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f^nft- 0^) Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. ll.pp. 251-252, 19 75 R&S 135398 Health Effects of Vinyl Chloride Monomer: An Annotated Literature Collection by Helen Warren* and James Edward Huff* Introduction In January 1974, the report of the deaths of four workers in the vinyl chloride-poly(vinyl chloride) (VC-PVC) industry from rare angio sarcoma of the liver triggered one of the most intensive epidemiological and toxicological searches in the history of industrial medicine. The monomer, vinyl chloride, CH- -- CHC1, a colorless gas with a faintly sweet and pleasant odor, is presently produced at an annual rate of 5 billion pounds in the United States. First synthesized and investigated in Germany in 1835 by Regnault, VC did not enter the indus trial category until World War II, when its polymerization capabilities were recognized and rapidly exploited. The polymer, PVC, a powdery white crystal first produced commer cially in the United States in 1939, now forms the basis of a vast plastics industry with an average annual growth rate of 14%, a 1973 production level of over 4 billion pounds, and an employee roster of approximately 350,000 people. The reactive monomer is suspected as the toxic agent and carcinogen. The point of great est worker exposure is in the polymerization processes. Hand-cleaning of polymerization re actors was established as a causal factor when acroosteolysis, one of the symptoms of vinyl chloride disease, developed among reactor cleaners in the 1960s. Since that time the in dustry has sought to improve processes and curb losses of the monomer, but investigations * Biomedical Sciences Section, Information Center Complex, Information Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830. by the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Task Force confirm that an excess of 200 million pounds of VC and over 50 million pounds of PVC are discharged into the envi ronment each year. A document entitled, "Pre liminary Assessment of the Environmental Problems Associated With Vinyl Chloride and Polyvinyl Chloride" by the EPA Task Force is included in the literature compilation. On October 4, 1974 the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the Department of Labor published a new Standard for Ex posure to Vinyl Chloride which was to take effect January 1, 1975 but was postponed, pend ing appeal by the Society of Plastics Industry to the Supreme Court. It set an exposure limit of 1 ppm averaged over an 8-hr period with a ceiling of 5 ppm averaged over any period not exceeding 15 min. The Federal Register notice of this Standard includes the background of the problem, and carcinogenicity findings, as well as the scope and feasibility of the standard. Literature ^ The literature on VC has proliferated rapidly as the concern and resources of science, medi cine, labor, industry, and government have been mobilized to elucidate mechanisms of VC toxicity as well as real and potential exposure hazards. The scientific community is striving to formulate, in the context of vinyl chloride, an index to the risks inherent in an ever-widening circle of chemicals, industries, processes, and exposed populations. Two major conferences have been held this past year: the New York Academy of Sciences' June 1975 the DO'.7-' rrc al company TOXIC: LHJ/ LI3KASY 1803 EUiLDINC* 251 "Toxicity of Vinyl Chloride-Polyvinyl Chloride" convened on May 10 and 11, 1974 with pro ceedings in Volume 246 of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' "Public Health Implications of Components of Plastics Manufacture" on July 29-31, 1974 .resulting in this Issue of Environmental Health Perspectives. Our compilation of annotated literature ref erences is directed toward the health aspects of vinyl chloride with a few key historical and analytical references included. Annotations were prepared from the published reports ex cept for a few instances in which time did not allow their acquisition or translation; in these cases, the abstract source used is noted with the citation. Until 1960 literature detailing the toxic effects of vinyl chloride was sparse; more re cently, however, the number of published re ports has risen sharply. This trend is noted in the selected reports of this compilation: 18351959 (125 years), 17 reports; 1960-1969 (10 years), 43 reports; 1970-1974 (5 years), 102 reports. Major sources of references in the compila tion include: Abstracts of World Medicine, 41: (1967)-45: (1974) Air Pollution Abstracts, 2(5) : (1971)-5(6): (1974) Biological Abstracts, 1: (1926)-58(12): (1974) Chemical Abstracts, 21: (1927)-SI (11) : (1974) Chemical Titles, No. 1-14 (1974) Excerpta Mcdica, Section IS, Cancer, 25: and 26: (8) (1974) Current Journals MEDLINE Data System TOXLINE Data System Oak Ridge National Laboratory Data Systems The reference collection has been made a part of the data base holdings of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Information Center Complex and will be updated as the literature accumulates. Acknowledgments We heartily thank Drs. Hans Falk, Hany Heimann, and Robert Schaffner for articles and bibliographies supplied to us or brought to our attention. Lynn Veach and Azolene Vest of the Biology Library branch of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory quickly and efficiently acquired many of the documents which make up much of this collection. Anita Gill, Jackie Melhorn and the staff of the Data Processing Center, and Faye Fletcher of the Computer Production Section of the Information Center Complex, Oak Ridge Na tional Laboratory have patiently and carefully accomplished the computerization of the data base. Dr. Gary Hook and Dr. George Lucier have offered many valued suggestions for the pub lication of this bibliography. Dr. Henry M. Kissman of the National Library of Medicine and Dr. G. U. Ulrikson of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory deserve particular mention for their guidance and sup port of these special and timely projects. This work was supported by the Toxicology Information Program, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, under contract with the Oak Ridge National Labora tory operated by Union Carbide Corporation Nuclear Division for the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. Vfe* R&S 135399 , ,y>. '' ^ 252 Environmental Health Perspectives w Abstracts R&S 135400 <1> Alien, T.H., Spacecraft atmospheres. Part II. Contaminants., Environmental Biology, Altman, P.L. and Dittmer, D.S., (Ids.), fed. Amec. Soc, Exp. Biol,, Bethesda, ftD Section Bo. 82; 326 (1966). During Hercury space flights, microcontamiaants were collected by sorption on carbon and later separated and identified. A concentration up to 3 ppa (if dispersed at one tise throagh the cabia Tolaie) of vinyl chloride was collected, construction taterlals were the chief source of contamination. DEGRADATION; DEPOLYHSRIEATION <2> American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Tlnyl chloride.. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 3rd. ed,; pp,277-278 (1971). The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for vinyl chloride (VC) is 200 ppm or approximately 770 ag/a3. The gas is flammable with anesthetic properties at concentrations of 8 to 12%. At this level, VC causes cardiac arrhythmias and sensitIxation In dogs. Lethal concentration is 30-a0%. Examinations by nutchler and Kramer of 97 VC workers between I960 and 1967 failed to discover any overt condition due to vinyl chloride. Six clinical parameters were altered, however. Alterations in beta lipoprotein. Icterus index, and bromosulfalein retention time may have physiologic significance. A tlae-weighted average of 300 ppm could result in liver dysfunction. STANDARDS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; ROHAN; LIVER; CARDIOVASCULAR; DOG <3> Anghelescu, f.; Otolu, ft,; Dobrlnescu, E.; Hagi-pacaschiv-Dossioa, 1.; Dobrlnescu, G.; Ganea, V., Conslderatll clinLeo-patogen ice aaupra fenomenalul Raynaud la muncltorii din industrla policlorurii de vinil. (Cliftleo-Pathogenic considerations on Raynaud's phenomenon in the employees of the polyvinyl chloride industry.), fled. Interna 21; 73-a32 (1969). Eight employees in the vinyl chloride industry exhibited Raynaud's phenomenon in both hands and, in 3 cases, in the toes. Ricroaodules were present on the back sides of the hands in 3 cases. Acroosteolysls was detected by radloLogy. Tasomotriclty and thermoregulatory disturbances were found, with 6 of the patients su b~ febr lie , On changing jobs the phenomenon disappeared in 3 of the patients and persisted in attenuated form in the S others. Evident Improvement was obtained by guanethidine sulfate -- an ant ihypectens ive agent. Bom.; Eng. Samm. RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON; ACROOSTEOLTSIS; BONE; SKIN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; CARDIOVASCULAR; THERAPY; CASS STUDY <a> Anonymous, Vinyl chloride at molecular level., 5cl, Revs 106 (5) : 7 1 ( 197a) , A recent conference emphasizing vinyl chloride monomer vas conducted at Plnehucst, NC by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. This timely gathering of research investigators from colleges and universities, plastics and chealcal Industries, and governmeat agencies interchanged the most recent knovledge about vinyl chloride effects on the human body and the magnitude of the plastics problem. CONFERENCE; NIEH5 <5> Anonymous, White fingers., JlnA 215(B) : 63 1 (197 1). A.G. naurice Baynaud pablished his treatise oq the condition now known as Baynaud'a phenomenon in 1862. Intereittent color changes in fingers and toes are elicited by exposure to cold or by emotion, and iay be prlnaty or secondary to neurowascnlar disturbances, organic wascular disease, cold injuries, cold agglutination of erythrocytes or cryoproteioeeia, toxins such as arsenic, ergot, nicotine, or lead, or eay be of traumatic origin. Both toxins and trauna are Implicated in the finding of Baynaud*s phenomenon and acroosteolysls in the polyvinyl chloride industry. This editorial lauds the cooperation between industry and the medical profession in meeting their responsibilities to workers in this instance. RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REVIEW; EPIDE ftI0L0G T; ACBOOSTEOLTSIS <6> Anonymous, Vinyl chloride to get emission standard., Chem. Eng. News 52(38): 6-7 (Sept. 23, 1970). Although no scientific evidence indicates that vinyl chloride emissions into the atmosphere pose a hazard to people living near the vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride resin manufacturing plants, some hazard does exist. SPA estiiates that 200 million pounds of vinyl chloride and 50 million pounds of polyvinyl chloride are discharged annually into the environment, presently available technology could reduce emissions from chloride resin plants by 75%, and froi vinyl chloride plants by 90% with a resulting increase in cost of about 4i per pound. standards; non-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOS UR; <7> Anonymous, How hazardous to health is vinyl chloride?, JAMA 229 (1 1); 1355, 1363, 1 36a (197a). Production workers, warehouse workers where vinyl chloride is stored, and workers of fabrication installations using the polyser, all risk liver damage from vinyl chloride. vinyl chloride disease, in addition to liver damage, can include damaged pulmonary function, thrombocytopenia, enlarged spleen, excessive prodiction of liaature ' erythrocytes, acroosteolysls, and Raynaud's phenomenon in the hands. The usual battery of liver function tests do not reliably detect the periportal flbcoais that precedes sarcoma growth. The liver does not return to nocaal for 2.5 years after the worker changes jobs and is resowed from exposure. Eleven cases of hepatic angiosarcoma have been discovered in retrospective investigations; additionally, one child of an angiosarcoma patient has developed a primary hepatoma. Eighty percent of Goodyear vorkers examined by the team from fit. Sinai School of ftedicine shoved some evidence of pulmonary obstructive disease after 20 years exposure to vinyl chloride fuaes. in a biochemical survey of Goodrich workers in Louisville, no significant changes were observed for serum levels of lactic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, or SCOT. However 66% of the workers, compared with 0.02% of a general hospital population sample, had elevated levels of factor IV of lactic dehydrogenase. An experiaental bile acid clearance test raised hopes of a screening test for vinyl chloride hepatic fibrosis. Extensive prospective-retrospective studies of polyvinyl chlcride workers have begun. LIVER; DIAGNOSTIC; HUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; BIOCHEftlSTRT; LUNG; ACSOOSTEOLT51S; RAYNAUD'S PHENOHENON <8> Anonymous, PVC dangers being studied., J. Environ. Health 37 (1); 67 (197ft) . On February 12, 197ft, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOS3) sponsored a briefing for management and labor representatives from the vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride June 1975 253 R&S 135401 <8> COST. Industries. RIOSH presented plans or development of recommended standards, medical surveillance and research programs. Industrywide epidemiologic studies, and additional toxlcologlca1 investigations. B.r. Goodrich Co. reported that they hare increased safety activities and research, reduced exposure levels belov 50 ppm on a time-weighted average, installed nev equipment, developed advanced aonitoeing systems, and instituted a safety education prograa for employees. NlOSfl in Cincinnati is directing an epidemiological study which is probably the aost intense in the 3-yeac history of the organ!ration. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; STANDARDS <9> Anofiyaous, Spectrum tews of the sooth., Environaent 15 (5): 22(1973) . Liquor in polyvinyl chloride bottles was temporarily banned by the rood aod Drug Administration (EDA) because contamination up to 20 ppm vinyl chloride monoaer was discovered. PDA is required by law to set tolerances on packaging materials contaminating food and beverages. About 30 American distillers have used the plastic containers for up to years, and must now prove the inadvertent additive harmless. TOOD; HONAN <10> Anonymous, Preliminary economic monitoring to cost *100,000 per Hews 1 (1 3): 100- 10 1 ( 1974) . impact stady plant.. Tor. says Nat. 7C Estimated costs for the vinyl chloride monoaer (VCN) Industry to aeet a less than 10 ppa VCN level, and 1 to 5 ppa tlae-weighted average, will mount to 0.2</lb; a 50 ppa level will add .073*/lb. in the polyvinyl chloride industry, estimates range from 0.?2*/lb to meet a 50 ppm VC H celling to 2.73*/lb to aeet a 25 ppm vCn celling with a 10 to 15 ppa tiae-veiqhted average. protective clothing costs range from *3.50 for a disposable suit to *170.00 for a pressurised wort suit with air mast, flonltorlng equipment will average *100,000 with operating expense of *60,000 yearly plus up to *20,000 for employment of a cheilst. Total annual cost for medical exaalnations based on NlOSR recommendations will amount to *160 per employee. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HONAH ; DIAGNOSTIC; STANDARDS: ECONONICS <11> Anonymous, Vinyl chloride and cancer., Brit. fled. J. 1 (5908) : 590-59 1 (1 974) . This editorial reviews some of the current literature relating angiosarcoma of the liver and vinyl chloride. Both human epidemiology and animal experimental data substantiate the causal relationship. Industrial cancer may become a recurrent problem until both old and new substances are screened. Feasibility of examining commercial substances for carcinogenesis is limited however because of 1) lack of trained personnel and facilities, 2) expense of animal tests, and 3) presence of imparities which in themselves could be carcinogenic. REVIEW; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HONAN; ClNCER; 1VGI0S ARCOH A; CASE REPORT <12> Anonymous, Vioyl chloride - the drive to reduce eployee risks., Chemecology (Sept. 5, 197a). Tinyl chloride (VC) and polyvinyl cilorlde producers have reported to the Occupational Safety and Health Imsocia tion that a lero VC exposure level is unrealistic with present technology. Industry is operating under a 50 ppa limit until a permanent standard is announced on October 5, 197a. nanufacturing operations are separated by distance for safety reasons; therefore, the emissions problea is spread over a large plant-site. Veering respirators fuil-tlae is neither safe nor feasible. "Corrective actions underway include installation of 1), Sequential monitoring systems that will constantly record vinyl chloride levels in all areas: 2). Organic vapor analyzers to detect minute leaks; 3). Improved pumps that reduce leakage; 4). Better ventilation system*,; 5) , Cleaning equipment that reduces the need for workers to enter reactors, and 6). Nanifold systems to supply respirators during emergencies." content of VC In polyvinyl chloride is being lowered. Automated, closed systems with coaputer controls to lower vc levels are being installed at a new plant, hut actual levels will not be known until mLd- 1975 when production begins. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HONAN; STANDARDS < U> Anonymous, Vinyl chloride.. Hygienic Guide Series July-August (196). Reviewed briefly are hygienic standards, toxic properties, industrial hygienic practice, and emergency aedlcal treatment. Recommended maximal atmospheric concentration of vinyl chloride for 0 hour exposure is 500 ppa. Based on S-minute exposure studies with humans, 16, 000 ppm produced varying degrees of intoxicatioo with lightheadedness, nausea, dizziness, and dulling of visual and auditory acuity. Anaesthesia was the only significant effect of vinyl chloride in human inhalation studies, but it was an irritant to both skin and eyes. Tire and explosion are major Industrial hazards. HONAN; RAT; NICE; G0INEA PIG; TOUCHY: INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE; SAFETY; EXPLOSIVE; STANDARDS; PROPERTIES; REVIEW < iu> Anonymous, We produced over 13 million in *73? where is it? How about *747, Plastics 51(1): 36-47 (197U). tons of nodern resin The United States plastics industry grew by 100* 1q the seven-year period 1967-t973, Polyvinyl chloride (pvC) held the third largest market in 1973, exceeded only by polyethylene and polystyrene. Building and construction industries were the largest consumers of PVC, with conduits, flooring, electrical wiring, and furniture using approximately 1/2 of the total produced. Producers were plagued in late 1973 by feed stock shortages, the oil embargo, high foreign prices. Phase IV controls, black markets, and a depressed building industry. HINOFACTDRE; ECONON1C5 <15> Anonymous, Polyvinyl chloride banned in Japan., JAnA 2 29 (7) : 855 ( 1974) . Vinyl chloride has been banned as a propellant for aerosol Insecticides and foralcides by the Ninlstry of Health and welfare of Japan. All products containing the monomer have beeo recalled. Vinyl chloride is suspected of being carcinogenic to the liver, and an immunological reaction has also developed in some people. AEROSOLS; CANCER; LIVER < 16 > Anonymous, Cancer and vinyl chloride., Jlnl 228(6): 684 (1974). Any physician who has encountered patients suffering from aogiosarcomm of the liver in the last 10 years is urged to contact the Center for Disease Control, Bldg 1, Room 520, Atlanta, GA, 30 33 3 (Telephone 404 254 Environmental Health Perspectives 1 M. 'Vv R&S 135402 < 1 6> CQNT. 633-33 1 1, Ext 3961). A surveillance registry has beeo established there by the National Institute for occupational Safety and Health and the Bureau of Epidemiology of the Federal Center for Disease Control for aiding in epideaiologic studies of the possible relationship between hepatic angiosarcoma and exposure to vinyl chloride. EPIDEH IOLOCT : OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; A1GI0SARCOHA ; LIVE R < 1 7> Anonymous, Vinyl chloride., Hatheson 5 as Data Boot, Hatheson Co., Inc. Uth ed.: a99-- **9 2 (1966). vinyl chloride (VC) is less harmful than chloroform and carbon tetrachloride and is similar in toxicity to ethyl chloride. VC causes dizziness as a warning, except in very high con centcatioos, which cause almost immediate helplessness. In such a case, a physician should be summoned immediately, and the patient should be resowed to an uncontasinated, veil-rentila ted rooa where the patient can be kept quiet and cosfortably wars but not hot- In case of skin contact contasinated clothes should be removed, and the affected area washed with copious quantities of water, followed by soap solution. Eyes should be irrigated with copious quantities of water for at least 15 ainutes, with the eyelids held apart during the irrigation to insure contact of the water with all tissues of the eyes and lids. An eye specialist should be consulted. EYE; SKIN; NARCOSIS; THERAPY < 1 8> Anonymous, Vinyl chloride., flanual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions, Rational Tire Protection Assoc,, Boston, Hass, ft9lfl; 292 (1971), Vinyl chloride is oxidized by atmospheric oxygen in the presence of any of a variety of contaminants to an unstable polyperoxiie which increases under storage to hazardous levels. Hanufacturing Chemists* Association Case History 1551 In 1969 is cited. SAFETY; EXPLOSIVE 1970 Dr. P.L. Viola in Rome found that rats exposed to high concentrations of VC developed cancers, which was verified by Dr. C, Haltoni of the University of Bologna. Dr. Haltoni notified the flanufacturing Chemists Association in 1972 but no action was taken. In January 1974, B.r. Goodrich made public the death of ft VC workers from angiosarcoaa of the liver, thought to be caused by VC. The Environmental Science Laboratory, headed by Dr. I.J. Sellkoff, immediately organized a 17-membec team, which by midsuaaer had already given detailed examinations to over 1200 VC workers. Hepatic fibrosis, which may possibly precede angiosarcoma, is difficult to diagnose, but an experimental bile acid clearance test may be helpful. Lung function tests showed obstructed airways in 0Ot of men with 20 yrs exposure. Since VC is used as a propellent in aerosols, these products have been recalled or the sale banned. ERA has detected VC In air measurements, and urged reduction of these air levels. The Labor Department set a temporary level of 50 ppm In workrooms, but manufacturers want a gradual reduction in the standard to reach a dally average of 10 ppm by October 1976, STANDARDS; ANCIOSARCOHA ; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; AEROSOLS; ANALYSIS; ACROOSTSOLTSI5 <2 1> Anonymous, Labels and code numbers of products containing vinyl chloride recalled by manufacturers.. Food and Orug Administration Press Release 7ft-23. 12 pages (iprll 3, 197ft). The Food and Drug Administration initiated action on April 3, 1974 to insure that vinyl chloride (VC) is not used in any aerosolized food, drug, or cosmetic product. Use of VC in aerosol products regulated by FDA Is minimal, and FDA is unaware of its use in aoy food product, or in any aerosolized cosmetic or drug product at present. Manufacturers who previously used Vc as a propellant are requested to withdraw the products still on the market. flanufacturecs are requested to identify products containing VC, and a listing of such products, with their code numbers is appended. A ban is proposed for pvc as a packaging material for alcohol-containing food or beverages and PVC containers for other food ace under investigation. AEROSOLS; COSflETlC; DRUG; REGULATION < 19> Anonyious, Epidemiologic notes and reports: Angiosarcoma of the liver a*ong polyvinyl chloride workers-'-Kentucky, Horbidity and Aorta lit y weekly Report, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga, 23 (6) ; 4 9-50 (1974) , four cases of angiosarcoma of the liver were diagnosed among male employees of a polyvinyl chloride polymerization plant near Louslville, KY. All had worked continuously in the polymerization process for at least lu years prior to Illness. Pathologic examination revealed extensive non-alcoholic cirrhosis in addition to angiosarcoma in all 4 cases. The possibility of a vork-related carcinogen, conceivably vinyl chloride, Is being stud lad. ANGT 05 ARCOR A; CASE REPORT; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; EPIOErtlOLOOT; HORTALtTT < 20> Anonymous, Tracking down a carcinogen,, HD (Radical Newsmagazine) 16(B): 49-51 (197ft) Vinyl chloride (VC) was first used in manufacturing plastics in the 1930s. Soviet researcher* noted liver damage In 25< of vc workers in 19*9, A threshold limit of 500 ppm was established in the USA and van not changed despite demonstration by Dow Chemical Company in 1961 that 50 ppm caused liver daaagm in animals. Acroosteolysis of the hands and feet vas observed In the 1960s in rraace and Great Britain and in the Goodrich plant in the USA. In <2 2 > Anonymous, vinyl chloride, P.7.C., and cancer.. Lancet 1 (70 70): 132 3-U2ft (197ft). A vinyl-chloride-related case of angiosarcoma in England is cited. The Department of Employment Factory Inspectorate has set an interim upper limit for exposure to vinyl chloride (vc| with maximum time-weighted average exposure of 25 ppi. Hanufacturers have pooled experience and resources in a guidance document for polyvinyl chloride (pvc) producers. The amount of unreacted VC which might be released from pvc in storage, during heating, during compounding, in fabrication processes, or from food packaging is unknown. All cases of angiosarcoma known to date resulted from 12 to 27 years exposure in PVC manufacturing plants. Discovery of health hazards has resulted in efforts to protect employees. The current VC episode is a milestone in industrial hygieoe which must result in a more systematic evaluation of industrial cheiicals for carcinogenic risk to workers. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; ANCIOSARCOHA; CANCER; STANDARDS <23 > Anonymous, vinyl chloride., Directories Publishing Co., ( 197ft) . Chem Sources - 0.3.A., Inc., Fleaington, M.J. Listed sources of vinyl chloride in the United States in 1974 are: lllied Chemical Corp.; Americas Cheaical Corp.; Air Products and Cheaicals, loc.; June 1975 255 R&S 135403 <2 3 > CON T. S.r. Goodrich Chemical Co.; Borden Chemical; Continental Oil Co,; Diamond Shamrock Corp.; Do Chemical Co.; Ethyl Corp,; Goodyear Tire C Rubber Co.; Matheson Gas Products; Precision Gas Products, Tnc,; PPG Industries; Scientific Gas Products of New Enqland; Scientific Gas Products; Shell Chemical Co.: Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.; Onion Carbide Corp,; Uni royal Chemical, MANUFACTURE J <2*0 Anonymous, fore facts on vinyl chloride and cancer., Brit. Med. J. u(59u3): 4 06-87 (197). vinyl chloride (VC) is now known to induce tutors in an, and has been shown in animals to cause cancer at exposures of MO ppm, 9 hr/day, 5 days/vk. VC has caused tumors in animal tissues other than the liter, but has not yet been proven to do so In man. Concentrations of 1 to 2 ppm Vc have been found In ambient air near factories producing VC; 200 to 400 pom mav be present in manufactured polyvinyl chloride (PVC); 0.5 to 20 ppm in processed pvc plastic; and small amounts may be transferred into food from pvc packaging or into water through pyC pipes. Potential and real hazards to the general population through these low exposures, and the possibility of human tumors other than angiosarcoma of the liter, must be determined. NON-0CCUPATI3NAL EXPOSURE; rat; MICE; HUMAN; CARCIMOC EMICTTT <2 5> Anonymous, Angiosarcoma of the liver in vinyl chloride/polyvinyl chloride workers., J. Occup. 16(2); 809 (Dec. 1974). ned. Members of the medical community in the United States and abroad are requested, to report information on known or suspected cases of angiosarcoma of the liver to Dr. J. Vi. Lloyd, Director, Office of Occupational Health Surveillance and Biometrics, NI05H, 5600 Fishers Lane, Room 3*32, Park Building, Rockville, bd, 20852. Twenty-six cases have been reported to date from 6 countries; 5ixteen from the Uaited States; 2 Czechoslovakia; 2 Great Britain; 1 Norway; 2 Sweden; 3 V, Germany, Cases have been reported from 4 distinct work areas, but 8t< had worked as reactor cleaners. The median interval from first exposure to diagnosis is 20 Tears, EPIDEMIOLOGY; ANCIOSARCOM A ; CASE REPORT <26> Antonyuxhenko, T.k., occupational vinyl chloride poisoning,. Gig. Tr. Prof. Eabol. 12: 50-52 (1968). Manifestations of poisoning by vinyl chloride exhibit generally three phases. Only at the first phase, in vhLch osteoporotic and osteosclerotic symptoms appear, is the disease fully reversible after discontinued contact with the toxic factorThe second phase Is not easily characterized, but there is a higher involvement of the involuntary nervous system, with disturbances in volition and motivation. Vascular paroxysms acquire a 2-phase character, changing from spasm to atonic, and there ay be cardiac arrhythaia, systolic disturbances, and pain in the heart region, stage 3 is characterized by depression, hallucinations, insosnia, and speech and eye disturbances as diagnostic Indications of primary disease of the brain stem, loam. BR1IN; NEUROLOGICAL; C1RDIOV15CDLAR; TOIICITT <27> Arena, J.H., Infrared analysis of gases and vapors 1* expired air., Poisoning. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 2nd ed-, 66-67 ( 1970), Breath analysis is a rapid analytical method for diagnosis of solvent poisoning or exposure. it is sufficiently sensitive to permit detection hours to weeks after excretion, depending on amount absorbed, rate of metabolism, and rate of excretion. An excretion curve after exposure is compared to . controlled excretion curves to arrive at an ` estimation of total amount absorbed. An Infrared sensitivity of 10 ppm vinyl chloride in pos t-e xposu re etc ir**d air is noted, but 5 to 10 times this amour*, must be present to i positive identification. The iofraced analytical wavelength is 10.63 microns. Vapor phase chromatographic sensitivity to vinyl chloride was 0.1 ppm. ANALYSIS <20> Aviado, D.H.; Belej, M.A., Toxicity of aerosol propellants on the respiratory and circulatory systems. I. Cardiac arrhythmia in the mouse., T ox ic o log y 2; 31-42 (197). fifteen propellants used in aerosols were investigated in anesthetized mice, and grouped into three classes according to their toxicity. The propellants of Class I, in which vinyl chloride (VC) Is included. Induce arrhythmia In the mouse and sensitize the heart to epinephrine in both the mouse and dog. A 5% concentration of VC sensitized the heart of unanesthetized dogs to epinephrine. Ten percent was required to sensitize the anesthetized mouse to epinephrine, and 205 to induce arrhythmia in the,mouse. Class I propellants are assessed as dangerous, and their continued use in aerosols is questioned. AEROSOLS; HOMAN; MICE; DOG; CARDI0VASCULAR < 29 > Baretta, E.D. ; Stewart, R.D.; Mutchler, J.E., Monitoring exposures to vinyl chloride vapor; Breath analysis and continuous air sampling., Ind. Ryg. Assoc, J. 30: 53 7-544 (1 969). Amec. Ad environmental survey, featuring continuous multipoint air sampling and analysis using an infrared spectrophotometer, was conducted to determine the time-veighted average exposure (TtfA) of a group of chemical plant workers to vinyl chloride vapor. Concurrently, a breath sampling program resulted in a series of derived breath decay curves relating post-exposure breath concentration to vapor exposure. Results achieved from the two methods suggest that either continuous air monitoring ot breath analysis is valid for estimating a worker's individual dally exposure to vinyl chloride. Breath analysis is a useful technique for evaluating vapor exposure. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; ANALYSIS oo> Barr* R.f.; tratts, R. , Dlffusloo of some organic and inorganic compounds in air., J. Ghem. Eng. Data 17(1) : 45-4 6 (1972) . Diffusion coefficients in air lor several compounds including vinyl chloride (TC) vere determined at 298.2 degrees M and 1 atmosphere by means of an infrared absorption cell fitted vith a side capillary open to the atmosphere, and placed in the beam of an infrared spectrophotometer. Vinyl chloride with a coefficient of 0.1225 pins or Minus 0.0051 had a deviation larger than the average of the group, aainly because the frequency of the infrared peak used to follow the vc was in the eater region of the spectre* (1620) , and relative humidity in the laboratory ranged froa *3-56*. PROPERTIES 256 Environmental Health Perspectives <31> Barr, R.J.; Bonin, fl., Polyvinyl chloride: to the Editor., JAA 231(9); 914 (1975). Letter In a case of proven primary hemangloaarcoma of the liter, a stain for acid tucopolysacchnrides (Alcian blue; pa, 2.5) gate strongly positive results in sections taken from the liter, this is consistent with an increase in the production of sulfated aacopolysaccharidea (chondroltin sulfate 1, 8, C) . Quality and quantity of acid aucopolysaccharides in neoplasis, serua and urine of those at risk could be of value in screening tests. DIAGNOSTIC; CARCINDGENICITT; LITER; LETTER <32> Basalaev, A.T., (Experience vith the use of large-frate photcf luorogcaph y in exaiining skeletal bones of persons occupationally dealing vith unsaturated hydrocarbons of the ethylene series (olefins) and their chlorine derivatives (vinyl Chloride, trichloroethylene).)# Gig, Tc. Prof. Zabol. 1U <1 1) ; 3-37 (1970)* Persons occupationally exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbons of the ethylene series, including vinyl chloride, revealed definite skeletal alterations In bones, e.g., osteosclerosis. Osteoporosis, osteolysis. Diagnosis using large-frame photofluorogr&phy is recoaaended because of the lesser radiation load. Russ.; Eng. Susa, HUHAN; CASE ST00T; PHOTOP LOO ROCR A PRT; OS7EOLTSI5; OSTEOSCLEROSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; OCCOPATI ORAL EXPOSURE; DIAGNOSTIC <35> Berk, P.D.; Hartin, J.f.; Waggoner, J.G., Persistence of vinyl chloci da *induced liver injury after cessation of exposure., mn. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 246 : 70*77 (1 975) . A white aale eaployed for 5 1/2 yrs as an autoclave cleaner before a splenectoay and a liver biopsy showed portal fibrosis and histologic abnocsa1ities. This case report represents a unique follow-up of apparent vinyl chloride-induced liver injury 2 1/2 yrs after ceaovaL fro* exposure. The case was evaluated by the Rational Institutes of Health, and special studies, directed toward finding a suitable screening test of liver function which would reflect histologic abnorwalities, were performed. The detailed evaluation indicates that hepatic fibrosis persists and nay progress despite reaoval from further exposure. Because of the nature of the hepatic injury, the lesion *ay be extensive but aay not be revealed by abnocval results of standard liver function tests. LITER; LONG; DIAGNOSTIC; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HUH AW ; CASE REPORT < 36 > Slock, J.8., Angiosarcoma of the liver following vinyl chloride exposure., JA1A 229: 53-Su (1975). Case studies of six eaployees who had worked for at least 12 years vith vinyl chloride are presented. The extreaely care angiosarcoia of the liver was diagnosed in all 6 cases. Four cases shoved an unusual type of cirrhosis. CASE REPORT; CASE STUDT; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; ANCrOSARCOrtA; CIRRHOSIS; HUNAN; EPIOEHIOLOGT R&S 135404 <3 3> Basalaev, A.T.; Tazin, A.X.; Kochetkov, A.G., (Pathogenesis of changes developing due to long-tera exposure to vinyl chloride.), Gig. Tc. Prof. Zabol. 16 (2) ; 29-27 ( 1 972) . Changes in the bioelectric activity of the hypothalaaus, hyper ad renalIneala, resorption of bone tissue, osteoporosis, and functional troubles of the cardiovasculac systea occurred in rats and rabbits inhaling 0.03-0.04 ag/1 vinyl chloride fuaes a hr a day for 6 aonths. Dysfunction of the hypothalaaus apparently gives rise to neucohuioral and neurovascular disturbances which lead to development of dystrophic processes in bone tissue. Russ.; Eng. 5ua*. HTPOTHALAHOS; BONE; NEUROLOGICAL; CASOIOVASCULAR; RAT; RABBIT <3> Bastenler, H. ; Cordler, J.rt, ; Lefevre, N.J., Acro-osteolysls, occupational., Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety 1: 33-34 (1971). rifty cases of occupational acroosteolysls, of which 30 were in the USA, have been reported among workers employed in removing deposits from the walls of polyvinyl chloride polymerization vessels. The mechanism of the syndrome is unknown, bat caosatlv* factors ace: a chemical insult, a physical insult, and a personal reactivity. All cases have 2 symptoms in common in varying degrees - Raynaud's phenomenon, and skeletal changes of the extremities, particularly the distal phalanges of the fingers. Evidence of collagen disease, osteolysis, or abnormal response of hands to cold should contraindicate employment as a polycleaner. Cassation of polycleaning work allows spontaneous healing, but no other treatment has baen found affective. POLTCL BA PER; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; 1C ROOSTEOLTSIS; IITVAOD'S PHBPOHENOI <37> Boettner, E.A.; Weiss, B., An analytical systea for identifying the volatile pyrolysis products of plastics., Aiec. Ind, Hyg. Assoc. J. 28(1): 535-540 (1967) . Tor identifying and quantifying the pyrolytic products of certain synthetic resins when heated in air, a systea of Instrumental analysis makes use of differential thecaal analysis to determine the temperature at which physical and cheaical changes occur In the plastic, and theraograviaetric analysis for determining the temperature at which it undergoes weight losses. Coapounds liberated at the deco* post ti on teapecatuces are either analyzed directly by infrared absorption spectroscopy, *ass spectroscopy, or gas chro*atography, or are collected in fractions through use of a coabustion furnace and separated further through gas cbrc*a tography, Application of the analytical system to polyvinyl chloride Is described. 1NAITS IS <30 > Bol'shakov, A . fl. , (Hygienic evaluation of working conditions In the synthetic leather industry.). Gig. Top. Proixvod, Prieeft. Polls. Hater. 1969; 47-52 ( 1969) . (CA 75; I43701p) At certain locations in an artificial leather manufacturing plant vinyl chloride concentrations reached 0.06 *g/m3. Employees experienced a general reduction io muscular strength, absenteeism was unusually high, and maoy operators reported periodic pains in feet and hands. Of 127 workers examined, 38 showed vegetative polyneuritis effects. Rasa. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; STANDARDS; NEOROLOCICAL <39> Breder, C.T.; Dennison, J.L.; Brown, H., Invmetlgatlon of soee cLC procedures for vinyl chloride monomer in polyvinyl chloride, food, and June 1975 257 9 R&S 135405 <39> CON T. food simulants., J. Assoc. Offlc. Anal. Chem. To be publlshed. Preliminary studies are described for the determination of vinyl chloride sonoser in polyvinyl chloride* food, and food-simulating solvents. Topics discussed include; probleas in preparation of standards, GLC coluans, detectors and operating paraaeters, techniques for achieving rapid GLC tucD around tlae, interferences and their ellalnation, (Author Abstract). IN XL TS IS <tt0> Bridbord, K.; Brubaker, P.; Gay, B.; french, J., Exposure to halogenated hydrocarbons in the indoor environment., Environ. Health Perspect. 11; 215-220 (1975) , Halogenated hydrocarbons fros aerosol products lay contribute to levels of indoor air pollution vhich are a public health concern. Aerosols containing vinyl chloride as a propellant is one of the documented examples. Contaaination of the outdoor environment by halogenated hydrocarbons aay also be a factor in the contaaination of Indoor air spaces, and should be carefully exaalned. NON-OCCUPXT10HAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; AEROSOLS < 1> Burgess, R.R.; Greaves, J.C, , Deposition prevention in vinyl chloride polymerization., Gee. otfen, 2,357,669 (Imperial Cheelcal Industries, Ltd.) 18 pp (30 nay, 197). (ex 81; 78540t) Deposits on the vails of the reactor vessel during polymerization of vinyl chloride (VC) vere prevented by coating the reactor vith cross-linked formaldehyde polymers such as foraaldehyde-ethyleneinine copolyaers prior to the aqueous suspension polymerization process. "he British processor claims no deposits, as coapared to 0,015 parts of deposit/100 parts vinyl chloride with untreated vails. PATENT; 5TNTHTSIS <2> Burgess, R.H.; Tomlinson, R.i.M., Deposition prevention in vinyl chloride polymerisation., Ger, Offen* 2,357,867 (Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.) 16 pages (30 Hay, 1974). (CA 81: 78$39x.) Aqueous suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride (VC) at pHh in the presence of 1000 ppm polyethyleneimlne vas accomplished vithout deposition on the vails of the reactor vessel. PATENT; STNTHE5IS <4 3> Syren, D>; Rolabetg, B. , Tvo possible cases of Angiosarcoma of the liver In a group of Svedish vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers., Ann. N.I* Acad, Scl. 2*6: 2*9-250 (1975). In Sveden* around 620 vorkers are employed In one polyvinyl chloride (PTC) polymerization plant and one vinyl chloride (VC) synthesizing plant. Both began operation in 19*5, but no measurement of exposure vas Bade before 1968 vhen hygienic conditions vere greatly improved to reach 18-20 ppm in reactor rooes and under 5 pp* In drying and packing departments. The first case reported Is that of a reactor operator eaployed for 18 yrs before appearance of disease at age 49. Symptoms presented vere loss of vight, spleno- and hepatomegaly, anemia, moderate elevation in erythrocyte sedimentation rate, greatly elevated Alkaline phosphatase, and slightly elmvated GPT. Angiography confirmed liver tumor, and cytologic examination indicated primary hepatocellular cancer. At postmortem, the tuaor vis diagnosed as Lov differentiated priaary liver carcinoaa. Case 2 vas eaployed in tc production for 23 yrs and for u tor* yrs at very lov exposures before appearance of the disease at age 61. symptoms included epigastric tuaor, throabocytopeoia, and sliqhtly elevated alkaline phosphatase, transamlnasms, and lactic dehydrogenase. Angiography revealed tuaor Basses in a grossly enlarged livet, aallgaancy vas confined by biopsy, and postaortea diagnosis vas priaary hepatocellular carcinoaa. pecont specialized examination has confine* a diagnosis of heaangiosarcoaa is both cases, vith probable coexistence of a hepatocellular cancer in Case 2, CANCER; ANGIOSARCOMA; CASS REPORT; HOMAN <ati> Capurro, P.u.; Gray, R*t.p Need for research protective measures against chronic cheelcal injury., JAMA 229(7); 763-764 (1974). for Several years of exposure to industrial chemicals aay occur before aalignant neoplasm Can be detected. Studies of patients exposed to solvent vapors indicated daaage to liver and pancreas before a definite increased rate of aallgaancy was noted. 1 30-yr old man vho had cleaned vinyl chloride storage tanks for four years complained of great fatigue. Scans of the liver shoved it to be ssall vith an irregular concave profile; scans of the pancreas had an abnormally lov count and uneven isotope uptake. Glucose tolerance and insulin curves vere abnormal. These findings vere cobioq in people exposed.to solvents. A stody of trace minerals aay be of value in helping to control damage to liver and pancreas. Protection against chealcal exposure vlli require cooperation froa physicians, labor unions, and plant managers, LIVER; CANCER; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE <U5> caputo, A.; Viola, P.L.; Blgotti, A,, Oncogenicity of vinyl Chloride at lov concentrations in rats and rabbits., IRCS Library Compendium <taternational Research Communication System) 2: 1 592 (I97v). The carcinogenic effect of vinyl chloride in almost all tissues and organs vas confirmed In experiments, vith 1100 rats exposed for hrs/day, 6 days/veek, for 12 aonths to a flov of air containing 20,000, 10,000, 5,000, 2,000, 500 or 50 ppa vinyl chloride. All concentrations except the lowest produced neoplasms in different organs and tissues, vith prevalence of the liver. In experiments vith other aniaals, tumors similar to those described in rats appeared. In particular, the rabbit displays a high, sensitivity to vinyl chloride. PAT; CARCINOGENICITT <6> Carr, C.J.; Burgison, R.H.; Vitcha, J.P.; Nrantz, J.C., Anesthesia XXXIV. cheelcal Constitution of hydrocarbons and cardiac autoeatlcity., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 97(1); 1-3 (19*9), / ^ Gaseous compounds, including vinyl chloride. In concentrations froa 15 to 90t, vere administered to dogs vho had previously been injected vith epinephrine RCL, 0.0) eg/kg, closed circuit inhalation vas continued froa 10 to 20 minutes, then repeated. In 3 of 7 dogs inhaling vinyl chloride, sensitization of the eyocardiue occurred. Myocardial sensitization occurred less frequently vith vinyl chloride than vith its saturated analog, ethyl chloride, failure to sensitize vas a matter of degree and not an absolute absence of soi# incipient effect. No correlation vas possible betveeu observations aade and the physical properties of saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons. DOG; NEUROLOGICAL; PROPERTIES; ANESTHETIC 258 Environmental Health Perspectives 3 V v 'n ! >i J it i 4 T i S' i * i i J I .1 iJl i v A.J * <97> Chatelain, A.; Notillon, P., an syndrome d* acro-asteolyse d'ocigine pcofessionnelle *t de constAtation nouvelle en France. (A syndrome of acroosteolysis of occupational origin of receot observation in France.)# Radiol., Electcol. 98(5): 277-290 (197) . Five cases in a population of 103 persons exhibited acroosteolysis with Raynaud's syndrome presumably of occupational, and probably of toxic origin. All re re cleaners of autoclaves used in the polymerization of vinyl chloride, wine other cases of Raynaud-type syndroae without bony lesions, and in cases of simple sensitivity to cold were observed. Could these signs represent the onset of the disease? Three hundred and thirty-eight workers who manipulated the polyaer after autoclaving were found radiologically free of all lesions. rr. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HOUR; SORE I RAIRAOD'S PHENOflENON; AC ROOSTEOLTSISJ EPIDZflIOLOGI: CASS STUD! <U8> Chenoweth, N.B.; Hate, C.L., The saaller halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons., Annu. Rev. Pharaacol. 2: 391 (1962). This extensive review considers the literature fro* 1955 to June 1961 on compounds containing froa 1 to u carbon atoas and 1 or sore halogen atoas. The effects of vinyl chloride in aice, rats, and guinea pigs were investigated by Danziger and covorkers after 2 accidental deaths in the polyvinyl chloride industry. Principal pathological changes noted were congestion in the lungs, liver and kidneys, pulaonary edema and hemorrhage, and failure of the blood to clot. These results tended to confirm the cause of death in the human overexposure* The work of Tockelson and colleagues indicated that concentrations of vinyl chloride of lore than 50 ppm were deleterious to rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs. The review concludes that the accepted threshold Halt of 500 ppm is too high- TOIICITT; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE <49> Christensen# H.E., Ed., Chloroethylena, Toxic Substances List, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Rockville, ,10. p 350 (1979). Listed synonyps for vinyl chloride Include; chlocothene, Tcovidur, Vinyl C flonoaec# and vinyl chloride. Chemical Abstracts Registry ouaber is 75019, and Vlsswesset Line Rotation is G1U1, The lowest concentration at which toxic effects (cardiovascular) were found froa inhalation of vinyl chloride by huaans is 20 ppa, In the rat, 250 ppa exposure for 9 hc/day for 260 days was the lowest lethal concentration, which also acted as a carcinogen. In the mouse,' 500 ppp exposure for 9 hr/day for 30 weeks was the lowest lethal concentration, also with carcinogenic effects. he 0.5. 11ae-welqhted-aver age Standard is 500 ppa. Ah eaergency Standard of 50 ppa was set in 197o. STANDARDS; OCCUPATIONAL EIPOSORE; RAT; fllC!; HUMAN; CARDIOVASCULAR; CANCER <50> Cohan, G.F., Industrial preparation of polyvinyl chloride.. Environ. Health Perspect. 11: 53-57 (1975). Vinyl chloride (VCi) Is unloaded froa tank cars (rail or truck) into pressurized storage spheres. Retired vci, emulsifiers, and catalysts are then reacted 1q an aqueous aedlua la polyperlzatloa vessels under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. These contents are transferred to a sacondary vessel where steam Is injected, and the VCn-coDtaining vapors are pumped to a cw?overy system where the vapors are compressed, cooled. condensed, decanted, and recycled for reuse. Batches of the PVC resin water slurry are blended for product unlforaity, and then a dewatering centrifuge resoves approximately 90X of the water, which is discharged to the industrial sewer systes, Remaining water is removed in a flash dryer and the dry resin enters a two-stage collection system for separation of conveying air. The PVC resin is thea screened, and stored to be later shipped, compounded, or bagged. HANOrACrORE <51 > Cook, tf.A.; Clever, P.H.; Dinman, B.D.; Hagnuson, R.3., cccupatlonal acroosteolysis, II. An industrial hygiene study.. Arch. Environ. Health 22: 7tt-e2 (1971). An Industrial hygiene investigation for acroosteolysis (ACL) was conducted la 32 plants engaged in the handling of vinyl chloride. Identification of variables in processes and cheitcals which were peculiar to plants having known cases of AOL was the objective. No unique situations were shown to exist. A correlation of AOL cases with manual reactor-cleaning methods was observed. A number of situations relating to a precise cause of AOL require additional exploration. OCCUPATION A L EIPOSORE; 1CROOSTEOL IS IS POLTCLE A NE R; IND0$TRIAL HTCIBNE; EPICEIIOLOGI <52> corn, .1., Discussion paper (Control and management), Ann. N.T. Acad. Sci. 296: 303-305 (1975). Equations for the calculation of pollutant concentration in a workrooa are presented and discussed. ventilation approaches to the control of toxic materials are standard, and although it is not possible to design to a specified Threshold Limit Value (TL7), sufficient deslqn options exist to ensure control foe highly toxic materials. Past designation of vinyl chloride as a low toxicity material encouraged a less controlled design of ventilation, but future design will be for a highly toxic material with techniques appropriate to this deslg nation. INDUSTRIAL HTGIENE; STANDARDS; OCCUPATIONAL EIPOSORE <53> Creech, J.L.; Johnson, H.N., Angiosarcoma of liver in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride., J. Occup. fled. 16(3); 150-151 ( 1979). Three fatal cases of angiosarcoma of the liver occurred within a period of approximately two years among the employees of a polyvinyl chloride manufacturing plant. Since all 3 were treated by different physicians, no relationship to polyvinyl chloride was surmised until the authors recognized the rarity of the disease and learned that all 3 men had worked in the same plant. One case report is presented. History, pathology, and clinical course are consistent with the other tvo who died of angiosarcoma. Clinical, epidemiologic, toxicological, and occupational Investigations are now being vigorously pursued with regard to other employees, CASE REPORT; OCCUPATIONAL EIPOSORE; HOUR; ANCIOSARCOIA; LIVER <5> Creech, J.L.; flakk, L.f Liver disease among polyvinyl chloride production workers., Ann. Acad. sci. 296: 39-99 (1975). N.T. In an attempt to relate liver abnormality to vinyl chloride (vc) exposure in the B.F. Goodrich chemical plant la Louisville, Ky, five categories were determined; The highest exposure is in 1) polyvinyl chloride production; followed in order of exposure R&S 135406 June 1975 259 r JQ Vj) ^-A CO (ft ^ Q <54> CONT. by 2) other production. Including the rubber plant, 3) maintenance of polyvinyl chloride production, h) ell other maintenance, 5) ell other employees. 1 series of tests to determine extent of liter disease in Tiny! chloride workers was initiated, with a predetermined protocol of testing to he followed when abnormalities appeared. Two additional cases of angiosarcoaa hawe been found and 11 cases of portal fibrosis, 2 of which were not in polyvinyl chloride production. Fifty-nine eaployees were sowed to areas of no exposure to known hepatic toxins. The studies will continue throughout eaployaent life, and perhaps after retirement, DIAGNOSTIC; LITER; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; CASE REPORT <55> D'yachuk, I,A,, (A contribution to the hygienic evaluation of PTC floor tiles for apartments.). Gig, Sanit. (Hyg. Sanit.) 35(1-3); 920-427 (1970). Toxic substances released froa polyvinyl chloride (PTC) floor tiles were investigated la both the laboratory and in apartments with PTC floors. Air was saapled for volatile substances at heights of 0,5 and 1.5 a above floor level at 9, 11, and in aonths after the floors were laid. Vinyl chloride was deterained titriaetrically. Physiological effects on the apartment dwellers were determined by questioning, blood pressure, and pulse. In contrast to occupants of apartments without PTC tiles, noticeable signs and symptoas included irritated aucQsae of the respiratory tract, low blood pressure, bradycardia, dizziness, loss of appetite, irritability, and wakefulness during the night. In general, vinyl chloride concentrations were higher at the lower Sampling height. In one rooa, for exaaple, 0.388 ag/u3 was detected at the 0.5 level whereas 0.143 ag/a3 was found at the 1.5 m height. Levels decreased with time, PTC tiles were not recommended in hot, dry climates. Russ-; Enq. Transl. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE; HUMAN; DEGRADATION; DEPOLY MERIT ATI ON; EPIDEMIOLOGY; NEUROLOGICAL; GASTROINTESTINAL; STANDARDS; CASE STUD T; NON-OCCOPATIONAL EXPOSURE <56> Danishevsty, S.L.; Egorov, N.M., (Problems of toxicoloqy in the chemistry of high-aolecular compounds.), Glq. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 5(9); 26-31 (196 11 . flonoiers, catalysts, and additives used in the synthesis of polymers are different both chemically and toxicologicaily. Monomers are generally reactive and biologically aggressive. Monomer toxicity may be increased by contamliants. Polymer toxicity may increase with an Increase in temperature, and may be significant in the aging of the polyaer. Proper hygienic standacdixation is important, both in the working conditions during synthesis and in the utilization of the products in the national economy. Russ.; Eng. Suaa, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; NON-OCCUPAT IONAL EXPOSURE; TOXICITT; STANDARDS <57> Danzlger, H., Accidental poisoning by vinyl chloride; Report of two cases.. Can, Med. J. 62; 828-830 (1960), Assoc. Two fatal cases in autoclave cleaners of accidental poisoning by vinyl chloride are reported. Autopsy findings in both were similar but could not be extrapolated for diagnostic purposes * other cheaicals cause similar reactions. Pathology included cyanosis; local burns of conjunctive! and cocneae; congestion of internal organs, especially lungs and kidneys; and failure of the blood to clot. Circuistances proved one case to be caused by vinyl chloride whereas some doubt accoapanles the other. POLTCLE1NER; CASE REPORT; CASE STUDY; LONG; KIDIET; EYE; BLOOD < 58> Deichmann, B.B.; Geratde, B.W., Vinyl chloride (chloroethylene; chlorethene). Toxicology of drugs and chemicals., icadealc Press, New York Ch.*; 620-621 (1969). Tinyl chloride is a colorl^ ; * r with a sweetish odor and little or oo irritating affect. Six huaaus exposed to 0000 ppm for 5 aln reported no effects; 12,000 ppm caused dixxiness; 25,000 ppm caused disorientation ns to space and size, and a burning sensation In the feet. forty percent vinyl chloride caused death in 2 of 5 guinea pigs with congestion of the lungs, pulmonary edeia, hemorrhages, and congestion of the liver and kidneys. Thirty-one cases aaong 3000 polyvinyl chloride workers exhibited hand disorders which Included Raynaud's phenomenon, acroosteolysis, clubbing of the fingers, skin lesions, and a rope-like appearance resembling scleroderma. REVIEW; HUMAN; GUINEA PIG; LUNG; LITER; KIDNEY; RAT NAOD'S PHENOMENON; ACROOSTEOLYSIS; SKIN < 59 > Derby, J.Y.; rreedaan, R.W., Vapor-phase pyrolysis and GC analysis of fire-retardant materials containing PTC., Amer. Lab, 6(5); 10-16 (197*). In vapor-phase pyrolysis, which Is useful for characterization and quantitative analysis of polymers, the products of rapid pyrolysis yield recorded traces called "pyrogens" when separated on chromatographic columns. These traces characterize the polymers by peaks identifiable by retention tiae, volume, Kovats indices, and other constants. To determine functional groups, major peaks are subjected to vapor-phase pyrolysis to yield saall molecules such as CO2 or CHO, which can be measured quantitatively by chromatography. Once the functional group of a molecule is established. Identity can be deterained from the ratio between retention time and carbon number. Reproducible pycoqrais of polyvinyl chloride indicate vinyl chloride as a possible product of pyrolysis on the basis of retention tiae, ANALYSIS <60> . Dlaov, D.; Berltlc, T., Profesionalna akroosteo11za. (Occupational acroosteolysis.), Arh. Hig. Rada Tokslkol. (Arch. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol.) 22 ( 1): 53-5* (1971) . A two-page review is presented on the series of 3 artlcles-hy Dinaan, it ml; Cook, et ml; and Dodson, et al-oo occupational acroosteolysis previously published in the Archives of Environmental Health in 197 1, Serbo-Croat ACROOSTEOLYSIS; REVIEW <6 1 > Dinaan, B.D.; Cook, R.A.; Whitehouse, N.n,; Hagnuson, H.J.; Dltcheck, T., Occupational acroosteolysis. I. An epidemiological study., lrch. Environ. Health 22; 61-7J (1971). An epidemiological study covering 6,011 employees with 21,510 man-years experience in various phases of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride manufacturing exposed 25 definitive cases and 16 questionable cases of acroosteolysis (AOL). All vere clearly associated with the hand Cleaning of pol ys erlzers. The disease appears to be systemic rather than local, and the importance of Raynaud's 260 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135408 <6 1> com* phenomenon &s m concomitant is emphasized. Neither the etiological agent nor point cf entry is knowo. Several statistical approaches for rapid aedical survey are suggested. EPIDEMIOLOGY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; R1YSA0D*S PHENOMENON; ACROOSTEOLYSIS; STATISTICS; INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE <62> Dodson, V.N.; Dinsan, 0.D.; tfhltehouse, N.H.; Kasr, A.N.H.; Hagnuson, H.J., Occupational acroosteolysis. III. Clinical study., Arch. Environ. Realth 22: 03-9 t (1971) . Tour subjects with osteolytic lesions, especially In the distal phalanges of the hands, vete studied clinically. All had Raynaud** phenomenon which anteceded the osteolytic lesions. All had worked as polycleaners in the polyvinyl chloride industry; hand scraping vis conon. Detailed sedlcal and faaily histories, physical exaainations, dietary and etabolic studies, and laboratory lnvestlgotions were aade. Numerous roentgenographic techniques were used, plethysaography revealed abnorialities in three sen, whereas esophageal aotillty was norsal. The initial signs and symptoms suggesting acroosteolysis comprised blanching of the hands associated with either tingling of the bands or tenderness of the fingertips. ACROOSTEOLYSIS; FATNAUD'S PH ENOM EMON; POLYCLEAHEF; OCCUPATIONAL EXPQSOPE; CASE STUDY; BON E; BIOCHEMISTRY; IN DOS TPIA L HYGIENE <63> Doll, R., Discussion paper., Ann. N.T. Acad. Set. 246; 320*32 1 (1 975) . the prop lea of extrapolation of data is an extremely complicated one. A particular chemical carcinogen is only one factor which interacts with a number of others, and a simple linear relationship with ooe factor iay be seen in all sorts of complex situations. Out regulations for control should be based on observations in man, and in the case of vinyl chloride (YC) the concern is not only for angiosarcoma, but for other types of cancer as well. Health studies should be continued after the employee leaves the working force. At present there is no reason to suppose that there has been any measurable risk to the general public. INDUSTRIAL HTCIEHE <6*> Dowell, D.L., Handliog vinyl chloride emergencies.. Loss Prevention 5: 29-31 (1971), A Manufacturing Chemists* Association CHEHTFEC Program was developed in order to simplify reporting and receiving accident Information involving vinyl chloride railroad tank cars, to aid in giving response to any caller regarding the Immediate hazards of vinyl chloride monomer, and to aid in establishing liaison with both the accident scene and the shipper. Recommendations for handling vinyl chloride accidents in maritime transportation were also formulated. A burning tank car (200,000 lbs) of vinyl chloride, under unfavorable conditions of atmosphere and wind, will produce a ground level concentration of HCl of 5 ppm up to distances of 10,000 ft. As much as 20 to 40 ppm phosgene can be produced in the immediate vicinity of the fire, but the large quantities of HCl present vtll serve as a warning and a barrier, and the low levels of phosgene will be readily hydrollxed and dissipated by the updraft of the flame. Combustion of vinyl chloride produces a very sooty flame with approximately 10Y of the carbon converted to carbon black. SAFETY; NON-OCCOPATI0AL EXPOSURE; DEGRADATION <65> Drew, R.T,; Harper, C.; Gupta, B. I. ; Talley, r.i.. Effects of vinyl chloride exposures to cats pretreated with phenobarbital., Environ. Health Perspect. It: 235*242 (1975). Hale rats pretreated with phenobarbital or a similar group treated with 3*methylcholnothrene were exposed to 13,500 ppm vinyl chloride (TC) 6 hrs/day for 10 consecutive days. Investigated were growth rate, organ weights, morphological changes, and both benxphetamine-N-demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content of liver microsomes. The only observed effect was a decrease in growth rate in the phenobarbital group, particularly apparent on the third day of TC exposure. Occasional morphological changes were also seen In the livers of these anlma1s. RAT; INTERACTION; PHARHAC0L0GT; PHENOBARBITAL; H ET HT LCflOlA NTHR EME <66 > Dublin, L.I.; Vane, R.J., Vinyl chloride. Occupation Hazards and Diagnostic Signs, Div, of Labor Standards, O.S. Dept. Labor Bull. No. 41: (Item 1 26) 64-65 (1 94 1) . The acute toxicity of vinyl chloride was tested by the Bureau of Hines in single exposure experiments with guinea pigs and men. Unsteadiness, motor Ataxia, incomplete and finally complete narcosis were produced in guinea pigs, with gross pathological findings of congestion and edema of the lungs, and hyperemia of the kidneys and liver. Hen, exposed to 2.51 vinyl chloride for 3 min experienced dizziness and disorientation as to space and size, and complained of burning sensations in the soles of the feet. They recovered immediately when removed from the toxic fumes, and complained only of a slight headache which lasted 30 minutes. TOXICITY: HOrtAN; GUINEA PIG; NARCOSIS <675 Dugois, P.; Amblard, P. ; de Bignicourt, B.; Legrand, J,, Acropathic polyvinylique professionelle. (Occupational polyvinyl acroosteolysis,). Bull. Soc. Er. Dermatol. Syphiligr, 79: 19 7- 19 8 ( 1 972), A 34-year-old man who had worked for 2 years in a polyvinyl chloride plant was diagnosed as having edematous scleroderma of the hands and feet, edema of the face, and Raynaud's syndrome. Chemical treatment with sterols had little success, and the case was not followed after 6 months* treatment. Eleven years later, during a systematic examination, radiography of the hands shoved characteristic aspects of occupational acroosteolysis with dissolution of the distal phalanges, which had not appeared in the earlier radiological examination. fr. ACROOSTEOLYSIS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; SKIN; CASE STUOY; BONE <68> Environmental Protection Agency, Terre Haute vinyl chloride vapor escape., Smithsonian Institution Center for Short-lived Phenomena. Event Notification Report, Event 43-74, no. 18 25 ( 1974). On March 17, 1974, a railroad tank car carrying vinyl chloride overturned and was damaged, allowing vapors, but no liquid, to escape. Because vinyl chloride is an irritant and can affect the nervous systems, residents were evacuated from their homes for nearly 36 hours, ION-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HOMAN <69> Environmental Protection Agency, Tentative method for the determination of vinyl chloride in the June 1975 261 <69> CONT. atmosphere (24-hQQr integrated sampling).. Environmental Protection Agency, Methods Standardization and performance Branch, Quality Assurance and Environmental Sonitoring Laboratory Report. October (197a). In a method applicable to measurement of vinyl chloride (TC) in ambient air using a 24~hr sampling period, TC is adsorbed on charcoal adsorbers which are subsequently extracted with carbon disulfide* The resulting solutions are measured chromatogtaphically, nsing a flaae ionization detector. Limit of detection is 0.001 mg/a3 (1ppb) The maximum of the range is 20 ag/m3 (8 ppm) which aay be increased by extending the calibration range or by diluting the sample. Certain volatile hydrocarbons and rreons have elution characteristics similar to VC, but no known common pollutants in ambient atmosphere at sufficient concentration cause interference. (This method has received no laboratory evaluation, and is still under investigation.) ANALYSIS <70> Environmental Protection Agency Task Porce, Preliminary assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride: A report on the activities and findings of the vinyl chloride task force.. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 1-29 (Sept. 197a) . The Environmental Protection Agency is concerned 1) with the air emissions from vinyl chloride (VC) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)--estimated by the Task Porce to be 700 million pounds VC and 50 million pounds PTC discharged into the environment annually; 7) with aerosol sprays'-a 30-second release could result in Q00 ppm concentrat ion in the air which will persist for several hours (aerosols ate now banned); 3) accidental releases, as in transportation--l6 rail accidents involving tank car* of VC wete reported in the last three years; <) FC tranped in water effluents, sludge, and other solid wastes, with particular concern for its appearance In drinking vater; 5) the fate of unreacted TC monomer in the manufacture of PFC""ranging from as high as 8,000 ppa in the resin to as low as 5 ppm in finished PVC products; and 6) the migration of the monomer into water from PvC pipes and liners used in water systems. The Vinyl Chloride Task force makes the following recommendations to and for the EPA in order to a) help clarify and reduce risks associated with FC and PVC, and b) take advantage of experiences with these chemicals in addressing other chemicals; 1) Establish air standards. Determine the possible ambient levels and the health risks associated with such levels. 2) Support regulatory actions under the Clean Air Act with additional ambient air monitoring, and correlate the measurements with specific in-plant activities. 3) Conduct detailed material balance studies in cooperation with industry, and correlate the magnitude and timing of estimated losses with monitored levels of TC, a) Determine background levels of TC in both indoor and outdoor ambient air. 5| Monitor drinking water supplies which might be contaminated from VC discharges from nearby PVC plants. 6) Determine the amount of VC migrating from PVC products used in water distribution systems. 7) Standardize methods for monitoring levels of VC, and investigate the feasibility of developing continuous air monitoring devices, 8) Determine types and quantities of toxic substances leached or discharged from a) semi-solid and solid wastes generated by VC/PVC facilities, or b) PTC wastes discarded by consumers. Develop guidelines for control of storage and disposal of wastes, if studies indicate a hazard Ln this area. 9) Support currently planned 7C toxicological studies. 10) Support currently planned FC epidemiological stadies. 11) Industry and Government should support intensive studies on the behavior of TC in the atmosphere and in the environment, and particularly on Its degradation products and related chemical reactions. 12) Expand the Effluent Guidelines for the Plastics Industry Promulgated under the federal Water Pollution Control Act to cover the coepounding and associated activities which result In discharges of toxic metals and other chemicals into the water, 13) Continue enforcement efforts to insure that pesticidal sprays containing VC as a propellant are reeoved froe the channels of trade. Id) Keep regional, state, and local authorities informed of Agency efforts and encourage supportive action. 15) Build on TC experience for use with other chemicals* Hake ioforeatlon on handling of TC available for assistance ln responding to accidents resulting in release of VC, 16) Develop safe handling procedures for TC in the laboratory, and extrapolate these procedures to other carcinogens which may be of concern to the Agency, 17) Should the Toxic Substances Control Act be enacted, consider a) requirements for industrial testing of the toxicity of VC at low ambient levels and the persistence of TC in different media, and b) Limitations on the levels of unreacted VC monomer in selected pvc products. 18) Continue leadership of federal interagency activities with regard to TC and Pvc, and develop an interagency mechanism to address problems associated with the plastics industry. 19) Stimulate government and industrial efforts to analyze in depth other high volume chemicals to Identify those vhich need testing or controls to reduce potential environsenta1 problems. Recommended Steps for Industry: 1) taprove operating and maintenance procedure in vc, PVC polymerization, and PTC fabrication facilities In order to reduce VC and PVC losses. Expand reseacch and development efforts to develop new approaches to reduce losses. 2} Provide up-to-date information on character and extent of chemical pollutants which leave the plant as air, water, or solid waste discharges of degradation products. Operate systematic monitorlog programs when essential. 3) Ascertain levels of unreacted VC monomer in all grades of PVC resin and advise purchasers accordingly. <*) Reevaluate, in consultation with interested Government agencies, the Manufacturizg Chemists Association planned VC toxicological experiments at low doses to Insure that they are statistically reliable and relevant to the ambient air concerns of EPA. Sectional headings to the report Include; executive summary, character and scope of problems beyond the workplace, interests and activities of government agencies aod industries, and recommendations. STANDARDS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; NON-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE < 7 1> Environmental Protection Agency Task force (A), Appendix I. selected economical considerations. Preliminary assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.. Report on the Activities and findings of the Vinyl Chloride Task rorce I; 1-5 (I97h) , The 0.5* vinyl chloride/polyvinyl chloride (VC/PVC) industry has operated for 0 years and shown an average annual growth of 14* over the past five years. Dorinq 1973, 5. 3 billion pounds of TC and u.6 billion pounds of PVC were produced, amounting to about 1/3 the western world's supply, with the 0.5. consuming about 1/3 of the total. In 1973, 3.71 of PVC and 7.81 of VC produced In the G,S. were exported. fifteen 0.5. plants synthesize the monomer, 43 facilities polymerize PTC and copolymers, and at least 7,500 plants are engaged in fabrication of PTC products. About 1,500 workers are employed in monomer synthesis, 5,000 1 ti polymerization, and an estimated 350,000 ln fabrication plants. Should requirements for worker safety or environmental controls drive the price of PVC products up, many will probably be replaced by other plastics or disappear from the market. The major market categories of PTC products with their production levels, possible substitutes, and comparative price ranqes ace tabulated. Rlghmc 0.S, prices may stimulate increased Imports. Several approaches to control of emissions are possible, but in many respects must be tailored to the individual R&S 135409 262 Environmental Health Perspectives <7 1 > CONT. plants. Development of Continuous flov processes, the use of larger kettles, better housekeeping, and/or reductions in the number of feed lines could dramatically reduce TC leakage. ECONOM ICS; ENVIRONMENT; PRODUCTION; STATISTICS <72> Environmental Protection Agency Task force (B) , Appendix II. Producers of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. prellainary assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.. Report oq the Activities and rindings of the 7inyl Chloride Task force II; 6-9 (1978). Tinyl chloride producers, polyvinyl chloride producers, and polyvinyl chloride copolymer producers are tabulated, together vith their locations and annual capacity in millions of pounds. ECONOMICS; PRODUCTION; ENVIRON?!! NT <73> Environmental Protection Agency Task force (C), Appendix TIT. The materials balance at vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride facilities. Prellainary assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride., Report on the Activities and findings of the Vinyl Chloride Task Poree III; 10* 16 (197a). The production of vinyl chloride (VC) from ethylene and chlorine is diagrammed. It is difficult to estimate the areas and quantities of vc losses vhich come primarily from v*nt streams, the storage and transportation loading systems, and seenaqes from pumps. Total losses from a plant producing 500 million pounds of vc pec year could amount to 500,000 pounds or approximately 0. TV. Some vented VC is converted to vater and KCl; methane is flared; the heavy chlorinated hydrocarbons may be sold to solvent scrap dealers, dumped at sea, put into landfills or deep veils, or incinerated. The purity of the ethylene and chlorine fed into th* units influences the by-products produced, .lore reliable data are available for estimating losses at polyvLnyl chloride facilities, but each plant has Its own idiosyncrasies. Older and ssaller plants, vith smaller reactors requiring more natch operations and changeover from one type of resin to another, tend to have larqer losses. Never plants elth multiple production lines allcvlnq the dedication of one line to a given product result In lover resin loss due to product change. A properly run plant should be capable of a 95V yield. Present estimates put losses of VC at polymerisation plants from 3.0 to 6.3%, vhile FVC losses are about 1.3%. feed rate, reactor slim, reactor cleaning procedures, batch sites, and level of technology all Influence the loss rate, but overall sloppy operation and the recovery system are the tvo most laportant factors. ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT <74> Environmental Protection Agency Task force (D) , Appendix IV. Interim method for sampling and analysis of vinyl chloride in vaste vater effluents and air emissions. Preliminary assessment of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.. Report on the Activities and findings of the Vinyl Chloride Task force IV! 17-25 (1970). This method for vinyl chloride (VC) determinations in vater effluents, sludges and scums, and atmospheric emissions vas developed during the monitoring program carried oat by EPA in the spring of 197ft, and vas later refined. Vater composite samples, air co&tinqous composite bag samples, and air and vater grab samples are analyzed vlthout cleanup by gas chromatography (GC). Separations are effected by selection of one of tvo types of columns depending upon the nature of the sample. Detection Is by means of the flame ionization detector. Tetrahydrofuran extracts of sludges and scums are used for injection into the CC. Air continuous samples on activated carbon are extracted vith carbon disulfide, and the extract is analyzed by direct injection ioto the GC. Calibration curves are developed using gtatimetr ically prepared calibration solutions, or by using knovo dilutions of VC in carrier gas. VC confirmation should be made by mass spectrometclc analysis of the CC eluent If possible. Independent confirmation may also be made in the event of extraordinarily high VC concentration samples by using long path fourier transform IR spectrophotometry. This Ift technique requires special equlpaent and about 20 cubic feet of air samples. Detailed ace apparatus, aaterials, and procedures. ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENT <75> Environmental Protection Agency Task force (E), Appendix V. Summary of regional activities* Preliminary assesssent of the environmentaL problems associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride., Report on the Activities and findings of the Vinyl Chloride Task force 7: 26-30 ()97). This Appendix briefly summarizes the vinyl chloride (VC) mcnitoring activities conducted at the follovinq EPA Regional offices during the spring of I97u. Region 1: Leominster, MA, Borden Chemical Co. (PVC); Region 2: flomingtoo, NJ, Tenneco Chemicals, Inc, (PVQ; Region 1; Delaware City, 0E, Stauffer Chemical Co. (PVC); Diamond Shamrock Chemical Co. (PVC): S. Charleston, wv, Union Carbide Corp. (PVC) ; Region u; Louisville, NY, B.f. Goodrich Chemical Co, (PVC); Region 5: Painesville, OH, flnlroyal, Inc. (PVC); Roblntech, Inc. (PVC); Region 6: Plaquemine, LA, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. (PVC); Oov Chemical Co, (VC); Region 9; Long Reach, CA, B.f. Goodrich Chemical Zo. (PVC); American Chemical Corp. (VC); and American Chemical Corp. (PVC). Sampling and analyses vere carried out in a short period of time using n*v-net hods based on previous analytical studies in vhich similar chemicals vere evaluated. The nature of the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing process results in the escape of VC pulses vhich lead to . videly fluctuating levels of TC in the ambient air, and changes in air movement may Influence concentrations at any given station. Therefore, the data reported are subject to change as additional monitoring is performed. Maximum emissions reported in the overall testing were: Water effluent: 22 ppm; Ambient air: 33 ppm; Sludge; 9200 ppm. Minimum emissions vere in all cases belov the detectable limit. ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENT; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; NON-OCCOPATIONAL EXPOSURE <76 > Environmental Protection Agency Task force (f), Appendix VI, Persistence of vinyl chloride. Preliminary assessment of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride., Report on the Activities and findings of the Vinyl Chloride Task force VI: 31-33 (1978), The peak absorption of vinyl chloride (VC) in the ultraviolet region is belov 2900 Angstroms, indicating that VC vould not react in sunlight in the absence of other reactive chemicals. Laboratory results using simulated solar radiation in the presence of nitrogen oxides indicate a rate of reaction for VC of 6 to )0% pet hour. Direct and indirect reaction products include ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, formic acid, and formyl chloride. The lov reaction rate of VC indicates that TC emissions vill persist for a fee miles downvind and can be considered a stable pollutant. Temper*tore inversions and lack of SQfilight may cause a bulldap of VC in the atmosphere, Remctloo products are of concern in large industrial areas on sunny days. In vater. R&S 135410 June 1975 263 <76> CONT. vinyl chloride is volatilized, rather than hydro!lied, with the rate of loss depending on the rate of agitation or aeratloo. photolysis does not appear to be of importance* Vith poor elxlng in lakes or poods and a continuous release of TC free sediments and sludges, it is conceivable that TC could persist long enough to accumulate biologically or cause other ecological effects. Op to 380 ppm TC vere collected one minute after a 30 second release of Insect spray in a small room, TO N-OCCU P AT 10N AL EXPOSURE; ANALTSIS; V ITS R; 1880SOLS; ENVIRONMENT <77> Environmental Protection Agency Task force (G) , Appendix Til. Health effects of TC. Preliminary assessment of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride., Report on the Activities and findings of the Vinyl Chloride Task rorce vit: 3-62 ( 197a> , fifteen occupational cases of confirmed angiosarcoma of the liver have been discovered in the Uoited States. To are still alive and undergoing treatment. All vere at one time "pot cleaners" vhere the potential foe exposure to high levels of vinyl chloride (VC) vas particularly great. The latent period for occupational angiosarcoma appears to be approximately 20 years. Ten cases of worker-related angiosarcoma of the liver have been reported fro 5 foreign countries. Epidemiological data collected from the Connecticut Tumor Registry reveal three cases, one of vhom worked in a PVC factory as an accountant, vhereas the other tvo lived near polyvinyl chloride products plants. The significance of these cases must be further clarified. The Standardlxed Mortality Ratio (SflP) expresses the ratio of the number of ieaths vhich actually occurred as a percentage of the number vhich would have been expected in a comparable population observed over the same age and time intervals. These ratios are tabulated from a mortality study of VC/PVC workers by Tabershav/Tooper Associates. Data from 16 toxicological and epidemiological studies on vinyl chloride are also tabulated. CANCER; ANGIOSARCOMA: HUflAN; CASE STUD T; T0HCITT; EPlDEfllOLOGT; POLICLEAn ER <70> Environmental Protection Agency Task force (H), Appendix VITT, Disposal of products containing polyvinyl chloride. Preliminary assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.. Report on the Activities and findings of the Vinyl Chloride Task Force VIII: 63-66 (1974) . The only large scale methods for disposal of solid vastes of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are incineration and landfilling. Approximately 32,000 tons of PVC are burned annually, releasing about 18,500 tons hydrogen chloride (RCl) pec year, the major toxic material In the air emissions. PVC is responsible for about of the RCl released during the incineration of all auniclpal vastes in the United States, other pollutants can also be formed during incineration, but it is highly unlikely that large quantities of vinyl chloride (VC) vill be released. There is no evidence that PVC vill revert chemically to VC. Technology exists for controlling the HCl emissions, but the process is expensive Decease of corrosion problems. PVC comprises about 0.2X of municipal solid vaste In landfilling. It decomposes very slowly. Plasticizers are the additives of greatest concern vith regard to leaching or gases. Separation of plastic vaste from other municipal vaste is a deterrent to recycling. Some types of pvC ace being recycled in the manufacturing process. NON-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; E NVlRONHENT; TQIICITT <79> Environmental protection Agency Task force (I), Appendix IX. Activities of Task force. Preliminary assessment of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.. Report on the Activities aod findings of the Vinyl Chloride Task force IX: 67 (1974). The principal activities undertaken or stimulated by the Task rorce from its inception In March, 1974, through July, 1974, are enueerated in chrooological order. ENVIRONMENT: EPA CHRONOLOGT <80 > fairhall, L.T., vinyl chloride., Industrial Toxicology, 2nd ed., Hafner Publishing Co., Pt. 2: 356- 357 ( 1969) . Nev lock vinyl chloride (VC), chloroethylene, CH2-CHC1, is a colorless gas vhich condenses belov -13.9 C., freezes at -t59,7 C,, boils at -13,9 C,, has a density D20/20 of 0.9121, and a vapor pressure of 2,3CO millimeters of mercury at 20 C. VC limits of inflammability are 4,0 to 21.7 per cent by volume of air. VC is prepared by the chlorination of ethylene folloved by the elimination of hydrogen chloride, accomplished industrially by passing the vapor of ethylene dichloride over such contact catalysts as alumina, activated charcoal, or pumice at high temperatures. VC polymerizes on exposure to sunlight and in the presence of peroxides or catalysts. Polymers are strong and resistant to vater, and are used as rubber substitutes, coatings, insulation, films, foils, glass substitutes, refrigerants. Symptoms of exposure to the monomer are chiefly those of narcosis. VC does not diffuse a earning odor, but a 5t concentration gives a physiologic earning by producing symptoms of dizziness and disorientation in advance of harmful effects. No method has been developed specifically for determination of lov concentrations of vinyl chloride as an aerial contaminant. REVIEW; PROPERTIED; USES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HUNAN; NEUROLOGICAL < 81 > Falk, M.N.; vinyl 59-63 H,; Creech, J.L.; Heath, C.W., Jr.; Johnsoo, key, H.H., Hepatic disease among vorters at a chloride polymerization plant., JAnA 230 ( 1) ; (1974). To date, (Oct. 1974) ti cases of hepatic disease, including seven cases of hepatic angiosarcoma, have been identified among employees at the Louisville, KT, vinyl chloride polymerization plant. All 11, white men, had worked at soee time as reactor cleaners, the point of greatest exposure to vinyl chloride. Until the late 1960s, cleaning of the reactors was done manually, but since then high-pressure water hoses have been used because of the danger of acroosteolysis, a disease peculiar to polyvinyl chloride workers but not found in any of the angiosarcoma cases. All 11 had worked in Close and continuous contact vith the vinyl chloride polymerization process. Average work duration vas 23.5 years for the five patients who spent nine months or less as reactor cleaners, and 15.1 years for the six men who spent 20 months or sore as reactor cleaners, thereby suggesting a possible relationship between intensity of exposure and latent period for liver disease. Ages at diagnosis ranged from 28 to 58 years; duration of employment from 5 to 29 years. Pathologic review of specimens suggests a close siailarlty in the portal fibrosis, sinusoidal dilation, and atypical sinusoidal Lining cells of the malignant and non-mallgnant cases. Conceivably such conditions represent a premalignaot state which may be reversible if the worker is removed from the high-risk area* LITER; ANGIOSARCOMA; CANCER; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; EPIDEMIOLOGT; CASE STOUT R&S 135411 264 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135412 <82> Filatova, V.S., (Sanitary-hygienic conditions of vock in the production of polyvinyl resins and measures of improvement.), Gig, Sanlt. 22(1): 38-2 ('7j . Analysis of vinyl chloride (VC) in the air of a polyvinyl chloride (pvc) Manufacturing plant was carried out by the eethod of Gronsberg, that is, photobroaination of a solutioo of VC in chlorofoce vith a solution of bromine in a ilxture of chloroform and glacial acetic acid, vC concentrations fluctuated considerably but averaged 0.05 to 0.8 mg/1. Incidences of toxic angLoneucoses Aaong the workmen necessitated loverlag the Maxima allowable concentration of TC below the current legal Halt of 1 ag/1. Fuss. ; Enq. Sun, STANDARDS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; AMGIONEUFOSIS <83> rilatova, V.s.; Antonyu zhenko, V.A., (Changes in hygienic conditions of work and occupational disease-incidence aaong workers engaged in the production of polyvinyl chloride over a period of years.), Cig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 15(0): 32-3 0971). Over a period of 16 years (1953-1968) air pollution by vinyl chloride within work presides of the polyvinyl chloride industry has been correlated with the incidence of occupational disease. Iaproveaent of machinery, equipment, and ventilation have improved hygienic conditions in the premises. The clinical picture, accordingly, shows lonqet periods of exposure before developaent of disease. Considerable variability exists in clinical Manifestations of chronic vinyl chloride poisoning as a function of env1ronaenta 1 air containatton. Fuss. ; Eng. Sum. RAXNAUD'S PHENOMENON; SKIN; BON!; NEUROLOGICAL; CARDIOVASCULAR; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; EPID EH IOLOGT <8`*> Tilatova, v.s,; Balakhonova, L.I.; Gronsberg, E.Sh,, Hygienic conditions in the production of vinyl chloride., Gig. Tr- Prof. Zafcol, 2* 6*9 (1958). Tor an estimation of the degree cf contamination in the work space air in a vinyl chloride production plant, about 300 samples of air were analyzed for maximum, minimum, and median content of chloroethane, methanol, and vinyl chloride. Improvement was directed toward the elimination of leakage and spills, insulation of portions of the production, and increased effectiveness In the ventilation arrangement of the work space. Russ. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; INDUSTRIAL fTTGI ENE <85> Filatova, V.s.; Gronsberg, E.Sh.; Radzyukevich, T.M.; Reznik, N.D.: Tomichev, A. I. , (Hygienic assessment of working conditions and health status of workers in the production of block polyvinylchloride.). Gig. Tr, Prof. Zabol. 16(1): 3-6 (l97tt). Air pollution In the polyvinyl chloride (PvC) Industry from vinyl chloride and PVC dust is caused by the intermittent nature of the technological process, reactor cleaning, imperfect sealing of apparmtus, and noise from the machinery. These unfavorable conditions correlate with functional disorders in some workers. Remedial measures are recommended. Russ.; Eng. Same. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RATNlDD'S PHENOMENON; SKIN; CARDIOVASCULAR; ROMAN <86 > Tilatova, V.S,; Cronsbetg, E.Sh.; Smirnova, R.A.; Stulova, E.A. ; Oreshkevlch, L.V., (Industrial hygiene and the state of health in workers engaged in the production of polyvinyl chloride latex).. Gig. Tr. Prof, Zabol, 9(8): 9* U (1965), (Cl67: 1036a 3) Individual sections of the polyvinyl chloride production line are pervaded with polyvinyl chloride dust and the work premises are polluted with vinyl chloride. Some operators handling vinyl chloride show changes in health conditions which are characteristic of initial foras of chronic poisoning. Health measures are recommended. Russ. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; INDUSTRIAL HTGIENE <07 > Filatova, V.S.; Vinogradova, V.K.; Bashkirova, L.S., (Hygienic evaluation of work conditions in some branches of chemical industry operating In the open air.). Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 17 (8): 8* 1 1 ( 1 97 2). New ammonia and vinyl chloride plants shoold be built with key technological equipment outside In the open. Sanitation and hygienic conditions of work at existing open-air plants ate quite satisfactory. A comparison of air pollution in a conventional factory and an open-air installation is made. Russ.; Eng. Summ. HUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; EQUIPMENT < 88 > Filov, V.A., (Thermodynamic activity of volatile organic compounds and their action on mammals.), Rioflzika 7 ( 1): 73-79 { 1962). The thermodynamic activity of 0 substances, including vinyl chloride, was investigated in mice and rabbits relative to non-specific biological effects. Resultantly, thermodynamic parameters could be utilized only for an approximate classification of substaoces according to their type of action. The total number of carbon atoms in a , . compound, along with the loqarithmic function of its activity, could however be used for the prediction of biological activity of corresponding concentrations of members of a homologous series. A similar relationship is effective for hypothesizing a comparative mechanism of the activity for the specific members of the homologous series. Russ. MICE; RABBIT; NARCOSIS; THERMODYNAMICS <89 > Fine, S.D,, Vinyl chloride as an ingredient of drug and cosmetic aerosol products.. Fed. Register 39( 166): 30830 (Aug. 26, 1974) , Effective September 25, 197a, any aerosol drug product containing vinyl chloride was declared to be a new drug, and hence a new drug application approved under section 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Coseetic Act is required for marketing. A completed and signed "Notice of Claimed investigational Exemption for a New Drug" is required to cover clinical investigations as evidence that such preparations are safe and effective for purposes intended. Any cosmetic aerosol product containing vinyl chloride is deemed to be adulterated under section 601(a) of the same act, and is subject to regulatory action. REGULATION; 1ER0S0L5 June 1975 265 R&S 135413 <90> Fishbein, G . * . , publisher. Prof. MaltooL uses vinyl chloride to produce angiosarcoaa by gastric route.. Occupational Health and Safety Letter 5(6): 1 (1975). On March 12, 1975 the national Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NtOSR) was informed that, in Italy, Cesare flaltoni had produced angiosarcoaa in rats by gastric intubation of vinyl chloride (TC\ in olive oil. Angiosarcoma of the thymus developed In one rat after 95 weeks of feeding, and another animal developed angiosarcoaa of the liver after 50 veeks. Additional details are fort hcoming. RAT; ANGIOSARCOAA; LI VS R; THTMOSj INGESTION <9 1> Flinn, f.B., Tndustcial,exposures to chlorinated hydrocarbons., Awer. J. fled. 1; 388-39 (19v6). This report reviews the toxicity of several industrial chlorinated hydrocarbons --carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chloroprene, dlchloroaethane, chlorinated naphthalenes, and (only briefly) vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride (TC) reacts somewhat like dichloromethane. VC is reportedly slightly toxic, is narcotic, and causes slid incoordination and ataxia as veil as increased reaction tine. Because of this induction of lethargy, VC may cause accidents to occur vhen the concentration is not hiqh enouqh to cause noticeable narcosis. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PROPERTIES; TOIICITT <92> Gabor, 5.: Lecca-ftadu, n.; flanta, I., (Certain biochemical indexes of the blood in workers exposed to toxic substances (benzene, chlorobenzene, vinyl chloride).). Proa. Toksikol. i Kllnita Prof. Tabol. Khim. Et iol - 22 1*223 (1962). (CA 6); 1 1232a) Liver function and oxidative processes vere studied in 82 workers chronically exposed to vapors of benzene, chlorobenzene, and vinyl chloride, A decrease in catalase activity and increase in peroxidase and indophenoloxldase activity, and an increase In glutathione level in the blood were observed after 1 year of exposure to vinyl chloride. Such a study is recommended for diagnosis of early changes in liver function. Russ. DIAGNOSTIC; LIVER; HUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE <93> Garcia pere2, Jose, La pol iaerlzaclon del Cloruro de Vinilo y sus riesgos. (The polymerization of vinyl chloride and its hazards.). Ion Rev, Bsp, Quia, Appl. 29: 376- 377 ( 1969) , Some of the European literature concerning the polymerization of vinyl chloride and the resultant potential hazards to health are reviewed. Mo references. Span. REVIEW <94> Gay, B.W.; Lonneman, i.A.; Bridbord, K.; floyan, J.S., Measureaents of vinyl chloride fro* aerosol sprays., Ann. N.T, Acad. 5cl* 296: 286-295 (1975). Five experiments designed to determine human exposure levels and decay of vinyl chloride were performed In home and office environments which simulated normal everyday use of the aerosol sprays. In all cases, the user Is exposed to high peak concentrations, even with good ventilation in the root. The decrease in vinyl chloride concentration with time appears to be a dilution effect of room ventilation. An approximated relation of predicted general population exposures from aerosols to an occupational exposure situation reveals that on a time-weighted average basis, the exposure could be veil above the current proposed occupational sta nda td, AEROSOLS; KON-OCCOPATIOMAL EIPOStJHE; STANDARDS <95> Gedigk, P.; Mueller, t. ; Bechtelshelmer, ft.. Morphology of liver damage among polyvinyl chloride production workers. A report on 51 cases., Ann, N.T. Acad. Sci. 2**6: 27B-285 (1975) . Histological findings from 51 cases of liver disease were classified into five groups: 1) degenerative changes of Liver parenchyma, 2) adaptive responses were occasionally manifest as a ground-glass appearance of the cytoplasm, attributed to an adaptive increase of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 3) fibrosis was found in tvo foras -fibrosis of the portal tracts and septa, and an Intralobular, perisinusoidal, net-like fibrosis with collagenization of sinusoid walls, U)hepatocytes vere hyperplastic with evidence of proliferative activity, and 5) sinusoidal cells were activated and showed marked proliferative activity, with hyperchromatic and polymorphic nuclei which were obviously an expression of polyploidy. Together with the pattern of the degenerative lesions, this proliferation of sinusoidal cells may be considered rather characteristic of vinyl chloride damage. There is an obvious relationship between the total time of exposure and the changes of the sinusoidal cells. The proliferation and, particularly, the polymorphism and hyperchromasia of the nuclei clearly increase in proportion to exposure time. PATROLOGT; HISTOLOGT; LIVER < 96 > Gibney, L., Toxic Substances Control Act. Could It prevent the vinyl chlorides of tomorrow?, Chem. Eng. News 53(1 1) ; 12- 1 3 (1 975) , A House of Representatives* version of last year's Toxic 5ubstances Control Act Is expected in April. Heatings ace being held (March, 1974) on the Senate version, 5. 776 . flalor provisions of the Senate version are: 1) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administrator is required to prescribe standards for test protocols for chemicals. 2) manufacturers must notify the EPA administrator of plans to manufacture or import nev chemicals 90 days before beginning commercial production. 3) The administrator can approve sale and distribution or either halt or restrict manufacture and distribution of a chemical except for export. M Manufacturers or citizens may challenge the action of the administrator through suit in 0.5. District Court. 5) Manufacturers are required to submit safety and health data from studies in progress as well as those made since 1935. 6) The director of EPA's Office of Toxic Substances is to be a Presidential appointment and must be qualified in the chemicals and health field, 7) The biLL authorizes 111 million for the fiscal year ending June, 1976, and 312.6 million to fiscal year ending Sept. 1977. REGULATION; MANUFACTURE <97 > Gilbert, S.G., Low molecular weight components of polymers used 1& packaging.. Environ. Health Perspect, 11: 47-52 (1975). Chronic toxicity of migrating residues and additives from polymers used In the packaging of foods and dtQgs is of importance in the increasing use of such polymers. To develop ueeable and practiced safety standards one must consider the origin and chemical nature of potential migrants, the methods of transfer, and the basic underlying principles of safety. 266 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135414 <97> CONT. < 10 1> STANDARDS; HUMAN; NON"DCCOPATION AL EXPOSURE Cronsberg, E.Sh., Colorimetric determination of vinyl chloride in air,, Shim, Proa, *2(7): 510-5M ( 1966) . (CA 65: 1 7592a) kvo? Gitslos, C, T, # Acro-osteol ysis In PTC workers., Red. Air is drawn through tubes containing activated Soli, (Standard Oil Co,, HJ) , 31(1-3): *9-56 (1971). carbon, and the loaded carbon is then treated with a 1:1 mixture of acetic acid and ethyl alcohol. After The manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PTC) and some 10 lift, an agueoqs aixture of potassiua permanganate literature relating to diseases of PTC polycleaners is reviewed briefly. Esso polycleaners hand-scraped and Iodic acid is added and the mixture Is shaken. It is then decolorized vith 30% sodium sulfite and the reactors only after the concentration of vinyl centrifuged. A chromotropic acid solution Is added chloride monomer reached 60 ppa or leas. The Esso Pappas PTC plant is described in the illustrated and the mixture heated In a boilinq water bath, cooled, and diluted. The color is aeasured at 574 article which details the Industrial hygiene Millimicrons, or coapared vith standards. Ethylene seasures and prograa of medical check-ups to be is an interference. followed by eaployees of the plant. ANALYSIS OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REVIEN; ACR005T*0LY5T5; HUMAN; POLTClEANZft; RAYHADD'5 PHZHCHZNOH; < 10 2> Cronsberg, E.Sh., Deteraination of vinyl chlorida in <99> the air.. Gig. Sanit. Ms 3-U (195*). Goethe, R.; Calleaan, C.J.; Threnberg, L*; Nachtaeister, C.A., Trapping with This method Is based on broalnatlon of VC using a 3,u-dichlorobenienethio1 of reactive aetabolltes solution of bromine In a 1;1 aixture of chloroform formed in vitro froa the carcinogen vinyl chloride,, and glacial acetic acid, Sensitivity of the Aabio 3(6): 23*-236 ( 1974) . determination equals 0.10 aq TC pec sample. VC is absorbed froa the air, at the rate of 10-12 1/hr In experiments to determine if chloroethylene oxide during passage across chloroform cooled to 10-15 is foraed as a reactive metabolite of vinyl chloride degrees. Ethylene and chlorine do not present I! (VC) by epoxldation through alcrosoaal detoxification enzymes, 3,-dichlorobenzenethLol was used as a trapping agent. An air-vinyl chloride interference. Russ. alxture vos passed through the supernatant of a rat liver hoaogenate freed froa nuclei, aitochondrla, ANALYSIS and other particles by centrifugation. The supernatant vas fortified vlth all necessary 4-'1 cofactors for a alied function oxygenase systea, and also vith 3/4-dichlorobetizenethiol After 2 hours < 10 3> Hamilton, A.; Hardy, K.L., Plastics. Vinyl polyaars of exposure to the VC gas, the aixture vas extracted and copolymers.. Industrial Toxicology. Publishing with hexane, and the fractions vere analyzed by gas Sciences Croup, Inc., Acton, MA 3rd ed., 30*3a chromatography-aass spectrometry. (197u) . 3,h-oichlorophenylthioacetaldehyde vas identified by its Bass spectrum, isotope distribution pattern, and Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a thermoplastic which basepeak. A second peak vith aolecuiar weight of can be reheated and reshaped repeatedly. The 2*8, apparently foraed directly froa vinyl chloride finished PVC has been found to be without injurious and the thiol, vas not identified. Iq another properties, but the monomer, vinyl chloride (TC), experiment designed to trap only the volatile has recently becoae suspect as a potent carcinogen aetabolltes of vinyl chloride, by eliminating the since the report of several cases of hepatic thiol froa the liver homogenate and passing the TC angiosarcoma in a single VC polymerization plant. gas mixture through a second tube containing Thermal degradation products of PTC include the . * 3,*-dichlorobenxenethlo1 dissolved in methanol, the aonoaer and hydrochloric acid fuses. Dizziness and same two products were found. The results are in confusion are caused by VC. It is implicated In accordance with the formations of chloroethylene acrcosteolysls, a disease occurring in men who clean oxide and/or chloroacetaldehyde as in vitro PVC polymerization vessels by hand, although the metabolites of vinyl chloride. actual toxic agent and its mechanism of attack is unknown. One process for the production of vinyl BIOCHEMISTRY; METABOLISM chloride uses aercurlc chloride as a catalyst, and has been responsible for the introduction of aercury ooo> into natural waters, where it enters the food chain. Grlgorescu, I,; Toba, 2., Vinyl chloride: Industrial MERCURY; AC ROOSTEOLYSIS; RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON; toxicologic aspects.. Rev. Chia. (Bucharest) 17(B): POLYCLEANER 099-S01 (1966), (CA66: 1239p), vinyl chloride eay react vith water at the level of the hepatic cell, yielding ethylene aonochlorohydrln, which may subsequently oxidize to chloral and chloroacetlc acid. An analytic method using paper chromatography and colorimetry vas developed for detection of chloroacetlc acid in the urine. None vas detected In the urine of healthy personnel, but 80% of the staff who had been eaployed 2-6 years in a vinyi chloride processing plant gate positive results. In these cases, the alpha-globulin fraction of protein vas higher and the gaaaa-globulin fraction vas lover than in persons vith presueably no chloroacetlc acid in the urine. Thos capacity to metabolize chloroacetlc acid seemingly decreased after 2 year* of chronic insult. Ron, HUMAN; BIOCHEMISTRY; DIAGIOSTIC; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE <10*> Hardie, D.v.f., Encyclopedia of 171-177 ( 19 6) . vinyl chloride., Klrk-othaer Chemical Technology 2nd ed., 5: ' An extensive patent bibliography is Included in this review of industrial processes, physical and chemical properties, economic aspects, technical standards, handling and toxicity, and uses of vinyl chloride (VC), TC may be stored or transported Qadmr pressure, and aay have stabilizers added. Bulk transportation is io tank trucks, vith transfer to storage vessels by pumping or bloving, sometimes under a nitrogen atmosphere. Leakages must be detected by means of soap solution, never a halide laep, because of the flammability and explomlbillty of VC. vc exerts a narcotic action like that of ethyl chloride ms veil ms being similar In toxicity, TC causes dizxloesm sod disorlentatioo at 51 by volume, and at 20 to 40% it is rapidly fatal to small test animals. Concentration la work spacas should hot exceed 500 ppe, at vhich there im no erldence of direct injury from prolonged exposure. June 1975 267 <10> COHT. PROPERTIES; PATENT; *AMUTACT ORE; USES; TOllCITt < 10 5 > Harris, D.R., Health problems In the manufacture and use of plastics., 9rlt. J, Ind. Red. 10; 255--260 (^9531 . A surrey of the aost common synthetic plastics and associated materials Is reported. Examples of addition polymers and condensation poLymers, with certain additives, are presented with relative clinical and pathological effects. Second-degree burns received by accidental spraying with vinyl chloride comprise a case study. Initial sensations reseibled local anesthesia. The condition healed vithin tvo weeks. SKIN; HORAN; CASE STUDY; INDUSTRIAL HlCIEHE <106> Harris, D.K.; Adaas, v.G.F,, Acco-osteolysts occurring in nen engaged in the polyaerization of vinyl chloride.P atlt. Red. J. (31; 712-114 (19671. Tvo sale autoclave cleaners engaged In the aanufacture of polyvinyl chloride displayed acroosteolysls in fingers and sacroiliac joints. Also, the pAtella was affected in one case, whereas in the other the phalanges of the feet were involved. Raynaud's phenomenon and skin lesions accompanied the condition. One ian hid cleaned autoclaves since 1950, the other since 1960. Rechanical methods of cleaning these autoclaves should be adopted. ACROOSTEOLTSlSI RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON; HORAN; CASE STUD Y; BONE; SKIN; P105RI0LOCT; OCCURArlONAL EXPOSURE <107> Heath, C.w,, Jr.; Falk, H.; Creech, J.L., Characteristics of cases of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride workers in the Onited States., Ann. H, T. Acad. Sci . 