Document YDxQmN8apkK3qqbKo0JnvkeJ0

20 November 1975 ( !t, (. *r whether / Ttuch I or i Session V: i ECONOMICS AND SUBSTITUTES t i Warren Muir, Ph.D,* Session Chairman Senior Staff Member for Environmental Health, Council on Environmental Q uality, Washington, D.C. 303 NEV 026149 739404 i 1guess we have all had an opportunity to hear sbout health and ecological Impact and other aspects of PCB's in the last day and a half. The history of PCB's, as I am sure most of you are aware, is several years old. By 1971 and 1972 there was sufficient concern over their potential environmental effects that a Federal task force was created under the sponsorship of the Council on Environmental Quality and the Federal Council for Sci ence and Technology, which looked into the situation and made a variety of recommendations. In addition, at that time the Monsanto Chemical Company developed a restricted sales policy with regard to uses o f PCB's, and also shortly thereafter, the Organi zation for Economic Cooperation and Development had an international agreement with regard to uses of PCB. All of these actions were directed in one fashion or another toward inappropriate uses of the chemical. Yet, as of this date, there is no Federal authority to control the use of these chemicals, despite 5 years of consider ation of toxic substances control legislation. This particular session of the conference deals with economics and substitutes; we will have a presentation or a brief description of two economic case studies that have been done on PCB's, and then several speakers will discuss the substitutability or nonsubstitutability for uses of PCB's. In dealing with environmental problems such as PCB's and a variety of other chemicals, I am sure you are aware that there is a great deal of scientific uncertainty with regard to particular health or ecological impacts. For example, there is a certain amount of uncertainty as to whether or not something is carcinogenic or whether it can bioaccumulate. There typically appears to t be, however, a much greater uncertainty about the economic implications or the economic impacts of any action that might be taken to mitigate the suspected problems. Much of this arises from uncertainty, about substitutes and also about the inability to predict the actual individual or corporate responses that would be made under a given type of regulatory action or other type of mitigating action. Thus in my view, there is much greater economic uncer tainty in many of thes issues than there is scientific uncertainty. Also, irrespective of all the uncertainties, we know that the further along in the chemical marketing and development process, the longer it has been manufac tured, and the larger the market, generally the greater the health and environmental effects of the particular chemicals and the greater the economic impact there is of mitigating action, to the extent that they are neces sary. Thus, if we are to deal with problems such as PCB's, we must change our approach toward environmental chemical problems; we must get out of a reactive pos ture. We must undertake the task of identifying poten tial hazardous chemicals early in the development process. By so doing, health and ecological problems can be avoided before they develop. And, by so doing, the economic dislocation and impacts from any potential regulatory action will be eliminated or minimized to the benefit of all. 305 NEV 026150 739405 PCB's IN CAPACITOR APPLICATIONS Richard L. Rollins11 Abstract Alternating current (AC) capacitors have used a grade o f polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) since the 1930's. Long life, high reliability and a high degree o f flame retardancy are imparted to the capacitors b y these fluids. The latter characteristic is very important In applied tions where high exposure to the general population exists such as in fluorescent lights and television sets. The main disadvantage with the fluid is its long persist ence in nature. When the capacitor industry became aware o f the environmental problem, it generated guide lines for handling and disposal o f the material, then voluntarily imposed these restrictions upon itself. N ow of the 70 ,000 pounds per day processed, only 7 pounds are being discharged into plant water effluents. Liquid waste materials are sent to proper incineration facilities and solid waste materials are placed in sanitary landfills to prevent escape into the environment F or 4 years the industry has been using a significantly more biodegrad able grade o f Aroc/or identified as 1016 by Monsanto. In that time, Arocfor 1016 has n ot been identified as a PCB commonly found in the environment. Non-PCB mate rials are continuing to be evaluated, but there are not dielectric fluids available today which can be considered an acceptable substitute for PCB's in the broad range o f A C capacitors. On behalf of the electronic industrial association and the manufacturers of PCB capacitors, I appreciate this opportunity to present our point of view. I will discuss PCB capacitors, the industry's response to the environmental problem, and possible alternative candi dates to PCB's. Manufacturers of AC capacitors have used PCB's since the early 1930's, and have used them almost ex clusively sinc World War II. They are presently used, for example, in capacitors for fluorescent lighting, air con ditioners, and television sets. These capacitors are in the plant where you work, in the home, and in public gathering facilities. They are therefore near you a high percentage of the time. Manufacturers are very cognizant of their responsiblities in providing a capacitor that will operate satisfactorily in these applications for providing long life and high reliability at a reasonable cost. V i c e P re s id e n t for Engineering, Jard Corporation, Bennington, Vermont. The consequence of these requirements in a com petitive marketplace is that the products and their com ponents are constantly being reevaluated to increase life, increase reliability, decrease size, and decrease cost. The capacitor manufacturer indeed daily sees pressures for improvements. It is, therefore, an obvious question to ask w hy are PCB's still used after 40 years during which the best capacitor research and development scientists in the United States were constantly seeking substitutes. One of the reasons lies in the nonflammability of the PCB material. Because of applications, such as light ing, where personnel and equipment safety are para mount, capacitors must be manufactured since they not only fail infrequently but also fail safely. In applications such as the World Trade Center in New York, where 250,000 fluorescent lights are installed, it is obvious that high reliability and a nonflammable capacitor character istic are mandatory. A capacitor which fails violently and contains a flammable fluid could create a serious problem, especial ly in densely populated buildings, giving visions of a towering inferno. The Consumer Products Safety Com mission, as an example, has shown considerable concern over television set fires and has requested Underwriters' Laboratories to develop standards for safety for tele vision set receivers. A second reason lies in the reliability of the product as it is known today. Presently, the capacitors our com panies manufacture have a survival rate per year greater than 99 .998 8 percent. The requirement that more than 95 percent of our capacitors must survive after 13 years of normal application conditions must also be met. The test time and the amount of test necessary to guarantee the above reliability is mind boggling to say the least. Many thousands of units and millions of unit hours at or referred to application conditions are required to satisfy our statisticians that any change in product will conform to these present day standards. Even with the large amount of previous testing and history on the PCB-containing capacitor, there have been many instances which despite all controls in existence cause consumer concern due to extreme failure rates. That is at a rate greater than 10 percent. The first occurred in 1957, when a variation in the quality of the PCB fluid, as synthesized, resulted in a highly unstable capacitor. Standard analytical tests in use at the time did not detect the quality difference. The result was a large number of capacitors failing in a very short period of application life. 306 NV 0 2 6 1 5 1 739406 The consequence was the requirement by the customer that the capacitor manufacturer not only pro vide compensation for the cost of the capacitor, but the cost o.f the equipment which contained the capacitor, plus the labor charge for placing the equipment in the installation. The total replacement cost the manufac turer 100 times the original price of the capacitor. The second Instance of numerous failures occurred 6 years later, this time involving the capacitors of most manufacturers. In this circumstance reduoed-size capaci tors were tested and approved by industry-accepted accelerated life testing and a new.size was shipped to customers. Approximately 1 year later, up to 15 percent of these capacitors began failing in some applications. A subsequent modification in the accelerated-life testing based upon findings in the field failure analyses now provides proper screening to eliminate the chance of such e problem occurring. Therefore the AC capacitor industry now does very extensive evaluations before re leasing new designs or using new materials. The capacitor industry became aware that PCB's were possible environmental problems in 1970. Soon thereafter, in 1971, a committee was formed under the sponsorship of the American National Standards Insti tute, AN SI, to develop standard industry guidelines for the handling and disposal of capacitor grade PCB's. An interim standard was published as an official standard proposal by the National Electric Manufacturers Associa tion, NEM A , in January 1973. And a final document, C107.1 1974, was published in January 1974. Briefly, properly planned housekeeping, considera tions for employee ssfety, and scrap disposal procedures were detailed. Today, to the best of my knowledge, all manufacturers of PCB capacitors in the United States have applied these guidelines for the handling and dis posal of PCB's. The success of the manufacturer's control in han dling practices is apparent from the fact that of the approximately 70,000 pounds per day used, less than .01 percent or 7 pounds per day is discharged into the water effluents of the plants. The AN SI guidelines also recommended ih a t the capacitor companies change from Aroclor 1242 to a PCB w ith less toxic effects which Monsanto identified as Aroclor 1016. Here it must be pointed out th 8t various grades of PCB's cannot, as so often is assumed, be classified as having the same chemical, physical, or biological charac teristics. For instance, in "A Comparative Study of Two Chlorinated Biphenyl Mixtures . . by Goldstein et al., significant differences were shown to exist in the biologi cal effects of Aroclor 1242 and 1016 on equal doses of the two mixtures. Aroclor 1016 also reduces by greater than 94 percent those higher homologs existing in Aroclor 1242 which were the most persistent in nature. With these benefits, end w ithout sacrificing the capacitor characteristics, all capacitor manufacturers began using the new material by 1972, despite the fact that it was 50 percent more expensive. A fter 4 years of use by the capacitor industries, Aroclor 1016 has not been identified as a PCB that is commonly found in the environment. Nor should it be suspected that 1016 would be commonly found, because the industry is exercising control over waste disposal from its capacitors, so that there is little or no oppor tunity for leaking PCB's. Our industry believes it is much more important to reduce the environmental problems and to allow con tinued use of the capacitor-grade PCB than to be con cerned w ith the material cost Increase and immediately turn to a substitute which is not thoroughly evaluated and may be flammable. Alternates have been considered ever since the origi nal introduction of PCB's. The substitutes must be not only a satisfactory dielectric fluid providing acceptable life, reliability, and safety, but in addition must not cause environmental problems. Our experience with PCB's has demonstrated that some material wilt escape into the environment through processing and handling. Therefore, alternate fluids must be evaluated on this basis. The effects on man and his environment must be determined before the product is introduced. It would be a very serious error to replace capacitor-grade PCB's with a fluid which eventually becomes a greater threat to man. Further PCB modification which would provide even less toxicity and persistence in nature but still maintain good dielectric properties and good non flammability would seem to be one alternative to A r o c lo r 1 0 1 6 . O u r companies respectfully urge Monsanto to pursue this possibility. Non-PCB alternatives are now being offered and suggested. Some are new and some have been available for many years. The industry's position on these is as follows. Mineral oil is a flammable fluid which was replaced by PCB's in the 1930's. Capacitors using it are 50 to 100 percent larger, much less reliable, 8nd much less safe than those using PCB's. The substitution of mineral oil necessitates redesign of equipment to utilize the larger capacitor, an increase in the capacitor manufacture facil ity, and will result in increased use of basic materials which are presently in short supply. Modified synthetic hydrocarbon oils have been developed which while flammable would allow capaci tors to approximate today's size. Samples have been dis- 307 NE V 0 2 6 1 5 2 739407 tributed for testing, but the material is not commercially available. Phthalate ester, also a flammable fluid and also with biodegradability problems, has been used In certain restricted applications where conditions of limited tem peratures exist. The unknown factors of reliability and safety in the broad consumer use areas such as lighting ndw prevent its use. Evaluations, however, are continu ing. Substituted aromatic compounds are possible candi dates, and one has been proposed that has less fire resist ance than PCB's; it is suggested to be a good dielectric fluid but only for high-voltage power factor correction. This, to our estimation, represents only 17 percent of the PCB used in closed systems, and leaves completely unanswered an alternative or alternatives for the remain ing B3 percent of the applications. Some material has been produced but the fluid has not been made commer cially available. In fact, our companies are having trouble obtaining samples from the manufacturer. When samples become available, the time-consuming testing can begin. It has been estimated that 3 years are required before final commercial use after initial testing of a change in capacitor fluids. Also proposed for limited applications is the use of a plastic film replacing the kraft paper dielectric in the AC capacitor. Although evaluations with the highest quality film have been underway for more than 2 years using the current processing techniques, the reliability of the product is only 1/ 20th o f that of present capacitors in most applications. Significant additional testing is required to determine if the cause of poor reliability is totally inherent or if improvements can be made by modifications in capacitor design. In summary, there are no commercially available fluids which today cart be considered a totally accept able substitute for PCB's in the broad range of AC capacitors, nor are there substitute dielectric systems which would satisfy the requirements of reliability and safety in most applications. A would like to reiterate that our companies have shown responsiveness to the environmental problems of PCB's by the following actions. 1. Working as a group with government and consumers in providing guidelines for proper handling and dis posal of capacitor- and transformer-grade PCB's. 2. Reducing discharge levels of PCB's in a 16-capacitor plant. Further reductions are now being planned. 3. Converting to a more expensive grade of PCB's which is less persistent and has less toxic effects. Finally significant differences do exist between Aroclor 1016, which capacitor manufacturers are now using, and material which is predominantly being found in the environment. Our industry believes that all concerned should be aware of the differences. We respectfully urge this awareness in environ mental studies and in drafting of regulations. NEV 026153 308 739408 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF A BAN ON POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS Duncan MacArthur* and Stephen F. Nagyt Abstract The study described below assessed the effects o f a hypothetical total ban on PCB's. In order to compile a realistic scenario, die proposed Toxic Substances Con trol A ct was used as a model. A complete phaseout was estimated to take 76 months, and would Involve publica tion o f rules, testing, hearings, halting o f imports and manufacturing o f PCB's, and depletion o f stocks o f PCB-con taining products. Mineral oil was assumed to be the primary substi tute for PCB's, since a major technological breakthrough in the development o f alternate fluids is unlikely in the near future. Minimum estimates are given for the one-time and annual capita! expenditures by industry o f a ban on PCB's, and for the primary and secondary impact costs. Intangible issues, such as the effect o f a PCS ban on public safety, are also discussed. In the course of our work with private and public clients, we have examined polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB's, in a number of areas, ranging from product design to economic impact. The work to be discussed here was completed in 1975 as part of a study to examine the effects of the proposed Toxic Substances Controls Act, as illustrated by Senate Bill S776 (20 Feb. 75). We selected as an example a case study to com pletely ban an existing product following the procedures outlined in the proposed bill. We use the case study for following reasons. It provides an example of the com plete analysis required to assess the impact of a ban; it illustrates the direct and secondary impact on industry; and it enables u$ to estimate the economic consequences of a ban on one specific product. In our study, we also highlighted the unquantifiable factors. In our methodology, and again this was done in the early part of the year, we assume all the steps in the proposed Toxic Substance Control Act as illustrated by Senate Bill S776 are taken. The end result of this is a total ban on PCB manufacture and use. We selected PCB's for illustrative purposes only. Our discussion was not intended to reflect on the actual health or environ mental aspects of the example product. * Associate Research Director, Foster D . Snell, Inc., Division of Booz, Alien, St Hamilton, Inc., New Y ork, New Y ork. t Research Director, Foster D. Snell, Inc., Division of Boor, Allen, 8< Ham ilton, Inc., New Y ork, New Y ork. The scenario for banning the product is estimated to require about'76 months for complete phaseout of prod uct use. Thirty-eight months were estimated for publica tions of the rules, testing, hearings, and so forth. The key element in this period is the 24-month period that we estimated would be required for testing. The key element in months 39 through 76 is phasing out the sale of some manufactured goods, particularly appliances. We also assumed that no legal action would be taken by industry until publication of the final ban on substances occurring after the 38 months of testing and hearings. A possibility in the scenario of the second 38 months is that industry reguests a judicial review but complies with the review. We estimated the judicial review takes 2 years and results in a complete product ban. In the second 38-month period the following types of activity would go on: documentation for control purposes; monitoring of shipments; limitation of stock piling of PCB products; refining methods to prevent PCB's from entering the environment, such as controlled use and control proposal; stopping the production and import of PCB's dr equipment containing PCB's, and finally banning the manufacture and sale of PCB-containing products. In the analysis of our PCB's we have tried to consid er the complete life cycle of the product. PCB's are pro duced by one manufacturer in the United States-the trade'name is Aroclor-and about 40.5 million pounds were produced in 1974. The sale of PCB's is currently restricted to electrical use and casting waxes. In the past they were used as transfer fluids from heat exchangers, hydraulic fluids, and so forth. However, as you know, to avoid potential adverse environmental impact, Monsanto restricted domestic and export sales in 1972 to electric installation equipment applications in which the product is enclosed in a relatively well-maintained container throughout its use. Monsanto and others offer PCB dis posal service. We found that PCB applications are characterized by their long-term utilization with the majority con trolled by utilities. Transformers, for example, were re ported to last 20 to 30 years, and capacitors to last 7 to 10 years. The number of transformer manufacturers vary; anywhere from 2 to 10 have produced PCB-containing transformers. Primary use is as nonflammable electric insulating oil. Previous estimates report approximately 5,000 transformers were produced per year with an aver- 309 NEV 026154 739409 age PCB amount of about 5,000 pounds per transformer. Value of shipments (1974 data) is estimated at $35 to $45 million. The number of people using capacitors varies. Esti mates range from 16 up to 50 capacitor manufacturers. There are approximately 90 to 100 million units per year produced with a value about $105 to $147 million. There are primarily two types: large utility capacitors, using about 9 to 13 million pounds of PCB's per year, and small industrial capacitors, using about 17 million pounds per year. In the case of casting wax, there is only one manu facturer in the United States. PCB's represent 30 percent of the components of the wax. The annual usage is about half a million pounds. Primarily, it is imported. We also found another indirect importation of PCB 's-in capacitors in electrical equipment. The primary transformer users are utilities; others include manufacturers of and users of electrically power ed rail equipment, furnace equipment, and electrostatic precipitators. About 85 percent of PCB transformers are used as network transformers by the utilities, and we estimate that approximately 90 percent of the trans former uses are controlled by the utilities, either through ownership or service contracts. With respect to the capacitor users, electric utilities use large capacitors and manufacturers and consumers of goods use small capacitors. Electric utilities use them primarily for power factor correction, and smaller units are used for starting and other uses such as fluorescent lighting. We estimate that about 2 to 3 percent of large capacitors are consumed as replacements and about 5 to 10 percent of the small capacitors were consumed as replacements. With respect to the casting wax, approximately 98 percent of that is now recycled and the people in the business maintain that the remaining 2 percent th at' is left in the mold is destroyed when the mold is prepared at high temperatures. The final step is disposal. Monsanto and others have specialized incincerator facilities for PCB liquids, primar ily for large uses such as transformers and capacitors used by utilities. The ban of PCB's was estimated to result in a one time cost of $13.7 million. There would be additional expenditures of $110 million annually. The ban would also affect regulatory codes, public safety, and other intangible areas, and, as always, the net result would be an increase in consumer costs. The primary impact, which is. on the manufacturer and users, is estimated at $8.8 billion for one-time costs and approximately $16 million for annual costs. Key elements in this, surprisingly enough, were "red tape" required by Senate Bill S776. There are also disposal costs, plant rebuild costs, and salary costs. Secondary impact on users of PCB's, PCB conuin ing products or services, and disposal organizations is estimated at $4.9 billion for one-time costs and $93 bil lion for annual costs. Elements of secondary impacts are primarily new plant rebuilds for increasing the capacitor output of the United States, disposal, and the increased cost of substitutes. The annual costs reflect the forecasted Increased costs of electrical equipment manufacture and use, in cluding replacements of existing equipment. Since the lifetime of large transformers and capacitors is 20 to 30 years, the additional annual cost, over $110 million, was forecast for the same period. In the proposed 38-month time period, industry representatives indicated that for primary and secondary transformer use, there would essentially be a shift to mineral oil as a replacement for PCB's, since the environ ment and performance characteristics of other substi tutes are not thoroughly researched. Major technological breakthroughs, such as development of substitute fluids, were not forecast. We did use minimum cost estimates. The cost of replacing a PCB transformer, for exam pfe-not necessari ly the transformer but the vault which is surrounded by the building--has been estimated as varying anywhere from $5,000 to $50,000. We used a figure of about $ 10,000, which we consider low and very conservative. The economic impact of changing the regulatory codes cannot be accurately quantified without a detailed survey. However, the impact of the changeover for those localities with regulations was estimated not to cause major dislocation in building activities. We do know that many cities permit only nonflammable, essentially PCB. electrical equipment to be installed in tall buildings; however, others do permit non-PCB transformers with a vault. Intangible issues include public safety, which would be impacted by a ban on PCB's. Analysis would require a detailed analysis of the tradeoffs between the benefits of the product versus the benefits of the ban. Electrically driven-trains use PCB transformers and it has been re ported that the flammable liquid in the transformer would be a potential hazard. Uses of other transformers in rail cars, if possible, would require redesign and over haul of existing equipment. Use of large quantities--over 20 gallons of liquid--in buildings would present a poten tial danger even in walls. Insurance underwriters have reportedly studied the problem but nothing has been presented as a request to change rates. Other intangible areas are in replacements for all types of equipment. Dry transformers, for example, are 310 NEV 026155 739410 j J reported to have a low reliability. There are also specific areas, such as replacement capacitors for compact equip- meru in which the capacitors cannot be replaced with a non-PCB-contamlng unit similar In size and character- tics, forcing either salvage or scrappage of the eouio- ment. MK In assessing all these costs, we forecasted pass- through to the consumer. K 311 NEV 0 2 6 1 5 6 739411 THE USE OF DOW CORNING Q2-1090 DIELECTRIC LIQ U ID IN POWER TRANSFORMERS Richard H. Montgomery* Abstract Dow Coming has developed Q2-1090 Dielectric Liquid to replace askarets in transformers. Five years o f laboratory and field testing have shown it to be both efficient and safe. I t is now being sold in commercial quantities both for new transformers and for retrofilling old transformers. With some redesign, competitive en tries, and further restrictions on PCB use anticipated, it is expected to have favorable economics. A 3- to 5- year phase-in to completely commercially qualify the liquid in all applications is planned. Thank you for the opportunity to come here today to represent the silicone industry, which in the United States consists of the Dow Corning Corporation, the G eneral Electric Corporation, Union Carbide, and Stauffer Chemical. The global silicone industry is now 5 years into a program to qualify dielectric fluid replace ments in both transformers and capacitors. The Japanese silicone industry and Dow Corning Corporation have led this effort to date. As a result of this extremely large effort by the industry, I am very pleased today to make two major announcements. First, the technology to commercially manufacture a capacitor dielectric fluid with superior dielectric pro perties is being developed. This material appears to w ith stand any of the high electrical stresses the material would normally be used for in the industry. We plan to make this product commercially available during 1976. A t its present state of development, we know of no environmental problems with this particular product. No chemistry would indicate there should be any. But this wilt be continually studied, as have other products from the silicone industry. Second, Dow Corning now has commercial produc tio n available to manufacture silicone transformer liquids in sufficient capacity to handle the global trans former market, and that is a very large investment. So let me now turn in some detail to the transformer industry and the role silicones can play. We must remember that today three environ mentally safe transformer systems are available to re place transformers filled with PCB liquids. Gas-cooled, N e w Product Market Manager, Fluids and Lubricants .Marketing, D ow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan. air-cooled dry types, and liquid-silicone-fillcd trans formers will meet almost every need where PCBcontaining transformer fluids are used. T h e silicone industry has produced insulating materials for transformers for 25 years. The industry's newest material, a silicone transformer liquid, is now in use in Japan as a direct replacement for PCB-containing transformer oils. In the United States, extensive field testing has been under way for 4 years and at the present time this material is being examined for inclusion in the U.S. National Electrical Code. Now, to underscore Dow Coming's personal assur ance in the safety, the efficacy, and the efficiency of this liquid, Dow Corning has notified its vendors that we will be specifying silicone-filled transformers for all the new transformers in our production plants around the world. Our existing askarel transformers, in which we have a very heavy investment, are being phased out rapidly through a silicone retrofit program. Over 6 transformers have been Installed new or retrofitted in the past year, and this program will accelerate in the spring. It is, of course, not possible in Michigan during the winter months to drain the PCB's satisfactorily and replace these materials with a silicone fluid. The material that we are talking about is known today as Q 2-1090 dielectric liquid. Basically, Q2-1090 transformer liquid is a dimethyl silicone that has been specially formulated and qualified for use in electrical applications. The technical feasibility of using the sili cone in transformers has been shown in over 20 years of experience in military transformers, in several years of use on the Japanese National Railway, and in a number of power transformers in the Midland. Michigan, area; several other areas around the United States will also test silicone transformers in the next few months. In addition to these actual applications, which today are w e ll known and have worked out nicely, sup port for the use of a silicone dielectric fluid in power transformers is contained in over 30 years of accumula ted data on dielectric properties and compatibility with the common materials of transformer construction. The present concern for fire, explosion, health, and environmental hazards are alt strong reasons for an evo lutionary approach to using silicones and qualifying them in this application for all major power transformer uses over the next few years. The silicone liquids of this type are much less 312 NEV 026157 739412 flammable thsn typical mineral oils. They actually have a higher flash point than many PCB-containing trans former fluids. Although they will burn, they have an extremely low heat of combustion, extremely high flash points and firepoints, and they have been shown in catastrophic testing to be self-extinguishing. They appear to offer a level of fire safety greatly superior to mineral oils. The silicone that we are now recommending, a dimethyl silicone, has been evaluated by Underwriters Laboratory, and has received an extremely low flamma bility classification number. In Japan and the United States, transformer cases containing PCB's, silicones, and mineral oil were subjected to catastrophic failure testing. In both tests, all liquids exploded. Most important, fol lowing this test, only the mineral oil continued to burn. Both the polychlorinated biphenyl materials and the sili cone fluid self-extinguished. Normally, in a test of this type you would fuse the circuit cutout. The fault in the silicone fluid self-cleared, thereby extinguishing the arc. With the other materials, the backup fuse blew and ex tinguished the arc. Following the review of some very extensive data (which is available to all of you by writing to me at Dow Corning, provided you are willing to put in 4 or 5 hours in reading it), the major insurance companies have given their permission to use silicone fluid in indoor trans formers. Because it is a new material and since no gen eral policy has been established, the insurers have indi cated that they will evaluate each application on an in dividual basis; this is a conservative approach which we highly applaud. Dow Corning feels that we should look at a 3- to 6-year evolutionary approach of gradually putting a larger and larger number of transformers into operation. We are offering financial inducements to companies who do this in order to collect a large body of case history data that can be used to convince ourselves and the in dustry that there are no fatal flaws that have been over looked. It's an extremely conservative approach. Silicones are often used in small concentrations in the preparation of certain foods. Any time you eat a jam or jelly or drink a glass of some of that good old Milwau kee beer, you are eating a food-grade dimethyl silicone. And if you have an ulcer and you eat Di-Gel, you are also eating it. They are excellent deflaccuants. The toxicity of dimethyl silicones to mammals, aquatic life, and plants has been very thoroughly investi gated. The extremely low toxicity of silicones has made It difficult to detect any toxic reactions in test subjects. Studies directed toward determining the tendency of sili cone to btoconcentrate have been negative. It has not been possible to date to show that any bioaccumulation was occurring. It has been often stated that silicones are persistent In the environment because they do not biodegrade, under the evidence available at the present time. How ever, there is considerable evidence that silicones do chemically degrade in the environment. Contact with soil and water causes the liquid to depolymerize to lowmolecular-weight species, and known chemistry de finitely suggests that these degrade in water or in the atmosphere. Silicones cost more money than the current liquids being used in transformers, but they are not outrage ously expensive. Referring to the entire market of capacitors and transformers, and making some assump tions which would include the shipment of prosent pro ducts such as PCB's to the manufacturer's site, if we include the shipping costs, my estimate is that the in dustry PCB purchases would be about $19.2 million. If good engineering practices are followed to reduce the amount of fluid needed, which has never been a design criteria in the major manufacturer's mind, as mineral oil, of course, is cheap, those costs would prob ably rise with the use of silicone to an industry figure of $25 million. So the total increased cost to the electrical and electronics market would be about $5.8 million or 29 percent. If we made the assumption that the dielectric fluids cost is 20 percent of the total material cost going into a transformer or capacitor, we are talking about an average cost increase of about 5.8 to 6 percent at the manufacturing level on new equipment. I feel that this slightly higher initial cost of silicone liquid-filled transformers is more than offset by the cost of monitoring and controlling of PCB-filled transformers over their lifetimes. And w ith silicone, no known envi ronmental hazards are incurred. PCB-filled transformers currently in service can be changed over to Q 2-1090 transformer liquid without un due problems. I think the work we h&ve done over the past 4 years--some of it in conjunction with Dow Chemical, a lot of it in conjunction with leading trans former manufacturers-shows this. I think you will be hearing not only from Dow Corning in more detail on this subject. I highly suspect that our worthy competitors, who can manufacture dimethyl silicones to the same specifications once they learn what they are, will go into the market. A t that particular time, the law of supply and demand will come into effect. The silicone industry at the present time has more capacity than it can sell. I anticipate the economics w ill be extremely favorable for further consideration of this product In both transformers and capacitors over the next three years. 313 NEV 026138 739413 DOW XFS-4169L: AN ENVIRO NM ENTALLY ACCEPTABLE CAPACITOR FLUID Dean Branson, Ph.D.* Abstract Dow and McGraw-Edison Companies have devel oped a new capacitor fluid which is electrically, ecologi cally, and economically acceptable. Chemically, the new fluid can be described as butylated monochlorodiphenyl oxide. n - 0 ,1 ,2 ,3 Dow XFS-4169L capacitor fluid Dow XFS-4169L capacitor fluid performs equal to or better than Aroclor 1016 in power capacitors. This conclusion is based on dielectric losses, discharge incep tion voltages, capacitor size, fire hazard, reliability, economics, and availability. Dow XFS-4169L capacitor fluid and its components are acceptable in terms o f health and environment according to an assessment o f biodegradability, bioconcentration in fish, toxicity to animats, and toxicity to fish. -Other capacitor manufac turers are currently evaluating X FS-4169L for applicabil ity in their respective companies. Field trails have been started with u tility companies across the country. The contents of this presentation represent 4 years of joint research between Dow and McGraw-Edison Company which has culminated in the development of an environmentally and electrically acceptable capacitor fluid. When PCB's replaced mineral oils some 40 years ago In power capacitors, this represented another step for ward In the electrical Industry's continuing effort to pro vide the public with low-cost electrical power and safer electrical equipment. As a result of the use of PCB's, there has been a downward trend in the cost per kilovar Capacitor Fluid H .N .E ., Project Manager, Health and Envi ronment Research Laboratories, Dow Chemical, Inc., Midland, Michigan. of power factor correction. In 1971, Monsanto limited the sale of PCB's for dielectric uses where acceptable alternatives were not yet available. Since then, industry has been searching for alternatives which were ecologically, electrically, and economically acceptable. Today, we want to report to you that Dow and McGraw-dison have developed a butylated monochlorodiphenyl oxide known as XFS 4169L. It meets all the above criteria and can be used in high-voltage capacitors. Initially, over 50 fluids representing several chemical families were selected as possible dielectric fluids on the basis of their chemical and physical properties. These fluids were then screened for both electrical perform ance in miniature capacitors and for potential hazard to the health and the environment in a battery of indicative tests. The conclusion of these screenings was that the most promising chemical fam ily was the alkylated mono chlorodiphenyl oxides. Electrically, several members of this family per formed equal to or better than Aroclor 1016. It was the health and environmental data that demonstrated the significant advantages of the butylated monochlorodi phenyl oxides. Electrical Performance The confidence that McGraw-Edison Company has in high-voltage capacitors made with the XFS fluid is based on the following assessment of these six key elec trical performances. 1. Dielectricat tosses. The dielectric losses are as tow or slightly lower than for capacitors with a PCB known as Aroclor 1016. This is true for both paper-film and all film high-voltage power capacitors. This means that the capacitors w ill operate under normal temperatures and that the operating costs will be minimal. This is one of the same significant advantages that PCB's have relative to mineral oil. 2. Discharge inception voltages. Discharge inception voltage is significantly higher than for Aroclor 1016 in both paper-film and all-film capacitors. This means that operating voltages may surge at least 20 to 30 percent higher w ithout resulting in temporary malfunction due to electrical discharges known as corona. 3. System size. The size or volume per unit of highvoltage power capacitor correction known as kilovar is 314 NfcV 0 2 6 1 5 9 739414 * the same as for comparative capacitors impregnated with Aroclor 1016. This means that it will not be necessary to redesign capacitors, the capacitor manufacturing, or the application of capacitors. 4. Fire hazards. As indicated with PCB's, there is a low risk of explosion and fires from power capacitors im pregnated with XFS 4169L. A major problem associated with a failure in a paper-film power capacitor is the decomposition of the paper and, to a lesser degree, the film. The resulting pressure of the gases formed is a major cause of tank rupture. After failure, the flamma bility of the fluid may contribute to a fire only if the paper, the film, and the fluid, are above the ignition or flash temperatures. Under normal operating conditions, a capacitor will operate between 40 and 80 C. A t a time of failure, this temperature will have to exceed the flashpoint of the capacitor fluid before this fluid becomes contributive to the explosiveness or the flammability of the system. In this regard, the flash temperature for the existing dielec tric fluids for mineral oil is 154 C; for Aroclor 1016, 166 C; and for XFS 4 1 6 9 L ,1 7 4 C. The fire tempera ture for mineral oil, 167 PCB, is greater than 316 C; for XFL 4169L, it is 199 C. This clearly shows that the flash and fire points are substantially above the operat ing temperatures. The National Electric Code allows the installation of the electrical devices without a vault if they contain less than 3 gallons of burnable liquid. The most common size of our capacitor used today is a 200-kilovar unit. These units contain less than 3 gallons of fluid, and are in stalled predominantly outdoors. 5. Capacitor reliability. Power capacitors impreg nated with XFS are more reliable than the same type of capacitors impregnated with Aroclor 1016. This con clusion is based on results of comparative evaluations. The following tests have been completed. Three years of accelerated life tests, more than 18 million kilovar hours in full-sized units without failures. Hundreds of sample capacitors operating up to 200 percent of the rated volt ages for a wide range of temperatures, minus 60 to plus 125 C. 6. Economics and availability. The long-range price of power capacitors impregnated with XFS 4169L w ill be reasonable. The increased price or expense attributed to the fluid is expected to be less than $20 for a 200kilovar unit. Dow has assured the electrical industry that it will have the manufacturing capabilities to produce XFS at a million pounds per year rate during the first quarter of 1976. Should this fluid prove to be acceptable to the industry, Dow is willing to make the commitment to produce the fluid in multim illion pound quantities per year by the end of 1976. Health and Environmen tal Assessmen t The Dow Chemical Company's assessment of the health and environmental acceptability of XFS 4169L as a dielectric fluid in capacitors is based on the following criteria. 