8 3 2 3 - 2 ) . MCCOLLISTER DD COLBY RW KILIAN DJ NORTON TR GAY HH LYNN OE WILSON AW RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON 4-AMI N0-356-TRI CHL0R0 PICOLINIC ACID (BC T 3 5 . 1 2 - 3 8 3 2 3 - 1 ) . OLSON KJ OYEN F BARRONS KC FALKENSTEIN WJ JONES GD LYNN GE TISDALE WL BOUNDY RH GAY HH KAGY J F MCINTYRE HH WRIGHT N BUTYL ESTER 2AD ( K - 0 1 2 9 3 5 M T 2 5 . 1 9 - 0 5 6 ) . REVIEW ON THE METABOLISM OF PHENOXY COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS (LAB CODE LETTERS AND REPORT GH-P 5 5 1 ) . MCCOLLISTER DD I AJB I DWO I FHD I JHD I ROM TMsrn ni I CEC I EEK I GDJ I JHG I REN I.YNfl OF NUMBER DATE RAYNOR RN DOCUMENT <*256 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE! COPYEEs 07/21/70 DOCUMENT 6 2 57 08/26/50 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE) COPYEEs DON DON DOSSER RC LYNN GE DOCUMENT <*258 10/01/65 AUTHOR: ALEXANDER HC ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs ALEXANDER HC BATCHELDER TB HAMILTON CE SCHAFFER RB HASS HE DOCUMENT <*259 AUTHOR! DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs 01/22/80 DOCUMENT <260 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs 00/00/70 DOCUMENT <261 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COrYEE: 01/00/66 DOCUMENT 6 2 62 02/00/70 AUTHORS BINNS N HEGGESTAD HE SAND PF ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: TYPE PAGES SOUTHNICK L REPORT 2 REPORT 13 MCCOLLISTER DD ALLEN HH DUTTON WC REPORT DON 6 DON BEK CM ILGENFRITZ EM SERCU CL REPORT NOLFE RV REPORT LABEL REPORT CUETO C HEPTING GH STEPHENS RF CO h "* OD ai TITLE WATSON AJ WILLIAMS CS ESTERON BRUSH KILLER (MEDICAL INFORMATION). PAGE 610 RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON ESTERONS 245T AND 24D (BRUSH KILL E R M T 2 5 . 1 4 - 8 6 - 1 ) . ROWE VK BARRONS KC BRITTON JW IRISH DD KAGY J F THE POLLUTIONAL EVALUATION OF COMPOUNDS WITH RED FLAG DESIGNATIONS. MAXEY J S ADAMS EM DYLEWSKI SW KELLY JA SHANNON ES BAKER R GRUBE JR NOVAK RG TEAL JL ESTERON 2 4 5 . 24D, 245T, SILVEX. TORDON 101 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER (SPECIMEN LABEL). INVESTIGATION OF SPRAY PROJECT NEAR GLOBE ARIZONA. ELIASON BC FREEMAN B MI ST UN1V PIMENTEL D TSCHIRLEY FH NUMBER DOCUMENT 42 63 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DATE 07/00/67 DOCUMENT 4 2 64 12/00/62 AUTHOR: DESI J ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 2 6 5 00/00/63 AUTHOR: BERKLEY MC ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT <266 AUTHOR' DESI I SOS J ADDRESSEE: COPYEE-' 00/00/62 DOCUMENT 4 2 67 AUTHOR: DESI I SULE F ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/00/62 DOCUMENT 4 2 6 8 00/00/62 AUTHOR: DESI I ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 2 6 9 02/00/68 AUTHOR SCHULZ KH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: TYPE LABEL PAGES 2 ABSTRACT SOS J 1 ABSTRACT MAGEE KR 1 ABSTRACT MARKUS V 1 ABSTRACT MARKUS V 1 ABSTRACT SOS J 1 REPORT 5 UNIV OF HAUTKL1NIK <C5 Op CO 00 -G. 00 oe TITLE PAGE 611 VEON 2 9 5 (NON-VOLATILE 245T AMINE WEED AND (RUSH KILLER) (VOLUME 1 ) . EFFECT OF 29D AND TRIORTHOCRESYLPHOSPHATE ON THE ACTIVITY OF THE HIGHER SEGMENTS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, MECHANISM (GIGIENA I SANITARIYA 2 7 , 3 8 - 9 6 X I N RUSSIAN). NEUROPATHY FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO A DIMETHYL AMINE SALT OF 29D, MAN, MECHANISM (ARCH INT MED 1 1 1 , 3 5 1 - 3 5 2 ) . NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS OF A CHEMICAL HERBICIDE, 29D, MECHANISM, ANIMAL (ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH 4 , 9 5 ) . OLASZ J SOLE F NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS OF A CHEMICAL HERBICIDE, 24D, ANIMAL, MECHANISM (ARCH ENVIR HEALTH 4 . 9 5 H B I 0 L ABST 3 8 - 2 2 2 8 5 ) . OLASZ J SOS J CENTRAL NERVOUS INJURY BY A CHEMICAL HERBICIDE, 29D, ANIMAL, MECHANISM (ACTA MEDICA (BUDAPEST), 1 8 , 928- 933 MC HEM ABSTR 59-9591F). ZUR KLINIK UND TIOLOGIE DER CHLORAKNE (ARBEITSMEDIZIN SOZIALMEDIZIN ARBEITSHYGIENE 3 ( 2 ) , 2 5 - 2 9 ) . GERMA NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 2 7 0 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DATE 00/00/65 DOCUMENT 4271 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/65 DOCUMENT 4 2 7 2 07/17/70 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE A DOM THOMPSON DJ DOM HAKE CL KAMMERAAD A MILCH LJ ROME VK DOCUMENT 4 2 7 3 00/00/69 AUTHOR: BOVEY RW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 2 7 4 02/04/69 AUTHOR: BEAUCHAMP R LITCHFIELD N ADDRESSEE COPYEE: BEAUCHAMP R ADAMS EM EDWARDS H JOHNSON J E KOGY J F MCINTYRE HM SCHWARZ AJ DOCUMENT 4 2 7 5 07/14/66 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE- -- y G) w rJV DOM DOW I AMS I CTL I EHB I ETC I JDE QO Of TYPE CHART PAGES 2 CHART 2 REPORT EMERSON JL 6 DACQUISTO MP HYMAS TA LYNN GE NARANJO P SCHWARZ AJ ABSTRACT DOWLER CC 1 REPORT 4 DOM MCCOLLISTER DD DOM BARTON J ELSHORE D JONES GD LLOYD BH MORSE D WRIGHT N ABSTRACT 2 GORING CA DOAN LA I BLC I DEP I EMA I GEL I JHG TITLE SILVEX ACID PRODUCT!267 BUILDING). PAGE 612 SILVEX PROCESS SAMPLES(HERCULES). RESULTS OF TOLERANCE STUDIES OF A-AMIN0-356- TRI CHL0R0PIC0LINIC ACID (PICLORAM) IN PREGNANT RATS. GERBIG CG ROBINSON VB DEZULIAN MV JOHNSON J E MAFFII O PETERSON NR SENSI P GRAZIER G JOHNSTON RV MCCOLLISTER DD RENZI A ZELLERCELSO L THE PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF PICLORAM IN TX AND PR SOILS(PESTIC MONIT J 3 ( 3 ) , 1 7 7 - 1 8 1 6 9 0 0 0 0 ) . MERKLE MG ACUTE SKIN ABSORPTION TOXICITY OF TEXAS TORDON ACID ANP HESTERN TORDON ACID (REPORT T 3 5 . 1 2 - 3 8 3 2 3 - 2 ) . HOERGER FD I APC NORRIS JM TORKELSON TR HOERGER FD BLAIR EH GORDON HL KILIAN DJ LYNN GE NUMMY HR MCCOLLISTER DD BURGERT BE HOLDER BB KIMMEL CE MACCUTCHEON SM ROBINSON VB A BIOASSAY STUDY ON THE DETOXIFICATION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF TORDON BY SUNSHINE IN DEEP CONTAINERS UNDER STILL AND CIRCULATING CONDITIONS (REPORT G S - 7 8 1 ) . YOUHGSON CR I AJS I CEO I DG I ERL I GNS I JLS I AJW I CSH I EEN I ESS I HAN I JRF NUMBER I JHG I LJM I RGH I TRN I HRB DATE DOCUMENT 42 76 04/14/66 AUTHOR8 ALEXANDER HC ADDRESSEE: COPYEE! DOCUMENT 4 2 7 7 11/22/65 AUTHOR! ALEXANDER HC ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: DOH HARDEN RL DOCUMENT 427B 02/04/70 AUTHOR: BJERKE EL ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOW COLBY AE JOHNSTON RV LUDWIG PD ROWE VK WILLIAMS CS DOCUMENT 4 2 7 9 12/10/69 AUTHOR: BJERKE EL RILEY V ADDRESSEE'- COPYEE: DOW COLBY AE HYMAS TA LENG ML RIDNER JM SPALDING JL TYPE I JMV I LLC I RLG I TWH I WRD PAGES PRESENT 15 BATCHELDER TL REPORT 9 BATCHELDER TL BLAIR EH HASS HE ABSTRACT DOW MOSS RD DOWELL FH KAGY J F OSBORNE DW SEYMOUR KG 1 ABSTRACT BUCEK OC SWART RW MOSS RD DOWELL FH JOHNSTON RV LUDWIG PD ROWE VK WILLIAMS CS 1 fave-6 CO frlllliwdl 00 00 TITLE I KCB I MGW 1 RVJ I NOM I LEW I RCM I TAH I HR PAGE 13 ACUTE FISH TOXICITY OF DAXTRON, TORDON, ANO DURSBAH TO THREE SPECIES OF FISH (FOR PRESENTATION ON 6 6 0 4 1 4 AT MH BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT CENTRAL MI UNIV). DON ACUTE FISH TOXICITY OF DAXTRON, TORDON, AND DURSBAN TO THREE SPECIES OF F ISH. DOW KELLY JA WILTSE MG LYNN GE RESIDUES OF PICLORAM IN HYDROLYZED SHEEP TISSUES, A SUPPLEMENT TO GH-C 346 (REPORT GH-C 3 6 1 ) . MOSS RD BARRONS KC HANSON RG LANING ER POPOFF FP SHAVER RJ BAURIEDEL HR HYMAS TA LENG ML RIDNER JM SPALDING J l RESIDUES OF PICLORAM IN SHEEP TISSUES (REPORT GH-C 3 4 6 ) . DOW MOSS RD BARRONS KC GOMELL JH KAGY J F OSBORNE DH SEYMOUR KG BAURIEDEL HR HANSON RG LANING ER POPOFF FP SHAVER RJ NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 2 80 DATE 12/06/67 AUTHOR! ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOH DOW I JLS I PDL I TAH DOCUMENT 4281 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOH DOH I GTS I JHL I RVJ I HR 08/30/67 DOCUMENT 4 2 8 2 AUTHOR'- DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE- DOH I RJS 05/17/67 DOCUMENT 4 2 8 3 05/09/67 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: BARRONS KC DOH I EEK I GNS I JHS I RGH I HRN VALDEX P DOCUMENT 42 84 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOH I VBR 08/24/65 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 1 JOHNSTON RV STEVENSON GT I KCB I RJS I HRN ABSTRACT 1 GETZENDANER ME I CTL 1 JFK I KCB I TWH I MRB ABSTRACT JOHNSTON RV I GTS I RMS 1 ABSTRACT DOH I BLC I EHB I JFK I JJ I RLG I HVV 1 REPORT 7 STEVENSON OT STEVENSON GT KENAGA EE ^ esr-a CO b oo CO TITLE PAGE 614 A GAME BIRD TOXICOLOGY STUDY, ACUTE DIETARY FEEDING OF TORDON, THE TRIETHYL AMINO SALT AND THE ISOOCTYL ESTER DERIVATIVES OF TORDON IN BOBWHITE QUAIL (REPORT G H - A - 3 4 4 ) . LAPHAM K STEVENSON GT I DCB I KGS I RMS KENAGA EE I JFK I KJO I RVJ WOLF P RESIDUES OF TORDON ACID IN EGGS AND TISSUES FROM CHICKENS FED THE HERBICIDE (REPORT GH-C 2 4 8 ) . KUTSCHINSKI AH RILEY V I EHB I JHD I MEG I WJF ROWE VK I GNS I JLS I PDL I WPF A 61 DAY DIETARY FEEDING TRIAL OF TORDON TO MATURE LAYING HENS (REPORT GH-A 2 9 2 ) . STEVENSON GT I MW I RVJ I PDL I TAH THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN TORDON FORMULATIONS IN ARGENTINA AND CHILE (REPORT G H - P - 4 8 2 ) SWEZEY AW I CAB I ERL I JHD I KCB I RLW ROWE VK I CTL I GAF I JHG I MGW I TWH SAUNDERS ES A GAME BIRD TOXICOLOGY STUDY, ACUTE DIETARY FEEDING OF TORDON IN BOBWHITE QUAIL (REPORT G H - A - 1 2 0 ) . STOCK BL STOCK BL OLSEN KJ I TAH ROWE VK NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 2 8 5 DATE 00/00/70 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 1 AUTHOR: NORRIS LA ADDRESSEE COPYEE! OR ST UNIV DOCUMENT 42 86 00/00/71 AUTHOR HAHN RR SEIFRES CJ ADDRESSEE COPYEE ABSTRACT HASS RH TX ASM 1 DOCUMENT 4 2 87 10/00/70 AUTHOR BLAZER D PURDUE ADDRESSEE COPYEE ABSTRACT ELDER JH SARGENT M 1 DOCUMENT 4 2 8 8 05/00/68 AUTHOR AG RES SERVICE FL ADDRESSEE COPYEE ABSTRACT 1 BLACKBURN RD DOCUMENT 4 2 8 9 02/10/69 PRESENT 18 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE WSA COPYEE MCCOLLISTER DD DOCUMENT 4 2 9 0 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/00 MEMO 34 DOCUMENT 4 2 91 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 10/29/79 SPEC 1 L & C 'G CO CO O TITLE PAGE 613 THE KINETICS OF ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF 24D 245T PICLORAM AND AMITROIE ON FOREST FLOOR MATERIAL(RES PROOR REP HEST SPE MEED S C I , 1 0 3 - 5 ) ( TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMOCOLOGY). OCCURRENCE AND PERSISTENCE OF PICLORAM IN GRASSLAND HEATER SOURCESCHEED RES 1 1 ( 1 ) , 5 4 - 6 2 K M 0 N I T 0 R I N G AND RESIDUES, 5 6 7 ) . HOFFMAN GO MERKLE MG THE TOXICITY OF 24D AND PICLORAM HERBICIDES TO F ISH. LEMBA CA MORRE DJ HERBICIDAL TREATMENT EFFECT OF 2AD ON CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS OF ALLIGATORHEED. HELDON IH TOXICOLOGY AND SAFETY EVALUATION OF Q-AMIN0-356- TRI CHL0R0PIC0LINIC ACID ( PICLORAM)(PRESENTATION AT HSA MEETING 6 9 0 2 1 0 TO 6 9 0 2 1 3 LAS VEGAS, NV). GUIDANCE PACKAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY. 2AD BUTOXY ETHANOL ESTER (DOH QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION). NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 2 92 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE DATE 00/00/72 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 2 DOCUMENT 4 2 9 3 10/25/78 MEMO 2 AUTHORS DEPT HEALTH SERVICES CA ADDRESSEE CA REGIONAL WA1ER QUALIT COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 2 9 4 06/12/79 MEMO AUTHOR: HAYSO JM NAYLOR AE ADDRESSEE: CA REGIONAL WATER QUALIT KOR BD COPYEEs 3 DOCUMENT 4 2 9 5 12/04/80 REPORT 13 AUTHOR* REGIONAL WATER QUALITY C ST OF CA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 2 96 12/16/80 MEMO 1 AUTHOR ANDERSON MR ADDRESSEE HERBICIDE TASK FORCE COPYEE: CA FOREST PROT ASSN DOCUMENT 4 2 97 10/01/80 REPORT AUTHOR! ENVIRON HEALTH ASSOC WHORTON MD ADDRESSEE: NFPA COPYEE: HUSTING EL 152 DOCUMENT 4 2 9 8 06/21/79 REPORT 43 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: P CO OQ CO BOHL RW DOW HEINZE BA MELCHER RG RAMPY DAVEY KF BRADLEY TD KMCTKO MOREHOUSE DS RAPP TITLE PAGE 61 NO HERBICIDE RESIDUES IN HEATIAGR RES 2 0 ( 1 2 ) , ) ( HEALTH ASPECTS OF PESTICIDES ABSTRACT BULLETIN 5 ( 1 1 ) , 55 3 7 2 1 1 0 0 ABSTRACT 7 2 - 2 3 7 3 ) . DEPARTMENT STATEMENT FOR PUBLIC HEARING TO CONSIDER MODIFICATION OF WASTE DISCHARGE REQUIREMENTS REGULATING THE AERIAL APPLICATION OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES ON FORESTED AREAS. DISCHARGE SPECIFICATIONS CONCERNING 24D HERBICIDE. ST OF CA TO CONSIDER AMENDMENT OF THE WATER QUALITY CONTROL PLANS FOR THE KLAMATH RIVER AND NORTH COASTAL BASINS TO INCLUDE AN "ACTION PLAN FOR CONTROL OF DISCHARGES OF PESTICIDE WASTES FROM SILVICULTURAL AND RELATED APPLICATIONS". DECEMBER A NORTH COAST REGIONAL BOARD HEARING RE HERBICIDE REGULATIONS. POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATEb WITH THE USE OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES. LARSON S MILBY TH COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF EMPLOYEES EXPOSURES TO AIRBORNE CONTAMINATES IN THE MI DIV 2A0 PLANT, A89 BUILDING, 7 7 1 0 0 0 TO 790300 (H E H 23.1A -ll-2(8)). DOW BUZZELLI DT KOLESAR RC OLSON RD SCHNEIDER EJ DERSNAH BE LANGNER RR OWEN PW SILVERSTEIN NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 6 2 9 9 12/09/80 AUTHOR: DON SMITH FA ADDRESSEE s COPYEE DOH BRAUN HH JERSEY GC RAMPY LW VERSCHUUREN HG TYPE PAGES REPORT 36 HERMANN EA HERMANN EA CHEN HL NORRIS JM RINZEMA LC HATSON AJ DOCUMENT 6 3 0 0 12/09/80 AUTHOR'- DOH SMITH FA ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOH ADCOCK LD BRAUN HH CALDHELL BG CRUMMETT HB DAVIS KR EILERS RJ GAY PC GRAHAM DL HOOVER HE KAGEL RO KOLESAR RC LEE JR LOOK AT MACKEY JC MCFEDRIES R JR NICHOLS JL OLSON KJ RAMPY LH RINZEMA LC SCHAFFER AH SCHHETZ BA TALCOTT AT VERSCHUUREN HG HATSON AJ YOCUM RH ABSTRACT HERMANN EA 1 HERMANN EA AXE FD BRUNLICH FH CAPUTO R CURRIER MF DICKSON G ENGIBOUS DL GEHRING PJ HALPHEN CE HYLTON DB KELLY ME LANCINI 0 LEHMAN FR LUOMA EV MCCLURE HH MCKENNA MJ NORRIS JM OLSON RD RAO KS ROGERS HA SCHARNHEBER HC SHEETZ DP THOMPSON CF VRANISH SR HESELOH JH YOUNG DM DOCUMENT <5301 05/26/76 REPORT 26 AUTHOR: CATHOLIC UNIV AT LOUVAIN DELVAUX EL HAUTFENNE A RALPH MCELROY COMPANY ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: Sj CO -O CD ro TITLE PAGE 617 PHARMACOKINETICS OF 26D IN FISCHER 3 6 6 RATS CHET K - 0 0 Z 3 7 Z - ( 2 6 ) ) . NOLAN RJ RAMSEY JC NOLAN RJ DANIEL RL OLSON RD SCHOBER AE RAMSEY JC DAVIDSON JH PARENTI F SCHWETZ BA PHARMACOKINETICS OF 26D IN FISCHER 36 6 RATSCHET K - 0 0 Z 3 7 2 - C Z 6 ) ) . NOLAN RJ RAMSEY JC NOLAN RJ BEARDEN CR BURGERT BE CHEN ML DANIEL RL DONALDS J E FISHBECK WA GERARDO RA HEFNER RE JACKSON J E KLUMB GA LANGNER RR LENG ML LYONS KL MCCOLLISTER DD MOOLENAAR RJ NOWAK RM PARENTI F RAUSCH DA ROZAS EA SCHNEIDER EJ SHELTON LG TOD LM MARNER SD WRIGHT LF RAMSEY JC BRADLEY TD BURGESS KL CORSON FP DAVIDSON JH DOSTAL RL FLORES GF GORZINSKI S J HOERGER FD JERSEY GC KOCIBA RJ LANHAM JM LIU G MACGOWAN CF MCDANIELS GD NEWBY HE NUMMY WR PUMPELLY CT REUVERS JH SAUNDERS JH SCHOBER AE SWANK MG VENABLE JR WATANABE PO WROBLEWSKI DJ POLYCHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXINS. DESART F r VERSTRAETE J COFFIN 0 NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 3 0 2 DATE 00/00/74 AUTHOR: BOHME C ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 3 0 3 01/00/78 AUTHOR: POLAND Al ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 3 04 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/79 DOCUMENT 4 3 0 5 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/00/79 DOCUMENT 43 06 01/10/78 AUTHOR* AXELSON 0 ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 43 07 00/00/75 AUTHOR: ALMEIDA MF ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 3 0 8 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/71 TYPE PAGES NEWS 9 REPORT GRUNOM M TITLE UBER DEN STOFFMECHSEL VON 2 45T UND 24D BEI RATTEN UND MAUSENCARCH TOXICOL 3 2 , 2 1 7 - 2 2 5 ) . MAX VON PETTENKOFER INST REPORT 10 CHLORINATED, DIBENZO-P-DIOX1NS AND DIBENZOFURANS REVIEH OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENZYME INDUCTION AND CONSIDERATION OF MECHANISM OF TOXICITY CIARC 7 8 0 1 0 0 ) . PROMO 28 MANAGING FOR PROFIT IN THE 8 0 ' S CALL 2 4 D f S ARE NOT ALI KE). PROMO 14 AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL INTERMEDIATES. REPORT 13 A REVIEH ON SMEDISH EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES MITH RELATIONS TO CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXIN (PRESENTING PAPER TO IARC MEETING, 7 8 0 1 1 0 TO 7 8 0 1 1 1 ) . DEPT OF OCCUPATIONAL MED REPORT 10 TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS, 24D AND 24 5T HERBICIDES (BOLSA CEREAL 102(2890), 3-8). INST BIO DE SAO PAULO MARTINEZ C . SOUTHMICK L REPORT 6 MILLIAMS CS THE STATUS OF 24D, 2 4 5 T , SILVEX AND MCPA HERBICIDES (DTE, 1 2 - 1 5 ) . P o(i co CO NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT *309 01/30/79 AUTHOR* CHETOCK J J USDA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 3 10 01/30/79 AUTHOR* CHETOCK J J USDA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4311 02/15/79 TYPE PAGES REPORT 19 DEPT OF FORESTRY REPORT 8 DEPT OF FORESTRY REPORT 69 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 3 1 2 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 3 1 3 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 3 1 4 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* USDA 02/15/79 02/15/79 REPORT USDA - REPORT USDA 02/15/79 REPORT USDA 212 108 66 TITLE PAGE 619 APPENDIX 3 EXCERPTS FROM POSITION DOCUMENT 1 CPD-l) U . S . EPA 2A5T WORKING GROUPCTHE BIOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF 2 A5 T) . GREAVES RD KNAPP WH APPENDIX 2 SUMMARY OF UNSOLICITED PUBLIC COMMENTS RECENTLY RECEIVED BY USDA ON THE USE OF 2A5T(THE BIOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF ZA5T). GREAVES RD KNAPP NH CHAPTER 6 ACCIDENTS DUE TO APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES AND THE USE OF MECHANICAL HAND LABOR AND BURNING FOR BRUSH CONTROL ON RANGELANDS, IN FORESTS, AND ON RIGHTSOFWAY (THE BIOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF 2 A 5T ) . CHAPTER 5 THE BEHAVIOR AND IMPACT OF 2A5T AND TCDD IN THE ENVIRONMENT (THE BIOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF 2 A 5T ) . CHAPTER A THE BIOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF 2A5T USE IN THE PRODUCTION OF RICE IN THE U . S . (THE BIOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF 2 A 5T ) . CHAPTER 3 THE BIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF 2A5T USE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF RIGHTS OF HAY IN THE U . S . ( T H E BIOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF 2 A 5T ) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 3 15 DATE 02/15/79 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEEs DOCUMENT 4 3 16 02/15/79 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEEs DOCUMENT 43 17 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEEs 02/15/79 DOCUMENT 4 3 18 00/00/00 AUTHOR! BOSSHARDT HP ADDRESSEE COPYEEs DOCUMENT 4 3 1 9 00/00/72 AUTHOR CUNNINGHAM HM ADDRESSEE COPYEEs DOCUMENT 4 3 2 0 00/00/00 AUTHOR: DIXON RL ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs DOCUMENT 4321 06/30/80 AUTHOR' GLOVER E ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs TYPE REPORT US DA l REPORT US DA PAGES 150 168 TITLE CHAPTER 2 THE BIOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF 245T USE IN FORAGE PRODUCTION ON RANGE AND PASTURE LANDS IN THE U . S . CTHE BIOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF 2 4 5 T ) . CHAPTER 1 THE BIOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF 245T USE IN TIMBER PRODUCTION IN THE U . S . (THE BIOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF 2 4 5 T ) . REPORT USDA 40 THE BIOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF 2 4 5 T ( A REPORT OF THE USDA STATES EPA 245T RPAR ASSESSMENT TEAM). REPORT 7 DIOXINE HINTERHLTIGE UMWELTSGIFTE (ENTSTEHUNG, EIGENSCHAFTEN UND VERHALTEN IN DER UMWELT DER POLYCHLORIERTEN DIBENZO-P-DIOXINE). SWISS FED RES STATION FO REPORT 7 WILLIAMS DT REPORT LEE I P 48 EFFECT OF TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN ON GROWTH RATE AND THE SYSNTHESIS OF LI PI DS AND PROTEINS IN RATS(BULLETIN OF ENVIRON CONTAMINATION 8 TOX 7 ( 1 ) , 4 5 - 5 1 ) . ' EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS ON MALE REPRODUCTION. LUCIER GW N1UEHS ABSTRACT POLAND A 16 TCDD SEGREGATION OF TOXICITY WITH THE AH LOCUS (CA SELECTS CARCINOGENS, MUTAGENS, & TERATOGENS ( 1 3 ) , 4 ) . UNIV OF WI Co CD vl NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 3 2 2 DATE 10/31/63 AUTHOR* DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOW COLBY RW GORDON HL JONES GD LUCE EN ROWE VK DOCUMENT 6 3 2 3 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEEs 01/25/63 DOCUMENT 6 3 2 6 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEEs 12/18/62 DOCUMENT 6 3 2 5 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEEs 02/07/63 DOCUMENT 6326 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEEs 07/12/61 DOCUMENT 63 27 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEEs 02/07/62 DOCUMENT 6 3 28 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs 01/15/62 TYPE DISTRB PAGES 17 REPORT LYNN GE LYNN GE ELSHERE D GREENE LM KAGY J F MCINTYRE HH SHRADER SA REPORT TAYLOR M AUDV WATSON AJ WHITE LC JR REPORT I KS AUTH SOUTHWICK L TECH HOYLE HR DATA HEAJKOWSKI TZ TITLE PAGE <21 RESULTS OF HUMAN SKIN IRRITATION AND SKIN SENSITIZATION TESTS ON M-2<31 (A 10 PERCENT AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM-<-AMINO-356-TRICHLORO PICOLINATE) AND TORDON 22K ( M - 2 < 77 ) WOLF MA BARRONS KC EPSTEIN J HAKE CL KILIAN DJ MULL ISON WR WILSON AW BOUNDY RH FALKENSTEIN WJ HART A KOERKER FW NORTON TR WRIGHT N ESTERON BRUSH KILLER-OS USING STANDARD <50 THINNER(T2. 