2* 6: 23 1 -236 ( 1 9751 . Epidemiologic features of vinyl chloride (VC) indicate that either prolonged exposure and/or a long interval from Initial exposure is required before liver disease becomes apparent. Nonmallgnant diseases of the liver, as well as incidence, clinical aspects, and epidemiology of mngiosarcoma, were included in this study. Ranifestations of liver disease ate quite variable, and detection was sometimes difficult until hepatic fibrosis was so far advanced that splenomegaly and increased portal pressure were evident. A major concern is to develop a sensitive meins for detecting liver disease In the early stages. EPIDERIOLOCT; DIAGNOSTIC <100 > Heath, C.V., Jr.; Key, R.H., Nationwide surveillance of angiosarcoma of the liver.. Arch. Environ. Health 29: 360 (1974), In the Center for Disease Cootrol, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health and the Bureau of Epidemiology have established a surveillance registry for cases of angiosarcoaa of the liter in the U,S. in response to the recent discovery that some cases aay stea from exposure to vinyl chloride. Physicians Ln contact with soch cases are urged to contact the Center for Disease Control, Bldg. 1, Root 520, Atlanta, 5 A 30333 . The national surveillance registry Is pert of the epidealologic study underway to define the apparent relationship between hepatic angiosarcoaa and exposure to vinyl chloride. Full participation by physicians is solicited. EPIDEHIOLOGT; LITER; ARGI03ARCORA; HOHlX; LETTER < 10 9> Heck, V.V.; Pires, E.G., Growth of plants fumigated with saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon gases and their derivatives., Texas Agr. Expt. 3tm, r?~603 12 pages ( 1962] . Squash, cotton, corn, soybean, and cowpeas were fuaigated with 10, 100, and 1,000 ppa of acetylene, ethylene, ethylene oxide, propylene, and vinyl chloride. Plant height, leaf size, flover bud number, cotyledon injury, and an overall injury index were criteria for affects. Ethylene oxide appears to be a true toxicant. Symptomatology of ethylene, acetylene, propylene, and vinyl chloride Injuries were Identical suggesting a common metabolic pattern producing a physiological response. With the exception of ethylene, concentrations of these gases would reach injurious-tc^plant levels only in very exceptional circumstances, and are not important as air pollutants. Vinyl chloride was the least injurious ln a relative analysis of all five gases. AGRICULTURE; TOIjClTY; PLANTS < 110> Hefner, R.E., Jr.; Vatanabe, P.G.; Cehrlng, p.J., Preliminary studies of the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride monoaer (VCR) in rats.. Environ. Health Pecspect. 11; 65-95 (1975). Rats, exposed to initial concentrations of vinyl chloride monomer (VCR) tanging from 50 to 1167 ppm, metabollxed the gas via a primary pathway, postulated to involve alcohol dehydrogenase for levels below 220 pps. In rats exposed to concentrations at and exceeding this level, the prime pathway saturates, and metabolism occurs via a secondary pathway(s), postulated to be epoxidatloa and/or peroxidation. For all concentrations disappearance followed apparent first order kinetics. Unrelated to dose, rat liver sulfhydryl content (glutathione and cysteine) is reduced follovinq exposure to 50-15,000 ppm VCR. The primary metabolites of VCR seemingly react with the nonprotein sulfhydryl. The degree of reduction is reduced with repeated daily exposure. netabolLtes excreted in the urine appear to be 5(2-hydroxyethy1)cyst elne and S (2-carboxymethyl)cysteine and the N-acetyl derivatives, ftonochloroacetlc acid may also bm a ' metabolite. BIOCH ERISTR T; RAT; R ETA BoLlSR; LIVER < 1 1 1> Hefner, R.E., Jr.; Vatanabe, p.g.; Gehciag, P.J., Preliminary studies of the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride monomer ln rata., Ann. N.T. Acad. Scl. 2o6: 135-148 (1975). Rats exposed to concentrations of vinyl chloride (VC) below 100 ppm metabolize it in tl/2 * 66 tin but in concentrations exceeding 220 ppm, tl/2 261 sin Indicating that the predominant pathway is ' saturable. Pyraiole inhibits the metabolism of VC suggesting metabolism via alcohol dehydrogenase. Inhibition of metabolism of VC by ethanol was less pronounced at concentrations of 1000 ppm than at 100 ppa, suggesting that metabolism occurs via pathways other than alcohol dehydrogenase at the higher concentrations. fletabolism via microsomal oxidases la suggested by the depression of metabolism by SKf 525-A in rats exposed to over 1,000 ppm vc, with do effect at levels of 65 ppm. nonochloroacetlc acid was found ln urine of rats exposed to 5000 ppa. VC daily for 9 weeks. VC exposure reduces the nonprotein sulfhydryl concentration of the liver, with a tendency for the reduction to become less pronounced with repeated daily mxposures. Ethanol reduces this depression of concentration of nonprotein sulfhydryl In rats exposed to 1000 ppe VC. In rats exposed to 99 ppa, VC is setabollxed to polar products which appear to be derived after initial aetabollam of VC and subsequent conjugation with glotatblone and/or cystmine through covalent binding with the sulfhydryl. These metabolites are R&S 135415 268 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135416 <11l> comt. excreted in the urine, a small fraction la metabolized to C02 and expired, and another stall fraction appears to be retained in the liter and other tissues for as long aa 15 hcs. Hypotheses based on these observations are discussed. NETABOtlSPl; BAT < 112 > fleliann, R.; Lilia, P.; Hawkins, D.T., a bibliography on the toxicology of vinyl chloride aod polyvinyl chloride., Ann. R, T. Acad. 5cl. 246: 322' 337 (197$) . This bibliography of 389 references is listed alphabetically by first author, together with sequential numbering, The bibliography is subdivided by subject natter into the following categories with pertinent references indicated by nuaber In each category: Carcinogenesis, Effect* at cellular level discussed, Carcinoea, fteaanglosarcoea, Vinyl chloride disease. Liver# Llvet cirrhosis. Portal hypertension, Lang effects. Skin effects, Acroosteolysls, General experimental, Tborotrast, Arsenic, Hitrosasine a, polyvinyl chloride, Rensaration and control. Industrial processes. Plastics. bibliography <113> Hess, E.T.; Schneider, H.; Roush, G., Clinical studies in occupational acroosteolysis--a new disease., J. Lab. Clin. Red. 70(6): 1023 (1967). Twenty tale workers underwent a comptehen sive clinical investigation to detect involvement of the heaatologlc, immunologic, metabolic, hepatic, renal, cardiac, and pulmonary systems, which might be attributed to association with vinyl chloride polymerization processes, fifteen men had Raynaud's phenomena, of whom 7 had temperature changes on provocative testing, 11 had skin changes with fibrotic-llke lesions on hands and forearms, and 9 had pseudoclubbing. Tan men had definite and 6 had equivocal neurotcoplc-1ike changes In the hands, and a were normal. Two had delayed eaptying of the esophagus; none shoved x-ray lung changes. Varying degrees of dermal sclerosis were shown in 11 skin biopsies. Some or all of these lesions. Including bone changes, are reversible. ACFOOSTEOLTSIS: F AYR AUO ' 5 PRENONfROR; SKI*: BORE; 10RG; CASE STUDY <114> Rlralva, If., Effect of narcotics upon the flexion reflex of rat., Osaka Daigaku Igaku Zassl 5(1): 95- 100 ( 1952) . (BA 20: 1 1025) Disappearance of the flexion reflex in the hind limb of the intact rat was studied uqder narcotics. The flexion reflex curve shoved that the latency of response to a single electrical stimulation was 12 to 15 milliseconds and the peaks of contraction appeared at 30 to 60, 60 to 80, 100, 150, 250 milliseconds, etc. The group of narcotics which included vinyl chloride did not change the latency period, but the peaks at 250 to aOQ milliseconds disappeared, and after 400 milliseconds other peaks appeared. Jap.; Eng. Sana, X1IC0SIS; NEUROLOGICAL; RAT <115> Holmbrg, B.; Holloa, G., The Industrial toxicology of vinyl chloride. A review., Vork-envlroni.*hlth It: 138-m (1974). This review with *9 references summarizes the pertiaeot literature on vinyl chloride (VC) toxicity In mam amd animals. Technically, the most widely used synthesis of VC is by oxychlocination of ethylene. The monomer is used as propellants for deodorants, pesticides, hair sprays, and furniture polish, but its main use is as resin for plastic production. Threshold Halt values at the end of 1973 were 100 ppm in vest Germany, 10 ppa in the Soviet Onion, 500 ppm in Sweden and 200 ppm In the United States# Standards were lowered to a time'weighted average of 1 ppm and a ceiling value of 5 ppm for 15 alnutes in the USA and Sweden as of January 1, 1975. Acute and chronic toxicity with symptoms of acroosteolysis, Raynaud's phenomenon, liver function abnormalities, and liver cancer are discussed from an epidemiological standpoint. Toxicological data from animal studies indicate that VC is a multipotential carcinogen in animals and perhaps in man. FEVIEB; CANCER; ACROOSTEOLYSIS; EPIDEflIOLOGT; HONAN; RAT; RICE; IRDUSTRIAt HTGIERS < 116> Honma, H, (Ed.); Crosby, H.J. (Ed.), Syaposium on toxicity in the closed ecological system.. Defense Documentation Center for Scientific and Technical Information AD44Q94J, pp 9-10 (1963). In a compilation of all contaminants Identified in. the atmosphere of a Rercury spacecraft, the ccncentration of vinyl chloride was recorded as 0 to 3 ppm. Exposures In spacecraft are unalleviated and continuous for 24 hr/day, 7 day/veek. New criteria of safety are needed. STANDARDS; SPACECRAFT < 11 7> Kori, n.; Kobayashl, T.; Ota, T., Vinyl chloride monomer odor concentration., Plast. Ind. Revs 16(11) : 164-166 (1972). vinyl chloride, a colorless gas at normal temperature and pressure, produces narcotic symptoms at 1,000 ppm. Though emitting an odor similar to chloroform, the threshold of detection may vary 10 times between subjects, and further depends on the subjects' acclimatization to the odor. Vinyl chloride monoaer was diluted with air and supplied slowly in increasing concentration to the nostrils of 5-10 workers selected at random from each of 15 polyvinyl chloride manufacturing plants. The stpncb perceptive concentration, a ratio between the concentration of gas and the perception point, was thus determined. Sixty percent of the workers perceived the monomer at 500 ppm; 1,000 ppm was necessary for perception by all vorkers. Concentration of the gas below the perceptive concentration was studied by a gas detection tube and gas chromatography. SAFETY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE < 11 8> infante, P.f., Oncogenic and mutagenic risks in communities with polyvinyl chloride production /" facilities.. Conference on Occupational Carcinogenesis. New York Academy of Sciences, Rev York, R.T. (Rarch 24-27, 1975). (Abstract) Ann. R.T. Acad. Sci. (To be published) A significantly greater number of children with malformations were born during the period 1970-73 in the three Ohio communities with polyvinyl chloride production facilities, when compared with the expected malformation statistics for the entire state. The rate of ma1 formatioos la the index cities was significantly greater than in the counties in which these cities were located. Comparable county-city combinations did not reveal the sin differences. Rost notable anoaalles were those Involving the central nervous system: 17 observed vs 5,62 expected among live births; S vs 2.85 amoog stillbirths. In 2 communities a significant excess of deaths from CMS tumors la adult males 45 years of age and older was observed. These preliminary findings Indicate the need for June 1975 269 R&S 135417 < 118 > COPT. farther study of possible contributing factor*. flOTlCSSICITT* TERATOGENICITY; ClRCIRDGEH ICITY <1 19 > Izmwcov, N.r., (Thm toxic action of vinyl chloride.), Tech. Pub. Branch, Information Services DIt., ERA Tr. 9-75; 1-tO (197a). The development of chronic occupational iDtoxlcatlon by vinyl chloride &s first established by investigators of th* Gorky Institute of Occupational Hygiene and Diseas* in 1950* Observations of 141 persons over a 27-year period at the Institute shoe that the angloneoroses and acroosteolysls are only part of th* clinical picture of intoxication caused by the injury principally to the nervous systea. ftlld acute intoxicatloa proceeds with a pceoareotic syndrome (slid agitation, euphoria, nausea, disturbance of coordination, somnolence), Syaptoas vanLsh in fresh air, Symptoms of chronic intoxication appear In a significant number of workers vlthin a 3-months to 5-years exposure period. Initial eanifestatioos are Raynaud's syndroae and acroosteolysls. Later, in addition to neurological disturbances, the liver is enlarged la 1/3 of all cases, vlth soie functional disturbance of protein metabolism* There is a tendency toward anemia vlth slid heaoiytic phenoaena. Gaye-TernUe type brainstea encephalopathy aay develop vlth increasing asthenia, gross eye-aotor disturbances, insufficiency of facial and sublinqual nerves vlth mast-like face, and qross deviation of the toague. Hallucinations, paroxysaal disturbances of consciousness, and dysphoric episodes aay appear. Hypertension, cardiovascular insufficiency, and dystrophic changes in the ayocardlua develop in a significant nuaber of patients. Peripheral blood shows a tendency tovard erythrocytosis and enlarged foras of erythrocytes. Changes In the esophaqus and qastro-intestlnal tract are aanifested by difficulty {a swallowing, choking, fullness In the stomach. Acidity of the stomach contents is reduced. Structural disturbances in the brainstea section of the brain account for aost of the observed disturbances of Internal organs and disorders of vascular regulation* Despite the long period of observation on a large nuab*r of patients, no cases of heaenglosarcoaa of the liver were obs*rved* Puss.; Eng* Transl. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PATNAOO'S PHENOHEROH; NEUROLOGICAL; GASTROINTESTINAL; CARDIOVASCULAR; BLOOD; HUHAN; LITER; ACROOSTEOLYSI5; A NGI ONEUROS IS ; W7U1 <120> Jackson, R.L.; RCCoraack, N.8.; Rondestvedt, C.S.; Smeltz, K.C,; Title, I.E., Safety in the chemical laboratory LXI. Control of peroxidlxable compound*., J. Chea, tduc, 47* 175-189 (1970) * Structure, detection, and examples of cospounds which afa potential peroxide foraers 4 re discussed with eaphasls on suqqested procedures for handling and storage. Tiny! chloride is hazardous due to peroxide initiation of polyaerixation; storage recoaaendations include a yellow label and Insuring less than 12 wonths shelf storage. EXPLOSIVE; SAftTT; PEROXIDE <12t> Jaeger, S.J., Tinyl chloride aoaoaer: Coeaeots on it* hepatotoxlclty and Interaction vlth 1,1-dichloroethylene., inn* N.I. lead. Sci. 246: 150-15) (1975) . I similarity is noted between vinyl chloride (TC) and wioylldene chloride (1, 1-DCZ) although 1, 1-DCE 1* the aore reactive and a potent hepatotoxln* Vorker* at B.T. Goodrich in Louisville who developed angiosarcoea of the liver were exposed to both compounds* Ataospherlc concentrations of TC up to 4.65* (v/r) produced no elevation of serue alanioe-alpha-ketoglutacate transaminase (ART) in 4-br exposures to fasted rats. Chronic exposure to TC caused reduction in rat liver glutathione concentrations. TC prevented 1,1-DCE Injury in fasted rats by an undetermined mechanism* Honochloroacetic acid a* a urinary tetabollt* suggests formation of ethylene chlorohydrin am an 1ntermedlatm. Intramolecular nucleophilic displacement of chlorine by the hydroxyl group on the alpha carbon results in a positively charged protonated epoxide which fulfill* the criteria for electrophilicity of alkylating groups as a requirement for tumorlgeniclty. This hypothesis of toaorlgeniclty should be tested; other monohaloethenes may be more tomoclgenic than vinyl chloride, (preliminary data) CIRCI10GENICITT; LITER; 1,1-DICHLOROETHYLEN E < 12 2> Jmeger, R*J.; Conolly, B.B.; Hurphy, 5.D., Short-term inhalation toxicity of halogenated hydrocarbons. Effects on fasting rats.. Arch, Environ. Realth 30; 26-31 (1975). Tinyl chloride monomer (VC) vas not hepatotoxic to fed rats or rats fasted for 18 hours, following hr exposures of 10,522 and 46,550 ppi. To test the synergisa or antagonism of TC with 1,1 dichloroethylene (DCE), the tvo were administered simultaneously to fed and fasted rats, and serum alanine-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase (ART) activity determined. TC vas not toxic at 1,122 ppm in fasted rats, whereas DCE produced injury at 205 ppa. The combined exposure of 1,066 ppm VC to 195 ppm DCE (a molar ratio of 5 to 1) resulted in complete protection of fasted rats, injury occurred in 2 of 5 fasted rats at an equimolar concentration. Simultaneous exposure of fasted rats to 12,093 ppm TC and 1,971 ppm DCE did not Increase either serum ART or serua dehydrogenase sorbitol (SDH). Tinyl chloride was therefore antagonistic to the hepatotoxic effect of DCE. RAT; LITER; EASTING; INTERACTION; DICHLOROETHTLENE < 12 3 > Jaeger, R.J.: Conolly, R.B.; Reynolds, S.S.; Hurphy, S.O., Biochemical toxicology of unsaturated halogenated monomers.. Environ. Health Perspect. 11: 121-128 (1975). Inhalation toxicity studies show that 1,1-dIchloroethyleoe, 1, 1-dibromoethylene, and 2*chioro- 1, 3-be tadiene are more toxic to fasted rats than to fed rats. Tinyl chloride monomer and 1, 1-d if luoroeth ylene were not acutely hepatotoxic at 46,500 and 82,000 ppm respectively in ooreal male rats whether fed or fasted. TOIICITT; RAT , <124> Jaeger, R.J.; Reynolds, E.S.; Conolly, B.B.; noslen, H.T.; Szabo, S.; Hurphy, 5.O., Acute hepatic Injury by vinyl chloride in rats pcetreated with pbenobarblt alNature 252 (5*85): 7 2-725 ( 1974). s' / Exposure to 5% vinyl chloride monoaer (TCH) for 6 hes in an inhalation chamber caused acute liver injury to rats pretreated for 7 days with phenobarbitml (P8T) . Injury was assessed at 2a hr by serua enzyme assays (alattioe-aIpha-ketoglutarate transaminase and sorbitol dehydrogenase) and histology examination after perfusion fixation revealed vacuolization of centrolobular parenchymal cells and focal necrosis of mid-zonal parenchyma. A ten-fold decrease in exposure concentration to 0.St TCH for 6 hr caused no apparent Injury to either PBT pretreated or non-pretremtmd rats. Only after nonpretreated rat* were exposed to 10% TCH (an anesthetic dose) for 6 hr did a slight elevation of serne enzymes and centrolobalmr vacuolization occur. Activation of TCH to an epoxide intermediate might 270 Environmental Health Perspectives -i & t J f v 1 g> 1 41* I $ R&S 135418 <12*> CONT. occur by a mechanism similar to that proposed for trichloroethylene* PAT; PATHOLOGY; INTERACTION; PHIRH lCOLOGl; PBENODARBIT1I <125> Jaeger, N.J, ; Reynolds, E.S. ; Siabo, S.; Hosleo, H.T*; Hatphy, S.D., Inhalation toxicity studies of vinyl chloride iono>r in phenobarblta1 or iroclor 1254-pretremted rats., Abstracts of Papers for 14th Annqal Heating of society of Toxicology, Williamsburg, Virginia, March 9- U (1975) Abstract Ho. 27; p. 23 (197?) . Exposure to 60,000 ppe vinyl chloride (TC) led to to approriaate 50-fold increase of serua alan ine-alpha-ketogluta ca te transaalnase (SAjCT) in 7-day pbenobarbital (PB)-treated fasted rats, while PB-treated fed rats only exhibited increased eozyae activity apptoxiaately 7-fold* 5AKT was elevated after exposure of PB-treated cats to 90,000 ppa TC, but no fed-fasted difference was apparent. Also, 20,000 and 5,000 ppa Vc showed no elevation in SiKT. Tasted rats, treated for 7 days with iroclor 1254, had elevated SAKT after exposure to 29,000 ppa TC. Rats treated with 100,000 ppa TC alone for 6 hrs showed no elevation of SAKT. INTERACTION; TOUCTTY; RAT; PRENOBARBITAL; AROCLOR 125 < 1 26 > Jensen, S.; Jernelov, A.; Lange, R.; Palaork, K.R., Chlorinated by-products fro* vinyl chloride production; A nev source of aarlne pollution*, Narine pollution and Sea life* n* Ruivo, Ed., Fishery Resources Division, TAO, fishing News (Boohs) , Ltd., Surrey, Eng* 242- 244 ( 1 970). Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon (C-Ci) by-products Of vinyl chloride production were soapled in the North Atlantic froa June to September 1970: toxicity tests were perforaed using algae, cod, plaice, crustaceans, aolluscs, and echinoderaata. Cod and plaice proved aost sensitive; thirteen ppa caused a 50t reduction in photosynthesis. Cheaical analysis by chroaatography showed that C-Cl originates froa industries on both sides of the Atlantic and is widely distributed. Degradation experiaents showed that the various C-Cl coaponents disappeared at varying rates; in water with no biological activity however, C-Cl revalued unchanged up to 27 days at rooa temperature* TOIICITT; BT-P.RODOCTS; NARINE - <127> Johnson, C.A., Clinical aanagenent of workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride., Ann. N.T, Acad. Sci. 24 6: 31 3-3 1 9 (1 975). The nodical surveillance prograa at th* Goodyear plant in Niagara falls consists of the following: 1) a conprehensive aedical history, 2) physical examination, 3) anterior and posterior x-rays of the chest, 4) x-ray of both hands, 5) pulmonary function test, and 6) extensive clinical laboratory testing prograa. Effective clinical aanageeeut aust include, in addition to the aedical surveillance, the cooperation of the toxicologist, the process engineer, the Industrial hygienist, the physician, and the vorker. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE* DIAGNOSTIC < 126 > Jtehe, S.; Lange, C.-E., Sklerodecmlmartlge Baatverandarungen, Raynaud-5yadtoa und ikrooeteolysen bei lrbeitern der pTC-herstellenden Industrie. (Scleroderma-Ilk* skin alterations, Raynaud's ayndrove, and acrooeteolysis in workers in the polyvinyl chloride industry.). Dent. Bed. loch ease hr, 97; 1922- 19 23 (1 972). Cold sensitivity, irritation, nuabness, blanching, and pain of the fingers were reported by seven patients over a period of 1 to 3 1/2 years. Later, a druistlck-like enlargeaent of the ends of the fingers and an hourglass shaping of the nails occurred. Clinical diagnosis confined 5 cases of Raynaud's syndroee. Knotty ivory-colored infiltrates were observed in finger joints, backs of the hands, and underan areas while three patients exhibited a thickened, fleshy, eask-like appearance in the upper cheek area. Band-forming osteolysis was seen in five patients. Disturbances of liver and respiratory function occurred in two patients. Differentiation of vinyl chloride effects froa scleroderma Is possible by 1) the relative freguency In comparison to scleroderma, 2) exclusively an illness of men, 3) lack of laportant early symptoms as shortening of tongue ligaments and sclerosis of the esophagus, 4) swelling and shortening of finger end phalanges, and 5) acroosteolysis, seldom seen in scleroderma. Gef. ACPOOSTEOLT5I5; BONE; SKIN; RAYNAUD'S PRENONENON; LIVER; LUNG; HONAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; POLTCLEANER < 1 29> Juehe, 5.; Lange, C.-E.; Stein, G,; Teltman, G., Uebet die sog, VinyIchlorid-Kcaokheit (eine neue Berufshrankheit), (The so-called vinyl chloride illness, a new occupational illness.), Berufsdermatosen 22: 4-22 (1974). Lesions of skin, bones, vascular and hematopoietic systems, liver, spleen, and lungs suggest a systemic disease caused by prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride in autoclave-vorkecs in the polyvinyl chloride industry. The connective tissues undergo an unknown alteration together vith development of fibrosis of the skin and of the vascular system, and perhaps of the lur.gs and liver as veil. The authors sugqest renaming the syndrome called "occupational acroosteolysis" to the more inclusive term "vinyl chloride disease." Ger.; Eng, Suva. liver: skim; bone; LUNG; acroosteolrSIS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; CASE STU0Y < 13 0> Juehe, S.; Lange, C.-E.; Stein, G.; Teltaan, G., Oebec die sogenannte vinylchlorid-Krankheit. (The so-called vinyl chloride illness.), Deut. Ned. tfochenschr. 98; 2034-2037 ( 1973). Thirteen workers aged 29 to 50 yrs (avg 39 yea) with an employment span from 2 to 19 yrs (avg 7 yrs) in a polyvinyl chloride manufacturing plant were examined. first symptoms appeared in 11 patients betveen 1 1/2 to 3 1/2 yrs exposure to the monomer. In 2 patients symptoms appeared at 7 and 11 years exposure. Initial symptoms included cold . sensitivity and numbness or crippling in hands and ' feet; thickening of finger-ends and loosening of the nails: and general complaints such as fatigue, slowing of responses, forgetfulness, dlxxiness and nausea at work, sweating, upper abdoeinal discomfort, and skin changes* Principal findings on examination were: splenomegaly of either a primary toxic origin or a secondary effect: toxic liver damage ranging from slight histological alterations to hypertrophic cirrhosis in the portal area and intrahepatlc block in advanced cases; restrictive alterations and partial insufficiency in the respiratory system perhaps due to the same alterations in collagen and elastic fibers seen in the skin; cardiovascular disturbances evidenced by Raynaud's phenomenon and cold sensitivity, thrombocytopenia, retlculocytosis, and leucopenia; changes in the esophagns; and changes in the skin and bones which led to bandforming osteolysis and fragmentation of the phalanges. The symptom complex im not a known syndroee, and etiology and June 1975 271 R&S 135419 < 1 30> COST. pathogenesis are still to be clarified. Vinyl chloride is implicated in a brief literature review. Ger, HUNAN; CASE STUDY; R EYT EV; LUNG; LIVES; CAHDIOYASCULAF; RESPIRATORY: BORE; SKIN; ACROOSTEOLYSIS; RAYNAUD'S PH ENON ENON <13 1> Kal'manovich, F. L., (Sanltary-ch em ica1 characteristics of polyvinyl-chLoride floor coatinqs.j, Giq. Sanit. (Hyq, Sanit.) 33(1-3); 27u-280 (1968) . Air above polyvinyl chloride tiles ani floor coverings was examined for vinyl chloride. Analyses for unsaturated hydrocarbons vece perforaed at the sae time as those for vinyl chloride. neither hydrocarbons nor vinyl chloride were released after 30 days, but the liberation of toxic substances dunnq the first 30 days vas sufficient to require an intensive ventilation period of 1 1/2 to 2 months before use in children's institutions. Further toncoloqica 1 Investigations were recommended. The laboratory procedures are detailed. Puss.; Enq. Transl. SAFETY; DEPOLYMERIZATION: CHILD: HUNAN; STANDARDS; NON-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE <132> Keplinqer, rt.L,; Goode, J.'rf.; Gordon, D.E.; Calandra, J.C., Interim results of exposure haisters, and mice to vinyl chloride., Ann, Acad. Sci. 26: 219-224 (1975). of rats, n.Y. An interim summary of tumors in mice exposed to vinyl chloride for 8 months in concentrations of 50 to 2500 ppm, shoved tumors in lung, liver, and mammary glands, vith metastasis of the mammary tumors to the lung at all levels of exposure. no tumors have been observed In rats or mamsters exposed to 50 ppm, but angiosarcomas may have been observed In one male hamster and one male rat exposed to 2e>00 ppm, and in one female rat exposed to 200 ppm. These tentative data will be expanded as the study continues, CARCINOGENICITY: RAT: MCE; HAnSTE? <1 3 3> Kern, W.H., vinyl chloride and liver tumors,, JANA 229(10); 1286 (1974). This letter to the editor mates the distinction between primary carcinoma of mesodermal origin, a type of sarcoma, and primary carcinoma, a tumor cf considerably greater frequency. The to types have been confused in certain comments oo the Literature, LIVER; CANCER; DIAGNOSTIC <na> Key, rt.fl., Occupational dermatitis from plastics,, J. Ned. Assoc, GA 57: 4 21-524 (1568). Polymers cause little dermatitis. Nost industrial dermatitis in the polymer field occurs in curiog or hardening of thermosetting resins, and Is caused by monomers, lov molecular veLght polymers, condensate components, or additives. The acute stage Is manifested by erythema, edema, and vesicles, and is accompanied by proritis, The chronic stage has a dry, scaly, fissured, and lichenified appearance and is also pruritic. Polyvinyls have caused little dersatitis, and until recently the polyvinyl manufacturing process mas thought to be safe* Acroosteolysis vas first reported in 1964 among polycleaners, and is thought to be caosed by vinyl chloride monomer or by a pecoxy-ooapousd. The acroosteolysis is usually reversible if detected early. ACROOSTEOLYSIS; P0LICLEAN R; DERMATITIS; SKIN < 1 35> Key, N.N., NlOSH Recommended Standard for occupational exposure to vinyl chloride. (Excerpts from a March 11, 1974, memorandum.), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and welfare U.S. Government Printing Office: 657-060/2007 ( 197}. On January 22, 1974, B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. informed HIOSH that several deaths may have been related to occupational exposures, particularly those in the area of vinyl chloride polymerization. On February 1, 197 o, a briefing between NIOSH/CX and other Federal agencies with health research responsibilities concluded that vinyl chloride vas the prime etiological agent in causing angiosarcoma of the liver as an occupational disease. At ao OSHA Informal Fact-finding Hearing on Possible Hazards of Vinyl Chloride Nanufactute and Use on February 15, 1974, some preliminary data vece oresented vhich showed induction of angiosarcoma of liver and other organs, as veil as other cancers, in rats exposed to vinyl chloride. Consequently it is recommended that any employee exposed to measurable concentrations of vinyl chloride shall vear an air-supplied respirator. The employer is required to develop a Control Plan to reduce airborne concentrations of vinyl chloride to levels not detectable by the recommended method. The standard applies only to the manufacture of synthetic polymer from vinyl chloride. Regulated areas shall include loading operations; storaqe and transfer facilities; polymerization processes and operations; and resin handling, compounding, packaging, and storaqe areas. Routine operations shall include 1) Neasutement of vinyl chloride in air at strategic sampling points under normal operating conditions, 2) Control Plan for controlling vinyl chloride levels and developing additional healthful work practices, 3) Periodic tests for leaks or emission of vinyl chloride, 4) u?e of full-face, air-supplied respirator until exposure to vinyl chloride Is reduced belov detectable levels, 51 specific and detailed transfer procedures for loading or transferring vinyl chloride monomer, 6) Full-body protective clothing An regulated areas, and 7) Impervious containers for disposal of protective clothing and equipment. Reactor and vessel entry procedures and techniques shall be developed to minimize employee exposure to vinyl chloride. Maintenance and decontamination activities are to be conducted to prevent airborne contamination and accidental skin contact, A roster of employees entering regulated areas shall be maintained for a period of 2Q years. Emergency procedures, Informative signs and labelling, and training requirements are established. Pre-ea ploy ment and periodic health examinations directed primarily to detect liver disease and/or hepatic tumor shall include the folloving tests of liver function: a) total bilirubin, b) alkaline phosphatase, c) serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, d) serum glutamic pyruvic transaaioase and e) gamma glutamyl transpeptid4se. Regulated areas, number of employees in each regulated area, and a Control Plan shall be reported vithin 60 days to OSHA; results of air measurement samples shall be reported semi-annually; and all incidents vbich release vinyl chloride monomer to employee exposure shall be reported. STANDARDS; OCCUPATIONAL EIP0S0RE; HUNAN < 136) Kovac, A.; Kurajica, L.; Juric-Ruzic, D.; Parse, Acropathla extremltatum in poly*rlsatione vinylchloridi -- nev occupational disease., Lilecnicki Tjesnik (Ned. J.) 91 (i > s 5- 1 7 ( 1 969). 8., Case studies of autoclave cleaners in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing plant led to the designation of the nevly observed occupational disease as 'Acropathla extremltatum in polyaerisatlone vinylchloridi" to comprise all 4 272 Environmental Health Perspectives rk [1 : i J <13 6 > CO NT. ( 1969) . 3tages of the disease within the definition and emphasize the occupational origin. The stages are: Taper pressure, boiling point, solubility, chemical 1) transient subjective Raynaud-type symptoms such resistance, flammability, and lov toxicity are as pallor and numbness, 2) changes in color and important In aerosol propellants. One hundred and quality of skin, 3) combination of 1 and 2 with twenty each of mice, rats, and guinea pigs, la recent, shallow, aarqinal, bony lesions of terminal groups of 10 (5 male, 5 female) , were exposed 2 hrs/ phalanges, U) combination of 1,2, and 3, with day for 100 days to an open inhalation system with definitive bone changes, including permanent constant air flow of 0.5, 1.5 and 5.0 vol \ of shortening and thickening of fingertips with several propellants, including vinyl chloride. applanation and transversal widening of nails. if Animals were fed a normal diet and weighed weekly. the worker is removed from exposure, prognosis is No effects from vinyl chloride were noted up to relatively favorable with no marked decreases In 1.5Y; 5 vol X increased mobility and then reduced it working ability, although fingertips are permanently as tests progressed. Effects were reversible. deformed with lessened tactile sensitivity. Growth, blood pattern, condition of the liver, and ACROOSTEOLTSIS; CASE STUDY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; BONE; SKIN I1 <137> histopathology and morphology of internal organs were normal. One qram vinyl chloride yielded 39,5 mg CO, 0. it mg phosgene, and 102 mg HCi at 1000 C io thermal decomposition tests. No skin reaction was observed in 500 tests with 50 patients using aerosol propellants, including vinyl chloride. Kramer, C.C.; rtutchlec, J.E,, The correlation of clinical and environmental measurements for workers AEROSOLS; TOXICITY; DEGRADATION; RAT; lijCZ; HUNAN; exposed to vinyl chloride., Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. GUINEA PTC J. 3 3(11 : 1 9-3 0 ( 1972) . A newly developed statistical technique correlates < 19 1> clinical manifestations with individual levels of Kuebler, R,, vinyl chloride and methylene chloride., environmental vinyl chloride exposure. A Parfuem. Kosmet. 90 (11): 625-627 (1 959). retrospective survey of 99 healthy male workers exposed chronically to vinyl chloride for periods up Seventy grams of vinyl chloride can be sprayed In a to 2$ years indicates that vinyl chloride, together 50 cubic meter space before reaching the Razlaum with smaller amounts of vinylidene chloride, causes Acceptable Concentration of 500 ppm. . Up to 100 certain physiological and clinical changes. The times this amount, or 20 eighteen-ounce cans of "step-wise multiple linear regression analysis" spray will produce only a slight physiological I technique requires good environmental and medical data in substantial quantity for relating measured effect. Narcosis begins at 12 vol 1 or the equivalent of *>0 etqbteen-ounce cans, favorable i clinical changes directly to measured exposure, properties of vinyl chloride for an aerosol medium nore studies are needed on worker populations include a pressure of 2 atmospheres at 20 degrees C, exposed only to vinyl chloride. good solvent properties for lacquers and perfumes, lack of odor, high ignition temperature, REVIEW; STANDARDS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HODEL; dermatological inertness, and very low toxicity. CASE STUDY; EP10Ed10LOGT Bethylene blue sr copper ion are effective as polymerization inhibitors in the spray cans. <1 39> Ger. Krantz, J.C.; Carr, C.J.; nusser, F.; Harne, v.C,, The effect of chlorinated ethylenes on the perfused AEROSOLS; HU1AN; PROPERTIES; TOIICITT leg vessels of the frog., Arch. Tnt. Pharmacodyn. 52: 369-372 (1935). < ia 2> The vasoconstrictive action of ethylene, vinyl Kuebler, H., Vinyl chloride as an aerosol *- chloride, cis and trans dichlocoethylene, propellant.. Aerosol Age 3(9): 26, 2fl, 59-6 1 ( 1 958). trichloroethylene, and teteachloroethylene was investigated by perfusing the vessels of ftog's An inhalation test of vinyl chloride (VC) performed legs. Vinyl chloride was dissolved in Rinqer's on mice Indicated that exposures to 0.5 and 5.0< by solution containing 5t methyl alcohol. A saturated volume VC (2 times/day for 60 days for periods of solution of phosgene in a parallel experiment tested 1/2 hr each) produced no observable changes ia the effect of deconposttion products of the behavior, well-being, or appetite. No damage or chlorinated ethylenes; but no vasoconstrictive bodily injury was observed on dissection at either effect was found, nor could vinyl chloride be concentration. Dermatological tests using an prepared in sufficient concentration to elicit a aerosol sun-tan oil pressurized with vinyl chloride ; response. f NECROLOGICAL; CARDIOVAS COLAR applied over a 5 day period to ear-lobes and arm-pits of people aged 18 to 73 years showed no skin reactions. jiaximue allowable concentration is quoted at 500-1000 ppm# and the safe experience of ^ 914 < 1 39 > loaders and fillers of aerosol cans over a period 61 years is cited. li Kudryavtseva, 0. f. , (Characteristics of electrocardiographic changes in patients vith vinyl A EFOSOLS; NON-OCCUPATIO HAL EXPOSURE chloride poisoning.). Gig* Tr. Prof. Zabol. 19(8): 59-56 (1970) . } Together with the vasoneuroses in the clinical picture of chronic vinyl chloride intoxication, < io 3> Lange, C.-E.; Juehe, S. ; Stein, G.; Veltman, G. , further results in polyvinyl chloride prodqctioo disturbances of the c*c d i q-v ascru la r system vhich workers., Ann. N.Y, Acad. Sci. 296: 18-21 (1975), appear on electrocardiographic examination occupy a significant place. condition of the patient's heart fifteen workers in the polyvinyl chloride (PvC) can be followed and supervised by means of the processing industries (mixing and manipulation of . electrocardiograph. basic pvo powder in processes where gases, fumes, and seoke tend to develop) were examined. Russ * Occupational exposure to PVC ranged from 1 1/2 yrs to 13 yrs with an avg of 5 yrs. Coeplaints Included ROWAN; CASE STUD T; CARDIOVASCULAR; ANGION EUROS IS pressure and/or pain in the Qpper abdommn, dirtiness, cold hands and feet, aod leg weakness. Clinical symptoms Included thrombocytopenia, <)aO> increased BSP retention time, reticqlocytosis, Kuebler, fl.F The physiological properties of aerosol leukopenia, splenomegaly, and cbanqes in the livr. propellants.. Aerosol Age 9(9); 99, 97-98, 50, 90-91 Two recommendations are made; a) flasm examinations R&S 135420 June 1975 273 < 1 U3> CONT. of PVC production workers be extended to PVC processing industries, b) Research on the liberation of tiny! chloride monomer during P7C processing be instituted. X second problem concerns the detersination of a causal relationship between working in pvc production and the fonation of lethal malignant tumors. rwo case histories are presented, but no definitive connection is drawn. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; SPIES*; LIVER; THROHBOCTTOPEN IA; LEO ROPERIA ; RETIC0L3CTTOSIS; CANCER; HUHAM; CASE STUDT <iu> Lange, C.-E,; Juehe, S.; Stein, G, ; Veltman, c,, Die soqenannte vinylchlocii"Rcankhelt--lae berufshedingte 5ystemsklerose? (The so-called vinyl chlorj.de sickness - an occupation-related systemic sclerosis?), Int. Arch. Arbeitsaed. 32: 1-32 ( 1974). \ Out of 13 workers employed at a polyvinyl chloride factory for 1 3/*> to l* years, 8 had sclerodera-like skin changes: 7 patients had thickened finger phalanges; 11 patients had circulatory disturbances; 4 had Raynaud's syndrome; and ft had band-like osteolysis of the terminal finger phalanges. Throabocytopenia was observed in all patients; 12 had splenomegaly; 11 had liver malfunction; u had esophageal varices; and 8 had pulmonary insufficiency. Long-teca exposure to vinyl chloride vapors is suspected of causing these extensive patholoqic changes. The suggested name for this systeaic disease is "vinyl chloride disease" . Gee*; Enq, Sum*. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE: SKIN; LONG; LIVER: ESOPHAGUS; ACROOSTPOLTSIS; RATNAUD'S PHENOMENON; THPOflBOCTTOPEN IA ; CAR DIQVASC ULAR ; EPIU EMIOLQGT : OSTSOLTSIS <1U5> Lange, C.-E.j Juehe, S,; Veltman, G., Liver anqiosarcoaa in two workers in a pvc-producing factory., Deu*. Ned. vochenschr, 99: 1590-1599 (I9?u> . Case studies describe t*o workers in a polyvinyl chloride manufacturing plant who died of anqiosaccoaa of the liver after 11 ani 12 years exposure. Tn view of siailar case histories fro* other countries and the results cf animal research, the authors are lead to the assumption of an occupationally related cause, Ger.; Eng. Sum m . ANGIOSARCOMA; LIVER; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; CASE STUDT <1 U6> Lassiter, D.v,,, Case Study 3. Vinyl Chloride--best available technology.. Conference on Occupational Carcinoqenesis, ke* Tqrk Academy of Scleoces, New Tork, R. T. (March 24-27, 1975). (Abstract) Ann. N,,T, Acad, 5ci. (To be published.) The standard for vinyl chloride (VC) marked the first Federal attempt to regulate occupational exposure to a carcinogen on the basis of available analytical aethodology. The Importance of polyvinyl chloride (pvci to the Nation's economy rendered zero exposure liiits impractical. Exposure was therefore limited to 1 ppm on an fl-hr tIme-weigh ted-average and 5 ppm on a 15-minute time-weighted average, based on recommendations by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, which represented the sensitivity of available analytical aethodology for determination of compliance. STANDARDS; ANALTSIS < 1 o 7> Lavecy, O.S.; Milks, P.A., Vinyl chloride analysis by infrared spectroscopic methods., Amer. lab. * (10) : 53-GO (1974) . Continuous Industrial monitoring is required in work area surveys, in leak detection, and in potentially high-hazard areas. Infrared analyzers are compared with other types of detectors as to speed, sensitivity, stability, specificity, reliability, accuracy, portability, and maintenance requirements. Characteristics of Infrared vinyl chloride analyzers, and Infrared analytical data for vioyl chloride are presented. Experimental portable and f ixed-insta Hat ion infrared analyzers are described which are fail-safe and require little maintenance. Output from such monitors can be computerized for data storage, exposure calculations, and warnings of hazardous levels. Comparison of methods are tabulated for; flame ionization hydrocarbon analyzers, halide detectors, automated gas chromatographs, and selective wavelength (infrared) analyzers with long path cells. ANALTSIS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE < iug> Lee, F.I.: Harry, D.S., AQqlosarcoma of the liver in a vinyl-chloride worker.. Lancet 1(7870): 1316-1318 (197) . A 71-year-old man, who had worked in the production of polyvinyl chloride from vinyl chloride monomer for 20 years, was admitted to emergency treatment with massive edema, moderate ascites, and a palpable liver. Liver scintiscan shoved diffuse liver enlargement with patchy uptake, ani liver-biopsy showed fragmentation, but normal architecture. There was no evidence of hepatoma or fibrosis, but a mild portal-tract infiltrate was noticed. The overall picture suggested cirrhosis. Two weeks lattr the patient died suddenly. The liver W4S composed of irreqular interconnecting reddish-brown honeycombed areas of malignant hemangioendothelioma (angiosarcoma) separated by pale brown liver tissue of apparently normal structure. Ad lacent tissue was infiltrated, but in areas away from the tumor, there was no evidence of cirrhosis. Angiosarcoma of the liver appears to be an occupational tumor with considerable variation in susceptibility; vinyl chloride is the suspected carcinogen. * CASE REPORT; REV XEN ; LIVER: HUMAN; ANGIOSARCOMA; CASE STUDT < 149> Lefaux, ft.. Vinyl chloride,. Practical Toxicology of Plastics, Chemical Rubber Co. Press, Cleveland, oh Pt. 2, Ch, 1, No. 7; 80-83 (1 968). Vinyl chloride (VC) -* CH2CHC1, monochloroethylene -- is at ordinary temperatures a colorless gas with a sveet, though not marked, odor. VC polymerizes very readily. Vapors form inflammable mixtures with air above -78 C; 4-22% volume in air is explosive. Flames are controllable with carbon dioxide. Animal experiments shoved narcosis ranging from no signs in 480 min at 10,000 ppm to death in 10-20 ain at 400,000 ppm. over 500 ppm irritates the eyes. Physiological action is compared with ethyl chloride. At 1,000 ppm humans show slight anesthesia, drowsiness, slight visual disturbances, faltering gait, numbness, and tingling of extremities, VC is a primary skin and mucus Irritant, and rapid evaporation can cause burns. Factory ventilation should allow no more than the maximum permitted concentration of 500 ppm or 1,300 g/m3 (Great Britain and USA, 30mg/i] in Russia). Exposure to higher concentrations necessitates use of safety gogqles, gas mask, apron, and rubber gloves. Vinyl chloride is &ot corrosive vhea dry, but in the presence of eoisture it attacks iron and steel. It can be transported and stored at room temperature under pressor#. Fr.; Eng. Transl. R&S 135421 274 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135422 <1&9> CONT. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; SAFETY; EIPLOSIYE; SKIN; NEUROLOGICAL; PROPERTIES; STANDARDS; RETlEW < 150 > Lehmann, K.B.; Flury, F,, flooochloroethylene (Yioyl chloride)., Toxicology and Hygiene of Industrial Solvents, Williams and wllklas Co., Baltimore, fld. pp. 170- 172 {t 953). Local irritation and general toxic effects from vinyl chloride (YC) are very slight. Yc is suitable for supplementary narcosis because of low toxicity, vide range of effect, lov concentration in the blood (15-17 mq* in narcosis), and rapid eliaination {021 In 10 alnl. Heart and blood pressure are not affected, and there are no after-effects. nice and rats had no liver or kidney injuries after 5 hr* exposure per day for 5-8 days. Dogs shoved no liver or kidney daaage after repeated exposures at 10 vol 1, but at 20 vol 1 kidney respiratory paralysis, strong saliva flov, and voaiting occurred. Lialting concentration for narcosis in humans is 7-10 vol 1; above 121 is danqerous. Death occurs due to respiratory paralysis vitH resultant heart arrest. Hyperemia of lung and kidneys, and pulmonary edema, but no serious pathological changes vare found on dissection of test animals. Confusion, intoxication, headaches, burning of the soles of the feet, and other subjective disturbances occur in humans, but recovery is rapid. Gee.; Eng. Transl. TOXICITT: RAT; flICE: DDG; GUINEA PIG; HOflAN; NARCOSIS <15 t> Lester, D,; Greenberg, L.A.; Adams, W.R., Effects of single and repeated exposures of humans and rats to vinyl chloride., Amer, Ind, flyg. Assoc. J. 25; 265-275 < 1*1631 . Rats exposed to 51 vinyl chloride foe up to tvo hours exhibited moderate intoxication; respiratory failure occurred at IS*. Rats exposed to 51 daily for 19 days or to 21 for 92 days shoved increased spleen and liver weights, decreases in vhite cells, and an increase In red cells. no effects vere observed on the lungs, grovth rate, hemoglobin, hematocrit, or prothrombin time- Increase in liver veight vas associated with morphological changes in the liver vhlch appeared to have no pathological significance. No meaningful morphological alterations vere evident in either kidneys or spleens. Based on these experimental results, the accepted threshold limit value of 500 ppm seems to offer an adequate margin of safety for human exposu re. STANDARDS; RAT; HOflAN; NON-DCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; LI7ER; SPLEEN; KIDNEY; LUNG; BL000; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE < 152 > tills, R.; Anderson, R. j Nicholson, V.J.; Daum, S.; fischbein, A,5,; Sellkoff, I.J., Prevalence of disease among vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride vorkers., Ann. N.T. Acad. Sci. 256; 22-51 ( 1975) . (lore than half of 35Q vorkers vlth vinyl chloride (TC) exposure ranging from less than 2 yrs to more than 20 yrs reported symptoms of acute prenarcotic effects. Prevalence of the follovlng abnormalities increased vith length of YC exposure: abnormal circulation in fingers and toes, cyanosis, sensitivity to cold, numbness and tingling of fingers, Raynaud's syndrome, and abnormal Allen test indicating delayed arterial circulation. Both total exposure and duration from onset of exposure vere of Importance in the likelihood of abnormality. Hepatomegaly vas found in 151 and splenomegaly in 31 of the vorkers. A correlation of 511 vas found betveen the cases of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly and a finding of elevated alkaline phosphatase. Throebocytopenla vas present in only one patient. The prevalence of long changes increased vith the duration of exposure, and vas correlated to some extent vith peripheral circulation abnorealities. Evaluation of puleonary changes requires further study of extraneous exposures. Future exposure to YC should be controlled in order to prevent development of adverse effects. Including cancer. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; LUNG; LIVER; CANCER; RAYNAUD'S PHEROflENON; CARDIOVASCULAR; EPlDEfllOLOGT < 153> flakk, L.; Creech, J.L.; vhelan, j.g.; Johnson, K.N., Liver damage and angiosarcoma io vinyl chloride vorkers. a systematic detection program., JiflA 230 (1): 6-66 ( 1975). The first recognized human angiosarcomas of the liver associated vith vinyl chloride vonomer polymerization vere discovered in Louisville, M, vhen a physician noted diagnosis of the rare angiosarcoma on a death certificate and recalled doing a biopsy three years earlier vhlch resulted In a similar diagnosis. Because both patients had vorked in the production of polyvinyl chloride, a systematic detection program vas devised whereby large numbers of vorkers could be screened for liver disease with relative ease. The Initial laboratory procedure for detection vas a 12- or 18-factor automated chemical analysis. The 12-factor analysis consisted of tests for the following: calcium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, lactic acid debydrogeoase (LDfl), and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transmamlna se (SCOT). The 18-factor analysis consisted of the preceding plus creatine phosphokinase (CPK), creatinine, and serum electrolyte determinations. If one liver abnormality v&s found, the 12-factor analysis vas repeated in three weeks. If It persisted or if two or more liver-related abnormalities vere found, a comprehensive examination vas made consisting of tests for the following values: a 12-factor automated chemical analysis, serum electrophoresis, LDH isoenzymes, fractionated alkaline phosphatase, direct and indirect bilirubin (if total level vas elevated), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (5GPT), G-glutamic transpeptidase (GGTP), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICO) , A-fetoprotein (fetoqlobulin) , and carcinoembryonic antiqen (CEA). Also, a complete blood cell count (CBC), platelet count, * ' chest roentgenogram, and liver and spleen scan vere done. If serious liver disease were possible, hepatic panangiography, consisting of hepatosplenlc arteriograms and phlebograms vith free and wedged hepatic pressure measurements were made. If a tumor vas suggested, open-liver biopsy, vith hepatic lobectomy if so indicated, vas advised. Clinical and roentgenographic studies vere also made. In the context of this condition, vhen roentgenographic studies indicated cirrhosis, histopathologic examination often revealed a peculiar portal fibrosis and Kupffer cell hyperplasia. Such a surveillance program helps to detect liver damage in an early, possibly reversible or curable state, bat even borderline abnormalities must be carefully / followed up. HUfl AN; ANGI0SABC0HA; CANCER; LITER; DIAGNOSTIC < 155> flaltoni, C., occupational carcinogenesis.. International Congress Series No. 322 (ISBN 90-219-0226-1) Cancer Detection and Prevention, Proceedings of the 2nd International Syepoaium on Cancer Detection and Prevention, Bologna, Italy, April 9- 12 (1973) 19- 26 ( 1973). The frequency of occupational cancer has increased vith industrialization; risks must be evaluated by epidemiology or by experimental testing--results are often considered equivalent. Any agent producing tumors In animals is potentially carcinogenic for an. Inhalation apparatus for controlled dosage was built and carcinogenic bioassays of vinyl chloride (TC) using rats produced Ijnbnl gland carcinoma, nephroblastoma, angiosarcoma, and cancers of other June 1975 275 <15*> COKT. types. Tarlous chemical agents suspected of being carcinogenic are listed and frequency of cellular atypias in several chemical industries are charted, Hethods of prevention include experimental testing of all new agents; up-to-date epideelolog lea 1 data; legal outlawing of production and utilization of strong carcinogens; technical protection In production of weak or suspected carcinogens; aedlcal checks of all workers. Inhalation experiments with rats at exposures of 10,000, 6,000, 2,500, 500, 250, and 50 ppm vinyl chloride (VC) extended for 135 veeks. A new series of experiments^ {No 15) with exposures of 25, 10, and 5 ppm has beea started. Current results indicate that TC produced tumors in rats, mice, and ha asters, and that tumors of different types may be present in the same animal. The range of induced tumors varies to some extent from species to species, and several ate quite rare or exceptional. A carcinogenic CARCINOGENICITY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PRETENTION effect is exhibited at 50 ppm, aod dose-response relationship is clear: from 500 to 50 ppm for angiosarcoma and from 250 to 50 ppm for < 155> flaltoni, C., Occupational carcinogeneaIs,, in: Cancer Detection and Prevention, Proc. 2Qd Int. Symp., April 9-12 (1973), Bologna, Intern, Congress Series No. 322. Excerpta had., Amsterdam 2: 1-6 nephroblastoma. Neoplastic response is also affected by the leogth of exposure and by the strain of rats used. Two subcutaneous angiosarcomas in offspring of breeder cats exposed for 7 days during pregnancy appear to indicate a transplacental effect of VC. No acroosteolytic lesions have appeared to C197 ftj . date, but the observation of a few cases of Oncogenic factors are increasingly being produced and distributed in occupational environments, spreading to the general environment to becoee an ecological oroblea. Occupational carcinogenesis is a difficult field because the workers' health often conflicts with productive Interests of the ossifying anglosarcoaas suggest a new orientation in the pathogenetic interpretation of acroosteolysis in workers exposed to VC. The results reported are considered to be both preliminary and incomplete as experiments are still in proqress and more profound exaainations are underway. factories. The scientific community aust recognize occupations which present an oncogenic risk. CARCINOGENICITT; RAT; flICE; HAflSTER Identify the causative aqent, and assess the degree of risk, Methods of prevention inclule: 1) testing < 15 fl> of all nevly used agents, 2) up-to-date TM epideaioloqlca1 data froa workers exposed, 3) </> legislative measures forbidding production and flaltoni, C. ; Lefemlne, G.