1. Biodegradability. The components in XFS 4169L are significantly more biodegradable than the compo nents of Aroclor 1016. With micro-organisms, the rates of formation of radioactive carbon dioxide from radiolabeled components of XFS 4169L are much faster than for 2,5,2' trichloro biphenyl, a major component of A ro clor 1016. The major component in 4169L is 45 times more biodegradable than the representative PCB isomer. This rate of biodegradability is comparable to several nonpersistent industrial chemicals. 2. Bioconcentration. The bioconcentration factors in fish of the components of XFS 4169L are low relative to the components of Aroclor 1016. The environmentally significant components in each fluid show a factor 30 times less bioconcentratable in trout muscle for XFS. 3. Toxicity to animals. In both acute and 90-day toxic ity tests with animals, XFS shows very little toxicity. For example, in rats, a dose of 10 grams per kilogram of XFS 4169L was administered orally and had no observ able effect on rats. The levels of the components of XFS that accumu lated in the fat of rats fed the XFS in the diet for 150. days were significantly lower than for the comparable dietary tests with Aroclor 1016. For example, the accu mulation in the fat was 22 times less for XFS; the appar ent plateau level was achieved in 1 to 2 months com pared to 6 to 7 months for the PCB, and the estimated half-life of the rat was 7 days with XFS compared to 60 days for the PCB. This indicates the relatively low degree of toxicity associated with XFS 4169L in animals. 4. Toxicities to fish. The XFS material is only moder ately toxic to fish compared to capacitor-grade PCB, which is extremely toxic. The concentration of XFS that was toxic to fathead minnows was 15 milligrams per liter compared to 0.76 milligrams per liter of Aroclor 1016, which is a factor of 20 times less toxic to the fathead minnow. Dow and McGraw-Edison Companies have deter mined that XFS 4169L is an acceptable alternative to capacitor-grade PCB in high-voltage power capacitors. This is based on the electrical performance and Its low potential impact on health and the environment. Today, McGraw-Edison is proceeding with field trials of capacitors at utility companies across the 315 NEV 026160 739415 country. Other U.S. manufacturers of power capacitors are currently evaluating XFS for applicability in their respective companies. The information about XFS in this discussion is only a very brief summary of the toxicological and ecological data which have been generated. 316 NEV 026161 s 739416 CHLORINATED BIPHENYL D IELEC TR IC STHEIR U T IL IT Y AND POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTES David Wood* Abstract The paper describes die major reasons for the use o f chlorinated biphenyi in capacitors and ttansformers. These lead to establishment o f objectives for research Into potential substitutes. MCS-1238, a non-PCB capaci tor fluid developed by Monsanto, is discussed end areas where further development work is required are indi cated. The particular problems associated with definition of "fire resistance" relative to transformer fluids is raised. I. INTR O D U C TIO N In 1970, Monsanto voluntarily began its program of terminating sales of chlorinated biphenyls to open appli cations--those which could result In losses to the envi ronment. By late 1972, this program was fully imple mented and Monsanto was selling these products only to manufacturers of sealed electric equipment such as trans formers and capacitors. Major applications affected by our withdrawal were carbonless paper, fire-resistant hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids, and plasticizers. Sales for other miscella neous minor applications were discontinued during the same period. This action resulted in a reduction of some 45 million pounds per year in the use of chlorinated biphenyl in areas where entry to the environment was less controllable. We decided at that time to continue supply to closed electrical applications because we believed that: 1. Entry of chlorinated biphenyl to the environment was limited and controllable; 2. A more biodegradable, lower chlorinated homolog had been developed which the capacitor industry could use; 3. Withdrawal would have brought to a halt produc tion of equipment essential to the safe and efficient distribution and use of electrical energy because there was no known satisfactory replacement for chlorinated biphenyl dielectrics. Today we continue to sell chlorinated biphenyl, observing the following policy: 1. We supply only to manufacturers of seated electrical equipment such as capacitors and transformers. 2. We supply lower chlorinated homologs, Aroclor 1016, to the capacitor industry. * Manager, Product and Marketing Ditlectncc, Monsanto industrial Chemicals Company, St. Louis, Missouri. 3. We offer an incineration service for liquid PCB wastes. 4. We continue to work with ANSI Committee C107 and other bodies to establish appropriate handling and control procedures for equipment containing chlorinated biphenyl. 5. We allocated increased research resources in 1969 to seek and develop effective replacements; this pro gram continues. 6 . In seeking possible replacements, we will insure that differences between Arocior and candidate fluids from our program are widely reviewed in order that the potential impact of any compromises is fully evaluated. The implementation of these and other programs both by ourselves and electrical equipment manufacturers was prompted by the utility of this dielectric family and the difficulties inherent in developing substitutes to effec tively and fully replace it. II. U T IL IT Y OF CHLORINATED BIPHENYL IN CAPACITORS 1. Fire Resistance The adoption of chlorinated biphenyls in 1929 as capacitor dielectrics stemmed from their superior dielec tric properties compared to mineral oil. However, recog nition of the fire-resistant character of the fluids influ enced system and equipment design and standards over the subsequent 45 years. It is probably true that today many people find it difficult to assess potential capacitor fire hazard purely because Aroclor has been used for 45 years. Particular examples ' where fire resistance in a capacitor is of benefit include: a. fluorescent lighting ballasts, b. air-conditioner motor capacitors, c. television capacitors, d. large power capacitors where high fault currents can cause rupture and ejection of fluid from pole-mounted units close to people and build ings, e. industrial furnace capacitors. 2. Stability The persistence of chlorinated biphenyl in the environment is associated with the high degree of ther mal, chemical, oxidative, and hydrolytic stability which permits capacitor manufacturers to fulfill the exacting reliability requirements that exist today. 317 NEV 026162 739417 3. Dielectric Constant/Dieiectric Strengths These properties are important in determining the size of a capacitor. In a mixed dielectric system, e.g., p a p e r/A ro c lo r or paper/polypropylene/Aroclor, the dielectric properties of Aroclor permit optimization of stress distribution between the components making up the dielectric layer. This has enabled capacitor manufac turers to reduce paper and film volumes for a given capacitance. I shall discuss under the heading of "poten tial substitutes" the impact that this could have on: a. paper/film availability and usage; b. design of equipment containing capacitors. III. U T IL IT Y IN TRANSFORMERS Chlorinated biphenyl transformers represent less than 15 percent of transformers in service. Their use is associated with the need to lim it fire hazard in installa tions. 1. Railroad Transformers Multiple unit cars as used in rapid transit systems have transformers mounted beneath each car. By nature of the type of service, involving high passenger density, safety is essential. 2. U rb a n P o w e r Substations (e.g., Underground Vaults) These designs need to take into account city center space limitations and also the safety of the public and maintenance crews. Fire-resistant liquid transformers are helpful to all these objectives. 3. Industrial Load Centers Efficient system designs for large, power intensive, manufacturing plants (e.g., automotive assembly, steel production) often incorporate transformers close to the electrical load centers. The use of Aroclor transformers at these centers, in the heart of the plants, or overhead in roof structures, protects both employees and plant. 4. Transformer/Rectifiers Programs to reduce the emission of particulate matter from stack gases, for example in fossil fuel generating plants, include installation of electrostatic precipitators. The transformer/rectifiers energizing the precipitator field must be located close to the electrodes. In many designs, the multiple transformers are located in a penthouse above the precipitator. A fire in the pent house could lead to shutdown of the precipitator, and thus the generating plant, if pollution control is to be maintained. A fire-resistant fluid is of obvious benefit in this application. In each of these applications, Aroclor protects the system from: a. initiation of a transformer fluid fire by an elec trical fault beneath the liquid level, b. electrical breakdown of the fluid causing emis sion of flamrpable gases, c. propagation of fire if the transformer liquid content is involved in an external fire. IV . PO TEN TIA L SUBSTITUTES IN CAPACITORS 1. Research Objectives In seeking potential substitutes, our research objec tives of necessity involved keeping those properties that gave Aroclor its value. We equally recognized the need th 8t an Aroclor replacement should eliminate environ mental concerns. A replacement should ideally operate across the full range of current Aroclor capacitor appli cations while requiring minimum changes in design of capacitors and equipment utilizing capacitors. The use of chlorinated biphenyl is worldwide. Monsanto manufactures chlorinated biphenyls both in America and Great Britain. We supply to the capacitor industry of many countries. We sought potential replace ment products that could be made available with the consistent quality control applied to Aroclor on a world wide basis. We referred earlier to availability of codielectric components in capacitors. A solution requiring substan tia l changes in availability of polypropylene film (quantity or quality) or a major increase in short-term availability or capacitor paper, we considered unsatis factory. If in 1974 such increased quantities had been required, they would not have been available. Capacitor production would have fallen short of demand, further jeopardizing efficient power supply. Our research objectives can be broadly summarized in ta b le t. 2. Non-PCB Candidates The capacitor industry is currently examining two Monsanto non-PCB (candidate) dielectrics. These con tain no chlorinated biphenyl and are not chlorinated products. The two fluids are designated MCS 1238 and MCS 1588. Both of these products are blends of syn thetic hydrocarbons w ith a high dielectric constant additive to give a dielectric constant equivalent to Aroclor 1016. Table 2 lists some of the properties of MCS 1238 and MCS 1588 compared to Aroclor 1016. 318 NEV 026163 739418 Table 1. Research objectives in seeking potential substitutes for capacitors 1. Match or exceed Aroclor 1016 capability: a. D ie le c tric constant - Usage of other components D ielectric strength - Convertability b. S ta b ility Power factor - R eliability c. Fire resistance - Safety 2. Good environmental com patibility: 3. a. Span existing a p p li cations - Complete solution. b. In tern a tio n a lly available - Not solely U.S.A. situation. Table 2. Some properties of MCS 1238 and MCS 1588 compared to Aroclor 1016 O O o O Property DK 25 C Corona IV/EVa Aroclor 1016 5.9 4.85 - MCS 1238 6.0 5.1 - MCS 1588 6.1 5.1 - Hydrolysis s ta b ility 3 0.00 (n e u tra liza tio n number) Dissipation factor flu id tan 6 60 Hz. 100 C 0.0025 Dissipation factor model 0.0032 paper capacitor at 90 C 0.00 0.05 0.0039 0.00 0.05 0.0035 aSee text explanation, section IV 2 . 319 NV 026164 739419 Corona inception and extinction voltages are more a function of capacitor design than of the liquid itself. Preliminary industry results demonstrate functioning in capacitors equivalent to Aroclor 1016. Further full-scale work is required before final conclusions can be drawn. Dielectric constants relate closely to those of Aroclor 1016 over the temperature range of capacitor operation. Hydrolysis stability is mentioned because of work earned out on earlier candidates based on esters, which gave concern because of hydrolysis instability. Hydrolysis was assessed by measuring the neutralization number of a sample with 0.5 percent water added, which had been heated for 168 hours at 210 F in a stainless steel bomb along with an aluminum and a mild steel coupon. 3. Fire Resistance Neither MCS 1238 or 1588 is fire resistant. This deficiency versus Aroclor 1016 must be closely con sidered. 4. En vironmen taf Considers tions The environmental/health evaluation of capacitor replacement fluids must be related to: a. D e g r8d a t io n - lf some quantity enters the environment, at what rate and through which mechanism will it degrade? b. Tissue accumulation c. T oxicity--Occupational safety Environmental compatability 5. Degradation Biodegradation has been studied using a semicontinuous activated sludge technique. Forty-eight-hour exposure of Aroclor 1254, Aroclor 1016, and MCS 1238 dielectric fluids to activated sludge using a semicontinu ous procedure resulted in the percent biodegradation rates and 95 percent confidence limits shown in table 3. For the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB> materials, the level of chlorination appears to be the most significant factor in their relative biodegradability. The rate of biodegradation decreases as the number of chlorine atoms per biphenyl molecule increases. Chromatograms representing samples after exposure to activated sludge show significant alteration in the Aroclor 1016 isomer distribution, but little for Aroclor 1254. Degradation of the nonhalogenated fluid, MCS 1238. proceeds much more rapidly than for the haiogenated PCB fluids with no evidence of resistant components. The methodology for this technique is described in appendix B. 6, Tissue Accumulation Figuro 1 depicts the results of rat tissue residue level studies vs. time and compares Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1016, and MCS 1238. A friction of the ingested Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1016 was stored in rats# lipid reservoirs. However, most of this residue was depleted after the rats had been on the basal laboratory diet for several weeks. During the course of the feeding study, residues of Aroclor 1016 accumulated more slowly and to a significantly lesser extent than those of Aroclor 1242. During the recovery period, these PCB residues de creased to lower values for Aroclor 1016. The residue concentrations of MCS 1238 quickly reached a stable level well below the concentration in the feed. The residues did not increase with continued exposure. A fter feeding of the treated chow was ceased, the MCS 1238 residues were rapidly metabolized and/or excreted. The tissue residue accumulation and depura tion profile of MCS 1238 shown in figure 1 is markedly different than those of the Aroclor fluids, especially that of Aroclor 1242. Methodology is given in appendix A. Table 3. Results of biodegradation using a semicontinuous activated sludge technique Material Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1016 MCS 1238 48-Hour percent biodegradation 15 + 38 33 + 14 70 + 10 Feed concentration, ______PPm 1 1 3 320 NEV 0 2 6165 739420 25 PPM FEED LEVEL FOR RATS Figure 1. Results of rat tissue residue level studies vs. time, comparing Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1016 and MCS 1238. N6V 0 26 1 66 739421 7. Toxicity Before samples of MCS 1238 could be evaluated In the capacitor industry and w ithin Monsanto, acute toxicity data was gathered: a. R a t - A c u t e single oral dose L D 5 0 .* 3,800 mg/kg. b. Rabbit--Dermal L D 5 0 : 5,000-8,000 mg/kg. c. R a b b it --P o te n tia l eye irritation: A slight degree of irritation resulted when 0.1 ml of undiluted MCS 1238 was placed in the conjunc tival sac of the rabbit eye. The average maxi mum score recorded at one and again at 24 hours after treatment was 12.0 on a scale of 110.0. All eyes had regained normal appearance 72 hours after dosing. d. R a b b it-P o te n tial skin irritation: When un diluted, MCS 1238 was held In continuous 24-hour contact with intact rabbit skin, a moderate degree of Irritation resulted. The maximum average score was 3.6 on a scale of 8.0. Further programs are in process, or scheduled, to study tho following: a. vapor inhalation, b. ultimate degradation, c. 90-day pilot feeding study, d. long-term (2-year) feeding studies, and e. fish tissue residues. 8. Conclusions T o summarize Monsanto research activities: - A large number o f single compounds and mixtures have been evaluated in terms of physical property data, environmental compatability, fire resistance, and model capacitor life testing. - These have led us to conclude that: ,, a. Aroclor 1016 may well be sufficiently de gradable to remain in controlled use, b. MCS 1238 is a potentially acceptable replace ment with the qualification that it is not fire resistant. - Further programs must be completed with MCS 1238 in order to: a. deepen our knowledge of its environmental compatibility, b. permit complete evaluation by the capacitor industry across their range of applications c. enable utilities, capacitor users, and agencies to evaluate the significance of decreased fire resist ance. As a closing thought to this section, I would like to comment that since 1929 when Aroclor was first developed as a capacitor dielectric, normal commercial pressures have spurred efforts to find superior replace ments. The awareness of environmental accumulation of chlorinated biphenyls from other applications added further impetus for more intensive research in the chemical and electrical industries. Aroclor has defied 45 years of search for a superior replacement. V. SUBSTITUTE TRANSFO RM ER FLUIDS Neither Monsanto nor any other company, to our knowledge, has developed a transformer dielectric with equivalent fire resistance to that of Aroclor. The diffi culties that we face in common with other workers in this field are twofold: 1. Aroclor has become the reference standard for fire resistance in transformers because it works and has 'worked for 45 years. To establish standards to guide research effort, there is a need for objective evaluation of the fire hazard associated with the major sectors of transformer use. 2. The chemistry which imparts fire resistance tends also to produce stable molecules. Monsanto seeks replacement products that will provide protection against: a. fire from transformer faults under the liquid surface, b. fire from secondary ignition of gaseous arc decomposition products, c. fire propagation if the transformer is involved in an externally initiated conflagration. We strive to accomplish this and produce an environmentally compatible product. We have four candidates which are currently being evaluated by the transformer industry. These materials are in a suffi ciently early stage of' development that it would be premature to give detailed property data at this meeting. i \ ! j I | | ! 