Document YDp4ane6eJ8xbknojemqQ83kK

316 CHAPTER 12 -1951 Guide REFERENCES . 1 AppUeation Engineering Standards for Air Conditioning for Comfort {Air Conditioning and Refriaerat- tng Machinery Association, Inc,, 1947, pp. 4-7). ^ U"- by P- ** t-, Bnport N- ^68--Summer Weather Data and Sol-Air Temperature--Study of Data for Lincoln. Nebr., by C O. Mackey (A.S.U.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 61, 1945, p. 93L 9 Summer Weather Data and Sol-Air Temperature--Study of Data for New York City, by C. 0. Mackev and E. B, Wateon (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 51, 1945, p. 75). 1 , ,, ` Summer Cooling for Comfort ea Affected by Solar Radiation, by G. A. Hendrikson and J H Walker {Heating and Ventilating, Vol. 29, No. 11, November 1932, pp. 14-21). 'r v i* CrPutd Altitude and Azimuth (U. S. Navy Dept. Hydrographic Office Bulletin No. 214 Vois. 1-9, Washington, D. C., 1940). JZhe,A.meric?,? Nautical Almanac (U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C., annual) \ beEffect of Solar Radiationon the Heat Transmission Through Walls, by F. C. Houghten Carl Gutberlet Ph?i ("baeiii^n Society of 'lSStiug Materials'Symposium on Thermal insulating Materials, c 4^'JH Vr^; Res^rch Report No. 1157--Summer Cooling Load as Affected by Heat Gain Through Dry Sprinkled and Water Covered Roofs, by P. C. Houghten, H. T. Olson and Carl Gutberlet (A.S.H.V.E. Tranjh actions, Vol. 46, 1940). l Radiation in the Atmosphere, by D. Brunt (Supplement to the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Mete orological Society, Vol. 66, 1940). Rcsearch Report No. 923-Heat Transmission as Influenced by Heat Capacity and Solar Radiation, by F. C. Houghten, J. L. Blackshaw, E. M. Pugh and Paul McDermott (ASH V.E Trans actions, Vol. 38, 1932, p. 231). Effect of Heat Storage and Variation in Outdoor Temperature and Solar Intensity on Heat Transfer Through Walls, by J. 8. Alford, J. E. Ryan and P. O. Urban OAS H V.E Team. tf?K^S'KVv^' `i38' Pi?6?*/ u]2rSdTjcl?eat P1w Building Wails Determined byEictrinalA^S, Method, by Victor Pascnkis (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 48, 1942, p. 75).-Periodic Heat Flow-HonSgeneous WaUs or Roofe, by C. O. Mackey and L. T. Wright, Jr. (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 50,1944, p 293). Periodic Heat Flow--Composite Walls or Roofs, by C. O. Mackey and L. T. Wright. Jr. (A 6 H V E Transaotons, Vol. 52, 19^, No. 1299). Periodic Heat Transfer at the Inner Surface of a Homogeneous Wml, by H. A. Johnson (A.S.H.V.E. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, May 1948, p. " Solar Heat Gain Through Walls and Roofs for Cooling Load Calculations, by J. P. Stewart (ASH V.E Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, August 1948, p. 121). T* " A.S.H.Vj: Research Report No 1002-Cooling Requirements of Single Rooms in a Modem Office Bp.u5il3d)i.ng, by F.C. Houghten, Carl Gutberlet, and Albert J. Wahl (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions Vol 41' 1935* " Study of Actual vs. Predicted Cooiing Lond on An Air Conditioning System, by James N. Livermore (A.S.U.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 49, 1943, p. 287). ,. ``A-S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1195--Heat Gain Through Walla and Roofa aa Affected by Solar Ra-" d'ubon, byF. C Houghten, E. C. Hach, S.T. Taimuty and Carl Gutberlet (A.S.H.V.E. Teuansactionb . Vol. 48, 1942, p. 91). ' _ !* A.S.H.V.E. Research Report--Measurements of Solar Heat Transmission Through Flat Glass, by G Y* Parmelee. W. W. Aubeleand R. G. Huebecber (A.S.H.VJ3. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, Vol. 20, No. 1, January 1948, p. 158). *y , W4 "d Total Heat Gain Through Double Flat Glass, by G. V. Parme- Jtune ,n,o 1948, p. 1416")b. ele (A.S.H.VJ). Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, Vol. 20, No. 6, T, " A.S.H.V.E Research Report--Solar Energy Tranamittanee of Eight-Inch Hollow Glass Block, by G. 21 NST!&?tedmter'l[949U^dlllt'S'H'V'B' JD1"KAI' Section' Keating, Piping and Air Conditioning, Vol. A.S.H.V E. Research Report--Heat Flow Through TJnahaded Glass: Design Data lor Usa in Load Calculations, by G V. Pannelee and W. W. Aubele (A.S.H.V.E. Joubnai. Section, Heating, Pining andAir Conditioning, June 1950, p. 123). . Z Ar8 V u. RaSar?hr.R?for,t .No l7?-;StS!iie? ! So'" Rkdiction Through Bare and Shaded Windows, by r. O. Houghten, Carl Gutberlet and J. L. Blackshaw (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 40, 1934, p. 101). \A;IhV;?