( Carcinogenicity bioassays of vinyl chloride. I. Research plan and early results.. Environ. Res. 7(3): 387*05 (197). utilization of agents shown to be oncogenic, U) 135423 technical protection when weak or doubtful carcinogens are produced or employed, and 5) aedlcal checks for early detection of preneoplastic lesions Vinyl chloride (VC), 99.99X pure, vas administered to Spraque-Davley rats, vistar rats, Swiss mice, and hamsters, by Inhalation, Ingestion, and tumors, as well as for the quantitative evaluation of risks, rhe value of medical checks may be over-emphasized, for the chief value aay be to evaluate the epidemiological risk. endopecItonea1 and subcutaneous injections, and transplacenta11y by exposure of breeder rats. Exposure concentrations varied from 50 to 30,000 ppm for ft hrs per day, 5 days per week for varying oumbers of veeks. Preliminary results indicate a CAPCINOGENICITT; EPI 0EflIOLOGT; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE direct relationship between dose and length of administration and the neoplastic response. Rats inhalinq VC developed Zymbal gland carcinomas, <1 56> nephroblastomas, and angiosarcomas of the liver and Haltonl, C,; Lefemlne, G., The potential of the other anatomical sites; mice developed pulmonary planned expedient in the prediction of the risk of ambient carcinogens. An example: Vinyl chloride., A111 Acead, Naz. Lincel, Cl. Sci., Pis., flat,, Nat., adenomas, mamaary carcinomas, and liver angiosarcomas. Blood vessel ectasias and endothelial hyperplasia were often observed. No Rend, 56: {Series 8, fuse. 3) 1- 11 (197UJ. acroosteolytic lesions developed, but the onset of 2 ossifying angiosarcomas suggests a new A vide variety of experiments were planned to verify interpretation of acroosteo1ysis In TC workers. no the action of vinyl chloride (VC) in relation to the tumors occurred In animals Inhaling 50 ppm Tc, In route of administration, dosage, duration, time and controls with no treatment, or in controls treated rhytha of treatment, type of test animal, age of the with 2500 ppm vinyl acetate. Doth European and animal, end passage across the placenta. Especially constructed apparatus permitted exposures from 50 to 30,000 ppm and the simultaneous treatment of 1,200 American manufacturing groups were apprised of the preliminary results of the experiment. experimental animals. The following points are FIT; NICE; HAflSTER; CANCER; A KG ID SA RCOflA; indicated by the study: 1) VC is oncogenic and produced cancer of the zymbal glands, ACROOSTEOLYSIS; LUNG; LITER; CARDI0TA5CULAR nephroblastomas and angiosarcoma in rats, and pulmonary adenoma-adenocarcinoma, mammary cancer, < 15 9> and hepatic angiosarcoma in mice. 2) There is a flaltoni, C. ; Lefemlne, G- ; Gualano, L., Preliminary relation between dosage and response. 1) The report on the carcinogenicity bio-assays of vinyl nephroblastomas and zymbal gland tumors may be chloride.. Informal fmet-finding Hearing on Possible bilateral. ft) The liver angiosarcomas are Hazards of Tinyl Chloride flanufaeture and Use. polycentric, 5) frequent vascular changes (February 15, 197). consisting of distypical and/or atypical endothelial proliferation occurred <n treated animals, 6) Three Tinyl chloride (TC) of analyzed purity was ossifying angiosarcomas suggest new interpretations administered in concentrations from 30,000 to 50 ppm of acroosteolysis in the action of VC. 7) no simultaneously to 900 experimental rodents in acroosteolytic lesions had been observed at the time specially constructed inoxldizable steel and glass of the report. In conclusion, mandatory carcinogenicity testing must be done before approval test apparatus. Thirteen experiments were started in sequence; 1) 10,000, 6,000, 2,500, 500, 250, and of the admission of new reagents to the industrial 50 ppm of TC, * hrs/day, 5 days/wk, for 12 moaths. or general environment. One group of untreated animals, and one group treated with 2,500 ppm vinyl acetate, were added as Ital.; Eng. Transl. controls. 2) 200, 150, and 100 ppm TC, 3) As Exp. 1 but with shorter `periods of exposure. *) As Exp. CARCINOGENICITY; RAT; HICE; HAflSTER 1 but with another species, mice, for 7 months. 5) Effects of exposure during pregnancy on offspring. 6) 30,000 ppm a hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 10 < 15 7 > onths--same as Prof. Tlola*s conditions. 7) is Exp. flaltoni, C.; Lefemlne, G,, Carcinogenicity bloassays 1 but using another strain of rats, Ustar. 6) As of vinyl chloride: Current results., Ann. N.T. Exp. 1 but with hamsters for 7 mouths. 9) further lead. Sci. 2*6: 195-216 ( 1975). 276 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135424 <159> COST, issesaient of TC at 50 ppm. 10) Effect of a high bat short and/or intermittent exposure. 11) Effects of VC by ingestion* 12) To ascertain if TC acts on tisanes directly or through metabolites. 13) Studies involving a third general route of exposure, Results: After 127 weeks, nephroblastomas, liver angiosarcomas, and cancers at various sites had been found in the groups exposed to 10,000, 6,000, 2,500, 500, and 250 ppa TC; Eymbal gland carcinoses had been found in rats receiving 10,000, 6,000 2,500 and 500 ppa. The studies are continuing, PIT; n TC Z; HAMSTER; cancer; ANGIOSARCOMA; LIVER containers; Q) do not heat containers above 50 degrees C and no heat should be applied to tank cars; 5) all eguipaeot should be aade of steel and have a designed working pressure of at least 100-150 psi; 6) in the event of accidental leaks, spills, or excessive vapor concentrations only personnel equipped vlth approved respiratory protection should be permitted in the contaalnated area; 7) chenlcal safety goggles should be vocn when there is danger of the liquid or saturated vapor coalng in contact vith the eyes; and 0) waste disposal should be away froa any source of ignition. SifETT; EXPLOSIVE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE* HONAN; PROPERTIES <16Q> Mancuso, T.f., Cancer and vinyl chloride polymerization implications, problems and needs.. Internal Report, Industrial Union Department, AEL-ciO Unpublished The need for a concerted effort relative to the problems posed by industrial cheeicals the agnitude of the problei, the sources, and controls -- and the possibility of the developaent of an industrial epidemiological cancer surveillance systee to aid in this effort are eephaslzed. The difficulties of diagnosis and aedlcal evaluation, particularly In the saall plants, *a y be aagnified by inexperience and economic pressure. Insurance compensation lavs need restudy. Recommendations for cooperation aaong industry, labor, government, and international organizations are proposed. CANCER; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; INSURANCE COMPENSATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY <16 1> Mancuso, T.f., Comments for opening of discussion on "Neoplastic Effects"., Ann. H.t, Acad. SCi, 2*6: 251-257 0*75) . The significant aedlcal observations reported on a single chemical complex and type of Industrial exposure -- for example, vinyl chloride -- have focused on several areas of national need and scientific interest: 1) vhether the cancers observed will be confined to the rnmufactucing process, 21 nature and ertent of the industrial aedlcal surveillance, 3) epideaiological demonstration of an occupational cancer by histological type, a) difficulties and limitations of records made on death certificates, 5) absence of necessary environmental data, and 6) the unknown potential of thousands of industrial chemicals and importantly the total absence of a national concerted study of occupational cancer. The Observations on vinyl chloride provide striking evidence of the potential reservoir of carcinogenic agents in the work environment which have not been studied or investigated. EPIDEMIOLOGY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; DIAGNOSTIC; CARCINOGENICITY <162> Banufacturlng Chemists* Association, Inc., Properties and essential information for safe handling and ose of vinyl chloride.. Chemical Safety Data Sheet, Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. SD-56; I6p. (195u)* Vinyl chloride is a highly volatile, extremely flammable, compressed gas which is ordinarily handled In liquified form under pressure. It has a alld anesthetic action with slow onset in concentrations above 500 ppm, and its vapors are irritating to the eyes and skin. facilities for washing eyes for 15 minQtes in running water and skin with coploos quantities of water must be readily available. Prolonged contact with VC will resalt im refrigeration and freezing. Other precautions necessary in handling are: 1) keep away from heat, sparks, and open flate; 2) provide adequate ventilation; 3) ground eguipaeot and < 163> Marin, A.; Strauss, J.; Hlchiels, R.; Benoit, J.P.; Baltle, R.; Pierre, C,, Acro-osteolyse d'origine profession el le . (Aeroosteol ysis of occupational origin.). Rev. Rhum. 3* (5) ; 340-351 (1967). five case studies of autoclave cleaners exhibiting acroosteolysis are presented with the results of clinical, radiological, and histological investigations. The lesion is concluded to be a vascular one complicated by bony resorption. A general chemical intoxication from occupational sources not yet completely identified is probable. An immunological disfunction may be superimposed on a genetic susceptibility, and activated by a toxic chemical In certain individuals. No efficacious chemical therapy Is known to date. Treatment is chiefly vaso-diiatory. f r.; Eng. Sun. ACROOSTEOLYSIS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; CASE STUDY < 16U> Markowitz, S.S.; McDonald, C.J.; fethlere, W.; keczner, M.S., occupational acroosteolysis., Arch. Dermatol. 1 06: 219* 223 (1972) , Occupational acroosteolysis emerged as a new clinical entity in 1963. The disease is characterized by sclerodermoid-like lesions of the skin, conditions similar to Raynaud's phenomenon, and asymptomatic bony defects of the extremities; appears to be confined solely to workers engaged in the production of polyvinyl chloride from vinyl chloride; and is thought to occur in 3* or less of workers. Treatment is nonexistent with the oaly known preventive being removal from the environment. Two case reports of this unique disease are presented highlighting the incidence, cause, sequel, treatment, and prognosis. CASE STUDY; CASE REPOHT; REVIEW; HUMAN; SKIN; RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON; BONE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; ACROOSTEOLYSIS; POLTCLEAN ER < 165> Marstellec, H.J.; Lelbach, W.K.; Mueller, R.; Gedlgk, ?., Unusual spleoomegalic liver disease as evidenced by peritoneoscopy and guided liver biopsy among polyvinyl chloride production workers., Aon. N.Y. Acad. Scl. 26: 95-13* (1975). This excellent and extensive review of the literature between 1933 and 1973 covers prior stodies of approximately 12,500 workers employed lu vinyl chloride (VC) and polyvinyl chloride (PTC) polymerization and processing. Detailed case reports by the authors of 50 workers in TC and PTC plants include aedlcal histories detailing anaanestlc, clinical, biochemical, petitoneoscoplc, and histologic data. Methods of Investigation and illustrated findings ace included. A bibliography of 163 references is appended. REVIEW; CASE REPORT; BIBLIOGRAPHY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; DIAGNOSTIC; LITER June 1975 277 < 166 > Harsteller, H.J.; LelbaCh, N.K.; Hueller, R. ; Juehe, S.; Lange, C.-S.; Rohner, H.G.; Yeltman, G., Chronisch-toxische Leberscbaedeo bi Arbeitero in der PTC-Produktion. (Chronic-toxicity ltvc damage io workers io polyvinyl chloride pcoductioo.), Deut. ned. Nochenechr. 98<u9): 231 1-23 14 (1973). rorty-ftve male autoclave-cleaners fro a polyvinyl chloride manufacturing plant ware given extensive diagnostic laboratory, roeotgeoological, scintigraphic, and laparoscopic examinations because of )) demonstrated alterations in the esophagus, 2) spleen enlargement, and 3) uocharactecistlc alterations in the liver parenchyma as veil as 4) difficult-to-classify sub-clinical liver damage. Of these, twenty men from 30 to 56 years of age with exposure durations to vinyl chloride ranging from 1 1/2 to 21 years were given further clinical and biochemical tests. Thrombocytopenia (16 cases), chronic liver damage (1 cases), splenomegaly (7 cases), and portal hypertension emerged as more significant symptoms of chronic toxicity than actoosteolysls (a cases). POUCLEANER i HOflAN; DIAGNOSTIC; BIOC HE HI STS T ; LITER; SPLEEN; ACROOSTEOLYSIS <167> Bason, T.J., Cancer mortality in 0.5. counties vith plastics and related industries.. Environ. Health Perspect. H: 79-04 (1975). Cancer mortality rates were calculated in individual counties of the 0,S, utilizing the 1963 Census of nanufacturers for establishments primatily engaged In manufacturing plastics and other synthetic materials. Cancer mortality was low in the aggregate for many anatomic sites vhen compared to the total Doited States, but there were significant excesses In white males in some categories, for instance, in the plastics industries excesses appeared in lip, testes, eye, endocrine glands, and skin cancer other than melanoma. In the synthetic rubber Industries the excesses ve re in nasal sinuses, lung, prostate, bladder, melanoma, and other skin cancer. multiple myeloma vas excessive in the synthetic fibers industries, EPID EHI0LQGT; CANCER; HOHAN <168> nastromntteo, E. ; fisher, A.H.; Christie, K,; Danziget, H., Acute inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride to laboratory animals., Amer. tod, Ryg. Assoc. J. 21; 394-390 ( 1960). Exposure for 30 minutes to JOT vinyl chloride in air produced deep narcosis in mice and rats but no deaths. Thirty percent concentrations killed mice and rats. Exposure of guinea pigs to 20T produced deep narcosis, but 3 of 5 guinea pigs survived exposure to 4Q5. pathological changes included congestion of the lungs with pulmonary edema and some hemorrhaging; failure of blood to Clot; and congestion of liver and kidneys, with extensive fatty infiltration of the liver in 1 guinea pig. survivors shoved little pathological change. RAT; BICE; G0INEA PIG; TOIICITI; BLOOD; LITER; LONG; JCIDRET <H9> flcCord, C.P., A hev occupational dlsea^ J, Occup. Bed, 12(6); 23 ( 1 970), is born.. Acroosteolysis (AOL) was first reported in 1963, and appears to be confined to hand scrapers of reactor vessels in the polyvinyl chloride industry, Raynaud*s phenomenon is characteristically the first manifestation, accompanied or followed by bony dissolution, generally confined to the distal ends of the fingers. Cause, portal of entry# amd therapy ace not known. ACROOSTEOLYSIS; OCCOPATlONll EXPOSURE; RAYNAUD'S PRENOHENON; ROMAN; BONE; < 17 0> McKinley, C.; Beckmann, R., Tinyl chloride. In: Control of hazardous material spills. Consideration of hazards associated with bulk sea transport of liquefied gases.. Proceedings of the 1974 National Conference on Control of Hazardous Material Spills, August 25-29, 1974, San Francisco, California p 70 (1915) . Tinyl chloride presents a real danger in shipping; forms explosive acetylides with certain metals, and tends to polymerize with Itself or to copolymerize with other monomers In the presence of air, sunlight, or heat, with an exothermic reaction which can be violent. Flammable mixtures of tinyl Chloride vapor and air exist between 4 and 225 by voluee, which produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen Chloride on combustion. Recommendations include ) keep away from sparks, heat, and open flames; b) sufficient inhibitors should be present to prevent polymerization in storage and transport; c) avoid contact with aluminum, copper, bronze, brass, or other acetylide-forming metals; and d) prevent exposure to sun and oxygen. SAFETY; NON-OCCUPATIOHAL EXPOSURE < 17 1> fteyer&on, L.B.; neiec, C.C., Cutaneous lesions in acroosteolysis,, Arch, Dermatol, 106: 22-227 (1972). A 36-year-old feaale--who had oevef worked in the vinyl chloride industry-exhibited idiopathic acroosteolysis with unique papular skin lesions. This seemingly nonoccupationa11y-re lated disorder compared with selected literature oa occupational acroosteolysis in vinyl chloride workers, is ACROOSTEOLYSIS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; SKIN; CASE STUDY; KUBAN; RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON; HON-OCCOPATIOHAL EXPOSURE < 17 2> Killer, A., Pulmonary function defects in nonsmokinq vinyl chloride workers.. Environ, Health perspect, 1 1: 247-250 { 1975) , Cigarette smoking must be considered in any investigation of air flow, and the smoking variable relative to the effect of atmospheric pollution and occupational exposure as causative factors in chronic nonspecific respiratory disease is of importance. A high prevalence of air flow impairment in vinyl chlorlde-polyvlny1 chloride (TC-PVC) workers cannot be attributed to smoking. 10Prevalence in nonsmokers varied from 36,45 when occupational exposure to VC-PVc was less than yr to flOt when exposure exceeded 20 yr. The latter is virtually the same as for smokers exposed more than 20 yr, and the sane equivalency Is apparent in workers over 40 years of age. for those less than 39 yr of age, however. 535 of smokers and 205 of nonsmokers exhibited reduced air flow. The difference In prevalence between smokers and nonsnokers narrowed from 235 when exposure was less than 10 yr to 115 when exposure exceeded 10 yr. CIGARETTE SHORING; EPID Efl I0L0GT J OCCUPATIONAL EXPOS ORE; LONG < 17 3> Hiller, A.; Telrstein, A.5.; Choang, H.; Selikoff, I.J.; uarshmv, l.. Changes La pulmooary foQCtloa in workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride., Ann. N.T* Acad. Sci. 246: 42-52 (1975). Spirometry and maximum expiratory flow-volame curve* from 346 workers in a vinyl chloride <TC) polymerization plant were examined In order to determine whether occupational exposure to VC gam R&S 135425 278 Environmental Health Perspectives <173> CO NT. and polyvinyl chloride (PTC) dust la associated with changes In pulaonary function, 1 dlal&ution in air flow was found In 200 workers or 57.5*. Prevalence of the diminution was slailar Id saokers and nonsaokers over 40 yrs of age or when exposure exceeded 20 yrs, thus suggesting an operative occupational factor. However, the findings do not deteralne whether 7C or PTC is the aoce pathogenic. The fine dust of the polyaer could concentrate In and damage saall airways, or the dust and/or other saall respirable particles could serve as carriers for VC aonoaer which could settle in the airways. LUNG; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; !PIDEHIOLOGT; RESPIRATOR!; HUNAN <174> Hiller, E.D.; Jenks, D. P. ; National Distillers and Cheaical Corp., NT, Process for the aanufactere of vinyl chloride.. The Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office 744: 833 (1959). A patent application for chlorination of ethylene to vinyl chloride, using the reaction of a molar excess of ethylene with chlorine in a temperature of 300 to 500 degrees C in the pteseoce of ethylene dichloride In the proportion of 0.3 to 1 aoie ethylene dichloride to t aole chlorine, vas aade on May 9, 1955 and granted on July 21, 1959. Patent nuaber 2,896,000 was issued. PATENT <175> Hisgeld, V.; stolpaann, H.-J.; Schulte, S., Zur Intoxication durch vinyichlorid-polymerlsate urd/oder deren Beg leitstoffe . (Poisoning by Beans of polyvinyl chloride or its constituents.), Z. Haut-Geschlechtskr. 48 ( 1 1): 425- 436 ( 1 973 ). The case study of a worker who had laid polyvinyl chloride (PTC) pipe foe 10 yes, and calked it with PTC resin, is coapared with sillier case studies of acroosteolysis in the literature. The characteristic syndrone of scleroderan-like deraatosis, Raynauds's phenomenon, and bone defects led to a diagnosis of chronic toxicity by skin contact with either iicoapletelv polymerized PTC, or with soae additive In its coaposltlon. Gee.; Eng. Suae. TOXICITT; RATMOO'S PHENOflENONj AC POO 5 TEOLT5IS ; SKIN <176> flonson, R,R., Proportional aortallty aaong vinyl-chloride workers.. Lancet 2(7994): R48 (1974). It is desirable to coapare disease ratios in a study group with those froa a siallar community in proportional-aortality studies, but tabulation of deaths In the United States are not available in specific enough detail to periit county-specific or state-specific coaparlsons. Average anaual age-adjusted cancer aortallty rates for Jefferson County, Kentucky coapared with rates for the United States (as recently published by the U.S. Dept, of Health, Education, and Velfare) give bo indication that use of proportional aortallty for O.S. white sales could account for the ohserved/expected ratio reported, (flonson, P.R., Lancet, 2(7377): 397-398 (Aug. 17 , 1970)) . LETTER; HORTALITT <1 77> flonson, R.R.; Paters, J.H.; Johnson, S.K., Proportional aortallty aaong vinyl-chloride workers.. Lancet 2 (7877); 39 7-39 8 (1 97). 1 ptoportional-aorta lity analysis of 161 deceased workers in 2 vinyl chloride plants revealed a 501 excess of deaths due to all cancer. Greatest excess was seen in liver, biliary tract, lung and brain. Since 1970 over twice as aany cancer deaths as expected have occurred, CANCER; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; EPID EHIOLOGI < 178> flonson, R.R.; Peters, J.rt.j Johnson, fl.N., Proportional aortallty aaong vinyl chloride workers.. Environ, Health Perspect. 11; 75-77 (1975). A 50t excess of deaths due to cancer was found in a proportional aortallty analysis of 161 deceased workers in two plants using vinyl chloride. Heading the list of specific cancer sites are liver and biliary tract, lung, and brain. The excess in fatal cancer was seen mainly in aen less than 60 years of age. flora than twice the expected ouaber of cancer deaths have occurred sloce 1970, RUflAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; CANCER; LITER; LUNG; BRAIN < 17 9> Moslen, fl.T.; Jaeger, R.J.; Szabo, S.; Reynolds, E.S., Acute inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride onosier: morphologic and biocheaical effects of pretceataent with inducers of hepatic sized function oxidase systea.. Abstracts of Papers for Nth Annual fleeting of Society of Toxicology, vil1iaasburg, Virginia, Hatch 9-13 (1975) Abstract No. 28; p, 23-24 (1975). As shown previously, acute hepatotoxicity of vinyl chloride aonoaer (VCR) is markedly enhanced by phenobaebital (PB) pcetceataent and injury involves aainly the endoplasaic reticulua of liver parenchyial cells. Because one of the aajor effects of PB pretreataent is induction of certain components of the sized function oxidase systea (REQ5), correlation was attempted between induction of specific flfOS components and eohanceaent of hepatic injury by vCfl. Rats were pc-treated for 7 days with PS, Aroclot 1254 (125uj, hexachlorobenzene (RCB), 3-aethylcholanthceoe (3-flC), spironolactone (SNL) or pregnenolone-16-carbonitrile (PON). Controls were given H(2)Q by south. On the 8th day after a 16 hr fast animals were either sacrificed for deterainatIon of microsomal cytochcoaes b(5), P-44B, P-450, NAD PH-P-4 50 reductase and NA0H-cytochroe-C reductase, ox 1 dative-N-denethylase, and glucose-5-phosphatase, or exposed to 55 VCfl for 6 he and sacrificed 24 hr later. Liver injury was not apparent in H(2)0, SNL, 3-flC or PCN pretreated rats, while slight, loderate, and severe injuries were consistently found in HCS, PB and 1254 pretreated aoiaals respectively. In snivels pretreated with 150 aicro-aoles 1254/kg, a dose which nearly tripled P-450, TCfl produced the ost severe injury of the coabinations tested. Although liver injury was only found in aniaals pretreated with an agent which induced P-450, induction of p-450 alone did not correlate with injury. PCN which lndaced P-450 did not potentiate TCfl injury. Other cellular coaponents in addition to P-450 say be iiportant in the potentiation of VCB'"^ toxicity, ^ 8I0CH EflTSTP T; TOXICITT; SAT; LITER; INTERACTION; PflE NO BARB IT AL; AROCLOR 125; HEXACHLOROBENZENE; nETHTLCHOLA NTHRENE < 10 0> National rice Protection Association, vinyl chloride - CR2CRC1, Eire Protection Guide on Hazardous materials. 5th 4.: Section 49, 277 (1973), vinyl chloride (TC) is a colorless, sweet-sa*11lag gas at ordinary teapera tore s, and is liquid belov 7 degrees p. TC acts as a general anesthetic, aay be fatal In high coocenttations, is a skin irritant, and prolonged contact results in freezing due to rapid evaporation. It is fleaaable at ordinary t ea ye ra to re s, with flammable Halts of 3<6t and 33X, Ignition temperature Is 682 degrees 7. The gas is heavier than air and aay travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. R&S 135426 June 1975 279 R&S 135427 <180> CONT. Fires produce highly toxic combustion products such as hydrogen chloride and carbon monoxide, At elevated te*peratures, as in fire conditions, polymerization may occur with possible container rupture. Self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn for personal protection. Storaqe should be outside or detached, in a cool, we11-ventila ted, noncoabustible location, separate from oxidizing materials, and away fro* all possible sources of ignition, safety; properties to release its task force report on vinyl chlorides. 1(13): 104 (Sept. 15, 1 974) Bendix Launch Support Div., cocoa Beach, rla. , receives contract for t64,729 for environmental/industria1 hygiene on vinyl chloride. 1(14); 106 (Oct. 1, 197u) OSHA sets final standards for worker exposure to vinyl chlorides. 1(14): 108 (Oct. 1, 1974) EPA Task Force Report on vinyl chloride; A special report. 1 (15) ; 117 (Oct. 15, 1974) OSHA Vinyl Chloride Standard creates predictable result from industry. Labor. 1(16); 122 (Nov. 1, 1974 ) EPA Vinyl Chloride Standards due in year, but monitoring problems remain. <iai> Rational institute Of Environienta1 Health sciences. Public health laplicatlons of components of plastics anu facture., Conference at Research Triangle Park, Pinehurst, NC July 29-31 (1974). This tlaely conference was divided into 5 sessions; 1) Polymeric Materials; Manufacturing, Processing, and Additives. 2) Epidemiology and Toxicology: Vinyl Chloride. 3) Epidemiology and Toxicology of Polymeric Materials, a) Toxicological and Environmental Aspects of Polymeric Materials. 5) Regulatory Aspects and Research Needs - Panel and open Discussion. Representatives froa university, industrial, and government organizations, as veil as medical and public health authorities participated. Reports of the Conference are published in this issue of "Environ, Health Pecspect." CONFERENCE <I82> New York Academy of Sciences, working group; Toxicity of vinyl chloride-polyvlnyl chloride.. Conference, N.T. Acad. Sci., New Tork, NT Hay 10-11 (197) . This group of international participants vorklng on various aspects of vinyl chloride (VC) held sessions on 1) Non-mallgnant Disease, 2) Experimental Observations (of non-ma1lqnant effects), 3) Neoplastic Effects, 4) Experimental Observations (Neoplasms), 5) Control of Exposure, and 5) Problems and Perspectives. Reports from this conference were published in the Annals of the Nev lock Academy of Science, Volume 2u. CONFERENCE < 18 3 > Nevmmn, D.R., Ed., Tot. Hat. Revs Vol. 1: ( 1974), This twice-monthly business newsletter published in Washington, D.C. was established to serve the Interests of those concerned with the impact of Chemical substances in the environment. Cited below are pertinent vinyl chloride events; 1(2): 15(Apr. t, 1970) B.P. Goodrich issues grant for vinyl chloride research. 1(5) : 17 (Apr. 15, 1974) EPA may control vinyl chloride emissions from industrial plants. 1(3): 21 (Apr. 15, 1 974| Obey critical of OSHA Intent to permit vinyl chloride exposure In emergency rule. 1(3): 24 (Apr. 15, 19 74) Grants, contracts and proposals. (Industrial/environmental hygiene surveys of vinyl chloride.) 1(h): 30 (Hay 1, 1970) Industry-sponsored tests indicate angiosarcoma in lice exposed to 50 ppm of VC. 1(h); 31 (Ray 1, 1970) FDA recalls sprays containing vinyl chloride. 1(5): 37 (Hay 15, 1974) Interview with Dr. Irving J. Selikoff, Part 1. 1 (5); 35 (Hay 15, 1 9 70) OSHA proposes "No Detectable Level" vinyl chloride standard. 1(5); 34 (Hay 15, 1974) Vinyl chloride meeting hears gloomy outlook for worker exposure to chemicals. 1(5): 33 (Hay 15, 1970) Manufacturing Chemists Association Board of Directors this week was giving final approval to a new study of vinyl chloride effects. (0 to 25 ppm). 1(7); 54 (June 15, 1974) B.F. Goodrich In sldst of massive vinyl chloride research program. 1(7): 50 (June 15, 1974) EPA to continue exploring vinyl chloride emission standards. 1(13); 97 (Sept. 15, 1974) The Environmental Protection Agency Monday is expected < 10 4> Nicholson, v.J.; Hammond, E.C.; Seidman, H.; seilkoff, I.J., Mortality experience of a cohort of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers., Ann. N.T. Acad. Sci. 26: 225- 230 ( 1975). A cohort of 257 individuals, each of vhom had been occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride (VC) for at least 5 yrs In a vinyl chloride polymerization facility, were studied by leans of union and company records. Areas of investigation included: Mayor work activity during first 10 yrs of VC exposure, that is, reactor cleaning, maintenance, shipping: age at 10 yrs from first employment; Status of individuals exposed to vc for 5 or more yrs, that is, deceased, retired, working in production, vorklng elsewhere; Expected and observed deaths from various causes; Causes of death; and work Histories of individuals who had died of certain selected causes such as heaangiosa rcoma. At least 17% of the deaths that occurred were causally related to exposure to vinyl chloride. Longer periods of observation are needed before concrete conclusions are made, EPIDEMIOLOGY; OCCOpATIONAl EIPOSORE; HOMAN < 1 8 5> Nittl, G. ; Petruzzeliis, V.; Pasano, V., Pheographic observations on workers in the plastics industry., Securitas 55; 683-694 (1970). Twenty autoclave cleaners -- average age of 33 yrs (from 23 to 41 yrs) and an average work experience of 21 months (from 3 ion to 1 yrsl -- were given chest x-rays, hand x-rays, and laboratory examinations in addition to hemodynamic tests on the upper limbs by the duo-rheographic method, using a Schuhfcled apparatus coupled to a schvarzer electrocardiograph. At 30 min intervals, rheoqraphic traces were obtained under resting conditions, after cooling (by submerging the finger in crushed ice for five minutes), and after heating (submerging the finger in 40 degree C water for five minutes). A small degree of clinical symptomatology was found by contrast with the high percentage of rheographic alterations observed, in lu out of 20 cases existence of sympathetic neurocircula tory dystonia attributable to a mechanical and/or chemical factor was found. I ta 1.; Eng. Traosl. POLTCLEANER; DIAGNOSTIC; ACROOSTEOLTSIS: C AR 010 VASCO LA R < T 8 6> O'Hara, H.H.; Crider, L.B.; Daniel, R.L., Combustion products from vinyl chloride monomer., Amec. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 32(3); 153-156 (1971). Flame temperature of burning vinyl chloride monomer (VCH) varies with the amount of air premizing and ranges froa 950 degrees c under diffusion conditions to 1466 degrees C with premized air (120 to 190 cc/mlo) and VCH (65 to 90 cc/min). Soot or anburned carbon content varies from 3 to 6t of the VCH consumed, or 7 to 15% of the available carbon in the VCH molecule. An analysis of combustion gases reveals 27,000 ppm RCl: 58,100 ppm C02; 9500 ppm CO; 40 ppm phosgene; and a trace of VCH. The quantity of hydrogen chloride is the main source of danger. 280 Environmental Health Perspectives 135428 < 1 06 > CONT. Danqerous amounts of phosgene any be present, but KCl will already ha*e rendered the atmosphere Insupportable. RCl odor serves as a warning device. SAFETY; PROPERTIES <1 07> Occupational Safety and Health Ada in istratloo. Informal fact-finding hearing on possible hazards of vinyl chloride manufacture and use., (J.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., 20210 Feb. 15, (197U). Participants in this hearing on the possible hm2atds of vinyl chloride Included personnel from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the Rational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Industry representatives fros B.F, Goodrich, manufacturing Chemists Association, Dow Chemical Co., Franklin Electric Co.; labor representatives from the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International, AFL-CIO, and united Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Workers; medical specialists from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, the Environmental Sciences Laboratory, the Institute di Oncologia, Boloqna, Italy, and the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health; and an official of the Organization Resources Counsellors. 5TAK0ARDS <188> Oster, 6,, Discussion of paper (Hefner, R.E., Jr., et al, ibid, pp 135-148)., Ann. H.T. Acad. Sci. 246; 149 0975) . Serum albumin can transport vinyl chloride (VC) as demonstrated by the finding that VC displaces the fluorescent hydrophobe probe Nanilinonaphthalene-3-sulfate bound to serum albumin and the system thus loses its fluorescence. Serum albumin is synthesized in the liver around the portal vein and may become localized, and may be metabolized via the cytochrome p-450 system in the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver cells. Liver mlcrosomes vill initiate polymerization of VC if the monomer concentration is high. Both monomer and free radicals are entrapped during the polymerization processes and may be released during warming, storage, exposure to sunlight, or during processing. BlOCHEHlSTM; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE <189> O&ter, R.H.; Carr, C.J.; Krantz, J.C.; Sauervald, H.J., Anesthesia XXVII. narcosis with vinyl chloride.. Anesthesiology 8: 359-361 (1947). Two dogs, anesthetized using 60 vol t vinyl chloride momentarily and then reduced to 7 vol t, shoved continuous ^crowing", salivation, end uncoordinated leg movements. Recovery wag prompt, with violent excitation. Four dogs, anesthetized using 10 vol % vinyl chloride maintained normal blood pressure during anesthesia but had intermittent tachycardia, extraventricular systoles, and vagal beats. Electrocardiographic studies on six dogs at surgical anesthesia showed marked tachycardia followed by bradycardia. Abnormalities in the OPS complex In all six dogs varied from sinus arrhythmia to auriculoventricular block, ventricular multifocal extra systoles, and inversion of the T-vave. For these reasons vinyl chloride appeared unsafe as an anesthetic in the dog, and its use is unwarranted in man. DOG; ROHAN; ANESTHETIC; CARDI0VASCOL18; NEOROLQGICAL <190> PartsCh, H. , 0 lceromuti 1 ierende Keuropath 1 en <Jer unteren Extremltaeten. (Mutilating ulcerous neuropathies of the lower extremities.), Hautarzt 22: 283-269 (197 1). This extensive literature review of acropathies with skin alterations, bony lesions, sensitivity disturbances, and crippling emphasizes the identity of the illnesses with known acroosteolysls forms. Case studies of familial origin, sporadic forms with their possible etiology, and diabetic neuropathies are presented. Occupational illnesses of workers in the vinyl chloride processing industries underscore the ambiguities of the etiological picture. Ger. HUMAN; CASE STUDY; ACR00STE0LT5I5; EPIDEH 10LOGY < 19 t> Patty, F.A. (Ed.), Vinyl chloride.. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. II. Toxicology. Interscience Publishers, New Tork Ch. 31, 1303-1305 (1963) . Uses, physical and chemical properties, and physiological responses of humans and test animals to vinyl chloride are reviewed. The principal response to vinyl chloride is central nervous system depression. Some lung irritation, but little kidney or liver damage, was observed on chronic exposure. Seme hyperemia of liver and kidneys from acute exposure was noted. Clinical injuries from its extensive use in industry had not been reported. Available information oo metabolism of vinyl chloride indicates that it is excreted by the lungs unchanged. The threshold limit set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in April 1959 is 500 ppm- The sweetish odor is not adequate varnLng for excessive exposure. Fire and explosion are hazards. The explosive limits range from 41 to 221 by volume in air. Autoignition temperature Is 472.22 degrees C. PROPERTIES; NEUROLOGIC!L; LONG; A ID NET; LIVE!; STANDARDS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; EXPLOSIVE; SAFETY < 19 2> Patty, F.A.; Taut, V.P.; Waite, C.P., Acuta response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial organic compounds, v. Vinyl chloride., public Health Rep. 45(2); 1963-1971 (1930), Narcosis, ranging from unsteadiness to complete, is the principal symptom of vinyl chloride exposace in guinea pigs. A 4Qf concentration produced narcosis in 1/4 minute with death in 10 to 20 minutes. No symptoms were observed with concentrations of 0,5t. Lung irritation as well as hyperemia of kidney and liver were noted. Dizzioess and disorientation were experienced by 2 humans exposed to 2.61 vinyl chloride for 3 ainutes. Explosion represents a more serious hazard. TOXICITY; GUINEA PIG; HUNAN; LUNG; KIDNEY; LIVER; EXPLOSIVE < 19 3> Peoples, A.S.; Leake, C.D., The anesthetic action of vinyl chloride., J. Pharmacol. Exp. ther. 48; 284 / (1933) . First prepared io 1833, vinyl chloride is a gas at ordinary temperature with a boiling point of -13.9 C, It is heavier than air, with an ethereal odor, and burns with some difficulty in concentrations of a to 20t in air. Minimal anesthetic range on mice exposed for 10 minutes is 3.5 to 5 millimols in air; minimal lethal range for 10 minutes exposure is 10 to 12 millimols in air. it 7 millimols In air it anesthetizes rabbits and dogs within 1 minute. Recovery is rapid with no untoward effects. PROPERTIES; ANESTHETIC: HICE; IA0BIT; DOG < 194> . Perkel, G.; flazzocchi. A.; Bellczky, L., surveillance of workers with history of exposure to lnyl chloride., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 246; 311-312 ( 1975) . ng __ (/) June 1975 281 9 R&S 135429 < 1 9*> COST. Industrial corporations are urged to Join with unions in support of a Toilc Substances Control Act which would Mandate the testing of all chemicals before they can be used in Industry. Surveillance of workers in the vinyl chloride industry should include provision for medical examinations after the employee's exposure has ceased. Intensive research efforts Are urgently needed to develop early-warning siqns of disease and therapeutic techniques for treatment. Registries for employees exposed to carcinogens should be established by employers and transferred to the National Institute of occupational safety and Health for follow-up surveillance when the eaployee leaves the industry. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; INDUSTRIAL HTGIENE; UNION <195> Petty. R., How surgeon's probe led to vinyl h2ard findings.. Aaer. fled. Nevs 17(21): 1, U, 13 (197M. in December, 1973. Dr. John L. Creech of Louisville, Ky.# after attending a Goodrich employee who died of anqiosatcoaa and cirrhosis of the liver, searched company records and ascertained 4 cases of anqiosarcoma within t years among 270 vorkers--a morbidity rate 100.000 times the national average, rindinqs were presented to the National Institute for occupational Safety and Health (NI0SH) which, toqether with the Center foe Disease Control, immediately began an epidemiological study. The first case had been dlaqnosed in 1961, 20 yrs after pvc was first industrially produced. Twelve yrs was the averaqe time of handling vinyl chloride by workers who died of angiosarcoma: the shortest time was 6 yrs. Hiqh morbidity rates were also found for variouslv diagnosed ailments of liver, spleen, pancrea*, and gallbladder. Suspecting a causal relationship, the Federal maximum on airborne vinyl chloride in pvc plants was immediately lowered to 50 ppm from *00 ppm set in the early 1960s when liver damage was found in rats exposed to 900 ppm. A most Important reason for lowering the exposure limit was the direct suspicion that vinyl chloride caused acroosteolysis. In February, I97u, the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission banned the use of vinyl chloride as a propellant for household aerosol products. in flay, 197, an la ternationa1 meeting of scientists in New Tort presented an ominous picture of vinyl chloride toxicology which included liver damage, acroosteolysis, a vide variety of carcinomas, and a reticulated fibrosis tentatively identified as a precursor of cancer, in addition, "vinyl chloride disease" was found in 6 workers who had never worked in the polymerization process, but had made floor tiles from polyvinyl chloride, which apparently had enough residual vinyl chloride to cause illness, AHGIOS ARCOfl1; CANCER; ACROOSTEQL ISIS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HUNAN; LIV ER J BONE <196 > Physical and chemical Analysis Branch; Rational Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Vinyl chloride In air., U.S. Government Printing Office 657-06 3/2035 PCCAfl No. 178; 1-9 (1979). A known volume of air is drawn through a charcoal tube to trap any vinyl Chloride present. The charcoal is then transferred to a vial containing carbon disulfide where the vinyl chloride is desorbed. An aliquot of the desorbed sample is injected into a gas chromatograph and the resulting peak compared with a standard. The method is operational in a range of 0.2 to 1500 nanograms per injection, bat the precision and accuracy of the method have not been determined. nigh humidity and competing substances in the sample may Interfere with the analysis, but may be eliminated by altering chromatographic conditions. The smapling device is small, portable, and involves no liquids. The tubes are analyzed by an instrumental method, and two or mote components in the sample may be investigated simultaneously. Disadvantages of the method are related to the limited amount of sample which can be 2S2 taken, and to the migration of volatile compounds such as vinyl chloride through the charcoal. This aiqcation can lead to confusion as to the possibility of sample loss, but can be minimized by shipping and storing the tubes at -20 C. ANALTSI5 < 197> Pluzhnlkova, I,A,; Kus'aicheva, fl.N., (Hygienic assessment of polyvinyl chloride flooring for preschool institutions.). Gig. Sanit. (Hyg. Sanit.) 33 (7) 50*53 (I960) , Ho vinyl chloride was detected In air samples from desiccators containing polyvinyl chloride tiles at 20 to 25 degrees C, or In the Indoor air of children's institutions during the season when heating is used, Dibutylphtha1 ate was detected in concentrations of 0.05 to 0.4 ag/m3. In addition, the polyvinyl chloride floor covering absorbed heat from the children's feet, and caused a buildup of static electricity on the surface of the palms. Russ.; Enq. Transl. NON-OCCUPATIONA L EXROSU RE; 0EPOLTflRIEATI0N < 19 9> Popov, L.A.; Tablochk, 7. 0., (Characteristics of gases released by polyvinyl chloride film.). Gig. Sanit. (Hyg. Sanit.) 32(7-9); liu-n? (1967). Gases released during ageing and thermochemica1 degradation of polyvinyl chloride film included aldehydes, dibutyl phthalate, carbon dioxide, fatty acids, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, vinyl chloride, and hydrogen chloride, Depolymerization accompanied the processes of degradation which released gases in excess of the maximum permissible concenteatLon for working premises at 20, 0 and 100 degrees C. At 100 C, 152 mq/ml vinyl chloride monomer was released in 1 hour from a 1 m2 sample of polyvinyl chloride film. Fuss.; Eng. Transl. INDUSTRIAL HTGIENE; DEGRADATION; OS POL T flEP. IIATI ON ; STANDARDS < 199> Pepper, H.; Thomas, L.B., Alterations of liver and spleen among workers exposed to vinyl chloride., Ann. N.T. Acad. Sci, 246; 172-m ( 19 75). A precursor stage to anqiosarcoma -- characterized by a conspicuous subcapsular fibrosis, a nonpa thognomonic progressive portal fibrosis, and a borderline increase of intralobular connective tissue, all associated with focal stimulation of slmusoidal lining cells and hep&tocytes -- has been found in a preliminary review of hepatic biopsy and autopsy specimens obtained froa workers in the vinyl chloride (VC) industry. This precursor stage is often accompanied by splenomegaly with enlarged nalpighian follicles and in some instances by portal hypertension. Transition to angiosarcoma is preceded by focal dilatation of sinusoids with activation but dedlffecentiatlon of lining cells. This lesion is presumably the result of stimulation of various hepatic ms veil as splenic cells by TC or its metabolites. Frequency of the precursor lesion in relation to angiosarcoma is not established, but its detection is an Indication of need to reaove the worker fcoe further exposure. Possible arrest of the progress of the lesion is still unclear. LIVER; SPLEEN; CAiC1NOGENICITT; PRECURSOR; histologt; PATROLOGT <200> Prodan, L.; SucLu, I.; Pislaru, T.; Ilea, E.; Pascu, L., Experimental acute toxicity of vinyl chloride (onochloroethene)., Ann. V.I. lead. Scl. 2*6: 15*-150 (975). Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135430 <2QQ> COHT. The acute toxicity (LD50) of vinyl chloride (fCl to ice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits was determined by 2 hr exposures to various concentretlons of vc introduced at the lover part of the chamber at the beginning of the experiment and held for the test period without ventilation. The gas has no tendency to diffuse and high concerttrations accumulate easily. Other experiments determined the lethality of VC vhen there vas ventilation in the gas chamber* and vhen the gas in the chamber vas constantly stirred, 'Lethal concentrations vere 3 times lover when the gas vas not stirred. Death vas preceded by excitement, contractions and convulsions, accelerated respiration turning to Cheyne-Stokes respiration* folloved by respiratory failure and death. Autopsy revealed general congestion of all Internal organs. Some animals shoved pulmonary edema, marmorated liver* and slight tumefaction of the kidneys. TOXICITT; RAT; MICE; GUINEA PIG; RABBIT <201 > Prodan, L.; Suciu* I.; Pislaru, Ilea, E. ; Pmscu, L.* Experimental chronic poisoning vith vinyl chloride (monochloroethene)., Ann. w.T. Acad. sci. 26: 1*^9-163 ( 1 975) , Guinea pigs vere exposed daily to )0< vinyl chloride (VC) for 90 days. A second group vas exposed in the same vay but received 10 mg of vitamia C in a solution of 20t sepharose administered orally vith a pipette, which reduced the gravity of the lesions caused by vinyl chloride. Grovth vas diminished in poisoned animals with the exception of a group vhich was poisoned for 1 month and kept for 2 months before sacrifice* and in a group vhich vas poisoned for 2 months and kept for 1 month before sacrifice. These tvo groups had better growth than the controls. No hematological changes were observed. Spontaneous motility vas lessened due to the narcotic effect of vC. Significant differences in ascorbineala occurred, but vitamin C In the suprarenal qlands shoved no significant variations. Liver weight shoved no significant differences as compared vith body weight* hut weight of the kidneys was siqnifleant1y higher in all poisoned animals. Intense histopathologica1 and histochemica 1 lesions were present in liver* kidneys* spleen, and lungs. These lesions were confirmed by special staining methods. TOXICITY; LIVES; KIDNEY; LONG; SPLEEN; GUINEA PIC: VITAMIN C <202 > Pushln* G,A* (Lesions in the liver and bile ducts in workers producing some kinds cf plastics.)* Sov. Med, 28(2): 1 3 2- 1 35 ( 1965). (BA 47: 27 690) Examination of 350 workers in the Sverdlovsk Plastic factory between 1957 and I960 revealed that 15* of workers in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) had liver and bile duct disorders. Rolling-mill operators were the most frequently Involved class, prohably due to their exposure to decomposition products of PYC. The disorder was diagnosed as chronic epithelial hepatitis. in 9 of 23 patients* the hepatitis was associated with bypoacidic or anacidic gastritis* in 15 with functional disturbances of the central nervous system* in 7 vith thyroid disorders, and in 1 with hypochromic anemia. Russ, LIVER; NECROLOGICAL; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; EPIDEMIOLOGT <203> Ra&nug, U.; Johansson, A.; Ramel, C.; iachtaelster* C.A., The mutagenicity of vinyl chloride after metabolic activation.* Ambio 3(5): 19 e -- 19 7 (197i). The mutagenic effect of vinyl chloride (VC) on Salmonella typhlmurium was analyzed by means of reverse mutations in the histidine locus; metabolic activation of the VC molecule was studied by the addition of rat liver microsomal systems to the bacterial cultures. The microsomal system included the supernatant from the centrifuged liver homogenate of Sprague-Dawiey rats* mixed with an NADPH-generating system consisting of NADP, glucose-6-phosphate, phosphate buffer, AqC12* and KC1. VC was added as 1) gas dissolved in water* 2) gas dissolved in the microsomal system* and 3) exposure of the bacteria io the microsomal system to lit vol/ vol VC-contaioiog atmosphere for 75 minutes at room temperature. A significant Increase vas found in the mutation rate after exposure to the VC gas, but not to the dissolved VC. Experiments without liver mlcrosomes* or without NADP* elicited no mutagenic effect. Therefore metabolic activation by the mlcrosomes appears to be required for the mutagenic effect* with the most plausible primary metabolite being chloroetbylene oxide. Mutagenicity tests of the metabolites are under vay. It is reasonable to assume that the carcinogenic action Is also dependent on the same metabolite* and that the carcinogenicity of VC could have been predicted by mutagenicity testing. MUTAGENICITY; CARCINOGENICITY < 20 > Reed* A.B., Specialty propellant blends: Their evaluation and application to aerosols.* Ptoc. Chei. Spec. Mfg. Assoc. Mid-Tear Mtng. 48: 56-6 3 (1 962), Spray pattern of an aerosol depends upon the pressure of the package, and volume ratio of propellant to concentrate. Paint aerosols including alkyd* lacquer, and acrylic systeas - were tested for flammability* paint stability, container corrosion* and pigmentation, using different propellant blends, including vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride formulations required more agitation* due to increased solvency and more settling. Polymerization vas not a factor. Corrosion occurred in containers with systems containing vinyl chloride. rilling equipment and plant facilities ust be evaluated to insure safe handling. SAPfTT; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; AEROSOLS < 20 S> ** Regnault* v.* Ueber die Zusamaensetzung des Chlcrkohlenwasserstoffs. (The synthesis of chlorinated hydrocarbons.)* Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chenie 14; 22-28 ( 1 835) . while attempting to verify the formula for ethylene dichloride, Regnault observed a crystalline precipitate which formed in a mixture of ethylene dlchlorlde and an alcoholic solution of potassium hydrate. When the containing receptacle was Held in the hand* the liquid boiled evolving a gas with a decidedly ether-like smell which burned with a yellow flame with green edges, and vas similar to ethyl chloride. He identified the precipitate as potassium chloride and* after further research* established the formula for the gas to be C2K3C1. It could be liquified at -15 to -18 degrees C* was soluble in alcohol and ether, and less soluble in water. This gaseous substance was later recognized as vinyl chloride. Ger, STNTHESIS; ANALYSIS < 20 6> ' Reynolds, E.S.; Jaeger* B.J.; Murphy* S,D.* Acute liver injury by vinyl chloride: Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum in phenobarblta1-pretreated rats.* Environ, Health Perspect. 11: 227-233 (1975). Phenobarbital pretreated rats were exposed to 5* vinyl chloride (VC) for 6 hrs. Dilatation of th* cysternae of the rough endoplasmic reticula* occurred in the centrolobulac liver parenchyma; in June 1975 283 R&S 135431 <206> COHT. the smooth endoplasmic reticulum cystarnae coalesced loto discreet aggreqates resembliqq denatured aeibmes. These results support the bepatotoxlc hypothesis: 7C conversion to a toxic metabolite by the mixed function oxidase system of liver endo pias mic ce ticulua. PATHOLOGY: ft AT ; PhE NOBA ft BITA L <207> RoevPi # YinTlchlorli. (7 Inyl chloride,) , Cheaxe Lexicon, Frank'sche Terlagshandlung, Stuttgart, Germany Band IT: 6931 (1966) . Properties of the vinyl chloride (VC) gas are summarized in a brief paragraph. YC was first described by ftegnault in 1838; its polymerization capabilities were recognized in 1878, but were not utilized until 1933-1935. YC has been utilized in aerosol boabs since 1955, Getatn patent nuabers are listed, nanufacturers in Germany are: Allied Che* leal; BASF; Do*; Dynaait AG.; Ethyl Corp.; Hue Is; Schuchardt. Get. PHOPESTIES; HANUFACTUBE <206> Rothschild, L, Jr., vinyl chloride news notes. Pest. Chea, He vs Sept. 1973 to Hot, 1974. Detailed coverage and in-depth analyses, every week, of Key developments regarding the lavs and regulations governing pesticides and toxic cheaicals. For the period September 1973 through November i97u the following oevs items were released; 1(40); 2 (Sept, 5, 197 3) vinyl chloride monomer survey to document the health experience of workers. 2(11): 6 (Feb. 13, 1974). Emergency OSHA Standard for vinyl chloride and PVC possible. 2(12): 19 (Teh. 20, 1974), Industry claims emergency OSHA Standard for vinyl chloride unnecessary. 