1 322 NEV 0 2 6 1 6 7 739422 APPENDIX A METHODOLOGY FOR FEEDING STUDY Feeding and Sampling Rat chow containing 25 ppm Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1016, or MCB 1238 was prepared by mixing the products into Ralston Purina rat chow. The treated chow was fed ad libitum to adult albino rats for dn exposure period of 30 days. Following the 30-day exposure period, all remaining rats were placed on the basal laboratory diet. A t predetermined intervals during the exposure and recovery periods, five rats from each exposed set and a control set were sacrificed. Fat tissue was excised for analysis and composited for each group. Samples were quick-frozen and stored in glass containers with aluminum foil-lined caps to minimize risk of contamination. Isolation The dielectric fluid residues were isolated from the fat by solvent extraction. A weighed amount of fat was placed in an Erlenmeyer flask and homogenized three times with 25 ml of pesticide-grade hexanes and anhy drous sodium sulfate using an ultrasonic homogenizer. The combined supernatants and washings were filtered through anhydrous sodium sulfate and diluted to .100 ml with hexane. Lipid Weight Determination A 5 ml-aliquot of the extract solution was pipetted into a tared 50-ml beaker. After evaporation of the solvent under a stream of nitrogen, the beaker and resi due were reweighed to obtain the lipid weight of the aliquot. All residue levels are reported as ppm on a lipid weight basis. PCB Cleanup A nd Measurement Sample cleanup for the extracts containing Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1016 residues was accomplished by pipetting an aliquot of the extract onto a 5 percent deactivated alumina column and eluting with 125 ml of hexanes. The column eluate was collected in a KudernaD anish evaporative concentrator, a 3-ball Snyder condenser was attached, and the solution was concen trated to 5 ml. The residue levels in the extracts were measured by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector. Non-PCB Cleanup A nd Measurement Sample cleanup for the extracts containing MCS 1238 residues required separation of the residues from the lipid by preparative scale gel permeation chromatog raphy. Following the GPC separation, the extracts were further cleaned up on an alumina column, collected, and concentrated as above. The residue levels in these extracts were measured by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector. Calculations Calibration curves for each product were prepared by plotting detector response (total peak area) versus nanograms of standard injected. Residue levels in the samples were determined by summation of the total area of peaks corresponding to peaks in the standard and use of the appropriate calibration curve. The calculations were done as follows: (N )(VF) Residue (ppm) -- (V,)(W ) where N * A m o u n t of product from calibration curve (ng), V p - Volume of final concentrate (m l), V | * Volume injected (ul), W * Lipid weight of original sample (g). APPENDIX B TECHNIQUE FOR BIODEGRADATION METHOD Biodegradation Method Since activated sludge is one of the most important agents for sewage treatment, test procedures evaluating its action are of great importance. T h e sem ico n tin uo u s activated sludge (SCAS) method has been extensively utilized in the development of biodegradable detergents. In our SCAS procedure, patterned after the Soap and Detergents Association's 323 NE V 0 2 6 1 6 8 739423 standard method ( 1,2) mixed liquor (activated sludge and supernatant) from a local domestic sewage treat ment plant is charged to magnetically stirred glass vessels of 1.5-1 capacity. Means for aeration and sampling are provided. The SCAS unit is generally operated using a retention or aeration time cycle of 24 to 72 hours. A t the beginning of each cycle, synthetic sewage (300 mg glucose, 200 mg nutrient broth, and 130 mg K 2HPO4) and the appropriate test material in ethanol solution are added to the mixed liquor (2,500 mg/l suspended solids concentration). Aeration is maintained until the end of the cycle, at which time the sludge is settled and 1 I of supernatant drained. The cycle is then reinitiated by the addition of .tap water, synthetic sewage, and test mate rial. Operation of the units can be continued for an indefinite period of time until consistent degradation rates are observed. Sample Analysis Biodegradation of the test material was determined during one cycle each week by analyzing 20 to 50 ml mixed liquor samples withdrawn after feeding and at the end of the aeration cycle. The mixed liquor analytical procedure involved extraction w ith three successive 25-ml portions of hexane, and drying combined extracts with anhydrous sodium sulfate. Extracts were concen trated in a Kuderna-Danish evaporative concentrator equipped w ith a 3-ball Snyder condenser, and measured by electron capture or flame ionization gas chromatog raphy. Calibration curves for each product were pre pared by plotting detector response (total peak area) versus nanograms of standard injected. The percent biodegradation was calculated from the following equation: percent biodegradation = (CQ - Cn)/C 0 x 100 where CQ and CR use the initial and final concentration of test material, respectively, on the mixed liquor. REFERENCES 1. J. Am. OH Chem. $oc.t V ol. 42 (1965), p. 986. 2. J. Am . O il Chem. Soc.t V ol. 46 (1969), p. 432. 324 NEV 026169 739424 SOME COMMENTS ON A L TE R N A TIV E S TO PCB's Bruno Rey Coquais* Abstract In the transformer industry, the benefit o f a nonflammable liquid seems to exceed the risks o f pollution by polychlorinated biphenyls; however, to minimize eventual contamination o f the environment, it is suggest ed to use, when possible, a mixture o f chlorobenzene and trichlorobiphenyl or even chlorobenzene alone. For the impregnation o f capacitors, most o f the sub stitutes which can be imagined are not very attractive, though they are useful for certain applications. It is pro posed to use a m ixture o f pure dichtorobiphenyts and their alkylated derivatives. This impregnant, named chloralkylene, has dielectric properties very similar to the industrial trichlorobiphenyl. The tests in progress already show that chloralky lene is easily biodegradable and has a low toxicity. This compound seems to be quite acceptable for the environ ment and should be a perfect substitute for polychlori nated biphenyls in capacitors. To begin w ith, I would insist on the fact that heavy chlorinated biphenyls have been used for a long time in dispersive applications as plasticizers and for other uses. Although these types of applications have been stopped in accordance with the OECD recommendations of the February 14, 1973, it is not surprising to continue to find these persistent, highly chlorinated PCB's every where In the environment. It is therefore very difficult to know if the electrical uses of PCB's for transformers and for capacitors have a significant contribution to the pollution of our environment. TRANSFORMERS PCB's are used in transformers only when the fire hazard is high (department stores, theatres, movies, skyscrapers, factories); otherwise oilfilled transformers, which are cheaper, are always preferred. We do not think dry-type transformers would be a competitive alternative in spite of the fact that silicone and epoxy belong to the range of products we market. They may be very attrac tive in some cases, but in addition to certain economical and technical disadvantages, dry transformers do not offer a perfectly safe solution wherever flammable va pors (solvents, oil, gas) may be present accidentally. We believe a nonflammable dielectric liquid is abso * Development Manager, Prodelec, S.A., 25 Qua! Paul Doomer, Courbovole, France. lutely necessary to prevent the risk of fire in transform ers. In table 1 we have listed the different possible solu tions. In the United States, at this "lime, transformers are filled with Inerteen 70-30, which is based on pentachlorobiphenyl, or w ith Inerteen 100-42. To minimize the pollution risk, a mixture of trichlorobiphenyl and chlor obenzene or even the chlorobenzene alone could be used in spite of some technological problems. In any case, the systematic recovery of used PCB's will further lim it pollution hazards; our company Prodel ec has organized this practice throughout France since I9 6 0 , 8S soon as this pollution problem became known. This systematic recovery has now been enforced in France by the French law of July 8, 1975, on PCB's. CAPACITORS For capacitor impregnation, we have examined vari ous possible solutions. We think that the performances of such compounds as silicone; sulfone or synthetic oil (alkylbenzene, polybutene); phthalate; and sebacatewhich we are indeed selling ourselves for certain applica tions--are not really satisfactory enough for generalized or widespread use. In our opinion, a substitute to PCB's should be char acterized by: High permittivity; Nonflammability, at least not sustaining com bustion; Compatibility with polypropylene film; * Being a permanent liquid with no crystalliza tion until -25ft; * Good thermal and electric subfield stability; Regarding its effect on the environment, being fairly easily biodegradable, to eliminate the risk of accumulation, and by having low toxicity. To get a good and nonflammable dielectric fluid means in practice that the compound must be a chlori nated aromatic hydrocarbon. We have studied, tor in stance, new structures, as shown in figure 1. With chlorobiphenyl oxide, we are afraid of the risk of metabolization in highly toxic dioxins and wc feel that products of the family of the chlorobiphenylethane are technically and environmentally much more promising. Actually, in troducing a totally new compound would require a long and expensive testing program and it seems better to take advantage of the huge amount of knowledge gather ed about PCB's and to see how it may be possible to improve the present situation. 325 NEV 2 6 1 7 0 739425 Table 1. Possible solutions for dielectric liqoid IEC type Chlorobi phenyl Chloro benzene Pour Point (C) Viscosity Cst at 20 C e Hydrogen a t 20 C index3 Askarels for transfor mer T1 60% hexa 40% t r i <-33 21 T2 45% hexa 55% t r i and tetra T4 70% penta 30% t r i <-40 <-30 11 20 45% penta . 55% t r i and tetra T3 100% t r i <-40 <-18 10 65 60% t r i 40% t r i 40% t r i 60% t r i and tetra 100% t r i and tetra <-50 <-20 7 Chrysta lliz e -9 4.5 <0 Pyralene excess Cl T-j Pyroclor 5 <0 excess Cl 5 0 Inerteen 70-30 Pyralene T4 <0 Pyralene excess Cl T2 6 16 Pyralene Iner teen 10042 6 10 Pyralene 1460 4 6 <0 excess Cl aHydrogen Index No. hydrogen - No. chlorine Molecular weight 326 NEV 026171 739426 Z * 4. FLASHPOINT FIREPOINT 103 C 171 C - CHCI II ch2 > (developed by Teigin) ci CH c l3 = 5.6 FLASHPOINT FIREPOINT 180 C 250 C NEV 0 2 6 1 7 2 Figure 1. New structures for nonflammable dielectric fluids. dlchloro biptofly! 2- 2' 2 - 4* M l* Figure 2. Structure of chloralkylene. Table 2. Composition of various imprgnants Chloralkylene Composition, percent 12 Biphenyl Monochlorobiphenyl Diehiorobiphenyl Trichlorobiphenyl Tetrachlorobiphenyl Pentachlorobiphenyl A1kylchiorobi phenyl i somers Chlorine content, percent `0 0 20 0 0 0 80 25.8 Pyralene 3010 (tric h lo ro biphenyl) Pyralene 1500 Pyralene 2000 0 0 11.4 57.1 29.4 2.2 - 0 0.5 37.5 40.0 20.5 1.5 - 1.6 18.4 44.0 23.4 11.7 0.9 - 42. 38.5 33.5 328 NEV 0 2 6 1 7 3 739428 Table 3. Comparison of chloralkylene to commercial trichlorobiphenyls Characteristics Chloralkylene 12 Pyralene 3010 (trichiorodiphenyl) Specific gravity at 20 C 100 C Coefficient of expansion Viscosity Cst. at 20 C 100 C Pour point (ASTM D 97) Firepoint (Cleveland) Perm itivity at 20 C 100 C R e s is tiv ity 100 C - 500 V - 1 mn Dissipation factor +g6 100 C - 50 cps 1.163 1.097 7.5 x 10` 4 135 3.2 -25 C 6.00 4.86 , ,,9 >3000 x 10 <0.02 1.391 1.319 6.8 x 10"4 65 2.3 -23 C none u n til boiling 5.93 4.80 >3000 x 109 <0.02 EXCRETION (pram) t\cO>nO o o Figure 3. Excretion by rats, with diet of 2 ppm/day for 5 weeks. 320 NfcV 0 2 6 1 7 4 739429 T / Figure 4. Excretion by rhesus monkey; single oral dose 1 mg/kg. The studies carried on, in particular by Prof. Korte and Dr. Klein in Germany, seem to prove the easy biode gradability of PCB's when they have a very low chlorine content; therefore, oure mono- or dichlorobipbenyls could be quite acceptable for the environment. As an imprgnant consisting only of mono- and dichlorobiphenyls would crystallize at room tempera ture, it is necessary to produce a more complicated m ix ture to get a permanent liquid at all temperatures. We have therefore developed a product named "chloralkyl ene," obtained by addition of an alkyl chain, actually an isopropyl group, on a mixture of nearly pure dichlorobiphenyt isomers (figure 2). As shown on table 2, chloralkylene. contains i\o penta- nor tetrachlorobiphenyl and the trichlorobiphenyl content can be extremely low. Technically, for Its dielectric and physical properties, the chloralkylene is a perfect substitute to the commercial trichlorobiphenyls (Pyralene 3010, Arochlor 1016), as shown in table 3 and as checked by some major capacitor manufacturers here and abroad. To assess its impact on the environment, we have given chloralkylene to the Institute for Ecological Chem istry in Bonn, Germany, Prof. Korte. This institute is engaged in an extensive investigation on "PCB's in the Environm ent/' We therefore hope to have next spring the final results on the fate of chloralkylene in compari son with PCB isomers. Tests on environmental acceptability are actually being carried out with chloralkylene based on 2-4r dichlorobiphenyl labeled with 14c. The tests consist of a study of the balance of the excretion, the storage, and the metabolism in rats and in monkeys (figures 3 and 4); the monkey studies are being completed at the Institute of Experimental Pathology and Toxicology, Albany Medi cal College, Albany, New York. These tests also examine the fate of chloralkylene in a soil plant ecosystem and in an aquatic ecosystem, as well as its behavior under at mospheric conditions, upon waste composting, and in sewage treatments. The results so far obtained prove that ) NfcV 0 2 6 1 7 5 739430 chloralkyiene does not accumulate, It metabolized quickly, and behaves generally like the dichtorobi; phenyls isomers themselves.- Chloralkyiene is two times less toxic than trichlorobiphenyl when one compares the acute toxicity values. At this time, there is no real reason to consider PCB's dangerous for the labor manufacturing capacitors, if the necessary precautions are taken. We think that with an easily biodegradable compound such as chloralkyiene, longterm effects due to accumulation along the food chain do not need to be feared. The chloralkyiene price is presently twice that of the currently commercially available polychlorobiphenyls, which would result in an increase of the capacitor costs of about 5 /1 0 percent. However, by substituting mineral oil or other substitutes w ith less outstanding characteristics, the increase of the cost of capacitors would be much higher. We hope to-improve its economy and are quite confident that chloralkyiene could thus be an excellent substitute for trichlorobiphenyls. 331 NEV 026176 739431 PCB's A N D T H E IR SUBSTITUTES - A BRIEF LOOK AT SOME EXAMPLES OF PAST TRADEOFFS Dale Hattis, Ph.D., and Albert Murray, Ph.D.* Abstract Some aspects are described o f a study o f the economic, health, legal, and other impacts o f the past voluntary restriction on PCB sales. Examples illustrate the importance o f examining the effects o f substitute technologies in assessing regulatory policy by showing the potential for surprises in this regard. In the PCB case, su b stitutes may be producing both unanticipated economic benefits and unappreciated health and safety risks. I am Dale Hattis of the Center for Policy Alterna tives at M .l.T . My colleague at the center, Dr. Albert Murray, who was originally scheduled to speak here-and who would be the most appropriate speaker on this subject-was unfortunately taken ill about a week and a half ago and he is now still recuperating in the hospital. What I have done in his place for presentation today is to extract some particular examples of tradeoffs from Al's work on PCB's, which illustrate some occasionally surprising features of the technological changes that arise out of environmental/health concerns. For context, I would like to say that our project, sponsored by the Council on Environmental Quality and EPA, and under the direction of Dr. Nicholas A. Ashford, has for the past year been exploring ways to analyze the economic, environmental health, legal, and other impacts of regulatory decisions related to environ mental chemicals. In this exploration, we are now in the process of completing eight experiments in the analysis of the impacts of particular regulatory actions, primarily drawn from the past 5 years of history. The first of our eight experiments, though not strictly resulting from a mandatory governmental action, was the restriction a few years ago of the sale of PCB's for particular uses. Because our case studies are experiments to explore the practical use of methods, and because the resources we could devote to each case were relatively small, we could not perform as comprehensive an elucidation of effects as we would have wished. Nevertheless, we do think that our analyses have revealed important types of questions, similar to those referred to yesterday by Mr. Train, which are difficult to deal with in the single chemical R e tee rch Associates, Cerner for Policy Alternatives. Mecsachusetu Instituto of Technology, Cambridge, Massechu* setts. reactive context of most current regulatory authorities My initial two examples of such questions on PCB's illustrate the fact that it is sometimes difficult to be sure that technological changes introduced with the intent of reducing environmental health risks accomplish their purpose on balance, when the risks of substitute prac tices are considered. Sometimes there appear to be fegitimote 'reasons for concern that particular changesespecially in the absence of continuing regulatory fo llo w u p-m ig h t create environmental health hazards as dangerous or more dangerous than the ones that are eliminated. As a first example, the substitutes for PCB's in some large heat exchangers and in some special hydraulic fluids for high-fire-risk uses are flammable at elevated temperatures. Concern for the lack of fire protection previously provided by PCB's in these situations has reportedly caused a substantial increase, as much as a doubling in some cases, in fire insurance rates on some industrial facilities employing high-temperature heat exchangers. In our case study, Al Murray estimated the total increase in premiums at possibly in the tens of millions of dollars annually. This, of course, reflects mainly property damage and not the human cost. How ever, if our information on the increased premiums is correct, and if the apparent perception of the insurance companies is correct as to the size of the added chance of catastrophic fires, then we must consider that such events would be likely to be accompanied by appreciable human casualties. The rise in insurance rates, of course, may not reflect an actual change in risk, and in that case the increased insurance cost is simply a transfer payment to the benefit of the insurance companies, but the mat ter seems to deserve further exploration with the aid of hard statistics on actual fire-risk experience. If the data confirm that appreciable human impact may be ex pected to occur, alternative means for reducing this risk might be productively evaluated. Another, although probably less important, example of potential risk of substitute technology arises in the case of the former use of PCB's as a dye-solvent for caibonless carbon paper. It may be recalled that at some frequency PCB's from this source found their way into recycled paperboard products for food contact use, and this was a source of concern for the FDA. Now the PCB's formerly used for this purpose have been replaced, but unfortunately it is not public information what exactly has replaced them. The barrier of trade secrecy 332 NEV 0 2 6 1 7 7 [ i 739432 in this instance, as in many others, can frustrate at tempts to assess the 'difference in environmental health risk produced by the change in technology. Two other examples illustrate the potential for a different category of surprises-those in the economic area. Formerly, PCB's costing on the order of 25 cents per pound were used in many paints and coatings, some times as a major ingredient. In this application PCB's were a chemically stable blender and conferred resist ance to fire, impacts, water, and weathering. Our inquir ies with paint manufacturers indicate that chlorinated paraffins now perform essentially all the technical func tions of PCB's at about half the former cost. Our industry informants mention some increased problems in a few of their products with lowered stability to dechlo rination-causing occasional discoloration and loss of weathering resistance-but over the great bulk of their product lines, the industry perception appears to be that the change has been economically beneficial. PCB's had evidently become established as paint additives before the availability and advantages of the chlorinated paraffins became widely appreciated. Later, when approximate technical equality and lower prices might have tempted paint manufacturers to substitute, the usual inertial resistance to any change appears to have caused this opportunity to be generally neglected. The real world and the economists' ideal one occasionally behave differently. Another example of a surprise (at least to us) in the economic area is the potential importance of even small adverse impacts on sport fishing. A U.S. Department of Interior survey (ref. 1) indicates that in 1970 a total of about 700 million persomdays and five billion dollars were spent in pursuit o f this pastime -- mainly in fresh water. The five billion dollars must, of course, be con sidered an underestimate of the actual "value" of that activity to people. If PCB's had continued to be used as they were in the past, wc might speculate that additional concern of people about residues (such as that now publicly in evidence), or possibly some declines in fish populations might have led to small fractional declines in participation or enjoyment of fishing by some portion of the population. If this were to occur, the loss of value to society of even less than a fraction of a percent of national sport fishing activities might be appraised at tens of millions of dollars annually-depending on the "value" realized by former fishers in substitute recrea tional activities. The importance of examining subtle and uncertain effects, including the effects of substitute technologies, is illustrated by such occasional insights into their poten tial magnitude. REFERENCES 1. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries, U.S. Dept. Interior, "National Survey of Fishing and Hunting," Resource Publication 95, GPO, Washing ton, D.C., 1972. 333 NfcV 0 2 6 1 7 8 739433 I ENJ-2065-AN ELECTRICAL INSULATING FLUID E. J. Inchalik, Ph.D.