3 0 - 2 7 0 - 1 ) . ESTERON BRUSH KILLER-OS TYPE USING A DIFFERENT CREQUEST FOR SCREENING OR APPLICATION TESTING)CT2. 3 0 - 2 7 0 - 1 ) . WHITE LC JR ESTERON BRUSH KILLER-OS USING STANDARD <5 0 THINNER TOXICOLOGY WORK SHEET ( T 2 . 3 0 - 2 7 0 - 1 ) . PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTERS OF SILVEX AND 2<D (REQUEST FOR SCREENING OR APPLICATION T E S T I N G ) ( T 2 . 3 0 - 2 2 3 - 1 ) . BRUSH KILLER 5 0 - 2 5 (DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS). OLSON KJ OYEN F BRUSH KILLER 5 0 - 2 5 (SINGLE VAPOR EXPOSURE RECORD). NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 3 29 AUTHOR' DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DATE 12/11/61 TYPE PAGES DATA PLOMER E 5 DOCUMENT 4 3 30 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 11/21/61 DATA PLOMER E 3 DOCUMENT 4331 AUTHOR* DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 12/01/61 DATA PLOMER E 1 DOCUMENT 4 3 3 2 02/27/69 ABSTRACT 2 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOM BIDLACK HD HANSEN RG I FHD I PDL I VKR MCCOY MJ SHANNON E SURGEON DK MILLIAMS RT KENAGA EE ABLARD KD BYRD BC I AJB I JFK I RDM LENG ML MUSSELL DR SHAVER RJ TEAL J DOCUMENT 4 3 3 3 09/00/70 AUTHOR BALLARD TA MEIMER JT ADDRESSEE COPYEE: REPORT 31 MCNAMARA BP DOCUMENT 4 3 3 4 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/00/00 MEMO 3 DOCUMENT 4 3 3 5 05/04/81 AUTHOR: SINGMASTER JA I I I ADDRESSEE COPYEE: NEMS 1 irVC.`G CO CO TITLE BRUSH KILLER 5 0 - 2 5 (SKIM CONTACT IRRITATION) RAGE 22 BRUSH KILLER 5 0 - 2 5 (EYE CONTACT T ES T) . BRUSH KILLER, 5 0 - 2 5 (ACUTE ORAL TOXI CI TY). THE TOXICITY OF 2AD, 2A5T, SILVEX, MCPA, DALAPON, ERBON, TCA, PICLORAM, DNBPj AND THEIR DERIVATIVES AND FORMULATIONS TO FISH AND OTHER AQUATIC ORGANISM ( G H - P - 5 8 1 ) . ALEXANDER H DAVIDSON JH I AWS I JHG I RVJ LYNN GE RIDNER JM SHELDON HW WATSON AJ BARRONS KC DUDDLES G I ERL I MAM I TAH MCCOLLISTER DD RITTY PM SOUTHHICK L WILLIAMS CS TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE HERBICIDE WHITE IN ANIMALS (EDGEWOOD ARSENAL TECHNICAL REPORT EATR AAS9). OWENS EJ U . S . ARMY DOWS CONCERN ON EMPLOYEE SAFETY WITH 2A5T & 2AD CTTL. TCDD IN HEXACHLOROPHENE(CE NEWS). NUMBER DOCUMENT 43 36 DATE 08/29/73 AUTHOR: FISHBEIN L ADDRESSEE COPYEE! TYPE PAGES TITLE PAGE 623 REPORT 39 MUTAGENS AND POTENTIAL MUTAGENS IN THE BIOSPHERE 1 DDT AND ITS METABOLITES POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS CHLORODIOXINS POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS HALOETHERSLFIST INTL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRON MUTAGENS, ASILOMAR CA 7 3 0 8 2 9 TO 7 3 0 9 0 1 ) . NATL CENTER FOR TOX RES DOCUMENT 43 37 00/00/78 REPORT 68 REPORT OF THE CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL ON CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES IN THE YARRAM DISTRICT. AUTHOR ALDRED J E BELCHER RS CHRISTOPHERS AJ CLEMENTS A DANKS DM DEPT OF CROWN LANDS 8 SU DEPT OF HEALTH FRENCH EL GALLOWAY DB GRASON OM PARSONS W RAPER C ROUGH G SINN HJ UNIV OF MEBOURNE USDA VICTORIAN COL OF PHARMAC WALTER & ELIZA HALL INST ADDRESSEE COPYEE! DOCUMENT 4 3 38 00/00/00 AUTHOR! LAVY TL ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT NFPA 32 PROTOCOL FOR DETERMINATION OF 24D EXPOSURE RECEIVED BY FORESTRY APPLICATORS (APPENDIX 9 ) . UNIV OF AR DOCUMENT 4 3 3 9 10/00/80 ABSTRACT 92 DETERMINATION OF 24D EXPOSURE RECEIVED BY FORESTRY APPLICATORS 800400. REPORT AUTHOR- DOW LAVY TL NFPA UNIV OF AR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 3 4 0 00/00/79 AUTHOR GREIG JB ADDRESSEE COPYEE: REPORT 10 THE TOXICOLOGY OF TCDD AND I TS STRUCTURAL ANALOGUES (ANN. OCCUP. HYG. 22 4 1 1 - 4 2 0 ) . MEDICAL RES CNCL LAB ENG DOCUMENT 4341 00/00/75 REPORT 8 REMOVAL OF 24D FORMULATIONS FROM NONCOMBUSTIBLE PESTICIDE CONTAINERS (BULLETIN OF ENVIRON CONTAMINATION 8 TOX 1 3 ( 1 ) , 4 4 - 5 1 ) AUTHOR ARCHER TE UC DAVIS ADDRESSEE COPYEE: NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 6 3 6 2 02/03/76 AUTHOR* ARNOLD E l USAF ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 6 3 6 3 10/16/80 AUTHOR* BRAUN HH RAMSEY JC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 6 3 6 6 12/02/59 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOCUMENT 6 3 6 5 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 10/00/60 DOCUMENT 6 3 66 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* DOW 01/25/61 DOCUMENT 6367 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* DOW 01/25/61 DOCUMENT 6 3 6 8 01/18/60 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* TYPE PAGES REPORT 1 BECK SP YOUNG AL REPORT DON SMITH FA 18 AUTH TECH SCOLES GW 1 TECH 1 REPORT WOLF MA MCINTYRE HH WOLF MA 1 REPORT WOLF MA MCINTYRE HH RITTY PM 1 REPORT 1 I KO CO CO CO TITLE PAGE <24 DEGRADATION OF CHLOROPHENOXYALKANOIC ACID HERBICIDES BY PURIFIED CULTURES OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS (WSSA MEETING 7 6 0 2 0 3 TO 7 6 0 2 0 5 ) . MACKLIN WH I I US AIR FORCE ACADEMY DOSE LEVELS OF 24D IN FOREST WORKERS RSD REPORT (NET K - 0 0 2 3 7 2 - < 2 7 > ) . LAVY TL PARK CN AGRICULTURAL CHEM FORMULATION M-1639CVE0N BRUSH KILLER TYPEMREQUEST FOR SCREENING OR APPLICATION TESTING). AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL FORMULATION OF SILVEX ON GRANULAR ATTACLAY. SUGGESTED PRECAUTIONARY LABELING FOR KURASOL Kl ( N - 1 8 4 5 ) . RITTY PM SUGGESTED PRECAUTIONARY LABELING FOR KURASOL 0 ( M - 1 8 4 7 ) . M-1500 SINGLE VAPOR EXPOSURE RECORD (RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL FORMULATION (SOLUTION OF SODIUM SALT OF SILVEX) ( T 2 . 3 0 - 1 6 6 - 1 ) ) . WIFRE JA NUMBER DOCUMENT 34 9 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 5 0 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 351 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 5 2 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DOCUMENT 3 5 3 DATE 10/08/59 TYPE REPORT I KO PAGES 10/27/59 REPORT OCONNOR E 2 10/08/59 AUTH JOSEPHS MJ 1 12/08/59 01/21/60 REPORT I KO TECH - 1 3 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 3 5 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: HOYLE HR 00/00/00 TECH 1 Co o o TITLE PAGE 625 M- 1500 SKIN CONTACT IRRITATION (RESULTS OP RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON AGRICULTURE CHEMICAL FORMULATION (SODIUM SALT OF S I L V E X H T 2 . 3 0 - 1 6 6 - 1 ) ) . OCONNOR E M- 1500 EYE CONTACT TEST (RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON AGRICULTURE CHEMICAL FORMULATION (SOLUTION OF SODIUM SALT OF SILVEXMTZ. 3 0 - 1 6 6 - 1 ) ) . M-1500 REQUEST FOR SCREENING OR APPLICATION TESTING (RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL FORMULATION (SOLUTION OF SODIUM SALT OF S I LVEX) ( T 2 . 3 0 - 1 6 6 - 1 ) ) . M-1500 TOXICOLOGY WORK SHEET (RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL FORMULATION (SOLUTION OF SODIUM SALT OF SILVEX ( T 2 . 3 0 - 1 6 6 - 1 ) ) . I KS M- 1500 DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS (RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL FORMULATION (SOLUTION OF SODIUM SALT OF SILVEX) ( T 2 - 3 0 - 1 6 6 - 1 ) . OLSON KJ OYEN f THE ODOR THRESHOLDS AND HIGH TOXICITY OF ESTERON AND BRUSH KILLER PREPARATIONS ARE CONTRIBUTED TO THE OILS PRESENT AND NOT TO THE CONCENTRATIONS OF 2<5T OR 24D CTTL. NUMBER DOCUMENT $ 3 5 5 DATE 10/31/63 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT $ 3 56 08/02/60 AUTHOR: HOYLE HR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOH DOCUMENT $3 57 08/22/60 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOH GAY HH JONES GD LYNN GE STENGER VA DOCUMENT $ 3 58 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 10/00/60 DOCUMENT $ 3 5 9 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 08/01/60 DOCUMENT $ 3 6 0 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 09/23/60 DOCUMENT $361 09/23/60 AUTHOR: HOYLE HR ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: <d TYPE REPORT PAGES 17 TECH OLSON KJ KILIAN DJ 2 REPORT 15 OLSON KJ BOUNDY RH GREENE LM KAGY J F MCINTYRE HH TISDALE HL TECH - 1 TECH HOYLE HR 3 TECH HOYLE HR 2 TECH OYEN F 3 TITLE PAGE <26 RESULTS OF HUMAN SKIN IRRITATION AND SKIN SENSITIZATION TESTS ON A 10 PERCENT AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF THE POTASSIUM SALT OF <*-AMINO-3r 6-TRICHLORO-PICOLINIC ACID AND TORDON 22K. M -1691 DOWANOl 97B70 ESTER OF SILVEX DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS. OYEN F RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL FORMULATION M-1691 CONTAINING DOWANOL, 97B70 ESTER OF SILVEX ( T Z . 3 0 - 1 8 3 - 1 ) . OYEN F ELSHERE D HAMMER OH KILIAN DJ PERKINS RP WRIGHT N FALKENSTEIN WJ HART A LUCE EN SCOLES GW M -1845 FORMULATION OF POTASSIUM SALT OF SILVEX ( 6 0 . 1 A - 3 9 2 9 1 - 1 ) . M -1847 SILVEX FORMULATION ( 2 . 3 0 - 1 9 0 - 1 ) DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS. OLSON KJ OYEN F M -1897 SILVEX FORMULATION DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS. OLSON KJ OYEN F M-18'5 SILVEX, POTASSIUM SALT DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS. NUMBER DOCUMENT A362 DATE 02/28/61 TYPE LETTER PAGES 1 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' DOW ELSHERE D HAMMER OH KAGY J F MCINTYRE HH WRIGHT N WOLF MA BARRONS KC GAY HH HART A KILIAN DJ PERKINS RP DOCUMENT A363 02/20/61 REPORT 8 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' DOW ELSHERE D HAMMER OH KAGY J F MCINTYRE HH WRIGHT N ROWE VK BARRONS KC GAY HH HART A KILIAN DJ PERKINS RP DOCUMENT A36A 00/00/00 REPORT AUTHOR: CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNI EPSTEIN SS ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 22 DOCUMENT A365 00/00/75 AUTHOR: ALLEN JR ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' NEWS REPORT NORBACK DH 7 DOCUMENT A366 00/00/00 AUTHOR: LANG TD ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: REPORT TUNG TT 12 DOCUMENT A367 01/27/81 AUTHOR: AG OTTAWA CAN ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: TELEX DOW WESELOH JW 3 CO to o L yces TITLE PAGE 627 CORRECTION IN BIOCHEMICAL REPORT T 2 . 3 0 - 1 6 6 - 2 , RESULTS OF HUMAN SKIN IRRITATION AND SENSITIZATION STUDIES ON M -1500 AN HERBICIDAL COMPOSITION CONTAINING 55 PERCENT SODIUM SALT OF SILVEX BY HOLF, MA DATED 6 1 0 2 2 0 . BOUNDY RH GRAY HE HYMAS TA LUCE EN SHRADER SA COLBY RH GREENE LM JONES GO LYNN GE TISDALE ML RESULTS OF HUMAN SKIN IRRITATION AND SENSITIZATION STUDIES ON M -1500 AN HERBICIDAL COMPOSITION CONTAINING 55 PERCENT SODIUM SALT OF SILVEX ( T 2 . 3 0 - 1 6 6 - 2 T 2 . 2 - 7 6 - 1 ) . WOLF MA BOUNDY RH GRAY HE HYMAS TA LUCE EN SHRADER SA COLBY RH GREENE LM JONES GD LYNN GE TISDALE HL TERATOLOGICAL HAZARDS DUE TO PHENOXY HERBICIDES AND DIOXIN CONTAMINANTS (ENVIRON SCIENCE RES 2 , 7 0 8 - 7 2 9 ) . TISSUE DISTRIBUTION, EXCRETION AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF (C14)TCDD IN RATS (JOUR OF FOOD, COSMETOLOGY 8 TOX 1 3 , 5 0 1 - 5 0 5 ) . UNIV OF HI VANMILLER J P PROBLEM OF MUTAGEN EFFECTS ON THE 2ND GENERATION AFTER EXPOSURE TO HERBICIDES. UNIV OF MEDICINE HANOI VAN DD AG CANADA STATEMENT, TEXT OF TT FROM OTTAHA 8 1 0 1 2 7 . LUSSIER G WEBER DE NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT <368 00/00/77 AUTHOR: DETTBARN HD ADDRESSEE COPYEE' DOCUMENT <369 10/00/48 AUTHOR: EYZAGUIRRE C LILIENTHAL JL JR ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' DOCUMENT 4 3 7 0 00/00/80 AUTHOR: BRADLAH JA HURLEY NE ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4371 10/00/80 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE' NFPA COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 3 7 2 00/00/72 AUTHOR' SLEIGHT SD ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 3 7 3 00/00/72 AUTHOR: KHERA KS ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 3 7 4 08/04/80 AUTHOR: ROE FJC ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: TYPE PAGES REPORT 12 LASKOWSKI MB NEHS REPORT FOLK BP ZIERLER KL 5 REPORT FIRESTONE D 9 REPORT 132 LAVY TL * ABSTRACT UZOUKHU M 1 ABSTRACT 2 MCKINLEY HP REPORT 29 TITLE PAGE 628 THE PHARMACOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL MYOPATHIES(ANN REV PHARMACOL TOXICOL 1 7 , 5 8 7 - 4 0 9 ) . VANDERBILT UNIV EXPERIMENTAL MYOTONIA AND REPETITIVE PHENOMENA| THE VERATRINIC EFFECTS OF 2 4 D (2 4 D )IN THE RAT. JOHN HOPKINS UNIV LEAKINS COMPARATIVE INDUCTION OF ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN VITRO BY ANALOGUES OF DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (FD COSMET TOX 1 8 , 6 2 7 - 6 3 5 ) . FOOD 8 DRUG ADMIN GARTHOFF LH DETERMINATION OF 24D EXPOSURE RECEIVED BY FORESTRY APPLICATORS 8 0 0 4 0 0 (PROJECT COMPLETION REPORTUFINAL DRAFT)(REFERENCE 9 ) (WERNER H BRAUN EXHIBITS AND REFERENCES). UNIV OF AR PESTICIDES IN PREGNANT P IG S , EFFECTS OF DIELDRIN IN PREGNANT SOHS (JOUR AM VET MED ASS 1 6 0 , 1641 HAG CHEMICALS). 2 4 5 T , 24D AND THE FOETUS, PRE AND POSTNATAL STUDIES ON 2 4 5 T , 24D AND THEIR DERIVATIVES IN RATS (TOX APPL PHARMAC. 2 2 , 1 4 HAG CHEMICALS). SELECTIVE REVIEW OF SECTIONS FROM 2 YEAR CHRONIC TOXICITY AND ONCOGENICITY STUDY OF RATS INGESTING TCDD, CONDUCTED BY DR RJ K0C1BA AND OTHERS!DIRECT TESTIMONY OF DR FRANCIS JC ROE). NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 3 7 5 DATE O Z /05/80 TYPE LETTER PAGES 23 REPORT AUTHOR* PATHOLOGISCHES INSTITUT ROGULJA PV ADDRESSEE* LABORATORIEN FR PHARMAK LEUSCHNER F COPYEE! DOCUMENT 4376 00/00/76 REPORT 7 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* NITSCHKE KD DOCUMENT 4377 00/00/78 AUTHOR* MCCONNELL EE ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* NEWS REPORT MOORE JA 7 DOCUMENT 4 3 7 8 08/00/77 NEWS 28 REPORT AUTHOR* INTL AGENCY FOR RES ON C ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 3 7 9 00/00/80 AUTHOR* GUPTA BN VANLOGTEN MJ ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* NEWS 10 REPORT MCCONNELL EE DOCUMENT 4 3 8 0 00/00/77 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* BLAU GE GEHRING P J STAUFFER CHEM REPORT 12 BRAUN WH KARBOWSKI RJ P -3 3 0 1 CO TO O TITLE PAGE 629 245T 30-MONATE-TOXIZITAT AM SPRAGUE DAHLEY RATTEN BEI PERORALER VERABREICHUNG ( EINSCHL DER CANCEROGENEN EIGENSCHAFTEN)!DIRECT TESTIMONY OF DR FRANCIS JC ROE). TERATOGENICITY OF TCDD IN C F-1 MICE (TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 38 , 5 1 7 - 5 2 3 ) (PRESENTED IN PART AT THE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF SOCIETY OF TOXICOLOGY, WILLIAMSBURG, VA 7 5 0 3 0 0 ) . SCHWETZ BA SMITH FA THE TOXICOPATHOLOGY OF TCDDCDIOXIN TOXICOLOGICAL AND CHEM ASPECTS). NIEHS SOME FUMIGANTS, THE HERBICIDES 24D AND 2 4 5 T , CHLORINATED D IBENZODIOXINS AND MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF THE CARCINOGENIC RISK OF CHEMICALS TO MAN VOLUME 1 5 . ROLE OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IN THE ACTION OF TCDD(TCDD) ON THE THYMUS (TOXICOLOGY 1 5 , 1 3 5 - 1 4 4 ) . MOORE JA NIEHS FATE OF SILVEX FOLLOWING ORAL ADMINISTRATION TO HUMANS (JOUR OF TOX AND ENVIRON HEALTH 3 , 9 4 1 - 9 5 2 ) . CHENOWETH MB DOW RAMSEY JC SAUERHOFF MW NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4381 06/00/80 AUTHOR) GRAHAM DA ADDRESSEE) COPYEE) TYPE REPORT PAGES 2 DOCUMENT 4 3 8 2 09/03/80 LEGIS 11 AUTHOR) BREINHOLT MM ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE) GRAHAM DA EPA DOCUMENT 4 3 8 3 10/14/80 AUTHOR) BRAUN HH RAMSEY JC ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT DOH SMITH FA 17 DOCUMENT 4 3 8 4 00/00/00 NEWS REPORT AUTHOR DEPT OF NATL HEALTH 8 WE KHERA KS ADDRESSEE) COPYEE) 15 DOCUMENT 4 3 8 5 02/06/77 PRESENT 32 3205 V -3 3 0 V - AUTHOR) BETSO JE ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 3 8 6 00/00/81 AUTHOR) CANTONI L ADDRESSEE) COPYEE) DOCUMENT 4 3 8 7 00/00/00 AUTHOR) ABRAHAMSON LJ ADDRESSEE: COPYEE) REPORT DOH REPORT 8 INST DI RICERCHE REPORT ALLEN JR 2 TITLE PAGE ( 2 ( 5 T VOLUME 7 , SUPPORT DOCUMENTS VOLUME ZJDAVID A GRAHAM CURRICULUM VITAE. (30 ( 2 ( 5 T VOLUME 7 , SUPPORT DOCUMENTS VOLUME ZJBEFORE THE ADMINSTRATOR U .S . EPA DOW, AL, FI FRA DOCKET NOS ( 1 5 , ET AL DIRECT TESTIMONY OF MR DAVID A GRAHAM USDA EXHIBIT NO 6 9 1 . JACKSON TG, USDA HENKER JA DOSE LEVELS OF 2 (D IN FOREST WORKERS ( 2 ( 5 T VOLUME 3 ) . LAVY TL PARK CN UNIV OF AR POLYCHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXINS PERINATAL EFFECTS AND THE DOMINANT LETHAL TEST IN HISTAR RATS (CHLORODIOXINS ORIGIN AND FATE, 7 0 - 8 0 . RUDDICK JA PHENOXY ACIDS EFFECTS AND FATE IN MAMMALS!ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES CONF CHLORINATED PHENOXY ACIDS AND THEIR DIOXINS, MODE OF ACTION, HEALTH RISKS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 7 7 0 2 0 6 TO 7 7 0 2 1 0 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN). GEHRING P J I PORPHYROGENIC EFFECT OF CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH TCDD IN FEMALE RATS, DOSE EFFECT RELATIONSHIP FOLLOWING URINARY EXCRETION OF PORPHYRINS { (TOX 8 APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 5 7 , 1 5 6 - 1 6 3 ) . FARMACO RIZZARDINI M SALMONA M HORMONAL ALTERATIONS IN FEMALE RHESUS MONKEYS FED A DIET CONTAINING TCDD (BULL. ENVIR. CONTAM. TOXICOL. 