2(13): 17-18 (Feb, 27, 1974) . )>. permanent OSHA Standard for vihyl chloride, P*Z say be effective in April. 2). EPA requested to suspend pesticides containing vinyl chloride as a propellant, 3). Fast implementation of OSHA Permanent Standard may satisfy worker groups. 2(15): 7 (Har. 13, 1 974 ). p* is expected to act on HFC's vinyl chloride petition in about a month, 2(17): 10 (nac. 27, 1374). OSHA to issue permanent and temporary vinyl chloride standards. 2(17): 2(flar. 27, 1974). vinyl chloride petition filed by the Health Research Group (HftGJ is expected to get an SPA response soon. 2(18); 18 (Apr. 3, 1974), EPA Vinyl Chloride Task Force members will brief public interest groups. 2(19): 25 (Apr- 10, 1974). EPA plans to release names of pesticides containing vinyl chloride April 15, 2(20); 21 (Apr. 17, 1974). Yoluntary recall of pesticides containing vinyl chloride requested by EPA. 2(21): 20 (Apr, 24 , 197 4). EPA suspends 28 pesticides containing vinyl chloride. 2(21): 21 (Apr. 24, 1974), Suit filed to try to force release of names of all vinyl chloride pesticides. 2(22); 8 (Hay 1, 1974). Suspension order, notice of intent to cancel vinyl chloride pesticides Issued. 2(22) : 20-21 (Hay 1 , 1974). 1). Yinyl chloride monitoring protocols being developed by EPA's OBJ. 2). Yinyl chloride Task Force could recommend regulatory action. 3). EPA asked to immediately measure vinyl chloride In air near plants. 4). OSHA permanent Standard on vinyl chloride still pending. 2(23): 2 (Bay 8, 1974). Yinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride toxicity will be the subject of a working group meeting In Rev Tock City nay 10-11. 2(2a) * 5 (nay 15, 1974). Scientists hear of vinyl chloride dangers; OSHA proposes permanent standard. 2(25); 5 (nay 22, 1974). Yinyl Chloride Task Force aims at July 1 for regulatory recommendations. 2(26): 3 (Hay 29, 1974). note vinyl chloride pesticides suspended and brand names released. 2) . EPA checks aerosols for mote vinyl chloride pesticides. 2(26); 21-22 (Bay 29, 1974). EPA may recommend above leto air levels of YC; OSHA schedules hearing. 2). EPA Task Force meets to review actions, draft recommendations, 2(27); 3 (JuneS, 1 974). vinyl chlcride air emission data requested by EPA fcoa 27 firms. 2(29): 13*16 (June 12, I97). 1). Vinyl Chloride plant emissions not Imminent hazard. Train says. 2). nCA begins four new research programs on vinyl chloride. 3). Firm requests hearing on suspension/ cancellation of vinyl chloride pesticide. 4). Tinyl chloride pesticide recall estimated at 27 1,900 units. 2(29): 7(June 1 9, 1 974). 1), FDA tells consumers PVc data shov low monomer levels with current uses. 2). Final EPA vinyl chloride air emission standard could be issued In 10 aonths. 2(30): 10 (June 26, 1974) l). Report estimates 239, 92 pounds of VCN emissions per hour from one plant, 2) . OSRA's vinyl chloride standard will destroy industry's "viability", SPI claims, 2(32): 5-6 (July 10, 1974). )). p* suspends 14 more vinyl chloride containing pesticides, 2). OSHA Yinyl Chloride Standard hearings continue this week. 3). OSHA's draft environmental impact statement on the Standard notes its "adverse consequences". 2(33): 12 (July 17, 197u). i). fpa vinyl chloride regulation nears; monitoring reports filed by Regions 2, 3. 2), Tenneco plant in Region 2 has VCH air emissions of 8,6000 pounds/day, report says. 2(34); ll*)a (July 24, 1 974) . i) , vinyl chloride research plans discussed by seven agencies. No known technology to remove ych from air streaas, firm says. 2(35); 12 (July 31, 197). Conclusions in OSHA draft EIS on vinyl chloride standard not supported, says SPI* 2(361: 11 (Aug. 7, 1974). Landfilling pvc solid wastes is probably not an acceptable disposal aet hod, 2(38): 6 (Aug. 2), 1974). USHA draft ElS on proposed vinyl chloride standard is "superficial", EPA says. 2(39); 13 (Auq, 29, 1974). !>. senate heatings on winyl chloride emphasize need for tozic substances bill. 2), EPA outlines goals in control of vinyl chloride emissions. 2(42): 13-16 (Sept. 18, 1974). Train orders Implementation of all Yinyl Chloride Task Force recommendations. 2(45): 2 (Oct. 9, 1974). Yinyl chloride final standards set out by OSHA in the oct. 4 Federal Register. 2(6); 8-9 (Oct. 16, 197u) , i) . pvc aic monitoring to start neat two plants in the southeast. 2). vinyl chloride used aqain to press for Toxic Substances Control Act. 2(47); 25-26 (Oct. 23, 1974), vinyl chloride finite ambient air standard not yet possible, EPA paper says. 2(49): 4-6 (N ot . 6, 197a). Industry must act to prevent vinyl chloride type incidents, Schweitzer says. PESTICIDE; TOXICITT < 20 4> Rothschild, i. Jr., vinyl chloride news notes. Food Chem. News June 18, 1973 to Oct. 28, 1974. * meekly Washington publication for executives providing in depth information regarding regulation of food add it Ives, color*, pesticides, and allied products. News headings froa June, 1973 to October, 1971 are listed as search paraaeter guides: 15(13): 7 (June 18, 1 973) , Continued use of polyvinyl chloride resins in alcohol-contacting gaskets asked. 15(17): 2 (July 16, 197 3). polyvinyl chloride proposal to eliminate the prior sanction for use in packaging alcoholic beverages. 15(35): 13 (Pot. 19, 1 97 31 * CPk coaaent on PTC proposal suggests limiting vinyl chloride aonoaer. 15(90); 22 (Dec. 2u, 1 973). Puli and complete testing of PTC resins and bottles urged by firm. 15 (50): 25-26 (Par. a, 197tt). rok ksks SPI for further data on polyvinyl chlorides 15 (52): 23- 2* (Par. 18, 197a) . ypt isj revoke prior sanction for PTC food packaging. 16(2): 5 (Xpr. 1, 1 979). Interim food additive order for PTC vould set limits. 16(3): 3 (lpr. 8, 1 979). sehaidt says rDk is concerned about PTC food packaging, r0k has begun collecting data from industry, other gomecawents, 16(3) : 2 (k pr. 8, 1 979) . Tinyl chloride use in aerosol food products. 16(6): 20 (kpr. 29, 1979). PTC proposal Till limit TCP by end test, but aot in resin. 16(8): 2 (Pay 13, 197m). Tinyl chloride Industrial etposute Halt, 16(13): 3 (June 17, 1 979) . Tinyl chloride Industrial exposure lislt. Rook says PTC data shoe low aonoeer lmvels with current uses. 16 (22): 25-26 (Aug. 19, 197m). PTC Document being readied for publication. 16(29): 15-16 (Oct. 2 1, 1979), 1), yok remises PTC proposal 284 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135432 <209> CUNT. to set two food uses. 2) . VCR static extraction tests from PTC pipe reported by fire, 16(31) : 17-10 (Oct- 21, 1 *17 si, Scbaffoec describes PTC regulatory Situation. 16(32); 3~UQ (Oct, 2 9, 1 97 3). 1). FDA policy on PTC food uses delayed for coordinated agency view. ?) . Job ns-flanvL1le says TCfl method can be used only in water- <2 10> Pouques, l., L'acro-osteolyse dans l'industrie des atieres plastiques, (Acroosteolysis In the plastics industry.), Presse fled. 75(37): 1990 ( 1967). A case study of a worker in a polyvinyl chloride polymerisation plant repealed symptoms similar to Raynaud's phenomenon as veil as cold sensitivity and clubbiog in the fingers, and to a lesser extent in the toes. No skin changes were observed. flasslve osteolysis of the terminal phalanges was seen on radiological examination. other workers who handled the raw latecials of the polyec were not affected. fr. PATMAUD'S PHENOMENON; ACROOSTEOL ISIS ; BONE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE <2 11 > Rowe, V,*., Experience in industrial exposure control., Ann. N.T, Acad. Sci. 2U6; 30 6- 3 10 ( 1 975). nethods available for environmental monitoring of air for the presence of vinyl chloride are; 1) gas ch roa tocra ph y, 2) total hydrocarbon analyzer with flame ionization detector, 3) combustion-conductivity, and Q) infrared spectrophotometry. Dow utilizes combustion-conductivity analyzers coupled to computer output, continuous gas chromatoqraphy units, and portable instruments based oq infrared spectrophotometry. Personnel monitoring is achieved through use of absorption tubes filled with activated carbon followed by gas chromatography of absorbed chlorinated hydrocarbons. Breath analysis is a less used method. Some of the plant design and engineering principles recoaiended ace; 1) closed processing systems, 2) open-air buildings for TC manufacture or polymerization, 3) reasonable process automation and remote operation, 4) closed-loop sampling system with on-line monitoring, 5) specially designed vapor equalizing lines for loading of tank cars, 5) continuous environmental monitoring, 7) cleaning of reactor vessels by water lets -- folloved by blanking of all entry lines, with assured oxygen supply, continuous vinyl chloride monitoring probe, and air purg-a during entry and cleaning of the vessel. flA NO FACTOR E; SAFETT; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE <212 > Rumyantseva, E.P.; Goryacheva, L.A., (Glucocorticoid function of the adrenals la patients suffering from chronic polsooing with some unsatarated and chlorinated hydrocarbons.}. Gig, Tr. Prof. Zabol. 12 ( 1 2) : 16- 19 ( 1 968) . Adrenal function vas substandard in a group of 105 patients with chronic poisoning by unsaturated and chlorinated hydrocarbons (including vinyl chloride). After 20 AC7R units, the Thorn test proved negative in 33X; in 35.8t ACTH failed to produce leacocytosis; in 73T the reaction of 17-oxycorticoids was either negative or perverted. Ross.; Eng. Sum*. BOHAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; 81OCHEflISTRT; CASE STUDT: ADRENAL <2 13> Sakabe, fl,, Bone lesions among polyvinyl chloride prod actio* workers in Japan., Ann. N. T. Acad. Sci. 2*6: 76-79 (1975). The first case of occupational aero osteolysis io Japan vas reported in 1972 in a polyvinyl chloride (PTC) reactor cleaner who had cleaned reactors fcoa i960 to i960. Also in 1972 the flinlstcy of Labour requested health examinations of all PTC workers in polymerization processes. Proa 1699 workers, x-ray examinations revealed 2 clear-cut cases of occupational acroosteolysis, with 40 suspected cases. A standard of diagnosis has since been established and distributed in an effort to improve x-ray examinations. The threshold Limit value for vinyl chloride (VC) has been reduced to 200 ppm. Exposure has been reduced by means of protective clothing, improved methods of reactor cleaning, and shortened working hours. A thorough epidemiological study among workers In VC and PTC plants in Japan is pla nned. BONE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; POLTCLEANER; STANDARDS; ACROOSTEOLTSIS; CASE REPORT <21 4> Sax, N.I., Vinyl chloride., Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Tan Nostrand Reinhold Co., New fork 3rd ed., pp, 1227-1220 (1969). vinyl chi or ide*-chloroe thylene or chloroethene -- with a formula of CH2CHCI is a colorless gas, or liquid when inhibited, with a faintly sweet odor. It has the following constants: flolecuiar weight: 62,50; boiling point: -13.h C; lover explosive level: t; upper explosive level: 22X; freezing point: -159.7 C; density of liquid; 0,9155 at IS C, referred to water at 4 C; vapor pressure: 2600 mm at 25 C; vapor density: 2. 15: autoignition temp: 992 F. It Is moderately irritating both to the Lungs and by local application, causing skin burns or frostbite. Its chronic effect on the system is unknown in humans, but it causes liver inyury in rats and rabbits. Circulatory and bone changes are reported in workers handling the monomer. Threshold limit value is 600 ppm or 1290 mg/m3. It is a fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame, ard Is difficult to extinguish. Explosion hazard is high. When heated it emits toxic fumes of phosgeoe . EXPLOSIVE; SAFETT; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PROPERTIES; $RJN; LIVER; ROHAN; BON S < 2 1 6> Sehaffner, R.fl., PDA and the vinyl chloride problem - An overview.. Association of Official Analytical Chemists fleeting, Washington, D.C. 11 pages (October 15, 1974) . Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was approved by the Pood and Drug Ad al ni stra tion (EDA) as a food packaging material on the basis, from available analytical data, that the resin vas insoluble in food-simulating solvents, and that it did not igrate into the food. In 197 3, levels of 10 to 20 ppm vinyl chloride (VC) were found in liquor packaged In PVC bottles, and data indicated that TC could also migrate into non-alcoholic foods. In 1974, deaths from angiosarcoma, supposedly due to TC were announced, and research on rats shoved tumors developed at 250 ppm level of inhalation. In April 1974, PDA requested recall of products using TC as a propellant, and their ban vas published in the U.S. Pederal Register. EPA banned VC as a propellant In pesticide aerosol propellants and instituted environmental surveys. Reports of angiosarcoma and other tumors in rmts inhaling 50 ppm VC were released by Prof. C. flaltoni. In June 1974, angiosarcoma was diagnosed io employees of the PTC fabricating Industry. Residual levels of TC in PTC vary depending on the processing, particle size and porosity, and drying methods. Basic resin may contain levels from several to 2000 ppm, and the final product may contain anywhere from less thao 1 to several hundred ppm. Nock directed toward the appraisal of carcioogeolcity of VC by the oral route is in progress. A low residual mooomer content is indicated in thin films and highly plasticized articles. Preliminary results in methodology development indicate that TC may be determined at June 1975 285 <215> CQ NT. levels of >0 ppb in vegetable oils and food-slaulating solvents representing aqueous# acidic# alcoholic# and fatty foods# and at 1 ppi In the PTC plastic itself. ANALT5I5; NOR-OCCUPATIDNA1 EXPOSURE; POOD; 4 EROSOLS <2 I6> Schanche# D, A, # Vinyl chloride: Time boab on the production line*# Today** Health 52(9): 16-19, 70-72 (1974) . Health hazards of vinyl chloride vece first brought to the attention of the American public vhen J.L, Creech discovered a cluster of rare angiosarcoaa cases aaonq the workers of B.E, Goodrich's Louisville# Kentucky plant. Urgent medical inquiries began. Subsequently various investigating groups moblllied: the occupational Safety and Health Administration (oSHA) of the Department of Labor; the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (HIOSH) : the Environmental Protection Agency (EpA) ; the Center for Disease Control (CDC) ; the National Institutes of Health (NIH); the American Cancer Society (ACS); the Enviconmenta1 Science Laboratory# nount Sinai School of nedicine# nee Toft. An emergency standard of 50 ppa has been set. The vinyl chloride industry stated that a proposed permanent standard of no detectable level is sot feasible and if adopted will shut dova the entire plastics industry* on the other hand# a worker representative threatens a shutdown if the proposed permanent standard is not adopted. One cospany has reportedly reduced levels to as low as 1 to 5 ppe. Three fatal cases of nonoccupatIona 1 exposure to vinyl chloride have occurred in Hew Turk State, The EPA estimates 300 million pounds of vinyl chloride escapes into the atmouphere each year, STANDARDS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; NON-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; CANCER; LITER; ANGIQ5ARC0HA REGULATION; R On A N; DRUG < 2 19> Schneiderian# H. A.; nantel, N.; Brown, C.C.# from mouse to man -- or how to get from the laboratory to Park Avenue and 59th Street*, Aon. N.T. Acad. Sci. 246: 237- 24 8 ( 1975) . The extrapolation of moderate or high dose animal toxicity data to presumed effects in man may be very danqerous, and must be doom cautiously. Even the extrapolation from small ot medium-sized experiments at high-dose levels to the very low dose levels where large numbers of animals are required is full of risks. Extrapolation within species using four coamon mathematical modelling methods and the Haltoni liver angiosarcoma data as examples are discussed, and the difficulties of using models for lew-dose effects are elucidated. The models Involving t ime-to-response need more development as most of them are concerned with median time to appearance of cancer while the present need is the time for 1 or 0.11 to develop cancer. problems include inherent observational problems, mathematical problems, competing risks* interaction of materials# natural Incidence# methods for including nonexpert mental evidence as data# and the establishing of acceptable risk levels. Extrapolation from one species to another involves differences in dose-size relation, aetabollc rate# the ratio of blood volume to Circulation time, tissue binding# generation tiae of cells, rate of repair processes, and degree of environmental* control. Appropriate research on species differences in metabolism and in the aathematics of modeling and extrapoiation are needed. Also important is free and open discussion of the socially related issues acceptable risk as well as the costs and benefits to both the individual and to society, EPIDEHIOLOGTJ flODEL ; STATISTICS <2 17> Schauaann, 0.# Effect on the heart of some Inhalation anaesthetics.# fledrin. Choate 2: (I93<M . 13 2- 1 uo Ether, chloroform, solaesthin (CH2CHCI), and vinyl chloride (7C) were tested to determine the concentrations injurious to the heart of the cat. Relative insufficiency of the heart was measured by the auricular pressure; and the limiting concentration at which absolute insufficiency occurred was also measured. In comparison with ether (3 vol # vinyl chloride required 19 vol X for the same relative insufficiency. Ether caused complete insufficiency at 12 vol <# but absolute insufficiency was not possible with 7C, even with 25 to 30 vol *. The concentration of VC in the blood during anaesthesia Is 15 to 17 mg t as compared with chloroform at 30 to 50 ag although a concentration of chlorofora 10 times higher than TC is required for anesthesia. The ratio of anesthetic to toxic concentration is the most favorable for vinyl chloride of those anesthetics tested. ANESTHETIC; CAT; CARDIOVASCULAR <218> Schmidt, A.H.# Human drugs containing vinyl chloride or packaged in polyvinyl chloride containers., Ted. Register 39 (78): 1238 (April 22, 1974), Each registrant under section 510 of the federal food, Drug# and cosaetic Act is required to submit to the food and Drug Administration a list of all human drags which are being manufactured, prepared, propagated# compounded, or processed for coamercial distribution and which contain vinyl chloride whether or not the vinyl chloride is an active or inactive Ingredient, and a list of all human drug products packaged in polyvinyl chloride containers or in containers with polyvinyl chloride liners. Information was to be submitted by nay 22, 1974, < 22 0> Schottek, v.( 2uc Toxlkologie des vinylchlorlds. (Toxicology of vinyl chloride.)# Che*. Tech. 21(11): 708-7 1 1 ( 1969) . Hice, rats# and guinea pigs survived a 200,000 ppm vinyl chloride exposure, but shoved ede*a of the lungs and congestion of the liver. At 70,000 pp quinea pigs lapsed into deep narcosis with severe irritation of the eyes and respiratory organs. In tats, 100 ppm exposure for 7 hours per day over 6 months produced liver enlargement. In humans, concentrations of 1,000 to 25,000 ppm produced centtal-nervous-system disturbances ranging from slight dizziness through sleeplnmss and nausea to severe vertigo, disorientation# headache and visual disturbance. A brief review of the literature is presented. Get * TOIICITT; RAT; HICE; GUINEA PIG; HUflAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; STANDARDS <22 1> Schweitzer, G.E,# Environmental concerns beyond the workplace,# Ann. R.T* Acad. Sci* 246: 296-3 02 ( 1975). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) suspended the use of pesticides in enclosed areas vith a mandatory recall of stocks in the market# and is investigating the need and authority for further regulatory action. An excess of 200 ailllon pounds of vinyl chloride (VC) and 50 ailllon pounds of polyvinyl chloride (PTC) is released annually to the envircneent. Epidemiological studies of populations near the chemical plants producing TC and PTC are needed. Also needed are toxicological tests detailing the likely health effects of TC in ambient air near these chemical plants# and research to clarify the toxicological significance of impurities in VC# synergistic effects of other chemicals# and aetabollc reactions induced by VC. In addition to R&S 135433 286 Environmental Health Perspectives <221> CONT. the immediate concern with ambient and peat levels of VC near chemical plants, EPA Is concerned 1) with the VC level in water and sludge, 2) with developing sampling and analysis procedures, 3) with the persistence of TC, ) with the Migration of TC froa PVC, and with the disposal of PVC. passage of the Toxic substances Control let would greatly assist the EPA In these concerns, ENVIRONflENT; NON-OCCOPATlONAL EXPOSURE; ANALTSIS <2 2 2> Schvetz, 6.A.; Leong, fl.K.J.; Salth, T,A.; Balaef, n.: Gehring, P,J,, Results of a vinyl chloride-teratology study lo sice, rats, and rabbits.. Abstracts of Papers for 10th Annual fleeting of Society of Toxicology, ViliiaasbuCg, Virginia, March 9-13 (I?'?*)) Abstract No, 79; p. 25 (1975) . The deleterious potential of inhaled vinyl chloride monomer (VCfl) was evaluated on the developing embryo and fetus of sice, rats, and rabbits exposed to 500 ppa VCfl 7 hr daily during organogenesis. Some of the vCfl-eiposed alee were also treated with 15* ethanol (EtOH) in the drinking water to determine If ethanol ingestion altered the toxicity and/or teratogenicity of VCfl. Ho signs of toxicity ware observed in the adult rats or rabbits during exposure or at the time of necropsy and cesarean section, A significant decrease was seen in rat fetal body weight; in both rats and rabbits the incidence of external, soft tissue and skeletal aalforaat ions was not different free control litters, Mice were aore susceptible to VCfl than either rats or rabbits. A sliqht decrease in weight gain was recorded asong alee and asternal deaths were observed (6 deaths/30 exposed alee). Pregnancy rate aeong alee was slightly lover than aaonq controls; a slight increase was observed for resorptions and fetal body weights were soaevhat lower than control values: but the incidence of external, soft tissue, and skeletal aaIforaation was not different fro* controls. Concoaitant treatment, of alee with EtOH in the drinking water accentuated soae of the toxic effects associated with exposure to VCfl alone. flaternal weight gain and pregnancy rate were further decreased, but the incidence of maternal deaths was not increased by coneoaitant EtOH ingestion. The incidence of cleft palate and certain skeletal anomalies was significantly Increased aaong alee receiving EtOH plus VCfl. Thus, based on the results of this initial study, exposure of bred alee, rats, and rabbits to 500 ppa VCfl during organogenesis did cot result in a teratogenic response, TEPATOGEHICITT; BAT; fllCI; RABBIT; IN? ER ACT 10 N ; ETHANOL <223> Sellkoff, i.J, (Ed,): Haaaond, E,c, (Sd.), Toxicity of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride., Ann, N,T. lead. Sci. 2U6: 1-337 ( 1975) . This voluae results froa a workshop held at the sew fork ACadeay of Sciences on flay 10 and 11, 1979. The contents include Part I, Toxicological Investigations of Vinyl Chlorlde-Polyviny1 Chloride: A. Clinical Studies (10 papers), B. Experimental Studies (7 papers), and C, Pathology (1 paper) ; Part II. Carcinogenesis Associated with Viayl Chloride: A. Experimental Studies (2 papers), B. - Epld ee loloqiea 1 Studies (6 papers), and C. Pathology (2 papers); Part III. Enviroamenta1 Considerations (2 papers); Part IV. Control and flanageeent (2 papers); and a bibliography. COflTEtEflCE <22> Smirnova, K.I.; Granik, W.P., (Long-term side effects of acute occupational poisoning by certain hydrocarbons and their der ivat ire*.), Gig, Tr. Prof, labol. 1(5): 50-51 (1970), (fli52; *632ft) Two case studies of vinyl chloride poisoning are included in this report. The frequency and degree of expression of 1) functional disturbances of the central nervous systee (CHS) 2) s ye pa thet ic-sensory polyneuritis, and 3) organic disorders of the brain, which were seen as residual effects of the pcisoning, depended upon the severity of the Intoxication, previous CHS diseases, and the time of recovery before returning to eotk. Russ- OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE: HORAN; NEUBOLOGlCAL <225> Smith, D.L,; Giesler, v.s,. An evaluation of organic vapor respirator cartridges and canisters against vinyl chloride., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Laboratories and Criteria Development HEW Publication Wo. (NIOSH) 7 5- 1 1 1 , 2 3 pages (197U). Concentrations of 250, 500, and 750 ppa vinyl chloride (VC) were passed through a types of approved organic vapor respirator cartridges and fl types of approved front or back mounted organic vapor gas mask canisters until breakthrough occurred, conventional activated charcoal has a low adsorption capacity for VC, In tests of 50 ppm and 50% humidity, the ainiaua service life expected vas 20 ainutes in respirator organic vapor cartridges. Organic vapor front or back Mounted gas mask canisters have sufficient life for 100 ainutes at concentrations of less than 100 ppa. Neither half-aask organic vapor respirators or ful1-face pi ecu gas tasks provided adequate protection when considering a no-detectable level of exposure. note efficient sorbents should be developed . PECULATION; PROTECTION; RESP1PA TORT < 2 2 6> Sayth, R.E,, Jr., laproved coaaunIcation*-Kygienic standards for daily inhalation.. Iter. Ind. Kyg. Assoc. Otrly. 17(2): 129-185 (see tn3, 179) (1956). This extensive review of Inhalation standards presents tabulated toxicity data and very brief suaaaries on uny compounds. A Threshold Limit of 500 ppa for vinyl chloride was proposed in l9u7'on the basis of single animal inhalation studies, and huaan response. No effect froa daily eight-hour inhalations at this level vas predicted, and narcosis was the most laportant effect for ten tiaes the threshold Halt. Lung-In luring halogen compounds evolving froa vinyl chloride on pyrolysis or contact with hot metal also present a hazard. The recommendation for the standard retained the sate in 1956. STANDARDS; LUNG; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REVIEW; DECVADATION <227> Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.; Palisades Section/ Vinyl Plastics Division, VCfl, The processors' perspective.. Regional Technical Conference, NT, NT Oct. 31-Wov, 1(197M) The society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. held a 2-day regional technical conference to disseminate inforaation relative to the new standard limiting exposure to vinyl chloride aonoeer (VCfl), and to aphasite its effect on the polyvinyl chloride processor. Sessions were held to establish a perspective on the problea, on the OSHA Standard and its interpretation, on the Environaenta1 Protection Agency viewpoint, on the Pood and Drug Administration viewpoint, on analytical devices and methods, and os protective devices and process optlaixation. Approximately 20 papers were pre sen ted. flilUMCTURt; AVALISTS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE R&S 135434 June 1975 287 R&S 135435 <2 20 > Spector, V.S., (Ed.), vinyl chloride. Handbook of Toxicoloqy, ?o 1, 1. Acute Toiiciti.es of Solids, Liquids And Gases to Laboratory Animals. .0. Saunders and Co, , Phil., PA. Table IT: 35 1-352 (1956) . Minimum lethal concentration of vinyl chlocide for ice is 625*750 mq/litec oc 233,000 - 200,000 ppm administered continuously for 10 ainutes. Lethal concentration for the guinea pig is 102<4 iq/liter or <*00, 000 ppa administered continuously for 10-20 Incites. RICE; GUINEA PrG: LETHAL CONCENTRATION (LC) <229 > Stecher, P.G. (Ed,|, vinyl chloride., The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Cheaicals and Drugs, flerck & Co., Fahvay, N.J. 0th ed., p 1100 (I960). Chloroethylene (CH2CHC1) is a synonyi for vinyl chloride. The gaseous cheaical &s first prepared by Fegnault in 1035. A patent for its preparation by ha logenat Ion of ethylene vas granted to National Distillers and Chemical Corp . in 1 959. The colorless gas liquefies in a freezing fixture, neltinq point is -i*0 deqrees C; boiling point is -la degrees C, Vinyl chloride is soluble in alcohol and polymerizes in light or in the presence of a catalyst. The main uses are in the plastics industry, as a refrigerant, and in organic syntheses. It causes narcosis in hiqh concentrations and frostbite by rapid evaporation if spilled on the skin, PROPERTIES < 2 30 > Stein, G.; Juehe, 5.; Lanqe, C.-E.; Veltman, G., Skelettveranderunqen he 1 der sogenannten Vinylchlorid-Krankheit (Skeletal alterations in the so-called vinyl chloride illness-), Roentgen 01. 26: 350- 355 ( 197 3) . Roentgenoloqica1 examination of IQ patients with so-called vinyl chloride illness confirms the typical osteolysis appearing as bands in the terminal phalanges. Appearance of bandlike osteolysis represents a positive diagnosis for the existence of "vinyl chloride disease". Ger. HUMAN; BONE; CASE STUDY; ACFOOSTEOLTSI5; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OSTEOLYSIS <231 > Stein, G.; Juehe, S.; Lange, C.-E.; veltman, G., Bsndformlge Osteolysen in den Endphalangen des Handskeletts. (Band-like osteolysis of the terminal phalanges of the hands.), fortschr. Roentgenstr. 1 18 ( 1) : 60-63 ( 197 3) , Two polyvinyl chloride autoclave cleaners exhibited band-Itke osteolyses of the terminal phalanges of the hands. These specific scleroderaa-like changes are reversible. The disease is linked specifically to occupational causes. Ger. HUNAN; BONE; RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON; ACiOOSTEOLTSIS; OCCUPATIONAL tXPOSURE <232> St*nder, J., Proposed standard for vinyl chloride,, red. Register 39 (92): 1 6896- 1690 0 (1 97 4), On Ray 6, 197h, the proposed permanent standard for human exposure to vinyl chloride was set at a do detectable level, as determined by methods capable of detectiag 1 ppm vlth an accuracy of 1 ppm plus or minus 50t. This rednemd standard resulted froa data indicating that 2 of 200 mice exposed to 50 ppm vinyl chloride 7 hr/day, 5 day/**k for 7 months developed angiosarcoma of the liver. Engineering and work practice programs to reduce levels belov detectability, as veil as respiratory protection programs and protective clothing for vorkecs in regulated areas ate required by the standard. Employee training and vrittea operational and emergency plans are to apprise employees of vinyl chloride exposure hazards. Comprehensive medical examinations and tests ace proposed. Incidents resulting in the release of vinyl chloride are to be reported to OSHi. STANDAFD5; HUNAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPUSORE < 23 3> Stender, J., Emergency temporary standard for exposure to vinyl chloride., Ted. Register 39(67); 1 23<*2- 1234 (197) . A nev emergency temporary standard for occupational eiposur* to vinyl chloride became effective April 5, 1<*7. The standard applies to any area oc operation in which vinyl chloride is manufactured, reacted, handled, processed, released, repacked, or stored. It does not apply to handling, storage or other use of vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers in the fora of fabricated products. Maximum permissible exposure is lowered from *00 to 50 ppm, with monltorinq by gas chromatography of samples collected by detection devices worn by personnel. All monitoring is to be tecorded with records retained for 5 years. vork expected to release vinyl chloride in excess of 50 ppm, such as repair, maintenance, or cleaning of reactors shall require continuous flow or pressure-demand air-supplied respirators or self-contained breathing apparatus. This standard Is to be in effect no longer than 6 months, vhile the safe limits of exposure of humans to vinyl chloride Is being determined. These rules and regulations include sections on background, carcinogenicity of vc, petitions for an emergency temporary standard, the standard, and detailed promulgations regarding VC. STANDARDS; HUflAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE: REVIEW; ANGIOSARCOMA <23u> Stender, J. , Standard for exposure to vinyl ,- chloride., Fed, Register 39(19); 35090-15090 (197uj, Effective January 1, 1975, the Department of Labor Standard of Exposure for vinyl chloride will provide that no employee may be exposed to cconcentcations greater than 1 ppm over any 8-hr period, or to more than 5 ppm averaged over any 15 min period, or to any direct contact with liquid vinyl chloride. "Action level" is defined as 0.5 ppm VC over an 9*hr day. Initial monitoring shall determine exposures in excess of the action level; shall then be repeated monthly if io excess of the permissible exposure limit, or quarterly if in excess of the action level, or at any change vhirh iay cause excess of the action level. Regulated areas, limited to authorized personnel recorded on a daily roster, shall be established where VC or PTC Is manufactured, reacted, repackaged, stored, handled or used, or where VC concentrations ate in excess of the permissible exposure limit. Engineering vork practice controls, supplemented where necessary by respiratory protection, and written in plans to be updated every 6 months, shall be used to reduce exposures to the permissible limit. Respiratory protection suitable to the atmospheric concentration of ?C shall be supplied by the employer from those jointly approved by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration, and the National Institute for occupational Safety and Health (NIQSH). Entry into unknown concentrations, or concentrations greater than 36,000 ppm, may be made only for life rescue. Employees engaged In hazardous operations shall be provided with proper respiratory protection mod clean, dry protective garments. Vtltteu operational plans for emergency situations shall be developed for ecb facility storing, handling, or otherwise using VC as liquid or Compressed gas, and 288 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135436 <23> COX?. each employee shall undergo training relating to hazards and precautions of its use. I program of medical sarvelllance shall be proTided without cost to each employee. Entrances and containers shall be informatively labeled as to the hazard within. Bonltociaq, personnel, and nodical records shall be maintained for a period of 30 yrs. Background, findings, discussion, and the detailed rules and regulations are to be found in the Standard. STANDARDS; OCCUPATIONAL ElPOSORE <235> Stulova, E.A., (Characteristics of the state of thermoregula11 on in chronic vinyl chloride poisoning.1, cig. rc. Prof^ zabol. 17(3)! 53-55 (1973), (SA 57; 23156) workers -- &0 men and 56 women fro 25 to 5 yrs of aqe -* exposed chronically to wlnyl chloride for 3 to 15 yrs exhibited both subnormal aqj increased body teoperatures. Acrohypothenia, decreased arterial flow, and spasm of capillaries and medium caliber arteries could not be attributed entirely to the state of the peripheral circulation. Clinical physiological analysis indicated that these disturbances, and those of heat production, were due to functional impairment of the hypothalamic brain stem structures. Thermoregulation should be studied for early detection of chronic vinyl chloride poisoning. Puss OCCUPATION! ElPOSURE; DIAGNOSTIC; 7 HE RNOR EGO LAT ION <236> Suciu, I.; Prejman, I.; Talaskal, n., Etude des maladies dues au chtorure de winyle, (Study of illnesses due to vinyl chloride.), neJ . Lavoro 5fl(") ; 26 1-27 1 ( 19 7) . Clinical and biochemical findings in 160 workers engaged in the production of polyvinyl chloride allowed clarification of the clinical pattern of the induced diseases by such a substance. Besides the narcot ic-type syndrome, symptoms of neurasthenia were observed after repeated exposures. Liver enlargement was present In 30.21 of the cases; Raynaud's syndrome was observed in 61. Skin manifestations were chemical and allergic dermatitis and scleroderm la. In 501 of cases with sclerodenia, thyroid impairment was also observed. The skin and muscle biopsy, performed in 3 cases, shoved a pattern of collagenosis. All skin manifestations had disappeared within a year after stopping work, except in one case. The initial appearance of nervous manifestations and of digestive, angioneurotic, and cutaneous phenomena suqgests that cerebral cortex damage, and later on diencephalic and endocrine damage, play an important role. (Modified author abstract) rc. ; Eng . Sun . NAPCOSIS; NEUROLOGICAL: LITER; SKIN; RATNAOD'S PHENOMENON; EPIDEHIOLOGY; ANGION EGROSIS <237> Suciu, I,; Dre*|nan, I.; Talaskai, R,, Contcibutii la studiul Imbolnawirilor produse de clorura de vinil, (Contributions to the study of diseases caused by vinyl chloride.). Bed. Interna 15(8); 957-970 ( 1 963). Toxic symptoms in a group of 168 employees from 2 polyvinyl chloride plants included the narcotic syndrome and angioneurotic disturbances. Hepatomegaly was present in 30.21 of the cases and Raynaud's syndrome in 61. Cutaneous manifestations consisted of chemical and allergic dermatitis as well as scleroderma. Biopsy revealed collagen disease in 3 cases. All cutaneous man ifesta11ons (except la one case) disappeared within one year after interrupting work in the polyvinyl chloride plant. Cortical dynamic disturbances and, later. the diencephalic centers and endocrine system play a role In causing these symptoms. Rom.; Eng. 5u m*. LITER; SKIN; GASTROINTESTINAL; NEUROLOGICAL; A NG 10 N EUROS IS ; 91OC HEN I ST RT ; H0.1AN; RATNAOD'S PHENOMENON; occupational EXPOSURE <2 3 fl> Suciu, I.; Prodan, L.; Ilea, E. ; PaduraCu, A.; Pascu, L,, Clinical mao ifestations in vinyl chloride poisoning., Ann. H.Y. Acad. Sci, 2u&; 53-69 (1975). In 1961, the study of clinical and biological manifestations in workers of vinyl chloride (TO) manufacturing plants was begun. Examinations were repeated by the same staff from 1962 through 1969, Acute and subacute poisonings occurred with high concentrations of TC, but when concentrations were decreased by 22 tines, acute poisonings disappeared and chronic manifestations occurred. Changes lo the nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, cutaneous, endocrine, and hematologic systems were recorded and studied. Measures such as hermetIzation, reduction of hours of exposure, vitamin therapy, change in lob, and a 22-fold reduction in toxic substance in the air reduced symptoms by two-thirds. The results and discussion section is subdivided into nervous manifestations, cardiovascular manifestations (arterial hypertension), digestive manifestations, respiratory manifestations, cutaneous manifestations, endocrine alterations, hematologic changes, and prophylactic and therapeutic measures. SKIN; LUNG; CARDIOTASCULAR; NEURO LOGICAL; LITER; ENDOCRINE; EPIDEMIOLOGY <239> Tabershaw, I.R.; Gaffey, V.R., Mortality study of workers in the manufacture of vinyl chloride and its polymers., J. Occup. Bed. 16(8); 509-518 (I97n). A mortality study of 338a *en who had at least one year of occupational exposure to vinyl chloride demonstrated that cancers of the digestive system, respiratory system, brain, and cancers of unknown site occurred aore ofteo than expected In those members with the greatest exposure. There was an unexplained inverse relation of buccal cavity and phacyni cancers to eiposure. The overall mortality of the study population was approximately 751 of the expected, with no statistically significant cause of death other than that expected in a comparable population. No cases of angiosarcoma of the liver were found which had not been previously Identified. There was a consistent pattern of Increased mortality from cancer vith an increase of exposure or estimated exposure to vinyl chloride. CANCER; ANGIOSARCOMA; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; STATISTICS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MORTALITY <2U0> Takeuchi, y.; flabuchi, C., A case of occupational acroosteolysis, presumably caused by vinyl chloride., Jap. J. Ind. Realth 15; 3B5-399 (1973), s' Japan is second to the United states In production of vinyl chloride. Raynaud's phenomenon was reported among workers in a vinyl chloride (TC) manufacturing plant in 195u, Three of these workers were reexamined in 1970 but neither Raynaud's phenomenon nor acroosteolysis was found. The case study of a 36-yr old nan who had worked as a TC polycleaner for * 1/2 years revealed acroosteolysis, Raynaud's phenomenon, scleroderma, and induration of both hands. The epidermis of the skin of the left hand was normal, but collagen fibers were edematous, and thickened wall and Infarction of vessels was present in the corlua. Certain sequelae to the vinyl chloride poisoning persisted after 9 yrs away from the job as polycleaner. Present aaxinqm acceptable concentration of TC in Japan Is 503 ppm. Jap.; Eng. Suaa. June 1975 2S9 R&S 135437 <20 > COM\ ICfiOOStEOLTSIS; RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON: 5KIN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HOMAN ; C1SE STUDT <24 1> Technology conferences Associates, The vinyl chloride monomer and pvc problem,. Conference of El Segundo, California February 27, 197$. The conference heard reports on 1) Regulatory Concepts for vCM Exposure, 2) EPA Assessment of the Vinyl Chloride and PVC Problems, 3) Uhat SPZ is Doinq about the Challenge facing the vCM/PVC Industry, u) The Enlqaa of OSHA'S VCM Ruling, 5) Measurement and Monitoring of vcn in Plant Ataospheres, 6) Detection and Analysis of VCM, 7) The Use of Respiratory Eguipaent Against vinyl Chloride, 8) Economic Aspects and Technical Problems of the pvc Producer and fabricator, 9) Reduction and Control of VCM in PVC by Advanced flitLng and Coapounding Techniques, 10) Hov Will the federal Regulations Affect the Supply of PVC, and 11) How do the Federal Regulations Affect the fabricator and Can He Ensure Compliance? CONFERENCE <24 2 > Thoaas, L.0.; Popper, H-, Pathology of anqiosarcoaa of the liver aaong vjnyl chi or Ide~polyvlny1 chloride workers., Ann. N.T. Acad. Sci, 26: 269-277 (1975). Pathologic materials fcoa a liaited nuaber of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride (VC*PVC) workers, soe of vhoa had angiosarcoaas of the liver, were reviewed for qrnss and microscopic features of hepatic angiosaccoaa. Based on microscopic observations, a continuous spectrua of changes vere Manifest initially by multifocal areas of stiaulated sinusoidal cells, followed by increasing degrees of sinusoidal cell atypja and proliferation associated with sinusoidal dilatation, culminating in a progressively groving, infiltrative anqiosarcoaa vith a sinusoidal growth pattern. The series of changes appears to be aulticentrie but only soae of the lesions progress to fully developed anqiosarcomas. Farliest histoloqic changes of sinusoidal cell atypia and proliferation which would characterize definite and progressive anqiosarcoaa were not identified. Neither was it possible to deteraine by ticroscopic observation whether anqlosarcomas in organs other than the liver represent aetastases or primary neoplasms. Proliferation of the hepatocytes apparently influence anqiosarcoaa development. Histologic features varied considerably in different portions cf the anqiosarcoaa in the saae liver and in the angiosarcoas of the liver froa different patients, but aany features were siailer such as sinusoidal, papillary, and cavernous growth patterns coincident vith the precursor lesions of proliferation and atypia of sinusoidal lining cells. A NCI OS A PCON A ; L I V EP ; PATHOLOCT; HISTOLOGY <21> Torkelson, T.R.; Oyen, F.; Rowe, T.K., The toxicity of vinyl chloride as determined by repeated exposure of laboratory animals., a mer . Iftd, Hyj. Assoc. J. 22(5) : 354 -36 1 ( 196 1) . Rats showed microp*thologica1 changes after repeated, dally 7-hour exposures to vinyl chloride at $00 ppm for 4.$ months. Repeated 7-hour exposures at 200 ppm for six months resulted in liver changes in rabbits and rats, but no detectable Changes in doqs and guinea piqs. All species studied tolerated repeated daily 7-hour exposures to $0 ppm for six months with no detectable Injury. The available human experience Indicates that injury is not likely while operating under a threshold limit value of $00 ppm. A time-weighted average for all exposure however should probably.mot exceed 50 ppm. TOIICITT; PATj RABBIT; DOG; G0INEA PlG; LIVER; LONG; HEART; KIDNET; SPLEEN; TESTES; STANDARDS <244> Tribukh, S.L.; Tikhomirova, N.P.; Levina, S.V.; Kollo?, L.A., (Working conditions and measures for their improvement in production and use of vinyl chloride plastics.). Gig. Sanlt. No. 10; 38-au ( 1909) . (CA 44; 1744a) Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of vinyl chloride production plants average between 0.00$ and 0.27 mg/l, with a large proportion of chlorinated biphenyls. In fabrication plants, similar or somewhat higher amounts of chlorine are found. Ventilation needs are stressed. A tendency for respiratory and circulatory disorders, and some cases of hepatitis, were found. Skin eruptions were Caused by the chlorinated biphenyl plasticizees, Pressure rolling above 120 to 130 degrees was not recomaended. Russ. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; LUNG; CARDIOVASCULAR; SKIN; LIVER < 24 > Turoski, V., The determination of vinyl chloride in aerosol formulations and can linings.. Abstracts of Papers, American Chemical Society, 169th National Meeting, April 6-11 (1975) Analytical Section, Abstract No, 122 (197$) . Using two methods of gas-liguid-chroatography, vinyl chloride (VC) standards in te t ra h yd ro f un n vere prepared and compared. Stability and analysis time ace discussed. Methods given enable the analysis of one-tenth pp vinyl chloride in pure tetrahydrofuran, and to 3 ppm if interfering substances ate present- ANALTSIS; AEROSOLS <2*6> Ueda, K.f (Disturbance of buaan health by chemical substances - Toxicity of organochlorlne compounds.), Nippon Ishikai Zasshl (J, Jap. fted. Assoc.) 69(2): 207-2 16 (1973). (PPSTAB 73: 0 1 170) Ocganochlorines are soluble in fats, accumulate in fat tissues and the liver, are damaging to the liver, are narcotic, and produce acne. Metabolic and detoxification mechanisms include the action of gluta thione-S-alkyltransferase on ilkylhalogen compounds, glucuronate conjugation and excretion of chlorophenolie compounds, and mercapturic acid formation and excretion of partially dech Ion na ted compounds and those bonded to glutathione compounds. Monomeric vinyl chloride is one of the compounds rev iewed. Jap, PROPERTIES; 9 TOC HEMISTRTI LIVER; SKIN; HUMAN < 24 7> Van Duuren, B.L., On the possible aeehanisi of carcinogenic action of vinyl chloride., Ann. X. T. Acad. Sci. 246: 2 $6-267 ( 1975). Relevant information bearing on the possible mechanism of action of the carcinogen vinyl chloride is reviewed. Indirect-acting alkylating carcinogens are related with their direct-acting counterparts. Based on earlier studies, ooncovaleot binding to serum albumin, microsomal membranes, or other target sites may precede activation to a carcinogenic intermediate. Serum albumin binding may be related to the site of origin of accoosteolysis, a disease associated with exposure to vinyl chloride. Trichloroethylene is structurally similar to vinyl chloride and known information concerning its metabolism In animals and man, suggest an alpha-chloro ether or -oniua ion as an important Intermediate in Its metabolism. It is probably 290 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135438 <2*7> CONT. carcinogenic, particularly to the liver bot this remain* to be established. BIOCREHISTRT; HETABOLIS H; CARCINOGENICITT <28> ' Vaiin* A.N.; Plokhowa, Z.I., (Obtaining an experimental model of the toxic angioneurosis arising under the chronic effect of iny1 chloride vapor on the organism,), Gig, Tr. Prof. Zabol. 12; 97-99 (1968) Rabbits exposed chronically to vapors of vinyl chloride in concentrations of 9 to 10 ag/1 shoved disturbances in the cardiovascular system. A pathology aodel based on a description of these functional changes could be useful in the study and experimental therapy of toxic angloneurosis. Russ, RABBIT; CARDIOVASCULAR*. A NCI QKJM R05IS; AN I n XL RODEL ; DIAGNOSTIC <299 > Vatin, A.N.; Plokhova, E.I., (Changes is the rate of inculcation of conditioned reflexes la rats on prolonged exposure tovinyi chloride vapor in concentrations approaching the aaxisua permissible Concentration.), Gig. Snnit. (Hyg. Sanit.) 35(9/6); 39-935 (1970). Iventy albino rats (10 expecienta1, 10 controls) required an average of 10 and 10.a presentations, respectively, to acquire a stable conditioned reflex to a stimulus (metronome). Latent time required to respond to the stimulus was 4.5 and 9.6 seconds, respectively* After the experimental rats had been exposed to "3-9 vinyl chloride vapor/el" (sic) dally fot 9 months In a hermetically sealed 100-liter chamber, 11 presentations of a new 'stimulus (bmll) mere required to arrive at a stable conditioned reflex. NO increase in latent period of response mas detected. It vas concluded that prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride in concentrations approaching the maximum permissible concentration may produce alterations in the functional state of the higher divisions of the central nervous system. RAT; NEUROLOGICAL <250> Vazin, A.N.; Plokhova, E.I,, (Changes of cardiac activity in rats chronically exposed to vinyl Chloride vapors.), farmakol, Toksikol. 32(2); 220-222 ( 1964) . Albino rats exposed to vinyl chloride vapors - 0.03 to 0.00 mg/1 for 6 months - exhibited cardiac rhythm disturbances, developed bradycardia, and shoved reduced I-II and T-II sound intervals without marked changes in the Q-T interval. Cardiac rhythis returned to nortai vithin 15 days after termination Of exposure whereas the I-II and T-1X intervals continued significantly belov the control level for 15-30 days, Resultantly the eaxiaum permissible concentration of vinyl chloride at 0.03 mg/1 appears to have been overestimated. Russ.; Eng. Susa. TOXICITT; RAT; CARDIOVASCULAR; STANDARDS <251 > Tazin, A.N,: Plokhova, E.I., (Changes in adfenallne-llke substances in rabbit blood follovlnq chronic exposure to vioyl chloride fumes.). Gig. Tr. Prof, zabol. 13(6); 96-97 (1 969). Chinchilla rabbits vete exposed to 0.02 mg to 0.03 ng/1 vinyl chloride In air for 9 hours daily over a period of 5 aonths. After 90 days the level of adrenaline and adrenallne-llk# substances in the blood stream had risen from 3.5 ug t to 6.6 ug t where it remained conetant. Hypertension warn attributed to this effect of vinyl chloride. Russ. RABBIT ; HTP ERTENSXON; ADRENAL <252> Vazin, A,x. ; Plokhova, E.I., (Pathogenic effect of chronic vinyl chloride exposure to rabbits.), rarmakol. Tokslkol. 31(3): 369-372 (I960), Chronic poisoning in rabbits with 9 to 10 ag/1 vioyl chloride produced changes in the bioelectric activity of anterior and posterior groups of the hypothalamus nuclei. Cardiovascular changes included alterations in pulse, arterial pressure, and circulation rate. Russ.; Eng. Sums. NEUROLOGICAL; CARDIOVASCULAR; RABBIT; <253> reltaan, G.; Lange, C.