* Abstract The need for an electrical insulating fluid whose use would 8 void the adverse toxicological and ecological e f f e c t s associated with polychlorinated biphenyls prompted a study o f organic esters as possibie substi tutes. The study culminated in the identification o f diisononyl phthalate (ENJ-2065) as a dielectric fluid o f potential interest to the capacitor industry. ENJ-2065 has been made available to that industry and it is now being used in some commercial capacitors. In late 1070, a study was begun at Exxon Research and Engineering Company by Drs. A. J. Rutkowski and E. O. Forster to develop an electrical insulating fluid whose use would avoid the adverse toxicological and ecological effects associated with polychlorinated bi phenyls. This study culminated in the identification of diisononyl phthalate (ENJ-2065) as a dielectric fluid of potential interest to the capacitor industry. Exxon Chemical Company ll.S .A . has made ENJ-2065 available to the industry for its evaluation and it is now being used in some commercial capacitors. In the preliminary phases of this study, the dielec tric properties of a significant number of mono- and dibasic acid esters were determined in order to obtain a general understanding of the interrelation between mo lecular structure and dielectric properties. From these data it was concluded that major attention ought to be directed at the esters of pbthalic acid. The phthalates that we tested all had dielectric constants of 4-6, close enough to the desired level for fluids for the widely used paper-based capacitors to justify further evaluation. The optimum dielectric constant for these capacitor fluids is one which closely matches the dielectric constant of the paper. A close match reduces electric field inhomogenei ties, increases dielectric strength and lifetime, and de creases capacitor size. Other important property criteria for a paper dielectric fluid include a tow dissipation fac tor, to reduce energy loss and destructive heat buildup; a high dielectric strength, to reduce capacitor size and im prove service life by permitting short-term exposure of the fluid to abnormally high stresses w ithout break down; a low gassing tendency, to avoid production of gases that could lead to pressure buildup in sealed units; stability 8t elevated temperatures, to prevent capacitor # Research Associate, Chemical Intermediates Technology Division of Exxon Chemical Company, Linden, New Jersey. breakdown and stabilize performance; low viscosity, t0 allow for easier impregnation and filling.of capacitors and elimination of air pockets; a low order of toxicity * and compatibility with the environment. Consideration of these factors as well as availability and cost resulted in narrowing the choice of potential candidates to those shown in table 1. From this list diisononyl phthalate (ENJ-2065) was selected as the most promising for additional study. ENJ-2065 was cho sen on the basis that it has ( 1) a higher dielectric con stant than the phthalates of higher molecular weight, (2) an advantage in its loss characteristics relative to the lower molecular weight dihexyl and dioctyl phthalates, (3) a relatively high flash point of 430 F, (4) a more highly branched molecular structure than dihexy! and dioctyl phthalates w ith the potential for improved hydrolytic stability and (5) a good balance of other physical and electrical properties. ENJ-2065 is manufac tured in the United States by Exxon Chemical Company U.S.A. from phthalic anhydride and a mixture of branched isomeric alcohols in which C9 alcohols pre dominate. Electrical Insulating fluids have to remain essentially unchanged chemically when subjected to temperature cycles. Once having chosen ENJ-2065 for further valua tion, it was desirable to know what effect certain con taminants might have on its stability, how these contam inants might be removed, and what additives, if any, might be useful in enhancing its stability. The effects of small amounts of two potential con taminants, alcohol and water, on conductivity of ENJ-2065 are shown in tables 2 8nd 3. The results show that alcohol levels of less than about 1,000 ppm and water levels of less than about 100 ppm can probably be tolerated without affecting performance seriously. To re move small quantities of these impurities as well as any acids or catalyst residues from the production of ENJ-2065, we found percolation through a packed col umn of activated Attapulgus clay to be effective, but we did not carry out extensive studies to optimize a purifi cation system. It is our feeling that systems now being used in the industry for purification of PCB's prior to use in capacitors, or slight modifications of them, will prove to be satisfactory for ENJ-2065. Although the most widely used capacitors today are o f th all-paper type, newer types based on polypropy lene film and paper or on all-polypropylene film are growing in importance. W ith capacitors of this type, the dielectric constant of the fluid is less important. 334 NtV 026179 739434 Table 1. Electrical and physical properties of phthalate esters Phthalate Dim Ester Dihexyl ethyl hexyl Di isooctyl ENJ-2065 Diisodecyl D itridecyl Dielectric constant 5.64 Tan delta -- AC conduc tiv ity , 10-11 (ohm-cm)"^ 9.0 Breakdown voltage (KV/0.1 in .) Boiling point--mi i1 @ 5 nmHg, c 210 Pour point, C -33 Viscosity, cps., 20 C 50 Flashpoint, COC, F 380 Firepoint, COC, F 420 5.33 0.14 2.1 28 230 -50 81 425 475 4.97 0.30 4.66 0.05 4.45 0.02 1.3 0.29 0.20 27 30 36 235 252 256 -45 -48 -50 83 95 110 430 430 452 485 495 515 4.08 0.01 0.04 29 286 -37 230 470 555 335 NEV 026180 739435 I Table 2. Effect of residual alcohol on conductivity of ENJ-2065 Temperature cycle (1,000 V, 60 Hz) Conductivity (1 0 ~ ^ ohm-cm)^ ~ Wt. percent alcohol added 0 0.01 ' 0.1 25 C 90 C 25 C 0.78 40 3 1.97 65 4 1.98 320 12 i Table 3. Effect of residual water on conductivity of ENJ-2065 Temperature cycle (1,000 V, 60 Hz) Conductivity (10"^ ohm-cm)"^ Wt. percent water added 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 cPnoO o 90 C 25 C 0.78 40 3 2.7 165 10 3.7 >400 25 135 >400 70 Table 4. Weight gain of PP film in contact with dielectric fluid Fluid Run number 1 23 ENJ-2065 Arochlor 1242 11.0 10.9 13.8 18.8 18.2 22.8 NEV 026181 739436 however, 1 of great importance and prompted a brief study, summarized on table 4 . These data show that ENJ-2065 swells polypropylene capacitor-grade films satisfactorily, as measured by the film weight gain after 2 days at 60 C, so that film impregnation should not be a serious problem. The next generation of capacitors Polychlorinated biphenylscannot be used for this type of capacitor since they generate hydrogen chloride which can lead to premature breakdown, In summary, we believe that ENJ-2065 has a balance of properties such that it w ill find a niche in the capacitor fluid field. 337 NfcV 0 2 6 1 6 2 739437 GENERAL DISCUSSION OF SESSION V C H A IR M A N M U IR : All right. I see that we have reached our scheduled departure hour. I think it's only fair to entertain a few questions from the audience and given the diversity, I would request that people raise a question from the floor and then address their questions to the individual they would like an answer from. M R. BEN K IN IN G H A M (Illinois Lung Association, Springfield, Illinois): I do not have any particular gentleman on the panel to address. I just want to refer to the breakdown of the film , if anyone could elaborate on how that comes about, and if so, is there any research that is being carried on now in development of films that would be sny more stable. M R . R IC H A R D R O L LIN S (Jard Corporation, Benning ton, Vermont): Are you talking about a biological breakdown? M R . K IN IN G H A M : Biological or chemical or both breakdowns. M R . R O LLIN S: It is a reduction type atmosphere in the capacitor so it does not see the oxygen that would normally be considered. The basic problem is not one of the degradation as much as it is an inherent characteristic of not being able to Survive voltage levels or stresses in an AC application. M R. K IN IN G H A M : Would it be feasible to develop an alternative program? M R. R O LLIN S: The organic type films have been used or have been attempted to be used in AC capacitors. The basic problem is one of corona exception and corona distinction voltages, and this is inherently low and goes down to initiation of points 250 to 275 volts and the extinction voltage is extremely low. The meaning of the corona is that the capacitor slowly deteriorates by this ionic device which is the definition of corona. The interpretations of corona I am not going to get into today because every capacitor designer has hie own opinion, but every capacitor designer is completely aware of what the corona problems can do. So essentially what we are saying is that organic films have the basic problem of hot being able to withstand high AC voltages, especially in the dry system. On an impregnated system, the circumstances are still there, so you are not really changing the circumstances a great deal in all polypropylene film or any organic film when you impregnate it. V O IC E : I have a question for Dave Wood. We heard a number o f things about environmental factors. How about a still lower chlorinated material than 1016 that might be a more desirable material? I believe Monsanto has passed a given developmental material such as 1043, which is a lower chlorinated material. M R. D A V ID W OOD (Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company, St. Louis, Missouri): We have done considerable work w ith MCS 1043, but at the present time commercialization of such a product must hang in the balance pending further conclu' sions being drawn about the true significance in the differences observed between the trichlorinated materials and bichiorinated materials. Aroclor 1016 was itself a reduction in materials from the Aroclor 1042 widely used by the industry. In order to carry through development of the dichlorinated material, I think we need some approvals from the community that they recognize a movement in that direction as one that should be taken. So yes, some data are already available. Acceler ation or stopping of that program depends largely, on some of the things that we hope will come out of this conference this week. MS. N A N C Y STROUP (Environmental Defense Founda tion, Washington, D.C.): I apologize for the openhandedness of my question, but I hope that the panel members will respond as concisely as possible. One o f the speakers mentioned that his concern was that we not jump from the frying pan into the fire, and I am sure it's the concern of everyone at this meeting. To that and I would like to know when the four or five compounds that are now being developed to replace PCB's will be tested for the health and safety of these compounds, including carcinogenic, immunogenic, and teratogenic tests before your marketing. And whether this informa tion will be available for independent review. D R . M U IR : Essentially, as I already outlined in my talk, we developed a date for the work and the work is going forward and we recognize the biphenyl prob lem and that replacing the product inevitably is going to have to satisfy the most thorough and rigorous testing. D R . DEA N BRANSON (Dow Chemical, Inc., Midland, Michigan): In the case of methosilicones additional data will be published very shortly and will be publicly available. I think this is most in the minds of all manufacturers when they consider substitutes NEV >6183 338 739438 for the material which is dielectrically one of the best ever developed. This w ill seem to solve the problem when it comes out. DR. E. J. IN C H A L IK (Exxon Chemical Company, Linden, New Jersey): A great deal of information is alieady available. You may recall in 1972 a program sponsored by the National Foundation of Health Sciences and one subject made by Dr. Tapper, what he observed at comparison of PCB and mercury, it was like an ideology searching for a disease, and that's a quote. The recent study by Dr. Hartung of the University of Michigan has concluded that no prob lems attributable to polyesters have been noted due to the constant low level exposure of the general population, and that occupationally, only mild skin irritation has been observed at high exposures. But he did point out that ecological work should be continued. And I might add that Dr. Tapper sug gested the same. To help answer these questions, particularly related to these items, a research grant has been made by the University of Missouri to the Manufac turing Chemists Association, and they are starting tests. I think we can hope within the next year or so results will be coming from this study obviously available to all which will help answer these ques tions. M R . D U N C A N M acARU TH UR (Booze Allen and Hamilton, Inc., New York, New York): Well, some of the things that you have asked for are in progress and when these things are available, they will also be made available to the general public. MR. D A V ID C. M O R R IS (Weyerhauser Company, Tacoma,-Washington): You stated, sir, that a cost of $4.9 million would be necessary for I guess you would call them secondary market users like my company, to replace our PCB with some substitute. Did I understand you correctly, Mr. MacArthur? M R .M ec A R T H U R : Yes. MR. MOSS: Just for my own sake, I just believe in it very strongly, the cost alone is estimated at $2 million and we are right in the midst of investing. And I think somewhere along the line the investing might not take into account the factors that we initially have to face. I would guess it's at least 50 times over. C H AIRM AN M U IR : Yes, sir. VOICE: There are three experimental items coming on the market. Will someone label these transformersMR. R O LLIN S: Well, I'm not too sure, but there have been requests that major capacitors manufacturers now conform by labeling all capacitors that have greater than I believe 5 pounds of Aroclor--I may be wrong, but on small capacitors, the basic problem is the label gets hidden because this is placed into another piece of equipment. M R , S T E V E N U M U S (Environmental Protection Agency): l have a question for Richard M ont gomery regarding the use of silicone which was approved by Underwriters Lab for indoor use. Do you know the reasons why it was approved for indoor use and why it was not approved for outdoor use? And secondly, can somebody give me an idea of the percent of transformers in the United States used for outdoor purposes as opposed to indoor purposes? M R. R IC H A R D H. M O N T G O M E R Y (Dow Corning C o rp o ra tio n , Midland, Michigan): First of all, Underwriters Laboratory does not approve of any particular material for any given use-once you exceed 600 volts in a transformer, Underwriter's Laboratories has no certification. The only certifica tion received from Underwriters' Laboratories is as to the fire hazard of your particular material on a scale which ranges from 0 to 100, with the burnability of water as 0, and gasoline as 100. Therefore, Underwriter's Laboratory does not approve silicone material for indoor use. In respect to the use of dielectric fluids in transformers, the electric code for outdoor uses does not specify nonflammable material. It does in subsection 450, paragraph 23 approve the use for the indoors. These are the only materials approved for use. M R. NUM US: I want to know the percentage as opposed to indoor use. M R . M O N T G O M E R Y : Well, my research seems to indicate 85 to 90 percent of the transformers sold in the United States are currently outdoor applica tions, and the other 10 to 15 percent are indoor applications, for safety is of paramount importance. M R . W OOD: Essentially the figure that he is using is pretty accurate. Very large power transformers are filled with mineral oil because, if they're out in the field, there is not a substantial hazard, they can be screened out. In the medium voltage range the use of askarel is something under 15 percent of the transfgrmers used in that medium voltage area. M R. C L IF F O R D H. T U T T L E (Aerovox Industries, Inc.. New Bedford, Massachusetts): I really have two questions--another alternative mentioned up there, the capacitor for getting the high voltage can consume 20 to 50 million pounds a year. How long 339 NEV 026184 739439 would it take fluid to be available in that type of quantity; 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, or what? I don't want to pressure you, I just want to determine. The second question is a third of that market is lighting, fluorescence. If you have an application at 100 C, are any of these fluids or alternatives capa ble of operating at that temperature w ithout break- ing? M R. M O N T G O M E R Y : Let me answer your second question first. The answer is yes. The answer to the first question is we do have the productive capabili ties capable to handle that market. It could be accomplished very quickly. It would probably be faster than the industry takes to evaluate and qualify new mateiial. M R . W OO D: In terms of Monsanto, alternatives could be made available on a prpduction basis in calendar year 1976, in relationship to the stability of these materials at 100 in the HIB and the fluorescent lighting capacitors, thGsc are test sequences which are going on under our test programs. And the results will be forthcoming. We are in a period now of collective work. We are not ready to go tomor row. 34 NV 0 2 6 1 8 5 739440 t i i r OLC \ \ r j A 0 T 0 i [ (3 ^ l. SCOPS S his i'^ d c - r a e s ta b lis h e s g u id e lin e s f o r th o Sa*C t r u iU p O J u f USG, u`>mAiuC*uiiCQ , a**d d i s p o s a l o r a s k a r o r an d a s k a r o l --c o o k c a m t o r x u l usee in c a p a c ito rs and tro n s fo rs o rs 2 * 0 *0 1 .2 G'* 2.1 G~:?c-.::r.l. 2ao term "askorel" generally describes a brood class of nonflammablo synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon.insulat ing' liquids widely used- in capacitors/ transformers, reactors, ana accessory equipment operated at power frequencies. Askarels consisting of or containing polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs ) have boon used in rany applications since the early 1950#s, but'only recently was it dis colored that PCBs aro widely disporsed in the enviroivnenfc. Systematic investigations of the biological effects of PCBs have been undertaken within the past few years to establish the effects of specific for mulations on specific species Studios have- shown that PCBs ore an environmental contaminant. Significant stops have been taken by U.S. industry to limit further re leasee of pens to the environment. PCBs have bocn used in throe broad types of applications as follows: (1) "Open-ended" applications; for example, in paints, speciality inks# paper coatings, plastics, etc. CD "Nominally closed" applications; Tor example, as the working fluid in hydraulic and heat transfer sys tems. (3) "Closed electrical system* applications, specifically as the insulating fluid in certain kinds of transformers and capa citors. Effective January 15, 1972, the Monsanto Company, sole domestic producer of PCBs discontinued supplying PCBs to all except manufacturers of electrical transformers and capacitors. Evaluations of the benefits, risks, and alternatives involved in the continued use of PCBs in closed electrical systems are summar ised in 2.2 through 2.4. 2.2 Benefits. A3karnl-filled transformers are used where fire-resistant properties are important. Askarol-filled power and indus trial capacitors are significantly smallor, mere reliable, more durable, and safer than oil-filled capacitors. As a result, askareis have supplanted mineral oils in more than 9Q* of tho power and industrial capacitors mado today. Over the past few decades most of the equipment that incorporates such capacitors has been designed to take particular advantage of the size, safety, and reliability benefits of askarol capacitors (for example, many types arc today less than 14& of the size of equiv alent oil capacitors and have a life expectancy of 10 to more than 20 years) Various federal, state# and local codes dictato tho present use of askarel-containmg equipmont in or adjacent to public, commercial, and industrial buildings# which locations pre sent the greatest potential danger to life and ,property. NEV 0 2 6 lo o 1 739441 2 . 3 In the United States# medical re changes that would bo required to compensate! cords since tho early 1930*s enow that tha for tho fire resistance of the askarel-filled only udvcxso naulth wffucus cxporioncaa by U.C- workers exposed to askarels, either units. For certain applications and locations/ dry-typo transformers may replace aokaxel- during tho manufacture`of those liquids or fillcd transformers o * o x c c tra c w ti c^Ux'putCi^u co n tnLn m g th e s e For new installations, although many of Irqulas , have been ixm^ccc. to occasion**! tho foregoing limitations would still apply, eases of nonckroaic chloracne or other tem building and installation design provisions porary skin lesions or irritations, could bo made to accommodate the use of oil- skarel--failed transformers and capac?? filled/ open dry-type or sealed dry-type trans iters are delivered to easterners as scaled formers, provided that necessary technical, units from which there is no escape of code, physical sire, and cost considerations as.vsrel uaccr nom i l operation* Altaough aro properly evaluated. certain typos of equipment failures can re Several potential alternative transionrarfhis sult In loss of sons asxorol to the on-- aro under intensive.investigation .to determine*, v*o*su.Vw t transformer * failures are limited to approximately G.02& of tho units in ser vice per year. With respect to capacitors/ f such losses are limited to approximately if they will have satisfactory electrical and operating performance .charactoricties* Such liquids must bo acceptable environmentally, to the users, and from the fire risk standpoint. 