Document Y9VbGD6pBgkXZOVB0oKXzyLNV

METHODS OF DISPOSING OF SL .rooE . .TOM IADFD IASCLI .VF. STORAGE iAiiKO Tr.e f i r s t ' a e e o f l e a d i n t o x i c a t i o n , a e a r e s u l t o f work v i t h i n a l e a d e d , c ; r.e a tc r& g e t a n k , o c c u r r e d i n i y l t . At t h a t t i m e , t h e s o u r c e o f l e a d va* t h o u g h t .t ?, : :.e t h e s l u d g e i n t h e c o t t o n o f t h e t a n k a n d t h i s a s s u m p t i o n p r o v e d t o be c o r r e c t , ` r e f o r e , i t becam e n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e s l u d g e be d i s p o s e d o f b y a m etn o d w h ic h w ould . : i h a ra f-1 effect.-, both from akin co n tact or in h a la tio n o f it* vapor* a f t e r removal 'ta the ta n k . The imm ediate,. e l u t i o n was th e b u r i a l m ethod o f d i s p o s a l . This p ro ced u re r e q u ir e d the n e c e s s a ry s p a c e , t ne d ig g in g o f p i t s and rvering tne p a r t i a l l y f i l l e d p i t a vit,-, s o i l . The method va* a c c e p te d w ith o u t ..estion u n til r e la tiv e ly re c e n tly . V itn in tne p a st se v e ra l y e a rs, in q u ir ie s nave *en .aade by a number c f ...il com panies aa&ine f o r an a l t e r n a t e method o f slu d g e 3:-: s a l . The r e q u i r e m e n t f-.-r a n a l t e r n a t e m eth o d a r o s e p r i m a r i l y i n t h o s e r e f i n e r i e s . i ' r. fo u n d t h a t ::.a s p a : ? a .'ai l a c l e f o r s l u d g e p i t s was b e i n g e x h a u s t e d . The d i f f i c u i ; ..-.cre a se d b e c a u s e v* n a a no anew ..edge c i vr.er, t h e s l u d g e m ig h t become i n n o c u o u s , so p* ' h e a r * a v-e u s e d o n c e Tr.ere have been many a s s u m p tio n s made c o n c e r n ! ... r i c e f a c t o r , t u t i n s u f f i c i e n t s u p p o r tin g d a ta have been a v a i l a b l e . ome e f f o r t n a s '.-sen made t o s o l v e vne p r o b le m c f t h e tim e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e ed u ctio n of organ^c lead in b u rle d sludge b u t the e f f o r t s -have not been rew arding. he p r in c ip a l a i f i i c u l t y was th a t every time arrangem ents were mad fo r the sampling f sludge for i t o r ig in a l lead c o n te n t, the sample was so low in organic lead co n ten t hat i t v*s not good exp erim en tal w a iteria l. I t was su g g ested th a t we produce our vn e:r.ce.* t r a i l or. o f TEL I:, slu d ge ir. order to have an adequate ample fo r study nw aver,' there va* evidence to show th a t added TEL d id not behave lik e " n a tu r a lly " - c e r r i n g TEL ir. rtae :.f v. i .a p p e a r a jic e o f t h e com pound. Added T5L was fo u n d t o be " a a i l y v a p o r *. t. rJL2t : ;`:& t vr. x c.-i w a s found a s *TSi. ."/U . **^1 !-'* TviCfi&tid. ( . a n d / . e r e v u s sseemm ee e v id e n c e to support the c o n j e c t m e --&-.i, ^ i . - e l . - . to V .c rie d -. -, a t oe : .* * . r e p o r t : :. ' ' - ` vv $* HZ*;',`-r- ,, <;'r*.\*ri *C ' r,;.` . > <-'**O^ o*t*f ' ''1 '. - ; . . ( vd exper t . - nani * ; " f f c r : r . ad t eer . v ot ed :,u r &' . i oi i b e l i e v e d * a* t i *. vi i r. a . - i t i on t o Vi vi , t e ?,* on s t r i al e x p e r i a a n t a i " i - ,, r . . - . * ,, i j came x n c v n 48 t a*: w a t r e r i ng Met hod. . t c ons i a tfc V. *. i .: l ay er s . . wt -.c . . eed * nr - e i nci t es i n r . i cxnea* , tr.** ; - ; T : n t s o ^ t l c r ...1 ov: t ; v Co t e j u y 'l odge *-;.5 poet i ng of .t Cu .,. -.ii i ; . viari-:-'.;*.-o ft .e g - ' e: y. :. .- .toecne 1er ft -rin...;' ; , g, . .V.