2 1 , ( 6 3 ) THE DIOXIN SAGA MONKEY REPRODUCTION (AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS). BARSOTTI DA NUMBER DOCUMENT <388 DATE 03/00/80 AUTHOR! CAIRNEY HJ THALKEN CE ADDRESSEE COPYEE! DOCUMENT A389 AUTHOR DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE! 00/00/00 DOCUMENT A390 00/00/80 AUTHOR GLOVER E ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOCUMENT <391 00/00/00 AUTHOR KUMAKI K POLAND AP ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: DOCUMENT 9 3 9 2 08/00/76 AUTHOR GLOVER E ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DOCUMENT A393 OA/16/77 AUTHOR! GLOVER E ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT A39A 07/25/7A AUTHOR HUFF JE ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: <3 8 CO O io oU 05 TYPE REPORT PAGES 62 COCKERHAM LG USAF ABSTRACT GEHRING P J 1 REPORT POLAND A 9 REPORT 22 NATL INST OF HEALTH ROBINSON JR REPORT KENDE AS 53 REPORT POLAND A 21 REPORT 25 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB TITLE PAGE 631 HISTOPATHOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF LIVER TISSUE FROM TCDD EXPOSED BEACH MICE (PEROMYSCUS POLIONOTUS) (FJSRL TECHNICAL REPORT 8 0 - 0 0 0 8 ) (PROJECT 2 3 0 3 ) . SIEGENTHALER KE SIURA HD TOUNG AL IMMUNOTOXICOLOGIC EFFECTS OF TCDD IN LABORATORY ANIMALS. KOCIBA RJ SHARMA RP TCDD SEGREGATION OF TOXICITY HITH THE AH LOCUS (MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY 1 7 , 8 6 - 9 4 ) . UNIV OF HI GENETIC EXPRESSION OF ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN THE MOUSE ( J CELL PHYSIOL 8 5 , 3 9 3 - 4 1 4 ) . NEBERT DH NIHA A UNIV OF ROCHESTER STEREOSPECIFIC, HIGH AFFINITY BINDING OF TCDD BY HEPATIC CYTOSOLj EVIDENCE THAT THE BINDING SPECIES I S THE RECEPTOR FOR THE INDUCTION OF ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE. POLAND A UNIV OF ROCHESTER AN ESTIMATE OF THE MAXIMUM IN VIVO COVALENT BINDING OF TCDD TO RAT LIVER PROTEIN, RRNA AND DNA. UNIV OF HI I HAZARDOUS CONTAMINANTS, CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND CHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS (ENVIRON CHEM HUMAN 8 ANIMAL HEALTH 2ND ANNUAL CONFERENCE 7 3 0 0 0 0 CO ST UNIV). WASSOM JS NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 3 9 5 04/11/75 AUTHOR* BRAUN MH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* BRAUN WH GEHRING P J HOYLE HR KOCIBA RJ MURRAY FJ QUAST J F SCHWETZ BA TYPE PAGES REPORT 9 DON DON GORDON HL HUMISTON CG LEBEAU JE NORRIS JM RAMPY IN HATANABE PG DOCUMENT 4396 00/00/78 AUTHOR* CARDAMONE G RASCHETTI R ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* REPORT 10 CARERE A TORRACCA AM DOCUMENT 4397 10/01/80 REPORT AUTHOR) ENVIRON HEALTH ASSOC WHORTON MD ADDRESSEE* NFPA COPYEE* HUST1NG EL 152 DOCUMENT 4 3 9 8 00/00/00 AUTHOR* COURTNEY KD ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* ABSTRACT EBRON M 2 DOCUMENT 4 3 9 9 00/00/78 AUTHOR* AITIO A ADDRESSEE COPYEE* NEHS REPORT PARKKI MG 8 DOCUMENT 4 4 0 0 00/00/80 NEWS 8 AUTHOR* JONES KG ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* REPORT MCMASTER UNIV HEALTH fioez-G Co fo o N? TITLE PAGE AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF 24D AND 245T CONCENTRATIONS IN PLASMA AND URINE. POTTS HJ SAUERHOFF MH SAUERHOFF MM HEEG JF JERSEY GC LEONG BKJ OLSON KJ RAMSEY JC MOL F MA BLAIR EH HOLDER BB KILIAN DJ MCKENNA MJ POTTS MF ROME VK YOUNG JD 632 MICROBIOLOGICAL MUTAGENICITY STUDIES OF PESTICIDES IN VITRO (MUTATION RES 5 7 , 2 7 7 - 2 8 6 ) . ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SA ORTALI VA POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED HITH THE USE OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES (A SUMMARY OF RECENT S C IEN TIFIC LITERATURE). LARSON S MILBY TH DIFFERENCE IN 245T DISTRIBUTION IN FETAL MICE AND GUINEA PIGS (ABSTRACTS FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING, 1 4 4 - 1 4 5 ) . EPA ORGAN SPEC IFIC INDUCTION OF DRUG METABOLIZING ENZYMES BY TCDD IN THE RAT (TOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 4 4 , 1 0 7 - 1 1 4 ) . UNIV OF TURKU FIN DEPENDENCE OF THE PORPHYROGENIC EFFECT OF TCDD UPON INHERITANCE OF ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE RESPONSIVENESS (TOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 5 3 , 4 2 - 4 9 ) . SCI SMEENEY GD NUMBER DOCUMENT 4401 DATE 00/00/80 AUTHOR* HOLSCHER MA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* TYPE NEWS REPORT NEAL RA PAGES 12 DOCUMENT 4 4 0 2 02/05/80 DISTRB AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* LEGIS REPORT LAB FUR PHARMAKOLOGIE UN LEUSCHNER F 43 DOCUMENT 4 4 0 3 08/14/80 AUTHOR* ROE FJC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* LEGIS REPORT 14 DOCUMENT 4 4 0 4 08/18/80 LEGIS 22 AUTHOR* ROE FJC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* REPORT DOCUMENT 4 4 0 5 10/16/80 AUTHOR* ROE FJC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* LEGIS 67 DOCUMENT 4406 01/07/81 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DITTENBER DA KEYES DO SCHWETZ BA DOW JERSEY GC RAMPY LW REPORT DOW KOCIBA RJ WADE CE SCHWETZ BA NORRIS JM RINZEMA LC 77 CO O o CD TITLE PAGE 633 TOXICITY OF TCDD IN THE GOLDEN SYRIAN HAHSTER (TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 5 5 , 6 7 - 7 8 ) . OLSON JR VANDERBILT UNIV 295T 30 MONATE TOXIZITT AN SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATTEN BEI PERORALER VERABREICHUNG (EINSCHL. DER CANCEROGEN EIGENSCHAFTEN). REVIEW OF CHRONIC ORAL TOXICITY STUDY WITH 295T IN SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS, CONDUCTED BY DR. F . LEUSCHNER AND OTHERS APPENDIX 2 . HISTOPATHOLOGY REVIEW OF 2 YEAR CHRONIC TOXICITY AND ONCOGENICITY STUDY OF RATS INGESTING DIETS CONTAINING 2 9 5 T , CONDUCTED BY DR. R . J . KOCIBA AND OTHERS APPENDIX 1 . DIRECT TESTIMONY OF DR. FRANCIS J . C . ROE (EXHIBIT 8 2 9 ) BEFORE THE EPA DOW, ET AL. FIFRA DOCKET 9 1 5 , ET AL. . TECHNICAL GRADE 29D RESULTS OF A 13 WEEK SUBCHRONIC DIETARY TOXICITY STUDY IN THE CDF FISCHER 399 RAT. GORZINSKI SJ KALNINS RV MORDEN DC SCHUETZ DJ WOLFE EL CHEN WL OLSON RD VER3CHUUREN HG DANIEL RL PARENTI F NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 9907 01/07/81 AUTHOR* DITTENBER DA KEYES DG SCHWETZ BA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOW ADCOCK LD BRADLEY TD BURGERT BE CHEM WL DANIEL RL DOSTAL RL FLORES GF GRAHAM DL HOOVER WE KAGEL RO LANCINI G LEHMAN FR LUOMA EV MCCLURE HH MCKENNA MJ NORRIS JM OLSON RD RAUSCH DA ROZAS EA SCHNEIDER EJ TALCOTT AT VERSCHUUREN HG WESELOH JW YOUNG DM DOCUMENT 9408 00/00/80 AUTHOR* AHLBORG UG MONIER M ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 4 0 9 07/00/78 AUTHOR* MAYBANK J ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* TYPE PAGES ABSTRACT 2 DOW KOCIBA RJ WADE CE GORZINSKI SJ ARENTI F BRANSON DR BURGESS KL CORSON FP DAVIS KR FILERS RJ GAY PC HALPHEN CE HYLTON DB KELLY ME LANGNER RR LENG ML LYONS KL MCCOLLISTER DD MOOLENNAAR RJ NOWAK RM PUMPELLY CT REUVERS JH SAUNDERS JH SHEETZ DP THOMPSON CF VRANISH SR WRIGHT LF TITLE PAGE TECHNICAL GRADE 29D RESULTS OF A 13 WEEK SUBCHRONIC DIETARY TOXICITY STUDY IN THE CDF FISCHER 399 R A T L K -0 0 2 3 7 2 ). GORZINSKI SJ KALNINS RV MORDEN DC SCHUETZ DJ WOLFE EL KOCIBA RJ AXE FD BRAUN WH CALDWELL BG CRUMMETT WB DICKSON G ENGIBOUS DL GEHRINO PJ HEFNER RE JACKSON JE KLUMB GA LANHAM JM LIU G MACGOWAN CF MCDANIELS GD NEWBY HE NUMMY WR RAMPY LW RINZEMA LC SCHAFFER AW SHELTON LG TOD LM WANER SD WROBLEWSKI DJ SCHWETZ BA BEARDEN CR BRAUNLICH FH CAPUTO R CURRIER MF DONALDS J E FISHBECK WA GERARDO RA HOERGER FD JERSEY GC KOLESAR RC LEE JR LOOK AT MACKEY JC MCFEDRIES R JR NICHOLS JL OLSON KJ RAO KS ROGERS HA SCHARNWEBER HC SWANK MG VENABLE JR WATANABE PG YOCUM RH 634 NEWS 13 EFFECT OF TCDD ON THE HEPATIC STORAGE OF RETINOL IN RATS WITH DEFFERENT DIETARY SUPPLIES OF VITAMIN A( RETINOLHARCHIVES OF TOX 45, 273-285). REPORT HAKANSSON H KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET SW KRANTZ C NATL FOOD ADMIN SWEDEN THUNBERG T NEWS 28 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT OF AN AERIAL SPRAY CREH TO A MIXED SPARY OF 24D AND 2 4 5 T . REPORT SASKATCHEWAN RES CNCL WALLACE K YOSHIDA K <0 to to CO c. to Fo CO NNUUMMBBEERR DOCUMENT 9 9 1 0 DATE 00/00/78 AUTHOR BERMINGHAM S SIMPSON GR ADDRESSEE COPYEE T YY PPE PAAGGEES NEHS 2 REPORT CHAPMAN J DOCUMENT 9 9 1 1 00/00/79 AUTHOR ERNE K ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT 3 KOLMODINHEDMAN B DOCUMENT 9 9 1 2 00/00/77 REPORT 5 AUTHOR: BERNDT HO ADDRESSEE COPYEE: KOSCHIER FJ DOCUMENT 9 9 1 3 00/00/77 AUTHOR ARCHER T ADDRESSEE COPYEE- NEHS REPORT SJODEN PO 9 DOCUMENT 9 9 1 9 08/25/77 ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR KITCHIN KT ADDRESSEE COPYEE NATL INST OF ENVIRON DOCUMENT 9 9 1 5 00/00/75 NEHS AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT BEATTY PH HOLSCHER MA VANDERBILT UNIV SCHOOL 0 9 <0 oj c o o fo --3. O TITLE PAGE 635 EXPOSURE OF COUNCIL AND FOREST HORKERS TO 245CMEDICAL JOUR OF AUSTRAL 2 , 5 3 6 - 5 3 7 ) . HEALTH COMM OF NEW SOUTH HIGGINS V KONTROLL AV YRKESMASSIG EXPONERING FOR FENOXISYROR ( 2 AD OCH 2A5T) ( VETENSKAPLIG S K R IF T SE R IE ). RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2A5-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XYACETATE AND THE RENAL ORGANIC BASE TRANSPORT SYSTEM (BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2 6 , 1709-1713). UNIV OF MS EFFECTS OF 245T ON RADIOIODINE DISTRIBUTION IN RATS (BULLETIN OF ENVIRON CONTAMINATION & TOX 1 7 ( 6 ) , 6 7 0 - 6 7 8 ) . SODERBERG U UPPSALA UNIV SWEDEN TCDD(TCDD)INDUCED SYNTHESIS OF CYTOCHROME P-AA8 AND ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXLASEiAHH)ACTIVITY IN FEMALE RAT LIVER(BIOPHYSICAL/MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY THURSDAY 7 7 0 8 2 5 ) . HOODS JS EFFECTS OF TCDD ON MAMMALIAN CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURES (TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 3 1 , 3 0 9 - 3 1 2 ) . LEMBACH KJ NEAL RA NUMBER DOCUMENT 4416 DATE 00/00/78 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 1 AUTHOR: AITIO A ADDRESSEE COPYEE PAKKI MG DOCUMENT 4 17 11/14/80 AUTHOR: HALL J F ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE: LETTER NFPA JOHNSON EL 6 DOCUMENT 4418 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE COPYEE NFPA 11/14/80 MEMO LAVY TL 2 DOCUMENT 4 4 1 9 00/00/80 AUTHOR GASIEWICZ TA ADDRESSEE COPYEE NEWS 20 REPORT HLSCHER MA DOCUMENT 4 4 2 0 05/16/80 AUTHOR DOH THEIS JM ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW AUTH FRASER JM 2 DRENCKPOHL JH DOCUMENT 4421 10/00/79 REPORT 7 AUTHOR' ADDRESSEE COPYEE BERRY DL OAK RIDGE NATL UNIV OF TN LAB BRACKEN HM SELKIRK JK DOCUMENT 4 4 2 2 00/00/77 ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR: ALLEN JP ADDRESSEE: COrYEE: BARSOTTI DA TITLE PAGE 636 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHANGES IN THE METABOLISM OF BENZO(A)PYRENE IN RAT TISSUES AFTER INTRAGASTRIC ADMINISTRATION OF TCDD 9762X2 (TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 9 6 ( 3 ) , 6 7 1 - 6 8 3 ) . UNIV OF TURKU FIN UOTILA P (JOHN RAMSEY EXHIBITS AND REFERENCES LAVY 8 9 5 DHREFERENCE 9 , WERNER H BRAUN EXHIBITS AND REFERENCES). DETERMINATION OF 29D EXPOSURE RECEIVED BY FORESTRY APPLICATORS 800900(JO H N RAMSEY EXHIBITS AND REFERENCES)( LAVY 895 D ) . UNIV OF AR THE EFFECT OF TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION ON THE TOXICITY OF TCDD IN THE RAF (TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 5 9 , 9 6 9 - 9 8 8 ) . NEAL RA VANDERBILT UNIV ESTERON 2 9 5 HERBICIDE (PL 8 BULK) (PRODUCT DISCONTINUATION RECORD OF APPROVAL). FREDERICK DM LEE A FITZWATER ANTICARCINOGENIC EFFECTS OF TCDD ON BENZO(A)PYRENE AND 7 1 2 - DIMETHYLBENZiA) ANTHRACENE TUMOR INITIATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP: TO DNA BINDING (CANCER RESEARCH 3 9 , 9 0 2 7 - 9 0 3 3 ) . COHEN GM IYER RP SLAGA TJ UNIV OF SURREY ENG TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS PRODUCED IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO FIFTY PARTS PER TRILLION TCDD (ED COSMET TOXICOL 1 5 , A1 9 ) ( SOCIETY OF TOX, NEW ORLEANS, 7 9 0 3 0 0 ) . SHANTZ SL UNIV WI NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 4 2 3 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE' DATE 04/09/74 TYPE PAGES AUTH KOCIBA RJ 2 DOCUMENT 4 4 2 4 08/30/71 AUTHOR: BOURNE JE SPARSCHU GL ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT DON 13 DOCUMENT 4 4 2 5 04/01/71 AUTHOR: BOURNE JE ADDRESSEE: COPYEE! MEMO DON 1 DOCUMENT 4426 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 01/29/75 AUTH VACCARO JR 1 DOCUMENT 4427 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DON 01/16/76 REPORT 15 NITSCHKE KD GEHRING PJ DOCUMENT 4428 12/00/71 ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR: BUUHOI NP SCEANC ACAD SCI 1PARIS ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: HEIN DP SERVOINSIDOINE J DOCUMENT 4 4 2 9 12/00/71 AUTHOR! METTER G ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: ABSTRACT POLAND AP 2 DOCUMENT A<*30 09/08/80 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE: REGISTRANT COPYEE: LETTER 13 JOHNSON EL o s ^ 'O CO to TITLE TCDDCTCDDMREQUEST FOR TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES). PAGE 637 A PROBE STUDY OF THE ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY OF TCDD IN THE CANINE. GEHRING P J NORRIS JM TCDD. TCDD (REQUEST FOR PRELIMINARY TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES). TERATOGENICITY OF TCDD IN CFY MICE CHET 3 6 , Z 5 - 6 6 6 8 1 - ( 3 2 ) . SCHWETZ BA SMITH FA AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOXIN, INTIMATIONS OF CARCINOGENICITY? (FOOD COSMETICS TOX 9 ( 6 ) , 9 0 9 ) . NVIET SAINTRUF 0 WORKING WITH 265T AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS (FOOD COSMETICS TOX 9(6), 908-909). POSSICK P SMITH D ORDER AND NOTICE. NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT <431 06/02/80 AUTHOR DON FREDERICK DM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE * DOW DOCUMENT 6 4 3 2 AUTHOR; ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/80 TYPE PAGES AUTH 2 DRENCKPOHL JW LEE A DRENCKPOHL JW I REPORT 13 DOCUMENT 4 4 3 3 05/09/80 AUTHOR HIGGINS GF ADDRESSEE' DEPT OF AG ME COPYEE: LETTER LAWRENCE FH SMITH SN 3 DOCUMENT 4 4 3 4 AUTHOR' ADDRESSEE* COPYEE' 12/26/80 NEWS 2 DOCUMENT 4 4 3 5 AUTHOR: CEN ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 11/24/80 NEWS 1 DOCUMENT 4436 11/13/70 AUTHOR: BOURNE JE ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT DOW 2 DOCUMENT 4 4 3 7 12/03/80 LETTER AUTHOR: DOW SCHOBER AE ADDRESSEE: <0 PROJECT MGR EPA COPYEE: DOW CASTILLO L WESELOH JW 1 DOCUMENT 4438 00/00/78 REPORT 9 Q1`J AUTHOR: MORAN ET JR ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: CO , O b-* &4 REINHART BS TITLE PAGE 638 ESTERON 2 4 5 HERBICIDE (PL 8 BULK)(PRODUCT DISCONTINUATION RECORD OF APPROVAL). FITZWATER JO FRASER JM THEIS JM FITZWATER JO RATING CRITERIA. 1 TABLES OF PESTICIDES--THEIR METHODS OF DISPERSAL, ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE, AND TOXICITY RATINGS CTTL. SEDER N PICLORAM'S TURN A BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL DIFFERENCE I S REVEALED(MAINE TIMES). PARK SERVICE HALTS USE OF 2 4 0 (GOVERNMENT CONCENTRATES)(CAEN, 1 6 ) . . HEXACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY). ORDER AND NOTICE 2 4 0 . FLANNERY R GANTZ RL RERRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF HENS 8 COCKERELS ORIGINATING FROM EGGS SPRAYED WITH 2 4 0 245T A PICLORAM FOLLOWED BY EARLY PERFORMANCE OF THEIR PROGENY AFTER A COMPARABLE IN OVO EXPOSURE (BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION A TOXICOLOGY 20 1 1 1 - 1 1 9 ) . SOMERS JD UNIV OF GUELPH CAN NUMBER DOCUMENT 4439 DATE 01/00/79 TYPE REPORT PAGES 7 AUTHOR* MORAN ET JR UNIV OF GUELPH CAN ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* REINHART BS TITLE PAGE 639 EFFECT OF EXTERNAL APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES TO THE FERTILE EGO ON HATCHING SUCCESS 8 EARLY CHICK PERFORMACE l . P R E I INCUBATION SPRAYING WITH DDT 8 COMMERCIAL MIXTURES OF 29D PICLORAM 8 29D 295T (BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION 8 TOXICOLOGY 1 1 ( 1 ) 3 3 - 3 8 ) . SOMERS J STEPHENSON GR DOCUMENT 9 9 9 0 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 02/08/80 MEMO PRINT 1 A QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM SELECTED L I S T I N G S . S . D . S DOCUMENTS LIST IN M . S . D . S . NUMBER SEQUENCE)( PAGE 8MESTER0N 2 9 5 BRUSH AND WEED KILLER). DOCUMENT 9 9 9 1 AUTHOR* IG ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 08/09/67 REPORT ESTERON O-S BRUSH KILLERtREPORT OF TELEPHONE IN Q U IR IE S ). DOCUMENT 9 9 9 2 07/18/51 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* DOW IR ISH DD COPYEE* REPORT ROWE VK ADAMS EM SMITH HL DOW ESTERON BRUSH KILLER CONFERENCE REPORT. CRANDALL RA WILLIAMS GJ GAY HH DOCUMENT 9 9 9 3 09/29/59 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* DOUGLAS CM COPYEE* DOW LETTER 1 STATEMENT THAT ESTERON BRUSH KILLER DOES NOT CAUSE SKIN IRRITATION AND RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS CTTL. ROWE VK MONROE COUNTY ELECTRIC C ROWE VK CRANDALL RA SMITH HL DOCUMENT 9 9 9 9 09/01/59 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* DOUGLAS CM COPYEE* DOW LETTER 1 EFFECT OF ESTERON BRUSH KILLER SPRAY DRIFT INHALATION ON CATTLE CTTL. ROWE VK MONROE COUNTY ELECTRIC C ROWE VK CRANDALL RA SMITH HL DOCUMENT 9 9 9 5 10/12/59 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* HAL MOONEY 8 ASSOC COPYEE* DOW LETTER GORDON HL MILLER DM DOW CAN 1 EFFECT OF ESTERON BRUSH KILLER ON THE PANCREAS CTTL. ROWE VK WIFFEN EE P-3311 CO to M- 3215 o -3 3 \3 - HUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4446 08/00/73 AUTHOR! FEUNG C ADDRESSEE? COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4447 03/06/80 AUTHOR: BUZZELLI DT ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4448 09/02/80 AUTHOR! ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOH KING EJ HOODS JS DOCUMENT 4 4 4 9 12/03/80 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE! EPA COPYEE! DOW WESELOH JW DOCUMENT 4 4 5 0 10/29/80 AUTHOR: CONNER JD ADDRESSEE* COHN P COPYEE: DAVIES JE DOCUMENT 4451 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 04/14/80 DOCUMENT 4 4 5 2 04/10/80 AUTHOR: BISCHOFF RF ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 4 5 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE ' 04/21/80 TYPE PAGES REPORT A HAMILTON RH CHART REPORT DOW 52 PRINT SPEC FRASER JM KRACHT HR 2 LETTER SCHOBER AE CASTILLO L 1 LETTER 2 SELLERS CONNER & CUNI EPA RHONE POULENC CHEM REPORT LENG ML I REPORT l` REPORT SCHOBER AE 1 TITLE PAGE 640 METABOLISM OF 24D. 5 . IDENTIFICATION OF METABOLITES IN SOYBEAN CALLUS TISSUE CULTURES(AG & FOOD CHEM 2 1 ( 4 ) , 6 3 7 - 6 4 0 ) . MUMMA RO PA ST UNIV 24D MANUFACTURING ( 8 0 0 0 0 0 AG GLOBAL MEETING TO EXCEL IN THE EXCITING 8 0 ' S ) . HANSEN R LEE A ESTERON ( R ) 2 4 5 HERBICIDE!DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE PRODUCTION SPECIFICATION). GLEDHILL JR ULSTAD S J GOLD HL HOODS CD ORDER AND NOTICE 24D. FLANNERY R GANTZ RL FORMATION OF 24D TASK FORCE RESEARCH DATA. EO REENTRY REGULATIONS (AFTER APPLICATION OF P E S T IC ID E S ). DATA COMPOSITION AND "C ITE ALL" UNDER THE PESTICIDE LAW. 2 4 D, A VISIBLE CONTROVERSY. NUMBER DOCUMENT 4454 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DATE 04/15/80 DOCUMENT 4 4 5 5 04/18/80 AUTHOR: CONDER JW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4456 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 04/15/80 DOCUMENT 4457 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 04/15/80 DOCUMENT 4458 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 04/01/80 DOCUMENT 4459 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 04/01/80 DOCUMENT 4 4 6 0 04/21/80 AUTHOR: WULF ML ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4461 04/18/80 AUTHOR: CONDER JW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4462 04/15/80 AUTHOR: COBLER JG ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 3216 TYPE PAGES REPORT NORRIS JM REPORT REPORT NORRIS JM REPORT NORRIS JM REPORT REPORT REPORT REPORT REPORT TITLE VINYL CHLORIDE. EPICHLOROHYDRIN. 