739442 0.0*;t of the units in service per year. In addition/ limited amounts of ?C3s can get into the environment during the manufacture/ aceivory/ improper uso/ maintenance, repair/ and disposal of transformers and capacitors. Specific control measures have been inseiwuuaa by maivieaal uanufacturors. and users and are supplemented and strenghtoued by national standards and procedures such as -this standard, which provides information to prevent the inadvertent loss of KBs to tho environment at all stages from initial askarol manufacture through ultiaato disposal* 2.t For technical and local and national code roasons/ it would bo impossible to rcplaco most askarel-fillod transformers now in service with oil-filled units of equivalent ratings without major construction .The principal alternatives to askarela for capacitors are either mineral oil or various types of synthetic fluids. The latter typos are under intensive investigation by the in dustry. Mineral oil and these newer fluids are flammable. The use of mineral oil would return capacitor technology to its pre-1932 levol and would nocessitata tho redesign and replacement of such widely used equipment as flourescent light fixtures and racks for power and in duction-boating capacitors, which could not now accommodate the increased sire of oil capacitors while maintaining their present ratings. For the newer types of synthetic fluids under investigation it must be determined if they will yield satisfactory operating per formance, are environmentally acceptable and that liquid non-flammability la not required. N tv (^ 6 1 b 7 Long boioro thoro varo Any environmental stability, chemical stability, and dogroo of c o n e a m a bout PCDs, thoro was a strong eco flammability (both are recognized as highly nomic incentivo to find oth o r less expansive resistant to burning. It is for thoso reasons insulating liquida with the dosirablo charac that Soction 3 of this standard is intended teristics of askarols. Omitting oconomic eon- to apply to capacitor-grade aokarel. cidorations thoro aro no technically equiv 3.2 Canacitor Grade Ackarel. In September. alent fluido available today. 3. CAPACITOR GUIDELINES 1971, a now grade of capacitor impregnant, Aroclor 1016, was made available to tho in 3.1 2-22i* V**0 <4nvironaantai off cete of uckarclo ara undor in-depth study by govern dustry. This now grade contains a typical con centration of 0.4% or less by weight of tho mental and other agoncioc. Askarols have been highor boiling homologuoo of tho chlorinated conuidorod relatively hornless to husrne bread o n B a i o industrial usago, oinco tho 1 0 3 0 *o, biphenyls. [ Sea ASTMD33Q3 -74(1)1 ) Aroclor 1016 roplacos Aroclor 1242, which previously was oxeopt for cinor akin and tyo irritation. tho major capacitor impregnant and contained T horo ha v o b e e n n o Jenovn inetanco of h uman in around 7* of tho h i g h a r-boiling homologuos (the jur ioa whoa they vero ucod under tho n o m a l l y noro persistent in nature). This 0.4% levol : acce p t e d p r o c a u t i o n s and cond itions of h a n d l i n g tho h i g her-boiling hoirologucts should bo tho in both manufacturing and usor applications. Askarols ora being found in tho onvironmont maximum concentration acceptable in any capacitor impregnant. Aroclor 1242 and 1254, previously and in fish and bird lifo. Tho long-tor used aa imprognants, do not moet this requirement gcnotic and ocologic&l offocta ore not yot and should no longer bo used in capacitors de complotoly understood. For thoso reasons, caro signed and manufactured for alternating-current should bo taken to contain askarcls and minimize applications. thoir entry into tho environment. Aroclor 1016 has tho same Underwriters* Labora Thoro aro two gcnoral classes of aokarola used by tha olcctrical industry. Tho higher tories, Inc. flammability rating as Aroclor 1242. chlorinated grados aro tho moro persistent in Commonly used solvents for clean-up purposes, naturo. Decauso of their higher degree of re includo benzene, kerosene, acetone, trichioroo sistance to burning, they aro usod in trans thane, trichloroethylene, and perchloroethyler.o. former 3 whore porsormol safety is of paramount Typical vapor pressure data for Aroclor 1016 ore: i m p o r t a n co. Capacitor-grade askaral has a lovor dogroo of chlorination (composed primarily of tho 3chlorino incomers of biphenyl) and A higher de gree of biodegradability. Generally, it has 0C 25C 150C 200 C 0.001 0.006 4.3 29.0 mcihG mmHG e m UIG mnUiG A t 25C and 760 nmuIG pressure, saturated air contains approximately 0.09 mg/1. not boon found in animal U f o . It is usod in capacitors, whore tho oxtroma resistance to burning raquirad in transformers is of loss im portance NOTEi 1 og/1 90.0 p p n (v/v) 1 p p m (v/v) Q.011 mg/1 1 Numbors in brackets refer to corresponding numbers in 7.1, References' to the Text. Although capacitor-and transformar-grado aokarcls both contain mesbars of tho PCD family, they do differ in composition, dogree of bio- degradability, persiatanca in nature, electrical NEV 02616b 739443 3.3 v:rr>\oy^e safety and Plant Housekeeping. Tho procedures and limits given in 3.3 are intended to bo minimum requirements to bo mot by manufacturers and users of capacitors containing askarel. Handling, control, and disposal procedures are given, together with exposure limits and indicated antidotes and clean-up procedures. 3.3.1 General Safety Precautions, Although it is generally accepted that exposure to capacitor-grade askarel is not hazardous provided that simple precautions aro taken, c2cposure should still be avoided. 3.3.1.1. Vapors The odor of askarel is noticeable well below the maximum air con centrations considered safe. Up to 1.0 milligram per cubic metro of air has been determined to be the maximum safe level of exposure during an 8-hour workday. (See re ference 19) The procedure for performing the necessary analyses.of vapors is referenced in Section B3 of Appendix B. This procedure or its equivalent should be used. Breathing vapor or fumes from heated askarel should be avoided. Provisions should bo made for adequate ventilation and regula tion of manufacturing operations to avoid open exposure to askarel (especially at tem peratures of 55C or higher). The gases pro duced when askarel is decomposed by very high temperatures (such as that of an electric arc) in the presence of air or organic in sulating materials contain a very high per centage of hydrogen chloride, and small per centages of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen. Minute concentrations of this combination of ga3es are very unpleasant and irritating, thus giving ample warning of their presence. If exposure to high concentrations of askarel is necessary under emergency con ditions, an approved gas mask or self-con tained breathing apparatus should bo worn.. Such exposure should be under the surveillance of other personnel capable of effecting rescue in case of an accident. If tho odor of askarel is detected by the person wearing protective equipment, he should immediately go into fresh air. All gas macks, respirators, and replace ment parts should have U.S. Bureau of Minos approval and be maintained on a regular schedule in accordance with the manufacturers recommendation. 3.3.1.2 Llculfl. in contrast to the situation in which mineral insulating oils are handled, there is virtually no fire hazard in handling askarel. A limited solvent action (similar to that for paint thinner) on the fats and oils of the skin with prolonged contact may lead to drying and chapping of the skin. A3 with in sulating oil, some people are allergic to askarel, and continued exposure may result in skin irritation. Both the liquid and vapor are moderately irritating to eye tissue. Operating procedures should bo such as to minimise or eliminate contact with askarels. The use ofporous:glovea that.can absorb.and retain askarel is to bo avoided. Resistant 2 gloves should be used if contact:is .unavoidable. Use of_enclosed.transfer.and .handling ..equipment, processing equipment, and mechanical washers re duces direct contact. 2 Tor example, Edmont-Solvit 5-352 (Mersick of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Conn), or the equiva lent. NEV 026189 739444 kadicinal vaehoa or mild dotergents fol See section 3.C). Containers used to transport lowed by the application of cold croan will askarcl should not be used for storage or to reduc tho irritation resulting from the con transport other material without being com tact of an opea cut or abrasion with askarel. pletely cleaned of all traces of askarel. Safoty glasses with sido shields or a (Cleaning procedures must take cognizance of faco chiold should bo worn whoa handling precautions against excessive exposure and of acharola. If liquid askarcl contacts tho tho need for proper disposal of contaminated oyes 9 tho oyoc Should bo irrigated mediately cloancing solvents and materials as sot forth with largo quantities of running vafear for in 3.S) Transfer from shipping containers to eppro;ticiafeoly 15 minutes and then examined processing systems should bo through closed by a physician (A drop of (U.5.P.) castor piping or tubing with appropriate valves, oil has been found to reduc irritation) pumps, otc. Provision should be made for Persons developing a skin irritation or trapping and disposing of fluid lost by leak respiratory tract irritation whilo working age or spill3 from the transfer system and with askarels should bo placed under the from the storago containers. supervision of a physician. Ingestion or Drums to bo retired from use should bo swallowing of askarclc is not generally re cleaned before crushing, delivery to scrap garded as a problem of tho industry; However, dealers, or other disposal. Contaminated snould accidental ingestion occur, a physician cleaning fluids and o>atcrialc should bo dis should be c o n s u l t e d . posed of as indicated in 3.5. hands should be cleaned of askarol before 3.3.3 Manufacturing Housekeeping. Manufactur eating, drinking, smoking, or using toilet ing equipment and operating procedures should facilities by moans of waterless hand clean safeguard against loss of askarols to the en ers3 and wipe tov/ols which should then be vironment through proper containment and dis properly disposed of. posal procedures. 3.2.1 Eu.Vk Fluid Shipment;' Receiving and 3.3.3.1 Processing Area Control. Enclosed sys Trnnr.fog. Shipment of askarcl from point of tems of sealed piping, properly gasketed joints manufacturing to point of recoiving should valves, containers, and processing chambers be done in closed containers such as rail should be used for all operations where a s k a r c l ``tank cars, truck tanks, marina or barge tanks, temperatures may exceed 55C. Enclosure s h o u l d or coaled drums. In case of an askarcl spill preferably extend to all other portions of the during bulk fluid shipment, refarenco should system insofar as practicable. bo nado to paragraph 6.0 which provides pro Establish containment methods and/or pro cedures, for control and listed authorities to cedures for all askarel processing areas to bo notified. Containers should bo labeled prevent loss to sewer systems by spillage, as to contents and carry a label cautioning leakage or other uncontrolled conditions or against loss of fluid to the* open environment events. 3For example, Pow'r Klccn Kandcleaner, (Woodbine Chemical and Research, Inc., Medina, Ohio or lean's Hands, Oak Industries, Inc., Koosick Falls, New York) NEV 06190 739445 .2.2.2 r.r.c Control of? Llouicl Ank^rel should bo collected within the containr/jr.t area Wastes. Askarel-containing liquid wastes may for properly controlled laundering. occur in manufacturing from sources such as f the following: 1) Liquid askarel contam 3.4 Control of,Plant Effluents. 3.4.1 Water 5ff.luentg. The industry goal is to inated during processing which is unsuitable eliminate askarel in plant water effluent streams. for reclaiming as a dielectric fluid, However, it is recognized that existing drain sys 2) liquid askarel from solvent operations or tems in capacitor manufacturing plants are prob water and detergent typo washers, 3) vacuum, ably contaminated as a.result of past practices, pump oils contaminated with askarel, 4) steam and askarel traces may continue to decrease with jot vacuum system condensates contaminated the proper containment of askarel wastes and no with askarels, and 5) askarel containing further discharges into drain systems. Other materials from laboratory samples. sections of this standard provide that no arkrrcl Waste fluids containing askarel should be wastes of any kind be disposed of in any water collected (by means of traps, drip pans, trays, effluent streams and that accidental spills etc) and disposal should bo in accordance with be prevented from getting into such streams-. 3.5. 3.4.1.2 Concentration Limits. The E?A has pro Spills of askarols should be contained and posed water quality criteria to maintain PCS cleaned up promptly by means of absorptive concentration in rivers and Lakes below detec material, such as sawdust, or trapped and re tion level, acquirements under Sections 207(a), moved by pumping or other suitable means. 307(b) and 311 of the 1972 Amendments "to the Disposal should be per 3.5. Federal Water Pollution Control Act arc under 3333 Types and Control of Other Askarel Con review (1976-77) and the latest revisions will taining wastes. Saturation of materials with apply. State and municipal requirements must askarels may occur in manufacturing from the also be met. following sources: 1) Saturated earth or other Further information may be obtained from an absorbent media from filtering operations or Environmental Protection Agency Regional Office. from cleaning up spills, 2) saturated filters A listing of these offices is contained in from vapor control devices and other filters, Appendix D. 3) saturated wastes such as paper, rags, etc. 3.4.1.3 Monitoring Streanys. On a regular basis 4) saturated spent gasket materials and 5) capac consistent with plant situations, all effluent itors failing tosts or otherwise designated for streams should be analyzed. The procedure for disposal. All of the above items should be collected performing the necessary analyses is per ASTk Method D3304. This procedure or its equivalent for propor disposal. Wiper rags, protective 4 clothing and other extraneous materials which should be used. are likely to be soiled should preferably be made of disposable materials. Other materials 4 For example, Edmont-Wilson, 1294 Walnut St., Coshocton, Ohio 43012, or Slosman Corp., P.o. Box 3014, Asheville, H.C. 28802 NEV 04619J739446 3.41.4 Methods for fcini.mi.zAna f-:flight Sfercrvfi blspsl houle! be done. iA h manftcr which in C o n t a m i n a t io n . The ideal approach is to isolate consistent with proper concern for the environ totally all effluents that could be contamina ment and minimizes any release of ashard a to ted with ankarcls during manufacturing processes the environment. and prevent them from being discharged from the 3.5.1 Disposal of Capacitor Units. Scrap ca plant. Carbon absorption,limestone beds,and sol pacitor units can be generated during manufactur vent extraction `are techniques. that could be ap ing* processes or during field service. Produc plied to reduce tho as.'carol content of effluent, tion rejects arc those capacitors that are re streams. These techniques may be moot useful in cleaning up water used in plant^proccscing and to pomit recycling. 3.4.2 .Mr Sffluents. The industry goal is to jected after tho impregnation process in the course of production by the capacitor manufactur er. They cry be rejected for mechanical or eliminate ackarol vapors in plant air effluents. electrical reasons. Kant operations involving acharis at elevated Field rejects ore those units that arc re temperatures in excess of 55C should be per jected or, for other reasons, are to be scrapped formed, wherever possible, within closed sys after shipment from the plant where they were tems. Filtration of plant air effluents, to manufactured. minimise PCDs entry into the environment, Capacitor units should be disposed of intact, should bo accomplished whore envolvement of or if leaking, in sealed drums. The small arovnt air borne PCDs may occur from open operations., of liquid to be drained, the integrity of intact 3.4.2.1 Monitoring.- All plant air effluents units and the necessity for conplc:: control over should bo sampled and analyzed on a routine drainage procedures make intact disposal prefer basis consistent with plant situations. The able. procedure for performing the analysis is per 3.5.1.1 Preduction r.eiacts. Rejected capacitors A53TM Method D3304 (See Appendix B3). in capacitor manufacturing plants represent a 3.5 Scrao-birnonl Proenduren. The manufac concentration of askarcl. It is, therefore, im ture and uso of capacitors involves processes portant that disposition bo mada in a manner con which produce askarcl-saturatcd solids and sistent with proper concern for tho environment. liquido containing or composed entirely of Preference should be given to disposal of capac a.skarel, which should be disposed of as wastes. itors in cites approved for hazardous waste dis Specific sources of these materials arc de scribed throughout this standard. They may bo placed into three categories: 1) .Capacitor units impregnated with askarel, production and field re jects 2) M a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o c e s s liquid wastes containing ashare1 3) Solid wasto purposely or accidentally saturated with askarcl posal (See Appendix A). Another alternative,but less desirable, would be disposal in approved landfill cites. Core should be exercised to insure that no loss of liquid will occur during transportation to tho disposal site. , Incineration of scrap capacitors in facili ties designed to accept such* solids would pro vide a preferential alternative to approved land fill sites when such services become available. NEV 026192 739447 \ 2 .1 .1 *2 Vi*CiiTUVCi? pruCwiCUX t O il preferable disposal procedure is an approved a c i ^ 'o i c o n ta in in g c a p a c i t o r chould ba ro landfill site. See Appendix A for listing of u te d p rio r to disposal of c q u ip ^ s t. This Facilities. ^OCMUtiOfi Va^ I C*mWCO ditV*aCIumjTt C O i lw T O ^ 3 . 5 .4 P a c k a g in g and S h ip m en t. procedurea and In s u ra th a t by ru io v iiu ; those 3.5.4.1 Transportation to the d is p o s a l facility c a p a c ito rs thoy do not u ltim a te ly dioporco should bo in container* that will prevent leak wiC Ia iwAuTOA COntontS *AtVU a** UAw^PaOVCU la n d till s ito . age and accidental loss o f askarel to the en I | vironment. A fto r ramovai from equipaont, capacito rs [ i ckoulu bv. disposed In accordance w ith tho p ro >.5.4.2 C o n t ainers should be labeled ae to con tents and precautions relative to loss to the cedures to t production ro jc c to ( 3 .5 .1 .1 ) . environment per 3.3.2. VAicro removal Oa a c ka ro *--c o n ta in in g cn p acito r^ fro it equipment is n o t p i u c t c u l / th a t cijv<*p" 3.5.4.3 Containers for this purpose cannot be used for any o t h e r m a t e r i a l s o r they should be m in t should bo disposed o f o n ly i n approved retired from service until they are completely it lt d iiii sites* c le a n e d . Any s o lv e n t s u sed in c le a n in g th e se 3. .2 D.y-;-.gv-? r.<f 7,1(7'.:id Tfastc:;. A l l wasto containers will be contaminated with askarel a ik a ix l or liq u id wastes con tainin g as ka rel an d should bo disposed of according to the same should so disposed o r m accoirumeg wibn ono procedural ascribed in 3.5.2. o f tdo procedures givon in o .5 .2 .1 o r 2.3 Lc.btsli.ng. Cap a c i t o r units va r y greatly in 3 . 5 . 2 . 2 . dowaver, p refe re n c e should bo given also and in end uce or application. Small c a p a c incm om bion # a .5.2.1 itor units are frequently applied as a component 1 .5 .2 .1 In c in e ra tio n . Proper in c in eratio n of another pioco of equipment, such as a fluores m uit involve a s u ita b le balance between d w e ll cent lighting ballast/a roadway of area lighting time and tem perature in the in c in e r a to r p lu s luminaire/ a motor/ etc. Zn such applications a oxygen a v a i l a b i l i t y / ar.d f i n a l l y / s u ita b le label on the capacitor unit referencing approved scrubbors to removo tho HCL t h a t w i l l bo disposal procedure would not normally be visible form id; fo r example# 2 - second d w e ll tim e a t when tho pioco of equipment is disposed of. 2000? and 3$ qxcoco oxygon in s ta c k g as, o r For tho foregoing reasons the methods of l a b e l 1 .5 second d v o il tim a a t 27C0F and 2 oxcoss ing for small capacitors and large capacitors are oxygen sn stack gas t r e a t e d separately in 3.6.1 and 3.6.2, r e s p e c t iv e ly The so f a c i l i t i o c should s e c t th a a p p li cablo s ta to requirem ents and should c o n tro l e fflu e n ts w ith in tho U n it s cot fo rth in 3.6.1 S m a l l U n i t s . Small capacitors are d e f i n e d as thooo that c o n tain askarel in quantities up to about 2 pounds each and in which the free liq u id H o o th is standard 2522 Chemical V.Xstc O irreosol, Where i n c in e ra tio n is not fe a s ib le , c ite s which have dooc not exceed 0.4 pounds. They are hermetically coaled in metalio cases. It is recommended t h a t shipping containoro from capacitor manufacturers > 'll been c la s s if ie d by s ta to a g e n d a s as s u ita b le should bo labeled as to contents and that trans fo r d is p o sa l o f cheiAica 1 wasto liq u id s should porters bo givon instructions/ in accordance w ith be used (Sao Appondix A ) 2 .5 .3 Disposal o f S o lid V7r.stos (Soe 3 . 5 .1 f o r scrap c a p a c ito rs ). All s o lid wastes which have been s a tu ra te d w ith a s k a re l should bo plaood in le a k p ro o f co n tain e rs arid p r e fe r a b ly tra n s ported fo r disposal by in c in e ra tio n . A lass p a r a g r a p h 6.12 as to p r o c e d u r e s in the event of * spill. Zf, however/ a label of the capacitor is required by statute or b y specifio manufacturers, the follow ing is suggested! Contains PCBs. Use core in disposal. 