Document Y7kyyQz7DbdnG65XQ8Xj0jJV

L.--\i S' Vol. 3. FOUNDATION FACTS June, 1941 This news-letter Is Issued monthly to metnher companies and trade associations affiliated with Air Hygiene Foundation. Its purpose is to reoort Foundation news and activities. Air Hygiene Foundation is a partnership of Industry and science organised to protect the health of the 15 million workmen Jn heavy industry. Ho. 6. Engineering Research Report Findings from a Foundation supported study of "Fundamental Factors in the Design of Lateral Exhaust Hoods for Industrial Tanks," will be issued to member com panies in the near future. This practical study was made by Leslie Silverman, who held one of the Foundation's fellowships at Harvard University. Brief Bulletin Coming on Skin Diseases Ho. 4 in the Foundation's series of brief bulletins on Industrial Health Defense will be issued shortly. This bulletin, prepared by a noted dermatologist points out that many cases of skin diseases arise in the wash room, rather than in the production process. Strong soaps injure the skin. Nutrition in Plain English Instead of stressing the thirty-odd chemical or technical ingredients of an adequate protective dietary, public health workers might well emphasize simply that nutritional requirements are well mot except for calories by the daily intake of the following foods: 1 quart milk for a child (1 pint for an adult) as drink or food; 1 egg; 1 serving of meat, fish or fowl; 3 servings vegetables (one of them green leafy or yellow), including potatoes; 2 servings fruit {one of them raw); l patties of butter; 1 serving whole grain cereal. --Illinois Health Messenger. Defend the Defense Worker Total war demands total defense. Use your Foundation membership to help defend the defense worker. Some 15 of thorn are necessary to maintain a soldier at the front. Today's wars are won in mines and mills. Sabotage "The employee is the objective in the destruction of plants! If the foreign agent can't win the employer over to his side as an agent of destruction, then he cooks to destroy that employee".... From, "Sabotage," National Foreman's Institute. Consoling Notes The Census Bureau assures us that the chance of being killed by lightning is only about 1 in 338,000. Greer. Philosopher Galon said, almost 1,900 years ago: "Employment is Nature's host physician and essential to human happiness," Defend the Defense TJorkeri AIR HVOlCNC FO UN CATION 4400 FIFTH AVCNUC *ITT**UftOH. Fa. HKBB-0010320 HWBB-0010322 f June, 1941. Air Hygiene Foundation, . 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa, _ cs V--. cs DIGEST OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Literature--News--Developments News Items 418 Malnutrition. The National Nutrition Conference on Defense, which was recently held in Wash ington, D. C., included two sessions presented by the Section on Nutrition in Industry. The effects of malnutrition on writing efficiency, also measures for improving the diet and nutrition of workers were discussed. Recent dietary studies among large representative samples of the people of the United States, clinical studies among smaller groups, and the examination of men called up, for military service show clearly that poor diets and undernourishment are wldeaproad in the country. While there is no ground for alarmist statements, the facts are serious enough to be a genuine erase of weakness in the present nation al emergency and to warrant national attention and concerted action. Under nourishment is more insidious end less obvious In its effects than a disease ' epidanic, but it is not less harmful. Recommendations made to the Conference by this Section included: (1) special attention should be peld to the diet of all workers and particularly to the diet of defense writers, end (2) the cooper ation of each State should be enlisted by urging the governor to call a State wide nutritional conference. The efforts should include an educational cam paign, and provision for restaurant and lunch facilities in factories. Defense, Zf 19, (June S, 1941) and Industrial Hygiene, i, 2 (May, 1941). 419 Occupational Health Exposures as Related to the Open Factory Window. There is a tendency during the wars simmer months to open windows In an attempt to obtain better ventilation. In many factories and workshops there are occu pational health hazards effectively controlled by means of local exhaust systems whose exact balance may be upset by stray air currents. In this way, toxic materials may be swept into the general atmosphere and endanger tho health of the workers. Under normal room air conditions processes, such as acid dip ping, alkali cleaning, electroplating, lacquer dipping, lead hardening, spray painting, or vapor degreasing by means of chlorinated hydrocarbons, may be oper ated with the health hazards fully under control, but a breeze or draft froa an open window may offset, to a major extent, the mechanical means provided to guard against dissemination of toxic materials. It often happens that the discharge of a local exhaust system is relatively near a window so that when opened, toxic materials may be returned to the workroom. This is particularly true when tho discharge is opposed to the prevailing simmer wind. During warm weather, it is essential for comfort, unless air conditioning Is provided, that many windows be opened. However, care must be taken to eliminate drafts in the vicinity of -processes involving the use of toxic materials, through the erection of suitable baffles or the locking of occasional windows thereby assuring tho effective operation of existing control measures. Conn. Health Bull., 55, 145 (May, 1941). HWBB-8010323 Digest of Industrial Eygiene - 2, 420 Ho More Mercury. The nation's hat industry has agreed to eliminate poisonous mercurial compounds from the manufacture of fur felt after December 1, 1941. Thus one of the oldest and most dangerous health hazards to workers will be removed provided the States adopt the model regulations which have been drafted. Participating in the oc agrocmont were representatives of the industry: The Batters' Pur Cutters Asso ciation and the Hat Institute, Inc., of New York; officials of the United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Vforkors International Union (A.F. of L.); Health and Labor Commissioners of New York, Pennsylvania, Now Jersey, Massachusetts and Connecti cut, in which States the nation's felt-hat industry is concentrated. In 1934 the Public Hoalth Service made a survey of chronic mercuriel poisoning at the request of the Hatters' Pur Cutters Association. This study was supplemented by another last year of the control of mercurial poisoning in the felt-hat industry. The Public Health Service studies showed that worker's exposed to mercury dust or vapor developed extreme irritability, digestive disturbances, insomnia, loss of appetite, tremor ("shakes"), loss of weight and sore mouth. Adequate substi tutes developed by industrial chemists are less expensive than mercury and do not require engineering and medical safeguards for workers. About 60 per cent of the fur-felt industry already has eliminated mercury from manufacturing pro cesses. New York Times, May 25, 1941, 421 Symposium on Industrial Public Health Nursing Services. A report of the Symposium on Industrial Hoalth Nursing Services, sponsored by the Wisconsin State Board of Health and the Industrial Nurses of Wisconsin has boon published in multigraph form, including the papors presented. A few of the papers have been abstracted in this Digest and ethers will follow. -.5 -z< 422 Blow on Chest Causes Death of Miner Suffering from Silicosis. While engaged in drilling coal, the deceased employee was struck on the chest by the handle of the drill when it caught in a binder or slate band, causing the drill to kick. Tho employee was knocked to the ground, and had difficulty get ting his breath. The employee at the time of this accident was suffering frem silicosis. The condition of the employea became worse. He was sent to doctors, and to a sanatorium, and it was found that Ms lung had collapsed. Some ten months after the accident he died. The Court held that the blow was the causa or one of the causes of the death, and that the facts of the case warranted a compensation award to the widow for the death of the employee. Rudolph vs, Shannopia Coal Co. (Ponn.) 18 Atl 2nd 329 (January, 1941). Oecup. Hazards, 3, 22 (May, 1941). 423 Indiana Supreme Court Reverses Decision Which Denied Award for Occupational Dis ease Caused by See Poisoning. '' In this case the Industrial Board found the disblllty not to be due to an occu pational disease. The appelate Court affirmed such decision. On final appeal to the Supremo Court of Indiana the Board's and the Appelate Court* s decisions were held to be incorrect. The facts were: The claimant, 33 years old, mark ed for 2-1/2 years as a tool hardener. The occupation consisted of treating tools, machine parts, etc., by heat in furnaces, at very high temperatures, after which they were treated in baths of chemicals. The claimant worked at 3 fur naces, one of wMch, a heavy duty electric furnace, was equipped with gas which bumod continuously whilo the furnace was in operation, for the purpose of pro ducing carboancnoxide, which was necessary in the hardening process. One furnace TT' S--n 0. %i Ul -a Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 3. and a portion of another was equipped with a hood to carry away fumes and excess heat. The heavy duty furnace was without a hood. The claimant became sick, dizzy, had difficulty in breathing, and suffered a general collapse. Medical examination led to the conclusion that he was suffering from polycythemia caused by carbon monoxide poisoning. Certain tests were made to determine the amount of carbon monoxide gas given off by the fumacos, and an amount insufficient to be injurious was reported. However, the Supreme Court said such tests were not made under conditions comparable to those under which the claimant worked. It said further, in reversing the judgment, that the circumstance of being ex posed to the poisonous gas, and being in a physical condition gonerally attri- butod by medical science to poisoning from that gas, and the absence of any other possible cause for the condition, seem sufficient to establish that the claimant was a victim of on occupational poisoning. Loucks vs. Diamond Chain and Mfg. Co. (Indiana) 32 N.E. 2nd 308 (March, 1941). Occup. Hazards, 3, 23, (May, 1941). 424 Additional Occupational Diseases for Delaware. Compensable occupational diseases shall not include any other than those sched uled below and shall include those so scheduled only when exposure stated in connection therewith has occurred during the amployment, and the disability has commenced within five months after the termination of such exposure: Occupational Diseases: ^ Anthrax; Caisson Disease: Load Poisoning; Mesotborius or radium poisen- Mercury Poisoning; lag; Arsenic Poisoning; Carbon disulphide; ' Phosphorous Poisoning; Benzene, and its hcmologues, Hydrogen Sulphide; Dermatitis; and all derivatives thereof; Silicosis; Wood Alcohol Poisoning; Poison Ivy; Chrome Poisoning; Oak Poison. (As amended by S. B. 230, Sec. 10, Laws 1941, Effective May 26, 1941.) (CCH). 425 Left Inguinal Hernia. Hernia Considered an Occupational Disease. Total Disabil ity. This is an appeal by defendant from an award by the Department of Labor and In dustry awarding to plaintiff compensation for total disability* Hid plaintiff suffer a hernia in the nature of an occupational disease? Plaintiff was employ ed by defendant as a sand mixer; his duties were to load sand on a wheelbarrow and wheel it across the plant to a mixing machine. A part of his duties was twice a week for about two hours to bail out of a well a composition referred to es slush. After lifting about four pails from the well he felt a pain in the right groin. The next day plaintiff told his foreman, Bulak, that he had rup tured himself. The testimony of the plaintiff together with the report of the commission of physicians fully justifies the finding of the bosrd that plain tiff's hernia resulted from lifting the pail of solvent from the well. Plain tiff's position in doing this work would be entirely different than that of one doing ordinary heavy lifting or carrying, and it is entirely reasonable to infer from these circumstances that plaintiff in this work was subjected to an unusual strain and that a hernia resulted therefrom. Was there competent evidence that plaintiff suffered a total disability? There was evidence upon which the department could make such a finding and this court may not review its finding as to facts. The award is affirmed. Brozozowski v. Swedish Crucible Steal Co., Mich. Supreme Ct. Decided June 2, 1941. (CCH). ....... HUBS-0B10324 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 4. H8B*-0010325 426 Hew Sections In Idaho Occupational Diseases Statutes. S3 Son-Disabling Silicosis -- Waiver 43-2121 -- Where an employee, though not actually disabled, is found to be affected by silicosis, he may, subject to the approval of the board, be peiroitto to waive in writing full compensation for any aggravation of his condition that may result from his continuing in his hazardous occupation. In the event of total disablement or death as a result of the disease with which the employee was sc affected, after such a waiver, compensation shall nevertheless be payable as heroin elsewhere provided, but in no case, whether for disability or death L.""J or both, to exceed $2000,00 in the aggregate. A waiver so permitted shall re main effective, for the trade, occupation, process, or employment for which ex ecuted, notwithstanding a change or change of employer: Provided, that such waiver shall not inure to the benefit of any employer who fails to comply with the provisions of Section 42-2113, The industrial accident board shall mako reasonable rules and regulations relative to the form, execution, filing, or registration, and public inspoction of waivers or records thereof. 