Document XzQKKaZaJJrp7qawenVJkR54d

PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT A/C Pipe Producers Association Executive Committee International Affairs Committee ------ * J.F. Welch, Vice President Internal Correspondence date October 27, 1982 subject u.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - Summary Workshop on Ingested Asbestos Ref: JFW correspondence, same title, September 2,1982 Action Required: Review for information On October 13-14, 1982 EPA held its "Summary Workshop on Ingested Asbestos" to review Agency-sponsored research on exposure to and potential health effects of ingested asbestos. There were approximately forty attendees, predominantly EPA officials and research contractors, a small number of water utilities and scientists from academia. Industry was represented by AACPP Staff and Dr. Mansour of the Asbest-Institutes fur Arbeits-und Umweltschutz e.V. Also present were Helen Pentrack and three other residents from Blairsville, Pennsylvania, the location of a lingering field problem and potential litigation. No media representatives were present. Workshop proceedings will be published in Environmental Health Perspectives, probably in early 1983. During his opening remarks, Jim Millette (Health Effects Research Laboratory - HERL) read a disclaimer (Attachment 1) stating that regulatory policy would not be discussed and should riot be inferred from the presentations. The following is a synopsis of the presentations. Session A - Toxicology Review of Published Studies of Orally-Administered Asbestos - L. Condie (EPA HERL) Condie chronologically reviewed the published toxicology studies (Attachment 2), commenting, "Ingested asbestos has been fairly well investigated and the vast majority of the studies are negative even though massive levels were administered." He discussed possible reasons for these negative findings, concluding that the studies "cast some doubt" on the hypothesis that ingested asbestos causes peritoneal mesothelioma or gastrointestinal cancers. NIEHS Feeding Studies - Gene McConnell (NIEHS) Dr. McConnell made an eloquent presentation on the long-term feeding studies of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). The previously released results of the hamster studies, whose primary objective was to assess carcinogenesis of ingested asbestos, were reviewed. McConnell also issued preliminary findings on the rat studies. The rat studies involved five thousand animals and were considered the ii CAPCO JEN 0032360 definitive research for non-neopiastic effects from oral administration of asbestos. For both amosite and tremolite, treated animals exhibited no carcinogenic effect. Test animals also were examined for presence of non neoplastic disease (inflammation, diverticulitis, ulcerations) but none was found. For amosite-fed animals there was a statistically significant increase in Ccell tumors of the thyroid, but NIEHS considered this a spurious observation not related to administration. Incidence of monocytic leukemia also increased. However, this is an age-related tumor and the asbestos-fed rats survived longer. Thus, NIEHS concluded that the tumor's biological significance was not related to the administration of asbestos and the observation was discounted. The tremolite results were likewise negative. McConnell reported that the survival (life span) of rats fed short-range and intermediate-range chrysotile and erocidolite had not been affected. Speaking privately to Staff, McConnell said his histopathologic review of the erocidolite and chrysotile treated animals showed no carcinogenic effect either. Histopathologic data will be peer reviewed in early 1983. Lee McCabe (EPA), always playing the devil's advocate, asked McConnell whether NIEHS really gave it "its best shot" with the asbestos feeding studies. McConnell retorted, "Fve never done a perfect study but the rat study is one of the cleanest I have ever dealt with." McConnell felt that some of the treated hamsters should have been sacrificed earlier to permit more extensive tissue examination. During the question and. answer period, Helen Pentrack asked McConnell whether the asbestos results might be like arsenic, which is a human carcinogen but does not induce cancers in laboratory animals. She also questioned whether the asbestos used in the studies was comparable to that in A/C water pipe. McConnell responded that the asbestos types did occur in A/C pipe and also were longer (and theoretically more dangerous) than asbestos normally found in drinking water. Possible explanations for the lack of carcinogenic effect were proposed by Phil Cook (EPA), but these were handily dismissed by McConnell. Session B - Epidemiology Asbestos in U.S. Water Supplies - James Millette (EPA - HERL) No new data here. Millette reviewed the potential sources of asbestos in drinking water and