-E.; Juehe, S,; Stein, 0.; Bachnec, U,, Clinical manifestations and course of vinyl Chloride disease., Ann. N.t. Acad. Sci. 26: 6-17 (1975) . Seventy patients were examined who had been employed through a range of 6 ion to 21 3/4 yrs with an avg of 7,7 yrs, in cleaning polyvinyl chloride (PTC) autoclaves; in centrifuging, drying, and sifting processes In PVC manufacture; and with wrapping PVC as an end product. Initial symptoms Included upper abdominal complaints (in 601 of the cases), tiredness, dizziness, numbness in fingers and toes. Increased perspirat Ion, cold fingers or hands, arthralgia, impatency, and head- and leg-aches. Outstanding objective symptoms were thrombocytopenia in 81 v, Increased BSP retention in 67%, splenomegaly in 67t, and retl^ulocytosis in 915. $kin changes consisted of club-like swelling and shortening of the fingers, and coarse white to ivory-colored infiltrates ranging from grains to saall nodules. Histologically there was hyperorthokeratosis and thinning of the epidermis, endothelial swelling and lymphocytic infiltrate in the subeplderalc boundary layer, and swollen or homogenous collagen bundles, with the elastic fibers showing evidence of rarefaction, flssuratlon, and fragmentation. No direct correlation was found between these findings and the severity of internal flodlngs. Vascular changes ranged from slight narrowing of the vascular lomlna to complete absence of filling of the arteries along the whole length of the finger. Slight to severe thrombocytopenia vas found with euch frequency as to make the platelet count am obligatory test in all PTC workers. Improvement of platelet count vas obsetved in only 6 of 29 patients in 1 to 1 1/2 yrs after quitting their jobs. Improvement in skin and bone changes was tore f requent. ACRCOSTEOLTSIS; SKIN; BONE; T HR ONSOC YTOPE NI A ; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HUNAN; CAR010Vi5CULAI; ClSE STUDY <259> Viola, P.L., Cancerogenic effect of vinyl chloride.. Abstracts. Tenth Int. Cancer Conf., Houston, Texas Session 56: 742 Abstract No. 29 (1970). Rale flistar rats, weighing 150 g, were exposed to 3 vol 1 vinyl chloride at the rate of a hr/day, 5 days/week, for 12 months. After 10 months, 70 percent developed squamous cell carcinoaa of the external auditory meatus. Thirty-two percent developed carcinomas and adenocarcinomas shoving typical signs of squaaous aetaplasia in the lQogs. Twenty-five percent shoved chondrold metaplasia of bone tissue with intense petlostosls particularly located in the tarsal and metatarsal bones. CANCER; RAT; LONG; BONE; EAR June 1975 291 R&S 135439 <25S> Viola, P.L., Pathology of vinyl chloride., Ned. Lavoro 61(3); i?4i-i 60 ( 1 970), Twenty-five rats vere exposed to vinyl chloride { C) # 3% by weight or 30,000 ppm, 14 hrs/day, 5 days/week for 12 months, The animals were soporific at first; at 10 months so> shoved decreases in veiqht, in aggressiveness, in reaction to external stimuli, and often disturbed equilibrium. Thirteen died from cardio-respiratory cosplications, 2 fro* hems toperitoneum. Host shoved brain, liver, kidney, and thyroid degenerative changes; 6 shoved histopathoiogical alterations of bones stellar to acroosteolysls in van, vith periosteal proliferation and chondrial metaplasia. The connective tissue vas dissociated; elastic reticule* vas reduced and fragmentary; vails of the derma vessels vere hypertrophied with lunen sometimes obliterated; and nerve endings vere surrounded and infiltrated by fibrous tissue. Reduction of the threshold limit value for vc, and elimination of manual cleaning of autoclaves vere recommended. STANDARDS; RAT; BONE; LUNG; 8RAIN; LIVE?; KIDNEY; THY ROT D; ACR00STE0LIS IS <256> Viola, P.L.: Blgottl, A.; Caputo, A,, oncogenic response of rat skin, lungs, and bones to vinyl chloride.. Cancer Res. 31; 516-522 (197i). Rats (Ar/lP vlstar strain) vere exposed to a constant flow of air containing 3* v/v vinyl chloride monomer for 12 months, 4 hours a day, 5 days a veek. The cutaneous systei proved most susceptible to oncogenic effects, vith epidermoid carcinoaas located preferentially in the area of submaxillary and parotid glands. Tumors also developed In the lungs and bones. Other effects vere noted in brain, liver, kidneys sad intestinal mucosa. The role of macus-pcoducing cells is con 1ectu red, CANCER; SKIN; LUNG; BONE; RAT <257> Von Oettlngen, W.R., Halogenated olefinic hydrocarbons. vinyl chloride.. The Halogenated Aliphatic, olefinic, cyclic. Aromatic, and Al iphatlc-Aroatic Hydrocarbons Including the Halogenated Insecticides, Their Toxicity and Potential Dangers, Department of Health, Education and Welfare PHS Pub. Ho. UH: 195*197 (1955). This comprehensive 1965 review of hydrocarbons surveys the literature concerning the toxicity of vinyl chloride to humans and to test animals from 1930 (Patty, Tant, and Waite) through 1947 (Oster, Carr, Krantz, and Sauerwald), and notes that the American Conference of Government Industrial Hyqienlsts accepted 200 ppm as the Threshold Limit for continued exposure in 1953. REVIEW; STANDARDS <259> Vagner, E.R.; Huelder, v.v., A procedure for preparing l^c-labeled vinyl chloride., inn. N.T, Acad, Sci. 246; 162-153 (1975). To prepare the labeled vinyl Chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane-1,2-14C vas injected into an 8 foot x 1/4 inch diameter U-shaped glass chromatoqraphic column, packed vith 80-90 mesh 25% DO* Corning 410 Gum on acld-vashed Chcomsorb W except for the top 35 cm, packed vith a catalyst prepared by mixing 20 g of Chromsorb V and 10 g of Darco G-60 charcoal. The catalyst portion of the chromatograph vas heated to 440*450 degree C, but the remainder of the column vas held at 150 degree C. The second peak (retention time; 1.4 min) vas 76-85% of the product mass and vas shown to be vinyl chloride by infrared and gas chromatographic analysis. LABELING; SYNTHESIS <259> Veichacdt, H., Die Hautgefahrdung in dec Kunststoffindustrie, (Endangering the skin in the plastics industry.), Berufsdernatosen 18(1): 25-34 < 1970) , Toxic substances used without appropriate protective measures are particularly dangerous in the plastics industry. A review of the literature on skin lesions produced by synthetic materials includes epidemiological studies in Japanese and English polyvinyl chloride industries. Ger.; Eng, Sums. REVIEW; ACROOSTEOLYSIS; RlYNAOD'S PKENO NERON; SKIN; BONE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CASE REPORT <260> Weinberg, J.H., Toxic surprises from the plastics industry., Sci, News 106(10); 154-165,157 (197a), Two and one-half million workers produce mote than 29 billion pounds of plastics yearly in the United States. Many plastic components are toxic. rifteen vinyl chloride workers died this year reportedly from liver cancer which was chemically induced. Small, still undefined amounts of vinyl chloride cause fibrotic lesions on the liver after only a year or so of exposure. Unpolymeriled vinyl chloride is aetabolixed to monochloroethylene oxide, the probable carcinogen that acts upon liver cell membranes. It is more damaging in fasting animals, probably because of depletion of a aeabrane protective substance. Current regulation of the plastics industry is fractionated. The Toxic Substances Control Act passed by both houses of Congress is now in conference committee. Much data needed for setting effective standards lies vithio industry. There is consensus on need for research on new and existing components of plastics. STANDARDS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOS0SE; CANCER; A NG TO S ARCON A <26 t> Wilson, R.H.; NcCocalck, v.E,; Tatm, C.E.; Creech, J.L., Occupational acroosteolysis., JANA 201(6): ,, 577-60 1 ( 19 67) . Among 3,000 personnel involved in vinyl chloride ---manufacturing and polymerization, 31 cases of hand acroosteolysis vere diagnosed--partlcularly osteolysis specific to the distal phalanges of hands. Raynaud's symptoms were associated frequently vith this disorder. This conditloa results primarily from three conditions: 1)a chemical insult, 2) a physical insult, and 3)a personal idlosyncrasy. Twenty-seven of the 31 men had a positive correlation to the "polycleaner" job assignment* ACROOSTEOLYSIS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RAYNAUD'5 PHENOMENON; SKIN; BONE; CASE STUDY; HUNAN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POLTCLEANER S' < 26 2> ulthey, R.J., Uptake and pharmacodynamics of vinyl chloride administered to rats by different routes.. Abstracts of Papers for 14th Annual Meeting of Society of Toxicology, Williamsburg, Virginia, March 9*1 3 ( 1975) Abstract No. 60: p. 49 ( 1 975). To assess the hazard presented by the oral ingestion of vinyl chloride eonoeer, rats -- surgically prepared vith an indwelling jugular canola -- were dosed by intragastrlc intubation vith solatlons containing up to 2 mg/ml of aqueous vinyl chloride; sequential samples of blood allowed time concentration curves to be obtained. Uptake of vinyl chloride by this route Is extremely rapid, peek concentrations being achieved less than 10 min after administration. Elimination from the blood 292 Environmental Health Perspectives <262> COHT. compartment appears to be blexpocentia1, the slower terminal phase havtnq a half-life of about 6 *La. Studies with the save animal model, In a single restraint caqe, exposed to concentrations of vinyl chloride of up to 2000 ppm in the qas phase have shown a similar rapid uptake followed by a plateau blood concentration during several hous of exposure* On removal from the vinyl chloride atmosphere, blood concentrations fall rapidly to barely detectable concentrations after 30 ln, BIOC HEfI ISIRY; SAT; INGESTION <263> volf, p.; Kreter, B, , Zur Diffusion woo sonomerei Ylnylchlorld in Polyrinylcblorid. (Diffusioo of vinyl chloride aonomer in polyvinyl chloride.), Plaste Kaut. 21(1): 27 (197). (Cl 00: 1U6581P1 The diffusion coefficient of vinyl chloride in polyvinyl chloride was Inversely proportional to the K-value, probably as a result of greater chain mobility. Diffusion was lover at 50 degrees than at 20 deqrees, and attainment of equilibrium was slower at 50 deqrees, Keither particle siie nor plasticization tiae systematically affected the diffusion. G*r. PROPERTIES <26 U> Vyatt, R.H.; Kotchen, J.fl.; Rochstrasser, D.L.; Buchanan, J.V., jr.; Campbell, D.3.; slauqhter# J.C.; Doll, A.H., in ep Idealologic study of blood screening tests and illness histories eaong chemical workers involved in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride., inn, N.Y. lead. Scl. 26; 00-87 ( 1975). in epidemiological comparison of vorkers In the polyvinyl chloride (PTC) production unit with workers in other parts of the Louisville B. E. Goodrich plant was undertaken in order to discern any detectable blood screening test or illness history differences between the two qroups. Eaployaent and aedicai histories were obtained froe company records. Allergic probleis and liver-spleen disease were reported aore frequently in the ptC production vorkers# but genitourioary illnesses were ore frequent in the other group of vorkers. Twelve blood screening tests were adainistered. The production workers had a greater percentage of abnormal albumin levels, while the control group had a greater percentage of clinically elevated SCOT and alkaline phosphatase levels. The effect of 4ge on cholesterol levels was significantly different for the two groups. BP IDEBIOLOC T j OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; BLOOD; DIAGNOSTIC R&S 135440 June 1975 293 R&S 135441 Author Index Adaas, tf .C.F, 106 Calleman, C.J. 99 Adaes, V.l, Allen, T.H. 1 51 1 Ca mpbel1, D.B. 269 Capucro, p.o. m Aablard, p. 67 Caputo, A. 45, 256 Aaerican Conference of Covernmental Industria 1 Hygienists 2 Carr, C.J. *6, 06, !89 Ckatelaln, A * 47 Anderson, ft. 1s2 Chenoweth, N.fi * 48 Anghelescu, f. 3 Christensen, ft. E., Ed. Anonymous 0, 5, 6 , 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Christie, ft. 168 Chuang, ft. 173 Antonyuthenko, t.A . 26, 83 Cohan, G.f. 50 Arena, J.n. 27 Conolly, R.B . 122, 123, Ariado, D.ft. 28 Cook, ft. a. 51, 61 Bachner, 0. 2*3 Co cd tec , j.n . 34 Balakhonova, L.I, 80 Corn, n, 52 Palmer, ft. Baltic, ft. 222 163 Baretta, E.D. 24 Barr, R.r. 30 Barr, R.J, 3i Basalaev, A.v. 32, 33 Bashkirova, L.S. 87 Hasten ler, ft. Ju Bechtelsh^lner, h. Q 6 Peckaann, R, 17Q Bele}, ft,A. 26 Beliczky, L. 194 Benoit, J.P. 16) fteritic, T. 60 Berk, P.d. 16 Bigotti, A, Block, J.B, 4% 256 36 Boettner, E,A, 37 Bol'shakov, A.ft. Bon In, ft, 31 38 Breder, C.7. 39 Bridbotd, If. 40, 94 Brown, C.c. 219 Brown, ft. 39 Brubaker, P. 4Q Buchanan, 0.*., Jr. 264 Burgess, F. H. 4 1, 42 Burgiaon, R.fl. *6 Byren, D. 43 Creech, J,L. 53, 5, 81 153, 261 Crider, 1.8. 186 Crosby, H.J. (Ed.) 116 D* yachuk, I. A.. 55 Da nl* 1, r. L. 186 Ds nishevsky. S.L. 56 Oaniiger, H. 67, 168 Omit, S. t<2 da Bignicourt, B. 67 Delchaann, w.s. 68 Dennison, J.L. 39 Derby, J,T, 59 Dimov, D, 60 01 nma n, B. D. 51, 61, 62 Ditcheck, T. 61 Oobclnescu, E. 3 Dobrineacti, C. 3 Dodson, t.M. 62 Doll, A. ft. 264 Doll, ft. 63 Dowell, D, L. 64 Orelaan, I. 236, 237 Dree, R.T. 65 Dublin, L, I. 66 Dugols, P. 67 Egorov, ft,11. 56 Ebcan berg, L. 99 Eavironaental Protection Agenc 68, 69 Calaadr*, J.C. t32 Environmental protection Agenc Task Porce 70 June 1975 Environmental Protection Agency Task force (A) 71 Environmental Protection Agency Task Porce (B) 72 Environmental Protection Agency Task force (C) 73 Environmental Protection Agency Task force (D) 7# Environmental Protection Agency Task force (t) 7$ Environmental Protection Agency Task force (f) 76 Environmental Protection Agency Task force (G) 77 Environmental Protection Agency Task force (H) 78 Environmental Protection Agency Task fcrce (I) 79 fai rha 11, L, T. 88 Palk, K, 81, 107 rasano, V, 185 fethiece, v, 164 Piiatova, 7.S, 82, 83, 84, 86, 86, 87 Pilor, r.A. 88 fine, S.D, 89 fischbein, A.S. 152 fish be In, g... Publisher 90 fisher, A.ft. 16 8 Plinn, r.B. 91 flury, f. 150 Treedsan, R.ft. 59 french, J, 0 Gabor, S. 92 Gaffey, R.R. 239 Ganea, 7. 3 Garcia Perez, Jose 93 Gay, a. 40 Gay, B.ft. 94 Cedlgk, P. 95, 165 Gehring, P.J. Gerarde, H.v. M0, 111, 222 58 GibQey, L. 96 Giesler, 4.S. 226 Gierer, P.ft. Si Gilbert, S.G. 97 Citsios, C.T. 98 Goethe, ft. 99 Goode, J.V. 132 Gordon, D.E. 132 295 R&S 135442 Gqalano, L. 159 Gupta, B *N, 6* Hagi-Paraschiv-Dossios, L. 3 Hake, r.L. 8 Hastlton, , 103 Haasond, E.C. 184 Haioond, E.C. (Ed.) 22 3 Hardie, D.W.F. 104 Hardy, H.L. 103 Harne, tf.G. 136 Harper, C. 65 Harris, D. K. 105, 106 Harry, D.S. 140 Hawkins, n.T. 112 Heath, C.W., Jr. 81, *07, 109 Heck, v.v, i09 Hefner, P.E., Jr, 110, Ml He Lean n, H. 112 Hess, E. v. M3 Hiralwa, K, ltu Hochstrasser, D.L, 264 HoUberq, &. 43, 115 Honea, S. (Ed.) 116 Hori, H. 1lea, t. 117 200, 201, 238 Infante, p.f . 1 18 izmerov, M.y 1 19 Jackson, H.L 120 Ja^geC , R . J. 1 2 1, 1 22, 12 3, 124 , 12 5, 1 79, 206 Jenks, D.P. 174 Jensen, S. 126 Jernelov, x. 126 Johansson, X . 203 John son, C,X. 127 Johnson, H. H. 53, 81, 153, 177, 178 Juehe, S. 128, 129, 130, U3, 144, l5, 166, 230, 231, 253 Jurlc-Sutlc, 0. 136 Kal'ianovich, r.L, 131 Keplinger, H.L. Ketn, .R. 133 132 banner, r.s. 16 key, R.n. 81, 108, i3u, 135 Ko bayashi, T. 117 Kochetkov, A .G, 33 Kotchen, J.H, 264 Kovac, X, 136 Kozlov , L, k. 24* kraier, C.G, 137 Kcantz, J.C. 46, 139, 189 Ureter, E. 26 3 Kudryavtseva, O.P. 139 Kuebler, H. 10, 141, 12 Kura^ica, L. 136 Kut'aicheva, R.H. 197 Lange, C.-E. 128, 129, 110, 143, 144, lu5, 166, 230, 23 1, 253 Lange, r. 126 La ssiter, D.7. 146 La very, 0. S. 147 Leake, C.D. 193 Lecca-Radu, fl. 92 Lee, p.l. 1U0 Lefaur, R, 149 Lefenine, G. 156 , 157 , 15 8, 1 59 Le fev re , fl. J, 3 4 Legrand, J. 67 Lehftann, K. 0 . 150 Lelhach, V.K. 165, 166 Leong, B.K.J. 222 Lester, D. 15 1 Levina, 5.7, 24 Lilis, R. 112, 152 Lonneean, 7. X. 94 nabuchl, c. 2ao Hignuson, H.J. 5 1, 61, 62 Hakk, L. 54, 153 naltoni, c. 154 , 1 55, 1 56 158, 159 nancuso, T.T. 160, 161 Rants, I. 92 Ha ntel, H. 219 Ranutacturlng Chemists* Association, Inc. 162 narln, X. 163 Harkovitz, S.S, 164 Hacsteller, K.J. Hactln, J.F, 35 165, 166 Rason, T.J. 167 Hastrosatteo, E. 169 Hazzocchi, X. 194 ncCord, C.p. 169 McCormack, W.B. 120 McCormick, B. E. 261 RcOonald, C.J. 164 McKinley, C. 170 Heier, G.C, 171 Heyerson, L.B. 171 Hlchlels, F. 16J Hiller, X. 172, 173 Hiller, r.D. 17 lUsgeld, 7. 175 Hoiina, G. 116 Honson, F.R. 176, 1 77, 17 a Horan, J.B. 94 ROslen, fl.T. 12, 125, 179 Hoti 1 ton , P . 4 7 Huelder, w.B. 259 Mueller, R. 96, 165, 166 Hurphy, S.O. 122, 123, 12, 125, 206 Husser, R. 138 lutchler, J.E. 29, 137 Kasr, A . H.R . 62 National Distillers and Chemical corp., t 17a Rational fire Protection Association 160 Rational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 18 1 Z' Rational Institute of Occupational Safety and Health 196 Hew Tork Academy of Sciences Hewean, D.R., Ed. 183 182 Hicholson, V.J. 152, 104 Hi111, G. 185 O'Hara, R.n. 106 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 187 Oreshkevich, L.V* 66 Oster, G. 188 R&S 135443 296 Environmental Health Perspectives Oster, R , n. 189 Ota, T. 117 Otoie, n. 3 Oyen, . 243 Paduraru, A. 238 Palisades Section/ vinyl Plastics Division 227 Palaock, k. K, 126 Parac, B. 136 Partsch, fl. 190 Pasca, L. 200, 201, 238 Patty, T.A. 192 Patty, F.A, f Ed , | (91 Peoples, A.5. 193 Perkel, G. 194 Peters, J,. I77f 17a Petrozzellis, y. Petty, R. 195 ias Physical and Chemical Analysis Branch 196 Pierre, C. 163 Pires, E. G. 109 Pislaco, V. 200, 201 Plokhova, E, T * 2U9, 2g 250 291, 2*2 Pluzhnikova, 2.A. Popov, L* A. 198 197 Popper, H. 199, 2^2 Prodan, L. 20Q, 201, 238 Push in, G.A. 202 Padzyufcevich, T.R. Raael, C* 203 Fannuq, 0, 203 85 Peed, A,B. 204 Regnault, T, 205 Reynolds, E.s. 123, 124, 125, 179, 206 Reznik, F.O, 85 Roeap, fl, 207 Rohner, H*G, 166 Rondestredt, C.S. 120 Rothschild, l. Jr. 200, 209 Rouques, L. 210 Roush, 5, 113 Rove, T.K* 2il, 243 Raayafttseva, f.p. Sakabe, ft. 213 212 June 1975 ia ueraiq , n, j. Sat, r.I. 2(9 Schaf fner, F.fl. 218 Schanche, d.A. 216 Schauaana, 0. 217 Scheldt, A.n. 218 Schneider, R. 113 Schneiderian, n,A. Schottek, IT, 220 2l9 Schulte, S, 175 Scheeltxer, G.i. 221 schwetx, ft,a. 222 Seldaan, R, i8u Selikoff, I*J. 152, 173, 184 SelUof*, I.J, (Ed.) 223 Slaughter, J.c. 264 Saeltz, K.C. 120 Sairnova, r.a. 86, 224 Saith, D. L. 225 S*ith, P.A. 222 Sayth, H.P., Jr* 226 Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. 227 Spector, f.S*, (Ed.) 220 Stecher, P.C. (Ed.) 229 stein, G. 1 29 , 1 30 , 1 u 3, 14U, 230, 231, 253 Stender, J* 232, 233, 234 Stwsrt, R.D. 29 Stolpaann, H,-J. 175 Strauss, J. 163 Stulova, E.A* 80, 235 Suciu, l. 200, 201, 236, 237, 238 Siabo, 5, 124, 125, 179 Tabershav, l.R. 239 Takeuchi, T, 20 Talley, F.A. 68 Tatua, C*F. 261 Technology Conferences Associates 241 Te irstein, A.S, 17 3 Thoaas, L. 8. 199, 2u2 Tikhoairova, p.p. 244 Toba, G* 100 Toaicher, A.I. 05 Toalinson, R.v.H. 42 Torkelson, T.R. 243 Tribukh, S.L. 244 Turoski, T. 245 Oeda, K. 246 talaskai, n* 236, 237 Tan Duuren, 8.L, 2 7 Tane, R.J, 66 faitn, A.M. 33, 24B, 249, 250, 25 1, 252 Teltaao, 0. 1 29, 130, 14 3, 10 145, 166, 230, 231, 253 T lei a, I.E. 120 Vinogradova, r.K. 07 Viola, P.L. 45, 254, 255, 256 Titcha, J.F. 6 Von Oettingcn, w.p. 257 Vachtaeister, C, A. 99, Waggoner, J. G * 35 Wagner, E.R, 258 Waite, c.p. 192 varsha*, p. 173 Wata na be , P. G no, mi Watts, H. 30 Weichacdt, H. 259 Weinberg, J. H, Weiss, 8. 37 260 'Jhelan, J.G. 15 3 Whitehouse, V.fl. 61, 62 WilkS, P.A. 147 vilson, R.H. 261 Wlthey, R.J. 262 Volf, f. 263 Wyatt, R.H. 264 Tablochk, V. 0. 193 Yant, v.P. 192 297 R&S 135444 Key Terms Index R&S 135446 ACPOOSTEOLYSIS 3. 5, 7 , 20, 34, 47, si, 58, 60 ,6 1, 6 2, 67 ,, 9S 103, 106 , 111, 1 15, 1 19 , 1 28, 129, 1 30 , 134, 136, 1 00 , 160, 163, 160 , 166, 169, 171 , 175, 105, 190 , 195, 210, 2 1 3 , 2 30, 23 1, 240 , 253, 255, 259 , 261 DEGRADATION 1, 55, 60, !0, 190, 226 DE POLYMERIZATION 1, 55, 131, 197, 198 DERMATITIS 130 INSURANCE COMPENSATION 160 INTERACTION 65, 122, 124, 125, 179, 222 KIDNEY 57, 58, 151, 168, 191, 192, 201, 243, 255 ADRENAL 212, 251 AEROSOLS 15 , 20 , 2 1 , 28, 40, 76, 89, 9o, iu0, iui, m2, 20, 215, 205 AGRICULTURE 109 ANALYSIS 20, 27, 29, 37, 39, 59, 69, 7u, T9, 76, 101, 102, 106, 107, 196, 205, 215, 221, 227, 2o 5 ANESTHETIC 0$, igq, 193, 217 ANGTONEU RoSIS 82, 119, l}9, 236 , 237, 208 DIAGNOSTIC 7, 1 0, 31 , 32, 35, So, 92, 100, 107, 1 27, 1 3 3, 153, 161, 165, 166, 105, 235, 248, 264 DICHLOROETHTLENE 122 DOC 2, 28, 06, 150, 189, 193, 243 DRUG 21, 218 EAR 250 ECONOMICS 10, 14, 71, 72, 73 ENDOCRINE 2 38 LABELING 258 LETHAL CONCENTRATION fLC) 228 LETTER 31, 108, 176 LEUKOPENIA 143 LIVES 53, 100, 129, 140, 165, 192, 216, 240, 2, 7,, 15, 16, 3 1, 35, t. 56, 8' , 90 , 92, 95, 110, 1 19, 121 , 122, 1 23, 1 30, 133, 103 , 1 o 4, 145, 151, 152, 153,, 158, 1 59, 1 66, 160, 173,, 179, 191, 196, 199, 201 ,. 202, 2 lu. 236, 237, 2 33,, 202, 23, 2 08, 255 ANGIOSARCOMA 11,, 16, 26, 36, 43, 53, 77, 108, 105, log, 15 3, 19 5, 2 16, 23 3, 2 3 9, 19, 20 , 22 0 1, 90 , 1 58, 1 59, 202, 260 ANIMAL MODEL 208 APOCIOP 125u 125, 179 BIBLIOGRAPHY 112, 165 biochemistry 7,, 62, 99 , 100, 1 10,, 16 6, 179,, 188 ,2 12 , 2 37 , 26 , 247, 262 BLOOD 57, 1 19, ui. 16 8, 26 0 BOH* 3, 33 , 4 7 t, m,, 129, 129, if 4,, 195, 2 10, 23 1,, 253, 2S0# 26 1 62, 67, 83, 106 UO , 1 36 , 164, 213 * 2 14 , 2 30, 255 , 256 , 257, BRAT N 26, 176, 256 BY-PRODUCTS 126 CANCEF' 11, 15, 22, 1O, 40 , U 9, 77 , 8 1, 1 15, 1 33, '143, 152, 153, 168, 159. 160, 167,, 177, 178, 19 5, 216, 239, 254,, 2 56, 260 CARCINOGENICITY 24 , 31, us, 113, 12 1, 132, 1*4, 155, 166,, 157, 16 1, 1 ug, 203, 2u 7 ENVIRONMENT 71, 72, 73, 7u, 7S 76, 78, 79, 221 EPA C HRONOIOGT 79 epidemiology 5, 16, 19, 25, 36, 07 , 51, 55, 67 , 77, 8 1, 63, 106 , 707, 100, 115, 137 , 152 , 755 , 160, 161, 167 , 172, 173 , 777, 100, 190, 202 , 219, 236 , 238, 239, 259, 26 1 , 2" EQUIPMENT 87 ESOPHAGUS 100 ETHANOL 222 EXPLOSIVE 13, 10, 120, 14 9, 162, 191, 192, 214 EYE 17, 57 EASTING 122 POOD 9, 2 15 GASTROINTESTINAL 55, 119, 237 GUINEA PIG 13, 58, 66, loO, 150, 168, 192, 200, 201, 220, 228, 203 HAMSTER 132, 156, 157, 159, 159 HEART 203 lung 7, 35, 57, 129, 130, 14 4, 168, 172, 173, 20 1, 2 26, 238, 255, 2 56 58, l 13, 128, 151 ,, 152, 158, 179, 19 1, 192, 203 ,, 240, 254 , HANUrACTORE I*1# 23, 56, 86, t0 207, 2 11, 227 MARINE 126 NEftCURT 103 METABOLISM 99, 110, 111, 247 HETHYLCHOLANTHRENE 65, 179 HICE 11, 24 , 28 , 9, 132, 1 40, 150, 156, 159, 168, 193, 200, 22 0 89, 115, 157, 1 53 220, 222 HODEL 137, 219 MORTALITY 19, 176, 239 MUTAGENICITY 1 19 , 203 NARCOSIS 17, 66, 89, 1 lu 236 NEUROLOGICAL 26, 33, 36, 60, 83, 114, 119, 138, 149, 189, 1 91 , 20 2, 22, 236, 2 37, 230, 209, 252 CARDIOVASCULAR 2, 3, 26, 28, 33, 49, P3, 0e.I, '19, 130, 130, 133, 1 4 U , >52, 1 6, 7 8 5, 1 S9, 2 U, 23P, 240, 208, 250, 252, 253 CASE P EPORT 11, 19 , 25, 35, 36, 43, 53, 60 , 57 , 140 , 760 , 16 5, 2 7 3, 259 CASE STUDY 3, 32, 36 , 07, 57 , 62 , 67 , 77 , 8 1, 7 05, 113, 1 29, UO, 7 3 6 , 1 37, 103, 145, 140 f 163, 1 60, 190, 212, 230, 20 0, 2 53, 55, 1 06, 1 39, 171, 261 CAT 217 CHILD 131 CIG1RETTE SHORING 172 CIRRHOSIS 36 CONFERENCE 0, 18 1, 182 , 2 23 , 2 l cosh me 2 1 H2IACHLOPOBENIENE 179 HISTOLOGY 95, 199, 202 H*J HA N 2, 3, 7, 9# 10 , l l(, 12# 13, 20, 20 , 29 , 32, 35, 36, 40 3, 07 , 49 , 53,, 55, 58, 66, 66 77, eo. 05 * 87 ,, 92, 97, 9 8, too. 105 , 106, 106, 1 15, 1 19 , ,128 ,. 130 , 131, 135, 139, 1 uO , 14 1 , 143 , 140, 150, 151, 153 162, 164 , 166, 16 7, 169, 171 t 173, 178 , 104 , 169, 190, 192 195, 212 210 , 210, 220, 22 , 230 , 231 , 232, 23 3, 237, 240 246, 253 26 1 HY PEPTEPSION 25 1 HI POTH ALAI OS 33 INDUSTRIAL HTGlENt 13, 51, 52, 55, 61, 62, 63, 80, 06, 105, 115, 190, 190 INGESTION 90, 262 RON-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE 6, 2, 00, 55, 56, 60, 68, 7Q, 75, 76, 78 , 94 , 97, 1 3 1, 1 4 2, 15 1, 1 70, 17 1, 197 . 215, 2 16, 22 1 OCCUPATIONAL. EXPOSURE 2, 3, 5 7, 0 , 10 , 1 1, 12, 16 , 19 , 20 # 22, 29, 32 , 30 , 15, 36, 38, 4 a 47 , 49, 9 , 51 , 52, 53, 50 , 5*i 6 1 , 62, 67 , 70 , 75, 80, 8 1, 82 83, 94, 05 , 86 , 07, 9 1, 92, 98 100, 106 , 117, 1 19, 127, 1 28 9 129, 1 35 1 136, 137, 143, 1 oa 145, 1 97 109, 151, 152, 1 5* t 155, 160 , 16 1, 162, 163, I60 f 165, 169 171, 172, 173, 177 f 178, 1 00 t 188, 191, 194, 1 95 202, 2 0 210, 211. 212, 2 13 214, 2 16 220, 2 24 , 226, 227 230, 231 232, 2 3 3, 23*, 2 35 237, 239 240, 240 , 253, 260 26 1, 26o OSTEOLYSIS 32, 14, 230 OSTEOPOROSIS 32 June 1975 299 OSTEOSCLEROSIS 32 PATENT 4 I, 42, 100, 17 4 PATHOLQGT 95, 124, 199, 206, 22 PEROXIDE 120 PESTICIDE 208 PHARMACOLOGY 65, 124 PHEHOBARBITAL 65, 12, 125, 179, 206 PROTOELDOROCRAPHT PLANTS 100 32 POLICLEAKER 3, 51, 57, 62, 77, 98, 103, 12fi, U4, 164, 166, 105, 2 1 3, 26 1 PSECOPSOR 199 PREVENTION 154 PRODt/C^IOK 7 1, 72 PROPERTIES 100, 14 1, 191, 193, 263 13, 30, 6, 00, 91, 149, 162, 180, 156, 20 7,, 214, 229, 26, PROTEC TIOH 225 RApplT 33, 80, 193, 200, 22 2, 24 3, 240, 26 1, 252 RAT 13, 24,, 33, no. 111, 1 14, 12c, 125, 132, 156, 157, 158, 200, 206, 220, 250, 25U, 25 5, 45, 49, 65, 90, 115, 122, 123, 10, 1 80, 151, 159, 160, 1 7<, 222, 2 0 3, 2 49 , 256, 262 TERATOGENICITY TESTES 243 110, 222 THERAPY 3, 17 THERMOOTNAHICS 80 TH SRflORECO LATION 2 35 thrombocytopenia t3, 140, 253 THTflOS 90 THYROID 255 TOirciTT 13, 26, 00, 56, 66, 77, 70, 91, 104, 109, 123, 125, 126, 140, 141, 150, 169, 175, 179, 192, 200, 201, 208, 220, 243, 250 ONION 194 OSES 80, 104 VITAMIN C 201 WATER 76 1, 1*DICHLOROrTHTLEKE 121 RATMUD'S PHENOMENON 34, 47, 50 , 61,, 6 2, 101, 106, m. 119, jo up 1 52, 164, 169, 210, 23 1, 23 6, 23?, 2f 1 3, 5, 7, 83, 95, 98 12B, 1 30, m. 1 78, 240, 2 59, REGULATION 21, 89, 96, 210, 225 RESPIRATORY 130, 173, 225 RET1CULOCTTOSIS m3 REVIEW 5, ", 13, 58, 60, eo. 53, 96, 115, 119, 130, 137, me. 19, 164,, 165 , 226, 333, 257, 259 SAFETY 13, 18, 6u, 117, 120, 13 1. 1 9, 162,, no , 180, 106, 19 1, 20, 21 !,, 214 SKI* 3, n.. 56,106, 1 13, 128, 136, !U<1, 149, 214, 236, 237,, 246, 253, 2 5 6, 67 , 03, 05, 105 129 , 1 30, 1 34, 164 , 171, 1 75, 238 * 2"0, 244, 259 , 26 1 SPACECRAFT 116 SPLEEN 24 3 143, 181 , 166, 199, 201, STANDARDS 2 , 6. a. 0, 12, n 20 , 22, 36 , 49 , 52,r 55, 56 , 70, 62, 9, 97 . 116, 131, 135 , 137, 1 4 6, 199, 151, 187,- 191, 198, 213, 2 16, 220, 226, 2 32, 233, 23*. 23, 250, 255, 257, 260 STATISTICS 61, 71, 219, 239 SYNTHESIS 01, 02, 205, 250 R&S 135447 300 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135448 Permuted Title Index two cases,* * Accidental poisoning by.vinyl chloride: Report of Constatation nouvelle eh franco, (A #0n syndrome d' acro-osteolyse d'origlne pro (ess loan elle et de 00 00 57 000047 plastlques, (Acroosteolysis in the plastics #L' acro-osteolyse dans {'Industrie des matieres 0002 10 Acroosteolysis of occupational origin,)* Acro-osteo1yse d'origlne professloonelle. ( 000163 l Acro-osteolysis in PVC workers.* ooooga polyneriiation of vinyl chloride,* Icro-osteolysis occurring la men engaged la the 000106 I Acro-osteo1ysis, occupat iona 1,* 00oo 34 like skin alterations, Raynaud's syndrome, and acroosteolysis in workers in the polyvinyl 000128 de constatation nouvelle eo franco. (A syndrome of acroosteolysis of occupational origin of recent 0000 47 IOccu pation *1 acroosteolymis, I. An epidemiological study.* 000061 Occ upatlonal acroosteolysis. II. An industrial hygiene study.* 0000 51 A Occupational acroosteolysls. III. Clinical study.* 000062 Occupational acroosteolysis. 000164 Cutaneous lesions in acroosteolysis.* 000171 I Occupational acroosteolysis.* 000261 profeslonalna a k roosteolIra. {Occupatlonal acroosteolysis.) * 000060 pro fessionelle. (Occu pa tion a 1 polyvinyl acroosteolysis.)* Acropathic polyvinyligue 000067 clinical studies in occupational acroosteolysis"*4a new disease.* 000t13 chloride,* *A case of occupational acroosteolysis, presumably caused by vinyl 000240 dans l'industrle des aatleres plastlques. ( Acroosteolysis in the plastics industry.)* 0002 10 Acro-osteolyse d'origlne professlonnelle. { Acroosteolysis of occupational origin.)* 000163 tinylchlorldi -- new occupational disease.* Actopatbia extremitatum in polymerisation* 000136 occupational polyvinyl acroosteolysis.)* Acropathic polyvInylique professlone lie. ( 000067 tomorrow?* *Toxlc Substances Control Act. Could it prevent the vinyl chlorides of 000096 The autageniclty of vinyl chloride after metabolic activation,* 000203 chloride and polyvinyl chloride: A report on the activities and findings of the vinyl chloride task 000070 environmental lAppendlx 7. Summary of regional activities* Preliminary assessment of the 000075 of the envlronaental problems Appendix IX. Activities of Task force. Preliminary assessment 00 00 79 chloride vapors.)* * (Changes of cardiac activity in rats chronically exposed to unyl 000250 action on mammals.)* (Therrnodynamic activity of volatile organic compounds and their 000088 hydrocarbons and their (Lonq-term side effects of acute occupational poisoning by certain 000224 .* Experimental acute toxicity of vinyl chloride (monochloroethene) 000200 pretreated with phenobachita1.* Acute hepatic Injury by vinyl chloride in rats 000124 monomer: Morphologic and biochemical effects of AcQte inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride 000179 laboratory aniaals.* A Acute inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride to 000168 of endoplasmic reticulum in phenobarblta1- Acute liver injury by vinyl chloride: involvement 000206 new commercial organic compounds. V. Vinyl Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of soee 00 01 9 2 Uptake and pharmacodynamics of vinyl chloride administered to rats by different routes.* 000262 following chronic exposure to vinyl (Changes in adceoa11me-like substances in rabbit blood 000251 poisoning with {Glucocorticoid function of the adrenals in patients suffering from chronic 00 02 12 The determination of vinyl chloride in aerosol formulations and can linings.* 00024J chloride as an ingredient of drug and cosmetic aerosol products.* vinyl 0000(59 Vinyl chloride as an aerosol propellant.* 000142 circulatory systems. I. Cardiac IToxlclty of aerosol propellants on the respiratory and 0000 28 The physiological properties of aerosol propellants.* 0001 40 Measurements of vinyl chloride from aerosol sprays.* 000094 blends: Their evaluation and application to aerosols.* Specialty propellant 000204 of vinyl chloride in waste water effluents and air emissions. Preliminary assessment of the 00007a chloride vapor: Breath analysis and continuous air sampling.* Monitoring exposures to vinyl 000029 Infrared analysis of gases and vapors in expired air.* 0000?7 Vinyl chloride in air.* 000196 Colorimetric determination of vinyl chloride in air ,* 000101 Oeteraination of vinyl Chloride in the air.* 000102 of soae organic and Inorganic compounds in air.*' Diffusion 000030 of chemical industry operatlnq in the open air.)* of vork conditions in soee branches 000087 Profesionaina nkcoosteoHia. (Occupational acroosteolysis.) 000060 Hautveranderungen, Raynaud-Syndrom und Akroosteolyseo bei Arbeitern der PVOherstellenden 000128 Discussion of paper (Hefner, 8.E., Jr., et al, ibid, pp 135-148) ,* 000168 The smaller halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons.* 00 004 8 dec sogenannten Vinyichlorid-xrankheIt (Skeletal alterations In the so-called vinyl chloride 000230 herstellenden Industrie, (Scleroderma-1Ike skin alterations, Raynaud's syndrome, and 000128 exposed to vinyl chloride.* Alterations of liver and spleen among workers 000199 experiment in the prediction of the risk of aebieat carcinogens. An example: vinyl chloride.* 000156 Effect on the heart cf some inhalation anaesthetics.* 0002 17 ^ exposures to vinyl chloride vapor: Breath analysis and continuous air sampllnq.* monitoring 000Q 29 / vinyl chloride analysis by infrared spectroscopic methods.* 000147 PVC,* vapor-phase pyrolysis and GC analysis of fire-retardant materials containing 000059 Infrared analysis of gases and vapors in expired air,* 000027 Aopendlx IV. Interim method for sampling and analysis of vinyl chloride in waste water 00 00 7 4 pyrolysis products of plastics.* lAn analytical system for identifying the volatile 000037 I Anesthesia XXVII.Narcosis with vinyl chloride.* 000189 hydrocarbons and cardiac automaticity.* I Anesthesia XIXIY. Chemicalconstitution of 000046 The anesthetic action of vinyl chloride.* 000193 (Obtaining an experimental model of the toxic angionevrosis arising under the chronic effect of 000248 Prof. Haltoni uses vinyl chloride to produce angiosarcoma by gastric route.* 000090 factory* * iLlver aagiosarcoma in two workers in a PVC-produclng 000145 systematic detection program,* Liver damage and angiosarcoma in vinyl chloride workers. A 000153 workers in the United Characteristics of cases of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride 000107 polyvinyl chloride workers.* Pathology of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride- 0Q0242 vinyl chloride-polyvinyl tTvo possible cases of angiosarcoma of the liver in a group of Swedish 0Q00 4 3 nationwide surveillance of angiosarcoma of the liver.* 000108 polyvinyl chloride.* Angiosarcoma of liver in the manufacture of 000053 wockers--Kentuckypidemiologlc notes and reports: Angiosarcoma of the liver among polyviayl chloride 0000 19 e xposu re, * Angiosarcoma of the liver following vinyl chloride 0000 36 worker.* Angiosarcoma of the liver in a vinyl-chloride 000148 polyvinyl chloride workers,* Angiosarcoma of the liver in vinyl chloride/ OOQ025 toxicity of vinyl chloride to laboratory animals.* Aleut* inhalation 000168 as determined by repeated exposure of laboratory nninals.* The toxicity of vinyl chloride 000243 to the hyqienic evaluation of PYC floor tiles for apartments.)* 1(1 contribution 00 0055 Preliminary assessment ofthe eo v 1 rona eat a 1 ifvpeedlx I. Selected economical considerations. 00 00 7 1 June 1975 301 R&S 135449 polyvinyl chloride. Preliminary assessment of the appendix II. Producers of vinyl chloride and chloride and polyvinyl chloride facilities. * Appendix HI. The materials balance at vinyl analysis of vinyl chloride in vaste eater * Appendix IV. Interim method for sampling and 00 0072 00 0073 00 0074 assessment of the environmental problems f Preliainary assessment of the environmental Preliminary assessment of the environeenta 1 a assessment of the environmental problems f polyvinyl chloride. Preliminary assessment of the I exposure to vinyl chloride vapor in concentrations Pa ynaud-Syndrom und Akroos teolysen bei liver damage Chronisch-torische Leberschaeden bei of vinyl chloride monomer in pheaobarblta1 or respiratory and circulatory systems. I. Cardiac preliminary report on the carcinogenicity bio- preschool institutions.)* (Hygienic Appendix IX. Activities of Task force. Preliminary containing polyvinyl chloride- preliminary 71, Persistence of vinyl chloride. Preliminary aod polyvinyl chloride facilities, preliminary eater effluents and air emissions. Preliminary . Summary of regional activities, preliminary Appendix 711. Health effects of TC. Preliminary I. selected economical considerations* Preliminary Appendix IX, Activities of Test force. Preliminary Appendix 7. Summary of regional activities. Appendix 71. Persistence of vinyl chloride. Appendix VII, Health effects of tc. Preliminary Appendix VIII, Disposal of products containing approaching the maximum permissible concentration.) Arbeitern der PVC-hersteilenden Industrie. ( Arbeitern in der PVC-Prodqktion. (chronic-toxicity Arocloc 1254-pretreated rats.* toxicity studies arrhythmia in the mouse.* assays of vinyl chloride,* propellants on the assessment of polyvinyl chloride flooring foe assessment of the environmental problems assessment of the environmental problems assessment of the environmental problems assessment of the environmental problems assessment of the environmental problems assessment of the environmental problems assessment of the environmental problems assessment of the environmental problems 000079 000075 00 00 76 00 0077 0000 7 0 000249 000128 000166 000125 00 0028 000159 000197 000079 000078 000076 00 0073 00007a 000075 000077 00 00 7 1 associated vith vinyl chloride and Preliminary vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. Preliminary of workers in the production of bloc* * (Hygienic material spills. Consideration of hazards assessment of the environmental problems assessment of the environmental problems assessment of the environmental problems assessment of mocking conditions and health status associated vith bulk sea transport of liquefied associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl 000070 000072 000065 000170 00 007 9 assessment of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl 000072 assessment of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl assessment of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl Chloride and polyvinyl 000070 00 00 7 1 assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl 00 00 7 3 assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl 00007a assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl 000075 00 00 7 6 assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl 000078 assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl 00 0077 industria *Consideratii clinico-patogenice asupra fenomenului Raynaud la auncltorii din 000003 for the determination of vinyl chloride in the atmosphere (24-hour integrated sampling).* method 00 0069 vinyl chloride.)* Spacecraft atmospheres. Part II. Contaminaats.* Btude des maladies dues au chlnrure de vinyle. (Study of illnesses due to 000001 0002 36 Chemical constitution of hydrocarbons and cardiac automaticity.* Unestbesia IIXIV. 000046 Case Study 3, Vinyl Ciloride--best man -- or hoe to get from the laboratory to Part facilities. Mppendix III. The materials available technology.* Avenue and 59th Street,* irroa mouse to balance at vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride 000146 0002 19 000073 Osteolysen in den Endphalangeo des Handskeletts, ( Band-like osteolysis of the terminal phalanges of Hand skeletts, (Band-like osteolysis of th Bandformlge Osteolysen in den Endphalangen des 0002 31 00 02 3 1 Polyvinyl chloride banned in Japan.* durch VinyIchlorid-Polyerisate uad/oder deren Begleitstoffe. (Poisoning by means of polyvinyl 00 00 15 000175 Skeletal alterations in the iSkelettv eranderungen bei der sogenannten vlnylchlorid-Krankheit ( 000230 Raynaud-Synd roe und At roosteolysen bei Arbeitern der pvc-herstellenden Industrie, 000128 toxicity liver ichronisch-toxlsche Leberschaeden bei Arbeitern in der PvC-Produktion. (Chronic- 000166 the blood in workers exposed to toxic substances ( beozene, chlorobenzene, vinyl chloride).)* of 00 00 9 2 vinyl ADie sogenannte 7inylchlorid-Krankheit--eine berufsbedingte 5ysteastlerose? (The so-called 00 01 4a Debar die sog, Vinylchlorid-Krankheit (eine neue Berufskrankheit), (The so-called vioyl chloride 000129 Case Study 3. Vinyl Chloride-- best available technology.* 0001*6 and polyvinyl chloride.* * bibliography on the toxicology of vinyl chloride 000112 plastics.)* (Lesions in the liver and bile ducts in workers producing some kinds of 000202 Preliminary report on the carcinogenicity blo*assays of vinyl chloride.* 000159 early results.* Carcinogenicity bioassays of vinyl chloride. I. Research plan and 000158 Carcinogenicity bioassays of vinyl chloride: Current results.* of vinvl chloride monomer: florphologlc and biochemical effects of pretreatment with inducers 000157 000179 exposed to toxic substances (benzene, (Certain biochemical indexes of the blood In workers 000092 monomers.* f Biochemical toxicology of unsaturated balogenated 000123 as evidenced by peritoneoscopy and guided liver biopsy among polyvinyl chloride production workers, 000165 aerosols,* specialty propellant blends: Their evaluation and application to 00020a . and health status of workers in the production of block polyvinylchloride.)* of working conditions 000085 (Changes in adrenaline-1 ike substances in rabbit blood following chronic exposure to vinyl chloride 000251 benzene, (Certain biochemical indexes of the blood in workers exposed to toxic substances ( chemical workers *An epidemiologic study of blood screening tests and illness histories among OOOC92 000264 Vinyl chloride: Time boeb on the production line.* 0002 16 workers in Japan.* Bone lesions among polyvinyl chloride production 00 02 1 3 frame photofluorography in examining skeletal bones of persons occupationally dealing with 000032 Oncogenic response of rat skin, lungs, and bones to vinyl chloride.* 000256 A new occupational disease is bora.* (Hygienic evaluation of work conditions in some branches of chemical industry operating in the 000169 000097 nonitoring exposures to vinyl chloride vapor: Breath analysis and continuous air sampling.* 00 00 29 spills. Consideration of hazards associated with bulk sea transport of liquefied gases.* material 000170 die sogenannte vinylchlorid-Krankheit. (The so- called vinyl chloride illness.)* Krankheit (Skeletal alterations in the so- called vinyl chloride illness.)* Oeber 000130 VinylchlOr id - 000230 Krankheit (eine neue Betufskcankheit), (The so- oalled vinyl chloride illness, -eine berefsbedingte 5ystemsklerose? (The so* called vinyl chloride sickness new occupational an occupation-* 000129 000144 Vinyl chloride, p.V.C,, and cancer.* 000022 Hore facts on vinyl chloride and cancer.* 00 0024 Vinyl chloride and cancer.* 0000 11 implications, problems and needs.* Cancer and vinyl chloride * polymerization 000160 Cancer and vinyl chloride.* 0000 16 and related Industries.* f Cancer mortality in U.S, counties with plastics Cancerogenlc effect of vinyl chloride.* 00 0 1 6 7 00025a of organic vapor respirator cartridges and Canisters against vinyl chloride.* #An evaluation 000225 302 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135450 of reactive metabolites formed in vitro from the carcinogen vinyl chloride.* -dichlorobazenethiol 000099 Tracking down a carcinogen.* 0000 20 9 Occupational carcinogenesis.* 000154 # occupa ttonal carcinogenesis.* On the possible mechanism of carcinogenic action of vinyl chloride.* 000155 000247 preliminary report on the carcinogenicity bio-assays of vinyl chloride.* Research plan and early results.* Carcinogenicity bioassays of vinyl chloride. I. Current results.* Carcinogenicity bloassays of vinyl chloride: in the prediction of the risk of aabient carcinogens. An exanple: Vinyl chloride.* 000159 000158 000157 000156 vinyl chloride vapors.)* 9(Changes of XXXIV. Chemical constitution of hydrocarbons and on the respiratory and circulatory systeis, I. cardiac activity in rats chronically exposed to C00250 cardiac autowatlclty.* ^Anesthesia 000046 Cardiac arrhythmia in the mouse.* propellants 000028 Mn evaluation of organic vapor respirator chloride vorkers in the United Character1stics of Swedish vinyl chloride-polyvinyl Two possible cartridges and canisters against vinyl chloride.* cases of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl cases of angiosarcoma of the liver in a group of 000225 000107 000043 poisoning by vinyl chloride: Report Of two cases.* Accidental 000057 chloride production workers. k report on 51 cases. `Morphology of liverdamage among polyvinyl 000095 of vinyl chlo ride - in duced liver injury after cessation of exposure.* Persistence 000035 floor coatings.)* 9 (sanitary - chemical characteristics of polyvinyl-chloride evaluation of work conditions In some branches of chemical industry operating in the open air.)* 000131 000087 research for protective aeasures against chronic chemical injury.* Meed for 000044 compounds.* iSafety in the compounds.)* (Disturbanee of human health by blood screening tests and Illness histories among chemical laboratory LXI. control of peroxldizable chemical substances * Toxicity of organochlorine chemical workers involved in the manufacture of 000120 000246 000264 autoentlcity. ^Anesthesia XXXlv. Chemical constitution of hydrocarbons and cardiac 000046 chi ore thene). Toxicology of drugs and Chemicals,* Vinyl chloride (chlotoethylene: 000058 (Probless of toxicology in the 97lnyl chloride (chi oroe th ylene; of druqs and chemicals.* 9Vinyl chemistry of high-molecular compounds,)* chlorethene). Toxicology of drugs and chemicals.* chloride (chloroethylene; chlorethene). Toxicology 000056 000058 000058 Experimental acute toxicity of vinyl Experlenta 1 chronic poisoning vith vinyl and needs.* 9Cancer and vinyl Chloride (monochloroethene).* chloride (monochloroethene).* chloride - polymerization implications, problems 000200 000201 000160 9 T in yl chloride - the drive to reduce employee risks.* 000012 vinyl Chloride - CH2CHC1* 000160 Uptake and pharaacodynaaics of vinyl chloride administered to rats by different routes,* 000262 The sutagenicity of vinyl chloride after metabolic activation.* 000203 ethods. * 9 V1 n yl chloride analysis by Infrared spectroscopic 000147 Vin yl chloride and cancer.* 000011 More facts on vinyl Vinllo y sus rlesgos. (The polyeclzation of vinyl study of workers in the manufacture of vinyl chloride and cancer.* chloride and Its hazards.)* chloride and its polymers.* del Cloruro de Mortality 000024 000093 000239 vinyl chloride and liver tumors.* 000133 vinyl chloride and methylene chloride.* 000141 Appendix III. The materials balance at vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride facilities. 000073 Prevalence of disease among vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride workers.* 000152 assessment of the ^Appendix II. Producers of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. Preliminary 000072 A bibliography on the toxicology of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* 000112 Clinical management of workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* 000127 in pulmonary function in workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* ^Changes 000173 assessment of 000079 the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* assessment of 000073 the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* assessment of 000072 the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride,* assessment of 000071 the environmental problems associated with vinyl Chloride and polyvinyl chloride," assessment of 000078 the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* assessment of 000076 the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride,* assessment of 000075 the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* assessment of 000074 the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride,* assessment of 000077 the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride: A report on the 000070 Vinyl chloride as an aerosol propellant.* 000iu2 aerosol products.* ivinyl chloride as an ingredient of drug and cosaetic 000089 laboratory animals.* 9The toxicity of vinyl chloride as determined by repeated exposure of 000243 * 90ncogenicity of vinyl chloride at low concentrations in rats and rabbits. 00005 vinyl chloride at molecular level.* 000004 Polyvin yl chloride banned in Japan.* 000015 containing vinyl chloride or packaged in polyvinyl Chloride containers.* iHuman drugs 000218 Clinical manifestations and course of vinyl chloride disease,* 000253.'' Rindling vinyl chloride emergencies,* 000064 (Pathogenic effect of chronic vinyl chloride exposure to rabbits.)* 000252 Anqlosarcoma of the liver following vinyl chloride exposure.* 000036 phenobarbltal.* effects of vinyl Chloride exposures to rats pretreated with 000065 materials balance at vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride facilities. Preliminary assessment of the 000073 (Characteristics of gases released by polyvinyl chloride film,)* 000198 9 (Sanitary-chemical characteristics of polyvinyl- chloride floor coatings,)* 000131 9 (Hygienic assessment of polyvinyl chloride flooring for preschool institutions.)* * 000197 Measurements of vinyl rabbit blood following chronic exposure to vinyl Vinylchlorid-Krankhelt. (The so-called vinyl chloride from aerosol sprays.* chloride fumes.)* in adrenal ine-like substances in chloride Illness,)* 90eber die sogenannte 000094 000251 000130 (Skeletal alterations in the so-called vinyl Chloride Illness.)* Vlnylchi or id-Kraakheit 0002 30 (mine none Bero fskrank hei t) , (The so-called vinyl chloride illness, a new occupational illness.)* 000129 The determination of vinyl Chloride in aerosol formulations and c&o linings.* 000245 Colorimetric determination of vinyl chloride in air.* 000101 vinyl chloride in air.* 000196 Acute hepatic injury by vinyl chloride in rats pretreated with phenobarbltal.* 000124 Determination Of vinyl Chloride in the air.* Tentative method for the determination of vinyl Chloride in the atmosphere (24-hour Integrated 000102 000069 Interim mmthod for sampling and analysis of vinyl chloride inwaste water effluents and air 00007a mud mcroosteolysis in workers in the polyvinyl chloride industry.)* Raynaud*s syndrome, 000128 g phenomenon in the employees of the polyvinyl chloride industry.)* considerations on Raynaud* 000003 In workers engaged In the production of polyvinyl chloride latex).* hygiene and the state of health 0OQO86 June 1975 303 fact-finding hearing on possible hatreds of vinyl chloride manufacture and use,* Prelieinary studies of the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride monoaer (TCK) in cats.* Inforaal OQO107 00 01 10 The vinyl chloride monoaer and PTC problem,* 000241 pretreated ^Inhalation toxicity studies of vinyl chloride monomer In phenobarbltal or Iroclor 125m- 000125 Id Polyvinylchlorid. (Diffusion of vinyl chloride monomer in polyvinyl chloride.)* 000263 Investigation of soee GLC procedures for vinyl chloride monomer in polyvinyl chloride, food, and 00 0039 Preliminary studies of the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride monomer in rats.* 000111 Vinyl Chloride monomer odor concentration.* 000117 Coebustion products from vinyl chloride monomer.* 00 01 86 and interaction with 1,l-dichlorethylene.* *107! Chloride monomer: Comments on its hepatotoxicity effects of iAcute inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride monomer: Horphologic and biochemical 000121 000179 Vinyl chloride news notes" 000208 Vinyl chloride nets notes* 000209 Begleitstoffe. (Poisoning by leans of polyvinyl chloride or its constituents.)* und/oder detmn 000175 containers." IHtinn drugs containing vinyl Chloride or packaged in polyvinyl chloride 0002 16 workers engaged in the production of polyvinyl chloride over a period of years.)* incidence among 000083 their iaproveaent in production and use of vinyl chloride plastics.)* conditions and measures for 0002km Occupational vinyl chloride poisoning.* 000026 Clinical aanifestatlons io vinyl chloride poisoning ,* 00 02 3 8 of the state of thermoregulation in chronic vinyl chloride polsonl ng.) * *(Characteristics 0002 35 changes in patients vlth vinyl chloride poison!ng.)* of electrocardiographic 000139 Hepatic disease among workers at a vinyl chloride polymerization piant.* 000061 Deposition prevention in vinyl chloride polymerization. 0000 Q 2 Deposition prevention in vinyl chloride polymerization, * 00 00 a 1 PDA and the vinyl chloride problem - An overview." 0002 1 5 and mutagenic risks in communities vith polyvinyl chloride production facilities." Oncogenic 0001 16 Bone lesions among polyvinyl chloride production workers in Japan," 0002 13 Morphology of liver damage aaong polyvinyl chloride production workers. A report on 51 cases.* 000095 Liver disease among polyvinyl chloride product ion workers.* 000054 further results in polyvinyl chloride product ion workers.* 000143 and guided liver biopsy among polyvinyl chloride production workers.* by peritoneoscopy 000165 toiicity liver damage in sorters in polyvinyl chloride product ion.)*der pvc-Produktion. (Chronic- 000166 pollution." Chlorinated by-products from vinyl chloride production; A new source of marine 000126 and code numbers of products containing vinyl chloride recalled by manufacturers.* Mabels 000021 Sy&tetsklerose? (The so-called vinyl chloride sickness - an occupation-related systemic 00 01 4 a report on the activities and findings of the vinyl chloride task force." and polyvinyl chloride; A 000070 VIn y1 chloride to get emission standard.* 000006 Acute Inhalation toxicity of vinyl chioride to laboratory animals.* 000168 Prof. naltOQi uses vinyl Chloride to produce angiosarcoma by gastric route.* 000090 Terre Haute vinyl chloride vapor escape,* 000066 reflexes in rats on prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride vapor In concentrations approaching the 000249 arising under the chronic effect of vinyl chloride vapor on the organism.)* angioneurosis 00 02 4 0 sampling.* Monitoring exposures to vinyl Chloride vapor: Breath analysis and continuous air 000029 activity in rats chronically exposed to vinyl chioride vapors.)* (Chanqes of cardiac 000250 Angiosarcoma of the liver in a vinyl- chloride worker. 000140 of cases of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride workers in the Dnited states.* 000107 Liver damage and angiosarcoma in vinyl chloride workers. A systematic detection program.* 000153 Pulmonary function defects in nonsmoking vinyl chloride workers.* 000172 Proportional mortality among vinyl- chloride vocke rs.* 000176 Proportional mortality among vinyl- chloride worke rs.* 000177 proportional mortality among vinyl chloride workers. 000170 experience of a cohort of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers,* Mortality 000164 of disease among vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride workers.* Prevalence 000152 of the liver In vinyl chloride/polyvinyl chloride workers.* Angiosarcoma 000025 of the liver aaong vinyl chloride-polyviny1 chloride workers.* ^Pathology of angiosarcoma 000242 In a group of Swedish vinyl chloride-polyviny1 chloride workers.* of angiosarcoma of the liver 000043 reports; Anqlosatcoma of the liver among polyvinyl chloride workers -- Kentucky*Epidemiologic notes and 00 00 19 Standard for occupational exposure to vinyl chloride. (Excerpts from a Hatch 11, 197, 000135 The industrial toxicology of vinyl chloride. A review.* 0001 15 Carcinogenicity tioassays of vinyl chloride. I. Research plan and early results.* 000158 pills. Consideration of hazards associated ivinyl chloride. In: Control of hazardous Material 000170 II. Producers of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. Preliminary assessment of the 000072 TUI. Disposal of products containing polyvinyl chloride. Preliminary assessment of the 00 0070 environmental Appendix 71. Persistence of vinyl chloride. Preliminary assessment of the 000076 vinyl chloride. 000191 Anesthesia IITTI. Narcosis vith vinyl chloride. 000189 ^ Process for the manufacture Of vinyl chloride. 00017a Toxicity of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride. 000223 vinyl chloride. 0002 14 The anesthetic action of vinyl chloride. 000193 vinyl chloride. 000149 vinyl chloride and aethylene chloride. 0001M vinyl chloride. 000104 Vinyl chloride. Hygienic conditions in the production of vinyl chloride. 00 0090 00 00 a 4 Cancer and vinyl chloride. 0000 16 * vinyl chloride. 0000 13 Vinyl chloride. 0000 18 vinyl chloride. 0000 17 Vinyl Chloride. 000023 Industrial preparation of polyvinyl chloride. 00 0050 Vinyl chloride. 000002 Standard for exposure to vinyl chloride. 00023a vinyl chloride. 000229 Proposed standard for vinyl chioride. 000232 a procedure for preparing luc-labeled vinyl chloride. 000258 Pathology of vinyl chloride. 000255 Cancerogen ic effect of vinyl chloride. 0002 54 Halogenated oleflnic hydrocarbons. Vinyl Chloride. 000257 Emergency temporary standard for exposure to vinyl chloride. 000233 R&S 135451 304 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135452 possible mechanism of carcln ogeo lc action of vinyl group; Toxicity of vinyl chloride-polyviny1 response of rat skin, lungs, and bones to vinyl of liver and spleen aaong workers exposed to vinyl report on the carcinogenicity bio-assays of vioyl of liver in the manufacture of polyvinyl of workers with history of exposure to vinyl on the toxicology of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl of exposure of rats, hamsters, and lice to vinyl and repeated exposures of huaans and rats to vinyl of workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl acroosteolysis, presumably caused by vinyl formed in vitro froe the carcinogen vinyl chi orIda.* chloride.* chloride.* chloride.* chloride.* chloride.* chloride.* chloride.* chloride.* chloride.* chloride.* chloride.* Chloride.* On the working Oncogenic A Iterations Prelimlna ry Angiosarcoma Surveillance A bibliogtaphy interim results Effects of single Clinical aanageeent A case of occupational of reactive metabolites 000297 000182 000256 00019$ 000159 00 0053 000199 0001 12 000132 000151 000127 000290 000099 information for safe handling and use of vinyl chloride.* Properties and essential 000162 in men engaged in the polymerization of vinyl chloride.* Acro-osteoljsls occurring 000106 measurements for workers exposed to vinyl chloride.* of clinical and environmental 000137 in workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* respirator cartridges and canisters against vinyl chloride.* Changes in pulmonary function 000173 An evaluation of organic vapor 00 02 2 5 workers involved in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride.* and illness histories among chemical 000269 the risk of ambient carcinogens, in example; Vinyl Chloride.