43-2121a -- A workman, seeking employment and having knowledge or being informed that he is affected with a non-disabling silicosis, who nevertheless voluntarily prefers to work in an occupation where his disease may become aggravated, may, vdth the approval of the board, enter into a contract with his prospective em ployer, waiving compensation under Section 43-2122, upon the possible subsequent termination of his employment from any of the causes sot forth in Section 43-2122 or from any other causos. (Added by Chap. 160, Laws 1941, Sec. 1, Effective March 13, 1941.) Entering Agreement Voluntarily 43-2121b -- Before approving a waiver under Section 43-2121 or Section 43-2121a, the board shall be satisfied that the workman has voluntarily entered into said agreement to waive compensation; that it is of greater advantage to the workman and his dependents, if any, for him to work in an occupation where Us disease may become aggravated then to sock other employment, and that the werking con ditions maintained by the employer are such as to minimise the hazards of silicosis. (Added by Chap. 160, Laws 1941, Soc. 1, offoctive March 13, 1941.) Hon-Disabling Silicosis -- Compensation upon Severance from Employment 43-2122 -- (1) Yfhen on employee working subject to this chapter, who has not pre viously executed any of the waivers referred to in Sections 43-2121, 432121a, and 43-2121b,and who would be entitled to compensation under tUs law, if dis abled, is, because he has a non-disabling silicosis, discharged from employment in which he is engaged, or when such an employee, after an examination as pro vided in Subsection (2) and a finding by the medical panel that it is Inadvis able for him to continue in Us employment, terminates Us employment, the in dustrial accident board may allow such compensation on account of such discharge or termination of employment as it may deem just as support money pending Us change of employment, payable as in tUs law olsewhore provided, but in no case to exceed $750.00. (As emended by Chap. 160, Laws 1941, Sec. 2, effective March 13, 1941.) (CCH). 427 New Occupational Disease Statute for Washington. Chapter 235, Law3 1941, effective June 11, 1941 Section 1. Within the contemplation of tUs Act "occupational disease" means such disease or infection as arises naturally and proTlmtoly out of extra- hazardous employment. Each workman who shall suffer disability from on occupational disease in the course of an extra-hazardous employment, or Us family and dependents in case of death of the workman from such disoase, shall Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 5. receive the same compensation benefits and medical surgical and hospital care treatment as would be paid and provided for a workman injured or killed in extra hazardous wployaent under the industrial insurance and medical aid act of the state: Provided, however, That this Act shall not apply where the last exposure to tho hazards of the disease occurred prior to January.1, 1937. Section 2. Tho compensation and benefits provided for occupational diseases shall bo paid frem the same fund and In the seme manner as compensation and bene fits for injuries under the industrial insuxanco and medical aid acts and tbs contributions of employers to pay therefor, shall be determined, assessed and collected in the same manner and as a part of tho premiums for extra-hazardous !S_r employment. Sec. 7679-1, Remington^ Revised Statutes. Vol. 8. 1940 Pocket Part Section 7679-1 -- Compensation shall be payable for disabilities sustained or death incurred by an employee resulting from the following occupational diseases: {1} Anthrax. Handling of wool, hair, bristles, hides or skins. {2} Lead poisoning or its sequelae. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with load or its preparations or compounds. (3) Zinc poisoning or its sequelae. Any process involving tho use of or direct contact with zinc or its preparations or compounds or alloys. (4} Mercury poisoning or its sequelae. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with mercury or lt3 preparations or compounds. (5) Phosphorous poisoning or its sequelae. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with phosphorous or its preparations or compounds. {6) Arsenic poisoning or its sequelae. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with arsenic or its preparations or compounds. (7) Poisoning by benzol or nitro-, hydro-, hydroxy-, and amido- derivatives of benzene (dinltro-benzol, anilin, and others), or its sequelae. Aay pro cess involving the use of or direct contact with benzol, or nitro-, hydro-, hydroxy-, or amldo- derivatives of benzene or its preparations or compounds. (8) Poisoning by carbon bisulphide or its sequelae, or any sulphide. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with carbon bisulphide or its preparations or compounds, or any sulphide or sulphite. (9) Poisoning by tetrachlormethaae or any substance used as or in conjunc tion with a solvent for acetate of cellulose or nitro cellulose, or Its sequelae. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with any sub stance used as or in conjunction with a solvent for acetate of cellulose or nitro cellulose. (10) Chrome ulceration or its sequelae or chrome poisoning. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with chrcmlc acid or bychromate of ammonium, potasslua or sodiua, or their preparations. (11) Ulceration of the skin or of tho corneal surface of the eye, due to tar, pitch, bitumen, mineral oil, or paraffin, or any compound, product or residue of any of these substances. Handling or uso of tar, pitch, bitwen, mineral oil, or paraffin or any compound, product or residua of any of these substances. (12) Compressed air illness or Its sequelae. Any process carried on in compressed air. (13) Miners1 diseases, including cellulitis, bursitis, ankylcstolasis, tenosynovitis and nystagmus. (14) Cataract in glassworkers. Processes in tho manufacture of glass in volving exposure to tho glare of molten glass. (15) Methyl chloride poisoning. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with methyl chloride or its preparations or compounds. (16) Carbon monoxide poisoning. Any process involving direct exposure to carbon monoxide in buildings, sheds or enclosed places.  '3 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 6. (17) Poisoning by sulphuric, hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with sulphur, hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid or their fuses. (18) Disability arising from blisters or abrasions. Any process involv ing continuous friction, rubbing or vibration causing blisters or abrasions. (19) Disability arising from bursitis or synovitis. Any process involv ing continuous rubbing, pressure or vibration of the parts affected. (20) Dermatitis (venenata). Any process involving the use of or direct contact with acids, aUcalios, acids or oils, or with brick, cement, lime, concrete or mortar capable of causing dermatitis (venenata). (21) Asbestosis or silicosis (including anthracosilicosis and silicotubcrculosis) resulting from eiposuro to heavy concentrations of finely divided quartz cr ether forms of free silica (Si02)J Provided, However, That no workmen shall be entitled to compensation for asbostosis or sili cosis spocificd herein: a. Unless he was employed within the state of Washington for two years immediately prior tc the dote of claim for said occupational disease; and b. If the inception of such dlsoase originated outside tho state of Washington unless it be determined that tho said disease was con tinually quiescent and non-disabling for two years prior to the date of injurious exposure in the state of Washington and that such expo sure during his employment in tho State of Washington activated the quioscent disease to the extent of disability; (22) Any respiratory disease other than asbestosis or silicosis contrasted through the inhalation of du&t in any industry whoro intense dust prevails, Nothing in this section shall be construed to apply to any case of occupational disease in which tho last injurious exposure to the hazards of the disease occurred prior to January first, nineteen hundred thirty-seven, nor to any case in which such occupational disease was Incurred In the pursuit of a prior employment to which a character of occupational diseases 1b incident different from those incident to the employment followed at the time the disability occur red: Provided, Further, That no workman shall be entitled to compensation for any of the occupational disoasos specified herein, except asbestosis or silico sis, if the onset of such disease originated outside of the state of Washington, unless it is dotendued that such disease was quiescent and non-disabling one year prior to the date the injurious exposure occurred while in the course of his employment in the state of Washington and that such exposure during such employment in the state of Washington activated the quiescent disease to tbs ex tent of disability; Provided Further, That no workman shall be entitled to compensation for any of the occupational diseases specified herein If tho onset of such disease originated outside of the state of Washington, unless it Is dotormined that such disease was quiescent and non-disabling one year prior to the date the Injurious exposure occurred while In the course of his sploywmt in the state of Washington and that such exposure during such employment in the State of Washington activated tho quiescent disease to the extent of disability* (CCH). Notices of New Books 428 Handbook of Federal Labor Legislation. Bull. No.39, Part 1, Div. of Labor Stan dards. U.S.Dept. of Labor, Washington, 1941. For sale by Supt. of Documents, Washington, D.C. Price 35 cents. This handbook attempts to go somewhat further than just to set down the bare legal rights and duties contained in tho laws. It le arranged by statutes, and HHBB-0010327 (^n (Si & m p. M.l Digest of Industrial Hygiene - ?. Cn*J gives the main provisions affecting labor contained in the law itself and in the regulations issued thereunder, together with a brief description of the agencies chergod with enforcing or administering the law, and the procedures they use for* obtaining compliance, . :* 4..'.' Lifting Heavy Weights in Defense Industries. Margaret T. Mottcrt, U.S.Dept, of* Labor, Women's Bureau. Special Bull. No. 2, U.S.Govt. Printing Office. 11 pp. For sole by Supt, of Docuaonts, Washington, D.C. Price 5 cents. During the World War women in industry were called on to lift heavier loads than nomolly, and in all probability the same condition will soon arise. The nomal load which women habitually lift is not over 25 pounds, but an analysis of war time occupations here and In Great Britain shows that much heavier loads were often carried. The following recomnend&tions arc made for the conservation of women's health and strength: (1) guard against injury to physique in the lift ing of heavy weights; {2} analyze the elements in weight lifting to develop methods of saving onergy; (5) overcome the dangers involved in lifting weights by introducing lifting and conveying devices, providing efficient conditions for work, and informing workers as to proper methods for lifting; (4) train writers to use tho most economical methods of carrying weights; (5) protect the health of 'workers in heavy industries by physical examinations; and {6) state regula tion of weight lifting is more effoctive through the general authority granted regulatory bodies than through specific laws fixing maximum weights. Each point is discussed in somo detail. Six states now have lam regulating weight lifting, which are summarized. Papers on Dust, Gases and General Industrial Hvglone 430 Asbostosis. A. Wolff. Nord. Hyg. Tid. 21, 1-33 (1940). (Norwegian). Zentr. Gewerbehyg. Uhfallverhut. 