739448 ?;*ko s h i p p i n g c o n t a i n e r l a b e l , y e l l o w o n or spillage that may have occurred in shipping. blac);, s h o u l d c o n t a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n : If leakage is evident, the causo should be "CWUVIC;:" Contains PCDs (Polychlorinated D i u h j n v l s ) t h a t art* o n v i r o r i e n tal contaminants In ease of leaks or soills. restrain dis- charco and consult manufacture:. In transoortution emergencies, call National Response Center (C00--424--co02) one C/iemurcc (00-424-93Q0) . Avoid pro longed* breathing or vapors or mists, contact with eye:; or shin. Disposal should be `in accordance with ;i:CI C-107 - Guidelines or applicable sta to a n d ITeaera s t a t u e s #* corrected and the spillage soaked up with ab sorbent materials such as sawdust, followed by a cleanup of the affected area with kerosene or othor approved solvent such as perchioroethyloao. All materials used should bo collect ed for proper disposition as described in 3.5. 3.7.1 Installation and Periodic Inspection. Largo capacitors should be installed in new S m a l l unit- c a p a c i t o r s a r e a p p l i e d a s a facilitioc such that if a leak should develop, component of a largo picco of equipment. askarolo can bo restrained from reaching the Manufacturers, utilising askarcl-fillcd capac environment. Depending upon the type of in itors should affix a label referencing this stallation, consideration may bo given to pans, standard or describing disposal procedures dams, traps, standpipes, dry wells, absorbing c o n s i s t e n t w i t h it. agents, otc. 1.G.2 7-rro Units. Largo capacitor unite aro following installation, the unit should defined as thena which contain more than 2 again bo inspected for any damage or leakage. pounds of askarol. The manufacturer should It is recommended that periodic in-service in affix a label in a cor.spicous place on the spections be mado for leaks. capacitor, referencing this standard or des cribing disposal procedures consistent with it. h j a minJLv.uia, tho label should contain inform:.;ation listed in 3.G.I. -,; in fr>rrr-.t5.cn for -J^ern of Lr.rac Capacitors 3.7.1 C:.nrm l . Largo Askarol-fillcd capacitors contain more than 2 pounds of askarol and de livered to customers as sealed unats from which tharo is no escape of askarcl under normal operation. Although certain types of equip ment failures can permit loss of soma askarol to tho environment# such eases aro extremely rare. 3 .7 . 2 Transportation me! Receiving. Immediately upon receipt of a shipment and following any transportation or handling accident that could effect the integrity of the capacitor cncloeuro, tho transportation vehicle, enclosure, and fittings should`bo examined for any leakage 4. Transformer Guidlfncs. 4.1 General. 4.1.1 Askarols of various compositional types are currently in use (for the general proper ties and types, see ASTM D2283-73a(20)). Tho trademark designations used by manufacturers for liquids containing PCBs are given in Appendix C. ``.Under arcing conditions, the gases produced though predominantly consisting of noncombust ible hydrogen chloride, can contain varying amounts of combustible gases depending upon the ackarel typo. 4.1.2 Safety Precautions. Based on about 40 years of safe industrial usage, askarels have been considered as relatively harmless mater ials to humans There has been no knevn instance of human injury when askarels are used under the normally prescribed conditions of pre caution and handline. NEV Q26i9<r 739449 11 -f44 \ f ^ 4t.'w -` y C i 4U U < j . a ' Xl... W Apocare wO u ^iu x Oa 1> xs r*o m*'Xw4*.G4Gus pro** Vxcu tiixx xxmplc precautions orc taken* ex posure xtioLuiUstxxl bo nvoxdod or mxm-mxxcQ. 'i1 2 #1 Tno oc*or ox askarcl xs AbwCUblc Well bul&W tAO lTaXXmwA 0 0 X0 air X* UifttiU OX UCCXUOVC xx u i o d o r o askarcl or its arced products is detected by tho person wearing protective equipment* ho sXkOuld inaTiOdiatoly go into fresh air# Ail gas masks* respirators* and replacement parts saouid havo u.S. Bureau of Minos approval UOTCwXwI*uw4.0i^v .wCpOr.amg Up^/A tAO O0wp0SX" and bo maintained on a regular schedule in tion ox ino aojcnrol Uw C t frQ u i GS te IL0 milligram pax* cubxc metro ox nir 0 0 0 boon. accordance with the manufacturer1e recommen dation. determined to bo tho upper cafo leva! o 1.2.2 Limifl. In contrast to too situa cx:o-u.*u during an -hour workday. (See ra- tion in which mineral insulating oils are han ]lcXL7<wL ( * `G) ) V44x proecauro xor porxorming ti*Q neeos-- dled* there is no fire hazard in handling askarols. A limited solvent action (similar j~ry analysis is contained in ASTM Method to that for paint thinner) on the fats and DGGC* (see Mppcnaix B / oils or too skin with prolonged contact may bxav*'*rtning vapor ox* rumos irom a c atea lead to drying and chapping of the skin. As uwi'v-- 'ulj CAOUld bu avoided iiigA COiiCCn- with insulating oil* some pcoplo aro a l l e r g i c aui.iwr^ ox vaporo can cauro irritation ex to asknrol* and continued exposure may result the cywu > Vioso* tarcaa r and upper respira-- in skin irritation. Both the liquid and vapor ter*' raer> rx'ovisions Slala bo made xor aro moderately irritating to oyo tissue*. auwC^xaee ventilation to avoid open oxposuic Operating procedures should require avoid ox hoe acharole (5SC or higher). The gases ance of contact with any askarols. The use of proauc^-u vhwft uskurci is decomposed by very porous glovos that can absorb and retain high te-par-tures (such as that of an oleic- askarols is to bo avoided. Resistant gloves trie are) in tho presence or air or organic and aprons such as the polyethylene or insulating matoriaxs contaxn * hxgn pcicc.*-- fluoro elastomer type should be used if contact tog^ ox hydrogen chloride which is highly is unavoidable. Tor some operations* it has tonic* and small percentages o other gases* been found advantageous to use non-porou3 , dis Minute concentrations or this combination o posable aprons and gloves. In case of spiil- gates are very unpleasant ana irritating* ago on clothing* tho clothing should bo re uuj giving ampio warning ox tacar prouo..cu. moved as scon as practical* tho skin cleaned lx exposure to hagh concentrations or aseareis with waterless cleaners or solvents such as or its arced products is necessary ur*dor em kerosene* and wiped dry with disposable towels. ergency conditions* an approved gas mask o the organic canister type* or soli-contained \ breathing apparatus* must bo worn* Such ex posure should be under tho surveillance of other pursonnoi capable o effecting rescue These towols should bo disposed of as PCB con taminated solid wastes. See Section 4.1.6.2.2. Clothing and shoes saturated with askarel should be discarded (burnable waste). Con taminated clothing may be reused providing that For example "VITON" NEV 02619 739450 dkw iu J wuw<* uAwiTGL ClCfUAiCu Uw GCgrii-- f^wcu solvents or a segregated degrousor, 4.1.1.2 Procedures - Bulk liquid ahipment* See Section 6. than fallowed by normal laundering. (Launder 4.1.4 Receiving/ Handling, and Storage of ing alone is hot sufficient.) Askarel:. NedicinnI washes or lid dotore;owes followed by tAu application of cold crcA*u Askarols are shipped in tank cars, tank trucks, stool drums, metal cans, and test- will reduce the irritation resulting from sar.plq c o n t a i n e r s . W h e n r e c e i v e d , all c o n tho contact of an open cub or abrasion with t a i n e r s s h o u l d b o i n s p e c t e d for leaks. askarel 4.1.4.1 Storage Tanks. Storage tanks should Safety glasses with side shields or a bo orcctCd so that inspection can be made for face shield should bo worn when handling leaks or spills. Construction should be such askarols. Ryes that have beer, closed to that inadvertent leakage or spills are pre liquid askarel should bo irrigated.immedi-- vented from reaching streams and sanitary or atciy with largo quantities of running water storm sewers. for approximately id minutes and then exam 4.1.4.2 Tank Cars and Tank Trucks. All bulk ined by a physician. (A drop of ('J.S.?.)cas shipment cquipmont should be inspected for ter oil h^s b^cn found to reduce irritation.) looks immediately upon receipt. Drain pans Ingwtion or swallowing of uskurois is should bo provided to prevent spillage from un not generally regarded as a problem of tho loading hosos and connections. Askarel liquid industry;- however, should accidental ingc-s- collected in drain pans should be placed in tion oceur^ a physician should bo consulted, drums labeled "Scrap Askarel" for disposition bands should bo cleaned as noted above in accordance with 4.I.6.2.I. before eating, drinking, smoking or using 4.1.4.3 Stool Drum s, Cans, and Test Sample Ccr,- toilet facilities. tr.ir.crs. On dolivery, all such shipments should be carefully inspected for leaks. The contain 4.1.1 Lr.cr.ici Trr.nc-ort Containers. ers should be stored indoors in an area espe 4.1.3.1 Trmr.^ort Container Marking. Any con cially selected for this purpose. A curb tainer, such as tank cars, tank trucks, drums, should enclose the area to provide a basin for cans, etc., used to transport transformer containing tho askarel from one or more con uskuruls, new or usod, should bo labeled tainers should tho containers be damaged. The v;ith the following Cycllow on black): * "CAUTION" Contains ?CIs(Polychlorinated biphenyls) that aro er*vironmcntal contaminants. In caso of leaks or spills, restrain discharge and consult manufacturer. In transpor tation emergencies, call National Responso Center (800-424-8802) and Chcr.vtrcc (300-424-9300) . Avoid pro longed breathing of vapors or mists, contact with eyes or skin. Disposal should bo in accordance with ANSI C-1Q7 Guidelines or applicable state and Federal sta tutes " area should not have a drain that is connected to a sanitary or storm sewer. If an indoor storage area is not possible, the containers should be stored under a leanto with similar containment capabilities. NEV 0261V6 739451 4d.S Control o:T Water Effluents. The Indus-' 4.1.6 Elsoor.nl -procedures and Servicer. try goal is to eliminate askarel in water 4.1.6.1 Sourcps of Metori air, Roouirinc f,urcirl effluent Gtreamj. However# it is recognized nandllncr and Dl'coorral Procedures. Liquids con that existing drain systems from manufactur taining PC3s and colid3 containing or con ing plants# repair shops# and installation taminated with PCSs may come from many 3ites may be contaminated as a result of sources including transport containers# trans past practices Other sections of this standard provide that no askarel wastes of former manufacturing processes# in-test failures liquids contaminated beyond reclamation# in- any kind be disposed of in any water effluent streams and that accidental spills .service transformer leaks and failures# ackrxelfillcd transformers scrapped for any reason# be prevented from getting into such streams. sample containers end handling equipment. 4.1.5.1 Concentration limits. The E?A has 4.1.6.2 Classification for Disposal of Mator proposed water quality criteria to maintain iels Containing PCBs. In general# there are PCD concentration in river3 and lakes below four types of materials requiring disposal: detoction level. Requirements under Sections burnable liquids contaminated with PCSs; non- 307(a)# 307(b)# and 311 of the 1972 Amend burnablo liquids contaminated with PCDs? burn ments to the Federal Viator Pollution Control able solids contaminated with FCLc; and non- Act are under review (1976-77) and the latest burnablc .solids contaminated with PCLo. revisions will apply. State and municipal 4.1.6.2.1 Purnab1n Lieuids. Liquids containing requirements must also be met. PCBs . requiring disposal by high-temperature Further information may be obtained from incineration may consist of the following: the Environmental Protection Agency Regional (1) ?C3s contaminated with mineral oil. Office. A listing of these offices is con (2) Mineral oil contaminated with PCLs. tained in Appendix D. (3) Nonreclaimablc contaminated trans 4.1.5.2 Monitoring Streams. All plant former askarels# arced askarels# effluent streams should be monitored on a regular basis. The procedure for performing the necessary analysis is contained in ASTM Method D3304 (See Appendix B) askarels*from manufacturing spills# sump accumulation# askarels from holding basins# drip and drain pans# washings# cample jars and containers# 4.1.5.3 Methods for Minimizing Effluent otc* Stream Contamination. The ideal approach is * to totally isolate all effluents `that could 4.1.6.2.2 Monburnable Liquids (Water) Con taminated with PC3s. Water contaminated with be contaminated with askarels during manufac turing processes and prevent them from being discharged from the plant. PCSs * may be treated by such means as activated carbon filtration or by. a reductive dechlorina tion process# providing that the effluent n e e t 3 Federal and State water fluent standards. Such liquids may also be disposed of# packed in suitable containers#in approved landfills. See Appendix A. NEV 026197 739452 / - "> - ;` y.v;: c S o l i d K ^ n to ilztc.T-ir.lz ' C c . r . r . r \-.th pCPr.. Those materials can wO dXupGOC*Gk O.' by u i i j *"<--tCSTipOr<JLtUrO i n c 1.7CUTc itro n u.^u consist of collulosic materials# rags# p4.'CliUGQUrd, ViOC/d# SmWiXUSt # f U l X0iT1L* CiuiTu't X1 b u l k o r xr clowti /ugu # b l o t t e r paper# n i t r x l o or cork gaskets# etc. 4.1.6.2.4 m / 1-vr>?.^ Solicl U-r,t.-. E.?ftr::inls -.:,.'r: o t C o n t r o l - r . t e d w i t h ? C?.n. T h e s e * iMbw*Xuaw ay COnUxSt 0f 0`wG(jl# GOOpO. # aluiux*Vii*u# x'xltor unxts or tno stcox mes* co*" struction typo# askarel drums# cans# otc. Materials or this nature should bo allowuu to u r ^ m v/iua lxquxds col^cctca x4 <*xp ^uuwf cor* Furbher romovax or ucnoxrag PQuS '"GC..C c ucsG*v*p*isncu by vupor ocgrcasing*# v/wwhing or solvent extraction v/xth xcroscao or other approved wanning* liquids cud* os percv*iOrouunyscnc Accumuxuccd liquids wttOu*u Oo disposed or as indicated in 4.1.6.1.1. Solid materials as cleaned abovo may bo na**leu as normal scrap. Coil structures may bo dismantled with surnabxo material removed. Metals snould bo wi'wuwLu as noted aaovc# ana burnabxo solads disposed or is accordance with Section 4.1.6. Z,j. An alternative bat loss desirable proecteUTw ror disposal or coals# cores# burnabxo \;astu# etc.# is to suitably package arid bury ii* an approves ^andri^x sxao. Soo Apponaix #% 4.1.6.3 Zhirrr.nr.t of S e r z n Liquids For Dis- .All liquid scrap material should bo placed in appropriate motal transport con tainers# properly labeled (Section 4.1.3.1) for shipment to a company offering an accept able disposal service (Appendix A ) 4 . 1 . 5 . 4 Shipment o f 3 u rn a b lc S o lid Waste Material Containing PCDs for Disposal. Material of this type should be placed in a liquid-tight container meeting Federal and State* transportation requirements# and acceptable to the disposal organization. The container should bo properly labeled (Section 4.1.3.1) for shipment.to a company offering an acceptable disposal service (Appendix A) 4.1 .6.S Liquid and Solid Waste Disposal Ser vice Organizations. These facilities should maGt the applicable requirements of the state in which they are located and should control affluents within the limits referred to in Section 4.1.5.1 . 4.2 Guidelines for original Manufacture# Ser vice cr.d Repair Shops. 4.2.1 Plent Eousekec p ir.cr It is necessary to assume that in filling equipment with ashore!, and during further handling of this equipment# an askarel spill may occur. Therefore# it is neoesary to provide facilities and a procedure for cleanup to prevent contamination. 4.2.1.1 Askarel Filling Area. 4.2.1.1.1 It is desirable that the askarel filling area be adjacent to the test area and final shipping area to minimize the danger of domago to units during handling. 4.21.1*2 The main manufacturing area for filling equipment with askarel should be pro vided with impervious surface floors or suit able basins so constructed that any inadvertent lcakago or spills are prevented from reaching streams# sanitary sewers# or storm sewers. All askarel-handling equipment# such as pumps, hoses# ato.# shall be of the askarel-resistent typo. NEV 026198 739453 Drip pins shall be provided for hose connections and filling valves. .for. disposition. Cloth ba$3 filled with fuller's' earth should be placed in the "SCFA? DlT-NAlL.:: 4.2.1.2 Soecinl Containers for Scrar Mater ASKAREL WASTE" container for disposition. ials. 4.2.1.4 Toardown of Units for Repair or rvrae. 4.2.1.2.1 Drurna labeled "SCRAP AS3CAR2L" 4.2.1.4.1 Drain all askarel from the unit either should bo available for handling all spilled into a holding tank for reuse or into the drum and waste askarel from sumps# failed units# labeled "SCRAP ASKAREL" for disposition, allow drip pans# sample jars# etc. ing sufficient time for all of the askarel to 4.2.1.2.2 Open-head drum9 with suitable 4 drain from the core and coils. closures and labeled "SCRAP BURSASLE A5EARSL 4.2.1.4.2 Remove the core and coil assembly V7ASTD" should be available for handling con from the transformer tank and place over a suit taminated cellulose insulation# rags# paper# able drip pan. preccboard# wood#gaskets# sawdust# etc. 4.2.1.4.3 Place all materials in the appropriate 4.2.1.2.3 Separate containers for handling . salvage containers during dismantling for later steel# copper, and aluminum# each adequately disposition. marked, shall be provided for the conoononts 4.2.1.4.4 All used materialsincluding rags, of contaminated core-and coil assemblies. sawdust, tape, etc.# regardless of quantity, Those containers are required for the various shall be put into the appropriate containers for materials when repairing or scrapping disposition. as sem b lies. 4.2.1.2.4 Containers for supplies of mater 4.2.2 Transformer Labe.ling and 5b k 4.2.2.1 New and Rebuilt Trarsformers. Till now ials for absorbing small askardl spills or and rebuilt transformers that contain P.CEr shall cleanup of larger spills should bo provided. have a label of adequate durability, permanently 4.2.1.3 Conditioning of Askarel.*. and prominently attached to the tank by the manu 4.2.1 . 3 . 1 A.ekarol C o n d i t i o n i n g c v . l a m e n t . facturer# giving adequate warning and instruc The conditioning unit should be located tions. A suggested label, yellow on black, in NtV 026199 either in the storage tank area or in the cludes the following: main transformer manufacturing area for filling with aokarol. 4.2.1.3.2 Fuller*s Earth. Conditioning of new askarol or recycled askarel requires fuller's earth treatment. The spent fuller's earth in cartridges or bags# when replaced# should be allowed to drain thoroughly over drip pans to remove as much liquid askarel "CAUTION" Contains PCDs (Polychlorinated Diphenyls) that are environmen tal contaminants. In care of leaks or spills, restrain dis charge and consult manufacturer. In transportation emergencies, call National Response Center (C00-424-CC02) and Chcmtrcc (COO-424-D3CO). Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists, contact with eyes or skin. Dis posal should be in accordance with ANSI C-107 Guidelines or applicable state and Federal sta tutes." as possible. The cartridge units of steel 4.2.2.2 In-Service Trcnsforr.hrs. The Transformer mesh construction should be placed in the manufacturer should make available suitable labels "STEEL CONTAMINATED WITS ASKAREL" container with similar warning as s h o w in 4.2.2.1 for on existing transformers. 4. 2. 2.3 S h ip p in g p ap ers sh o u ld c o n ta in th n w arning ,.. 739454 ^ J r.i for Vrar.-formcr U.-.?:::; 4.2.3.4 Fillingj Filtering/ or Drying Askcrcl. 4.2.3.1 Cr:r :??.I. Askarol-fiiied transformers j dliver(a to customers os coaled units from which there is no escapo of askarol under normal operation. Although certain type- of equipment failures can permit loss o r --Oito u^ikuiTux t o t a o e n v a r o n m o n t, c u c n caeca a rc c^crcnioly rare* 4.2.3.2 T::`^rportntlon ana Rccoivirq. Is*ucdiatoly upon receipt of the equipment and 24ost askarol units are shipped with the proper amount of askorel, but if it becomes necessary to top off a unit, the manufacturers's in structions should bo followed. If it is necessary to dry an aokaral unit or to treat an askarol unit with fuller's earth, instructions should be followed. When filtering or conditioning askarel, all of the precautions previously described for drip pans, following or*y transportation or handling proper disposal of filter media, etc. apply. accident that could affect the integrity of 4.2.3.5 Sampling. It is common practice to tno tank, yusamgs, or raorators, tne trans sample askarol from a transformer for periodic portation venae iQ ; taSK/ ana rrttmgs should maintenance testing. As previously described, to csaisc tor any leakage or cpallago tnat such camples should be taken in a manner to may auvu occurred in anapping*. Ir leakage is avoid any contamination of tho environment. evident, the cause chouId ho corrected anal V7ashings should be collected for proper dis the spillage soaked up with absorbent mater posal. Field and laboratory test samples, ial- such Ms sav;du`st# foliov;cd by a cleanup washings, etc., should also be collected for of the affected area with rags soaked with proper disposal.(See Section 5). kerosene or othor approved solvent such as 4.2.3.6 Transformers `Installed in Moving perchlorocthyleno. All materials used should Vehicles. In the event of a leak or accidental bo collected for proper disposition as dos spill, the procedures outlined in Section 6 errhea m 4.1.o. should be followed. 4.2. 3.3 Inst;*.llation and Periodic Inspection, 4.3 Pctrofilling Apparatus Containing Askarcls. grantformers should bo installed so that if It is not recommended that apparatus containing a leak should develop, askarols can be re PCD liquids be changed to other liquids. It is strained from reaching the environment. De recognised that the best possible c h a n g e - o u t pending upon the type of.installation, con- procedures will still leave appreciable PCBa ssaes*atson may no geven to pans, earns, traps, in tho apparatus. Apparatus that has contained standp.ipcs, dry wolls, absorbing agents, etc. PCDs which has been replaced with another Following installation, the unit should fluid should be labeled as indicated below, and again bo inspected for any damago or leakage. the disposal ultimately should follow the same It is recommended that periodic in-service in disposal procedures as those recommended for spect!ons be made for any leaks. PCS liquids and PCB-filled apparatus. nev 04<^00 739455 Label (yellow or. block) 6. Sp.il?. Notification and Control P l a n CAUTION: Contains liquid con taminated with ?C3s an environmental contominant. Changed to (describe liquid) on (gives date) . 