* planned experiment in the prediction of 0001 56 of some new commercial organic compounds. V. Vinyl chloride.* lAcute response of guinea pigs to vapors 000192 associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chiorlde.*assessment of the environmental problems 000079 associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.`assessment of the environmental problems 000076 associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride,`assessment chloride.`assessment chloride.*assessment of the environmental problems of the environmental problems of the environmental problems 000075 00007 000070 associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.`assessment of the environmental problems 000077 associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.`assessment of the environmental problems 000071 associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.`assessment of the environmental problems 000G72 associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chiorlde.*assessment of the environmental problems 000073 *(The toxic action of vinyl Chloride.)* 0001 19 Vinylchlor id.(Vinyl chloride.)* 000207 des V i ny lehl or id s , (Toxicology of vinyl chloride.) zur Toxlkologle 000220 developing due to long-term exposure to vinyl chloride.) * (Diffusion of vinyl chloride monomer in polyvioyl chloride.) (Pathogenesis of changes 00 0033 Vinylchlorid in PolyvinylcMorid. 000263 to the study of diseases caused by vinyl chloride.) * de clorura de vinil. (Contributions 000237 de vlnyle. (Study of illnesses due to vinyl chloride.) * Etude des maladies dues au chlorure 000236 Vinyl chloride* 00 02 2 8 V in yl chloride* 000066 nonochloroeth ylene (Vinyl chiorlde).* 000150 to toxic substances (benzene, chlorobenzene, vinyl chloride).)* of the blood in workers exposed 000092 exposure.* Persistence of vinyl chloride-induced liver injury after cessation of 000035 Mortality experience of a cohort of vinyl chiorlde-polyvinyl chloride workers.* Pathology of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers.* 000169 * 000292 of the liver in a group of Swedish vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers.* angiosarcoma 000093 Toxicity of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl cnloride,* 000223 working group; Toxicity of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride.* 00 01 8 2 rabbits.* Results of a vinyl cblorIde-teratology study in alee, rats, and 000222 Angiosarcoma of the liver in vinyl chloride/polyvinyl chloride workers.* 000025 procedures for vinyl chloride monomer in polyvinyl chloride, food, and food simulants.* of some GLC 000039 (olefins) and their chlorine derivatives (vinyl chloride, trich1 oroethylene) .)*the ethylene series 000032 Vinyl chloride, P.V.C., and cancer-* 000022 How hazardous to health is vinyl chloride 7* 000007 associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride: A report on the activities and findings 000070 Carcinogenicity bioassays of vinyl chloride; Current results.* Vinyl chloride; Industrial toxicologic aspects,* 000000115070 phenobarbital- Acute liver Injury by vinyl chloride: Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum in 000206 Polyvinyl chloride: Letter to the Editor.* 000031 Accidental poisoning by vinyl chloride: Report of two cases,* 000057 vinyl chloride: Time bomb on the production line,* 0002 16 case Study 3. Vinyl Chloride--best available technology.* 000196 Substances Control Act. Could,it prevent the vinyl chlorides of tomorrov7* Toxic 000096 of the frog.* *The effect of chlorinated ethylenes on the perfused leg vessels 000136 Industrial exposures to chlorinated hydrocarbons.* 000091 des Chlorkohlenwasserstoffs. (The synthesis of chlorinated hydrocarbons.)* die Zus&mmensetzung 000205 fr^m chronic poisoning with some unsaturated and chlorinated hydrocarbons.)* in patients suffering 000212 ^ production; A new source of marine pollution.* I Chlorinated by-products from vinyl chloride 000126/ of the ethylene series (olefins) and their chlorine derivatives (vinyl chloride, 000032 chlorinated Ueber die Zusammensetzung des Chlorkohlenwasaerstof<s, (The synthesis of 000205 in workers exposed to toxic substances (benzene, chlorobenzene, vinyl chloride).)* of the blood 000092 and chemicals.* vinyl chloride ( ckloroetbylene; chlorethene) . Toxicology of drugs 00 0058 ChlotOethylene* 000099 vinyl chloride.)* Etude des maladies dues au cklorore de vlnyle. (Study of Illnesses due to 000236 Meed for research for protective measures against chromic chemical injury,* 000099 model of the toxic angioneurosis arising under the chromic effect of vinyl chloride vapor on the 000298 like substances in rabbit blood following chronic exposure to vinyl chloride funes.)* 000251 of the adrenals In patients suffering from chronic poisoning with some unsaturated and 0002 12 monochloroethene),* Experimental chronic poisoning with vinyl chloride ( 000201 (Pathogeaic effect of chromic vinyl chloride exposure to rabbits.)* 000252 of the state of thermoregulation in chromic vinyl chloride poisonlng.) *Ctaaracter1stics 000235 ' bet Arbeitern in derPTC-Produktlon. ( Chromic-toxicity liver damage in workers in 000166 (Changes of cardiac activity In rats chronically exposed to vinyl chloride vapors.)* 000250 der PVC-Produktion. (Chronic-toxicity liver Chromlsch-toxlsche Leberschaeden bei Arbeitern in 000166 viny1 chloride - CB2CBC1* 000180 of aerosol propellants on the respiratory and circulatory systems. I. Cardiac arrhythilm in the 00 0026 workers exposed to vinyl #The correlation of clinical and environmental measurements for 000137 chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* Cllolcal management of workers exposed to vinyl 000127 chloride disease,* Climical manifestations and course of vlQyl 000253 poisoning.* Clinical manifestations in vinyl chloride 000236 Dev disease,* Clinical studies in occupational acroosteolyslm*-a 0001 13 June 1975 305  Occupationa1 acroostaolysie. III. Clinical study.* 00 0062 muticltorii din industrla Consideratli clinlco-patogenlce asupra feooaeaului Raynaud la 000003 muncitorLi din industrla pollcloruril de vinil. { Cllmlco-Pathogenic considerations on Raynaud's Contributii la studiul lmbolnavirilof produse de clorura de vinil. (Contributions to the study of 000003 000237 polymerization of vinyl *La poliaerlzaclon del Symposia* on toxicity in the characteristics of polyvinyl-chloride floor Clocuro de Tlnllo y sus clesqos. (The closed ecological system.* coatings.) * (Sanitacy-cheaical 00 00 9 3 000 I 16 ooom recalled by Manufacturers.* Labels and code numbers of products containing vinyl chloride workers.* *f1ortality experience of a cohort of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride air. Coloritetric deters!nation of vinyl chloride in 000021 00016a 00010 1 I Combustion products from vioyl chloride monomer.1 000186 response of guinea pigs to vapors of soee nev inhalation.* Unproved facilities.* Oncogenic and mutagenic risks in Public health implications of commercial organic compounds. V. vinyl chloride,* coeeunication**Hygieoic standards for daily communities vith polyvinyl chloride production components of plastics manufacture.* 000192 000226 0001 16 000161 Low eolecular veight components of polymers used in packaging.* *(Thermodynamic activity of volatile organic Compounds and their action on maitals.)* 00009? 000069 Oiffusion of some organic and inorganic pigs to vapors of some nev commercial organic chemical laboratory HI. Control of pecoxidizable compounds in air.* compounds. V. vinyl chloride.* compounds.* response of guinea tSafety in the 00 0030 000192 000120 of toxicology in the chemistry of high-molecular chemical substances - Toxicity of organochlorlne Vinyl chloride monomer odor concentrations approaching the maximum permissible on prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride vapor in Oncogenicity of vinyl chloride at lov Compounds.)* *(Problems compounds,)* (Disturbance of human health by concentration.* concentration.) to vinyl chloride vapor in concentrations approaching the aaxiaum permissible concentrations in rats and rabbits.* 00 0Q 56 00 02"6 0001 1? 000299 000299 000095 Environmental concerns beyond the vorkplace.* 000221 to vinyl (Changes In the rate of inculcation of conditioned reflexes in rats on prolonged exposure 000299 Paynaud la muncitorii din industrla policlorurli CoQsidecatll cllniCQ-patogenice asupra fenomenului 000003 3'acro-osteolyse d'ocigine professionnelle et de coostatatlon nouvelle en France. (A syndrome of 0000u7 (Poisoning by means of polyvinyl chloride or its constituents.)* und/oder decen Begl ei tstof f e. 000175 automaticity.* ^Anesthesia XXIIV, Chemical constitution of hydrocarbons and cardiac 000096 vinyl chloride or packaged la polyvinyl chloride containers.* tHuaan drugs containing 0002 18 Spacecraft atmospheres. Part II. Contaminants.* 00000 1 clorura de vinil. (Contributions to the study of I Contrlbqtli la studiul lmbolnavicilor produse de 0002 37 imbolnavirilor produse de clorura de vinil. ( Contributions to the study of diseases caused by 000237 Experience in industrial exposure control.* 0002 1 1 Discussion paper ( Control and management)* 000052 Consideration of hazards #Yinyl chloride. In: Control of hazardous material spills. 000170 Safety in the chemical laboratory LXI. Control cf peroxldizable compounds.* of tomorrow?* 4Toxic Substances Control Act. Could it prevent the vinyl chlorides 000120 000096 Plastics. Vinyl polymers and copolymers.* 000103 measurements for workers exposed to vinyl (The correlation of clinical and environmental 000137 Vinyl chloride as an ingredient of drug and cosmetic aerosol products.* 000069 economic impact study says fC monitoring to coat #100, 000 per plant.* Preliminary 0000 10 Toxic Substances Control Act. Could It prevent the vinyl chlorides of tomorrow?* 00 0096 Cancer mortality in O.S. counties with plastics and related industries.* 000167 Carcinogenicity Moassays of viayl chlcrlde: Current re suits.* 000157 Cutaneous lesions In accoosteolysis,* 000171 Improved com munication-*Hygienic standards for daily inha lation .* 000226 workers. A report on 5* cases.norphology of liver damage among polyvinyl chloride production 000095 k systematic detection program.* Liver damage and angiosarcoma in vinyl chloride workers, 000153 in der Pvc-Produktion, (Chronic-toxicity liver damage in workers in polyvinyl chloride productioo. 000166 PVC dangers being studied.* 00 00 08 Acroosteolysis in the plastics VL*acro-osteolyse dans l'industrie des matieres plastlgues. ( 0002 10 examining skeletal bones of persons occupationally dealing with unsaturated hydrocarbons of the 000032 Pulmonary function defects In nonsmoking vinyl chloride workers.* 000172 polymerization of vinyl La polimerlzacion del clcruro de Vlnllo y sus rlesgos. (The 000093 osteolysis of the * Bandformige Osteolysen in den Endphalangen des Handskeletts, (Band-like 0002 3 1 polymerization.* Deposition prevention in vinyl chloride 000091 polymerization.* Deposition prevention in vinyl chloride 000092 alterations in the so* iskelettveraaderungen bel der sogenannten vinylchlorld-krankheit (Skeletal 000230 neuropathies of lolceromutilierende Reuropathlen dec untecen fxtremltaeten. (flutilating ulcerous 000190 the plastics industry.) Die Hautgefahrdang In der kunststoffIndustrie. (Endangering the skin in 000259 Pmynaud-Syndrom und A kroas teol yseu bel Arbeltern dec PVC-herate 1 lender) Industrie. (Scleroderma-like 000128 Chronisch-tozische Leberschaeden bel Arbeltern in der PVC*Produktlon. (Chronic-toxicity liver damage 000166 durch VinyIchlorid-Polymerlsate und/oder drn Begleitstoffe, (Poisoning by means of 000175 the ethylene series (olefins) and their chlorine derivatives (vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene).)* 000032 and ansatuteted hydrocarbon gases and their derivatives.* of plants fumigated vith saturated 000109 poisoning by certain hydrocarbons and their derivatives,)* side effects of acute occupational 000229 Occupational dermatitis from plastics,* 000139 illnesses due to vinyl chloride.)* #Etude des aaladles dues au chlorure de vinyle, (Study of 000236 plastics Laero-osteolyse dans l'indastrie des matieres plastiques. (Acroosteolysis in the 0002 10 chlorinated toeber die Zusammeosetxung des Cblorkchlenvasserstoffs. (The synthesis of 000205 Band formige osteolysen in dea CUdpbalangen des Randskeletts. (Band-like osteolysis of the 000231 zuc Toxlkologie des vinylchlocids. (Toxicology of viayl chloride.)* 0002 20 in vinyl chloride workers, i systematic detection ptograi,* tliver damage aad aagiasarcota 000153 animals.* #The toxicity of vinyl Chloride as determined by repeated exposure of laboratory 00 02 9 3 chloride.)* (Pathogenesis of changes developing due to long-term exposure to vinyl 00 00 3 3 formed in vitro from the Trapping with 3,0* dlchlorobenzenethlol of reactive metabolites 000099 on its hepatotoxicity and interaction with 1,1 dichloroethylene.*?1ay1 chloride monomer; Comments 00 01 2 1 Berufskrankheit) , (The so-called vinyl Oeber die sog. Viaylchlorid-kraakheit (alum neum OOOU9 called vinyl chloride Illness.)* fOeber die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit. (The so- 000130 The synthesis of chlorinated hydroemrbons,)Oeber dla Zu*ammeooetzung des Chlorkohlenvasserstoffs, ( 000205 berufsbadingte Systemsklerose? (The so-called I Die sogenannte V In ylchlorid* Krankheit--ein 00QU9 Endangering the skin in the plastics industry.)* Die Hautgefahrdung in dmt Konststoffindustrie,, f 0002 59 U air** Diffusion of soee organic and inorganic compounds 000030 voo sonoeeren Tinylchlorid in Polyvinylchlorid. ( Diffusion of vinyl chloride moooier in polyvinyl 000263 Polyvlnylchlorid. (DiffaslOQ of vinyl *Zttt Diffusion von nonomerea Haylchlorld In 0QQ263 asupra fenomenului Raynaud la nancltoril dim industrla policlorurli de vinil. (Clinico- 000003 R&S 135453 306 Environmental Health Perspectives sorters, Liver disease among polyvinyl chloride production 000054 chloride workers .* polymer! ration plant * Prevalence of disease among vinyl chloride and polyvinyl Hepatic disease among mothers at a vinyl chloride 000152 000081 liver biopsy among Onusual splenomega lie liver 1 nev occupational studies In occupational accoosteolysis--a nev disease as evidenced by peritoneoscopy and guided disease is born.* disease.* IClinical 000165 000169 0001 13 manifestations and course of vinyl chloride disease.* Clinical 000253 polymerisation# tinylchloridi -- new occupational disease.* ihcropathia exttemitatua in 0001 36 In hyqlenlc conditions of vork and occupational disease-incidence among vorkers engaged in the 000083 clocura de vlnil. (Contributions to the study of diseases caused by vinyl chloride.)* produse de 000237 chloride. Preliminary assessment Appendix Till, Disposal of products containing polyvinyl 000078 - Toxicity of orqanochlorine compounds.)* t( Disturbance of human health by chemical substances 000206 Tinyl chloride - the drive to reduce employee risks.* 0000 12 Tinyl chloride as an ingredient of drug and cosmetic aerosol products.* 000089 (chloroethylene; cblorethene). Toxicology of drugs and chemicals.* tvinyl chloride 000058 polyvinyl chloride containers.* TRuman drugs containing vinyl chloride or packaged in 000218 I (Lesions in the liver and bile ducts in vorkers producing soee kinds of plastics.) 000202 dee to vinyl chloride.)* lEtode des maladies dues au chlorure de vlnyle. (Study of illnesses 000236 Begleitstoffe. (Poisoning by *2ur Intoxlkation dmrch Tlnylchlorid-Polymerisate und/oder deren 000175 bioassays of vinyl chloride. I. Research plan and early results.* Carcinogenicity 000158 Symposiue on toxicity in the closed ecological system.* 0001 16 100,000 per plant.* Preliminary economic impact study says TC monitoring to cost S 0000 10 of the e viron enta 1 llppendix I. Selected economical considerations. Preliminary assessment 00 0071 Polyvinyl chloride: Letter to the Editor.* 000031 and analysis of vinyl chloride la vaste eater effloents and air emissions. Preliminary 00007a vinyl 0Dieie sogenannte Tinylchlorid-Krankheit-- elne berufsbedingte Systemsklerose? (The so-called 00014a chloride Oeber die sog. 7Inylchlorid-Krankheit ( eine neue Berufskrankheit), (The so-called vinyl 000129 vinyl chloride poisoning.)* (Character 1stles of electrocardiographic changes In patients with 000139 Handling vinyl chloride emergencles.* 000064 chloride.* Emergency temporary standard for exposure to vinyl 000233 Tinyl chloride to get emission standard.* 000006 of vinyl chloride in vaste water effluents and air emissions. Preliminary assessaent of the 000074 Tinyl chloride - the drive to reduce employee risks.* 0000 12 considerations on Paynaqd's phenomenon in the eeployees of the polyvinyl chloride industry.)* 000003 professlonnelle et de constatatlon nouvelle en Trance. (A syndrome of acroosteolysls of 000047 Die Hautgefahrdung in der Runststoffindustrie. ( Eodm&gering the skin in the plastics industry.)* 000259 liver inluty by vinyl chlotlde; Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum In phenobarbital-prettea ted 000206 osteolysis of the Bandformlqe Osteolysen in den Endphalangen des Handskeletts. (Band-ilke 000231 Acro-osteo 1 ysis occurring In een engaged in the polymerization of vinyl chloride.* 000106 hygiene and the state of health in vorkers engaged in the production of polyvinyl chloride 000086 and occupational disease-incidence among vorkers engaged in the production of polyvinyl chloride 000083 Exposure to halogenated hydrocarbons in the indoor environnent.* 000040 vinyl chloride.* The correlation of clinical and environmental measurements for workers exposed to 000137 chloride facilities, prelialnary assessment of the envlrodsental problems associated with vinyl 000073 and air emissions. Preliminary assessment of the** environmental problems associated with vinyl 00007a considerations. Prelialnary assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl 00 007 1 chloride and Preliminary assessment of the environmental ptobleas associated with vinyl 000070 polyvinyl chloride. Preliminary assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl 00 00 7 2 polyvinyl chloride. Preliminary assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl 000076 regional activities. Prelialnary assessaent of the environmental problems associated with vinyl 000075 of vinyl chloride. Preliminary assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl 000076 effects of TC, Preliminary assessaent of the environmental problems associated with vinyl 000077 of Task force. Preliminary assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl 000079 Environmental concerns beyond the workplace,* 000221 illness histories among chemical workers IAn epidemiologic study of blood screening tests and 000264 the liver among polyvinyl chloride workers-- I Epidemiologic notes and reports: Angiosarcoma of 00 00 19 Occupational acroosteolysts. I. An epidemiological study,* 000061 Terre Haute vinyl chloride vapor escape.* 000068 Discussion of paper (Hefner, R.E., Jr., et al, ibid, pp 135-1*8).* 000188 d'acro-osteolyse d'oclgine pro fesslonnelle et de constatatlon nouvelle en rrance. (A syndrome 00 00 4 7 dealing with unsaturated hydrocarbons of the ethylene series (olefins) and their chlorine 000032 The effect of chlorinated ethylenes on the perfused leg vessels of the frog.* 000138 Study of illnesses due to vinyl chloride.)* Etude des maladies dues au chlorure de vinyle. ( 000236 biopsy lOnosual splenoeeqalic liver disease as evidenced by peritoneoscopy and guided liver 000165 with the use of large-frame phctofluocogtaphy in examining skeletal bones of persons occupationally 000032 for occupational exposure to vinyl chloride. ( Excerpts from a March 11, 197u, aemorandum.)* 000135 chloride workers.* flortallty experience of a cohort of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl 000118844,^ Experience in industrial exposure control.* 0002\ 1i r photofluorogtaphy in examining skeletal bones of ( Experience with the use of large-frame 000032 Infrared analysis of gases and vapors in expired air.* 00 0027 biochemical indaxes of the blood in workers exposed to toxic substances (benzene, 000092 clinical management of workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* 000127 Changes in pulmonary function in vorkers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* 000173 (Changes of cardiac activity in rats chronically exposed to vinyl chloride vapors.)* 000250 Alterations of liver and spleen among vorkers exposed to vinyl chloride.* 000199 and environmental measurements for vorkers erposed to vinyl chloride,*corre latloo of clinical 000137 Experience in industrial exposure control,* 0002 1 1 of vinyl chloride as determined by repeated exposure of laboratory animals.* *rhe toxicity 00024J chloride.* tlnterlm results of exposure of rats, hamsters, and mice to vinyl 000132 (Pathogenic effect of chronic vinyl chloride exposure to rabbits,)* 000252 like substances In rabbit blood following chronic exposure to vinyl chloride fuaes.)* in adrenaline- 000251 of conditioned reflexes in rats on prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride vapor in concentrations 000249 11, MlOSfl Recommended Standard for occupational exposure to vinyl chloride, (Excerpts froa a March 000135 standard for exposure to vinyl chloride.* 000234 Emergency temporary standard for exposure to vinyl chloride.* 000233 surveillance of vorkers with history of exposure to vinyl chloride.* 000194 of changes developing due to long-term exposure to vinyl chloride.)* (Pathogenesis 000033 Angiosarcoma of the liver following vinyl chloride exposure,* 0000 36 chloride-induced liver injury after cessation cf exposure.* Persistence of vinyl 000035 environment.* Exposure to halogenated hydrocarbons in the Indoor 00 00 4Q R&S 135454 June 1975 307 R&S 135455 Effects of slagle and repeated exposures of humans and rats to vinyl chloride.* 000151 Industrial exposures to chlorinated hydrocarbons.* 000091 Effects of vinyl chloride exposures to rats pretreated with phenobarbltal. 000065 and continuous air sampling.* Monitoring erpoemte* to vinyl chloride vapor; Breath analysis 000029 of 0 Iceromu11lierende Neuropathies der untefen ExtreeItaetem. (flutllating ulcerous neuropathies 000190 nev occupational disease.* Acropathia extreaitatum in polymerlsatLone vinyichloridi -- 000136 (Butilating ulcerous neuropathies of the lower extremities.)* der nntecenExtremltaeten. 000190 balance at vinyl chloride and polyvLnyl chloride facilities. Preliminary assessment of the QQ0Q73 In communities with polyvinyl chloride production facilities.* lOncogenlc and mutagenic risks 000118 chloride aanufacture and use.* (Informal fact-finding hearing on possible hazards of vinyl 00018? angiosarcoma In two workers in a pvc-produclng factory.* iLivec OOOU5 More facts on vinyl chloride and cancer.* 00002** toxicity of halogenated hydrocarbons. Effects on fasting rats.* Short-term inhalation 000122 rats.* (Preliminary studies of the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride aonoaer (VCH) In 0001 10 cPreliminary studies of the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride monomer la rats.* 000111 PDA and the vinyl chloride problem - An overview,* 000215 Consideratl1 ellnico-patogenice asuprn fenoeeaulul Raynaud la nuncltocll din Industrie 000003 of gases released by polyvinyl chloride film.)* (Characteristics 000198 chloride aanufacture and use.* (Informal fact- finding hearing on possible hazard5 of vinyl 0QQ187 polyvinyl chloride; A report on the activities and findings of the vinyl chloride task force.* and 000070 How surgeon's probe led to vinyl ha2ard findings,* 000195 Shite fingers.* 000005 Tapor-phase pyrolysis and GC analysis of fire-retardant materials containing PVC.* 000054 Effect of narcotics upon the flexion reflex of rat.* 000114 chemical characteristics of polyvinyl-chloride floor coatings.)* (Sanitary- 000131 (A contribution to the hygienic evaluation of PTC floor tiles for apartments.)* 000055 (Hygienic assessment of polyvinyl chloride flooring for preschool institutions.!* 000197 chloride monomer in polyvinyl chloride, food, and food simulants.* of some GLC procedures for vinyl 000039 for vinyl chloride monomer in polyvinyl chloride, food, and food simulants.* of some GLC procedures 000039 activities and findings of the vinyl chloride task force.* and polyvinyl chloride; A report on the 000070 probleas lAppendlr If. Activities of Taste force. Preliminary assessment of the environmental 000079 . 3, 4-dichlorobenzeneth lol of reactive metabolites formed in vitro from the carcinogen vinyl chloride. 000099 The determination of vinyl chloride in aerosol formulations and can linings.* 000245 bones of f (Experience with the use of large- frame phot cf luorogca phy In examining skeletal 000032 professlonnelle et de constatation nouvelle en france. (A syndrome of actoosteolysis of 00004? of occuoatlonal origin of recent observation in Prance.)* en Prance. (A syndrome of accoosteolysis 000047 ethylenes on the perfused leg vessels of the frog,* *The effect of chlorinated 000138 blood following chronic exposure to vinyl chloride fames.)* in adrena1ine-1ike substances in rabbit 000251 hydrocarbon gases and their tGrowth of plants fumigated with saturated and unsaturated 000t09 workers,* (Pulmonary function defects in nonsmoking vinyl chloride 000172 polyvinyl chloride.* (Changes In pulmonaty function In workers exposed to vinyl chloride and 000173 from chronic polsonlnq with some (Glucocorticoid function of the adrenals in patients suffering 000212 of oretreataent wl*h inducers of hepatic llxed function oxidase system.* and blocheaical effects 000179 with saturated and unsaturatei hydrocarbon gases and their derivatives.* of plants fumigated 000109 Infrared analysis of gases and vapors in expired air.* 000027 (characteristics of gases released by polyvinyl chloride fill,)* 000199 associated with bulk sea transport of liquefied gases.* material spills. Consideration of hazards 000170 uses vinyl chloride to produce angiosarcoma by gastric route.* Prof. Haltoni 000090 PVC.* (vapor-phase pyrolysis and GC analysis of fire-retardant materials containing 000059 polyvinyl chloride, food, Investiqatlon of soae GLC procedures for vinyl chloride monomer in 000034 patients suffering fro* chronic poisoning with ( Glucocorticoid function of the adrenals in 000212 unsaturated hydrocarbon gases and their Growth of plants fumigated with saturated and 000109 liver disease as evidenced by peritoneoscopy and guided liver biopsy among polyvinyl chloride 000165 organic compounds. 7. 7inyl (Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial 000192 The smaller halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons,* 0000u9 * Exposure to halogenated hydrocarbons in the indoor environment. 000040 Short-term inhalation toxicity of halogenated hydrocarbons. Effects on fasting rats,* 000122 Biochemical toxicology of unsaturated haloqenated monomers.* 000123 Halogenated olefinlc hydrocarbons. Vinyl chloride.* 000257 Interim results of exposure of rats, hamsters, and mice to vinyl chloride,* 000132 like osteolysis of the terminal phalanqes of the bands,)* den Endphalangeo des Handskeletts. (Band- 000231 Band formlge Qsteoly&en in den Endphalangen des Bandskeletts, (Band-like osteolysis of the 000231 Terre Haute vinyl chloride vapor escape,* 00006S Endangering the skin in the plastics industry,Die Hamtgefahrdung in der KunststoffIndustrie. ( 000259 Ak roosteolysen bel Arbeltem 5klerodermleartige BantveranderuDgem, Raynaud-Syndcom und 000129 how surgeon's probe led to vinyl hazard findings.* 000195- hazards associated Vinyl chloride. In: Control of haxacdous material spills. Consideration of 000170 Hov hazardoum to health is vinyl chloride?* 000007 of hazardous material spills. Consideration of hazards associated with bulk sea transport of 000170 Informal fact-finding hearing on possible hazards of vinyl chloride manufacture and use,* 000187 (The polymerization of vinyl chloride and Its hazards.)* del Cloruro de vinllo y sus riesgos. 000093 orgsnochlorine compounds,)* * (Dlsturbanee of human health by chemical substances - Toxicity of 000246 manufacture.* *Public health Implications of components of plastics 000181 polyvinyl I (Industrial hygiene and the state of health in workers engaged in the production of 000086 Row hazardous to health is vinyl chloride!* 000007 (Hygienic assessment of working conditions and health status of workers In the production of 000095 the environmental problems Appendix VII. Health effects of VC. Preliminary assessment of 000077 plastics.* Health problems In the manufacture and use of 000105 manufacture and use.* (Informal fact-finding hearing on possible hazards of vinyl chloride 000187 Effect on the heart of some inhalation anaesthetics.* 030217 Discussion of paper ( Befaer, R.E., Jr., et al, ibid, pp 135-140).* 000189 pretreated with phenobarbital.* Acate hepatic Injury by vinyl chloride in rats 00012 effects of pretreatment with inducers of hepatic nixed function oxidase system.`biochemical 000179 polymerization plant.* Hepatic disease among workers at a vinyl chloride 000081 Vinyl chloride monomer; Comments on Its hepetotoxlcity and interaction with 1,1- 000121 Syndrom und Akroosteolysen bel Arbeltem der PTC- hertrtelleadem Industrie. (Scleroderma-like skin 000t28 study of blood screening tests and illness histories among chemical workers Inyolved in the 00026 Surveillance of workers with history of exposure to vinyl chloride.* 000194 of vinyl chloride in the atmosphere (2- boor integrated sampling).* for the determination 000069 organochlorine compounds.)* (Distmrbance of humma health by chemical substances - Toxicity of 000246 308 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135456 in polyvinyl chloride containers.* Huaau drugs containing vinyl chloride or packaged 0002 16 Effects of single and repeated exposures of hteatis and rats to vinyl chloride.* 0001 5 1 of plants fumigated with saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon gases and their derivatives.* Growth 000109 Anesthesia IIIIT, Chemical constitution of hydrocarbons and cardiac autoaatlcity.* 000096 effects of acute occupational poisoning by certain hydrocarbons and their derivatives.)* ter* side 0002 23 Exposure to halogenated hydrocarbons in the indoor environment,* 000030 of persons occupationally dealing with unsaturatM hydrocarbons of the ethylene series (olefins) and 000032 Short-tera Inhalation toxicity of halogenated hydrocarbons. Effects on fasting rats.* 000122 Halogena ted olefinic hydrocarbons. Vinyl chloride.* 000257 industrial exposures to chlorinated hydrocarbons.* 000091 The smaller halogenated aliphatic hyd rocarbons.* 000098 (The synthesis of chlorinated hydrocarbons.)* des Ch lorkoh lenwassersto f f s. 000205 poisoning with soie unsaturated and chlorinated hydrocarbons.)* in patients suffering fro* chronic 0002 12 in the production of polyvinyl *(lndustrlal hygiene and the state of health in workers engaged 00 0006 occupational acroosteolysis, IT. in Industrial hygiene study.* 000051 disease*incidence aiong workers (Changes in hygienic conditions of work and occupational 000063 polyvinyl resins and aeasures of I(Sanitary- hygienic conditions of work in the production of 000082 a par teents.)* (1 contribution to the hygienic evaluation of PVC floor tiles for 00 0055 for preschool institutions.)* ( hygienic assessment of polyvinyl chloride floor!og 000197 health status of workers in the production of ( Hygienic assessment of working conditions and 000085 chloride,* Hygienic conditions in the production of vinyl 000003 branches of chemical industry operating in the ( Hygienic evaluation of work conditions in sose 00 0007 synthetic leather industry,)* ( Hygienic evaluation of workiog conditions in the 000030 Improved communication-- Hygienic standards for daily inhalation.* 000226 Discussion of paper (Hefner, R.E., Jr., et al, Ibid, pp 135-190) 000100 plastics,* An analytical systei for Identifying the volatile pyrolysis products of 000037 epidemiologic study of blood screening tests and illness histories among chemical workers involved 000263 alterations in the so-called vinyl chloride illness.)* ' Vinylchlocid-krankheit (Skeletal 000230 Kcankheit, (The so-called vinyl chloride illness.)* fOeber die sogenannte Vlnylchlorid* 000130 called vinyl chloride illness, a new occupational Illness.)* (elne neue Berufskrankheit), (The so- 000129 Berufskcankheit), (The so-called vinyl chloride illness, a nev occupational illness.)* (eine neue 000129 des maladies dues au chlorure de vinyle. (Study of illnesses due to vinyl chloride.)* astude 000236 Contributions to the study Contributii la studlul imboinavlrilor produse de clorura de vinll. ( 000237 o*r plant.* Preliaiaaty economic ispact stady says VC aonitoring to cost <100,000 0000 10 * public health Implications of components of plastics manufacture, 00010 I Cancer and vinyl chloride - polymerization implications, problems and needs.* 000160 conditions of work and occupational disease- incidence among workers engaged in the production 000083 prolonged exposure to (Changes In the rate of inculcation of conditioned reflexes In rats on 000299 substances (benzene, (Certain biochemical indexes of the blood in workers exposed to toxic 00 00 9 2 Exposure to halogenated hydrocarbons in the indoor environment.* 000090 and biocheeleal effects of pretceataent with inducers of hepatic mixed function oxidase system.* 000179 asupra fenoaenului Raynaud la auncltoril din iodustria policlorurli de vioil. (Clinico- 000003 Experience In iodustrial exposure control.* 0002 1 1 Occupational aero osteolysis. II. An industrlml hygiene study.* 000051 The industrial toxicology of vinyl chloride. A review,* 00 01 15 l Industrial exposures to chlorinated hydrocarbons.* 00 CO 91 workers engaged in the production of polyvinyl ( Industrial hygiene and the state of health in 000086 Indostrlal preparation of polyvinyl chloride.* 000050 Vinyl chloride; Industrial toxicologic aspects.* 000100 In the plastics industry.)!'acro-osteolyse dans 1' Industrie des satieres plastiques. (Acroosteolysis 0002 10 Akroosteolysen be! Arbeitetn dec PVC-herstellenden Industrie. (Sclecoderma-like skin alterations, 000128 In U.S, counties with plastics and related industries.* Cancer mortality 000167 of work conditions in some branches of chemical industry operating in the open air.)* evaluation 00 00 01 Toxic surprises froa the plastics iodustry.* 000260 observations on workers in the plastics lnd ustry .* Rheogra phic 000105 of working conditions in the synthetic leather industry.)* t(Kygienic evaluation 00 00 3 8 (Endangering the skin in the plastics industry.)* In der Hunststoffindustrie. 000259 in the employees of the polyvinyl chloride industry,)* considerations on Raynaud's phenomenon 00 00 0 3 in workers in the polyvinyl chloride industry.)* Raynaud's syndrome, and accoosteoiys is 000126 plastiques. (Acroosteolysis in the plastics lndustrj.) *osteo1yse dans I'industrie des aatieres 0002 10 of vinyl chloride manufacture and use.* Informal fact-finding hearing on possible hazards 000187 chloride.* Properties and essential information for safe handling and use of vinyl Vinyl chloride analysis by Infrared spectroscopic methods.* 000162 000U7 air.* Infrared analysis of gases and vapors in expired 000027 Vinyl chloride as an ingredient of drug and cosmetic aerosol products.* 000089 Effect on the heart of some inhalation anaesthetics.* 0002 17 Effects on fasting rats.* Short-term Inhalation toxicity of halogenated hydrocarbons, Horphologic and biochemical effects of lAcute inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride monomer; 0001 22-" 000179 laboratory animals.* lACute inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride to 000168 comaunication--Hygien ic standards for daily inhalation.* Improved 000226 monomer in phenobaebita1 or Aroclor 1253- l Inhalation toxicity studies of vinyl chloride 000125 preliminary studies of the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride monomer (VCH) in rats.* 0001 10 Preliminary studies of the fate of Inhaled vinyl chloride monomer in rats.* 0001 1 1 Persistence of vinyl chloride-induced liver injury after cessation of exposure.* 000035 ohenobarbital.* lACute hepatic injury by vinyl chloride in rats pretreated vith 000129 endoplasmic reticulum in IXcute liver injury by vinyl chloride: Involvement of 000206 for protective measures against chronic chemical injury.* need for research 000099 Diffusion of some organic and inorganic compounds in air.* 000030 of polyvinyl chloride flooring for preschool institutions.) * (Hygienic assessment 000197 of vinyl chloride in the atmosphere (29-houc integrmted sampling) .*method for the determination 000069 monomer; Comments oo its he patotoxicity and interaction with 1,i-dichloroethylene.* chloride 000121 chloride in waste water effluents lAppendlx IV. Interim method for sampling and analysis of vinyl 000079 mice to vinyl chloride.* Interim results of exposure of rats, hamsters, and 000132 Oder deren Peg leitstoffe, (Poisoning by means izur IntoxikatioQ durch vinylchlorid-Polymerisate und/ 000176 Acute liver injury by viayl chloride; Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum in 000206 Polyvinyl chloride banned in Japan. * 0000 15 among polyvinyl chloride production vorkern in Japan.* *Bon lesions 0002 13 Discussion of paper (Hefner, R.E., Jr., et al, ibid, pp 135-198),* 0001 06 of the liver among polyvinyl chloride workers-- Kentucky* notes and reports; Angiosarcoma 0000 19 the liver and bile ducts in workers producing some kinds of plastics.)* (Lesions in 000202 June 1975 309 R&S 135457 called vinylchloride neber die sog. Tinylchlorid- Krankheit (elne neue 8erof skrankheLt), (The so- 0001 29 bei der sogenanuten Vinylchlorid- Krankheit (Skeletal alterations in the so-called 0002 30 (Ueber die sogenannte Vinylchlorid- Krankheit. (The so-called vinyl chloride illness.) * 000130 Theso-called vinyl (Die sogenartnte Tin 7 Ich 1 or id- Kra nkhei t--mine berufsbedingte S ysteasklefose? { 0001 a 4 plastics industry,)* (Die Hau tgefah rdung In der clinico-patoqenice asupra f ecioaeaulul Raynaud vinil, (ContriMotions to the study of (Contribntll riesgos. (The polymerization of vinyl chloride * Komststoffindmsttle. (Endangering the skin in the la muncitorli din Industrie pollcloruril de vinil, la studlul lsbolnatlrilor produse de clorura de La polimetixaclon del cloruro de Tlollo y sus 000259 000003 000237 000093 A procedure for preparing lac- vinyl chloride recalled by manufacturers,* Acute Inhalation toxicity of vlnyL chloride to chloride as determined by repeated exposure of #rrom mouse to man - or hoe to get from the * (Safety In the chemical engaged in the production of polyvinyl chloride evaluation of working conditions In the synthetic (Chronic-toxicity liter damage (Chronisch-toxlsche Row surgeon's probe labeled vinyl chloride.* Labels and code numbers of products containing laboratory animals,* laboratory animals.* (The toxicity of wioyl laboratory to Park Avenue and 59th Street.* laboratory LXI. Control of peroxidliable compounds . latex).*hygiene and the state of health In workers leather Industry.)* (Hygienic Leberschaeden bei Arbeltern in dec Ptc-Produktion. led to tlnyi hazard findings.* 000259 000021 000169 000243 0002 19 000120 000096 00 0036 000166 000195 effect of chlorinated ethylenes on the perfused leg vessels of the ftog,* (The workers in Japan." (Bone lesions among polyvinyl chloride production Cutaneous lesions In acroosteolysis.* producing some kinds of plastics.)* ( Lesions in the liver and bile ducts In workers Polyvinyl chloride: Letter to the Editor.* 000138 0002 U 000171 000202 0000 31 Vinyl chloride: Time bomb on the production line.* of vinyl chloride in aerosol formulations and can lioiaga,* 0002 16 (The determination 000245 of hazards associated vlth bulk sea transport of liquefied gases.* material spills. Consideration 000170 notes and reports: Angiosarcoma of the liver among polyvinyl chloride workers--Kentucky* 0000 19 Characteristics of cases workers.* (pathology kinds of plastics,)* of angiosarcoia of the of angiosarcoma of the ((Lesions in the liver among vinyl chloride workers in the United liver among vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride liver and bile ducts in workers producing some 000107 000242 000202 chloride.* (Alterations of disease as evidenced by peritoneoscopy and guided workers, A report on SI cases,* Morphology of liver and spleen among workers exposed to vinyl liver biopsy among polyvinyl, chloride production liver damage among polyvinyl chloride production 000199 000165 000095 Arbeltern in der PTC-Produktion. (chronic-toxicity liver damage in workers In polyvinyl chloride guided liver biopsy among (Unusual splenomegalic liver disease as evidenced by peritoneoscopy and 000166 000165 Anqlosarcoma of the liver following vinyl chloride exposure.* 00 0036 Two possible cases of angiosarcoma of the Angiosarcoma of the Angiosarcoma of liver in a group of Swedish vinyl chlorideliver in a vinyl-chloride worker.* liver In the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride,* 000043 00014S 000053 * (Angiosarcoma of the liver in vinyl chloride/polyviny1 chloride workers, 000025 Persistence of vinyl chloride-induced liver injury after cessation of exposure.* 000035 endoplasmic reticulum in phenobarbitai- (Acute liver injury by vinyl chloride: Involvement of 000206 Tlnyi chloride and liver tumors,* nationwide surveillance of angiosarcoma of the liver. prod ucin g f actory. Liver angiosarcoma in two workers in a PVC- 0001 33 000108 000145 workers. A systematic detection program.* Liver damage and angiosarcoma in vinyl chloride 000153 work ers. Liver disease among poLyvinyl chloride production 000054 Oncogenicity of vinyl chloride at low concentrations in rats and rabbits.* 000045 in packaging.* Low molecular weight components of polymers used 000097 (Oncogenic response of rat skin, lungs, and bones to vinyl chloride.* 000256 Safety In the chemical laboratory LXI. Control of peroiidixable compounds.* 000120 illnesses due to vinyl chloride.)* (Etude des maladies dues au chlorure de vinyle. (Study of 000236 angiosarcoma by gastric route,* (Prof. flaltooi uses vinyl chloride to produce 000090 of volatile organic compounds andtheir action on mammals.)* (Thermodynamic activity 00 0068 Avenue and 59th Street.* (from mouse to man -- or how to get from the laboratory to Park 0002 19 and polyvinyl chloride.* Clinical management of workers exposed to vinyl chloride 000127 Discussion paper(Control and maaagement)* 000052 disease.* (Clinical manifestations and course of vinyl chloride 000253 (Clinical manifestations in vinyl chloride poisoning.* 000238 Health problems In the manufacture and use of plastics.* 00 010 5 hearing on possible hazards of vinyl chloride manufacture and use.* (Informal fact-finding 000167 Angiosarcoma of liver in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride,* 000053 histories among chemical workers involved in the manmfactare of polyvinyl chloride.* and illness 000264 Mortality study of workers in the manufacture of vinyl chloride and its polymers.* 000239 Process for the manufacture of vinyl chloride.* 000174 ^ health implications of components of plastics manufacture.* Publ1c 000 1 9 v' of products containing vinyl chloride recalled by manufacturers.* (Labels and code numbers 000021 exposure to vinyl chloride. (Excerpts from a March 1), 197, memorandum.)" for occupational 000135 from vinyl chloride production: A new source of marine pollution.* (Chlorinated by-products 000126 Tlnyi chloride. In: Control of hazardous material spills. Consideration of hazards 000170 chloride facilities. (Appendix III. The materials balance at vinyl chloride and polyvinyl 00 0073 phase pyrolysis and GC analysis of fire-retardant materials containing PTC.* taper- 000059 plastics *11acro-osteolyse dans l'lndustrie des matleres plastigues. (Acroosteolysis In the 0002 10 chloride vapor Id concentrations approaching the maximan permissible concentration.)* to vinyl 000249 * (The correlation of clinical and environmental measurements for vorkers exposed to vinyl chloride, 000137 Measurements of vinyl chloride from aerosol sprays, 000094 Heed for research for protective measures against chronic chemical injury.* 000044 use of vinyl chloride (forking conditions and sea mures for their improvement Id production and 000244 of work in the production of polyvinyl resins and measures of Improvement.)* hygienic conditions 000Q92 * (On the possible mechanism of carcinogenic action of vinyl chloride, 000247 vinyl chloride, (Excerpts from a fiarch 11, 1974, memorandum.)*5tandard for occupational exposure to 000135 chloride.* (Acro-osteolysis occurring in men engaged in the polymerization of vinyl 000106 The mutagenicity of vinyl chloride after metabolic activa tlon,* 000203 Trapping with 3,4-dichlorobenzenethiol of reactive metabolites formed in vitro from the carcinogen 000099 Tlnyi chloride and methylene chloride.* Q00U1 Interim resalta of exposure of rats, hamsters, and mice to vinyl chloride.* 000132 Pesalta of a vinyl chloride-teratology study in mice, rats, and rabbits.* 000222 about *77* #T produced over 13 million tons of resin in *737 where is it? How 0000 14 effects of pretreatment with inducers of hepatic mixed function oxidase system.* and biochemical 000179 chronic effect of ((Obtaining aa experimental model of the toxic aogioneurosls arising under the 000249 310 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135458 (Problems of toxicology packaging.* the chemistry of high- olecelac compounds.)* Vinyl chloride At ol ocular level.* *Lov oleculac weight components of polymers used in 000056 QOOOOu 000097 Preliminary economic iapact study says VC onitoricg to cost 1100,000 per plant.* Breath analysis and continuous air sampling.* Monitoring exposures to vinyl chloride vapor; Srperitenta 1 acute toxicity of vinyl chloride ( sonochloroetbene).* chronic poisoning with vinyl chloride ( aonochlotoetheoe).* Experimental 00 00 10 000029 000200 000201 Monochloroethylen (Vinyl chloride),* studies of the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride monomer (7CM) in rats,* Prelmlna ty The vinyl chloride monoaer and P7C problea.* 000150 000110 0002 4 1 Inhalation toxicity studies of vinyl chloride in Polyvinylchlorid. (Diffusion of vinyl chloride of some GLC procedures for vinyl chloride studies of the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride oaoaec in phenobarbital or Aroclor 1254-* onoaer in polyvinyl chloride.)* Vinylchlorid onoaer in polyvinyl chloride, food, and food oooaer in rats.* Preliminary 00 012 5 000263 000039 0001 11 vinyl chloride Combustion products fro* vinyl chloride Interaction with 1,1- vinyl chloride Acute inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride Diffusion of vinyl chloride *Zur Diffusion von onoaer odor concentration,* onoaer.* onoaer: Coaaents on its hepatotoxicity and oooaer: Morphologic and biocheaical effects of aonoaerea Vinylchlorid in polyvinylchlorid. ( 0001 17 000166 000121 000179 000263 Biocheaical toxicology of unsaturated halogenated spectrum: kvs of the Inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride monoaer: aonoaers.* on th. * Morphologic and biocheaical effects of 000123 000009 000179 Chloride production workers. A report on 51 cases,* Morphology of liver daaage aaong polyvinyl 000095 Proportional aortality aaong vinyl chloride workers.* Proportional aortality aaong vlny1-chloride workers, 000176 000177 related industries.* * Proportional aortality aaong vinyl-chloride workers,* Cancer aortality in U.5. counties with plastics and 000176 000167 polyvinyl chloride vofkers.* Mortality experience of a cohort of vinyl chloride 000164 vinyl chloride and its polymers.* to Park Avenue and 59th Street.* Mortality study of workers in the aanufacture of t rroa aouse to aan -- or hov to get from the laboratory 000239 0002 19 circulatory systeas. I. Cardiac arrhythaia in the aoase,* aerosol propellants on the respiratory and 000028 clinico-patogenice asupra fenoaenului Raynaud la oocitorll din lndustria policloturii de vinil. chloride production facilities.* loncogenic and mutagenic risks in communities with polyvinyl 000003 0001 16 activation.* fThe utageoiclty of vinyl chloride after letabolic 000203 Neuropathien der unteren fitceaitaeten. ( Mutilating ulcerous neuropathies of the lower 000190 Anesthesia XIVIT, narcosis with vinyl chloride.* 000169 Effect of narcotics upon the flexion reflex of rat.* 00 0114 liver.* Nationwide surveillance of angiosarcoaa of the 000108 Comments for opening of discussion on " Neoplastic Effects".* 0001 6 1 Ueber die sog. viny lc hlor id-Kra nkhe it (eitie neue Berufskrankheit) , (The so-called vinyl 000129 Mutilating ulcerous Ulceroauti1ierende Neuropathlen dec unteren Extreaitaeten. ( dec unteren Extrealtaeten . (Mutilating ulcerous neuropathies of the lower extremities.) 000190 000190 vinyl chloride news notes* vinyl chloride news notes* 000209 000206 Spect ru a: News of the aonth,* 000009 eiposure to vinyl chloride. (Excerpts fro* a NI05H Recommended Standard for occupational 000135 Pulmonary function defects in nonsaoking vinyl chloride workers.* 000172 polyvinyl chloride workers--Kentucky3pldeaiologic notes and reports: A.ngiosarcoaa of the liver aaong 0000 19 Vinyl chloride news notes* 000209 vinyl chloride news ootes* 000206 d'origine profess ionne 11e et de constatation nouvelle en France. (A syndrome of acroosteolysis 00 0047 recalled by manufacturers.* labels and code numbers cf products containing vinyl chloride 00 00 2 1 (The so-called vinyl chloride sickness - an occupation-celated systeaic sclerosis?)* 00014Q Clinical studies in occupational acroosteolysis--a new disease,* 000113 vinyl chloride,* A case of occupational acroosteolysis, presuaably caused by 000240 A new occupational disease is born.* 0001 69 in polywerisatione vinylchlorid! -- new occupational disease.* *Acropathia extreaitatui 000136 (Changes in hygienic conditions of work and occupational dis ease-incidence aaong workers 00 00 6 3 fro a March M, HIOSH Recommended Standard for occupational exposure to vinyl chloride. (Excerpts 000135 , (The so-called vinyl chloride illness, a new occupational illness.)* (eine neue Serufskrankheit) 000129 en France. (A s*ndroe of acroosteolysis of occupational origin of recent observation in 000047 d'oriqine prof essionrvel le, (Acroosteolysis cf occupational origin,)* Acro-osteolyse 00 01 6 3 their (long-term side effects of acute occupational poisoning by certain hydrocarbons and 000224 Aero-os teolysis, occupational.* 000034 stud y. i Occupational acroosteolysis. I. An epideaiological 000061 hygiene stud y.* Occupational acroosteolysis, II. An industrial 000051 Occupational acroosteolysis. Til, Clinical study.* 00 006$,''" Occupational acroosteolysis.* 000164 Occupational acroosteolysis.* 00 02 6 1 profesiona1na akroosteoliza, ( Occupational acroosteolysis.)* 000060 Occupational carcinogenesis.* 00015a Occupational carcinogenesis.* 000155 Occupational deraatltis fro* plastics.* 000134 Acropathic polyv1ny1 igue prof essionelle. ( occupational polyvinyl acroosteolysis.)* 000067 Occupational vinyl chloride poisoning,* 00 0026 in examining skeletal bones of persons occupationally dealing with unsaturated 00 00 3 2 IntoxLkation dutch VlnyIchlorid-polyaerisate und/ oder deren Begleitstoffe. (Poisoning by leans of 000175 vinyl chloride monomer odor concentration,* 000 17 Halogenated olefintc hydrocarbons, vinyl chloride.* 000257 unsaturated hydrocarbons of the ethylene series ( olefins) and their chlorine derivatives (vinyl 000032- polyvinyl chloride production facilities,* oncogenic and sutagenic risks in communities with 0001 18 to vinyl chloride.* Oncogenic response of rat skin, lungs, and bones 000256 concentrations in rats and rabbits,* Oncogenicity of vinyl chloride at low 000045 branches of chemical industry operating in the open air.)* evaluation of work conditions in some 000087 Comments for opening of discussion on "Neoplastic Effects".* 000161 conditions in soee branches of chemical industry operating In the open air.)* evaluation of work 000087 Diffusion of some organic and inorganic coapounds In ale.* 000030 (Thermod y naa lc activity of volatile organic coapounds and their action on aaeaals.)* 00 0088 of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial orgaalc coapounds. V. vinyl chloride.* response 000192 against vinyl chloride.* *An evaluation of organic vapor respirator cartridges and canisters 000225 June 1975 311 R&S 135459 the chronic effect of vinyl chloride vapor on the organism.)* the toxic anglooeuroeis arising under human health by chemical substances - Toxicity of orgaaochlorlne compounds.)* (Disturbance of (A syndrome of acroosteolys is of occupational origin of recent observation in France.}* France, professionnelle. (Acroosteolysis of occupational origin.)* lero-osteolyse d'origlne nouvelle en 0n syndrome d*acro-osteoly se d' origin* professionnelle et de constatatlon occupational origin.)* *Acro-osteolyse d* origin# professionnelle. {Ac coosteolysis of constatatlon nouvelle en * Do syndrome d'acro- osteolyse d'origine professionnelle et de Acroosteolysis of occupational origin.)* *Acro- osteolyme d'origine profess 1oone1le. ( plastlques. (Acroosteolysis in the fL'acco- osteoly dans I'industrle des aatieres Band-llke osteolysis of the terminal Bandformlge Osteolyses in den Endphalangen des flandskeletts. ( ACtT)- osteolysis In PTC workers.* plyietization of vinyl chloride,* *acco- osteolysis occurring in men engaged itr the In den Cndphalangen des flandskeletts (Band-like osteolysis of the terminal phalanges of the bands.) Aero- osteolysis, occupational.* 4FDl and the vinyl chloride problee - In overview.* with Inducers of hepatic aixed function oxidase system.* effects of pretreatment Husan drugs containing vinyl chloride or packaged in polyvinyl chloride containers.* olecular weight coaponents of polymers used in packaging.* * #i,ow Discussion paper (Control and management)* Discussion of paper {Hefner, R.Z., Jr., et al. Ibid, pp t35-lu0). Discussion paper,* to nan -- or ho* to get fro the laboratory to Park Avenue and 59th Street.* trrom mouse term exposure to vinyl chloride.)