27, 193-4 (1940K (German). The author describes three cases of asbestosls which occurred in Norway in fac tories where asbestos woa usod as packing material for acid containers. In one case asbestos particles wore present in the expectoration. The disease has not hitherto been observed in Scandinavia. 431 Some Investigations in the Slots Quarries. Observations on the Lungs of Slate Workers. A. Fell. Ber. 8 intern. Kongr. Unfallmed. u. Borufkrankh. , 986 (1939); Zentr. Gewerbehyg* Inverfallhut. 27, 40 (1940). (German). French slate contains 84% combined silicates (clunina, lime, magnesia, potash, etc.} and only &-? free silicic add. Examination of 251 slate workers who had been exposed to the dust under varying hygienic conditions revealed no signs of silicosis. The tendency to emphysema and chronic bronchitis is increased. Since the slate, contains much soricite, these findings do not indicate that sericite is tho chief causo of silicosis. In spite of the relative hozslessness of the dust, prophylactic measures are necessary. 432 Silicosis in the Steel Foundry. L.M.Merritt. Presented at Steel Founder's Society of America, Columbus, Ohio. December 17, 1940. Silica is brought into tho stool foundry is three ways. A great volume of sand is usod in the molding process and in cores. Silica flour is used in facings and in cores -- this source is more dangerous because tho silica is very finely ground. Tripoli is the third sourco but in recent years, its use is on the decline. The best method of controlling dust frem these materials is to prevent its formation or remove it at its source. Maintenance of good housekeeping is absolutely essential. HWB8-0010329 Digest of Industrial fygiene . 8, 433 Acute Silicosis -- Occurring in Banloyeea of Abrasive Soap Powder Industries. R. J. Ritterboff. Am. Rev. of Tb.,43. 117-131 (January. 1941). A report of two cases of acute silicosi3 due to abrasive soap powder dust with remarkably short exposure periods, being 100 days and 12 months respectively. The author sunaarlzes and compares 15 other cases which have appeared in the literature. The duration of life after cessation of exposure is quite short averaging just a few months, although one lasted for seven years. Those expo* suros wore prior to the inception of dust control measures. Analysis of the powders showed a free silica content of SOJt. 434 Dust Control -- Silicosis Prevention. Verne A. Zismor. Brass and Aluoimn Foundry 40, November 9, December 7, 1940; 41, February, 1941. Silicosis control in Sundries is accomplished by two methods: prevention of dust generation; and a number of foundry practices, including good bouskeeping, isolating dusty operations, and integration of dust control with production. Flans ore shewn for a foundry layout, showing isolation of tumblers, grinders o--'; and shakeout, also details of a duct system of local exhaust Tontilation. Dust arrestors are described and the application of local exhaust to various foundry operations, such as shakeout, sandblast, tumblers, grinders, sand treating, and sand conveyors, is given in some detail. Oil is advocated instead of water for kooping dust down -- "cool-treating oil" being useful for this purpose end of moderate cost. Personal respiratory protection is discussed at length. Per missible concentrations of siliceous dusts is considered, together with two of the common methods for estimating dust in air. A list of selected references is glvon. 435 Regulations for Prevention of Silicosis from Sand Blasts in Foundries. 0. ' Swelling. Oiesaersl 27. 362-5 (September 20. 1940). (German). Included In the discussion are notes on the use of steel shot, types of sand blast and safety regulations, breathing apparatus end medical examination of the sandblaster. 436 Alr-cloaning Methods. R.E. Chase. Paper Trade J. Ill, No. 21, 29-33 (1940). Types of air filters are described which aro available to provide air of any de gree of cleanness likely to be demanded by the industrial plant. 43? Predicting Dust Concentration. III. How to Figure Dust Concentration When Filter ing Process is Intermittent. F.B. Rowley and R.C. Jordan. Heating, Piping, Air Cond.. 13. 304-6 (Atail. 1941). In the third paper of the series (See Abstracts No. 250, 251 April Digest) the authors extend the natbatical discussion to cases where the filtering prooese is intermittent. 438 Sources of Frror in the Investigation of the Efficiency of Dust-collecting Fouipment. V- Ontimiitm. Stahl u. Bison 60 . 253-4 (1940). lOernan). Operating efficiency depends principally on particle size and not velocity of fall. 439 Methods of Counting Dust Particles. John Finn. Mining J. (Phoenix, Ariz.) 24. No, 16, 4, ~il941) . A konimetor of the Kotze type is recommended. HMBB-0010330 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 9. 440 Practical Discussion of Dust Units Bnployed in Ventilation. F.F. Kraveth. Safe Practice Bull. No. 63, Penaa. Dept, of Labor and Industry, May, 1941. This article reviews general types of filters, their capabilities and failings, and their comparative worth as shown by the experience record of installations in the abrasive industry. Among those types discussed are the gravitational filter or settling tank, the cyclone, cloth filters, electrical precipitation and air washers. The gravitational filter is recommended only as a preliminary cleaning device. Its velocities should be kept from 100 to 250 fpan. This type of installation is practically wear and maintenance free, since the dust comes in contact with practically none of the filter parts while it still has any velocity. The cyclone unlike the gravitational filter increases in efficiency with the decrease in size of, at least, the diameter. Because of its high effi ciencies, it is probably the most widely used collector. These installations find their greatest application where the dust or collected material is non 0 abrasive in action. Cloth filters are used primarily where high efficiencies are necessary for the reclamation of valuable material, where recirculation Is desired as a means of reducing heating losses, or in residential districts where it is unlawful to discharge visible solids into the atmosphere. The original cost is higher than for the cyclone but its efficiency is unquestioned, its life extremely long, and maintenance fairly simple. Electrical precipitation offers @) perhaps the most efficient type of separation but its initial cost is high. Therefore, its application will probably be restricted to the reclamation of valuable or extremely dangerous materials. Efficiencies of air washers are some what lower than cloth filters, but occasionally lack of proper application and maintenance of the letter tend to make tho forator the more practical unit. Its cost averages about one-third that of the cloth filter design. 441 A Comparison of the Weight, Particle Count and Discoloration Methods of Testing Air Filters. F.3. Rowley and R.C. Jordan. Heating, Piping, Air Cond., 13, 246-55 {April, 1941). Tho relative merits.of three filter tost methods based on weight, particle count and discoloration are analyzed and the results of numerous tests are correlated with the theory of filtering air. In the tests by the counting method, the authors employed both an adhesive Impingement type of dust counter and settling chambers. Relatively low dust concentrations were necessarily used in tests witt 'ZJ these instruments. There is considerable evidence that arrestanceB based on par ticle count arc the best measures of tho degree to which dangerous dust is elim inated, but are not necessarily measures of degree of rmonl of nuisance dust. Moreover in its present state of perfection, this method requires too long a time to make a statistically reliable determination. The weight method has the advantage of high accuracy, and readily allows determinations of filter life and . dust holding capacity as well as arrestance. However, the role of tho larger dust particles is exaggerated and the method gives little Information on arrestances due to smaller particles. Both tho transmitted and reflected light dis coloration methods have a reasonably good accuracy (3$), and the reflection method is probably the best for measuring reduction of soiling power. In the reflection method the blank is fairly constant, while it varies considerably in the transmission method. Both methods measure the reduction and discoloration only in relation to the test dust being used, and the arrestances vary greatly for the seme filters with different dusts. The pbotc-electrio cell method, then, is tho best measure of the reduction in discoloration, while the crucible method is the best measure of the reduction of the largor visible dust particles. The question of which is the best indicator of removal of nuisance dust is left open. HHBB-0010331 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 10, 442 Protection Against Poisoning in Blast Furnace Plants. F.W.E. Spies. Ingenieur 55, G.59-G.S2 (August 16. 1941). (Patch). The various types of respirators used against furnace gases are described, in cluding the carbon monoxide catalyzer, charcoal filter, and supplied oxygen respirators. - 443 Protoction Against Poisoning by Insecticides. M.F. deBruyne. Ingenieur. 55. G.55-G.58 {August 9, 1940)7 (Dutch). The paper is devoted mainly to a discussion of the respirators for protection S-n against various types of insecticides, including the supplied air filtering, and oxygen generating forms of protectors. 444 In Dusty Work Places. Science Enables Men to Breathe Safely. A.C. Carruthers. Safety Eng.. 81. 8-10 (April. 1941). ---- The author discusses dust prevention and personal protective devices briefly, beginning with the history of dust exposure and of preventive measures, especial ly the part played by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in establishing approval tests for 0 respirators. He lists four general methods of dust prevention and protect^ i: wetting the dust, exhaust systems, enclosed systems, and respirators. The a portance of educating beginners in competent and faithful use of protective devicos is stressed. 445 The Gas Mask for the Protection of the Worker. E. Noitzel. Z.ges.Scbiess- u. Sprengstoffsw. 35. 133-4 (1940). (German). Cases of fatal accidents, poisoning, otc., caused by nitrous fines, halogens and their compounds, ammonia, carbon dioxide, lime and alkalies, benzine, lust, Cartox gas, ethylene oxide, methyl sulfate, Firinit, Prodcrit lacquer, Bongalite solution, methyl alcohol, etc., are described. The use of proper gas masks is recommended. . 446 Respiratory Protection. Anonymous. Nat. Safety News, 43, 19-20, 28 (March,1941). The entire March nianber of NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS is devoted to safety equijmeat of all types, with a brief article on each division of the subject. The general sections ore.* (1} personal protection; (2) mechanical protection; (3) fire and plant protection; (4) first aid and medical service; (5) sanitary equijment and supplies, and (6) miscellaneous products and services. The first section is sub divided into clothing, eye protection, head coverings, shoes, respiratory pro tection, hand and arm protection. While the treatment of each subject is natural ly general and doss not justify detailed abstracting, the issue is a good canpend ium of safety devices in general. An up-to-date list of Safe Practice Pamphlets, comprising General Pamphlets, Pamphlets for Special Industries, Industrial Data Sheets, and Health Practices Pamphlets, issued by National Safety Council, is included. In the section on respirators, the classification used by the U. S. Bureau of Mines is followed by a list of factors to be taken into consideration, as compiled by H.W. Letmberg Including (1) efficiency in removing dusts; (2) minimum obstruction to breathing; (3) tight fit; (4) ccofort; (5) non-interfer ence with goggles and proper weight distribution; (6) minimum free space with positive-acting, low-resistant inhalation valTes; (7} compactness and good appearance; (8) durable cover, and (9) non-injurious materials, and replaceable and sterilizable parts, 447 Artificial Lunas for the Testing of Gas Masks and Respirators. R. Sauer. Gesnaske, No. 1 (1940). (Gorman). _ The paper describes with illustrations, an artificial mechanical lung apparatus for testing gas masks and respirators. 