- R?search Be?01? No.H80--Himt Gain Through Western Windowa With and Without Shad ing, by F. C. Houghten and David Shore (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 47, 1941, p. 251). T " The Mechanism of Heat Transfer, Panel Cooling and Heat Storage, Part II: Solar Radiation, by C S Leopold {Refrigerating Engineering, June 1948, p. 571). The Mechanism of Heat Transfer, Panel CooUng, Heat Storage, by C. S: Leopold (Refrigerating Engi neering, July 1947, p. 33). Hydraulic Analogue for the Solution of Problems of Thermal Storage Radiation' Convection and Conduction, by C. S. Leopold (A.S.H.V.E. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, July 1948, p. 105). Heat Gains Are Not Cooling Loads, by C. O. Mackey and N. R. Gay (A.S.H.VM. Journal Section. Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, August 1949, p. 105). M See Reference 1, p. 8. Cooler Footcandles for Air Conditioning, by W. G. Darley (A.S.H.V.E. Transaction, Vol. 46,. 1940 p JWJ tughtmg and Air Conditiomng Dreign Factors Report of 7.B.5.-A.S.H.VT:. Joint Committee on Lighting and An- Conditioning (A.S.H.V.E. Joubnal Section, Hooting, Piping and Air Conditioning SeDtember 1941 p. 605). Lighting and Air Conditioning, by Howard M. Sharp (Heatin, andVenuSl No- vember 1942, p. 35). Compiled by J. P. Stewart from various sources. CHAPTER 13 FUELS AND COMBUSTION Classification of Coals, Cokes, Fuel Oils, and Gases, Dustless Treatment of Coal, Fundamental Principles of Combustion, Heat of Combustion, Air Required for Combustion, Excess Air, Heat Balance, Firing Methods, Secondary Air, Draft Requirements, Draft Regulation, Furnace Volume, Combustion of Gas, Soot, Condensation and Corrosion FUELS may be classified according to their physical state as solid, liquid.or gaseous. The principal fuels used for domestic heating are coal, oil, and gas. However, coke, wood, kerosene, sawdust, briquettes, and other substances are used for heating in special applications or in localities where an adequate supply is available. Experiments are in progress in the use of a colloidal suspension of coal particles in fuel oil, but this fuel has not attained wide-spread usage as yet. The choice of fuel is usually based on dependability, cleanliness, availability, economy, operating requirements, and control. CLASSIFICATION OF COALS Coal has a complex composition that makes classification into clear-cut types difficult. Chemically it consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitro gen, sulfur, and a mineral residue called ash. A chemical analysis provides some indication of the quality of a coal, but does not define its burning characteristics sufficiently. The coal user is interested principally in the available heat per pound of coal, the handling and storing properties, the amount of ash and dust produced, and the burning characteristics. A description of the relationship between the qualities of coals and these characteristics requires considerable space; a treatment applicable to heating boilers is given in a Bureau of Mines Bulletin.1 There are two forms of coal analyses, namely, the proximate analysis and the ultimate analysis. In the proximate analysis the proportions of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, sulfur, and ash are determined. This analysis is more easily made and is satisfactory for indicating most of the characteristics which are of interest to the user. For the proximate analysis the moisture is determined by observing the loss of weight of a sample of coal when dried at about 220 F. To determine the volatile matter, the dried sample is heated to about 1750 F in a closed crucible, and the loss of weight is noted. The remaining sample is then burned in an open crucible, and the accompanying loss of weight represents the fixed carbon. The unbumed residue is ash. Although determined separately, the sulfur content is frequently reported with the proximate analysis be cause the usefulness of a coal for certain purposes depends on its sulfur content. In the ultimate analysis, which is difficult to make, the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and ash in the coal sample are determined. It is used for detailed studies of fuels, and in computing a heat balance when required in testing of heating devices. Typical ulti mate analyses of the various kinds of coal are shown in Table 1.* Other important qualities of coals are the screen sizes, ash fusion tem perature, friability, caking tendency, and the qualities of the volatile 317 X