111-TRICHLOROETHANE. PERCHLOROETHYLENE. DOW STATEMENT ABOUT "AGENT ORANGE". DOW STATEMENT WHAT ABOUT 245TT ANTI PESTICIDE MOVEMENT. OSHA ' S MOVE TOWARD SOCIAL REFORM. SENSITIVITY OF METHOD (SOM). PAGE 641 0.3313 NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT <*463 04/18/80 AUTHOR: CONDER JH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: TYPE REPORT PAGES 1 DOCUMENT 4464 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 04/21/80 REPORT 1 HAGERMAN RL DOCUMENT 4 4 6 5 04/16/80 AUTHOR: BOWMAN CM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT DOH 1 DOCUMENT 4466 04/07/80 AUTHOR: BURGESS KL ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT DOH 1 DOCUMENT 4467 04/01/80 AUTHOR: CHEM MFG ASSN ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT DOH 7 DOCUMENT 4468 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE* DOH COPYEE: DOW 09/30/80 TELEX YTZEN GL SKINNER SK AMSTRUP HL 1 DOCUMENT 4469 05/01/78 LETTER AUTHOR: BOVING PA USDA ADDRESSEE* AG RES LAB YAKIMA HA COPYEE: 1 DOCUMENT 4470 10/24/80 NEHS AUTHOR: THE OTTAHA CITIZEN CAN ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 1 DOCUMENT 4471 10/24/80 AUTHOR: EDMONTON JOUR ADDRESSEE- COPYEE: NEHS MAYER A 1 3217 TITLE CARCINOGEN ISSUE OSHA AND EPA. PAGE 642 TSCA INFORMATION COLLECTION BY EPA. TSCA TESTING POLICY. TSCA. IN CASE YOU'RE ASKED A QUESTION SOME BACKGROUND ON CURRENT ISSUES. KURON, ESTERON BULK# AND ESTERON 2 4 5 . CUNNINGHAM C FISCHER AC 7 8 0 0 0 0 24D TEST PROGRAM AT SUNNYSIDE. WEEDKILLER HAS DEADLY CHEMICAL, CTHE OTTAWA C IT IZ E N ). KILLER CHEMICAL FOUND IN 24D , HERBICIDES USE IN JEOPARDY!EDMONTON JOUR). NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 4 7 2 10/22/80 AUTHOR: STEWART B ADDRESSEE! COPYEEi DOCUMENT 4 4 7 3 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 04/23/80 DOCUMENT 4 4 7 4 05/22/80 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 4 7 5 10/06/61 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: SENTRY LIFE COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 4476 01/03/51 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW LYNN GE COPYEE! DOCUMENT 4477 05/07/46 AUTHOR: EL MUNDO ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4478 03/00/68 AUTHOR: CROTTY J J ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: TYPE PAGES TITLE PAGE NEWS 2 AMPUTEE CONTINUES HIS FIGHT FOR A PRECEDENT CTHE HAMILTON SPECTATOR). THE HAMILTON SPECTATOR 643 SPEC 2 24D, PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTERS!PHYSICAL PROPERTIES). MEMO PRINT 1 OBSOLETE ESTERON ( R ) 2 4 5 CONCENTRATE BRUSH AND HEED K Il l E R ( A QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM SELECTED L IS T IN G ). LETTER ROWE VK WANEK WE ROWE VK 2 LETTER DUTTON WC ALLEN WW SOUTHWICK L 1 NEWS 2 HINZ 0 EXPOSURE TO ESTERON BRUSH KILLER, CLAIM 15S 6026 CTTL. SINCLAIR R LETTER ON PAPER ENTITLED "INDIRECT EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES" CTTL. IR ISH DD WILLIAMS GJ KAGY J F WEED KILLER 24D I S NONTOXIC TO THE HUMAN BEING, CHEMICAL LEADERS ADVISE THAT NEITHER IS IT HARMFUL TO ANIMALS, OBEN HAS FULL INFORMATION, KEPHART AND MITCHELL IN U . S . TOOK DOSES WITHOUT NOXIOUS EFFECTS (EL MUNDO, PUERTO R IC O ). NEWS HEW 4 DEATHS FROM CHLORINATED PHENOXYACETIC ACIDS (2 4 D , 2 4 5 T , MCPA) (NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE FOR POISON CONTROL CENTERS, BULLETIN). VERHULST HL CO to 00 NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 4 7 9 02/05/60 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE! COL STATION TX COPYEE: DOW RITTY PM TYPE PAGES LETTER 1 GIBSON JW HOFFMAN GO BARRONS KC ROWE VK DOCUMENT 6 4 8 0 00/00/62 AUTHOR: BASIN B WAROT P ADDRESSEE COPYEE: REPORT FARINAS 11 DOCUMENT 4 4 81 09/30/55 LETTER AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE CHEMI TROL COMPANY COPYEE: BRYANT CA ROWE VK KARLEVETZ F CONNER D 5 DOCUMENT 4 4 8 2 06/30/55 LETTER AUTHOR: BRYANT CA DOW ADDRESSEE CENTRAL ELECTRIC COOPERA MCKINLEY WC COPYEE: CRAWFORD INDUSTRIES PERRY WS 1 DOCUMENT 4 4 8 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOW 10/19/60 LETTER ROWE VK BECKWITH C ROWE VK 1 DOCUMENT 4 4 84 10/12/60 AUTHOR: BECKWITH C ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: LETTER DOW ROWE VK 1 DOCUMENT 4 4 8 5 03/20/59 AUTHOR: COULTER LL ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: LETTER DOW WOLF MA <3lee-cr CO ro CO TITLE PAGE 644 TOXICOLOGICAL HAZARDOUS AND LEGAL ASPECTS OP 24D, 245T AND SILVEX USE CTTL. COULTER LL WEIL AE DAILY B POLYNEURITIS AFTER USING A WEED KILLERlCONTAINING 2 4 D U I L L E MEDICAL 7(10), 1049-51). FOISSACGEGOUX P LELIEVRE A COMMENTS REGARDING COMPLAINT OF LIVESTOCK POISONING BY HERZOG J ALLEGEDLY FROM ESTERON BRUSH KILLER CTTL. HYMAS TA ESTERON BRUSH KILLER TOX STUDIES WITH ANIMALS CTTL. CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING ESTERON BRUSH KILLER DAMAGE CLAIM CTTL. LETTER TO VK ROWE FROM CHARLES BECKWITH REGARDING COMPLAINTS OF LIVESTOCK INJURY DUE TO ESTERON BRUSH KILLER CTTL. REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ON HANDLING HAZARDS OF FORRON 24 5 AND FOKRON BRUSHKILLER CTTL. i NUMBER DATE TYPE PAGES DOCUMENT <*<86 09/21/53 LETTER 1 AUTHOR* DOW MULIISON HR ADDRESSEE: COMPANHIASHIFT DO BRASI IRWIN MH COPYEEs DOW BLEMCO WOLF MA DOCUMENT 99 87 12/30/52 AUTHOR: CORBIN HL ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE' GIRD JA LETTER DOW IRISH D 1 DOCUMENT <<88 06/26/52 AUTHOR: CRANDALL RA ADDRESSEES DOW COPYEE: TELEX DOW SMITH HL 1 DOCUMENT <<89 06/25/52 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE BRITTON JH LETTER ROHE VK SANFORD D PETERSON FC 2 DOCUMENT A<*90 08/00/51 AUTHOR DOH ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOW DUTTON 1HO LETTER REPORT WEIL AE SMITH H ALLEN WH ROWE VK 2 DOCUMENT <*<91 07/27/51 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOW SOUTHWICK L LETTER ROWE VK WEIL AE ALLEN WH WILLIAMS OJ 1 DOCUMENT <<92 07/00/51 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOW ROWE VK LETTER REPORT WEIL AE SMITH H ALLEN WH 5 /yie'CT CO ro ro o TITLE PAGE 645 REPLY TO THE ACCUSATION THAT ESTERON BRUSH KILLER CAUSED NAUSEA AMONG THE MEN APPLYING IT CTTL. CLACK HL MCCASKEY DB ILLNESS OF A BRUSH SPRAYER I S THOUGHT TO BE CAUSED BY ESTERON BRUSH KILLER CTTL. TELEPHONE COMPANY HAS LAW SUIT PENDING FOR THE DEATH OF TWO COWS FROM CONSUMING ESTERON BRUSH KILLER CTTL. DEATH OF SHEEP AND CATTLE ALLEGEDLY DUE TO BRUSH KILLER. WILLIAMS GJ CATTLE REPORTED TO HAVE BEEN POISONED BY ESTERON BRUSH KILLER OWNED BY MR. KENNETH LAUNDRY, FARMER COLCHESTER, 1L. BRANCH B CRAIN HD ESTERON BRUSH KILLER SPRAYED AREA REPORTED TO HAVE CAUSED POISONING OF CATTLE NEAR CARTHAGE, I L . BRANCH B SMITH HL ESTERON BRUSH KILLER SPRAYED AREA REPORTED TO HAVE POISONED CATTLE. BRANCH B LEGAL DEPT number DOCUMENT 4 4 9 3 AUTHOR * DOW ADDRESSEE-* DOW COPYEE DOW DOCUMENT 4 4 9 4 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE! DOCUMENT 4 4 9 5 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOW DOCUMENT 4 4 96 date 09/13/62 00/00/00 09/17/56 00/00/00 type LETTER pages 1 WOLF MA HOL DEMAN GE WOLF MA REPORT 14 LETTER 1 ROWE VK WINSTON AW JR ROWE VK REPORT 3 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 4 9 7 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 4 9 8 00/00/00 00/00/00 AUTHOR: JONES EL ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 4 9 9 09/25/80 AUTHOR: KEARNEY PC ADDRESSEE: BREINHOLT MM HENKER JA COPYEE: REPORT NEWS REPORT KRIZEK H LEGIS KEARNEY P DOW 5 7 9 $ \ & 0 CO CO CO TITLE PAOE 646 EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ON TOXICITY OF ESTERON 44, ESTERON BRUSH KILLER, ESTERON 1 0 - 1 0 AND 24-DOW MEED KILLER FORMULA 40 TO HUMANS BETWEEN DOM AND TURKISH AUTHORITIES CTTL. TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF 24 D, SILVEX, 245TP CTTL. TOXICITY OF KURON AND BARON FOR F I S H. MODIFICATION OF THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA AND MEDICAL INFORMATION SHEETS TO REFLECT THE PROBABLE ASSOCIATION OF POLYNEUROPATHY HITH 24D, AND THE ACUTE NEUROLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF LARGE SYSTEMIC INGESTIONS. 24D AND NEUROPATHY. A TECHNIC FOR TESTING ACNEGENIC POTENCY IN RABBITS, APPLIED TO THE POTENT ACNEGEN, TCDD (THE JOUR OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY, 511-517). DIRECT TESTIMONY OF DR. P H I L I P C. KEARNY (DOW, ET A LXF IF RA DOCKET NOS. 4 1 5 , ET A L . K E P A BEFORE THE ADMINISTRATOR)(PHILIP KEARNEY EXHIBITS). JACKSON TG USDA NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 5 00 06/00/77 AUTHOR: ACRES USA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4501 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: 10/13/77 DOCUMENT 4 5 0 2 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE? COPYEE: 00/ 00/00 DOCUMENT 4 5 0 3 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/ 00/00 DOCUMENT 4 5 0 4 00/ 00/00 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 5 0 5 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/ 00/00 DOCUMENT 4506 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 07/11/80 DOCUMENT 4507 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/ 00/00 co G r o --0 ro ro TYPE PAGES NEHS 3 HONOROE I SPEC ' 1 CHART PRINT 2 6 CHART 3 CHART PRINT LEGIS 1 12 2 TITLE PAGE 647 WHILE EPA CONTINUES TO KNUCKLE UNDERCA REPORT TO ECO FARMERS CONSUMERS) (ACRES, USA). 2 4 0 , BUTYL ESTERS (DOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATIONH20706). APPENDIX H SECTION 2 4 ( C ) ( 1 ) SPECIAL LOCAL NEEDS. APPENDIX G ALL REGISTRANTS (BY COMPANY NUMBER) WITH REGISTERED PRODUCTS CONTAINING 24D. APPENDIX F ALL REGISTRANTS (BY COMPANY NUMBER) WITH REGISTERED PRODUCTS CONTAINING DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OF Z4 D, PGBE ESTER OF 24D, ALKANOLAMINE SALT OF 24D. APPENDIX E. APPENDIX D LIST OF YOUR COMPANY' S PRODUCTS CONTAINING SOME FORM OF 24D FORMULATED IN A LIQUID FORM OR EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE. APPENDIX C STATEMENT OF WILLINGNESS TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH OTHER REGISTRANTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF DATA. HUMBER DOCUMENT 4 5 08 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE! COPYEE' DATE 00/00/00 TYPE LEGIS PAGES 1 DOCUMENT 4 5 0 9 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE! COPYEE'- 07/14/80 PRINT 14 DOCUMENT 4 5 1 0 00/00/00 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE! REGISTRANT COPYEE: LEGIS 13 JOHNSON EL DOCUMENT 4 5 11 09/08/80 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOW DAVIDSON JH HUNTER RC MORGAN AH PRIDDY JK VRANISH SR DISTRB WESELOH JW WESELOH JW GANTZ RL JORDAN LN MORGAN RW SCHOBER AE WILLIAMS CS 1 DOCUMENT 4 5 1 2 11/12/80 AUTHOR: MILWAUKEE SENTINEL ADDRESSEE1- COPYEE: NEWS 1 DOCUMENT 4 5 1 3 11/13/80 AUTHOR: DADISMAN Q ADDRESSEE: COPYEE NEWS 1 MILWAUKEE SENTINEL DOCUMENT 4 5 1 4 11/11/80 AUTHOR: DADISMAN Q ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: NEWS 1 MILWAUKEE SENTINEL DOCUMENT 4 5 1 5 11/07/80 AUTHOR: MENARD M ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: CO to to CO NEWS 1 MILWAUKEE SENTINEL TITLE PAGE APPENDIX D CERTIFICATION OF ENTITLEMENT TO EXEMPTION FROM SUSPENSION UNDER FIFRA SECTION 3 ( C ) ( 2 ) ( B ) . 648 APPENDIX A LIST OF YOUR COMPANY'S PRODUCTS CONTAINING SOME FORM OF 24D. ORDER AND NOTICE. CASTILLO L GOODMAN CH KOCIBA RJ MOSS RD SCHWEIZ BA CHARLTON RW GORZINSKI SJ LENG ML NORRIS MG THEIS JM GREEN BAY OFFICIAL SEES PROBLEM WITH PESTICIDE PROPOSAL(MILWAUKEE SENTINEL). PESTICIDE TESTIMONY CLASHES(MILWAUKEE SENTINEL). RULES ON PESTICIDE USE DISPUTED!MILWAUKEE SENTINEL). COST OF PESTICIDE RULE CHANGES FEARED!MILWAUKEE SENTINEL). NUMBER DOCUMENT A516 AUTHOR: AP ADDRESSEE COPYEE DATE 11/07/80 TYPE NEWS PAGES 1 DOCUMENT 6 5 17 11/08/80 AUTHOR DADISMAN Q ADDRESSEE* COPYEE! NEWS 1 MILWAUKEE SENTINEL DOCUMENT 6 5 1 8 11/07/80 AUTHOR! KLENITZ RC ADDRESSEE COPYEE: NEWS 1 MILWAUKEE JOURNAL MAI DOCUMENT 6 5 1 9 06/16/75 AUTHOR: LIVAK J ADDRESSEE COPYEE: NEWS 15 REPORT PILINSKAYA MA DOCUMENT 6 5 2 0 01/00/80 REPORT 5 AUTHOR ISSAQUAH HEALTH RES INST SHEARER RW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 6 521 01/00/80 REPORT 19 AUTHOR ISSAQUAH HEALTH RES INST SHEARER RW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 6 5 2 2 10/26/80 AUTHOR'- DOW ADDRESSEE! DOW CARPENTER MC ELLIOTT JM KING MJ PRESSNAIL LT STEMP W COPYEE DOW SCHNEIDER P P CO to to TELEX 5 STEPHENSON DR BERTLEFF M CHATLAND BD GRAHAM KC LAUZON D QUINN H SWEENEY GD CHARLTON RW TITLE PAGE 64 9 PROPOSED PESTICIDE CONTROL RULES DEBATED AGAIN!DAILY TRIBUNE WISCONSIN RAPIDS). MORE PESTICIDE PROTECTION URGED FOR MIGRANT FARM WORKERS IN STATE(MILWAUKEE SENTINEL). PESTICIDE USE I S STILL HOT ISSUE (MILWAUKEE JOURNAL). 3ISO CYTOGENETIC EFFECT OF THE HERBICIDE 24D ON HUMAN AND ANIMAL CHROMOSOMES (TSITOLOGIYA I GENETIKA 8 ( 3 ) , 2 0 2 - 2 0 6 ) . COMPARISON OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF AQUATIC HERBICIDES (PUBLIC HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE AQUATIC USE OF HERBICIDES 24D, DICHLOBENIL, ENDOTHALL AND DIQUAT). HEALTH EFFECTS OF 24D AND ITS DERIVATIVES (PUBLIC HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE AQUATIC USE OF HERBICIDES; 24D, DICHLOBENIL, ENDOTHALL AND DIQUAT). 24D AND DIOXINS. BUTTE G CHILD RW HYDE M MAACDOUGALL K ROUTLIFFE R DAVIDSON JH CAMPBELL OR DUBOIS M KCKENNON KR MAREL R STAPLES DN MULLISON WR NUMBER DATE TYPE PAGES TITLE PAGE 650 DOCUMENT 4 5 2 3 10/29/80 LEGIS 27 DIRECT TESTIMONY OF DR. H. TUCHMANN DUPLESSIS (EXHIBIT THE EPA DOM, ET AL. FIFRA DOCKET NOS. 4 1 5 , ET AL. AUTHOR: TUCHMANNDUPL E S S I S H ADDRESSEE COPYEE AM CNCL SCI * HEALTH AM FARM BUR FEDERATION ANDERSON S ARNOLD 8 PORTER BREINHOLT MM BUTLER MA ENVIRON DEFENSE FUND EPA GILLHAM M JACKSON TG KIRK RS JR LATHROP KOONTZ RIGHTER C LAUTERBACH AA MAYFIELD CD NH COALITION FORALTERNA PATTON D PRICE MR JR RADEMACHER J J STEVENS J E JR USDA VERTAC MARREN JM MENKER JA MERTHEIMER RJ MHELAN EM 864) BEFORE DOCUMENT 4 5 2 4 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 04/22/80 REPORT 8 24D FACT SHEET. DOCUMENT 4 5 2 5 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 07/14/80 REPORT 17 LIST OF YOUR COMPANYS PRODUCTS CONTAINING SOME FORM OF 24D lAPPENDIX A ). DOCUMENT 4526 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE' COPYEE* 09/08/80 REPORT 14 JOHNSON EL ORDER AND NOTICE. DOCUMENT 4 5 27 03/01/79 AUTHOR* CONROY AE I I ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: LETTER EPA SIRS 2 EMERGENCY SUSPENSION OF 245T AND SILVEX PRODUCTS ( T A 1 . 0 0 245T GENERAL). DOCUMENT 4 5 2 8 03/22/79 AUTHOR* CAMPT DD ADDRESSEE* GENTLEMEN COPYEE* LETTER CONROY AE I I 6 245T AND SILVEX PRODUCTS SUBJECT TO THE ADMINISTRATOR'S 7 9 0 2 2 8 SUSPENSION ORDERS AND CANCELLATION NOTICES ( T A 1 . 0 0 2 45T GENERAL). EPA DOCUMENT 4 5 29 10/02/74 AUTHOR: DNR MI ADDRESSEE* CONLON JM COPYEE: LETTER KARL GH EPA 2 (SA4.00B). t 3 co O O cn y NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 5 30 01/02/75 AUTHOR COLL EDGE CE ADDRESSEE: DON COPYEE: DOCUMENT 45 31 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE 06/00/73 DOCUMENT 4 5 3 2 07/24/75 AUTHOR DOW ROSE JQ ADDRESSEE: COPYEE- DOCUMENT 4 5 3 3 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 05/00/73 DOCUMENT 4 5 3 4 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE 08/03/76 DOCUMENT 4 5 3 5 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: 03/00/75 DOCUMENT 4 5 3 6 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 06/26/78 TYPE LETTER EPA MEMO PAGES 1 4 REPORT 19 GEHRING PJ ST UNIV OF NY REPORT 5 SPEC STRINGER WM STRINGER WM 2 LEGIS STRINGER WM STRINGER WM 2 REPORT 5 CO to to 05 TITLE PAGE 651 FREEDOM OF INFORMATION REQUEST ( F O I - 1 5 2 ) EPA REO. NO. A6A-162 (SA4.00B). AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF Z4D ( 7 3 0 6 0 0 TO 7 3 0 8 0 0 ) ( D A 5 0 . 0 2 . P 8 VOLUME 8 AMENDMENT 7 3 0 8 3 1 ) . THE FATE OF TCDD FOLLOWING SINGLE AND REPEATED ORAL DOSES TO THE RAT (TOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 3 6 , 2 0 9 - 2 2 6 , 7 6 0 0 0 0 ) ( TA101. 0 1 R . 8 101). HUMMEL RA RAMSEY JC WENTZLER TH SUMMARY OF TERATOGENIC STUDIES WITH 2A5T AND TCDD PP 1 F 1 10 2 2A5T (TERATOLOGY C . 6 . 0 H P P 1 F 1 1 0 2 ) . TORDON 101 MIXTURE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER (CONFIDENTIAL STATEMENT OF FORMULA) ( P A 2 . 0 8 B ) . EPA TORDON 101 MIXTURE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER (APPLICATION FOR AMENDED PESTICIDE PRODUCT REGISTRATION ( P A 2 . 0 8 B ) . EPA DETERMINATION OF N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE IN TORDON 2 2 5 MIXTURE HERBICIDE ( P A 2 . 0 8 B ) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 9 537 DATE 08/18/78 TYPE REPORT PAGES 17 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 5 3 8 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 10/00/79 DOCUMENT <4539 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE: EPA COPYEE: 06/19/79 DOCUMENT <4590 00/00/78 AUTHOR HEM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 9591 00/00/71 AUTHOR: MEINECKE B ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 9 5 9 2 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/71 DOCUMENT 9 5 9 3 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE'- COPYEE: 00/00/71 ROTHMAN LD LABEL 2 LEG1S STRINGER MM 2 REPORT 88 REPORT REPORT DATA REPORT 3 3 3 h 'c ^ -C CO TO TO TITLE PAGE 652 ANALYSIS FOR POSSIBLE PRESENCE OF N-NITROSODIISOPROPANOLAMINE IN TORDON 101 MIXTURE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER, TORDON 101R FORESTRY HERBICIDE, TORDON 21Z MIXTURE HERBICIDE AND TORDON 225E HERBICIDE AND N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE IN TORDON 2 2 5 MIXTURE HERBICIDE tML-AL 78-00053MPA2.08B). WISNIEWSKI DF TORDON 101 MIXTURE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER ( P A 2 . 0 8 B ) . TORDON 101 MIXTURE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER (APPLICATION FOR AMENDED PEST PROD R E G IS T RA TI 0N MP A 2. 0 8B ). BIOASSAY OF PICLORAM FOR POSSIBLE CARCINOGENICITY (CAS NO. 1 9 1 8 - 0 2 - 1 , NCI-CG-TR-Z3KNATL CANCER INST CARCINOGENESIS TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES NO. 2 3 ) ( P A 1 . 0 0 ) . PROTHROMBIN TIMES IN SECONDS, DIOXIN RATS. RESEARCH TO DEVELOP THE EFFECT OF DIOXIN ON THE BRAIN, HEART, KIDNEYS SPLEEN & TESTES CTTL. ORGAN WEIGHT SUMMARY, TCDD, RATS. NUMBER DOCUMENT 4544 AUTHORS DON ADDRESSEE' COPYEEs DATE 00/00/00 TYPE REPORT PAGES 2 DOCUMENT 4545 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE' COPYEEs 04/00/71 DATA REPORT 2 DOCUMENT 4546 AUTHORS DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs 06/12/75 REPORT JENSEN DJ 26 DOCUMENT 4547 06/00/77 AUTHOR: DETROIT NEWS ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs NEWS 2 WASHINGTON POST DOCUMENT 4548 00/00/77 REPORT 15 AUTHOR: BUSK L UNIV OF UPPSALA SWEDEN ADDRESSEE COPYEEs ELOVSON R ZETTERBERG G DOCUMENT 4549 00/00/73 NEWS 3 REPORT AUTHOR AG RES CNCL POULTRY RES WHITEHEAD CC ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs " DOCUMENT 4550 00/00/80 NEWS 4 AUTHOR: FURAMI J ADDRESSEE: COPYEEs REPORT INST OF PHYSICAL M CO TO TO 00 TITLE REQUEST FOR PATHOLOGY. ORGAN HEIGHT SUMMARY, TCDD, RATS. PAGE 653 RESIDUES OF 29D AND 29-DICHL0R0PHEN0L IN TISSUES AND EGGS FROM CHICKENS FED 29D ( D . 9 . 1 ) CAMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 29D 7 5 0 6 0 0 ) . MILLER PH DEADLY POISON DIOXIN I S SHOHING UP IN MOTHERS' MILKLDETROIT NEHS). THE INFLUENCE OF PH ON THE EFFECTS OF 29D ( 2 9 D , NA SALT) ON SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE AND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM (MUTATION RES 92, 3-18). RYTTMAN H STARECNORDENHAMMAR L RESEARCH NOTE GROWTH DEPRESSION OF BROILERS FED ON LOH LEVELS OF 29D (BR. POULT. S C I . 1 9 , 9 2 5 - 9 2 7 ) . INCORPORATION OF LABELED PESTICIDES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS INTO NUCLEAR FRACTION OF CULTURED HUMAN CELLS (BULL. ENVIRONM. CONTAM. TOXICOL. 2 9 , 2 7 - 3 0 ) . ID CHE MURAKAMI M NUMBER DOCUMENT <*551 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: DATE 01/16/80 TYPE SPEC PAGES 1 DOCUMENT 4 5 5 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 03/04/77 SPEC 1 DOCUMENT 4 5 5 3 00/00/76 NEWS 6 AUTHOR* FISH PEST RES LAB ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* REPORT WOODWARD DF DOCUMENT 4 5 5 4 11/23/71 AUTHOR* FDA QUAIFE ML ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* NEWS REPORT FITZHUGH OG 8 DOCUMENT 4 5 5 5 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/00 REPORT 8 DOCUMENT 4 5 56 04/28/78 AUTHOR* BOVING PA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* REPORT MOFFITT HR 4 DOCUMENT 4 5 57 05/01/78 LETTER AUTHOR* BOVING PA USDA ADDRESSEE* WA 24D RES COMM MEMBERS COPYEE* 1 CO O to TITLE PAGE 654 24D ISOOCTYL ESTERtDOH QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION). 24D, DAMPCDOW QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATI ON). TOXICITY OF THE HERBICIDES DINOSEB AND PICLORAM TO CUTTHROAT (SALMO CLARKI) AND LAKE TROUT (SALVELINUS NAMAYCUSHMJOUR OF FISH RES BOARD CAN 3 J , 1 6 7 1 - 1 6 7 6 ) . CHRONIC TOXICITY OF 24D IN RATS AND DOGS CTOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 2 0 , 1 2 2 - 1 2 9 ) . HABERMANN RT HANSEN NH EXPERIMENTS ON THE TOXICITY OF THE HERBICIDE 24D IN HORSES. ADDENDUM TO FALLOUT DRIFT ANALYSIS OF THE 7 6 0 0 0 0 AND 7 7 0 0 0 0 TESTS USING 2 4 D FORMULATIONS SUNNYSIDE, WA. USDA HINTERFELD RG 7 8 0 0 0 0 24D TEST PROGRAM AT SUNNYSIDE. NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 5 5 8 DATE 12/10/7 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 5 5 9 07/24/80 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE DOW JONES J DOCUMENT 4 5 6 0 01/17/80 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE * COPYEE DOW DUNN FL KOCIBA RJ MILLER RR RAMSEY JC WATSON AJ DOCUMENT 4 5 61 11/04/75 AUTHOR BELOVA RS ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 5 6 2 00/00/00 AUTHOR DRILL VA ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 5 6 3 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 01/26/60 TYPE PRINT SPEC PAGES 1 LETTER WARREN LE LANHAM JM ALLISON WE STRINGER WM 1 REPORT SMITH FA BETSO J E GEHRING P J LANGNER MOOLENAR RJ RAO KS 8 REPORT 12 FEDOROVA LM REPORT WAYNE UNIV 13 DATA OLSON KJ 2 USVi-G CO to CO o TITLE 29D, BUTYL ESTERS CZ0706CDOH QUALITY ASSURANCE SALES SPECIFICATION). PAGE 655 PROPOSED 29D WORKER HEALTH ADVISORY. CHARLTON RH TURNER GO DAVIDSON JH PHARMACOKINETICS OF 24D PGBE ESTER APPLIED DERMALLY TO RATS(5 5 -3 1 1 6 5 0 3 ). BRAUN WH GORZINSKI SJ MCKENNA MJ NOLAN RJ SCHUNANN AM DIETZ FK HOOVER HE MILLER BH OLSON KJ HATANABE PG INCLUSION OF 29D IN ORGANS OF ANIMALS PATHS AND DYNAMICS OF ITS EXCRETION (GIGIENGA I SANITARIIA 3 9 ( 2 ) , 1 0 5 - 1 0 7 ) . LIVAK J ACUTE AND SUBACUTE ORAL TOXICITY OF 29D FOR DOGS ( 1 2 5 0 9 1 ) (BC T23.19-11-5). 