0. m <c = c_rn Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 11. 448 Avoidable Loss of Life. W. Meyer. Gasmasks 12, 42-5 (1940). (Goman). A description of deaths caused by breathing fumes of lead, mercury, benzene, miscellaneous organic vapors, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and du3t. These could have been avoided by the use of a gas mask. 449 Public Notice of the German Minister of Labor Concerning Decisions of the German Committee for Dust Protectlvo Apparatus. January 30. 1940. Reichsgosundheitsbl. 15, 283-7 _(1940). (Gorman), The published regulations relate principally to protection for sandblasters. Each must have a positive pressure helmot which must have sufficient excess pressure and an air supply of at least 80 liters per minuto. Construction must be such as to prevent decrease below that amount; the air supply must be free from dust and oil and there must be an adjustable contrivance for heating which will provide a temperature of at least 20C. It is rocoamended that air be brought in by special ventilators, and direct connection with the ordinary coa- pressed air supply is allowed only temporarily and only if the other conditions arc fulfilled. Throe commercial German helmets meat the specifications, (one Auer and two Draeger) and others have bean rejected. 450 Resuscitation After Electric Shock. C. f, Delziel. Hoc. West 86, 38-42 (April, 19415. Several first aid techniques for the electrical worker aro presented. The prone pressure (Shaefer) method and pole top method are describod, with the aid of numerous illustrations. The various organic causes of death from electric shock, tho treatment of shock, and safety measures are fully discussed. 451 Resuscitation from Shock. G.H.Bell and J.A.C.Knox. Elec. Rev., 127. 241 (September 20, 1940). Experiments In resuscitation using the Ioilinek and Shaefer methods were perform ed on subjects who were trained to relax their respiratory muscles. In the Jelllnak method, the subject is laid on his back and his shoulders are forcibly pushed backward toward the ground, bending the vertebral column. The authors found that this method did not bring enough air into the lungs and that tho sub jects were very uncomfortable. Tho well-known Shaefer method proved entirely satisfactory and is much preferable to the other. 452 Muscular Paralysis Caused by Electric Currents. C.F. Dalziel and J,B. Lagen. ELectronics^U, 22-3 (March, 1941). . This Is a report on tests conducted to dotexmlne the threshold of muscular non control of a group of normal men on direct and alternating currents from 5 to 10,000 cycles per second. The results give the velues of the electric current at which muscular paralysis occurs in .husans and range from 10 to 20 mHliamperos at ordinary frequencies. The results are independent of electrode size, moisture on bonds, current pathway and previous experience in the tests. The threshold Increases as tho frequency decreases to very low values and also Increases os it increases from about 200 to 10,000 cycles per second. 453 Training Men In Pole-Top Resuscitation. H. Miller. Eloe, Light fc Power 19. 56 (February, 1941). A new pole-top technique developed by Southern California Edison Company, elimin ates some difficulties found in the former method. A scries of photographs demonstrates the method of resuscitation. HWBB-0010332 H W B B -001033 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 12. 454 Electric Shock. Electric Burns and their Treatment. A.E. Gordin. Ind. Med., 10, 87-91 (March, T94lTT In the treatment of electric shock, immediate and continuous artificial respir ation, -without moving the victim, is the first requisite. After breathing is restored the patient must be kept quiet at least for an hour. As a rule no drugs should be administered. Burns should not bo treated until recovery from shock appears certain. Amputation, where necessary should be delayed if possible until the shock has been overcome. Gas gangrene is a frequent complication, usually appearing IS to 36 hours after the accident. The author has been un successful with serum and drugs of the sulfanilamide type. Tetanus antitoxin should be administered. Deep and severe hemorrhage must he watched for. For this reason, very careful nursing is of major importance. Bone involvement does not show in x-rays and soldcm appears before 6 to 12 weeks have elapsed. Skin grafting is usually successful if not attempted too soon. The patient's mental cond.;ion can be improved by giving him compensation early and by putting him back to work as quickly as possible. 455 Defects of the Cardiac Valves as a Consequence of Electric Shock. S. Koeppen. KlinT wchnschr. 197 1257-61 (1940). TGeraanl. ---- The author first discusses 13 cases of cardiac valve and muscular disturbances thought to hare resulted from electric accidents, hut finds the problem compli cated by infection and other factors. From a number of experiments be concludes that the electric current causes disturbances of the nervous system of the heart and an Increase of blood pressure, caused by the spasm of the peripher al muscles and central irritation of the brain. Also found are disturbances of the rhyttn or a complete cessation of the heart with typical findings, or fibril lation of the ventricle. It Is impossible that a valvulardefect could be caused by an electric accident. 456 gLectric Arc Welding: the Effects of Welding Gases and Fumes. S.F. Meek, C.P. McCord and G.C. Harrold. J.Am.Med.Assoc.. 116. 1618-21 {April 12, 1941). The authors briefly describe spot end gas welding with their associated hazards, and then electric welding in more detail. The potential hazards from electric arc welding are: (1) the arc itself (ultraviolet emanations, heat, ozone, nitrous gas); (S) electrodes (manganese, chromium, nickel, zinc, aagneslia, etc.): (3) coating of electrodes (fluorides, silica, silicates, bitiaans); and (4) oxygen deficiency. Finally they present an abridged version of their experiment al work which wns renewed in our Abstract So. 783, November, 1940. 457 Infrarod Spectrophotometric Studies on Hemoglobin as Affected bv Cyanide. Methylene Blue and Carbofa Monoxide. M.M. Brooks. An.I.Physiol., 132. 311-20 (March 1, 1941). By means of a spectrophotometer and infrared-sensitive photometric plates, the absorption spoctra of blood in the presence of methylene blue, nitrite, ferrlcyanide and cyanide were studied. No changes were produced by potassiw cyanide or by methylene blue, in the concentrations similar to those occurring in poisonings and their therapy. Sodium nitrite produces a shift in the trans mission maximum. The author concludes that methylene blue does not produce mothemoglobin; also that the mechanic* of cyanide poisoning Is an alteration of the oxidation-reduction potential of the ferrous-ferric system of the respiratory enzyme, such that the bivalent form is unable to revert to the trivalant. Any non-toxic oxidant, such as methylene blue or aodiim nitrite, may bring the potential back to a normal range, allowing recovery. HHBB-00t0334 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 13. 458 Cerebral Vascular Lesions After Carbon MonortAe Poisoning. Queries and Minor Notes. J. Am. Med. Assoc.. 116. 451 (February 1. 1941). PF) Poisoning by carbon monoxide in a laborer aged 3? was followed in 3 weeks by severe bead pains and vomiting, after apparent recovery, and 7 days later a similar attack proving fatal, was clearly a case of cerebral hemorrhage. No clear reply can ba given to the question whether the poisoning was responsible ^c- for the cerebral hemorrhage, but fatty, hyaline and other retrogressive changes of vessel walls are known to follow carbon monoxide poisoning. An existing arteriosclerosis enhances the effect of carbon monoxide. 8^ 459 Carbon Monoxide -- A Domestic and Occupational Hazard. W.H. Schulze. Medical Clinics of N. America. 25, 437-52 (March, 1941). Where exposures continue over a period of several hours the carbon monoxide concentration in air should not exceed 100 parts per million parts of air. Acute poisoning is manifested by a progressive paralysis of the central nervous system ultimately resulting in unconsciousness and death. Subacute poisonings are characterized by such subjective symptoms as headaches, nausea and vomiting, weakness, dimness of vision and dizziness. Continued educational methods de signed to acquaint the public with the sources, symptoms and dangers of carbon monoxide poisoning both in the home and in industry should help to reduce the large nuaber of fatal and non-fatal poisonings caused by this gas every year* 460 02one In Ventilation and Air Conditioning. T.R. Crowder. Proc. of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Medical and Surgical Section of the Assoc, of American Railroads,New York, June 10-11, 1940. pp. 133-131. Insofar as the physiological effects of ozone have been measured they are pre ponderate^ harmful. Sven such minute quantities ae 1 part per 10 milliom parts of air may be definitely injurious to the respiratory membranes# Bacteria can be killed by ozone, if moist; but human beings are injured by concentrations ae far below those necessary to bring this about that the fact is of no practical Importance in hygiene or therapeutics. The deodorizing effect of ozone is sot reel, only apparent; since it accomplishes its purpose by paralyzing the sense of smell. The author concludes that ozone has no proper place in ventilation or air conditioning. 461 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. A.H.Baggenstoss. Ket.Zagr., 44, 211-3, 325 (Ifarch, 1940). This Is a general paper on sources of carbon monoxide, its mode of actios, symp toms and prevention of poisoning, and treatment for persona overcome by the gas. 463 How Dangerous is Ces? W.B. Paton. Can. Min. J., 61, 527-9 (August, 1940), The author answers the question, sometimes asked in just that form, by saying: "As dangerous as it is permitted to be." The toxm "gas" is used by mining men to denote any noxious or inflanmtable gas encountered in underground working*. -In Canadian mines, such gases consist of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydro gen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen peroxide and methane. Probably all fatalities are caused by carbon monoxide. The effects of each gas are discussed, with special attention to carbon monoxide. Suggestions are given for reducing the hazards. 463 Protection Against Poisoning in Mines. A.H. Vossenaar. X&ganieur. 5, 0.52- G.55 (August 9, i940T. (Dutch). . This is a general paper on the properties of the most ccmnon mine gases, under the usual classifications of suffocating, Irritating, paralyzing and truly poisonous gases, with brief consideration of protective measures. - - >r* 1T"J 3 ^Si Digest of Industrial Ifygiene - 14. fLm>Pl 464 Guarding Against Nitrous Fuaes. Anonymoua. Safety Eng., 81_, 47-8 (1940). Prom an English Accident Prevention Bulletin. The oxides of nitrogen are among a few gases that may cause grave injury without immediate indications, and their effects may be realized when it is too late to cm save the vietia. To avoid injury it is necessary to Enow where they are likelyS to occur, to avoid breathing them when they occur and to obtain medical advice * at once when ill effects are felt, however trivial they may seem. Nitrous gases may arise wherever 3trong nitric acid is usod. The prefix "nitro" in the name of a substance should be a warning that such fines may be encountered in its use or manufacture. An atmosphere containing enough of the fumes to show their red color is highly dangerous, and even smaller concentrations, enough to cause coughing, choking sensation or smarting of the skin are injurious. Wherever . fines may arise the operation should be either totally enclosed or provided with strong oxhausts, supplemented with general ventilation. Breathing apparatus of the canister type is suitable for repair work and any other necessary exposure, only when the concentration of the fines is low. Otherwise air-supplied or oxygon-generating respirators must be used. When molten nitrate baths ore used for heat treatment, the temperature must never exceed 550C. 465 Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Poisoning in Industrial Processes and Pro tection Against Them. E. Neitzel. S.ges.Schiess-u. Sprengstoffsw. 