4.4 Dicror?;!, Tho ultimate disposal of a PCS-contain*- ing transformer cay bo accomplished by the following procedures: 1# Contract v/ith a qualified organisa tion for disposal of the complete transformer* 2. Y7Lc::o acceptable facilities aro available,'the following alterna tive procedures are rucc^ended: U) Aways drain the liquid and dispose of it by approved Polychlorinated Diphenyl(PCDs) The immediate actions needed are to contain or restrain liquid spills with the best means available and to notify "C.te m t r s C" and -The National Response Center.1' "The basis for this spill notifica tion and control plan relies on ChOmtrec to advise on the immediate actions needed to contain or restrain the liquid spill with the best means available based on listed instructions. The National Response Center will notify all interested parties, i.e. Federal and State authorities and the manufacturers involved, as well as give guidance on action to be taken." FAILURE TO REPORT SPILLS TO PROPER AUTHORITIES MAY RESULT IN CRIMINAL PENALTIES. 0.1 Chcmtrcc (b) For tho solid components or ior too entiro structure, either of the following procedures are r scossucndcd: 6,1*1 What is it* - Cheiutrec stands for Chemical Transportation Emergency Center, a public service of the Manufacturing Chemists i* Dismantle, wash and dispose in accordance with Section 4.1*6. Association at its offices in Washington, D.C. Chemtrec provides immediate advice for ii* ship entire solid struc ture to acceptable organ isation for disposal* thoso at the scene of emergencies, then prompt* ly contacts the shipper of the chemicals in iii* Chip to acceptable land fill disposal .site* (See Appendix A)* volved for more detailed assistance and appro priate follow-up. 5. T-lr-Tr of I-.Moratory Sarcles Contain- Chemtrec operates around the clock - 24 hours a day, seven days a week - to receive Vho disposal of laboratory sar.ploc and materials used for testing and experimental purposes which contain# are impregnated with# or contarinated by ?Cs (uckorcis) must be carefully controlled* Their disposition should be Kudo in a manner consistent with procedures in 3,5*2 and 3,5.3 (Capacitors) direct-dial toll-free calls from any point in the continental United States through a wide area telephone service (WATS) number, 800-424-9300 (463-7616 for calls originating within tha District of Columbia; 202-483-7616 for calls originating outside the continental U.S.). and 4,1.6 (Transformers). ) NEV 026201 739456 6,,,a Iw Xu wuub uxa ^JGm u 1I.*Ci u . * \ t'1a ',v Ken ipifiC/t prudent iiiuuUXuCXUrurSGa fCaii Gid ?L<j"CO*i-- It is reco.wuended that all users should have an u u iiu iV j' ' Cv'ui^iuCitw bo a XG'CCQ W Xta CnOiatrUC . on-site spill prevontior* counter-measure and Co*wmCw **C4-rf*`MktwC uw.thu mOilUruCb'dl* control plan which should be followed in the C*iLMidCi iiJw O Cu uikuii f *<jiS Co "eGt x c u t Avti ( t event of an accident. i;.w. # Washington, D.C. 2GCGD. 6.4.1 Capacitors 2 K ~.t:L'co: 1. JV.:r-ponac C e n t e r . 6AA _XjU -- uCub*0tt! Um . c Om ^w GUiX/d {OuUCJuu* wC / *'m*m 2Xf ^UlluitV^*/ *uO /'C* StiTOGw/ S.V7. wOi*i/ D.C. 201^90. *-v--~:*.r//:; To coordinate pollution Gwrcjc- CauJ Y/GO/a MwiGGXl X/iVOlVO/uGHt IS rcqUXrcd. N. ::v^w-V-- r.^'y^ir.r ::r;tv:o~>: for receiving POaaU wXG** ACpOlTwii. T/ 1 0 buSXS Da this net work iw a Wuli publicised toll-free toic- Capacitors should be installed in accordance w xtu 2. 7 . 2 . 6.4.2 Transformex*3 Transformer's should be installed in accordance with Section 4.2.3.3. G .4.3 S p ills In ease of liquid spills due to leaks or equipment failures# the procedures outlined in sections 3.7.2 for capacitors and 4.2.3.2 for trnnsformers should be followed. P.o/m numbor (wiiO",iCs"LuO*) wxc G/yGo / . IwFdiuSNCSS mxy uoo to call the National Response Cen , 7,1 References to Tc^t ter ruportxng pollution incidents or acci% Ciuivcw waxen may rosuAt xn polxGtxoa *^'v ~ - '.'>//.v:::.c~; A;:po::ts to the local ruprexonuutives of the federal Agency ra4)wuiifcJaw aOa acuxon wnon * pollution dxs-- c*ma*1jo /mm ^occurred. VThen necessary# otnor specific-local# regional# ox- national rep- (1) Standard Method of Test for Rapid Gas Chromatographic Estimation of High Boiling Eomolocjuos of Chlorinated Biphenyls for Capa citor Askarels#(ASTM D3303-74]. (2} American National Standard Method of Test for Specific Gravity of Askarula# C59.1965 CU973) (ASTM D 1510-63 (1973)]. (3) American National Standard Method of Test fox* Neutralisation Number by Color-Indicator Titration# 211,131-1964 (R1974) lASTM D 976-64 (1973)# I? 139/65). r'xjancativcj for the various.agencies will ulJO bo nGuXXXCG o.i ?\.v`:at of Lien:3 and Ec.-alament Cont: :r;:,r.^" ?r/:.-., (4) American National Standard Method of Test for Neutralization Number by Potentioractrie Titration# 211.59-1956 (R1971) [ASTM D664-53 (i960 # 22 177/64) . (5) Standard Method of Test for Density of Rubber Chemicals #[ASTM D 1617-66 (1972)]. 6.3.1 V* V 1ir.'- All containers and equip ment containing PCDs shall bo labeled in (6) American National Standard Mothoa of Tect for Inorganic Chlorides in Askarels# C59.55-1963 (R1973)[ ASTM D 1821-63 (1973)J. accordance with section 1.6/ 4.1.3# 4.2.2.1 ana 4.3 (7) Pmcrican National Standard Method of Test for Pour Point of Petroleum Oils# 211.5-1966 (A1972) ( ASTM D 97-66 (1971)# IP 15/67)]. C.1.2 T;.-~irc Papers. Shipping papers should contain the following warning state- (3) American National Standard Method of Test for Pov/or Factor and Dielectric Constant of Electrical Insulating Liquids# C59.22-1967 (R1973)( ASTM D 924-65 (1973)]. CAbVION; Contains PCEs(askarel) that are unvxron.ircxi contaminants. Zn ease or 'leaks# or spills# restrain discharge# DO r*'? ?ox- turner instructions call Ckwatroc (600-424-9300) and the manufne- y . . * 1 --. *rii -m / . W iib* Pnrnnn -n n : 739457 NEV 016202 v9) ..orroan National tanuaru Method of V-jc for Dpocific Resistance (resistivity) of ^n.>Uwluting *.iquic'c# C5y.Sx-'^dGB (ivi 973; i nw'Ai D H C 9 -- u `t (19/->)J ilC) American Wational Scandnrd Mcthoc* Ou Vest for ydrolyrnblo Chlorine Compounds in Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Asknrel) cj^.i0o-iv7u{;wVv; d icro-65 (1971)]. 7M>'.crrcan N a t i o n a l 5 t o n e n r d '.canoe* o f Vt~.t ibOr Vncrmcu. 5 c a n i . x t y o r C h l o r m a t e c * d/j o .'u wibC L y e r c e n r b o n s (A s e a r ) , C 5 5 x l l -- 1 3 7 G i .AGVM 0 1 5 3 u - C 4 (1971)).. (2 2 ) . wii^rico.ii'i .. a baor.a 2 D ta n a a m M eth o d o r Vena ror Desta .lntroA or Road Tors, A.>/3** 1 3 / 4 [ AST**. D I G -- / 2 j (13) A m e r i c a n N a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d M e t h o d s o f Vesting cicatrical Insulating Oils, C59.2u.9/ A 3 IV* u lc/"*/l (19 /j ; ( c , ) oricnn N a t i o n a x S t a n d a r d i'.cthod o r Vo at for Dielectric breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes, C M 3 1 3 -- ^ 9 v G (-\29/3/ [ .e3VM D C / / -- 67 (x9 /!;]# ;^5/ .tieracan matronal Stananre. *#.w'thcc* or 'Aw .or *.'**.usa a*d 'ire Joint>i by Clcvennc* O p e n C e p , A l l * 0 - 1 9 7 3 { A S V M D 9 2 - 7 4 , 11* 3 6 / 6 7 ) . (j/ A m c r i w w T i .utaonai. C t u n a a r a A'.canoa o r 'l:..v: f o r S a y b o l t V i s c o s i t y , 2 1 1 . 2 - 1 9 5 0 ( R 1 9 7 1 ) i lu'iV i a wu*i>0 v x 'j/3 )] (17) 7-..erican National Standard Method of .cj w tor Co^**ii.cihCiVw or Tnorvr.al L/i^uitJior of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum O r i g i n , e r.d /'snarels, C 3 9 . 5 / -- 9 6 3 (t973) i/.JVM D 1 9 3 3 - 6 3 ( 1973)}* v ) **e..ci , R . a.. M e a s u r i n g t h e e r a s apetu.cn ...'.ctor, cia*.cctrre c o n s t a n t , a n a r e s i s t i v i t y of lic>iu.,. Ir.rulav.ior./Clrcuits, v o l 1G, Mar. x 9 7 3, p p 4 6 -- *,9. (13) C h l o r o d i p h c h y l s . H y g i e n i c G u i d o S e r i e s . M c e m o n t , N v w O'er s o y ; A m e r i c a n I n d u s t r i a l pj.cAc A s s o c i a t i o n , D a n -- F o b 1 9 o 5 . (23) S t a n d a r d S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r C h l o r i n a t e d Aromatic^ hydrocarbons (Askarols) for Transikw.Vu^Ja ,* f.d*'* u l l J D - V G a l . 7 C'.r * rcncec yoiychlorinated biphenyls and tho Environr.icnt, >^rac>pc.ra*cncwl Vww4C i>orco on Puos, Vaan-- ington, D.C., lay 1972. (National Technical Infor-ution .Service, U.3.'Dept, of Commorcor dpringfiold, Va. 22151.) (C072-10419). D M . : A I R , C .N F u r t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n s or. t h o Pnible s y s t e m i c t o x i t y o f c e r t a i n o f t h o chlorinated hydrocarbons. Journal of Indus- :r::.r.X c.r.d Toxicology, v o l 21, 959, pp x C 9 -x 5 9 . DMNIwR, C.K.; WARREN, M.F.J AND SSNNST, G.A. The problem of possible systemic, effects iro. cr.ionnatcu nyc*rocorbons, Journal of r.1 and Toxicology, vol 9, Ijmt'Jf pp 311-32 3. E L K I N S , 12-B . T h e C h e m i s t r y o f I n d u s t r i a l Toxicology. M e w York; Jo h n Wiley t Sons, Inc. 1959. GTu^ENBURG, L . ; MAYERS, M.R.; AN D S M I T H , A.R. The systemic effects resulting from exposure to certain chlorinated hydrocarbons. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, veil 21, 1339, pp ly -a a T " " T hreshold L i m it Val u e s for Chemical sub s t a n c e s a n d P a y s real" A g e n t s in t h o M T o r x ^ room Environment. Cincinnati: American . Conrorenco or Govenaental Industrial H y g i e n i s t s , 1973. T R L O N , J . F . ; C L E V E L A N D , F . P . ; C A P P E L , J; and ATCHLLY, R.w. The toxicity of the vapors o f A r o c l o r 1 2 4 2 a n d A r o c l o r 1 2 5 4 . American Inductrial H y g i e n e A s s o c i a t i o n Q ua r terI v V ' v o l 17, l9"5o, p ? 2 0 4 - 2 1 1 C. R E V I S I O N O F A M E R I C A N N A T I O N A L S T A N D A R D S RSFSRRED TO IN THIS DOCUMENT. When the American National Standards referred to in this document are superseded by a revision approved by the American National Standards In stitute, Inc., the revision shall apply. NcV 02603 739458 (T.^cju Appendixes are not a 'part of American National Standard Guidelines for Handling and Disposal of Capacitor - and Trans- * former-Grado Askareis Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyls, C107.1 -197 / but are included for information purposes only. APPENDIX A Disposal Services . <9) Richmond Sanitary Service Richmond, California (415-234-3304) All forms. in aeertron to the supervised dry xcr.d iiiiA lii'juj onat may oq used for the disposal of tenure-containing scrap, the following auuition~i myvn facixitios ana servicea nave boon established. For other facilities, call your regional Environmental Protection Agency Office. (See Appendix D ) 2. Chemical Waste Disposal Co. Elizabeth, N.J. (201-351-5460) Disposal by incineration 3. Chcm-Trol Pollution Services, Inc. P.0. Do:c 200 1550 Ealmor Road Model City, N.Y. 14107 Phono; 716-754-8231 Can handle solids and liquids by incinera tion or land disposal. The firms listed below (not all-inclusive) wixl accept PCDs ior treatment or disposal, as i;Qwui. rTnvirorr.ontal Protection ; f"cr not i7rx>or:.c r.vn* of those 'firms r.*.._c. n/^V. '-c.urh r.'o.'L tho -ouviror.-.-.antal ,."-" v-' cr: c1V::.r cir11.vons, Each or c>iu.tu nrM^ nas seen ccntuctcc* and reports witO revpa*.rca t*uc>ricul c.wi.*uc^cxxs-- tic^ co accquutciy handle fCDs, m accord-- c/nce \/itn A.ewGi\w'isnacd Proccourcs ror tnc Disposax or Containing Waste (Incus-- trial Facilities) as published by EPA in the V.'.rv1 The appropriate state or m Pji i!\ag*ionai O m c o snouxd be cOiii'xj.c^'1. rar environmental suitability or Ciiw rir<u/aiwe. This organization has facilities and ser vices capable of handling: (1) Liquids. Askarels alono or mixed with solvents or oils. Disposal by Kigh-temporuturo incineration. (2) Solids (software). Askarel-soakcd com pounds, rags, cartons, absorbing earths, etc. Disposal by incineration or scientific landfill. (3) Solids (hardwaro). Capacitors, trans former tanks, cores, askarcl-soaked metals. Disposal by scientizic landfill. Has solvent extraction capability. 1. 1 Landfills 4. Hyon Waste Management Services, Inc. Chicago, 111. (312-646-0016) (a) Can.ialia Disposal Site wanta serbera, Caln o r m a \<#00--9o9--470s) Can handle solids and liquids by incinera bulk Ajiguias and drummed materials. tion. \*j) Corporation Wilmington, California (213-775-3607) 5. Monsanto Company All forms. 600 North Lindbergh Boulovard St. Louis, Missouri 63166 (c) Enviror.nontal Protection Corporation Phone: 314-694-3352 a i'.h a x e l d , Calnornia xi terms. Handles only liquid askarcls manufactured () County of Los Angelos V Whittier, California (213-659-7411) Facilities: Palos Verdes Calsbasas ,1 101*410. (c) Cur Diego County As*. Diego, California (714-305*5703) u a rorets (fi 'Ventura County Dopt# of Public Works Ventura, California (805-648-2717) Axi rorvus. by Monsanto. Disposal is by incineration. This organization has facilities and Ser vices capable of handling askarel liquids alone or mixed with othor oils or solvents by hightcmper&tur incineration. Liquid is pumped through a gun with atomizing steam into incinera tor. NEV 02620* 739459 Xlwtlk_J W4irc UbwlXiT*WU*I1CU at A000 S Wlttl taU<t**`y i:('bul <JUS. Exit ^'uUCiJ 4teO gUCil-- c'w* co iciO by concuct wxtn water. Gas is t<^.n paisca *crougn hxgn--onorgy vc*.uurx xcrubbor ror ratova! of particulates. Loxoro O. " X U B `CO i* (*xO, o_X, , g.USCS are pa__s_s_e.d t h r o u g h a p a C ly C u C o lu m n s c r u b b e r t o X'eOiOV .iC* /IfibTOi. xXCpxdii Cd*.tUXiaXg XAOX'O w'Ct4 Xw w\-i'CLX`, Or any phOSpaatO OSwCrS CannOt OO wCCc ^ C l U . w. .iacxc;*r .ngmccr ang Co *, Inc. Louxivxliu, i\V (502-420-7130) EncXXXlU , III. scatty , WCiVa Diw^CiJu.i by lanarIxX/ Can handle drummed Ata^lu aaWA OOrfkXCAOA ituC.Lui..r Un'j xnxxring Company ji'vc,`.*.* D:.v :.o Oa*i *'tO. w.c a *.^ Xy. 40.,51 ?v-; oG--704-0311 Engino.-ring Companytri..;..;:, Division w<'.'X^^XX.Llt, X M A 0^4x I'aaO.aw The organisation provides containerization, v.ru.*.aporcaron, anu oispooaL services or ul* <*<* j o .cj (xac 1uaC| nardworc) a Dio-- x^ xn coaero11ca cnc-aicel and e e x o n u m e Mndfili ejo. Licensed by Atomic Energy Co..-;.isMon for radioactive waste disposal. VaVv- organisation also has two West Coast loca tions, in the states or California and Washin- bOit A 7. r.oMin;; Environmental Services, Inc. . ?.0. bo;; 2340 Wilmington, Dolr.v/aro 19C99 Pa.Oa.C . 5 . . 0 --0 5 3 --v 5 4 l Tnir orgamnuion nas x a e m t i e s a n d ser vices capable of handling'; (1) Lie-aids. Arkarcl alone or rained with' rolvwnt:; or oils- Disposal is by high-temperto'wOk'u incineration. (2 y jOxido (sox evere) Askarol--soaked com p o u n d s, ^r a g c a r t o n s f absoi-bxn g c a r th e , e t c . Disposal is by incineration at combustion t u r peatures up to 2500 F, Incineration gases are scrubbed, and entrained solids are removed be fore exhausting to air. ao 11ins environrneata1 Services maintains dis posal facilities in the following areasj Philadolphia/Camden: `Rollins Environmental Services, Inc. Route 322 Logan Township Bridgeport, New Jersey 08014 Bator. Rouge: Rollins Environmental Services, Inc. Scenic Eighway 6 West Cheatham Lane Scotlandvillo East Baton Rouga Parish, La. 708G7 Eoucton: Rollins Environmental Services, Inc. Tidal Road Highv/ay 134 Deer Park,Texas 77536 8. Texas Ecologists, Inc. Robstown, Texas Phone: 512-387-3518 Disposal by landfill. 9. Wes Con, Inc. Twin itllc, Idaho (20S-733-G397) Receive packaged materials for dispooul in nissilo silos. ' 10. Gcdco'r Environmental Protection Corp. 1313 Nov/burgh Rd. Westland, Michigan 46185 Phone: 213-326-0G00 Will accept transformers, capacitors and PCBs solidified in Imbiber* beads. APPENDIX 3 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND LABORATORY SERVICE ORGANIZATxONS Bl. Gcnoral 'Analysis for PC3 in environmental .samples is a tedious process duo to the very low luvols (ppb or ppt) which are of interest and due to tho high sonsitivity of the electron capture chromatographic procedure. It cannot bo over emphasised that extreme care must bo taken to ensuro first that the sample is representative and second that sufficient numbers of blanks, *Dow Chemical Corp. NV 0 6 2 0 5 739460 w,Y.v> i*OpxiCatS *1"Q tStcb t curme UUCCuw**wy ^XlXtS and prUCXSXOn OZ tn pur'ZCU^ar vjC^'uj,jQ*tl CLTCk prOCCrduZ(i being USoe Cleanliness of sampling devices and contain ers and w CT GXtrCulO n S H x H O ilpOrtur* Analytical procedures for the dotarcinotion of PCLs in air, wator and aditenta aro given Zft SCCtZOn L . L2. T--.V/cr.:..-.toric> For a aiswxng or laboratorres ozrering wrvic for PCL analysis refer to Directory of Testing Laboratories publication STP333A avuilcbia from the American Society for Test ing ana Antozia^s vALlY*} 1916 Raco Street, Lvziaeaapaxa, Fa. 1f x s jj9 Xf an outaado Iwtjoib'uwvay aa osca, a varar acatton of capnLzl* ity ia recoa.onacd. L3 L r.n ly t ?c r .l P ro c e d u re s avo wlY* P30*w-- /4, "Anuayszs of envaren-- mental Materials for Polychlorinated Liphenyl DOKJSTIC Asknrel* Chlorcixtol Clorinol Clorphen Diaclor Dykanol Elcm cx Lueuro Ilyvol Inerteer* Lo-i: xZIuO1 Pyranol Saf-T-Kuhi MANUFACTURER Universal lfg. Company Al lis-Chalmers Spraguo Electric JARD Company, Ine* Sangamo Electric Cornell Dubilier McGraw Edison Electric Utilitiea Corp. Aerovox Westinghouse Electric Wagner Zioctric Genomi Electric Kuhiman Electric OFFSHORE Clophen Fondor Kenncchlo; Phonoclor d :c . Pyraleno Pyroclor Solvol Bayer (Germany) Caffaro (Italy) Kenneclor (Japan) Prodelec (France) Caffaro (Italy) Prodelec (France) Monsanto (UK) USSR n;orld-wide generic none used for insulating Izcjuids in capacitors and transformers that usually contain PCB's. APPENDIX D ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REGIONAL alehS APPENDIX c Tu\DEEdu\ DZb1GNATx GN3 USED BY MANUFACTUR* Z FOX ,1QUIDS CONTAINING PCDs . Capacitors or transformers in service and liquid shipments showing the following trade* r.urK designataons contazn PCBs Tnoso have been or ara in use and usually the designa tion appears on the nameplate or the warning lib ac i* WAV 7a:oclor Arocior As b u s t o ! Askarel* A jk a ru l* domestic MANUFACTURER Monsanto Mallory American Corporation Hcvi-Duty Corporation Forrahti-Packard Ltd. Environmental Protection Agency Region I, Room 2303 John F. Kennedy Federal Building Boston, Massachusetts 02203 Telephone : 617-223-7265 Environmental Protection Agency Regien II, Room 909 26 Federal Plaza New York, New York 10007 Telephone: 201-548-8730 Environmental Protection Agency Region II Curtis Bldg., 6th a Walnut Sts. Philadelphia, Pa. 19106 Telephone : 215-5 97-9398 Environmental Protection Agency Region IV 1421 Peachtree Street, N.E. Atlanta, Georgia 30909 Telephone: 404-526-5062 Environmental Protection Agency Region V 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60604 Telephone: 312-896-7591 NfcV 0b06 739461 ~.*y..roivtK.iiu. j. Protection Agency L - g io u V I # L-ui.'cu 1 0 0 0 lOvO StUTCCt f /5201 ;:nv:Lrakw.:.atcl Protection Agency L .:0`iOi* VIX 1/o i ol re AVnU Ci'ey / *Hrc#ouri 04103 Vclcpiiono w*3 /s--377C Environmental Protection Agency *v.g.vOi VXX./ o u x c 900 1 0 0 0 Lincoln Etrout Coaver# Colorado CO200 r*wlue*tO*tC 3u" ow/Joo 0 Environmental Protaction Agency V.gion IE 100 Calirornaa Street SvC* i>*mncicco/ California 941jl1 Environmental Protection Agency Legion X 1200 3;fch Avenue Sttle, V/auhington 93101 rcwC^pnonc; Gj*42"1233 N6V 026207 739462 ABSTRACT This document presents the findings of a study of available wastewater management and treatment technology for the purpose of determining toxic pol lutant effluents concentrations and daily load achievable in three industrial categories: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) manufacturing? capacitor manu facturing; and transformer manufacturing. All plants in the above categories have PCB discharges to eithefr water ways or sewage treatment plants, under normal operating conditions. All plants have discharges to storm sewers or directly to waterways under heavy rainfall conditions. Extensive survey of wastewater treatment technologies and cooperative laboratory work with several suppliers of treatment equipment and research facilities has confirmed that carbon adsorption technology is the best current candidate for successful removal of PCBs from the wastewaters. As an alterna tive uv-ozonation was considered. This technology is still in the research stage; however, it offers potential of complete destruction of PCBs all the way to CX>2/ water and HC1. Another adsorbent technology new in the development stage, AMBEKLITE polymeric adsorbents, has demonstrated a PCBs removal efficiency roughly equivalent to carbon during laboratory tests. Further testing is needed with this adsorbent to accurately assess its potentiality. For scrap oils and burnable solid wastes generated at these plants, high tenperature, controlled incineration offers a straightforward method of de struction, whereas scientific landfilling appears to be the best suited mode of disposal far nonbumable contaminated solids. Zero discharge objectives can be best achieved by eliminating discharge streams and developing recycle systems. All non-contact cooling water would be segregated, cooled, and recycled. All other wastewater streams would be pretreatecU The portion of the pretreated water which would be used in the plant would be treated with carbon, while the excess water would be i. NEV 0 2 6 2 0 3 739463 incinerated in a specially designed system which would allow for energy recovery. Supporting data, rationale for the selection of above recommended treat ment technologies and associated costs are contained in this report. ii. N 6V 0 2 6 2 0 9 739464