what little additional research is being done. He mentioned the finding of levels of 4.5 million fibers per liter (MFL) of erocidolite in well water in New Jersey. He also said that the Effluent Guidelines Division would soon issue a report on asbestos discharges. Staff will follow up on this report. Millette concluded that it does not appear that there are a large number of U.S. water supplies where asbestos concentrations exceed 1.0 MFL. Keview of Published Studies of Ingested Asbestos - G. Marsh (University of Pittsburgh School of Epidemiology) ~ This was a review of epidemiologic studies on asbestos in drinking water and cancer incidence. Its purpose was to determine what types of studies, if any, are needed for further investigation. ii CAPCO JEN 0032361 Nash hypothesized explanations for "internal and external consistencies" in the thirteen epidemiologic studies conducted on asbestos in drinking water. This was a very complex presentation, loaded with data potentially valuable in preparing comments to EPAfe advance notice of proposed rulemaking that will request comments on asbestos in drinking water. Nash summarized the methodological weaknesses of the epidemiologic studies as follows: Weakness Studies with Characteristics 1 . Ecologic study design (does not permit definitive conclusions to be drawn) 13 2 Insufficient latency period 4 3 Death certificate data 3 4 Duration and/or intensity of exposure 6 5 Uncontrolled confounding variables 6 6 Absent or incomplete data on dose response 8 7 Multiple comparisons problems 12 8 Insensitivity of summary statistics 10 9 Absence of historical asbestos exposure data 13 10 Use of at least one question able statistical procedure 4 Nash concluded that future study was warranted. He recommended moving away from rather insensitive ecologic studies to case control studies that might more accurately determine risk levels. Case Control Study in the Puget Sound Area - Lincoln Polissar (Hutchinson Cancer Research Center) This study, yet unpublished, was a refinement of the census tract epidemiologic study conducted in the area. Polissar used data in low migration census tracts and isolated 400 eligible cases and 500-600 control cases; "years of exposure" categories were 0-9, 10-29 and 30 plus. Relative risks were calculated for individuals exposed for twenty years or more to Sultan River water (mean asbestos content: 206 MFL) and then compared to individuals with no exposure. Preliminary conclusions were: CAPCO JEN 0032362 1. Relative risks show considerable variation between sites 2. There are no good sex coincidence data, i.e. male/female cancer incidence does not agree 3. There were increased relative risks as high as 2.0 for cancer of the stomach and other sites Polissar also commented on the power of the study, that is, its ability to detect increased disease incidence in the sites of interest. He said it was unlikely that this case control study could detect increased risks below a range of 4.0 to 6.0. In other words, the study was not sufficiently powerful to confirm the low relative risks observed. Thus, no significant increased risks were considered to be demonstrated. Observations on Most Recent Data (1980) for Duluth - Eunice Sigurdson (Minnesota Department of Health) As stated in her census tract study of cancer incidence in Duluth (published in 1981) Sigurdson recommended that more precise research be conducted. She concluded with no small measure of bitterness that EPA would not allocate funds for additional research in Duluth. Effect of Population Density on the California Bay Area Study - Paul Conforti (University of California - Berkeley) Conforti's reanalysis of the Kanarek et al studies concluded: 1. Correlation coefficients for population density and cancer incidence were negative in females for all sites and individual sites. 2. Some correlation coefficients for population density and cancer incidence in males were positive and some were negative. 3. For females, population density reanalysis reduces the significance of the cancer incidence data. 4. For males, population density reanalysis increases the significance of cancer incidence data. Graphical Reanalysis of the California Hay Area Study - Michael Tarter (University of California - Berkeley^ ~~ 1 Tarter reaffirmed Conforti's findings that population density does not appear to affect results of the Kanarek studies; the positive correlations still persist. However, he used sophisticated mathematical techniques and data image enhancement to make a startling finding. His reanalysis of San Francisco census tracts (where asbestos exposure levels are high) show a negative association between asbestos exposure and cancer incidence. He tagged this observation "the San Francisco effect" and cautioned that until it is fully understood, "one must be very careful about interpreting the Kanarek