35, 157-9 etc. (1940). (German). A discussion of the opportunities which exist in many Industries for the accident al release of carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide in poisonous quantities. The symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning and the mechanism of poisoning are des cribed. Methods for detecting the presence of carbon monoxide in air amd for post-mortem tests for tbs gas are given. The throe kinds of protective masks are described, including: (1) a mask with a canister containing a catalytic agent composed of a mixture of cupric oxide and manganese dioxide, which oxidizes carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide; (2) the oxygen breathing apparatus with a supply of oxygen, and (3) the hose to which air is pimped through a tube, hydrogen sulfide is no less dangerous than carbon monoxide. In high concentra tions unconsciousness occurs practically instantaneously. It also causes eye injuries. Instances of rapid poisoning ore cited. Sources of hydrogen sulfide in industry and elsewhere are listed, and symptoms of poisoning ore described. Suitable gas masks should be worn and stringent safety precautions should be observed. 466 Beware Ammonia Hazards. Anonymous. Power Plant Eng., 45, 69 (May, 1941). A brief note on the precautions to be observed in tiewriiing and using cylinders of ammonia including proper manipulation of valves and the necessity of rmaaining with the cylinder during discharge. 467 Anhydrous Annoala. R.J. Quinn and R.L. Carr. Water Works <k Sewerage. 86. . 132-6 (March, 1941). In addition to data on tbe physical properties of anhydrous ammonia, the authors present Information en its physiological effects, precautions in handling and first aid treatment of parsons overcome or injured. Tbs precautions Include ventilation by fans near the celling, use of only iron and steel for piping, avoidance of mixing the gas with chlorine, and care in handling. First aid Includes removal to fresh air,use of artificial respiration but not the pulmotor, treatment of eyes with boric acid, nose and throat burns with boric acid and light skin burns with picric acid. More serious bums should not be treated with picric acid but should he cared for by the physician. The tannic acid treatment is advocated. Hendersen and Haggard'a table of limiting concentrations is given. 'vw /n J 8-r. _ ev Digest of Industrial Ifygiene - 15. 466 Basedow*s Disease from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. I. Mafaaim. Rev. med. suisse ran. 60 . 568 (1940): Zentr. Gewerbehyg. Unfallverhut. 27. 193 (1940). (Gorman). A 37 year-old woman suffered in winter from progressive weakness, which com pletely disappeared in simmer. Basedow's disease developed during last winter. The cause was a defective stovo which gave off much carbon monoxide. The case differod from those.previously described in the literature in that the symptoms developed very slowly (3 winters) during an insidious poisoning. Exophthalmos was absent. The similarity between carbon monoxide poisoning and Basedow's dis ease is dismissed and the relation of Basedow's disease to changes in the mesencephalon is pointed out. 469 Danger of Chlorine Gas. Freitag. Z.ges.Schiess-u. Sprengstoffsw. 35, 159 (1940). (German). Several instances of poisoning by chlorine gas are described. Methods of treat ment are suggested. Venesection and oxygen Inhalation are recommended. ToXic action on man is described as follows: 0.01 mg. per 1. can be breathed for several hours without serious effects; 0.1 to 0.15 mg. per 1. is lethal in 1 to 1. 5 hours, 470 Chromate Method for the Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in Air. F.V. Moskalev. Lab. Prakt. (U.5.S.R.) 15. 26-S (1940). (Russian). Chea. Abst.. 35. 1353 (March 10, 1941). The author has modified the method of Long by making some slight changes la reagents, and presents details of the analysis. Sufficient details for practi cal use arc given in the Chemical Abstracts reference. 471 Sodium Nltroprusslde Test Papers for the Detection of Sulfur Dioxide and Hydro fen Sulfide. N. Sciacca and E. Solarino. Ann. chla. applicate. 30, 246-7 19401."(Italian). Filter papers washed in a solution containing 4$ of sodiia nltroprusslde and 2% of sodium carbonate will detect sulfur dioxide at a concentration of 1 part per million and hydrogen sulfide at 1 part in 5 million. 472 X-Ray Diffraction -- An Important Tool in Pneumoconiosis Research. L. E. Berkelhame Jour; Ind. Hffg. tt Toxicol.. 23. 163-175 (May. 1941). Seven representative and varied instances are described in which x-ray diffrac tion has beon of assistance in pneumoconiosis roseerch. Mineral specimens and dusts, the chemically extracted mineral residues of lung tissue, six-micron sec tions as well as thicker sections, and dried ami pulverized lung tissue have all been subjected to x-ray diffractions with satisfactory results. The possibility of identifying minerals present In the same section that the pathologist has studied has been demonstrated. This may not be feasible in all cases since the dust concentration is a limiting factor but it can bo used in many instances and it has an advantage over methods involving dust retrieval which may alter the composition of the minerals in the process. The erroneous implication that the mineral pyrophyllite was the cause of a reported case of nodular fibrosis has boon considered; and proof by x-ray diffraction analysis Is offered that the case in question was one of disease due te quartz rather than pyrophyllite. X-Ray diffraction has its limitations but within that it has proven an invalu able old in pneumoconiosis research. 473 The Medicolegal Aspects of Roentgenology. J.W. Pierson. Medical Clinics of N. America 25, 331-46 (March, 1941). The medicolegal aspects of roentgenology may be considered from three angles: (1) the presentation in court of testimony based on roentgenologic findings; (2) the preparation of the proper foundation for such testimony by accurate roentgen HWBB-0010336 !?$) fi-r. iO) t. g P _ e*> --V ^ Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 16, technic and correct interpretation of the films obtained; and (3) the legal responsibility of the individual employing x-ray apparatus for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, or both. 474 The Miniature X-Ray Film of the Chest. B.H. Douglas and C,C. Birkelo, Am, Rot. of Tb.. 43. 108-116 (January. 1941). Photo-roentgenography with the 4x5 inch film is quito accurate when compared wi* tho largor film. This type of examination can be used rapidly and economically in surveying large nuabers of persons. This film size is of practical use for direct interpretation without enlargement and has decided advantages over certain other methods of X-ray examination either as to accuracy or cost or both. 475 Tuberculosis Case-Finding. H.K. Edwards and others. Am. Rev. of Tb., 43, 491 1April, 1941). This is the report of a survey of 28,331 trade union members in New York City in 1939. The workers were primarily from the needle trades (dressmakers, etc.), department stores, wholesale warehouses, pocketbook makers, and food trades. The absence of Important tuberculosis findings in warehouse workers was not signifi cant because of the small miaber x-rayed. Workers in the needle trades and pocket book makers had lower rates of significant tuberculosis than those in department stores and food handling trades. More detailed analysis by specific union locals showed a greater problem in soma, but in no Instance was it possible to conclude that the job per se represented a special hazard so far as tubercu losis was concerned, 476 A Disorder Simulating Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Anonymous. Med. J. Australia. I, 21 (1941). ' This is an editorial comment on a paper by Einodt-Moeller and Barton (Indian Med. Gaz., October, 1940), who roport a "pseudotuberculosis condition associated with oosinophilio" or "eoslnophilia lung." The patients have fever,cough, expector ation, loss of weight, pain in the chest, and sometimes hemoptysis. Tbs roent genograph resmobles that of miliary tuberculosis or silicosis. The mottling Is extensive and usually evenly distributed. The Individual shadows are about & mu in diameter. The prognosis is relatively good. Some of the patients, examined years later, were found to be in an unchanged condition. The condition may be caused by constant or repeated passage of helminth larvae through the lings. The editors consider that the evidence indicates a distinct disease, but advise awaiting proof from autopsy and histological examination. 477 Influence of Aircraft Perforaance on Selection and Care of Military Aviators. J.R. Poppen. War Med., 1_, 180-7 (March, 1941). The author discusses the problems of adequate tests for selection of aviators, adequate oxygen supply, prevention of "bends" and of a similar "decompression illness," and effects of sudden changes of directions. Progress is being made on all these problems. The problems of cold, visibility and carbon monoxide are also receiving considerable attention. 478 Industrial Hygiene and the Navy in Nation*'' Defense. E.W. Brown, War Mod., 3-14 (January7 1941). The Medical Department of the United States Navy is vitally interested In indus trial hygiene, especially in navy yard practice. Industrial hygiene surveys are conducted separately by a medical officer and a line officer detailed as an engineer, and then correlated; and the engineer formulates the control program. Statistics are presented, which show a marked reduction in accident rate in a 12-yeor period. A list of occupational health hazards in navy yards la presented, with a discussion of the most ccanon ones. Special physical examinations of employees exposed to hazards is stressed. HWBB-0010337 HH8B-0010338 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 18. expressed in ponderous medical terminology which is perfectly understandable to him and other medical witnesses but is absolutely unintelligible to the lay jury. 483 Health Maintenance in Snail Industry. R.B, Hobson, Am.J.Pub.Health 31. 168-6 {February, 1941). The author relates how a practical health program is successfully conducted in a small plant with 200 employees by a part-time doctor and a part-time nurse. The doctor* s duties include preomployment and annual examinations, monthly trips of inspection accompanied by the plant director and visits alone at irregular in =J! tervals, The nurse devotes half her time each day to company work including pre sence in the first-aid room at a specified time, keeping records of all employee absences, and visits to the home of new absent employees. First-aid equip ment costs about $300 and the rost of the service costs about $10 per employee 0 per year. Sick absenteeism has decreased from 2.7 to 0.85 days per anplayee per year under this plan. Time lost through accidents has also decreased. The cost of accident cases is not included in the above figures since it is paid directly through the Compensation Board. In these times of increasing taxes, the author points out, a medical service must be an asset, not n liability, and more than humanitarian reasons are necessary to justify the cost of a stall-plant medical program. 484 Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops, 1939. Chanter 3. Health. J.C. Bridge. H. It. Stationery Office, London, 1940. The present war asergency has affected the health of the worker, not only in in creased accidents, but also on account of blackouts, increase in working hours, general anxLerty and retardation in applying new reforms. Among industrial dis eases, lead poisoning has remained at a low level, but mercury polsoniig has in creased, an has kleo chrcme ulceration. Arsenical poisoning has occurred in insecticide manufacture. Dermatitis has increased, but silicosis is at a stand still. Several fines and gases are discussed. The first case of fluorine osteosclerosis was reported in 1939. First aid Is industry has received on im petus from the intensive preparation for national defense. Industry is more osd more realizing the importance of medical supervision, and more full-time end part-time medical directors and nurses are being employed, 485 The Industrial Health Program in Maryland, R.H. Film, Maryland State Dept, of Health Monthly Bull.. 13. 30-35 {June. 1941). This is an account of the intensified industrial health activities is Maryland. By the cooperative provision of U.S. Public Health Service personnel to serve until permanent appointeents ere made, a broad program Is being carried os. Practical surveys of some forty industrial plants are done In cooperation with the county health officers and their staffs. Educational efforts of various kinds are being put Into operation. It is emphasized that the successful pro motion of an industrial health program con best be accomplished by the closely combined offorta of the physician, the industrial hygiene engineer, and the chemist, in collaboration with other state, local and federal agencies, the . accident commission, nodical societies, employer and employee groups, uaiversl' ties and companies interested in industrial casualty insuaance* 486 Supplement #4. Occupation and Health. Intom. Labour OfTice. Geneva, 1940. This brochure contains four additions to the Encyclopedia of Hygiene, Pathology and Social Welfare: (1) Adaptation and Rehabilitation; (2) Coracolditla; {3f Occupational tumors; (4) Workers Nutrition. The third section is a continuation of previous articles on tuners -- this one deals with those of the digestive system. HUBB-0&0339 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 19. 