* *( Pathogenesis of changes developing due to loog- din industria pollCloCurii de vlnil, (Cllnlco- Pathogenlc considerations on Raynaud's phenomenon exposure to rabbits.)* ( Pathogenic effect of chronic vinyl chloride chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers,* Pathology of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl f Pathology of vinyl chloride.* some (Glucocorticoid function of the adrenals In patients suffering from chronic poisoning with Characteristics of electrocardiographic changes In patients with vinyl chloride poisoning.)* ( noftcitorii din Industrie Considecatii cllnlco- patogenice asupra fenomenului Raynaud la iapact study says VC eonitorlng to cost 1100,000 per plant.* Preliminary economic The effect of chlorinated ethylenes on the perfused leg vessels of the frog.* splenoaegallc liver disease as evidenced by peritoneoscopy and guided liver biopsy among vapor In concentrations approaching the maximum permissible concentration.)* to vinyl chloride Safety in the chemical laboratory III. Control of peroxidlxable compounds.* assessment of the envlronaental (Appendix VI. Persistence of vinyl chloride. Preliminary after cessation of exposure.* Persistence of vinyl chloride-induced liver Injury photofluorography in exaaining skeletal bones of persons occupationally dealing with unsaturated vch, The processors* perspective.* (Band^like osteolysis of the terminal phalanges of the hands.)* des Randskeletts. rats by different routes.* lOptake and pharmacodynamics of vinyl chloride administered to aaterlals containing PTC.* Vapor- phase pyrolysis and GC analysis of fire-retardant toxicity studies of vinyl chloride aonoaer in phenobarbital or Aroclor 1 25 4-pretrented rats.* vinyl chloride exposures tc rats pcatreated with phe nobarbitml.* (Effects of lnlury by vinyl chloride in rats pretreated with pheoobarbltal.* *Acute hepatic chloride: Involvement of endoplasmic retlculua in pbenobarbital-pretreated rats.* injury by vinyl (Clinico-Pathogenic considerations on Raynaud's phenomenon in the employees of the polyvinyl persons (Experience with the use of large-fcaae photofluorography in examining skeletal bones of The physiological properties of aerosol propellants.* compounds. V, Vinyl ACute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some iev commercial organic bloassays of vinyl chloride. I. Research plan and early results.* Carcinogenicity of ambient carcinogens. An (The potential of the planned experiment In the prediction of the risk aaong workers at a vinyl chloride polyaerllation plant.* Hepatic disease study says VC monitoring to cost J100,000 per plant.* preliminary economic impact hydrocarbon gases and their declvatives.*Growth of plants fumigated with saturated and unsaturated Cancer mortality in O.S. counties vith plastics and related industries.* Rheographic observations on workers in the plasties industry.* Toxic surprises from the plastics' Industry.* KunststoffIndustrie. (Endangering the skin in the plastics Industry.)* des aatleres plastlques. (Acroosteolysis in the pla sties 1ndustr y.)* Die Hautgefahrdung in der osteolyse dans l'industrle Public health it plications erf coaponents of pla *tics manufacture, Health problems in the manufacture and use of plastics.* Occupational dermatitis from plastics.* for identifying the volatile pyrolysis products of pla sties** (An analytical system and bile ducts in workers producing some kinds of plastics.) * (lesions in the liver in production and use of vinyl chloride plastics.) * and measures for their improvement Plastics* Vinyl polymers and copolymers.* L'acro-osteolyse dans 1*Industrie des aatieres plastlqnes. (Acroosteolysis in the plastics (Long-tera side effects of acute occupational poison log by certain hydrocarboas and their Accidental poisoning by vioyl chloride: Report of two cases.* of the adrenals in patients suffering from chronic poison lag with some unsaturated and chlorinated IEtperlaeotaL chronic poisoning with vinyl chloride (monochloroothene) . * Occupational vinyl chloride poisoning. * Clinical manifestations in vinyl chloride poisoning* * changes in patients with vinyl chloride poisoning*)* of electrocardiographic of thermoregulation in chronic vinyl chloride poisoning.)* I (Characteristics of the state Polyaerisate und/oder deten Beg leitstoffe , ( Poisoning by means of polyvinyl chloride or its fenomenului Paynaud la muncltorll din Industrie poLlclororii de vinll. (Cl inico-Pathogenlc riesgos. (The polymerization of vinyl chloride *La pollmerixacion del Cloruro de Vinllo y sus vinyl chloride production: A new source of marine pollution,* Chlorinated by-products from Poisoning hy #Zur Intoxikatlon durch vinylchlorid- Polymerisate and/oder deren Begieltstoffe, ( disease,* Accopathla eitcltatu* in polymerisation* vlnylchlorldl -* new occupational Cancer and vinyl chloride - polymerisation implications, problems and needs.* del cloruro de vinllo y sqs riesgos. (The polysetlxation of vl&yl chloride and its hazards.)* Aero-osteolysis occurring In men engaged in the polymeriiatlon of vinyl chloride.* Hepatic disease among workers at a vinyl chloride polymeritatioQ plant.* Deposition pretention in vinyl chloride polymerlxalion.* Deposition prevention In vioyl chloride polymeriia tioe.* Plastics, vinyl polyaers and copolymers.* low molecular weight components of polymers used In packaging.* 000240 000246 00 004 7 000163 000047 000163 000047 000163 0002 10 000231 00 00 9 S 000106 00 02 31 0000 34 0002 15 00 0179 0002 18 000097 00 0052 000188 000063 0002 19 00 0033 000003 000252 000242 000255 000212 000139 000003 0000 10 000138 000165 000249 000120 000076 000035 000032 000227 000231 000262 000059 000125 000065 000124 000206 000003 000032 000140 000192 000158 000156 000001 0000 10 000109 000167 000185 000260 000259 0002 10 000161 000105 000134 0000 37 000202 00024U 000103 0002 10 000224 00 00 5 7 0002 12 000201 000026 000238 000139 000235 000175 000003 000093 000126 000175 0001 36 000160 000093 000106 00 00 3 1 00 00 a 2 00 00 1 000103 00 0097 312 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135460 In the manufacture of vinyl chloride and its polyvinylIqoe profess lone He. (Occupational drugs containing vinyl chloride or packaged in III. The materials balance at vinyl chloride and (CharacteristLcs of gases released by Institutions.)* {Hygienic assessaent of on Faynaud's phenoeenon in the employees of the s syndrome, and acroosteolysls in workers in the of health in workers engaged in the production of Oder deren Beg leitstoffe. {Poisoning by leans of aaong workers engaged in the production of oncogenic and autagenic risks in communities with polymer*.* Noctaiity study of workers 000239 polyvinyl acroosteolysls.)* lAcropatbic 000067 polyvinyl chloride containers.* Ifluaan 0002 16 polyrinyl chloride facilities. Prellainary 00 0073 polyrinyl chloride film.)* 000199 polyrinyl chloride flooring for preschool 0001 97 polyvinyl chloride industry.)* considerations 000003 polyrinyl chloride Indus try,)*alteratioos, Raynaud* 000128 polyvinyl chloride latex).* hygiene and the state 00 0066 polyrinyl chloride or its constituents.)* and/ 0001 75 polyvinyl chloride over a period of years,)* 000083 polyrinyl chloride production facilities.* 0001 IB Bone lesions aaong 51 cases,* norphology of liver daiage aaong Further results in Liver disease asong by peritoneoscopy and guided liver biopsy aaong polyvinyl chloride production workers in Japan.* polyrinyl chloride production workers. A report on polyrinyl chloride production workers,* polyvinyl chloride production workers.* polyvinyl chloride production workers.* evidenced 000213 000095 0001^3 OOOOSu 000165 {Chronic-toxicity liver daiage in workers in Prevalence of disease aaong vinyl chloride and Angiosarcoma of the liver in vinyl chloride/ nortaiity experience of a cohort of vinyl chloride- polyvinyl polyvinyl polyrinyl polyvinyl chloride production.)* chloride workers.* chloride workers.* chloride workers.* PVC-Produktion. # 000166 000152 00 0025 000164 of anqlosarcoma of the liver aaong vinyl chloride- polyrinyl chloride workers.* iPathology 000242 of the liver in a group of Swedish vinyl chloride- polyrinyl chloride workers.* cases of anglosarcoaa 000043 notes and reports: Angiosarcoma of the liver aaong polyrinyl chloride workers--Kentucky**pideaiologic 00 00 19 Appendix II. Producers of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. Prellainary assessaent of the Appendix VIII. Disposal of products containing polyvinyl chloride, Prellainary assessaent of the 00 00 7 2 000076 Industrial preparation of polyvinyl chloride.* 000050 Angiosarcoma of liver in the aanufacture of polyvinyl chloride,* working group: Toxicity of vinyl chlotide- polyrlnyl chloride.* Toxlcity of vinyl Chl-rlde- polyvinyl chloride.* 000053 000182 000223 on the toxicology of vinyl chloride and polyrinyl chloride.* A bibliography 000112 of workers exposed to vinyl chloride e&d polyvinyl chloride.* problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyrinyl chloride,* Clinical aanageaent 000127 of the enrironaental 000077 proMeas associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* of the environaental 000079 problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyrinyl chloride,* of the env Ironaental 000075 problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* of the environmental 000076 problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyrinyl chloride.* problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyrinyl chloride,* of the env ironaental 000076 of the environmental 000074 problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyrinyl chloride.* of the environmental 000073 ptobleas associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* of the environmental 000071 problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyrinyl chloride,* of the environaental 000072 function in workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyrinyl chloride.* Changes in pulmonary 000173 chemical workers involved in the aanufacture of polyrinyl chloride.* and illness histories aaong 000264 (Diffusion of vinyl chloride aonoaer in polyrinyl chloride.)* in Polyvinylchlorid- 000263 soae GLC procedures for vinyl chloride aonoaer in polyrloyl chloride, food, and food simulants.* of 00 0039 probleas associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride: A report on the activities and 000070 hygienic conditions of work in the production of polyvinyl resins and measures of Laproveaent.)* 00 00 6 2 (San it ary-cheileal characteristics of polyvinyl-chloride floor coatings.)* Polyrinyl chloride banned in Japan.* Polyrinyl chloride: Letter to the Editor.* Zur Diffusion von aonoaerea viaylchlorid in Polyvinylchlorid, (Diffusion of vinyl chloride 000131 0000 15 0000 31 000263 status of workers in the production of block polyvinylchloride.)* working conditions and health 00 0085. polyvinyl acroosteolysis.)* Acropathlc polyrioyliqne professionelle , (OccupatIona 1 000067 prediction of the risk of aablent JThe potential of the planned experiment in the 000156 The potential of the planned expedient in the prediction of the risk of ambient carcinogens, in 000156 Appendix I- Selected economical considerations, Preliminary assessaent of the environmental 000071 probleas associated with vinyl chloride and I Prellainary assessment of the environaental 000070 of products containing polyvinyl chloride. Preliminary assessaent of the environmental 000078 Appendix 71. Persistence of vinyl chloride, Preliminary assessaent of the environmental 00 0076 probleas lAppendix IX. Activities of Task Force, Preliminary assessaent of the environmental 000079 probleas Appendix YII, Health effects of VC. Preliminary assessment of the environmental 000077 In waste water effluents and atr emissions, Preliminary assessment of the environmental 000074 vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride facilities. Preliminary assessaent of the environmental 000073 Appendix V. Summary of regional activities, Preliminary assessment of the environmental of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride, Preliminary assessment of the environaental 000075 000072 monitoring to cost 1100,000 per plant.* I Preliminary economic impact study says VC 000010 assays of vinyl chloride.* I Preliminary report on the carcinogenicity blo- 000159 chloride aonoaer in rats.* Prellminary studies of the fate of inhaled vinyl 0001 11 chloride aonoaer (VC) in rats.* Preliminary studies of the fate of Inhaled vinyl 000110 A procedure for preparing IOC-labeled vinyl chloride.* 000256 assessaent of polyvinyl chloride flooring for preschool Inst it at ions.)* (Hygienic 000197 A case of occupational acroosteolysls, presasmbly caused by vinyl chloride,* 000240 chloride aonoaer In phenobarbital or Aroclor 125&- pretreated rats.* toxicity studies of vinyl 000125 of endoplasmic retlculua in pbenobarbitai- pr*treated tats.* by vinyl chloride: involvement 000206 ` Acute hepatic injury by vinyl chloride in rats pretreated with phenobarbltal. 000124 Effects of vinyl chloride exposures to rats pretreated with phenobar hi ta 1. * 00 00 6 5 aonoaer: morphologic and biochealcal effects of pretreateent with inducers of hepatic aixed polyvinyl chloride votkers.* I Prevalence of disease among vinyl chloride and 000179 000152 Toxic Substances Control Act. Could it prevent the vinyl chlorides of tomorrow?* 00 0096 Deposition prevention In vinyl chloride polyaerixation, 000041 Deposition prevention in vinyl chloride polyaerixatIon.* 000042 now surgeon*s probe led to vinyl hazard findings.* 000195 tch. The processors1 pers pect1ve.* 000227 Chloride. Preliminary assessaent of lAppendix II. Producers of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl 000072 Prellainary assessient lAppendix fill. Disposal of prodectm containing polyvinyl chloride, 000078 aa&ufacturers.* iLabels and code nuabets of products containing vinyl chloride recalled by 0000 21 ICoabustlOQ prodmets from vinyl chloride aonoaer.* 0001 86 source of aarloe pollution.* ichlorinated by- products from vinyl chloride production: A new 000126 systea for Identifying the volatile pyrolysis products of plastics.* lAn analytical 00 0037 as an ingredient of drug and cosmetic aerosol products.* Vinyl chlorldm 000089 June 1975 313 toxische Leberschaeden bel Arbeltern in der PTC - Prodektion. (Chronlc-toxicIty liver daeage in 000166 study ot (contrlbutii is studlnl itbolnavitilor prodene de clorura de vinil, (Contributions to the 0002 37 angiosarcoma by gastric route.* Prof, naltoni uses vinyl chloride to produce 00 0090 scroosteolysls.)* acroosteolysis.)* ( ProfusionsIna akroosteollia. (Occupational (icropathic polyviny1ique profess lose He. (occu pat iona 1 polyvinyl 000060 000067 Trance* (k (<Jn syndrome d*acro-osteolyse d'origine profeseionnelle et de constitution nouvelle en 00 00(7 origin.)* (Acro-osteolyse d'origine of inculcation of conditioned reflexes in rats on application to aerosols.* (Specialty professionnelle, (Acroosteolysis of occupational prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride vapor in propellant blends: Their evaluation and 000163 0002(9 00 02 0* finyl chloride as an aerosol propellant.* 00 01 ( 2 systees. I. Cardiac (Toxicity of aerosol propellants on the respiratory and circulatory The physiological properties of aerosol propellants.* 000028 0001 no workers* * proportional mortality among vinyl chloride 000178 workers.* I Proportionalmortality among vinyl-chloride 000176 workers. injury.* Proportional mortality among vinyl-chloride (need for research for protective measures against chronic chemical 000117 0000 4 a plastics aanufacture.* chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* ( Public health implications of components of (changes in puleonary function in workers exposed to vinyl 0001 8 1 000173 chloride workers,* t pulmonary function defects in nonsmoking vinyl 000172 ( PTC dangers being studied.* 000000 (1 contribution to the hygienic evaluation of PTC floor tiles for apartments.)* 000055 (The vinyl chloride sonoeer and PTC problem,* ( kero-osteolysis in PTC workers.* 00 02 ( 1 000098 GC analysis of fire-retardant isterlals containing PTC.* (tapor-phase pyrolysis and 00 0059 Syndrom and ikroosteolysen bel Arbeltecn der (Liver angiosarcoea in two workers in a toxische Leberschaeden bel Arbelterti in der PTC-hers tellenden Industrie. (5clecoders a-1ike ptc-prod ucing factory.* PTC-Produkt ion. (Chronic-toxicity liver damage in 0001 28 0001#5 000166 saterials containing PTC.* (Tapor-phase pyrolysis and GC analysis of fire-retardant 000059 (in analytical systee for identifying the volatile pyrolysis products of plastics,* 0000 37 ({Changes In ad renal ine-like substances in rabbit blood following chronic exposure to vinyl 000251 vinyl chloride-teratology study in sice, rats, and rabbits.* (Results of a 000222 vinyl chloride at low concentrations in rats and rabbits.* (Oncogenicity of 00 00 a 5 effect of chronic vinyl chloride exposure to rabbits.}* ((Pathogenic 000252 (Oncogenic response of tat skin, lungs, and bones to vinyl chloride.* (Effect of narcotics upon the flexion reflex of ret. * 000256 00 01 IU rats on prolonged exposure to ((Changes In the rate of inculcation of conditioned reflexes in 0002*9 of vinyl chloride at low concentrations in rats and rabbits.* *0ncogenidty 0000^5 pharmacodynamics of vinyl chloride administered to rats by different routes.* IQptake and 000262-" * * ((Changes of cardiac activity in rats chronically exposed to vinyl chloride vapors.) 000250 the rate of inculcation of conditioned reflexes in rats on prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride vapor 0002(9 (Effects of vinyl chloride exposures to rats pretreated with phenobarbital.* (Acute hepatic injury by vinyl chloride in rats pretreated with phenobarbital.* 000065 00012a of sinqle and repeated exposures of hueaos and rats to vinyl Chloride,* (Effects 000151 of the fate of Inhaled vinyl chloride monomer in rats.* (Preliminary studies 0001 n fate of inhaled vinyl chloride lonoier (VCR) in rats.* (Preliminary studies of the 000110 of Halogenated hydrocarbons. Effects on fasting cats.* (Short-term inhalatloQ toxicity 000122 endoplaseic reticulum in phenobarbltal*pretreated rats.* Injury by vinyl chloride: Involvement of 000206 In phenobarbltal or Aroclor 1250-pretrested rats.* toxicity studies of vlayl chloride monomer 000125 of a vinyl chioride-ter atology study in mice, rets, and rabbits,* (Results 000222 Interim results of exposure of rats, hamsters, and sice to vlayl chloride.* "000 1 32 Consideratll cllnlco-pi+ogenice a supra fenomenulul Rayoaed la munCitorii din industrla pollclorurii 000003 der PTC- (Sklerodera leart ige Rautve can derun ge n, Paynaud-Syndrom und Akroosteolysen bei Arbeitern 000 l 28 de vinil, (Clinico-Pathogenie considerations on Raynaud's phenomenon in the employees of the 00 00 0 3 Industrie. (Sclerodema-like skin alterations, Raynaud's syndrome, and acroosteolysis in workers 000128 Trapping vlth 3,4-dIchlorobeaxenetbiol of reactive metabolites formed in vitro froa the 000099 code numbers of products containing vinyl chloride recalled by manufacturers.* (Labels and 00 00 21 vinyl chloride. (Excerpts from a Rarch 11, (RI05H Recommended Standard for occupational exposure to 000135 (vinyl chloride * the drive to reduce employee risks.* 0000 12 (Effect of narcotics upon the flexion reflex of rat,* 0001 1 \t (Changes in the rate of inculcation of conditioned reflexes in rats on prolonged exposure to vinyl 000249 environmental problems (Appendix V. Summary of regional activities. Preliminary assessment of the 00 0075 ((Characteristics of gases released by polyvinyl chloride film,)* 000199 (The toxicity of vinyl chloride as determined by repeated exposure of laboratory animals.* 00 02 " 3 chloride,* (Effects of single and repeated exposures of humans and rats to vinyl 00 01 5 1 chemical Injury.* (Reed for research for protective measures against chronic 00 00 4 u (carcinogenicity bioassays of vinyl chloride. I. Research plan and early results.* 000158 (ve produced over 13 million tons of resin in *73? There is it! Row about *7tt?" 0000 1 conditions of work In the production of polyvinyl resins and eeasures of improvement.)* hygienic 000082 chloride.* (An evaluation of organic vapor respirator cartridges and canisters against vinyl 000225 arrhythmia (Toxicity of aerosol propellants on the respiratory and circulatory systees. I. Cardiac 000029 commercial organic compounds. T. Tiny! (Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some nev 000192 chloride.* (Oncogenic response of rat skin, lungs, aod bones to vinyl 0002 56 (Tapor-phase pyrolysis and GC analysis of fire- retardant materials containing PTC.* 00 0059 by vinyl chloride: Involvement of endoplasmic reticulun in phenobarbltal-pcetreated rats."injury 000206 (The industrial toxicology of vinyl chloride. A review.* 000115 plastics industry.* ( Bheograpbic observations on workers in the 00 0 1 8 5 its (La pollmerlzacion del Cloruro de Vlnllo y sus rlesgos. (The polymerization of vinyl chloride and 000093 of the planned experiment In the prediction of the risk of ambient carcinogens, in example: Tinyl 000156 production facilities.* (Oncogenic and mutagenic risks in communities with polyvinyl chloride 0001 16 vinyl chloride * the drive to reduce employee risks. 0000 1 2 vinyl chloride to produce angiosarcoma by gastric roete.* (Prof, naltoni uses 00 0090 vinyl chloride ideinlsteted to rats by different routes.* (Uptake and pharmacodynamics of 000262 (Properties and essential information foe safe handling and use of vinyl chloride.* 00 0 1 6 2 peroxldizmble compounds.* ( safety In the chemical laboratory LII. Control of 000120 eater effluents (Appendix IT. Interim method for sampling and analysis of vinyl chloride in waste 00007a chloride vapor: Breath nilysls and continuous air stapling.* Monitoring exposures to vlayl 000029 chloride in the atmosphere (2*-hour integrated sampling).* method for the detsrmInation of vinyl 00 0069 chloride floor coetlngs.)* ( Sanitary-chemical characteristics of polyvinyl* 0001 31 production of polyvinyl resins and measures of (( Sanitary-hygienic conditions of work ia the 00 00 8 2 their derivatives.(Grovth of plants fumigated with saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon gases and 000109 R&S 135461 314 Environmental Health Perspectives R&S 135462 Preliminary economic impact study says VC monitoring to cost 1 100,000 per plant.* bei ArbeiteCn der PVC-herstellendea Industrie. ( Scleroderma-like skin alterations# Raynaud' 000010 000120 chloride sickness - an occupation-related systemic sclerosis?)* Systea$klecose7 (The so-called vinyl 000144 chemical vorkets *ln epidemiologic study of blood Consideration of hazards associated with bulk assessment of the environmental Appeadtx I. screening tests and Illness histories among sea transport of liquefied gases,*aaterla1 spills. Selected economical considerations. Preliminary 000264 000170 00 00 7 1 v1th unsaturated hydrocarbons of the ethylene Systemsklerose? (The so-called vinyl chloride certain hydrocarbons and their (Long-term monomer in polyvinyl chloride, food, and food to vioyl chloride.* ^Effects of ose of large-frame photof luorog ra ph y in examining series (olefins) and their chlorine derivatives ( sickness - an occupation-related systeelc side effects of acute occupational poisoning by slsslants.* some GlC procedures for vinyl chloride single and repeated exposures of husans and rats skeletal bones of persons occupationally dealing 00 0032 000144 000224 000039 000151 000032 bei der sogenannten 7inylchlocLd-Rrankhelt ( Skeletal alterations in the so-called vinyl Tlnylchlorld-Krankhelt (Skeletal alterations In Skelettverandersngeo bei der sogenannten der PTC-herstellenden Industrie. (Sclecodetma-like skim alterations# Raynaud's syndrome, and 0002 30 000230 000128 in der Konststo ff Indos trie .' (Endangering the skim in the plastics industry.)*Die Haotgefahrduog Oncogenic response of rat skim# lungs# and bones to vinyl chloride.* Syndrom und Akroosteolysen bei Arbeltecft der PVC* Ski erodecmieartige Hautveranderungen, ftaynaud- 000259 000256 000128 The smaller halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons.* 0000 4 8 Berofskrankheit)f (The so-called vinyl fOeber die og. v Inylchlorid-Rrankheit (eine neue 000129 vinyl chloride illness.)* Ueber die beruisbedlngte Systemsklerose? (The so-called Die Bogemannt* vlnylchlorld-Rrankheit. (The so-called mogeaannte Vlnylchlorid-krankheit-*eine 000130 000144 alterations in the Skelettveranderuogen bei der by-products from vinyl chloride production; A new aogenaontem VlnyIchlorld-Krankhelt (Skeletal eoorce of marine pollution,* iChlorlnated 0002 30 000126 application to aerosols.* Spacecraft atmospheres, part II. Contamioants,* Specialty propellant blends; Their evaluation and 000001 000204 Vinyl chloride analysis by infrared spectroscopic methods.* 000147 t Spectrum; News of the month.* 000009 Tlnyl chloride, in; Control of hazardous material spills. Consideration of hazards associated vith 000170 Alterations of liver and spleen among workers exposed to vinyl chloride.* 000199 peritoneoscopy and guided liver biopsy Onusual Measurements of vinyl chloride from aerosol splenomegalic liver disease as evidenced by sprays.* 000165 00 00 94 Emergency tern pora ry standard for exposure to vinyl chloride.* 000233 Proposed standard for vinyl chloride.* 000232 Vinyl chloride to get emission standard.* 000006 Standard for exposure to vinyl chloride.* 0002 34 chloride. (Excerpts from a <NIOSM Recommended Standard for occupational exposure to vinyl 000135 Improved coibunica11on--Ryglenic standards (or daily inhalation.* 000226 assessment of working conditions and health fltatns of workers In the production of block 000085 to get from the laboratory to Park Avenue and 59th Street.* Eroa mouse to man *- or how 0002 19 vlnll. (Contribotions to the studr Contrlbutii la indexes of the blood In workers exposed to toxic stndlul lmbolnav ir11 or produse de clorura de 000237 substances (benzene, chlorobenzene, vinyl chloride) 00 009 2 * (Disturbance of huaaa health by chemical substances - Toxicity of organochlorlne compounds.) 0002u6 exposure to vinyl (Changes In adrena1lne-11ke chlorides of tomorrow?* Toxic smbstaoces in rabbit blood following chronic Substances Control Act. Could it prevent the vinyl 00 02 51 000096 function of the adrenals In patients suffering from chronic poisoning with some 000212 assessment of the environmental tAppendix v. 5omary of regional activities. Preliminary 00 00 7 5 How surgeon's probe led to vinyl hazard findings.* 000195 to vinyl chloride,* Toxic surprises from the plastics industry.* Ha tlon wi de surveillance of angiosarcoaa of the liver.* Surveillance of workers with history of exposure 000260 000108 000194 and its *La polinecizacion del Cloruro de cases of angiosarcoaa of the liver in a System.* Vinllo y group of sus rlesgos. (The polymerization of vinyl chloride Swedish vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers.* Symposium on toxicity in the closed ecological 000093 00 00 4 3 000116 Ski eroderaieartige Haut vera nderuq gen, Rayna ud- Syndrom und Akroosteolysen bei Arbeltern der pvc- 000128 professlonnelle et de constatatlon nouvelle en *Cn syndrome d'acro-osteolyse d*orlgine 000047 et de constatatlon noqvelle en Prance. (A syndrome of acroosteolysls of occupational origin 000047 (Scleroderma-like skin alterations, Raynaud's Tusftsmen&etzung des Chlorkohlenwasserstoffs. (The syndrome# and acroosteolysls in workers in the synthesis of chlorinated hydcocarbons.)Oeber die 000128 000205 (Hygienic evaluation of working conditions in the synthetic leather industry.)* 000036 products of plastics.* *An analytical system for identifying the volatile pyrolysis 0000 37 Symposium on toxicity in the closed ecological system.* 0001 16 with inducers of hepatic mixed function oxidase system.* and biochemical effects of pretceatment 000179 and angiosarcoma in vinyl chloride workers, A systematic detection program.* Liver damage 000153 vinyl chloride sickness - an occupation-related systemic sclerosis?)* (The so-called 00014 propellants on the respiratory and circulatory Vinylchlorld-Rrsnkhelt--eine berufsbedlngte systems. I. Cardiac arrhythmia in the mouse.* Systemsklerose? (The so-called vinyl chloride 000028 X 000144 the activities and findings of the vinyl chloride task force.* and polyvinyl chloride; A report on 000070 environmental problems ^Appendix Tl, Activities of Task Force. Preliminary assessment of the 000079 Case Study 3. Vinyl Ch loti de -- be st available technology.* 0001&6 Emergency temporary standard for exposure to vinyl chloride.* 000233 chloride in the atmosphere (24-hour Integrated Teetativm method for the determination of vinyl 00 00 6 9 Results of a vinyl chloride- teratology study in mice# rats# and rabhits.* 000222 (Pathogenesis of changes developing due to long* term exposute to vinyl chloride.)* * 000033 hydrocarbons. Effects on fasting rats.* by certain hydrocarbons and their IShort- ter* Inhalation toxicity of halogenated I (Long- term side effects of acute occupational poisoning 000122 000224 des Randskeletts. (Band-like osteolysis of the terminal phalanges of the hands.)*de& Endphalingen 000231 Terr* Baute vinyl chloride vapor escape.* 000066 compounds and their action on mammals.)* ( Thermodynamic activity of volatile organic 000088 poisoning,)* (Characteristics of the state of thermoregulation in chronic vinyl chloride 000235 to the hygienic evaluation of PTC floor tiles for apartments,)* l(A contribution 00 00 5 5 Vinyl chloride: Time bomb on the production line.* 0002 16 Act. Could It prmvent the vinyl chlorides of tomorrow?* Toxic Substances Control 000096 Re produced over 13 million toms of resin in *73? Vhers is it? Row about ' 74 7* 0000 14 (The effect of * (Obtaining an experimental model of the indexes of the blood in workers exposed to vinyl chlorides of tomorrow?* Symposium on toric action of vinyl chloride,)* toxic angioneurosls arising under the chronic toxic substances (benzene# chlorobenzene# vinyl Toxic surprises froe the plastics industry.* Toxic Substancms control Act, Could it prevent the toxicity in the closed ecological system.* 0001 19 000248 000092 000260 000096 0001 16 June 1975 315 b#i Arbeitern in der pvc-Produktion. (Chronic* toxicity liver damage in vorkers in polyvinyl 000166 fasting rats,* Short-term inhalation toxicity of halogenated hydrocarbons. Effects on 000122 Experimental acute toxicity of vinyl chloride (monochloroethene).* 000200 repeated exposure of laboratory animals,* *The toxicity of vinyl chloride as determined by 000243 and biochemical effects of *Acuta Inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride monomer: Morphologic 000179 Acute inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride to laboratory animals.* 000168 phenobarbitel or Aroclor 1259- llnhalatlon toxicity studies of vinyl chloride monomer in 000125 and circulatory systems, I. Cardiac arrhythaia in Toxicity of aerosol propellants on the respiratory 000028 of human health by chemical substances - Toxicity of organochlori.de compounds.)*0Isturbance 000246 Touting group: Toxicity of vinyl chloride*polyvinyl chloride.* Toxicity of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride.* 000182 000222 vinyl chloride: Industrial toxicologic aspects.* 000100 compounds.)* (Problems of toxicology in the chemistry of high-molecular 000056 Biochemical toxicology of unsaturated halogenated monomers.* 000122 chloride.* IA bibliography on the toxicology of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl 000112 The Industrial toxicology of vinyl chloride. A review.* 0001 15 Tlnyl chloride (chloroethylene; cblorethene). Toxicology of drugs and chemicals.* 000058 Tar Toxikologle des Tinylchlorids* ( Toxicology of vinyl chloride.)* 000220 vinyl chloride.)* 8Zur Tozlkologle des Tinylchiorids. (Toxicology of 000220 Production. (Chronic-toxicity liver ichroaisch- toxlsche Leberschaeden bei Atbeitecn in der PTC- 000166 I Tracking down a carcinogen** 000020 Consideration of hazards associated vlth bulk sea transport of liquefied gases.* material spills. 000170 aetabolites foraed in vitro fcoa the carcinogen Trapping with 3,4-dichlorobenzenethlol of reactive 000099 and their chlorine derivatives (vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene) .) *the ethylene series (olefins) 000022 Tinyl chloride and liver tamors.* 000132 Berufskrankheit) , (The so-called vinyl chloride Ueber die sog. Tinylchlorid-Krankhelt (elne neue 000129 so-called vinyl chloride illness.)* I Ueber die sogenannte Ylnylcblorid-Kcankheit. (The 000120 Ch lork oh len wasserst of fs . (The synthesis of Extremitaeten. (Mutilating ulcerous neuropathies Ueber die Zusaaeensetxung des Ulceromatllierende neuropathien der unteren 000205 000190 der unteren Extremltaeten. (.Mutilating Qlceroum neuropathies of the lover extremities.)* 000190 professionnelle et de constatatlon nouvelle en On syndrome d'acro-osteolyse d'origine 000047 Hautvcanderungen, Ra y na od - S yndr om Qnd Akroosteolysen bei Arbeitern der PTC- 000128 Zur Intoxication durch Vinylchlorid-Polyaecisate und/oder deren Begleitstoffe, (Poisooinq by means 00017S of the liver among vinyl chloride workers in the United States.* of cases of anglosarcoaa 000107 suffering fro* chronic polsonLng vith some aosatorated and chlorinated hydrocarbons,)* 000212 IBiochealcal toxicology of QDsaturated haloqenated monomers.* 000123 Growth of plants fualgated vith saturated and unsaturmted hydrocarbon gases and their 000109 bones of persons occupationally dealing vith unsaturated hydrocarbons of the ethylene series ( 000032 neuropath lea iulceroau tilie rendu Heuropathlen der unteren Extrem1taeten. (Mutilating ulcerous 000190 by peritoneoscopy and guided liver biopsy aaong t Unusual splenomegalic liver disease as evidenced 000165 administered *o rats by different routes.* Uptake and pharmacodyuanics of vinyl chloride 000262 Terre Haute vLnyl chloride vapor escape,* 000068 in rats on prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride vapor in concentrations approaching the maximum 00029 arising under the chronic effect of vinyl chloride vapor on the organ is.)* of the toxic angloneurosis 000248 vinyl chloride.* #An evaluation of organic vapor respirator cartridges and canisters against 00022S * Monitoring exposures to vinyl chloride vapor: Breath analysis and continuous air saapliag. 000029 retardant materials containing PTC.* f Tapor-phase pyrolysis and GC analysis of fire- 000059 Infrared analysis of gases and vapors in expired air.* 000027 V. Tinyl *Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial organic coapounds. 000192 in rats chronically exposed to vinyl chloride vapors.)* *(Changes of cardiac activity 000250 Preliminary economic impact study says TC monitoring to cost 1100,000 per plant.* 000010 probleas Appendix Til. Health effects of TC. Preliminary assessment of the environmental 000077 of the fate of Inhaled vinyl chloride monomer ( TCM) in rats.* Preliminary studies VCR, The processors' perspective,* 000110 000227 of chlorinated ethylenes on the perfused leg vessels cf the frog.* *The effect 000138 la auncitoril din Industrie policlorucii de vinil. (Cl irvlco-Pathogenic considerations on 000003 la studlul imbolnavirilor produse de clorura de vinil. (Contributions to the study of diseases 000237 chloride and its *La polimurizacion del Cloruro de Yiollo y sus riesgos. (The polymerization of vinyl 000093 Experimental chronic poisoning vith Tinyl chloride (monochloroethene).* 000201 Experimental acuta toxicity of vinyl chloride (monochloroethene).* 000200 problems and needs.* ICancet and vinyl chloride - polymerization implications, 000160 routes.* *Uptake aod phareacodynamics of vinyl chloride administered to rats by different 000262 The mutagenicity of vinyl chloride after metabolic activation.* 000203 Mote facts on vinyl chloride and cancer.* 00002a de Tinilo y sus riesgos. (The polymerization of vinyl chloride and its hazards.)* del Cloruro 000093 Mortality study of vorkecs in the manufacture of vinyl chloride and its polymers.*' 000239 Appendix III. The materials balance at vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride facilities, 000072 Prevalence of disease among vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride vorkers.* 000152 assessment of the Appendix II. Producers of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl Chloride. Preliminary 000072 A bibliography on the toxicology of Tinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* 000112 Clinical management of vorkecs exposed to . vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* 000127 in pulmonary function in vorkers exposed to vloyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride,* Changes 000173 of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* assessment 000071 of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* assessaent 000072 of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* assessment 000075 of the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* assessment 000076 of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl chloride end polyvinyl chloride.* assesseent 000073 of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* assesseent 00007a of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* assesseent 000078 of the environmental problems associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* assessment 000077 of the environmental problems associated vith TiQyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* assessment 000079 of the environmental probleas associated vith vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride: A report on 000070 of laboratory animals.* rrhe toxicity of inyl chloride as detetalned by repeated exposure 000293 rabbits.* Oncogenicity of vinyl chloride at lov concentrations la rats and 000045 clinical manifestations and course of vinyl chloride disease,* 000253 Handling vinyl chloride emergencies.* 000064 (Pathogenic effect of chronic vinyl chloride exposure to rabbits.)* 000262 Angiosarcoma of the liver following vinyl chloride exposure,* 000036 phenobarbital,* Effects of vinyl chloride exposures to rats pretreated with 000065 Measurements of vinyl chloride from aerosol sprays.* 000094 X' R&S 135463 316 Environmental Health Perspectives in rabbit blood following chronic mtpasQre to vinyl chloride fumes,)* adrenaline-1 ike substances 000251 sogenannte 7lny lchlorid-Kraathe11. (The so-called vinyl chloride illness.)* oeber die 0001 30 Kranhhelt [Skeletal alterations in the so-called vinyl chloride Illness.)* sogeoannten Vinylchlorid 000230 (eine neue S eru f skran khei t) , (The so-called vinyl chloride illness, a new occupational illness . 000129 linings** (The determination of vinyl chloride in aerosol formulations and can 0002*5 IColorlaetrlc daterlnatlon of vinyl chloride in air.* 000101 phenobarbital.* #Acute hepatic injury by Determination of vinyl chloride In rats pretreated with vinyl chloride In the air.* 00012* 000102 Tentative method for the detacalnation of vinyl chloride in the atmosphere (24-hour 000069 If. Interim method for sampling and analysis of vinyl chloride in waste water effluents and air 000074 fact-finding hearing on possible hazards of vinyl chloride manufacture and use,* Informal 000197 Preliminary studies of the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride monomer (VCfl) in rats,* 0001 10 125u-pre treated The Inhalation tozicity studies of vinyl chloride monomer and PfC problem.* vinyl chloride monomer in phenobarbital or Aroclot 00020 1 000125 vinylchlorid in Poly vinylchlorid. (Diffusion of vinyl chloride monomer in polyvinyl chloride.)* 000263 food, InvestigatIon of some cic procedures for vinyl chloride monomer in polyvinyl chloride, 000039 Preliminary studies of the fate of Inhaled vinyl chloride monomer in tats.* 000111 combustion products from vinyl chloride monomer.* 000186 biochemical effects tAcute Inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride monomer; Hotphologlc and 000179 containers.* Human druja containing for their Improvement In production and use of vinyl chloride or packaged in polyvinyl chloride vinyl chloride plastics.)* conditions and measures 000218 0002uu Clinical manifestations in vinyl chloride poisoning.* 000238 Occ upatlonal vinyl chloride poisoning.* 000026 of the state of thermoregulation in chronic vinyl chloride poisoning.)* (Characteristics 000235 of electrocardiographic changes In patients with Hepatic disease among workers at a vinyl chloride poisoning.)* (Characteristics vinyl chloride polymerisation plant.* 000139 00 00 8 I Deposition prevention in vinyl chloride polymerization.* 00 00 * 1 Deposition prevention in vinyl chloride polymerization-* 000042 PDA end the vinyl chloride problem - An overview,* 0002 15 pollution,* Chlorinated by-products from ioyl chloride production: A new source of marine 000126 Labels and code numbers of products containing vinyl chloride recalled by manufacturers.* 0000 21 eine herufsbedingte systemsk lecose? (The so-called vinyl chloride sickness - an occu pa t Ion-* re la ted 00014 A report on the activities and findings of the vinyl chloride task force.*and polyvinyl chloride: 000070 Acute inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride to laboratory animals.* 000166 route.* *Prof. Haltoni uses vinyl chloride to produce angiosarcoma by gastric 000090 Terre Haute vinyl chloride vapor escape,* 00 0066 reflexes in rats on prolonged exposure to angJoneurosis arising under the chronic effect of vinyl chloride vapor in concentrations approaching vinyl chloride vapor on the organism,)* the toxic 000249 000249 continuous air sampling.* Monitoring exposures to vinyl chloride vapor: Breath analysis and 0000 29 of cardiac activity in rats chronically exposed to of ease* of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride vapors.)" (Changes vinyl chloride workers in the Onlted states.* 000250 000107 proqram,* Liver damage and angiosarcoma in vinyl chloride workers. A systematic detection 000153 Pulmonary function defects in nonsmoking vinyl chloride workers,* 000172 Proportional mortality among vinyl chloride workers.* 000178 Recommended Standard for occupational exposure to vinyl chloride. (Ercerpts fros a flacch M, 1 974 , 000135 The industrial toxicology of vinyl chloride. A review.* 0001 15 "arcinogenicity bioassays of vinyl chloride. I. Research plan and early results, 000158 environmental ^Appendix VI. Persistence of ioyl chloride. Preliminary assessment of the 000076 Hygienic conditions In the production of Process for the manufacture of vinyl chloride.* vinyl chloride.* 000084 000174 Anesthesia XI7II, narcosis with vinyl chloride,* 000 189 The anesthetic action of vinyl chloride.* 000193 Standard for exposure to vinyl chloride.* Emergency temporary standard for exposure to vinyl chloride.* 0002 3** 000233 Proposed standard for vinyl chloride.* 000232 Cancer and Caucerogealc effect of A procedure for preparing toe-labeled vinyl chloride.* vinyl chloride.* vinyl chloride.* 0000 16 000254 000256 Pat ho log y of the possible mechanism of carcinogenic action of vinyl chloride.* vinyl chloride.* On 000255 000247 resolts of exposure of rats, hamsters, and mice to occupational acroosteolysis, presumably caused by response of tra t skin, lungs, and bones to vinyl chloride.* vinyl chloride.* vinyl chloride.* Interlm A case of Oncogenic OOOt 32 000240 000256 of liver and spleen among ' workers exposed report on the carcinogenicity bio-assays of vomers with history of exposure essential Information for safe handling and use occurring in men engaged in the polymerization to of to of of vinyl vinyl vinyl vinyl vioyl chloride.* chloride.* chloride.* Chloride,* chloride,* A Iterations Prellmlna cy Surveillance Properties and Aero-osteolysis 000199 000159 000194 000162 000106 and repeated exposures of humans and rats to vapor respirator cartridges and canisters against environmental measurements for workers exposed to metabolites formed in vitro from tie carcinogen (The torlc action of Zur Toxikologle des Vinylchlorids, (Toxicology of of changes developing due to long-term exposure to au chlorure de vinyl*, (Study of illnesses due to (Contributions to the study of diseases caused by to toxic substances (benzene, chlorobenzene, cessation of exposure,* Persistence of Pathology of angiosarcoma of the liver among mortality experience of a cohort of of angiosarcoma of the liver in a group of Swedish eorklng group: Toxicity of Toxicity of rabbits.* Results of a Angiosarcoma of the liver in series (olefins) and their chlorine derivatives ( How hazardous to health is Carcinogenicity hloassays of reticulum in phenobarbital- Acute liver injury by vinyl chloride.* effects of single vinyl chloride,* An evaluation of organic vinyl chloride,* AThe correlation of clinical and vinyl chloride,*a-dichlorobenzenethlol of reactive vinyl chloride.) * vinyl chloride.) * vinyl chloride.)* (Pathogenesis vinyl chloride,) * Etude des maladies dues vinyl chloride.)* produse de clorura de vlnil. vinyl chloride),)* of the blood in votkecs exposed vinyl chloride-induced liver injury after vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers.* vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers,* vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers.* cases vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride.* vinyl chloride-polyviny1 chloride.* vinyl chloride-teratology study in nice, rats, and vinyl chlorlde/polyvlnyl chloride vorkers.* vinyl chloride, trlchloroethylene) .) the ethylene vinyl chloride?* vinyl chloride; Current results,* vinyl chloride: involvement of endoplasmic 000151 000225 000137 000099 0001 19 000220 00 00 3 3 000236 000237 000092 000035 000242 00 0 1 6 4 0000*3 000162 000223 000222 000025 0000 32 000007 000157 000206 R&S 135464 June 1975 317 R&S 135465 vinyl chloride: Report of two cases,'* vinyl chlorides of tomorrow?* vinyl hazard findings.* inyl-chloride w orkec. vinyl-chloride workers.* lnyl-chloride workers.* Tiny! chloride (chloroethylene; chlorethene) , I Tinyl chloride - the drive to reduce employee Tinyl chloride - CH2CHC1* # Tinyl chloride analysis by Infrared spectroscopic * Tinyl chloride and cancer.* I Tinyl chloride and liver tutors.* I Tinyl chloride and aethylene chloride.* t Tinyl chloride as an aerosol propellant.* Tinyl chloride as an Ingredient of drug and * Tinyl chloride at eolecular level.* Vinyl chloride in air.* hepatctoxlcity and interaction with 1,1- I Tinyl chloride nononer odor concentration.* 9 Tinyl chloride nononer: Comments on its * Tinyl chloride news notes* Tinyl chloride ncvs notes* spllls. Consideration of hazards associated with Tinyl chloride to get ealsslon standard.* I Tinyl chloride. In: Control of hazardous naterial Tinyl chloride.* Tinyl chloride.* * Vinyl chloride.* vinyl chloride.* vinyl chloride.* Vinyl chloride.* * vinyl chloride.* * Vinyl chloride,* Vinyl chloride.* Vinyl chloride.* Halogenated oleflnic hydrocarbons. Vinyl chloride.* i vinyl chloride.* of rhe risk of ambient carcinogens. An exanple: of some new commercial organic compounds. V, vInylchlorld.( Vinyl vinyl vinyl chloride.* experiment in chloride.* response of guinea chloride.)* the prediction pigs to vapors vinyl chloride* Vinyl chloride* ftonochloroethylene ( Vinyl chloride).* i vinyl chloride, P.V.c., and cancer.* Vinyl chloride; Industrial toxicologic aspects.* t Vinyl chloride: Tine boab on the production line.* Plastics. Vinyl polymers and copolymers.* Case Study 3. Tinyl Ch lo ride--best available technology.* vinyl chloride *2ur Diffusion von aonomerem Tlnylchlorid In Polyvlnylch1crid. (Diffusion of I Tloylchlorid.(Vinyl chloride.)* (The so-called vinyl chloride `Jeber die sog. the so- *Ske1ettveranierungen bei der sogenannten Tin ylcblor id-Kra nkhe 11 (etne neue Bernfskrankheit) Tinylchlorid-Krankhe it (Skeletal alterations in chloride illness.)* oeter die sogenannte Tio ylchlor id-Kra r.khel t, (The so-called vinyl Sys* e*st l*rose? (The so-called iDie sogenannte Tin ylchlorid-Kra nk he it--eine Peru f sbed In gt e Beglertstoffe. (Poisoning iZur Intoxikatlon durch Tinylchlocid-Polyaerisate ond/oder deren Acropathia extc*m i ta tua in polyvmrIsatlone vinylchlocidi -- new occupational disease.* *Zur Toxikologie des Vlnylcblorlds. (Toxicology of vinyl chloride.)* *Etude des aaladies does au chlorure de vlnyle. (Study of illnesses due to vinyl chloride.) of reactive aetabolites formed in vitro froa the carcinogen vinyl chloride.* mammals.)* ((Thermodynamic activity of An analytical systea for identifying the volatile organic coapounds and their action on volatile pyrol'ysis products of plastics.* Diffusion of vinyl chloride aonoaer *Zur Diffusion von aonoaerem vinyichlorid in Polyvinylchlorid. ( for sanpling and analysis of vinyl chloride in vaste water effluents and ait ealssions. sampling and analysis of vinyl chloride In vaste water effluents and air emissions. Preliminary where is it? Mo* about '7u?* I Ve produced over 13 aillion tons of resin in *717 flow molecular weight coaponents of polyaers used in packaging.* We produced over 13 million tons of resin in '737 where is It? How about ' 7a?* t White fingers.* workers * (Changes In hygienic conditions of industry operating in the ((Hygienic evaluation of measures of *(Sanitary-hygien Ic conditions of work and occupational disease-Incidence among work conditions in some branches of chemical work in the production of polyvinyl resins and Angiosarcoma of the liver In a vinyl-chloride worker, Hepatic disease among workers at a vinyl chloride polymerization plant.* of work and occupational disease-locidence among workers engaged in the production of polyvinyl (Industrial hygiene and the state of health in workers engaged in the production of polyvinyl (Certain biochemical indexes of the blood in workers exposed to toxic substances (benzene, chloride,* Clinical aanageaent of workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.* (Changes in pulmonary function in workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl Alterations of liver and spleen among workers exposed to vinyl chloride,* of clinical and environmental measurements for workers exposed to vinyl chloride,*Tbe correlation Liver angiosarcoma in two workers in a Pvc-producing factory.* PTC-Produkt ion. (Chronlc-toxicity liver damage in its polymers.* mortality study of workers in polyvinyl chloride production.)* in dec workers in the manufacture of vinyl chloride and Pheographlc observations on workers in the plastics industry.* Raynaud's syndrome, and acroosteolysls in workers in the polyvinyl chloride industry,)* of working conditions and health status of workers in the production of block of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride workers in the United states.* of cases Bone lesions among polyvinyl chloride production workers In Japan.* tests and Illness histories among chemical workers involved In the manufacture of polyvinyl (Lesions in the liver and bile ducts in workers producing some kinds of plastics,)* * Surveillance of workers with history of exposure to vinyl chloride, liver damage among polyvinyl chloride production workers. A report on Si cases.* Morphology of 000057 00 0096 000195 0001b 8 000176 000177 00 00 5 0 0000 12 0001B0 0001 4 7 00 00 1 1 000133 000U1 0001 M2 000089 00 00 0 a 000196 0001 17 000121 000209 000209 00 0006 000170 00019 00 00 16 0000 13 00 00 17 000002 000023 00 0 19 1 0002 U 000229 OOOlQu 000257 00 0090 000156 000192 000207 000226 000066 000150 000022 000100 0002 16 000103 00016 000263 000207 000129 000230 000130 00 0 l a a 000115 000136 000220 000236 000099 000099 00 00 37 000263 00007a 00 00 7 4 000014 000097 00 00 I a 000005 000083 ' 000007 00 00 0 2 OOOU0 000001 00 00 0 3 000006 00 00 9 2 00 01 2 7 OOOI73 00 01 9 9 000137 00 01 m 5 00 0 166 000239 000185 000128 000065 000107 0002 13 00 02 6 a 000202 00019a 000095 318 Environmental Health Perspectives / Liter damage and angiosaico* in vLnyl chloride vockafo. A systematic detection program.* 000153 Aero-csteolysis in P*C further results in polyvinyl chloride production workers.* workers.* 000098 000143 Proportional mortality among tlny1-chloride worker*. 000177 Proportional mortality among tiny! chloride workers.* 000178 Proportional mortality among viny1-chloride workers.* 000176 Liter disease among polyvinyl chloride production workers.* function defects In nonsmoking tiny! chloride workers.* 0QOO54 Pulmonary 000172 of the liter In vinyl ch1 or Ide/polyriny1 chloride workers.* Angiosarcoma 000025 of a cohort of tinyl chloc id-polyvinyl chloride workers.* *f1octallty experience 000184 among tinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride workers.* Prevalence of disease 000152 the liter among vinyl chloride-polytinyl chloride workers.* Pathology of angiosarcoma of 0002"2 qroup of Swedish vinyl chlor ide-polyvinyl chloride workers.* cases of angiosarcoma of the liver in a 0Q0043 liver biopsy among polyvinyl chlorile production Angiosarcoma of the liver among polyvinyl chloride workers.*as evidenced by peritoneoscopyand guided workrs--Ken tucky*Epidemloloqic notes andreports; 000165 0000 19 the production of block (Hygienic assessment of working conditions and health status of workers In 000065 industry.!* *(Hyglenic ^valuation of working conditions in the synthetic leather 000038 improvement In production and use of vinyl ( Working conditions and measures for their 000244 polyvinyl chloride.* working group: Toxicity of vinyl chloride- 000182 Pnvironaental concerns beyond the workplace.* 000221 Anesthesia Util. Narcosiswith vinyl chloride.* 000189 cardiac autoaaticlty. *Anstbesla XXXIV. chemical constitution ofhydrocarbons and 000046 production of polyvintl chloride over a period of years.)* incidence among workers engaged In the 000083 Poiytinyleb1 orid.(Diffusion of vinyl chloride Zmr Diffusion von monosere* vinylchlorid In 000263 und/oder dern Beglelts tof fe . (PaI.sQni.nq by means * tut Intoxikstlon dutch V iny Ichlorid-Poly mer 1 sate 000175 vinyl chloride.)* 2mr Toxikoloqie des vlnylehlcrids. (Toxicology of 000220 synthesis of chlorinated hydrocarbons.)*Ueber die Xusamsensettung des Chlorxoh lenwasserstoffs. (The 000205 R&S 135466 June 1975 319 '-r r,' ' r>, VOVv Onsmr.: OaICOLOGjT UBpjxpT-j y