- ; '.'Sv. - l -^' . ' , , Y. ; , r ' v' s. 3i t ee . *.: r e : s l edge na . . . ., .. - ,. ' '. } -.4VS. 'v.rr; * n., . C .. ' ' L Vo ! 1. p l - < * - *' <--^'* Wfclft r,& ? . . : ^enfici -i/tc* la nr.* rnr>v k /6 nat :en ,,W&.1- ; c-*i XiX.cted wren n thnnge cr* a new , I t . . . c e n t i d **- . ... .e s. 'vt <- o t k O er 1 si .. .-V ere t a t i ..r o f oi.r vW at t i t u d e t oward - -, > ;,r?. y;: * ,,-v;e ' i - p c "" r./.oe in t/io tina retn jiu i.'ig o a ..ag : Id t r t f n* o ir o : , . , . f, il.receft . ' - n e e n -,, . s c.aan t . l y one oraportent o f , ,.^r ` ,, r..me; ny . ra*S -i .e&d compounds . Io o t h e r ( T e ta r a is nave : ...... . i u ; ; .-ven 1 heugn o t n e r ccrtp'.-t.wnfa may be :.<**! eh n&st&rda, ;... ; : ftc e s i.-; ' o ti.ln x C -d d an ger., o f 4l e vapo- a -.ta t r i* I m (. n d1'. -tcei' . v t ; ni *.e t f f " i tt t e tt -.0 -or.ui . lo*i> ;-a*re *! j- * 1 - . . n e ..u' i -* I `?r'' ./i t ; 4 K 00097g ' f s a f e t y cf the method depend on the o r ig in a l d is p e r sio n o f organic ~eed , f v .r iz e * and the g rea t d ilu t io n Which occur* when i t i* not in * con fin ed space. Three question aut be con sid ered in judging the s a f e t y o f t h is method o f s . .ige ulspos&l: - '1 Wr.at are the r isk which a r is e from the slu d ge Whan i t i s spread fr e sh ly v tth i t s maximum co n ten t o f organic lead? {) Toes w eathering in r e a l i t y reduce th e organic lea d co n ten t to a le v e l th a t makes I t co m p letely non-haardou and s u ita b le fo r handling as ordinary waste m aterial? 3! What i s the p eriod o f time req uired fo r reason ab le com plete v a p o r iz a tio n ' The r is k s in v o lv ed in handling sludge as i t comes from the tank are the ear* aa the handling o f slu d ge when put In to a p it fo r b u r ia l. There i s no reason to be l i e v 'hat any s ig n if i c a n t ab sorp tion o f lead has ev er occurred as a r e s u lt o f the ordinary p r o p e r removal o f sludge from tanks. The p o t e n t ia l problems th a t e x i s t are those . r absorption of organic lead through the akin from con ta ct w ith the sludge and the r e l a t i o n of lead vapors a r is in g from the slu d g e. Although th ere are no d ir e c t, exp erim en tal data to prove or d isp ro v e the p r o o a b i l ; o f ab sorp tion o f organic lead through the sk in from c o n ta ct w ith slu d g e, experience maxes i t p o s s ib le to d evelop c e r ta in com parisons. Many o b se r v a tio n s have oeen made o f men who have worjtad 90 tank e n tr y and tank c le a n in g Jobs. In some in sta n c e ' d e f i n i t e l y a g a in s t r e g u la tio n s ) men have worked w e a r in g -c lo th in g contam inated w ith '| ' " " . ' "-V : ' ' ' .: lodge, .x v e worn le a t.je r shoes and hay had t h e ir hands and oth er sk in a rea s covered i " ' w ith slu d g e. Although nc d eterm in ation s were made to measure p o s s ib le lea d a b so rp tio n , -ese workers nave never shown symptoms from t h is type and degree o f exp osu re. The o c c a s io n a l c a se s o f le a d in t o x ic a t io n th a t have occurred a s a r e s u lt o f :r< :n leaded g a s o lin e *torage tanks have alw ays been dem onstrated to be the r e s u lt f ab sorp tion 'ey in n a ia tio n w hile w ith in the tank. T herefore, in every ca se i t has rc-n demonstrated th a t ab sorp tion was a r e s u lt o f e it h e r a f a ilu r e tc use proper 00007E2  : - '. uwr.t : o .. - ilu r e o f that, equipment, . - ` : "tor.fined sk in a p p lic a tio n o f g a te l i .vs ::: : r.g - nt ret ion? :o . :.ii derate le e x c e ss o f th ose found o r d in a r ily in gas..' r v : ' s ,-preci ?.o:,e ab sorp tio n o f lead has been found ' t i. s ? r ; ia o f . oc saap le e ,. f sludge taken from leaded g s sc lir .e * - - J i t - o 5, the ine-so. organic > a d co n ten t was found i tef 0.0114 and r*.:\.v " to 0.1^65%. These sample a were la r g e ly from unwashed 1-dge . "'re --p 'i-.r'-iSr wTiiCT* vene a t a l e v e l o f 0.10^ or g r e a te r and th ese i.vre* rtua. :.s -egarden as e x c e p t; or*!.The maxinum a llo w a b le so n een trstio r. " ..' ' ' I* . . v lin e '-out C. > ly w eigh t. Although the c a r e le s s handling o f sludge su : .v;avt with i ',,re i* fin ite ..,, rv:.t condoned, i t i s h ig h ly u n lik e ly th a t, wi .. i-a.- degree and c le a n lin e s s , s ig n if ic a n t a b s o r p tiO n v lll occur r-iff -r u; <*'.uoge s b e f o r e ;**a u c tio n o f i t s organ ic lead co n te n t. " c degree . * :**ard v j t *: g h t -`x t s t from th e in h a la tio n o f yttpdf r is in g t = . spread . :dg has prc-'cabiy oeer. confused w ith the h itg r d produce- oy zi i t#> apo.r* in ..oof;.aed sp a ces. I t req u ires on ly g fto n is h in g ly c ra'-i on* ;. f '.`S'gea lodge to produce d is t in c t ly dangerous su - 1 .-.vs organic '.aa n the a iv above i t when the sludge and a ir are CORf* teg f i t le n t time : * *.h..-wtd f o r '"pari t a t ion to o ccu r. However* an'alJpptl no s i t o f to h .iitio u s e x i s t a f t e r sludge i s spread in the open. ' .'y t :.aft iu'drs i s spread i t s organic lea d co n ten t i s u s u a lly jjfffjlf?V . sses s tr u t p r in c ip a lly by a cons} G r a t is degree o f removal which OCCUJff f | . ws *r.e i and tne *_udg* i s flu sh ed n t h v a te r from p ressu re h o se s. Af i t I* '`'it i s -pread tn* re is no oppcrtvui ty lor th* c o n c en tr a tio n o f organic lead to bViiii :..j .-ver ly in g a; r *ry yen- cs s t t l 1 .Jr d is p e r s io n alone p rovides fo r an' ibS ifd lf * y : . v. * -.-pore vx-v:. away i: - r *1 Ige *- r fa c e , . coo m 3 T h a o r e t i d a l l y i r h a t b e e n an ew . th a t, t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f TEL I n a volume f s t i l l a i r o v e r a s o l u t i o n o f TEL i n g a s o l i n e ( 3 ml T E L /g a i g a s o l i n e ) d r o p s o f f r a p i d l y . -. I n a p e r i o d c f 18 .** h o u r s t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f l e a d i n a c o lu m n o f '.'.11 a : r o v e r t h i s i n t e r f a c e w o u ld be 124,000 m ic r o g ra m s p e r c u b i c f o o t a t a d i s t a n c e f. ' The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f l e a d d r o p s t c 33/ 300 m ic r o g ra m s p e r c u b i c f o o t a t a r-re 1 o f -i f e e t a b o v e t h e s u r f a c e a n d t o 6, 30 r a i c r o g r a m s / c u . f t . a t a l e v e l c f 6 `r t ibove the su rface. A p p licatio n o f form ulas from which these fig u re s have been ha-.-* n o t 't e e n a p p l i e d t o v a p o r i z a t i o n fro m s l u d g e b e c a u s e o f many unknown I t p r a c t i c e , i t i s known t h a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f TEL i n th e a i r r ; l o . r-o'-e t h e i n t e r f a c e o f s l u d g e a n d a i r i t v e r y low e v e n i n i t i a l l y . No c o n c e n t r a t i o n -*r -r 't* t.-ogram s p e r c u b i c f o o t h a s e v e r t e e n f o u n d i n t h e a i r a b o v e f r e s h l y s p r e a d l . Ig e. 