437 Maintenance of Safe, Healthful forking Conditions During 1940. Div. of Ind. : /'C".'TN N.Y.State Dept, of Labor, Ind. Bull., 20, 114-119 (April, 1941). The work of the Division of Industrial Hygiene during the past year has been three-fold: (1) it has made field and laboratory studies for the detection, control and prevention of occupational diseases and accidents; (2) it has em barked on a special health conservation program for the defense industries of the state; and (3) it'has rendered technical service (medical, chemical and engineer ing) to the Labor Department as a whole. Theso activities are described in detail. .J 488 The Medical Aspects of Occupational Diseases. J Jt.McDonald. Med. Clinics of N. America', 25, 357-64 (March, 1941). The author's discussion takes up the following topics: Historical, Causes, '-\ Channels of Entry for Industrial Poisons, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis, and Prevantion. The physician's port in prevention boglns with the pro-employment physical examination of all persons applying for work. Tho health status of 5) each employee must also be re-checked at regular intervals. If cases of occupa tional disease appear, tho physician should immediately seek tho services of the a industrial hygienist. After the control apparatus or mothods sro completed, the physician must check the efficiency of its operation by making frequent observa tions cf the physical condition of those employees for whose protection the equipment was Installed. 489 Conservation of Manpower Through the Extension and Improvement of Industrial Medical Service. Conn. State Med. Society and Manufacturers Assoc, of Conn., Inc*, April 15, 1941. A joint conmittee from the Connecticut State Medical Society and the Manufactur ers Association of that state have made a study over a period of many months. As a result, certain suggestions are offered for the extension and improvement of industrial medical service. The type of service deals with the following activ ities: (1) Control of Plant Environment, (2) Physical Examinations and Super vision of Employees, (3) Therapy, (4) Special Investigations, (5) Education.The points are each dealt with at some length in this booklet. Mislmim standards are advocated and a plan suggested for assisting industries in developing their individual medical service* 490 Poisoning. P.A. Van Luyt. Ingenleur. 55. G.45-G.51 (August 9, 1940). (Dutch). This is one of four papers presented at a syftposlua of the (Motherland) Royal Institute of Engineers In December, 1939. It is a general discussion of indus trial poisoning, including individual susceptibility, methods of entrance of poison into the syetaa, raaoval of poisons, therapy and prophylaxis. Mot much attention is given to any specific poison. 491 A Further Study of tbs Psychological Aspects of a Miner* a Work. T.E, Muller and K.M. Neville. Trans. Inatn. Min. Enjzrs.. 100. 141-51 (February. 1941); reviewed in Colliery Guardian, 162. 311-3 (April 4, 1941). The research described was the investigation of certain aspects of the *hwen machine" end its behavior during exercise, with special reference to mining oper ations. It included walking and loading experiments, with variation in roof height, also ergemater experiments at high temperatures. Results of the latter tests indicate strain upon vital organs at first, which decreased with adaptation to tho heat. HW Bfj-eaKm a =2 Wi 5=3 -<: -- Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 20. 492 Rehabilitation of Injured Miners. Anonymous. Iron k Coal Trades Rev., 142, 391-2 (April 2, 1941). This paper describes the rehabilitation clinic established by colliery owners of English Midlands, for injured miners, especially those xvith fractures. Gradual ly increasing exercise especially adapted to restoring use of the injured parts is a prominent feature of the treatment. Pleasant surroundings and psychological rehabilitation are emphasized. A very large proportion of the miners return to work. 493 Industrial Sanitation. N.J.Radder. Safety Eng., 81_, 41-6 (April, 1941). Health of employees and good will among them is fostered by adequate sanitary facilities. Minimum requirements for sanitary facilities in industrial plants were outlined a year ago by tho National Institute of Health (see Abstract No. 365, April, 1940). One drinking fountain should bo provided for every 50 employ ees, In the approved type, now constituting less than 10# of the total, the water-flows are set at an angle from the vertical. Sufficient toilet facilities, roughly ones for each 30 persons, should be provided. Types of construction are discussed. Shower baths are becoming an increasingly Important port of the san itary facilities in today's places of employment. Midget shower heads and heavy brass construction with chromiw finish and safety mixers aro recoamended. Wash ing facilities should be at convenient locations and preferably of the wall-hung type. Good soap from suitable dispensers, softened water and individual towels will load employees to proper hoalth habits and self-respect. Pure water should be assured, and dual water supply systems should be avoided, 494 Protecting the Bnployee's Health. R.C. Heard. Gas Age 86, 27 (September 26, 1940). ^^ The common cold not only causes a large proportion of loss of hours, but also is contagious and may lead to more serious ailments. In one factory, the inci dence of colds was greatly reduced by dispensing helibut liver oil tablets, with instructions on early treatment of cold and general health rules. The precau tionary measures advocated by Metropolitan Life Insurance Company are quoted. 495 Hbokwom Disease and its Prevention in the Geiman Minim Industry. W. Heine. Glueckauf 76, 457-63 (August 24, 1940). (GeimanT. A map is presented showing the geographical occurrence of bookworm disease over the world. In Western Europe, as tho result of a highly successful campaign against the disease, it is prevalent only is Prance, Hungary and the southern countries. However, great precaution must still be obsorved on account of its increasing spread in the Soviet Union. 496 Recovery of Fatigued Muscle Following Intravenous Injection ofPotaagltm Chloride. H. Hoff and others. Am. J. Physiol. 131. 615-8 (January. 1941). In a series of experiments in which potassiim chloride was Introduced into a vein in close proximity to a twitching muscle, the authors found that the origin al height of contraction was regained and even surpassed despite several hours of muscular twitching. They conclude that since potassiiM is known to he liber ated from the muscle cell during contraction, this loss may well be one factor in the development of fatigue, and the replenishing with potassium salt may thus allow recovery. 497 The Effect of Exercise in Ifot Atmospheres upon the Pulse Rate. D.H.K. Lee and G.P.B, Boissard. Med. J. Australia. 664-8 (December 21, 1940). Roplacaaent of water lost during exercise in hot atmospheres is quite effective in preventing excessive rise of pulse rate. The benefit of water replacement is somewhat greater in a "hot dry" atmosphere (101 dry bulb, 38# relative humidity) ST 0) 5_r] _ C- Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 21. than in a "hot wet" one (87.5 dry bulb, 83# relative humidity) both having the same effective temperature index. Use of saline solution instead of water, is beneficial in a "hot wet" atmosphere, but appears to be disadvantageous in a hot dry one. 498 Cutaneous Diffusion of Helium in Relation to Peripheral Blood Flow and the Ab sorption of Atmospheric Nitrogen through the Skin. A. Schnke end T, Willmon. Am. J. Physiol., 131, 627-32 [January, 1941). The subject's body was inmersed to the neck in holium and the exhaled helium was measured. After 30 to 30 minutes, when equilibrium was established, at 27-28C, between 40 and 60 cc. of holium per hour diffused through the skin, passed to the lungs, end wn3 exhaled. At 35C. the diffusion was about 170 cc. of helium per hour. This temperature effect is explained chiefly on the basis of an increased cutaneous blood flow. In similar experiments with the body surrounded v/ith oxygen, the nitrogen elimination decreased from 47 cc. to between 24 and 34 cc. per hour, returning to normal when the body is again surrounded by air. There fore under similar conditions the nitrogen diffusion is l03s than 50# of that of helium. 499 Gaseous Nitrogen and Heli\m Elimination from the Body during Rest Mid Exercise. A. Bohnke and T. Wjllmcn. Ae-J.Physiol. 131. 619-26 (January, 1941). After a mixture of 73 to 70# helium, 5- 7$> nitrogen and 20# oxygen was breathed for 3 hours, about 60# of tho helium was found to leave the tissues during the first hour. Exorcise on a stationary bicycle increased the beliw elimination, for instance, 60# over a 15 minute period of exercise. The elimination Of nitro gen is rapid during the first 2 hours and then slower until an end-point is reached somewhere between 9 and 12 hours. Exercise produces marked Increase in nitrogen elimination. Tho addition of helium to the inhaled oxygen did not interfere with the removal of nitrogen from tho body tissues. Thus a helium dive will require about one half the period of decompression necessary for an air dive. . 500 Health Hazards in the Finishing of Metals. N.E. Promisel* Products Finishing 5, 18-28 (November, 1940); 52-61 {December, 1940). The subject is covered briefly but comprehensively in two papers. The first considers the subjective factors in health hazards, including race, sex, age, living habits, personal characteristics, experience and familiarity with particu lar operations and susceptibility to particular hazards, followed by the objec tive factors, which include temperature, humidity, ventilation, dampness, radia tion, illumination, electricity, noises, vibration, and neuroses. In the second paper the effects of particular poisons are considered, especially hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Benzene,- toluene, xylene, petroleum distillates, turpontine, carbon tetrachloride, the chlcrethylenes, tetrachlorethane, ethylenet dichloride and chlorbenzenes aro discussed at least briefly, with safety limits for the most important onos. General safety rules are included. 501 industrial Poisoning of tho Nervous System. H. Voss. Fortschr. Geb. Nervenkrankh. p. 161 (1939); Zentr. Gewerbehyg. Onverfallhut. 27, 303 (1940), (German). A review of the following industrial poisons and tholr effect on the nervous system: lead, mercury, arsenic, manganese, benzene and its homologs, nitro com pounds of benzene, phenylhydrazine, benzine, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide. HWBB-0010341 HMBB-00103<i2 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 22. 502 Scaae Problems of War-Tine Labor Management. K.G, Fenelon. Proc. Roy. Soc. Arts 89. 21-34 (December 15, 1940). In addition to problems of selection and training of workers and foreman, the author discusses several phases of industrial health. The lesson taught by the /SS5\ previous war, that production is decreased by too long hours, has had to bo re learned by some industries. It has been found that suitable rest pauses in crease production by 5 to 10#. Blackouts interfere with working conditions be cause entrance of daylight into factories is restricted. Boredom must be f alleviated by varying occupation or by other means. Welfare work must not only e_ include increased service in the plant, such as introduction of canteens, but must also extend outside the plant, on account of bombed homes, lack of gas, and lack of suitable recreation. 503 Industrial Lighting In War Time. H.C. Weston. Light & Lighting 3!5, 176-80 0 (November, 1940). - The use of blackouts (sometimes called black-ins when referring to covering fac tory windows) has emphasized problems of proper artificial lighting. The (British) Factory Lighting Commission has prescribed the extent of illiaiination sufficient for comfort in ordinary work, and has advocated painting fixtures less than 20 feet from the floor in light colora. Improvements in lighting are dis cussed, including use of fluorescent tubular lamps, and of local lighting where needed. A copy of the lighting regulations accompanies the paper. 