29D DATA SHEET OF PROPERTIES, HEALTH HAZARDS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIALS ( 1 2 5 0 9 5 K B C T 2 3 . 1 A - 1 1 - 1 1 ) . OYEN F HUMBER DOCUMENT <*56 6 DATE 02/05/60 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW ELSHERE D HART A KILIAN DJ PERKINS RP WRIGHT N DOCUMENT <*565 06/03/52 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW HIGHHILL CA DOCUMENT <566 06/03/52 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW DOW GAY HH LYNN GE DOCUMENT <567 08/31/50 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW DOW DUTTON WC SUNDERLAND WW DOCUMENT <568 10/11/50 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW DOW DUTTON WC LYNN GE TYPE DISTRB PAGES 2 REPORT OLSON K BARRONS KC GAY HH HYMAS TA LUCE EN STENGER VA REPORT 6 HOLLINGSWORTH RL BRITTON JW HOYLE HR REPORT 6 HOLLINGSWORTH RL BRITTON JW HIGHHILL CA MACCUTCHEON SM REPORT ROWE VK ALLEN WW IR IS H DD 2 REPORT 6 ROWE VK ALLEN WW HIGHHILL CA CO ro CO TITLE PAGE 656 RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON 24D ACIDIFIED HITH CHEMICALLY PURE HC1 AND HITH HC1 RECOVERED FROM THE PENTACHLOROPHENOL PLANT ( 1 2 5 0 9 5 H B C T 2 3 . 1 4 - 1 1 - 1 1 ) . BOUNDY RH GREENE LM JONES GD LYNN GE TISDALE WL COLBY RH HAMMER OH KAGY J F MCINTYRE HH HHITE LC JR RESULTS OF SKIN IRRITATION TESTS ON CURRENT PRODUCTION 24D AS COMPARED WITH PAST PRODUCTION MATERIAL ( 1 2 5 0 9 4 M B C T 2 3 . 1 4 - 1 1 - 9 ) . DOSSER RC MACCUTCHEON SM GAY HH RESULTS OF RANGE FINDING TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON 24D PREPARED BY A NEW METHOD ( 1 2 5 0 9 3 M B C T 2 3 . 1 4 - 1 1 - 7 ) . DOSSER RC JOHNSON J E DUTTON WC KAGY J F RESULTS OF ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY TESTS ON 24D ( 1 2 5 0 9 0 H B C T23.14-11-4). BRITTON JH KAGY J F DOSSER RC LYNN GE RESULTS OF SKIN IRRITATION AND SKIN SENSITIZATION TESTS CONDUCTED ON HUMAN SUBJECTS HITH OLD AND NEH PREPARATIONS OF 24D ( 1 2 5 0 9 2 X B C T23.14-11-6). BRITTON JW IRISH DD DOSSER RC KAGY J F NUMBER DOCUMENT A569 AUTHOR! EPA ADDRESSEE* DON COPYEE: DATE 10/11/79 TYPE PAGES LETTER 1 GARNER WY STRINGER HM DOCUMENT 4 5 7 0 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE DON COPYEE* 05/05/78 LETTER MOUNTFORT RF STRINGER NM 1 DOCUMENT 4571 09/00/75 REPORT AUTHOR DON SCHNETZ BA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* GEHRING P J DOCUMENT 4 5 7 2 00/00/70 ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR* COMPLEXE SCIENTIFIQUE DE LUTRZOSTERTAG Y ADDRESSEE COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 5 7 3 04/16/71 AUTHOR* CORNELL PEAKALL DB ADDRESSEE ' COPYEE* REPORT EISNER T DOCUMENT 4 5 7 4 02/20/80 NENS AUTHOR! TOXIC MATERIALS NENS ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 5 7 5 12/11/72 REPORT AUTHOR* DERBYSHIRE 8 COALITE 8 C MAY G ADDRESSEE'- COPYEE: 8 CO CO TITLE PAGE 657 RESUBMISSION OF AMENDMENT LABEL REVISION TOftDON 101 MIXTURE HEED AND BRUSH KILLER EPA REGISTRATION NO. 4 6 4 - 3 0 6 YOUR LETTER OF 7 9 0 9 0 5 . AMENDMENT FORMULA CHANGE TORDON 101 MIXTURE HERBICIDE EPA REG NO 4 6 4 - 3 0 6 APPLICATION OF 7 8 0 4 2 4 . CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND PENTACHLOROPHENOUENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 5 , 1 7 1 - 1 7 5 ) 1 7 3 0 4 0 0 CONFERENCE ON DIBENZODIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS SPONSORED BY NIEHS, RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK NC). JOHNSON RL KOCIBA RJ DELETERIOUS EFFECT OF THE HERBICIDE 24D ON THE EMBROYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND FECUNDITY OF HINGED GAMEtCOMPT. REND./ SER. D27K25), 2418-2421)(71 1434). LUTZ H 2 5-DICHLOROPHENOL (FROM INGESTED HERBICIDE?) IN DEFENSIVE SECRETION OF GRASSHOPPER. HENDRY LB MEINHALD J MONTANA HOMEN BLAME HERBICIDE 24D FOR MISCARRIAGES (TOXIC MATERIALS NEWS, 6 1 - 6 2 ) . CHLORACNE FROM THE ACCIDENTAL PRODUCTION OF TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOXIN (BRITISH JOUR OF IND MED 3 0 , 2 7 6 - 2 8 3 ) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 5 76 DATE 00/00/78 TYPE ABSTRACT PAGES 1 AUTHOR: MORAN ET JR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 5 77 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/78 DOCUMENT 4 5 78 01/17/77 REINHART BS MEMO 8 REPORT 33 AUTHOR: BISANTI L EUROPEAN TECH SOCIETY MONTESARCHIO E ZAMBRELLI E ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: FAVARETTI C BONETTI F FAVARETTI C PUCCINELLI V FARA GM DOCUMENT 4 5 7 9 00/00/78 REPORT 5 AUTHOR GUELPH ONTARIO UNIV OF GUELPH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: MORAN ET DOCUMENT 4 5 8 0 08/20/71 AUTHOR AG RES SERVICE WONG AS ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: ABSTRACT NEWS CROSBY DG WOOLSON EA 2 DOCUMENT 4 5 81 06/16/75 NEWS 5 AUTHOR: ALLEN JR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: REPORT MARLAR RJ CO O CO Co Q-O TITLE PAGE <58 HATCHING SUCCESS AND EARLY PERFORMANCE OF CHICKS FROM EGGS SPRAYED WITH 2 4 D (2 4 5T AND PICLORAM AT VARIOUS STAGES OF EMBRYNOIC DEVELOPMENT) (BULL. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL 20 ( 3 ) , 2 8 9 ~ 2 9 3 ) ( P E S T I C I D E S ABSTRACTS) ( 7 9 - 0 3 7 0 ) . SOMERS JD UNIV GUELP CAN IARC MONOGRAPHS 15 CHAPTER ON 245T AND ESTERS. EXPERIENCE OF THE ACCIDENT OF SEVESO (EUROPEAN TERATOLOGY SOCIETY SIXTH CONFERENCE 7 8 0 9 0 4 TO 7 8 0 9 0 7 BUDAPEST SZENTENDRE HUNGARY!REGIONE LOMBARDIA, UFFICIO SPECIALE PER I PROGRAM DELLA LR (2) 770117). CARAMASCHI F DELCORNO G GIAMBELLUCA S MARNI E REMOTTI G VOLPATO C HATCHING SUCCESS 8 EARLY PERFORMANCE OF CHICKS FROM EGGS SPRAYED WITH 2 45T AND PICLORAM AT VARIOUS STAGES OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT (BULL ENVIRONM CONTAM TOXICOL 20 2 8 9 - 2 9 3 . REINHART BS SOMERS JD PHOTODECOMPOSITION OF CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS(SCIENCE 1 7 3 , 7 4 8 - 7 4 9 ) (ACS MEETING, WA 7 1 0 9 0 0 ) . PL IMMER JR UC DAVIS TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION OF TRITIATED TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN IN NON HUMAN PRIMATES AND RATS(FD COSMET TOXICOL. 1 4 , 3 1 - 3 4 ) . UNIV OF WI VANMILLER JP NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 5 8 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 06/00/77 TYPE PAGES CHART SWANK MG 4 DOCUMENT 4 5 8 3 00/ 0 0 / 0 0 AUTHOR: TIPPELEN CV ADDRESSEE COPYEE ABSTRACT 1 VOORBURG NETHER DOCUMENT 4 5 8 4 01/03/80 LETTER AUTHOR: DOW MCCOY WJ ADDRESSEE ALL DOW 245T AND SILVEX COPYEE: 3 DOCUMENT 4 5 8 5 01/03/80 MEMO AUTHOR: DOW MCCOY WJ ADDRESSEE ALL DOW 245T AND SILVEX COPYEE: 2 DOCUMENT 45 86 08/03/76 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE: DOW TOWNSEND RM LETTER STRINGER WM TAYLOR RJ HOLDEMAN GE WOODS CD 1 DOCUMENT 4 5 87 00/00/75 AUTHOR: ARNOLD EL ADDRESSEE COPYEE: ABSTRACT USAF 1 DOCUMENT 4 5 88 06/21/77 AUTHOR: BOUKIS D ADDRESSEE: COPYEE REPORT 2 COUTSELINIS A DOCUMENT 4 5 89 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE 02/20/80 LABEL I CSW 1 \ * i'Q co ct oo TITLE SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL STUDIES INVOLVINO 24D. PAGE 659 ABSTRACT ON HERBICIDE INDUCED NEURO-PSYCHIATRIC SYNDROME. ESTERON BRUSH KILLER, ESTERON 2 9 5 AND KURON. ESTERON BRUSH KILLER, ESTERON 2 9 5 AND KURON. TORDON 101 MIXTURE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER EPA REG NO 9 6 9 - 3 0 6 . KEENEY FN WRIGHT WG MANFROM RP THREE YEARS OF FIELD STUDIES ON THE SOIL PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF 29D 295T AND TCDD. WACHINSKI AM YOUNG AL CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF 29D AND 295T IN FORENSIC MATERIAL(FORENSIC SCIENCE 1 0 , 2 0 3 - 2 0 9 ) . KENTARCHOU R UNIV OF ATHENS GREECE ESTERON 2 9 5 ( 9 6 9 - 2 0 5 ) NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT <1590 05/05/76 AUTHOR* P E S T CHEM NEWS ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* TYPE REPORT PAGES A DOCUMENT <591 AUTHOR* HOOK JB ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/77 ABSTRACT KLUWE WM 1 DOCUMENT <*592 00/00/77 AUTHOR* ALLEN JR ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* ABSTRACT UNIV OF H I 1 DOCUMENT <4593 08/28/7<4 AUTHOR* THE NY T IM ES ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* NEWS 1 DOCUMENT <459<4 10/06/80 NEWS AUTHOR* STEVENS POINT JOUR ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 1 DOCUMENT <4595 10/10/80 AUTHOR* MILWAUKEE JOUR ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* NEWS 1 DOCUMENT <4596 AUTHOR* AP ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 10/09/80 NEWS 1 DOCUMENT <4597 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 0<4/27/76 REPORT N IT SC H K E KD 7 ^'<3 CO io CO cn TITLE PAGE POSSIBLE TOXIC EFFECTS OF TCDD IN HUMANS LISTED BY DIOXIN GROUP!PEST CHEM NEWS). <60 RENAL EFFECTS OF TCDDtPENTACHLOROPHENOL RAO KR ED, 3 8 1 - 3 8 7 ) . MCCORMACK KM MI ST UNIV HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF TCDD EXPOSURE IN PRIMATES (PENTACHLOROPHENOL RAO, KR ED, 3 7 1 - 3 7 9 ) . VANMILLER J P DEATH OF ANIMALS LAID TO CHEMICAL (THE NY TIMES ). PUBLIC INTERVENOR URGES DIALOGUE BETWEEN FARMERS ENVIRONMENTALISTS (STEVENS POINT JOUR). COUNTYWIDE BAN ON 2AD TO BE SOUGHT IN MADISONCMILWAUKEE JOUR). BAN SPRAYING AFTER MADISON CHILD AFFECTED!SP JOUR). TERATOGENICITY OF TCDD IN C F- 1 MICEiTOX AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 38, 517-523). SCHWETZ BA SMITH FA 'H NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 5 98 05/00/78 AUTHOR! HOLMES P ADDRESSEE? COPYEE! TYPE PAGES MEMO 1 I I T RES INST DOCUMENT 4 5 9 9 11/00/73 ABSTRACT 10 AUTHOR BERGMAN H NIEHS ADDRESSEE COPYEE: REPORT EPA VOS JG DOCUMENT 4 6 0 0 00/00/78 NEWS 12 AUTHOR BUSER HP ADDRESSEE COPYEE: REPORT RAPPE C DOCUMENT 46 01 00/00/78 NEWS AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT BOSSHARDT HP BUSER HR UNIV OF UMEA SWEDEN 8 DOCUMENT 4 6 0 2 07/00/73 REPORT 5 AUTHOR*- DOW ADDRESSEE-' COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 6 0 3 07/00/73 REPORT 10 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: * CO ro oo OD TITLE PAGE 661 CARCINOGENESIS BIOASSAY OF TCDD (NOTICE OF RESEARCH PROJECT TOX TIPS 24-11). HEPATIC PORPHYRIA INDUCED BY TCDD IN THE MOUSE(RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 6 ( 3 ) , 919-928). GOLDSTEIN JA HICKMAN P IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSTITUTION PATTERNS IN POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS (PCDDS) BY MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHEMOSPHERE 7 ( 2 ) , 199-211). SWISS FED RES STATION SW UNIV OF UMEA SWEDEN IDENTIFICATION OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN ISOMERS FOUND IN FLY ASH (CHEMOSPHERE ( 2 ) , 1 6 5 - 1 7 2 ) . RAPPE C SWISS FED RES STATION SW D . 8 . 1 1 DISCUSSION OF ANALYSES FOR 24D AND 24-DICHL0R0PHEN0L IN MEAT, 7 3 0 7 0 0 (SUMMARY SECTIONS FROM AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES'OF 2 4 D ) . D O . 10 SUMMARY OF RESIDUE DATA ON 24D IN FOOD AND FEED CROPS AND ANIMAL TISSUES, 7 3 0 7 0 0 (SUMMARY SECTIONS FROM AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF 2 4 D ) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 460} AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT *605 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 46 06 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 46 07 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 6 08 DATE 06/00/73 TYPE REPORT 08/00/73 MEMO 06/00/73 REPORT 06/00/73 REPORT 07/00/73 REPORT PAGES 5 2 4 4 3 AUTHOR DURHAM WF ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 6 09 10/18/72 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' EPA REPORT LENG ML 4 CO O CO -a TITLE PAGE 662 C . 8 . 0 SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGY STUDIES WITH 24D IM BIRDS, 7 3 0 6 0 0 (SUMMARY SECTIONS FROM AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF 2 4 D ) . SECTION C TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 6 ( BIRDSMSUMMARY SECTIONS FROM AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF 2 4 D ) . SECTION C TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 6 (SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGY STUDIES WITH 24D IN LIVESTOCK, 7 3 0 6 0 0 ) (SUMMARY SECTIONS FROM AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF 2 4 D ) . SECTION C TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 6 (SUMMARY OF METABOLIC STUDIES HITH 24D IN ANIMALS, 7 3 0 6 0 0 ) (SUMMARY SECTIONS FROM AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF 2 4 D ) . MUTAGENIC, TERATOGENIC, AND CARCINOGENIC PROPERTIES OF PESTICIDES (PESTICIDES AND THE ENVIRONMENT A CONTINUING CONTROVERSY EDITED BY W. B. DEICHMANN)(8TH INTER AMERICAN CONFERENCE ON TOXICOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE, MIAMI, 7 3 0 7 0 0 ) (SUMMARY SECTIONS FROM AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF 2 4 D ) . PERRINE PRIMATE LAB WILLIAMS CH SUMMARY OF TERATOLOGY STUDIES HITH 2AD COMPILED BY MARGUERITE L. LENG (SUMMARY SECTIONS FROM AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF 2 4 D ) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 6 10 DATE 06/00/73 TYPE REPORT PAGES 9 AUTHOR * DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4611 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 08/00/73 REPORT 6 DOCUMENT 4 6 1 2 02/00/72 AUTHOR* EHRENBERG L UNIV OF STOCKHOLM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* REPORT GEJVALL T 2 DOCUMENT 4 6 1 3 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 10/06/72 PRESENT GORING CA 13 DOCUMENT 4 6 14 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/77 REPORT 8 GETZENDANER ME DOCUMENT 4 6 1 5 07/22/80 LEGIS 22 AUTHOR* F JWT ADDRESSEE* EPA COPYEE* BREINHOLD MM USAF JACKSON TG DOCUMENT 46 16 07/22/80 LEGIS 6 AUTHOR* USAF ADDRESSEE* EPA COPYEE* BREINHOLD MM YOUNG AL JACKSON TG P -333 b rUo5 05 00 TITLE PAGE 663 SECTION C FULL REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS HAM NITH RESPECT TO THE SAFETY OF THE PESTICIDE CHEMICAL (SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGY STUDIES WITH 7AD, 7 30600MSUMMARY SECTIONS FROM AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 67 0 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF 2 A D ) . SUMMARY SECTIONS FROM AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 REQUESTING TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF 2AD 7 3 0 6 0 0 TO 7 3 0 8 0 0 . MUTAGENIC EFFECTS OF TCDD ON BACTERIAL SYSTEMS CAMBIO, 3 2 - 3 3 ) . HUSSAIN S LOFROTH G EXPECTED FATE OF 2AD, 245T AND PICLORAM IN THE VIETNAM ENVIRONMENT (NAS NRC HERBICIDE REVIEHHDOW) . SEARCH FOR THE PRESENCE OF TCDD IN BOVINE MILK (ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION & TOXICOLOGY 1 8 ( 2 ) , 1 2 3 - 1 3 0 ) . HIGGINS HS MAHLE NH VA FAT BIOPSY SUBJECT NUMBER 6 ( J . W. T . ) ( SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE HISTORY TO HERBICIDE ORANGE TCDDHAPPENDIX 1 H DI REC T TESTIMONY OF ALVIN L YOUNG, MAJOR, USAFHEN RE DOW ET AL) . US DA HENKER JA VA FAT BIOPSY SUBJECT NUMBER 3 ( A . L . Y . ) ( SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE HISTORY TO HERBICIDE ORANGE TCDDHAPPENDIX 1MDIRECT TESTIMONY OF ALVIN L YOUNG, MAJOR, USAFHEN RE DOW ET A D . USDA HENKER JA NUMBER DOCUMENT <4617 DATE 07/22/80 AUTHOR: I CET ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEEs BREINHOLD MM DOCUMENT 4 6 18 07/22/80 AUTHOR: USAF ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE BREINHOLD MM DOCUMENT 4 6 1 9 01/10/78 TYPE LEGIS PAGES 5 USAF JACKSON TG LEGIS YOUNG AL JACKSON TG 71 REPORT 17 AUTHOR ASP S SEPPALAINEN AM ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 6 2 0 00/00/00 AUTHOR POCCHIARI F ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4621 AUTHOR OU LT ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 6 2 2 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 11/05/75 DOCUMENT 4 6 2 3 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 03/00/76 CO to CO CO HERNBERG S REPORT 24 REPORT SIKKA HC 11 REPORT JENSEN DJ 9 REPORT 3 TITLE PAGE 664 VA FAT BIOPSY SUBJECT NUMBER 2(C. E.T. HSUMMARY OF EXPOSURE HISTORY TO HERBICIDE ORANGE TCDD)(APPENDIX 1 ) ( DIRECT TESTIMONY OF ALVIN L YOUNG, MAJOR, USAFMEN RE DOW ET A D . USDA HENKER JA DIRECT TESTIMONY OF ALVIN L. YOUNG, MAJOR, US AF d N RE DOW ET AL) . USDA HENKER JA SYMPTOMATOLOGY, MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY EXPERIENCE OF CHLORINATED PHENOXY ACID HERBICIDE ( 2 4 D ; 2 4 5 T ) SPRAYERS IN FINLAND. A CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY. WORKING PAPER FOR AN IARC WORKING GROUP MEETING ON "COORDINATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE LONG TERM HAZARDS OF CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND LYON 7 8 0 1 1 0 - 7 8 0 1 1 1 . INST OF OCCUPATIONAL HEA RIIHIMAKI V ACCIDENTAL TCDD CONTAMINATION IN SEVESO ( I T A L Y ) , EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS. EXTENSIVE DEGRADATION OF SILVEX BY SYNERGISTIC ACTION OF AQUATIC MICROORGANISMS. SYRACUSE UNIV PROCEDURE FOR RESIDUES OF SILVEX IN SOIL BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH MICROCOULOMETRIC DETECTION. MILLER PW SUPPLEMENT TO P P8 F 0 6 7 5 SUMMARY ON DISSIPATION OF SILVEX IN SOIL AND WATER. NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 6 24 DATE 02/01/71 TYPE REPORT PAGES 13 AUTHOR: EMERSON JL ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: BLAIR EH GRAZIER G LYNN GE NARANJO P SCHWARZ- AJ DOCUMENT 4 6 2 5 02/01/77 GERBIG CG BRUNTON A HAKE CL MAi-FII G PLEPYS R SENSI P ABSTRACT 1 AUTHOR: EMERSON JL ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: ANDERSON J CHENOWETH MB HAKE CL JOHNSTON RV MCCOLLISTER DD PETERSON NR ROWE VK ZELLERCELSO L DOCUMENT 46 26 04/10/71 AUTHOR: ANILINE 0 NORRIS JM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: ANILINE 0 BLAIR EH GEHRING PJ HORVATH B KIMMEL CE PITCHFORTH DOCUMENT 46 27 07/08/71 AUTHOR: BOURNE J ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOW BURGERT BE GORDON HL JOHNSON JE MCCOLLISTER DD ROWE VK 03 TO O GERBIG CG BJORK K DEZULIAN M HAYDEN J KAMMARAAD A MILCH LJ PLEPYS R SCHWARZ AJ REPORT 10 BOURNE J SPARSCHU GL DOW BURGERT BE GORDON HL I VK MACCUTCHEON SM ROBINSON VB REPORT DOW NORRIS JM EDWARDS H GORING CA KILIAN DJ MCINTYRE HH SCHWARZ AJ 3 P-3337 TITLE PAGE 665 RESULTS OF CHICK EDEMA BIOASSAY TEST USING OCTACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN, 23A6-TETRACHLOROPHENOL, COMMERCIAL PENTACHLOROPHENOL AND PURIFIED PENTACHLOROPHENOL IN THE DIET OF YOUNG CHICKENS FOR 20 DAYS. DEZULIAN M HINMAN C MCCOLLISTER DD ROBINSON VB ZELLER CELSO L DON JOHNSTON RV MILCH LJ ROWE VK RESULTS OF CHICK EDEMA BIOASSY TEST USING OCTACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN, 23A6-TETRACHL0R0PHEN0L, COMMERCIAL PENTACHLOROPHENOL AND PURIFIED PENTACHLOROPHENOL IN THE DIET OF YOUNG CHICKENS FOR 20 DAYS. BLAIR EH DON HINMAN C LYNN GE MUNDEN B RENZI A SENSI P BRUNTON A GRAZIER G JOHNSON J E MAFFII G NARANJO P ROBINSON VB WHITE H ACUTE ORAL AND CHLORACNE STUDIES ON HEXACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN CDOW CHEM BIO RES) . DOW GREENE J NORRIS JM EDWARDS H GORING CA JOHNSON JE MCCOLLISTER DD SCHWARZ AJ AXE FD FREVEL LK HOLDER BB KILIAN DJ MCINTYRE HH SILVERSTEIN L CHLORACNE STUDY CONDUCTED ON 123789-HEXACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (DOW CHEM BIO R ES) . NORRIS JM AXE FD FREVEL LK HOLDER BB KIMMEL CE PITCHFORTH L SILVERSTEIN L BLAIR EH GEHRING P J HORVATH B MACCUTCHEON SM ROBINSON VB NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 46Z8 10/Z5/71 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW EDWARDS H HOLDER BB KIMMELL CE PITCHFORTH L SILVERSTEIN L DOCUMENT 46Z9 0Z/03/76 AUTHOR ARNOLD EL ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 6 30 07/00/73 AUTHOR CLEGG DJ ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 46 31 03/01/77 AUTHOR ALLEN JR ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 463Z 00/00/78 AUTHOR DAVIDSON JH ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 6 3 3 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 6 3 4 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/00 TYPE PAGES REPORT 3 NORRIS JM AXE FD FREVEL LK HORVATH B MACCUTCHEON SM ROBINSON VB PRESENT REPORT USAF 15 PRESENT 5 REPORT DEPT OF NATL HEALTH ABSTRACT . UNIV OF MI Z REPORT DOW Z MEMO 1 REPORT 1 3241 0 3 3 3 * ne TITLE PAGE 666 EYE IRRITATION STUDY CONDUCTED ON, HEXACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (CHEM BIO RES). BLAIR EH GEHRING PJ JOHNSON JE MCCOLLISTER DD SCHWARZ AJ BURGERT BE GORDON HL KILIAN DJ MCINTYRE HH SHAVER RJ THREE YEARS OF FIELD STUDIES ON THE SOIL PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF 24D, 245T AND TCDD. WACHINSKI AM YOUNG AL THE TERATOGENICITY OF PESTI CI DES, THEIR METABOLITIES AND CONTAMINANTS (PEST AND THE ENVIRON A CONTINUING CONTROVERSY, 2 6 7 - 2 7 3 ) ( 8TH INTER AM CONF ON TOX AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE, MIAMI). 