'here does e x is t a r e p o r t o f o r e s u l t o f 20 micrograms per cubic fo o t ( th a t t-; : : tr a i n e d oy o t h e r s ': a t a l e v e l o f X foot, a b o v e a s p r e a d o f s l u d g e r e p o r t e d t o ?. * c oncer, t r a t i o n o f TEL o f 0 . 1*. E ven a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 20 m ic r o g r a m s p e r too-;, a ' 1 f o o t s t o v e t h e a lu c g e i t c a n be assum ed t h a t a t no rm al b r e a t h i n g l e v e l : tc- f e e t, tr.e c o n c e n t r a t i o n w oulo n o t e x c e e d 4 m ic r o g r a m s p e r c u b i c f o o t . T h e r e - " t. . oat assurance th a t, w ith o rd in a ry c a re , th ere is no hazard to be expected niulge spread for w eathering even before any vap o rizatio n has taken place. I:: o rd e r t o d e te rm in e th e q u e s tio n c o n c e r n in g .th e v a p o r i z a t i o n t h a t ta k e s ..ace in p r a c t i c a l a p p lic a tio n s , a f i e l d i n v e s t ig a t io n was conducted where sam ples o f l - ig'j we re t a n e n from 36 t e a t a r e a s when s l u d g e was f i r s t s p r e a d f o r w e a t h e r i n g a n d a g a i n fig u re s are cautioned not because th e re is any re la tio n s h ip between th e magnitude 1he c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t u t t o i l l u s t r a t e t n e r e d u c t i o n o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o l: s tar.ee. _ HE" 0 0 0 9 7 S 4 -5- *t the er.d o f ft 3Cday p eriod . These experim en tal spread were made over a c e n sid er a r H g e o g r a p h ic 'd is tr ib u tio n as fa r south as L ouisiana and Texas and as far north as New Ycr< S ta te and New Hampshire. The t e s t e were made during a l l calen dar weather periods* A*, the end o f a 3^-day period a l l o f the weathered sludge samples except four were-,,reduced to a -concentration o f organ ic lea d o f 0 .6 0 2 $ or l e s s . Two o f th ese fou r ex cep tio n # were found to co n ta in 0.006$ organic X*ad and two were found to co n ta in 0. 00^$. - In one in sta n ce where 0, 006$ was found in ~}0 days, an a d d itio n a l exposure o f I t days r e d u c e d the organ ic lead co n c en tr a tio n toH?..0 01. : : v. .... . . ; Temperature i s the most in f lu e n t ia l fa c to r in v a p o risa tio n but extrem ely high tem peratures are not req u ired . At. fr e e z in g tem peratures l i t t l e or no v a p o r iz eU or, occurs and i t i s a d v ised th a t days o f free sin g temperature be exclu ded from the 30-dsy w eathering requirem ent. Of the 36weathered samples 6 were reduced to zero $ organic load. I f zero r e s u lt s should be req u ired , a d d itio n a l time over trie 30-day p eriod w i l l tain this result. T o n eiu slo n e:- 1. The han dlin g o f sludge as i t i s taken from the tank and spread on the ground 1s no more hazardous than the handling o f sludge when i t i s dumped} in to a p i t . . 2. Tne presenpf o f sludge spread over the ground in th in la y e r s c r e a te s no hazard i f ordinary p recau tions are taken to avoid co n ta ct y|.tb the sludge and th f vapors a r is in g from i t . 3. A. 3G-day P eriod o f w eathering (e x c lu s iv e o f days o f fr e e z in g tem p eratu res/ re d u c e s the o rg a n ic' l e a d content s u f f ic ie n t ly for a l l r e s t r ic t io n s tp be removed and to a llo w d i s p o s a l or treatm ent as any ordinary v a st . v. There are advantages in the weathering method over the b u r ia l method in so fa r as f i n a l i t y o f the problem is concerned and in s o fa r as e v e i l a b O i t o f more and more d is p o s a l s i t e * are concerned. KE" 0009?85 M edical hthvi r r e'p'ar yn ' . : / 1 C/ mi