504 Artificial Lighting and Eyesight. G.V. Downer. Aircraft Eng., 12, 286 (September, 1940). " Defective vision is more widespread today than at any previous period in history, on account of increased night-time activity under artificial illumination, In creased nervous tension and vitamin deficiency in diet. The structure of the eye and mechanism of sight arc discussed. The essential requirements of really good artificial illumination are: even distribution, freedom from glare and elimin ation or reduction of shadows. Indirect lighting best attains those qualities, but when it is not practicable the lighting should be carried out by comparative ly large areas of comparatively low surfaco brightness. The color of the light should approximatedaylight. Eyo strain can be minimized by occasional periods of looking away from the work. Proper diet is essential. I Papers on Industrial Poisons. Ccnccr, Dermatitis, etc. 505 Poisoning by Triorthocresyl Phosphate. R. Staehelin. Schweiz, med. Wchnschr. 71. 1-5 (1941). (German). Three groups of triorthocresyl phosphate poisoning have been observed: (1) in therapeutic experiments with creosote-phosphoric; (2) in gingarliquor la the United States, contaminated with the substance; and (3) in Apiol, employed as an abortifacicnt, which sometimes contains the substance. The author observed 69 cases of poisoning which were caused by the erroneous use of triorthocresyl phosphate instead of edible oil. Immediate and delayed symptoms are described, the latter being those of the usual progressive paralysis. Atrophies developed, accomodation of the eyes was affected, and although sensation was not disturbed, there were pains and fibrillar spasms of the muscles. The brain was not affect ed. The height of the paresis was reached in 3 to 4 weeks, and improvaaent be gan, progressing in the opposite direction, but very slowly, requiring 2 months after the poisoning in the least effected patients. The point of attack was the medullary sheath of the motor nerves. Abnormal amounts of triorthocresyl phos phate could not be found in the excreta. Heat, massage and movement were em ployed in therapy. It has been shown that 0.15 g. is sufficient to produce a slight poisoning and 0.5 to 0,7 f, a serious one. oc Q-r 0, (B -a Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 23. 506 Handling Paint Products. Anonymous. Nat. Safety News, 43^ 20-1, 76 (May,1941). This is a brief paper presented in popular style, dealing with composition of paint and the hazards involved in its use, including lead poisoning and fire and health ri3ks from the thinner. The precautions recommended include use of non inflammable solvents, wearing of respirators and gloves or use of protective creams or liquids, use of raw linseed oil for removing paint from the hands, washing before eating and opening out clothes or rags saturated with oils to avoid spontaneous combustion which occurs when rags aro closely stored, 507 Treatment of Chronic Benzene Poisoning In Low-Pressure Workers.with Ascorbic Acid. J. Hagan. Arch.Gcworbcpath. u. Gewerbehyg., 9_, 698-704 Tl939), (German). Increased lymphocytes and decreased red colls and hanoglobin were noted in ben zene poisoning. The urinary level of ascorbic acid diminished. Ascorbic acid in doses of 75-105 mg. daily far 6 to 7 weeks resulted in return to normal values 508 Germany. Circular of the Minister of Labor Concerning the Use of Benzene, August ao',' 1940. Arbeitsschutz, pp. 236-7 (1940). (German^ ' The danger of benzene poisoning in Germany has increased on account of its sub stitution for benzine, which is difficult to obtain. The following regulations are announced: (1) avoiding the use of benzene in closed spaces; (2) replace ment by toluene and xylene when possible; (3) materials containing over 8# ben zene must be especially labeled; (4) hours of work for women and young men must be reduced, and pregnant women must not work with benzene, and (5) all persons using such solutions must be examined every 4 months. 509 The Danger of Continued Inhalation of Oxygen or Carbogen During Acute Poisoning with Chlorinated Solvents. D. Matruchot. Ber. 8 intern. Kongr. Unfslimed. u. Berufskrankh."2/ 913, (1939); Zentr*. Gewerbehyg. Unfallverhut, 27, 27 (1940). (German). Three guinea pigs which bad been kept 9 minutes in an atmosphere of 150 mg. trichlorothylene per liter wore in deep narcosis, although the respiratory rate was 50-60. The animals were immediately placed in a gas chamber in which the atmosphere was brought to 60?& oxygen or carbogen in the course of 3/4 hour. Upon administration of these gase3 the excretion of tricLlorethylane during the first minute was more rapid than in air, but later become slower. After trichlorethyleno poisoning, therefore, the animals recover much more slowly in oxygen and carbogen. 510 Solvent Degreasing and Health. N.E. Promisel. Products Finishing. 5_, 48-57 (February, 1941). T.ichlorethylone is the solvent most generally used in degreasing, and its pro perties arc discussed with reference to hazards. In the proper method of manu facture it is thoroughly purified and stabilizers are added to prevent Its de composition under most of the conditions of handling. The stabilization does not prevent decomposition due to contact with flames or rod hot surfaces, and it should not be used within 50 feet of sources of heat. The design of several types of degreasers is next .discussed, with illustrations and a diagram. The re quirements of the New York Division of Industrial Hygiene for exhaust systems are included. There aro no health hazards in solvent degreasing if tho unit i3 properly designed, installed and operated. 511 Action of Carbon Tetrachloride on the Circulation. H.A. Oelkers and H. Fiedler. Arch, exptl. Path. Pharmakol. 195. 117-20 (1940)~. (Gorman). In rabbits and cats anesthetized with urethan the inhalation of carbon tetra chloride vapor caused an immediate drop in arterial blood pressure. HWBB-0010343 HHBB-00103M Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 24. 512 Effects of Intravenous and Intraperitoneal Introduction of Polyvinyl Alcohol Solutions on the Blood. W.C.Bueper end others. J. Pharmacol.. 70. 201-lc"Tl940) Polyvinyl alcohol is a long-chained polymer which forms a viscous colloidal solution in water. The immediate effects of intravenous injection in dogs and rabbits are a decrease in erythrocytes end hemoglobin and an increase in sedi mentation rate due to accelerated conglutination. Repeated injections impair or suppress clotting. The general effects are much like those produced by acacia solution. Polyvinyl alcohol is retained in the blood, spleen, liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, etc., for many we-'es. =_ 513 Chronic Poisoning by Benzine Vapors. G. Penni and C. DeStefanis. Rass. mod. iad. 11, 516-38 (1940). (Italian). In experiments on guinea pigs and albino rats at a concentration of benzine (not purified, containing benzene) of 0.015 g. per 1. air, a true poisoning was not >--1 observed; at the concentration of 0.025 g. per 1. the toxic action begins, but disappears if the inhalation ceases; with greater concentrations there is a serious toxic action. The histological results are shown and discussed. 514 Industrial Solvents as Possible Etlologlc Agents in Myeloid Metaplasia. R, Rawson and others. Science >3, 541-2 (June 6. 194l). A comparison of the histologic findings in agnogenic (cause unknown) myeloid metaplasia with those found in chronic benzol poisoning together with certain clinical evidence led to an investigation into the occupational histories of the patients in this clinic with myeloid metaplasia. All of the six available fbr study gave a history of exposure to certain Industrial solvents including banzcl and carbon tetrachloride. The facts suggest that exposure in some individuals to certain fat solvents may result in the clinical picture previously described as agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. 515 A Portable Unit for the Determination of Tfainflnnatod Hydrocarbons. H.C. Dudley. Pub. Health Repts., 56, 1021-1027 (May 9, 1941). This is a description in detail of a portable unit for the thermal decomposition and determination of halogenated hydrocarbons in air. The principle of this sampling device is similar to that employed by others, tbs air stream being pass ed through some type of boated tubo, which serves to decompose the organic .halides. Chemical tests are finally employed -- the gravimetric determination ' of the silver halides having boon found to bo more advantageous with smaller amounts of halogens. Analysis of standard samples indicates that, at a sampling rate of 2.5 liters per minute, recovery of carbon tetrachloride and trlchlorethylone is quantitative. 516 The Prophylactic Use of Sulfonated Oil in Cement Dermatitis. I. Pincus. H.T. State J. Med., 40, 1381-3 (1940). ! Two cases of cement dermatitis are presented, which resisted all attempts at per manent cure until sulfonated castor oil was used instead of soap. The Irritant action of soap is based on the type of fatty acids and the aklalina reaction. The mixed fatty acids in sulfonated castor oil show a irritation and the pH is slightly on the acid side. 517 occupational Dermatitis in Cigar Mafrara Due to Contact with Tobacco Leaves. 7, Voro and S.Genovese. Arch.Dam, Syphlli,. 43. 257-265 (February. 1941). A report of three cases of occupational dermatitis in cigar makers working in the 3ame factory. It was due to contact with tobacco leaves was attributed to acquired sensitivity to recently fermented tobacco leaves. Tbo condition in all three cases proved recalcitrant to nil therapeutic measures and cleared up only when working with tobacco was discontinued. In determining the cause of derma titis in this industry, acquired sensitivity must be kept in mind. HUBB-0H103f6 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 25. 518 Colliers* Stripes -- The Coal Miners^ Dermatosis. F.R. Bettley. Brit, J, Der matol.. 52. 129 [April. 1940). ' Colliers' stripes appear on exposed parts as mmerous linear and irreg'ilarly shaped marksy the result of an accidental tattooing of coal dust into the skin. It has been claimed that these wounds rarely suppurate and that the particles of <yz coal do not excite any reaction in the tissues. This author's observations dis agree with these claims. Suppuration occurs no less than Is to be expected, and histologically he has found a foreign body reaction, particularly near blood vessels. U""d 519 Skin Troubles and Machine Tools. A. Duckham. Engineer (London) 169 . 501-2 (May 51, 1940); Machinery (London) 56, 188-9 (May 9, 1940). The author's experience with oil dermatitis began nearly 40 years ago* when the g] bacterial origin theory wa3 considered sufficient. In the light of additional knowledge, bacterial contamination is considered a factor, but not the main fac tor. The author attributes the disease primarily to the stoppage of the skin poros by oil containing metal dust and other dirt, interfering with the natural discharge of perspiration. Loss of the natural grease of tho skin is also a fac fe, tor. Inflammation Is followed by suppuration and in that stage the disease is infective. The preventive measures suggested include protection by an oil-re sisting ointment (or water-resisting when emulsions are used), use of lanolin to restore grease to the skin, and general cleanliness of machine and eoollng oils. 520 Industrial Dermatitis. D.C. Straus. Nat. Safety News, 43, 36, 82 (January, 1941). In Illinois, during the first two years of operation of the Occupational Disease Act of 1936, 107 claims out of a total of 474, or 22.3ft were for occupational skin diseases. In 1939 the ratio had risen to 39.39&, which was a higher percent age than for any other type of occupational disease. A similar increase has occurred in 5 other statos. Among dishwashers, one of the larger groups most subject to dermatitis, and among bottle scalers, eodiun hexametaphosphat applied to the hands and dried before working, proved completely successful in combating dermatitis from washing compounds containing chlorine. In tanneries, sodlvm hyposulfite has been found very effective as a preventive. "Chemical gloves" or akin coatings insoluble in the solvents being handled ere of two types, watersoluble and waterproof. The first type gives good protection against paint, lacquers, varnishes, oils, greases, waxes, thinnors, carbon black, lead oxides, carbon paper, otc. The second type is used for protection against cutting com pounds and cooling lubricants in which the water content exceeds 10JC, and with strong acid and alkaline solutions. - 521 Prevention of 01^ Parent tie. Anonymous. N.Y. State Ind. Bull., 20, 92-93 (March, 1941K The belief has developed, and is accepted today, that In the prevention of der matitis the emphasis must bo put not on cleansing tho oil but on cleansing the worker. Experiments have shown that by regular and vigorous attention to remov ing the residue of oil and dirt from the skin after each exposure, long strides will have been made toward the prevention of dermatitis. A discussion of proper cleansing methods and protective coatings follows. 