8 ME KHERA KS CHRONIC TOXICITY OF TCDD IN RATS (FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS ABSTRACT 6 7 3 3 6 ( 3 ) , 61ST ANNUAL MEETING CHICAGO, IL 7 7 0 4 0 1 TO 7 7 0 4 0 8 ) . VAMMILLER JP FACTS ABOUT 24D 245T AND SILVEX. WARREN LE LIST OF REGIONAL CONTACTS. SILVEX LIST OF SITES WHICH THE AGENCY CONSIDERS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE CATEGORY OF SUSPENDED USES. NUMBER DOCUMENT 4635 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE DATE 00/00/00 TYPE REPORT PAGES 1 DOCUMENT 46 36 00/00/00 REPORT 21 AUTHOR BERRY DL SLAGA TJ ADDRESSEE COPYEE DIGIOVANNI J UNIV HA DOCUMENT 4 6 37 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE 07/00/73 REPORT 5 DOCUMENT 4 6 3 8 04/26/77 LETTER REPORT AUTHOR DIOXIN WORKING GROUP EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE 17 DOCUMENT 4 6 39 05/11/77 LETTER AUTHOR EPA JOHNSON EL ADDRESSEE DIOXIN IMPLEMENTATION TA COPYEE 1 DOCUMENT 4 6 4 0 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 02/26/60 REPORT RITTY PM 3 DOCUMENT 4 6 41 00/00/00 AUTHOR BRADY TP ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOW BOWMAN CW DONALDS J E HAKE CL JOHNSON RL CO LAKE DE to MCCOLLISTER DD NAEGELE RE to SCHOBER AE SHEETZ DP REPORT BRIGGS PR 11 AERSTIN FG CRUMMETT WB ENGIBOUS DL HEFNER RE KEITH LEAVITT FC MCCOY CE NELSON SCHWETZ BA SILVERSTEIN LG g'se-cr TITLE PAGE 667 245T LIST OR SITES WHICH THE AGENCY CONSIDERS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE CATEGORY OF SUSPENDED USES. STUDIES WITH CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS, POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN A TWO STAGE SYSTEM OF MOUSE SKIN TUMORIGENESIS POTENT ANTI-CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS. JUCHAU MR OAK RIDGE NATL LAB DISCUSSION OF ANALYSES FOR 24D AND 24 DICHLOROPHENOL IN MEAT (AMENDMENT TO PP 8 F 0 6 7 0 - 24D - 7 3 0 7 0 0 . SUBMITTED 7 3 0 9 1 4 ) . DIOXIN POSITION DOCUMENT. DIOXIN POSITION DOCUMENT. KURON, DOWPON AND 24D LIQUID AND GRANULAR HERBICIDE AQUATIC TESTS (ROI 2 1 4 0 7 ). THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SILVEX AND DERIVATIVES (REPORT NVA 6 8 ) . DOW LANGER HG BARRONS KC DELINE DD GEHRING PJ HOUTMAN T KELLY LENG ML MOREHOUSE DS PETERSON LI SEIDEL EM SNYDER RE BLAIR EH DEMOTT DN GILL HH HOYLE HR KENAGA EE LYNN GE MOSS RD RONE VK SHADOFF LA STEHL RH P-33H 3243 NUMBER DATE STULL DR DOCUMENT 4 6 4 2 01/10/73 AUTHOR: BRADY TP ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOM BOMMAN CM DEMOTT DN GILL HH HOUTMAN T KEITH JR LEAVITT FC MCCOY CE NELSON P PRUITT ME SEIDEL EM SNYDER RE HHITE HC DOCUMENT 4 6 4 3 01/31/80 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: DOM KUBOTA Y DOCUMENT 4 6 44 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 6 4 5 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE* DOM COPYEE 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4646 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 12/16/79 DOCUMENT 4647 02/19/75 AUTHOR: DOM PARK CN ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: TYPE TREE RM PAGES ABSTRACT BRIGGS PR AERSTIN FG CRI DONALDS J E HAKE CL HOYLE HR KELLY ME LENG ML MOREHOUSE DS NUMMY MR ROHE VK SHADOFF LA STEHL RH MUKASCH RF 2 TELEX LEE A FOONG MC ANDREHS S TANG R 1 LABEL 6 LETTER 1 MOUNTFORT RF MULLISON MR TEST 7 HISNIEHSKI DF REPORT GEHRING PJ 25 TITLE MHITE HC MUKASCH RF PAGE 668 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SILVEX AND DERIVATIES (REPORT NVA 6 8 ) . DOM LANGER HG BARRONS KC CRUMMETT MB ENGIBOUS DL HEFNER RE JOHNSON J E KENAGA EE LYNN GE MOSS RD OSBORNE DM SCHOBER AE SHEETZ DP STULL DR BLAIR EH DELINE DD GEHRING PJ HINMAN CM JOHNSON RL LAKE DE MCCOLLISTER DD NAEGELE RE PETERSON LI SCHMETZ BA SILVERSTEIN LG TREE RM 265T ESTERON TRADEMARK. DRENCKPHOL JM KINCAID RF TORDON 10K PELLETS SYSTEMIC BRUSH KILLER CONTAINS PICLORAM. BRUSH KILLER 6T. DETERMINATION OF TETRACHLOROXANTHONE AND I T S RELATED IMPURITIES IN PERCHLOROETHYLENE FROM THE 26D PROCESS. TCDD(TCDD)RESULTS OF A 13 MEEK ORAL TOXICITY STUDY IN RATSCTOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 3 5 , 5 5 3 - 5 7 6 ) . KEELER PA KOCIBA RJ NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 6 48 03/06/72 AUTHOR! DOW THOMPSON DJ ADDRESSEE EMERSON JL COPYEE: DOW GRAZIER G JOHNS D MCCOLLISTER DD ROWE VK TEDESCHI R DOCUMENT 4 6 4 9 03/06/72 AUTHOR: DOW STREBING RJ ADDRESSEE* COPYEE DOW GRAZIER G JOHNS D LYNN GE MUDEN B ROWE VK STRYCKER S ZELLERCELSO DOCUMENT 4 6 50 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE! 03/00/76 DOCUMENT 46 51 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE 10/00/66 CODOCUMENT 4 6 5 2 00/00/00 AUTHOR ! DELLARCO M V" ADDRESSEE! ^COPYEE! DOCUMENT 4 6 5 3 00/00/78 AUTHOR NEWTON M ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: TYPE PAGES REPORT 36 GERBIG CG ROBINSON VB HAYDEN J JOHNSTON RV MILCH LJ SCHWARZ AJ WHITE H ABSTRACT EMERSON JL THOMPSON DJ ROBINSON VB HAYDEN J JOHNSON J E MAFFII G NARANJO P SCHELL K TEDESCHI R 1 ABSTRACT LENG ML 2 LABEL 2 REPORT EPA 115 REPORT OR ST UNIV 8 TITLE PAGE 669 TERATOLOGY AND POSTNATAL STUDIES IN RATS TREATED ORALLY WITH 2-C245-TR1CHL0R0PHEN0XY) PROPIONIC ACID ( S I L V F X ) . ROBINSON VB STREBING RJ BJORK K HINMAN C LYNN GE NARANJO P SENSI P WOLF MA DEZULIAN MV HYMAS TA MAFFII G PETERSON NR STRYCKER S ZELLERCELSO L TERATOLOGY AND POSTNATAL STUDIES IN RATS TREATED ORALLY WITH 2-(235-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY) PROPIONIC ACID (S ILVE X). GERBIG CG ROBINSON VB BJORK K HINMAN C JOHNSTON RV MCCOLLISTER DD NUMMY WR SCHWARZ AJ WHITE H DEZULIAN MV HYMAS TA KAMMERAAD A MILCH LJ PETERSON NR SENSI P WOLF MA D76 DEGRADATION OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES AND TCDD BY MICROORGANISMS IN SOIL AND WATER. BRUSH KILLER TX FOR TREES & BRUSH LABEL CTTL. SILVEX POSITION DOCUMENT 1 2 3 . EXPOSURE OF FOREST HERBIVORES TO TCDD IN AREAS SPRAYED WITH 245T (BULL ENVIRONM CONTAM TOXICOL 2 0 , 7 A 3 - 7 5 0 ) . SNYDER SP NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 6 5 4 08/10/73 AUTHOR CROSBY DO ADDRESSEE COPYEE TYPE REPORT UC DAVIS PAGES 3 DOCUMENT 4 6 5 5 00/00/80 AUTHOR DOST FN ADDRESSEE COPYEE NEMS OR ST UNIV 1 DOCUMENT 46 56 00/00/77 REPORT 5 AUTHOR HUTZINGER 0 ADDRESSEE COPYEE OLIE K DOCUMENT 4 6 57 00/00/78 REPORT AUTHOR CHLORINATED DIOXIN TASK DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 198 DOCUMENT 4 6 58 01/15/79 AUTHOR BRAUN HH UNIV OF AR ADDRESSEE COPYEE REPORT DOM YOUNG JD 33 DOCUMENT 4 6 5 9 09/14/51 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE ADAMS EM DOM BRITTON JM HEATH SB NELSON ML DISTRB 5 REPORT DOM BERHENKE LF DAVIDSON JH HIRSCHKIND M RECHTIN HJ DOCUMENT 4 6 6 0 AUTHOR DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE CO 'O io s 00/00/00 PROMO 4 TITLE PHOTODECOMPOSITION OF 245T IN WATER. WONG AS PAGE 670 NATURAL CARCINOGENIC PRODUCTS!ENVIRON SCIENCE & TECH 1 4 , 128HLETTERS) . CHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXINS AND CHLORODIBENZOFURANS ARE TRACE COMPONENTS OF FLY ASH AND FLUE GAS SOME MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS IN THE NETHERLANDS CCHEMOSPHERE 8 , 4 5 5 - 4 5 9 ) , UNIV OF AMSTERDAM NETHER VERMEULEN PL THE TRACE CHEMISTRIES OF FIRE A SOURCE OF AND ROUTES FOR THE ENTRY OF CHLORINATED DIOXINS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT. EXPOSURE OF FOREST WORKERS TO 245T CALCULATED DOSE LEVELS. LAVY TL RAMSEY JC RESULTS OF TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS ON ALPHA-245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY-PR0PI0NIC ACID ( T 2 3 . 1 4 - 1 5 - 1 ) . ROWE VK BRANCH CB DUTTON WC KELLY JA SOUTHWICK L BRITTON EC HAMMER OH LYNN GE SUNDERLAND WW TORDON 10K PELLETS BRUSH KILLER. NUMBER DOCUMENT <661 AUTHOR: THA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT <662 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT <663 DATE 00/00/00 TYPE LABEL PAGES 1 00/00/73 REPORT SOUTHNICK L 8 06/03/76 CHART 9 AUTHOR BYRD BC SCHUBERT OE ADDRESSEE COPYEE* DON DOCUMENT <664 08/06/74 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* ADAMCZYK TE DON DON SEYMOUR KG NILLIAMS CS DOCUMENT <665 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: COPYEE* 00/00/00 DOCUMENT <666 01/03/80 AUTHOR DON ADDRESSEE: EPA COPYEE* DON NATSON.AJ DOCUMENT <667 07/09/79 AUTHOR: DELLARCO M ADDRESSEE: COPYEE* REPORT DON NRIGHT NG NRIGHT NG LETTER EPA HOFF RC SOUTHNICK L 1 CONTRACT 2 LETTER 1 LENG ML GARNER N DAVIDSON JH NESELOH JN REPORT EPA 114 3246 P '33 TITLE T H ISOOCTYL ESTER OF SILVEX TECHNICAL. PAGE 671 KURON SILVEX HERBICIDE CONTINUES TO GAIN ACCEPTANCE (DOWN TO EARTH 28(4)) . THE RESIDUE TO BE FOUND FROM AERIAL APPLICATION OF TRICLOPYR ALONE OR IN MIXTURE WITH 24D, 245T SILVEX OR PICLORAM ONTO PASTURE FORAGE, M - 3 7 2 4 , DOW DMA-4 , ESTERON 99 CONCENTRATE, ESTERON 2 4 5 , KURON, TORDON 22K, TORDON 101 MIXTURE, (PROGRESS REPORT 1 ) , APPLICATION 7 6 0 6 0 3 TO 7 6 0 6 0 5 GEORGE STICKLER FARM, NEW MARTINSVILLE, WV. GILLESPIE JL WV UNIV PENN LINE SERVICE COLBY RW WILLIAMS CS ALTERNATE FORMULA TORDON 101 MIXTURE EPA REG. NO. 4 6 4 - 3 0 6 YOUR APPLICATION OF 7 4 0 7 1 1 . HOLDEMAN GE TALCOTT AT LENG ML TOWNSEND RM SUPPLY AGREEMENT. REVISED INTERIM AMENDED REGISTRATION FOR ESTERON BRUSH KILLER EPA REG. NO. 4 6 4 - 2 0 4 ESTERON 2 4 5 HERBICIDE EPA REG. NO. 4 6 4 - 2 0 5 KURON HERBICIDE EPA REG. NO. 4 6 4 - 1 6 4 OUR APPLICATIONS OF 7 9 0 9 2 6 . FREDERICK DM WOODS CD TUCKER MD SILVEX POSITION DOCUMENT 1 2 3 . HUMBER DOCUMENT 4 6 68 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE DATE 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 6 69 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE: DOM COPYEE: 08/13/73 DOCUMENT 4 6 7 0 01/29/75 AUTHOR: DEPT OF AG FL ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 46 71 09/14/76 AUTHOR: COLBY RM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 6 7 2 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 6 7 3 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 6 7 4 00/00/00 AUTHOR: TRANSVAAL ADDRESSEE" COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 6 7 5 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 12/13/71 CO -?o TYPE CALCS PAGES 12 LETTER 1 MOUNTFORT RF MULLISON MR REPORT 1 VANMIDDELEM CH REPORT DOM 2 MEMO 6 MEMO 1 CHART 1 REPORT MALKER CR 68 iS 4 TITLE ALTERNATIVES FOR SILVEX FORESTRY S I T E PREPARATION. PAGE 672 KURON BRUSH KILLER EPA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 2 , YOUR APPLICATION OF 7 3 0 6 2 7 . DOW KURON LOW VOLATILE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER 5 0 1 8 6 4 STATE CHEMIST PESTICIDE ANALYSIS. WEISNER JL WINTERLE ER KURON ESTERON 99 HERBICIDE APPLICATION TEST (REFERENCE 7 7 0 0 9 4 ) . I JRL MERRITT J ALTERNATIVES FOR SILVEX FORESTRY. ALTERNATIVES FOR SILVEX FORESTRY S I TE PREPARATION. SILVEX. EVALUATION OF THE TOXICOLOGY OF SILVEX HERBICIDE AND EFFECTS OF ITS USE ON F IS H, WILDLIFE AND OTHER NONTARGET ORGANISMS. NUMBER DOCUMENT 46 76 AUTHOR! DOM ADDRESSEE! COPYEE! DATE 03/20/75 DOCUMENT 4677 03/19/79 AUTHOR! DAVIDSON1 JH ADDRESSEE! COPYEEi DOCUMENT 46 78 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE-' COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 6 7 9 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE! 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 6 8 0 04/10/75 AUTHOR! DOM ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: DOM SOUTHNICK L DOCUMENT 4681 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE! COPYEE-- 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 6 8 2 AUTHOR! DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 11/02/72 TYPE PAGES REPORT 8 SOUTHMICK L REPORT DOM 7 PRINT 1 PRINT 1 REPORT 1 LANGLEY F BYRD BC WILLIAMS CS LABEL 1 REPORT REGAN JB 2 5 ^ e -d GO O 00 TITLE PAGE 673 STATEMENT OF DOW SUPPORTING CONTINUED USE OF SILVEX AS AN AQUATIC HERBICIDE. BEFORE THE MI WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION DNR. STATEMENT BY DOW 7 9 0 3 1 9 ON 245T AND SILVEX H . P . BILL 7 3 5 REFERRED TO THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES AUGUSTA, ME. STATE OF ME 7 9 0 0 0 0 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES BILL H . P . 7 3 5 . KURON ( A 3 0 9 8 ) . ESTERON BRUSH KILLER ( 2 8 8 5 5 ) . VEGETATION CONTROL OBTAINED FROM BASAL APPLICATIONS OF TORDON 101 ALONE AND PLUS KURON IN WATER COMPARED TO PICLORAM OR DICAMBA GRANULES OR HYVAR XL IN WATER. HAAGSMA TA HANNERS H TORDON 101 MIXTURE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER FOR CONTROL OF WEEDS AND BRUSH ON RIGHTS OF WAY AND FOREST S I T E S . CONTROL OF BRAMBLES AND POISON IVY UNDER APPLE TREES WITH KURON (ROI 2 5 5 6 1 ). NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 6 8 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW MDS COPYEE DOW DATE 11/19/76 TYPE PAGES LETTER 2 REPORT HEIN ND AG DIST SALES MGR FLANNERY RF DOCUMENT 4 6 8 4 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE 02/26/76 SPEC ' 1 DOCUMENT 4 6 8 5 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 08/16/77 SPEC 1 DOCUMENT 46 86 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/00 REPORT 1 DOCUMENT 4 6 8 7 08/15/63 REPORT AUTHOR AGRICULTURAL SERVICE ADDRESSEE COPYEE: NACA 3 DOCUMENT 4 6 88 11/00/77 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOW DON DOH CONLEY KG FREITER ER MACDONALD LA MOSS RD STEARNS HJ WOODWARD RE PURCH REPORT DUTRA J P WILLIAMS CS BROWN RF COPELAND RA GIEBELHAUS L MANSION J NUSSBAUM LE ULRICH JR YOUNG RM 3 DOCUMENT 4 6 8 9 00/00/00 AUTHOR FARMLAND INDUS ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: LABEL 1 TITLE 245T & SILVEX PRICING. SPEER LH AG FIELD SALES MACDONALD LA AG INSIDE SALES STEARNS WJ 24D ISOOCTYL ESTER (SALES S PEC). PAGE 674 DMA-6 (UNSEQUESTERED) WEED KILLER (SALES S P EC ) . ESTERON BRUSH KILLER ( 4 6 4 - 2 0 4 ) . CHRONIC TOXICITY OF 24D ALKANOLAMINE SALTS TO CATTLE (JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSN 1 4 3 ( 4 ) , 3 9 8 - 3 9 9 ) . PALMER J S USDA INTERMEDIATES TEAM BUSINESS REPORT. BUGG D DUNLAP RL JANTZ OK MASTIC LL SAUNDERS EE VOGEL AJ CHASE FI EISCHER RL KEARNEY JK MINTZ MJ STAMISON PG WOOD CR JR WEED-OUT BRUSH KILLER BUTYL ESTER. NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 6 90 AUTHOR-' DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE! DATE 01/00/73 DOCUMENT 46 91 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' 12/00/72 DOCUMENT 4 6 9 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE*. COPYEE' 01/00/73 DOCUMENT 4 6 9 3 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/65 DOCUMENT 4 6 9 4 03/09/77 AUTHOR: DAVIDSON JH ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 6 9 5 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/ 0 0 / 0 0 DOCUMENT 4696 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/ 0 0 / 0 0 DOCUMENT 4697 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE 00/ 0 0 / 0 0 TYPE REPORT REPORT REPORT CHART REPORT DOW CHART PROMO LABEL PAGES 5 5 1 1 8 1 2 1 i r b t t *<T CO to cJ \ o TITLE PAGE REASONABLE GROUNDS IN SUPPORT OF THE PETITION PP 8 F 0 6 7 5 FOR TOLERANCES FOR SILVEX. 675 RESIDUES OF SILVEX IN GRASS. SAFETY 7 3 0 1 0 0 AMENDMENT, TERATOLOGY STUDIES WITH SILVEX IN RATS. HERBICIDE. 2D. Z45T. MCPA. SILVEX. STATEMENT OF DOW ON 245T AND SILVEX. SHORT TERM MARKETING STRATEGY Z45T SILVEX. ADVANTAGES OF THE GRID PATTERN APPLICATION OF VELPAR CDPX3674AJGRIDBALL BRUSH KILLER. SUGARCANE. KURON LOW-VOLATILE BRUSH AND WEED HERBICIDE. FOR USE IN HI ONLY. PRODUCT BULLETIN. NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 96 98 00/00/00 AUTHORS ROCKLAND CHEM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: TYPE LABEL PAGES 1 DOCUMENT 9 6 99 0/00/00 LABEL AUTHOR! THE CHAS H LILLY CO ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: 2 DOCUMENT 9 7 00 00/00/00 LABEL AUTHOR: THE CHAS H LILLY CO ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 3 DOCUMENT 97 01 00/00/00 AUTHOR: HUB STATES ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: LABEL 5 DOCUMENT 9 7 0 2 AUTHOR: TECHNE ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 03/27/61 LABEL 11 DOCUMENT 9 7 0 3 00/00/00 LABEL AUTHOR: FREE FLOW FERTILIZER ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 3 DOCUMENT 9 7 0 9 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 06/27/73 LABEL 15 DOCUMENT 9 7 0 5 00/00/00 LEGIS AUTHOR: QUINN DO WV UNIV ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DISTR AT DOW0876790A-087 2 & J , e `6 CO O CJ1 TITLE PAGE 676 ROCKLAND PROFESSIONAL LAWN WEED KILLER " B" WITH SILVEX (24D PLUS 245-TP). MILLER' S LV BRUSH KILLER D. LV BRUSH KILLER D. HUB STATES SELECTIVE WEED AMD BRUSH KILLER. TECHNE LOW VOL A LB. B. P . BRUSH KILLER. LUSTRE GREEN TURF FERTILIZER 1 0 - 6 - 4 PLUS WEED CONTROL SILVEX & 24D. KURON LOW VOLATILE BRUSH AND WEED HERBICIDE. RESOLUTION I s EPA ACTION REGARDING REGISTRATION CANCELLATION HEARINGS ON 245T AND SILVEX. NUMBER DOCUMENT 47 06 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE- COPYEE: DATE 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 707 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 7 0 8 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 7 0 9 01/21/71 AUTHOR: USDA ADDRESSEE: KEARNEY PC COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 7 1 0 10/14/77 AUTHOR: CONLON JM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 47 11 11/26/76 AUTHOR: BREIDENBACH AW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 7 1 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 02/28/80 DOCUMENT 4 7 1 3 09/20/79 AUTHOR: SMUCKLER EM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: } TYPE LABEL PAGES 3 TITLE PAGE 677 LABEL CHANGES FOR TORDON 101 MIXTURE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER EPA REG NO 4 6 4 - 3 0 6 . CHART 2 SILVEX PREREQUISITE DATA FOR APPLE, PRUNE AND PEAR ORCHARDS. CHART 2 SILVEX PREREQUISITE EXPOSURE DATA FOR RIGHTS OF WAY. LETTER WOOLSON EA 1 ANALYSIS OF SILVEX SAMPLE USED AT GLOBE, AZ. REPORT EPA 6 SUPPLEMENT TO MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE USDA AND THE EPA. NICKSON J USDA REPORT EPA 6 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE USDA AND THE EPA. USDA VANDERMYDE PA LETTER 1 REVISED SPECIMEN LABEL FOR ESTERON 2 4 5 HERBICIDE. WOODS CD REPORT 23 FEDERAL INSECTICIDE FUNGICIDE AND RODENTICIDE ACT ( FIFRA) SCI ENTIFIC ADVISORY PANEL REVIEW OF NOTICES OF INTENT TO HOLD FIFRA SECTION 6 ( B ) ( 2 ) HEARING ON 245T AND SILVEX. UNIV OF CA SAN FRANCISCO uee-ar IO I\D crt i\3 NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 7 14 DATE 09/27/79 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE! COPYEE! DOCUMENT 4 7 1 5 00/ 00/00 AUTHOR*. PBI GORDON ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 716 00/ 00/00 AUTHOR: PBI GORDON ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4717 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 11/06/67 DOCUMENT 47 18 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: 05/07/73 DOCUMENT 4 7 1 9 02/24/75 AUTHOR: DAVIDSON JH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 7 20 AUTHOR: NACO ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/ 00/00 DOCUMENT 4721 01/21/80 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: EPA COPYEE: DOW THEIS JM TYPE REPORT PAGES 20 FOWLER HW JR LABEL 3 LABEL 3 LABEL 3 REPORT 1 FERNANDEZ JB REPORT DOW 7 LABEL 1 WR GRACE 8 CO LETTER LENG ML GARNER W DAVIDSON JH WATSON AJ 1 OSZZ'6 za K> cn CO TITLE PAGE 678 FEDERAL INSECTICIDE FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT ( FIFRA) SCI ENTIFIC ADVISORY PANEL REVIEW OF NOTICES OF INTENT TO HOLD FIFRA SECTION 6 ( B ) ( 2 ) HEARING ON 245T AND SILVEX. SMUCKLER E UNIV CA REED BRUSH KILLER. GORDON'S BRUSH KILLER. WEED AND BRUSH KILLER. KURON. LENARDSON H STATEMENT OF DOW SUPPORTING CONTINUED USE OF SILVEX AS AN AQUATIC HERBICIDE BEFORE THE STATE OF WI DNR. 2A5T LOW VOLATILE BRUSH KI LLER- 4T. ESTERON 2A5 HERBICIDE EPA REG NO. A6 A- 2 05 . FISHER AC WESELOH JW FREDERICK DM WOODS CD NUMBER DOCUMENT <*122 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEES DOM COPYEE* DATE 02/13/80 DOCUMENT 4 7 2 3 00/00/00 AUTHORS MILLER' S ADDRESSEE! COPYEEs DOCUMENT 9 7 2 9 11/07/59 AUTHOR! BROHN JR ADDRESSEE COPYEEs DOCUMENT 9 7 2 5 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 9 7 26 07/00/71 AUTHOR: AG EXP STAT TX ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 9 7 2 7 AUTHOR: OCEAN ADDRESSEE COPYEEs 06/00/79 DOCUMENT 9 7 28 09/08/79 AUTHOR! NY TIMES ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 9 7 2 9 09/09/79 AUTHOR: ULRICH R ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: TYPE PAGES LETTER GARNER WY LENG ML 1 LABEL 2 REPORT 1 GOLDSTEIN NP PROMO 2 REPORT KUNKEL HO 29 REPORT 9 NEMS TURNER M 1 NEMS UPI 1 b CO ro 8 O! TITLE ESTERON 2 9 5 HERBICIDE EPA REO NO. 9 6 9 - 2 0 5 . PAGE 679 LV BRUSH KILLER D. PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY AFTER EXPOSURE TO AN ESTER OF 29D (JOUR OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSN). JONES PH VEGETATION MANAGEMENT FOR U T I L I T I E S . TORDON 15 5 MIXTURE BRUSH KILLER. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. RESIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PICLORAM IN GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS. OCEAN NEWSLETTER 1 ( 1 ) . OF LIFE AND LOGGING, CONFLICT OVER A CHEMICAL PUTS TWO PRECIOUS ELEMENTS IN ALSEA, ORE. , AT ODDS. BATTLE CONTINUES OVER HERBICIDE' S EFFECT ON PEOPLE (THE IDAHO STATESMAN). i? - J NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 7 3 0 AUTHOR: AP ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 03/29/79 DOCUMENT 4 7 31 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 03/31/79 DOCUMENT 4 7 3 2 04/11/79 AUTHOR: COX R ADDRESSEE: POTLATCH COPYEE: BLAIR R MADDOCK T POPE W SCHANTZ-HANSEN R DOCUMENT 4 7 3 3 AUTHOR: COX R ADDRESSEE F JACK COPYEE 06/26/79 DOCUMENT 4 7 3 4 07/02/79 AUTHOR: GRUBER JM ADDRESSEE BOISE CASCADE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 7 3 5 06/19/79 AUTHOR HILL S ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: AGRONS BC BOLLEN JR CASTER B DOW HANSEN RA I FA MATTHEWS RP NFPA OR ST UNIV POWERS QM WETA WOLFF RM CO ro cn or TYPE NEWS PAGES 1 NEWS 1 LETTER POTLATCH SMREKAR T FAGEN J MCADOO J PRICE D 3 MEMO 1 LETTER POTLATCH HURTT DS 1 LETTER MCGILL UNIV ALLEN DB BORGLUM D CONOVER KR FARM BUREAU HARTMAN H LARSEN J S MCCREDIE WH NORRIS LA OSDA STAEBLER GR WFPA 3 TITLE PAGE 680 FORESTRY ASSOCIATION WANTS A SAY IN SUIT CONCERNING HERBICIDES (LEWISTON MORNING TRIBUNE). AGENT ORANGE, VETERANS POLL TURNS UP DAMAGE EVIDENCE. 3-M PROJECT (MERRELL'S MINNESOTA MIS SI ON) . GRAVEL LE MORRIS J RINGOLD G GRUENFELD J NORHA P ROBINSON V LETTER CONCERNING ACTIVITIES OF CITIZENS AGAINST TOXIC HERBICIDES CTTL . PESTICIDE SYMPOSIUM. WALSTAD JD AOI BOYD CW CORNELIUS RD GA PACIFIC HUMPHREY D LAWRENCE WH NELSON D NUTTING R OSU TEGART D WILSON A WEYERHSR BAKER EM BRADBURY JD DAVIDSON JH GORDON J HUNT HE MAHURIN HD NEWTON M OR SEED CONTROL PAUW J WEED OF WITTER RN NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 47 36 07/09/79 AUTHOR: HAMILTON P ADDRESSEE: COPYEE TYPE REPORT PAGES 14 DOCUMENT 4 7 3 7 12/20/78 REPORT AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF ME SELIKOFF I COPYEE* 15 DOCUMENT 4 7 3 8 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE* COPYEE' 00/00/00 REPORT 12 DOCUMENT 4 7 3 9 09/18/75 REPORT 8 AUTHOR: BYRD BC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DON DOCUMENT 4 7 4 0 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/00 CHART 1 DOCUMENT 47 41 07/09/79 REPORT 8 AUTHOR* JELLINEK SD ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 7 4 2 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* 03/06/79 TELEX JOHNSON EL e$< < r CtoO CJ1 oe TITLE PAGE 681 ASSESSMENT OF ACTIVITIES IN PROGRESS AND PLANNED BY GROUPS OPPOSED TO FOREST CHEMICALS. SEMINAR, PHENOXY HERBICIDES, 24D, 2 4 5 T , SILVEX, AND RELATED DIOXINS SILVEX. BRUSH CONTROL FROM 50 GPA VOLUME CONTAINING M-3724 ALONE OR MIXED TORDON 101 OR KURON, COMPARED TO ESTERON 2 4 5 OR TORDON 101 ALONE INTERIM COMMUNICATION. SILVEX (ESTERS ONLY). PRELIMINARY DETERMINATION CONCERNING A REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION AGAINST REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDE PRODUCTS CONTAINING 2-(245-TRICHLOROPHENOXY PROPIONIC ACID (SILVEX) HEARING AVAILABILITY OF POSITION DOCUMENT (FEDERAL REGISTER 4 4 ( 1 3 ) , 41536-41543 790717). NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 7 4 3 DATE 03/01/79 AUTHOR I BUTLER WA ADDRESSEE COSTLE DM COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 7 4 4 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE 03/01/79 DOCUMENT 4 7 4 5 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 03/09/76 DOCUMENT 4 7 46 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 03/10/76 DOCUMENT 47 47 00/00/76 AUTHOR DOW USDA ADDRESSEE COPYEE! DOCUMENT 4 7 48 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 7 4 9 AUTHOR! ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 7 5 0 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE V) COPYEE: CO 01/08/80 TYPE PAGES LETTER 6 REPORT ENVIRON DEFENSE FU EPA REPORT 12 REPORT FEARS RD 2 REPORT FEARS RD 2 ABSTRACT 2 MONTGOMERY ML WARREN LE AUTH STRINGER WM STRINGER WM 1 MEMO 1 MEMO 1 TITLE PAGE 682 RENEWED PETITION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND FOR SUSPENSION OF ALL REGISTRATIONS OF THE HERBICIDES 245T AND SILVEX. ND HINKLE MK WARREN JM ALTERNATIVES FOR SILVEX AND 2 4 5 T . 6 9 0 0 0 0 STUDIES ON VINE CONTROL IN FLORIDA CITRUS GROVES WITH SILVEX (ROI 2 7 6 5 3 ). 7 0 0 0 0 0 STUDIES ON VINE CONTROL IN FL CITRUS GROVES WITH SILVEX (ROI 27567). LEACHING AND PERSISTENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF PICLORAM AND 24D ON A SMALL WATERSHED IN SOUTHWEST OR (ROI 2 7 8 3 8 ) ( 7 6 0 0 0 0 MEETING WSSA, 35-36). NORRIS LA OR ST UNIV TORDON 101 MIXTURE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER NOTICE OF APPLICATION FOR FEDERAL REGISTRATION FOR AN INTERSTATE PESTICIDE PRODUCT. PROPOSED LABELING FOR KURON FOR VEGETATION CONTROL IN CITRUS. F L . ESTERON 2 4 5 . NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 751 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 00/ 00/00 DOCUMENT 4 7 5 2 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 7 5 3 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE/ 00/ 00/00 12/02/76 DOCUMENT 4 7 5 4 AUTHOR: DOH ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 01/24/73 DOCUMENT 4 7 5 5 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 04/19/74 DOCUMENT 4 756 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 05/12/54 DOCUMENT 4757 06/10/77 AUTHOR: DAVIDSON1 JH ADDRESSEE DEPT AO OR COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 7 58 03/01/77 AUTHOR: GRANT P ADDRESSEE COPYEE: TYPE REPORT PAGES 16 REPORT LICHY CT 13 REPORT 1 REPORT GERONIMO J 2 REPORT REGAN JB 2 REPORT NATION HA 2 REPORT DOM 7 REPORT OR JOUR 2 co rcon " oo TITLE 245TP PROPYLENE GLYCOL BUTYL ETHER ESTER. PAGE 683 THE EFFECT OF SILVEX ON WOODY PLANTS. PROPOSED TOLERANCE FOR THE PESTICIDE CHEMICAL SILVEX IN OR ON CIRTRUS AND ITS BYPRODUCTS. EFFECT OF SILVEX AND OTHER HERBICIDES ON WHITEMARGIN SPURGE (ROI 25649). POISON IVY CONTROL IN APPLE ORCHARDS WITH HURON (ROI 2 6 1 6 3 ) . SILVEX PRE AND POST EMERGENCE OF COTTON (ROI 3 1 4 9 ) . STATEMENT OF DOW ON 2-(245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0XY) PROPIONIC ACID (SILVEX). SILVEX SPRAY BAN ASKED (OR JOUR) NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 7 5 9 AUTHOR? ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 00/00/00 TYPE REPORT PAGES 2 DOCUMENT 4 7 6 0 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOW 06/29/76 REPORT LENG ML MULLISON MR 1 DOCUMENT 4 7 61 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE 00/00/74 CHART REPORT 5 DOCUMENT 4 7 6 2 00/00/76 AUTHOR: AG CAN ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT COCHRANE WP 4 DOCUMENT 4 7 6 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 LABEL 1 DOCUMENT 4 7 6 4 00/00/75 REPORT AUTHOR: DEPT OF HUMAN RESOURCES SHEETS TJ ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: JACKSON MD SKROCH WA 4 DOCUMENT 4 7 6 5 05/00/76 REPORT 6 AUTHOR: CHEM AND BIOLOGY RES INS COCHRANE WP LOONEY NE RES STATION CAN ADDRESSEE COPYEE -C J 05 O at <JD TITLE FACTS ABOUT 24D, 245T AND SILVEX. SILVEX IN APPLES. SOUTHWICK L COLLECTION OF SILVEX APPLE TESTS 7 4 0 0 0 0 . PAGE 684 RESIDUES IN APPLES SPRAYED WITH FENOPROP (CAN JOUR PLANT SCIENCE 56, 207-210). GREENHALGH R LOONEY NE GENERAL LABEL DIRECTIONS KURON LOW VOLATILE BRUSH AND WEED HERBICIDE. RESIDUE STUDIES WITH SILVEX IN APPLES (BULLETIN OF ENVIRON CONTAMINATION & TOX 1 3 ( 3 ) , 3 3 8 - 3 4 1 ) . LEIDY RB NC ST UNIV GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ETHEPHON AND FENOPROP RESIDUES IN APPLES AND THEIR DECLINE BEFORE AND AFTER HARVEST (JOUR OF THE ASSOC OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS 5 9 , 6 1 7 - 6 2 1 ) . GREENHALGH R LAB SERVICES SECTION CAN NUMBER DOCUMENT 47 66 DATE 06/04/75 TYPE REPORT PAGES 5 AUTHOR: BYRD BC ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: DOM DOM HAAGSMA TA DOCUMENT 47 67 08/31/76 AUTHOR: BYRD BC ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT DOM DOCUMENT 47 68 08/31/76 AUTHOR: BYRD BC ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT DOM DOCUMENT 4 7 69 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 01/00/80 PRINT PURCH DOCUMENT 4 7 70 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 01/00/80 PRINT PURCH DOCUMENT 47 71 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/ 00/00 REPORT DOCUMENT 4 7 7 2 AUTHOR: DOM ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: 00/ 00/00 PURCH DOCUMENT 4 7 7 3 00/ 00/00 AUTHOR: COOP EX MA ST UNIV ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: REPORT TUKEY RB 05 ro C?5 O 3 3 1 2 1 1 3 P-3357 TITLE PAGE 685 THE VEGETATION CONTROL OBTAINED FROM LOW VOLUME ( 5 0 GPA) APPLICATIONS OF DOWCO 2 3 3 ( M - 3 7 2 4 OR M - 4 0 2 1 ) ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ESTERON 99 C, KURON OR TORDCN 1 0 1 . PROGRESS REPORT 1 VA ELECTRIC POWER CO TWO LINE RIGHT OF WAY. WATSON BV WILLIAMS CS ESTERON BRUSH KILLER. TORDON 101 PLUS ESTERON 2 4 5 PLUS KURON. ESTERON 2 4 5 CONC SCHEDULE 4 . ESTERON 2 4 5 SCHEDULE 4 . CANCELLATION HEARING ON 245T AND SILVEX. KURON. EFFECT OF SILVEX ON EARLY ITALIAN PRUNE YIELDS BLUE MOUNTAIN GROWERS MILTON FREEWATER, OR. F ER DATE TYPE PAGES DOCUMENT 4 7 7 4 08/00/79 AUTHOR COOP EX WA ST UNIV ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' REPORT TUKEY RB 5 TI EFFECT OF SILVEX ON ITALIAN PRUNE PLUMS. AGE 686 DOCUMENT 4 7 7 5 10/02/79 REPORT AUTHOR' USDA ST EPA ASSESSMENT T ADDRESSEE COPYEE' 28 THE BIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF SILVEX USE ON TREE FRUITS. DOCUMENT 4 7 76 01/28/80 AUTHOR' COLEY J ADDRESSEE' EPA COPYEE' REPORT 3 IN RE NOTICE OF INTENT TO HOLD A HEARING TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT CERTAIN USES OF 245T SHOULD BE CANCELLED, FIFRA DOCKET NO. 495 AND NOTICE OF INTENT TO HOLD A HEARING TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT CERTAIN USES OF SILVEX SHOULD BE CANCELLED, FIFRA DOCKET NO. 4 9 6 , AND ORDER DATED AND FILED 8 0 0 1 1 8 , IN THE ABOVE SUBJECT PROCEEDINGS BY ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE EDWARD B. FINCH. DEPT OF AG & COMMERCE MS DOCUMENT 47 77 00/00/00 AUTHOR' CHAS H LILLY CO ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' LABEL 1 SILVEX 4BP BRUSH AND WEED KILLER (EPA REG 8 0 2AA) . DOCUMENT 4 7 78 08/00/78 AUTHOR' AKESSON NB BYRNES WR DAVIS DE LEINWEBER CL OSWEILER GD TX ASM UNIV OF IL ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' REPORT AUBURN UNIV CAST DAY BE MARTIN WE PALMER J S UC BERKELEY UNIV OF MO 34 THE PHENOXY HERBICIDES ( SECOND EDITION REPORT 7 7 ) . BODE LE BOVEY RW CROSBY DG DARROW RA DOERSCH RE HOLT HA NEWTON M OR ST UNIV PLIMMER J PURDUE UC DAVIS UNIV OF AZ UNIV OF WI USDA DOCUMENT 4 7 7 9 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' 00/00/00 LABEL 1 RANGELAND BRUSH KILLER T (EPA 2 6 4 - 8 9 - 4 6 4 ) . DOCUMENT 4 7 8 0 AUTHOR' DOW ADDRESSEE: F JOHN COPYEE' 05/18/80 MEMO LENG ML 1 ESTERON 2 4 5 LABEL CTTL CO ro oi i 3ER DOCUMENT 47 81 AUTHOR: FOE ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DATE 02/20/79 DOCUMENT 4 7 8 2 08/26/70 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: A DOCUMENT 4 7 8 3 10/20/61 AUTHOR: BUTTS J S ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 7 8 4 12/20/76 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOW DOW BAURIEDEL WR COULTER LL FLYNN JM GRUMBLES JB HUNTER RC MCCOLLISTER DD REGAN JB SEYMOUR KG WARREN LE DOCUMENT 4 7 8 5 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 10/17/77 DOCUMENT 4 7 8 6 01/23/76 AUTHOR: CRUMMETT WB HEFNER RE ADDRESSEE COPYEE TYPE REPORT PAGES 2 REPORT 37 JOHNSON J E REPORT FANG SC 8 REPORT 1 FEARS RD FEARS RD BJORK CK DISHBURGER HJ GEHRING PJ HANSON RG LANGER HG MOSS RD RITTY PM SHELDON HW YOUNG DC REPORT MURPHY AR 5 REPORT DAVIDSON JH WILLIAMS CS 2 .pce -a CO fO oe io TI THE USE OF 245T AND SILVEX IN RICE. PAGE 687 THE PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF WIDESPREAD USE OF THE PHENOXY HERBICIDES AND PICLORAM(SYMPOSIUM ON POSSIBLE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF WIDESPREAD USE OF HERBICIDES). EFFECTS OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS 8 HERBICIDES ON METABOLISM OF CIA LABLED ACETATE IN PEA ROOT TISSUES (PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 2 1 5 - 2 2 2 ) . OR ST UNIV STEVENS VL KUDZU CONTROL WITH TORDON 10K PELLETS BRUSH KILLER FOR TIMBER SITE PREPARATION IN CENTRAL ALABAMA IN 7 4 0 0 0 0 ( 7 6 9 4 3 3 ) . FREDERICK DM WILLIAMS CS WILLIAMS CS BYRD BC DONALDS JE GERONIMO J HERNER RE LICHY CT OSBORNE DW RYDER JC SMITH LL BARRONS KC COLBY RW FLANNERY RF GORING CA HOLMSEN TW LUDWIG PD PRUITT ME SAUNDERS STRINGER WM CONTROL OF MALLEE (EUCALYPTUS SPP) WITH TORDON 5 - 2 0 FOLIAR BRUSH KILLER (LAB REPORT G H F - P - 0 5 6 , 7 7 6 7 4 2 ) . WATSON KA PROPERTIES AND USES OF 245T AND SILVEX IN RELATION TO CURRENT CONCERNS ON PESTICIDES ( 1 7 0 0 6 ) ( 7 6 1 4 4 1 ) . DOW GLEESON JG HUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 47 87 07/01/75 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOW DOW GRUMBLES JB YOCUM R DOCUMENT 4 7 88 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 7 8 9 00/00/00 AUTHOR: DOW OR ST UNIV ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 7 9 0 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 7 9 1 04/02/00 AUTHOR: BUSHEY P ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 7 9 2 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: LEE J COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 7 9 3 00/00/00 AUTHOR: WOODBURY CHEM ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 7 9 4 02/28/79 AUTHOR COSTLE DM ADDRESSEE-'. COPYEE: CO er on CO TYPE PAGES REPORT 3 PAEN JA TORRES L GUERRERO G PURCH 1 REPORT 31 MONTGOMERY ML WARREN LE SPEC 1 REPORT DOW GARNER J F MEMO 1 1 PURCH 1 REPORT 109 TITLE PAGE 6S8 FIELD EVALUATION OF MIXTURE OF PICLORAM PLUS 2AD AND OR 245T AS BRUSH KILLERS IN PASTURELANDS IN COLOMBIA (REPORT GHL-P 2 9 ) ( 7 5 5 < U 7 ) . TORRES L ALVAREZ T KNUDTSEN OA GIL V RUIZ A ESTERON BRUSH KILLER. BRUSH CONTROL ON HI LL PASTURE SITES IN SOUTHERN OR USING 29D, PICLORAM, AND SILVEX. MOSHER HD NORRIS LA SILVEX PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (TYPICAL, NOT SPECIFICATI ONS). KURON INSTRUCTION FOR RETURN OF MATERIAL TO. KURON-WOODBURY. KURON(CQSC). DECISION AND EMERGENCY ORDER SUSPENDING REGISTRATION FOR CERTAIN USES OF 2 ( 2 4 5 T ) PROPIONIC ACID ( S IL V E X ) . NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 9 8 0 2 09/07/70 AUTHOR: BAKER TURNER J ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: TYPE PAGES LEGIS 19 BICKWIT US SENATE TITLE PAGE 690 STATEMENT OF JAMES TURNER, CENTER FOR STUDY OF RESPONSIVE LAM, WA D . C . (EFFECTS OF 295T ON MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT). HART INOUYE WELLFORD DOCUMENT 9 8 0 3 09/07/70 AUTHOR: WELLFORD H ADDRESSEE COPYEE: LEGIS 12 STATEMENT OF HARRISON WELLFORD, CENTER FOR STUDY OF RESPONSIVE LAW, WA, D. C. (EFFECTS OF 295T ON MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT). DOCUMENT 9 8 0 9 06/16/80 REPORT AUTHOR: DEPP HEALTH 8 DEPT INDUS ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 95 29D EVALUATION OF THE HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS. DOCUMENT 9 8 0 5 10/26/79 AUTHOR: GAMBIN J P ADDRESSEE: COPYEE* MEDREC 2 OVERHOLT, RICHARD. EMG 8 NERVE CONDUCTION STUDY. HUMBOLDT NEUROLOGICAL ME DOCUMENT 98 06 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 06/20/80 NEWS 3 29D. DOCUMENT 9807 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 10/15/79 REPORT 1 INCIDENT SUMMARY. DOCUMENT 9808 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/ 00/00 REPORT 5 6 7 3 0 HEALTH 8 SAFETY, ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION. DOCUMENT 9 8 09 11/15/79 REPORT AUTHOR: NORTHERN CA OCCUPATIONAL ROSLNBERG J ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 3 CONSULTATION ON PATIENT, RICHARD OVERHOLT. <3 Ca5 ro .vu cr> Vu NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 8 1 0 DATE 01/15/80 TYPE LEGAL PAGES 3 AUTHOR* HARLAND 8 GHOMALA ATTORN OVERHOLT RC ADDRESSEE* COUNTY OF HUMBOLDT COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 8 11 03/24/80 AUTHOR* DAVIDSON JH ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* REPORT DOW 8 DOCUMENT 4 8 1 2 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/00 TELEX 2 DOCUMENT 4 8 1 3 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/00 CHART 5 DOCUMENT 4 8 1 4 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/00 CHART 3 DOCUMENT 4 8 1 5 00/00/00 AUTHOR* HORTORF RC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* CHART 1 DOCUMENT 4 8 16 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/00 CHART 2 DOCUMENT 4 8 17 AUTHOR* EPA ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/00/00 CHART 1 m ee- CO CO ov en TITLE PAGE 691 HUMBOLDT COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS NON-AGENDA ITEM REQUEST CLAIM FOR PERSONAL INJURY, RICHARD C. OVERHOLT, CLAIMANT, VS. COUNTY OF HUMBOLDT. PARSONS S STATEMENT BY DOW 80032A ON 2A5T AND SILVEX A . B . 2A5 AND 937 REFERRED TO THE HI ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE MADISON, H I . 