522 The Behavior of Blood Calclim In the Chronic Poisoning by Mercury Vapor. A.0oriSavellinl snd A. Lucaccinl, Bass, med. ind. 11. 573-83 (1940). (Italian). In the rabbits and guinea pigs which inhaled mercury vapor for 40 to 110 hours (4 horn's per day) the blood calclm first increasod, then decreased eves to per centages under the normal. HHBB-00103l6 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 26. 523 Watch Mercury. Anonymous. Safety Eng., 81, 10-12 {February, 1941}. The easy evaporation of mercury contributes greatly to its high place among hazardous substances. For that roason good housekeeping and mechanical ventila tion arc necessary in all places whore it is used. Workers on equipment.used in .3i connection with mercury should wear a positive air line respirator or a gas mask. The absorption of 1 mg, of mercury daily over an extended period may cause poi soning. In the absence of definite information on safe limits, 6 to 15 parts of mercury per 100 million parts of air may be considered a safe concentration of fumes, based on steady work and a forty hour week. Preventive recommendations are listed, including the usual cleanliness rules, medical examinations and the U--j use of mercury fume detectors, indicating and recording. 524 Industrial Arsenic Poisoning. Freitag. Z.ges.Schiess-u. Sprengstoffsw. 35. 135 (1940}.' (German)'. F3 This article emphasizes the danger of poisoning from arsine, an intensely poison ous gas. There is always a possibility of the formation of dangerous amounts of arsine when acid is brought into contact with arsenic residues or metals con taining arsenic. For instance, many deaths have been caused when water is used to wash out the sludge contained in sulfuric acid tanks. The dilute add reacts with iron to produce nascent hydrogen, which in turn reduces the arsenic, always present in the sludge, to arsine. Similar possibilities exist in connection with the refining of lead, tin and zinc, which usually contain some arsenic. It is important to remember that aluminum arsenide produces arsine directly by re action with wator* The presence of arsenic as an impurity in zinc in electxo- technique has also given rise to the formation of arsine. Possibilities of poisoning from solid fonts of arsenic are also described. 525 The Soectrographic Analysis of Lead in the Blood. TS.C. Vlglioni, Bass. med. ind. 11, 289-306 (1940). (Italian). Since it is now believed that the toxic effects of lead are due to the quantities in the blood, it is essential for any study of lead poisoning to have a method of analysis suited to the determination of very small quantities. For this pur pose a curve comparing the known quantities of lead and molybdenum was prepared, by the use of the line for lead at 2833 A. and for molybdenum at 2815A, There is a good review of previous work, in which the findings of other authors on the amounts of lead in blood of normal persons not exposed to lead, and persons ex posed to, and finally poisoned by, lead are discussed. There is no correlation between the amount of lead in the blood and the health of a person, same individ uals being much more resistant than others. Howevor, the method can bo used successfully in the diagnosis and prognosis of lead poisoning. The values found for normal persons not exposed to lead, and for those exposed and poisoned are, respectively 57, 68 and 106 gam&a . A total of 300 determinations on 163 per sons was made. Twenty-eight references are cited. 526 The Bone Marrow in Experimental Lead Poisoning. C. Betti. Bass.med.ind, 11. 584-603 (1940). (Italian). A description of the histological characteristics of tho marrow colls of rabbits in poisoning induced by injections of lead acetate solution. 527 Occupational Cadmium Poisoning from Electroplating with finfluriim. 0. Pancheri. Rasa, mod. Indust. 11, 625-31 (1940L (Italian). Poisoning occurring in the extraction of cadmium and fusing of alloys is des cribed. The author presents the caso history of a man engaged In electroplating with cadmium, with description of symptoms, some of which persisted over two weeks. No cadmium was found in the urine or feces, but it was revealed in the blood by spectral analysis. Lr &J-, 0 TO Digest of Industrial hygiene - 27. r** 523 Determination of T.N.T. (2.4.6-Trinitrotoluene) in Air. K. Kay. Canadian J. ^ Rea. 19, 36-9 (March, 1941). War conditions have necessitated a reliable method for determination of T.N.T. (9 in air. In the author's method the T.N.T. is absorbed in acetone, and 20$ sodiunf hydroxide is added, producing the red sodim salt. Tho optimum amount of alkali go was found to bo 0.1 cc. per cc. of T.N.T. solution. Tho color developed to a 5 maximum within 10 minutes and was stable up to 30 minutes. The intensity of red * color was determined by a nakad eye comparison with standard solutions. An accuracy of 10$ over tho range of 4-40 micrograa per cc. of acetone could be obtained. With the aid of a photoelectric colorimeter and the proper color fil ter it would perhaps be possible to obtain much greater accuracy and sensitivity. 529 Textile Bleaching Compounds. Industrial Data Sheet D-Tl. Hat. Safety Council. Nat. Safety News, 43, 38, 40 (January, 1941). The bleaching compounds discussed include sodim hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide and sodium peroxide. Sodim hypochlorite may cause a dermatitis in the form of small blisters, particularly on the backs of the hands and between the fingers. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide, or even careless exposure to the 30$ solution, may cause destruction or shedding of the finger nails, and bleaching of the hair. Sodim peroxide is an irritant of the skin and mucous membranes. Bums from a hot solution are intensified by chemical action. Among tho general safety sugges tions are: (1) use only by thoroughly trained workmen; (2) personal protective equipment; (3) flood-type emergency showers, and bubble type fountains for wash ing eyes; (4) use of closed systems when possible; (5) removal of supersensitive persons from work with these materials; (S) chlorine gas masks for emergencies, and (7) care not to allow hypochlorite solutions end acid solutions to he pmpod into the sewer at tho same time. First aid measures include liberal flushing of the affected skin with water, and neutralization of sodim hypochlorite and sodim peroxide with mild acids. 530 The Action of Methylene Blue upon Cyanide Poisoning in the Turtle. J.M.Johlin. J. Phaim. Exp. Theran. 71. 280-6 (March. 1941). The heart glycogen of turtles receiving injections of methylene blue following those of sodim cyanide does sot remain depleted as it does when they receive cyanide alone. Tho glucose and lactate contents of the blood, however, rosain at high levels long after the administration of methylene blue or of eodlm nitrite. The oxygen consumption of turtles poisoned by cyanide is very consider able but is greatly Increased and brought within normal levels by methylene blue. The amount of cyanide recoverable from the respiratory gases of turtles poisoned by cyanide is greatly decreased by methylene blue. These facts tend to support the theory that methylene blue converts hemoglobin into mothemoglobin mder the stabilizing influence of cyanides rather than that it takes the place of the respiratory enzymes of the cytochrome system of the respiratory mechanism. 531 A Case of Intoxication by Hydrocyanic Acid Following Disinfection by the Toxic Gas. U. Bornand and Boiolfazi. Mitt. Lebonm. Hyg. 31. 207-10 (1940). (German). . hydrocyanic acid has been used as a disinfoctant for parasites in orchards and for rats and vermin in houses. It is more efficient than sulfur dioxide but more dangerous. Many doaths have resulted, and in Switzerland there are strict rules governing its use. The authors report a death which occurred on the 5th floor of a house when the first floor was being disinfected with hydrocyanic acid, due to an unnoticed shaft which connected all floors. The victim died within 20 hours, and at autopsy the greatest amount of hydrocyanic acid was found in the urine, fydrocyanic acid should be allowed only in special cases and then under the supervision of an official disinfoctor. 5) e_r -a > Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 28. 532 The First Clinical Observations on the Chronic Changes In Man Produced by Brdronymiie Acid. D. Colmba. Ber. 8 intern. Kongr. Unfallmed. u. Berufskrankh. 2, 1073 (1939); Zentr. Gewerbehyg. Unfallverbut. 27, 26 (1940). (German). Chen. Absts. 35, 3320 (Hoy 20, 1940). In Italy, Spain end Palestine, approximately 35,000 persons use hydrocyanic acid in extermination of insects on fruit trees and rats on ships. Studies on 15 per* sons engaged in this work revealed 3 types of changes produced by chronic inhala tion of the gas. The first is dilation of the lungs and bronchi, to compensate for air deficiency, with attempts by the heart to increase its volune, resulting in a slower rhytlm followed by hypotension, also a change in the position of the diaphragn.. The second includes various hematological changes with lymphocytosis accompanied by monocytosis through irritation of the lymphatic system. The third consists of changes connected with tho carbohydrate metabolism, including hyperglycemia and a docroase in the basal metabolisa. These changes probably result from a partial poisoning of the corresponding regulatory nerve centers. In order to avoid severe complications only perfectly healthy persons should work with hydrocyanic acid. 533 Cadmium Feeding. R.H. Wilson and others. Jour, of Pham. & Exper. Therap. 71. 222-235 (March; 1941). Bleaching of the incisor teoth of rats receiving cadmium was the most delicate criterion of poisoning thus far observed, marked bleaching occurring with con centrations of the metal too low to affect the growth or general appearance of the animals. It appears to be a direct action of the cadmium, although the possibility of stimulation of fluoride action has not boon entirely ruled out* Concentrations of 0.0031# or more of cadmium in the diet resulted In decreased rates cf growth. A severe anemia occurred in those rats eating diets containing as little as 0.0062# cadmium. The more severely poisoned rats had hearts which weighed nearly twice as much as normal, presumably duo to the severe anemia. HKBB-0010348 HW8B-0010349 hoes (June, 1941} Alcohol. polyvinyl pathology 512 Fatigue, factor 496 Nutrition, workers 486 Ammonia 466*467 Anthrax, treatment 479 Filter, dust 436-437-438-440-441 Gases, Ozone 460 Paint health hazards ' 50 6 Arsenic 524 Asbestos!s 430 Aviation. health hazards 477 mine 462-463 nitrous 464 Hookworm. occupational 495 Hydrocarbons, halogenated Physiology gas absorption 49S-499 work 497 Rehabilitation, miners 492 Benzene 513 pathology 507 regulations for 508 509 determination 515 Hydrocyanic acid Report foreign (Or. Britain)484 state (Mew York) 487 Bleaching compounds, health hazards 529 pathology poisoning 532 531 Respiration, artificial 450-451-453 a Blood, spectra 457 Book notices 428.429 c.ndin-f tm poisoning 527-533 Hydrogen sulfide 465 determination 471 Illumination, industrial 503-504 Carbon monoxide Industrial disease general 461-465 pathology 458-459-468 diagnosis 480 general 490 nervous 501 Carbon tetrachloride pathology 511 Industrial health in wartime 502 Respirators 442-443-444-445-446*448 regulations 449 testing 447 Roentgenology. medicolegal 473 finnitation. industrial 493 Silicosis abrasive powder 433 foundries 432-435 Chlorine 469 Industrial hygiene Slate 431 Oyanido poisoning 530 Dermatitis cement cutting oil general prevention tobacco 516 519 520 521 517 Dermatosis coal miners' 518 Diffraction, x- ray 472 general naval 485 478 Industrial modicine general 483-488-489-494 Jurisprudence, medical 462 Lead in blood 525 pathology 526 Mercury 522 general 523 Submarine, rescue 481 Sulfur dioxide determination 470-471 T.N.T. determination 528 Trichloret hylene degreasing 510 Triorthocresyl phosphate poisoning 505 Tuberculosis industrial 475 Dust, determination 439 Metal finishing health hazards 500 psoudo 476 Tumors, occupational Dust control foundries 434 Mining v.-ork physiology 491 486 Welding Electric shock 452-454-455 Myeloid metaplasia 514 health hazards X-ray, miniature 474 456