2A5T AND SILVEX SUSPENSION. SILVEX PREREQUISITE EXPOSURE DATA FOR PASTURE AND RANGE. SILVEX PREREQUISITE EXPOSURE DATA FOR AQUATIC S I T E S . PRELIMINARY QUANTITATIVE USAGE ANALYSIS OF SILVEX. SILVEX PREREQUISITE EXPOSURE DATA FOR SUGAR CANE. SILVEX PREREQUISITE EXPOSURE DATA FOR RICE. NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 8 18 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DATE 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 8 19 AUTHOR- EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 8 20 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE: EPA COPYEE 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 48 21 AUTHOR: EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 8 2 2 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE 06/12/72 DOCUMENT 4 8 2 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 04/00/79 DOCUMENT 4 8 2 4 04/24/73 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 8 2 5 00/00/69 AUTHOR: CHEVALLIER MRS C MESTRES R ADDRESSEE COPYEE: TYPE CHART PAGES 4 LETTER 3 LETTER MARLOW D BOYD H CHART 1 4 REPORT 1 REPORT 3 REPORT MILLER PW 5 ABSTRACT 1 DUDIEUZEREPRICE M CO ro 05 TITLE SILVEX PREREQUISITE EXPOSURE DATA FOR TURF. PAGE 692 SILVEX PREREQUISITE EXPOSURE DATA FOR AQUATIC S I T E S . SECOND INSTALLMENT OF SILVEX DATA. SILVEX PREREQUISITE EXPOSURE DATA FOR FORESTRY. NORMAL USE OF CHEMICAL MEED AND BRUSH KILLERS ON RANGELANDS (AGRIBUSINESS REPORT 5 ( 2 4 ) ) . TORDON 10K PELLETS BRUSH KILLER PRODUCT BULLETIN. DETERMINATION OF 24D AND 24-DICHLOROPHENOL OR OF 245T AND 245TRICHL0R0PHEN0L IN MILK AND CREAM BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. SUPPLEMENT TO EXTEND SENSITIVITY FOR 245T AND 245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0L. PESTICIDE RESIDUES, 2 0 . PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN NATURAL HATERS, 2 . RESIDUES FROM CHLOROPHENOXY TYPE HERBICIDES (ANN. FALS. EXPERT. CHIM. 6 2 ( 6 8 6 ) , 2 1 4 - 2 2 0 ) . LAB CHIM APPL EXPERTISE LEONARDI G , hi-a NUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 8 26 00/00/70 AUTHOR! AKSENOV VB ADDRESSEE! COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 8 2 7 II/0Z/70 AUTHOR! DOH ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE! DOW DOCUMENT 4 8 28 12/01/70 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW ROWE VK COPYEEt DOCUMENT 4 8 2 9 01/07/70 AUTHOR: KEARNEY PC ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 8 3 0 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE: 05/15/75 DOCUMENT 4 8 31 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 DOCUMENT 4 8 3 2 03/01/79 AUTHOR* CONROY AE ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 8 3 3 AUTHOR? DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 09/15/79 &0 m "vj TYPE PAGES ABSTRACT 1 POLUBOYARINOVA IV LETTER I SCHWETZ BA MCCOLLISTER DD GEHRING PJ REPORT SCHWETZ BA GEHRING PJ 6 REPORT 7 TSCHIRLEY FH MEMO REPORT SOUTHWICK L FEARS RD 4 LABEL 1 REPORT USDA REPORT 1 1 TITLE PAGE 693 HYGIENIC STUDY OF SOIL IN CONNECTION WITH USE OF THE HERBICIDE 2AD (GIG. SANIT. 3 5 ( 3 ) , 1 0 2 - 1 0 3 ) . SARATOV NAUCH ISSLED INS COMMUNICATION REGARDING AVISABILITY OF SKELETAL EXAMINATION OF WEENLINGS OF RATS TREATED WITH ISOOCTYL ESTER OF 2AD DURING PREGNANCY CTTL. ROWE VK PROTOCOL FOR A STUDY OF THE PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF 2AD IN RATS. GILL HH MCCOLLISTER DO RISKS AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE USE OF HERBICIDES (NORTHEASTERN WEED CONTROL CONFERENCE 7 0 0 1 0 7 NEW YORK CITY, NY). USDA KURON RESIDUE PROGRAM SUMMARY 7 5 0 0 0 0 . PROPOSED LABELING FOR KURON FOR VINE CONTROL IN CITRUS F L . EMERGENCY SUSPENSION OF 2A5T AND SILVEX PRODUCTS. KURON LOW VOLATILE BRUSH S WEED HERBICIDE. NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 8 3 4 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 8 3 5 DATE 09/15/79 12/13/71 TYPE REPORT REPORT PAGES 2 68 AUTHOR EPA ADDRESSEE COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 836 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/ 00/00 DOCUMENT 4 837 00/ 00/00 AUTHOR: MAXWELL RC ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 838 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 05/21/76 DOCUMENT 4 8 3 9 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 00/ 00/00 DOCUMENT 4 8 40 AUTHOR* ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 12/28/71 DOCUMENT 4841 02/08/77 US DA CHART DISTRB TUKEY RB REPORT FEARS RD MEMO REPORT REPORT 1 3 17 6 33 29 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: <3 CO ro V/> <T' c n oe IARC WORKING GROUP TITLE PAGE 694 ESTERON BRUSH KILLER LOW VOLATILE BRUSH AND NEED H E R B I C I D E ( 2 8 8 5 5 ) . STATEMENT BERNARDO PROTOTYPE AREA TROTTER MAYO CASE MIDDLE RIO GRANDE PROJECT, NM EVALUATION OF THE TOXICOLOGY OF SILVEX HERBICIDE AND EFFECTS OF I TS USE ON F I SH , WILDLIFE AND OTHER N0NTAR6ET ORGANISMS. USDI WALKER CR COMPARISON OF 245-TRICHL0R0PHEN0L FOUND WITH AND WITHOUT ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS IN BEEF LIVER FROM CATTLE FED SILVEX. SILVEX ( 2 4 5 T - P ) AND ITS USE ON APPLE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. WA ST UNIV KUDZU CONTROL WITH TORDON 10K PELLETS BRUSH KILLER FOR TIMBER SITE PREPARATION IN CENTRAL ALABAMA IN 7 4 0 0 0 0 . FREDERICK DM CANE MARKET AND KURON. THE 2 45T STORY. SOME FUMIGANTS, THE HERBICIDES 24D AND 2 4 5 T , CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS (IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF THE CARCINOGENIC RISK OF CHEMICALS TO MAN 1 5 , 1 1 1 - 1 3 8 ) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 8 4 2 DATE 01/10/78 TYPE PRESENT PAGES 17 AUTHOR ASP S SEPPALAINEN AM ADDRESSEE COPYEE HERNBERO S DOCUMENT 4 8 4 3 00/00/00 AUTHOR STAUFFER CHEM ADDRESSEE COPYEE LABEL DOCUMENT 4 8 4 4 01/00/53 AUTHOR STAUFFER CHEM ADDRESSEE COPYEE LABEL DOCUMENT 4 8 4 5 00/00/54 AUTHOR NICHOLS CHEM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE LABEL DOCUMENT 4 8 46 00/00/54 LABEL AUTHOR* MIDLAND COOPERATIVES ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 8 47 00/00/54 LABEL AUTHOR* MIDLAND COOPERATIVES ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOCUMENT 4 8 48 AUTHOR* GEIGY ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 02/25/53 LABEL DOCUMENT 4 8 4 9 AUTHOR* GEIGY ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: 02/25/53 LABEL 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 TITLE PAGE 695 SYMPTOMATOLOGY, MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY EXPERIENCE OF CHLORINATED PHENOXYACID HERBICIDE (2AD; 2A5T) SPRAYERS IN FINLAND. A CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY (HORKING PAPER FOR AN IARC WORKING GROUP MEETING ON "COORDINATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE LONG-TERM HAZARDS OF CHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND CHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS". LYON, 7 8 0 1 1 0 TO 7 8 0 1 1 1 ) . INST OF OCCUPATIONAL HEA RITHIMAKI V STAUFFER LOW VOLATILE ESTER BRUSH KILLER 2 - 2 COMBINATION 24D * 2A5T LOW VOLATILE ESTERS. STAUFFER LOW VOLATILE ESTER BRUSH KILLER 2 - 2 COMBINATION 24D 8 2A5T LOW VOLATILE ESTERS. ORCHARD BRAND LOW VOLATILE BRUSH KILLER (FORM 1 1 7 7 ) . LV 5 0 - 5 0 BRUSH KILLER. LV 2A5T BRUSH KILLER. GEIGY BRUSH KILLER NO. 22 (FORM I D - 3 5 6 A ) . GEIGY BRUSH KILLER (FORM I D - 2 3 8 A ) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 8 50 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DON DATE 04/07/59 DOCUMENT 4851 AUTHOR DUPONT ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: 01/00/54 DOCUMENT 4 8 5 2 AUTHOR: DUPONT ADDRESSEE COPYEE' 10/00/54 DOCUMENT 4 8 5 3 AUTHOR' DUPONT ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 07/00/52 DOCUMENT 4 8 5 4 AUTHOR: DUPONT ADDRESSEE COPYEE' 11/00/50 DOCUMENT 4 8 5 5 AUTHOR: DUPONT ADDRESSEE COPYEE' 09/00/50 DOCUMENT 4 8 56 AUTHOR' DUPONT ADDRESSEE' COPYEE' 10/00/50 DOCUMENT 48 57 11/22/57 AUTHOR' BOND RS ADDRESSEE' DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 8 5 8 12/12/57 AUTHOR: ENGEL RE ADDRESSEE,: DOW COPYEE: TYPE PAGES REPORT RAYNOR RN 1 BIRON RA LABEL 1 LABEL 1 LABEL 2 LABEL 1 LABEL 1 LABEL 1 LETTER RHODES AD WILTSE MG 2 LETTER 1 RUTGERS UNIV WIL1SE MG {> CO 01 ro "A O -- TITLE TOLERANCE OF GRAIN SORGHUM TO KURON (ROI 1 7 4 3 5 ) . SMITH HL 26D, 265T ESTER BRUSH KILLER (FORM GC 1 6 5 3 * 1 - 5 6 ) . PAGE 696 26D, 265T ESTER BRUSH KILLER (FORM G C - 1 6 1 1 3 1 0 - 5 6 ) . 26D, 265T ESTER BRUSH KILLER (FORM OC- 15 9 61 7 - 5 2 ) . 265T ESTER BRUSH KILLER (FORM GC -1 57 1 6 1 1 - 5 0 ) . 26D, 265T ESTER BRUSH KILLER (FORM G C -1 5 6 8 0 9 - 5 0 ) . 26D, 265T ESTER BRUSH KILLER (FORM O C -1 5 6 8 9 1 0 - 5 0 ) . SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS USING KURON AND ESTERON 2 6 5 OS TO CONTROL HARDWOODt ROI 1 6 0 1 8 ) CTTL. UNIV OF MA RESULTS OF TESTS USING KURON ON CHICKWEED IN TURFIROI 1 6 0 1 8 ) CTTL. NUMBER DOCUMENT 9 8 5 9 AUTHOR*. USDA ADDRESSEE DON COPYEE DATE 12/10/56 DOCUMENT <<860 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/70 DOCUMENT <<861 AUTHOR ERNE K ADDRESSEE DON COPYEE 12/18/69 DOCUMENT 9 8 6 2 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/71 DOCUMENT 9 8 6 3 AUTHOR ADDRESSEE DON COPYEE DOW 05/20/79 DOCUMENT 9 8 6 9 06/00/65 AUTHOR: DOW YOUNGSON CR ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 9 8 6 5 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE 01/00/76 DOCUMENT 9 8 66 09/28/73 AUTHOR MARKLE GM ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: <0 <J0 LU OQ TYPE PAGES LETTER 3 HR1GHT E RAYNOR RN CHART 1 LETTER LENG ML MEMO 2 2 REPORT 1 GEHRING PJ DAVIDSON JH REPORT GORING CA 8 REPORT 9 LETTER REPORT RUTGERS UNIV LENG ML 1 TITLE PAGE 697 EFFECT OF ESTERON 1 0 - 1 0 , KURON AND DALAPON ON 10 TO 15 YEAR OLD PONDEROSA PINE (ROI 1 1 9 3 9 ) CTTL. PHENOXY ACID LEVELS IN TISSUES OF BROILER CHICKEN FED 29D OR 295T AT 10 00 PPM IN THE DRINKING HATER FOR 109 DAYS. TABLE 2 . ENCLOSING ARTICLES ON 29D AND 295T CTTL. STATENS VETERINARMEDICIN TABLE OF CONTENTS. YOUR NOTE ABOUT THE REFERENCE BY GRANVILLE KNIGHT TO A BIONETICS STUDY SHOHING 29D, 295T AND SILVEX TO BE CARCINOGENIC IN MICE. RESIDUE AND TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH (BIOKEMIA ( 8 ) , 2 - 8 ) . HAMAKER JH LYNN GE RESIDUES IN APPLES SPRAYED WITH FENOPROP (CAN JOUR PLANT SCIENCE 56, 207-210). SILVEX - PRUNES. NUMBER DOCUMENT <*867 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE* COPYEE! DATE 00/00/00 TYPE CHART PAGES 8 DOCUMENT 4 8 6 8 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE COPYEE' 00/00/00 LEGIS 11 DOCUMENT 4 8 6 9 AUTHOR! ADDRESSEE COPYEE: 00/00/00 LEGIS 1 DOCUMENT 4 8 7 0 00/00/00 AUTHOR BARBEHENN K ADDRESSEE COPYEEi LEGIS EPA 24 DOCUMENT 48 71 11/10/77 LETTER 2 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE EPA COPYEE' DOW MARKLE GM REPORT LENG ML MOUNTFORT RF EPA MULLISON WR DOCUMENT 4 8 7 2 AUTHOR: THA ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 LABEL 1 DOCUMENT 4 8 7 3 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE COPYEE 00/00/00 LABEL THA 2 DOCUMENT 4 8 7 4 03/18/77 REPORT AUTHOR! CHEM REGULATION REPORTER ADDRESSEE-' COPYEE: 1 TITLE 5ILVEX USAGE IN ALSEA AREA. PAGE 698 THE FIFRA SCI ENTIFIC ADVISORY PANEL EVALUATION OF THE ONCOGENICITY, FETOTOXITY AND EXPOSURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR ZA5T, SILVEX AND TCDD. REVIEW OF NOTICES OF INTENT TO HOLD FIFRA SECTION 6 ( B ) ( 2 ) HEARING ON 245T AND SILVEX (FIFRA SCI ENTI FI C ADVISORY PANEL). POSITION DOCUMENT A FOR CERTAIN USES OF 2A5T AND 2(245-TRICHLOROPHENOXY) PROPIONIC ACID (S ILVEX). PESTICIDE PETITION 8 F 0 6 75 - S IL VE X IN CROPS, GRASS, MEAT, MILK. I R - 6 PETITION 6E1A76-SILVEX IN CITRUS LETTER OF 7 7 1 1 0 9 , FROM W R MULL ISON OF DOW. COLLEDGE CE RUTGERS UNIV CRITCHLOW PM WARNICK HL DED-WEED 2A5TP BRUSH KILLER PRODUCTS. DED-WEED SILVEX LV. FEDERAL COURT BARS FOREST SERVICE USE OF 2 4 5 T , SILVEX AND OR FOREST (CHEMICAL REGULATION REPORTER, 8 ) . NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 8 75 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE-' DOW COPYEE DOW DOCUMENT 48 76 DATE 11/15/00 01/21/80 TYPE PAGES MEMO 1 FREDERICK DM LENG ML DRENCKPOHL JW DISTRB 1 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE'- EPA COPYEE: DOW THEIS JM DOCUMENT 4 8 77 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE ' 04/00/80 DOCUMENT 4 8 7 8 AUTHOR: DUPONT ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 09/00/51 DOCUMENT 4 8 7 9 AUTHOR: DUPONT ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: 01/00/54 DOCUMENT 4 8 8 0 AUTHOR: DUPONT ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 10/00/54 DOCUMENT 48 81 02/00/00 AUTHOR: CHIPMAN CHEM ADDRESSEE COPYEE DOCUMENT 4 8 8 2 03/15/54 AUTHOR: CA SPRAY-CHEM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: O CO ro vk> - ' I CO LETTER LENG ML GARNER W DAVIDSON JH WATSON AJ REPORT 3 LABEL 2 LABEL 2 LABEL 1 LABEL 1 LABEL 1 TITLE DOW RANGELAND BRUSH KILLER T. PAGE 699 REVISED INTERIM AMENDED REGISTRATION FOR ESTERON BRUSH KILLER, (EPA REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 4 ) , ESTERON 2 4 5 HERBICIDE, (EPA REG 4 6 4 - 2 0 5 ) , KURON HERBICIDE, (EPA REG 4 6 4 - 1 6 4 ) , OUR APPLICATIONS OF 7 9 0 9 2 6 , YOUR REPLIES OF 7 9 1 2 2 8 AND 8 0 0 1 0 4 . FISCHER AC WESELOH JW FREDERICK DM WOODS CD WAYS TO REDUCE DAMAGE FROM 2 4 0 , BANVEL AND SILVEX. DUPONT 2 4 D - 24 5 T ESTER BRUSH KILLER. DUPONT 2 4D- 24 5 T ESTER BRUSH KILLER. DUPONT 2 4 D - 24 5 T ESTER BRUSH KILLER. CHIPMAN LOW VOLATILE BRUSH KILLER NO. 2 (ESTER FORM). ESTERCIDE TD2-X BRUSH KILLER. NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 8 8 3 AUTHOR: DON ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOW DATE 03/10/54 DOCUMENT <884 03/15/54 AUTHOR: CA SPRAY-CHEM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 8 8 5 03/25/54 AUTHORS CA SPRAY-CHEM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 48 86 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE DOW COPYEE: DOW 03/10/54 DOCUMENT 4 8 87 05/05/60 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: BONNEY COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 8 8 8 12/30/59 AUTHOR: MOSS VD ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 8 8 9 00/00/00 AUTHOR' BODNER KM TOWNSEND J C ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT 4 8 9 0 00/00/71 AUTHOR: HELGELAND K UNIV OF OSLO ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: TYPE PAGES DISTRB FALSEY WP DELONG HC FLETCHER FW 1 LABEL 1 LABEL 1 DISTRB FALSEY WP DELONG HC FLETCHER FW 1 LETTER 3 INTL PAPER LETTER USDA FISHER JR 2 ABSTRACT 1 COOK RR VANPEENEN PFD REPORT JONSEN J 6 TITLE ESTERCIDE TD2-X BRUSH KILLER. WAGNER F SOUTHWICK L SPAULDING J ESTERCIDE TA-X LOW VOLATILE BRUSH KILLER. PAGE 700 ESTERCIDE TA-X LOW VOLATILE BRUSH KILLER. ESTERCIDE TA-X LOW VOL. BRUSH KILLER. WAGNER F SOUTHWICK L SPAULDING J RECORD OF AMOUNTS OF ESTERON 2A5 AND ESTERON BRUSH KILLER SPRAYED CROI 1 8 3 8 8 ) CTTL. (ROI 18377). SURVEY OF REPRODUCTIVE EVENTS OF HIVES OF EMPLOYEES EXPOSED TO CHLORINATED DIOXINS. DOW OLSON RD THE HERBICIDE 2AD EFFECTS ON L CELLS CACTA PHARMACOL ET TOXICOL 2 9 , 81-86 ). KOLBERG J TJELTVEIT 0 HUMBER DOCUMENT $891 AUTHOR s ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DATE 06/29/71 TYPE LABEL PAGES 3 DOCUMENT $ 8 9 2 00/00/00 LABEL, 9 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: DOCUMENT $ 8 9 3 00/00/00 NEWS AUTHOR! IL FERTILIZER & CHEM ASS ADDRESSEE* COPYEE-- $ DOCUMENT $ 89$ 03/01/79 AUTHOR! BLAIR EH ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: REPORT DOW 1 DOCUMENT $ 8 9 5 AUTHOR: DUPONT ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 LABEL - 2 DOCUMENT $8 96 AUTHOR: K-MART ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: 00/00/00 LABEL 1 DOCUMENT $8 97 AUTHOR: ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: DOCUMENT $8 98 00/00/00 REPORT 0$/13/70 LETTER 3 2 AUTHOR: DOW ADDRESSEE: DOW COPYEE: DOW DUNN FL LYNN OF FERNANDEZ JB 3375 - ro cn TITLE HURON BRUSH KILLER REVISED LABELING 7 1 0 6 2 9 . FOR USE IN AQUATIC WEED CONTROL. PAGE 701 SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS HURON LOW-VOLATILE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER EPA REGISTRATION A6A- 162. SUPPLEMENTAL LABELING. CONTROL OF JOHNSONGRASS AND OTHER WEEDS IN SUGARCANE IN THE STATE OF LA. USING 2A5T AND SILVEX. DOW COMMENT ON EMERGENCY SUSPENSION OF 2A5T AND SILVEX. AMMATE X WEED A BRUSH KILLER. LAWN FOOD PLUS WEED CONTROL WITH 2AD AND SILVEX. LABEL CHANGES FOR TORDON 101 MIXTURE WEED AND BRUSH KILLER EPA REG. 46-306. RESULTS OF CHLORACNE STUDIES CONDUCTED ON ASSORTED 2AD, 2A5T, SILVEX SAMPLES AND THEIR ESTERS, ORANGE AND DIAMOND'S CROP RIDER AMINE A T - 2 . NORRIS JM ROWE VK NUMBER DOCUMENT 4 8 99 DATE 04/13/70 TYPE LETTER PAGES 2 AUTHOR DON ADDRESSEE! DOW COPYEE: DOW DUNN FL LYNN GE FERNANDEZ JB DOCUMENT 4 9 0 0 AUTHOR! ADDRESSEE! COPYEE 00/00/71 REPORT 6 DOCUMENT 49 01 AUTHOR! DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE* 05/18/70 REPORT DUNN FL 17 DOCUMENT 4 9 0 2 AUTHOR DOW ADDRESSEE! COPYEE 09/01/71 REPORT JOHNSON J E 7 DOCUMENT 4 9 0 3 00/00/73 AUTHOR: FOOD 8 AG ORG ADDRESSEE! COPYEE: REPORT 16 WORLD HEALTH ORG DOCUMENT 4 9 0 4 03/02/53 LABEL AUTHOR! TOBACCO BY PROD AND CHEM ADDRESSEE COPYEE 1 DOCUMENT 4 9 0 5 03/00/00 LABEL AUTHOR: TOBACCO BYPRODUCTS S CHE ADDRESSEE: COPYEE 2 DOCUMENT 49 06 03/02/53 LABEL AUTHOR: TOBACCO BYPRODUCTS 8 CHE ADDRESSEE: COPYEE: <3 (> 6 0 . V>3 r o -a s 1 TITLE PAGE 702 RESULTS OF CHLORACNE STUDIES CONDUCTED ON ASSORTED 24D, 2 4 5 T , SILVEX SAMPLES AND THEIR ESTERS ORANGE AND DIAMOND'S CROP RIDER AMINE 4 T - 2 . NORRIS JM ROHE VK THE CURRENT STATUS OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES. TERATOGENIC STUDY OF TCDD IN THE RAT. ROHE VK SPARSCHU GL THE PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF HIDESPREAD USE OF THE PHENOXY HERBICIDES AND PICLORAM (BIOSCIENCE 2 1 ( 1 7 ) , 8 9 9 - 9 0 5 ) . 7 1 0 0 0 0 EVALUATIONS OF SOME PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD THE MONOGRAPHS. 24D. 245T BRUSH KILLER. 2AD/ 245T BRUSH KILLER. BLACK LEAF. 2 4 D / 2 4 5 T BRUSH KILLER. BLACK LEAF. NUMBER DATE TYPE DOCUMENT <907 06/01/53 LABEL AUTHOR: TOBACCO BYPRODUCTS 8 CHE ADDRESSEE COPYEE: DOCUMENT 9 9 0 8 01/20/59 AUTHOR: VA CAROLINA CHEM ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: LABEL DOCUMENT 9 9 0 9 03/16/59 AUTHOR: STANDARD AG CHEM ADDRESSEE' COPYEE: LABEL DOCUMENT 9 9 1 0 01/00/55 AUTHOR: STANDARD AG CHEM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: LABEL DOCUMENT 9 9 11 03/22/55 AUTHOR: CA SPRAY CHEM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: LABEL DOCUMENT 9 9 1 2 09/07/55 AUTHOR: CA SPRAY CHEM ADDRESSEE: COPYEE* LABEL DOCUMENT 9 9 1 3 09/15/55 AUTHOR: CA SPRAY CHEM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* LABEL DOCUMENT 9 9 1 9 09/19/55 AUTHOR: CA SPRAY CHEM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* LABEL DOCUMENT 9 9 1 5 01/30/56 AUTHOR: CA SPRAY CHEM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE: co b* ro LABEL PAGES 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 TITLE 240/2451 BRUSH KILLER. BLACK LEAF. 24D/2<*5T BRUSH KILLER. BLACK LEAF. STANTOX BRUSH KILLER. STANTOX BRUSH KILLER. ESTERCIDE TD2-X BRUSH KILLER. ESTERCIDE T4-X LOW VOLATILE BRUSH KILLER. ESTERCIDE T<-X LOW VOLATILE BRUSH KILLER. ESTERCIDE TD2-X BRUSH KILLER. ESTERCIDE TD2-X BRUSH KILLER PAGE 70S HUMBER DATE DOCUMENT 4 9 16 04/12/56 AUTHOR: CA SPRAY CHEM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* TYPE LABEL PAGES 1 DOCUMENT 4 9 17 05/03/54 AUTHOR: CA SPRAY CHEM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* LABEL 1 DOCUMENT 4 9 18 AUTHOR* DOH ADDRESSEE* DOW COPYEE* 04/19/54 DISTRB FALSEY WP DELONG HC 1 DOCUMENT 4 9 1 9 05/21/57 AUTHOR* CA SPRAY CHEM ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* LABEL 1 DOCUMENT 4 9 2 0 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOW 05/08/61 REPORT RAYNOR RN SMITH HL 1 DOCUMENT 49 21 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* DOW 01/11/61 REPORT RAYNOR RN LUTZ EM 1 DOCUMENT 4 9 2 2 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* COPYEE* 02/17/60 REPORT RAYNOR RN 1 DOCUMENT 4 9 2 3 00/00/56 LETTER 5 AUTHOR* DOW ADDRESSEE* AK ST PLANT BOARD COPYEE* 00 w <1 00 WATSON AJ MILLER P TITLE ESTERCIDE TD2-X BRUSH KILLER. PAGE 704 ESTERCIDE TD2-X BRUSH KILLER. CA SPRAY CHEMICAL BRUSH KILLER CTD-2X). ESTERCIDE TD2-X BRUSH KILLER. AIRCRAFT SPRAYING OF SALT CEDAR HITH Kl/RON AND ESTERON BRUSH KILLER (ROI 4 3 2 0 1 ). EFFECT OF LEACHING ON KILL OF TURBINELLA OAK BY GRANULAR 24D AND SILVEX (ROI 4 3 1 1 2 ) . EFFECT OF 24D, MCP AND SILVEX ON YIELD OF COTTON AT THREE DATES (ROI 4 3 0 3 1 ). RESULTS OF TESTS USING 24D, 2 4 5 T , AND SILVEX ON COTTON AND RICE AND REQUESTS CONSIDERATION OF TWO PROPOSALS REGARDING REGULATION OF THE HERBICIDES CTTL.