studies." CAPCO JEN 0032363 In discussions with Staff, Tarter underlined the fact that his findings were favorable to the A/C pipe industry's position. He left little doubt that he would be willing to publish his data if industry chose to fund publication. Asbestos Cement Pipe and Cancer Mortality in Escambia County. Florida - James Millette (EPA - HERD Millette described EPA efforts to do a "quick and easy" study of the possible health effects of asbestos in drinking water on a small population in Florida. The study was neither quick nor easy and did not demonstrate any increased cancer mortality in exposed groups. Escambia County includes the city of Pensacola, where a much publicized A/C pipe system was undergoing deterioration as a result of exposure to highly aggressive waters. The population was exposed to high levels of asbestos for approximately 25 years. Fiber counts ranged from 0.7 MFL to 32.7 MFL. The area, which included approximately 200,000 people, was subdivided into forty census tracts. Since there was no tumor registry, researchers reviewed death certificates for the period 1963 - 1976. High, low and no exposure categories were established based on available exposure data and observed cases. EPA concluded that there were no statistically significant differences in cancer mortality between the high exposure and no exposure population groups. The study is not particularly valuable as cancer mortality data were limited. Comparing Epidemiology Studies of Ingested Asbestos for Criteria Documents L. Erdrich (EPA - HERL) In a rather theoretical presentation, Erdrich estimated the maximum number of excess cases of cancer that might occur in each epidemiologic study if EPA's water quality criteria for asbestos were valid. The criteria, calculated by Dr. Nicholson at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, estimated that there would be one increased death per 100,000 persons exposed to 0.3 MFL. Her estimates follow: Duluth Connecticut San Francisco Bay Area Puget Sound Area Florida Quebec 1 0.03 - 0.2 6-15 20 0.05 - 0.5 6-15 Panel Presentations Dr. Nicholson of Mount Sinai School of Medicine was absent; Millette substituted. Dr. Jim Rowe (Office of Toxic Substances) gave an estimate of the contribution of diet and inhaled air to total ingestion exposure in humans. Using a number of very theoretical assumptions, Rowe estimated that a person might cumulatively ingest as much as 320 million fibers per year. J. Wister Meigs, M.D. commented on his Connecticut studies which, in his words, showed "no plausible associations and no evidence of excess cancer risks in populations exposed to water delivered through A/C pipe." Meigs opined that the CAPCO JEN 0032364 whole matter of the risk of asbestos in drinking water should be reassessed in the context of drinking water exposures to other chemicals occurring naturally in water or released from coatings, pipe, etc. He urged EPA to think about the public^ misconception of water as a pure substance rather than the "chemical product" that it is. He said that the public should be reassured that it is safe to consume water conveyed through A/C pipe if the water is properly stabilized. In, his judgment this represented the best of all possible worlds because the consumer's health was safeguarded regardless of the outcome of any research on the subject. Dr. Marty Kanarek responded by defending the San Francisco Bay Area studies. He said it was doubtful that his results were spurious because numerous researchers had analysed his data and could not make the results "go away." He did not comment on the Tarter findings of the "San Francisco effect." He felt that the statistical power, fiber amounts and fiber size in his studies were relevant and important to the issue. He recommended that case control studies be done in the San Francisco Bay Area. Kanarek's co-worker, Dr. Robert Cooper, discussed the potentially confounding variables in the studies and reiterated that the study team "never said there was a cause and effect," only a statistical correlation between asbestos in drinking water and cancer. He concluded his remarks by saying the studies still left a "pretty muddy picture." Dr. Polissar said that all the epidemiologic studies were subject to the important confounding variable of population mobility. He said that it was not important how long asbestos in drinking water had been around, but how long the people had been exposed to that asbestos. His analysis of the epidemiologic studies was that if there are risks, they are very, very small. Session C - Asbestos Penetration of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract Review of Published Studies on Gut Penetration - Phil Cook (EPA) Cook merely reviewed the literature (Attachment 3), in particular his study that claims to document movement of asbestos through the gut wall. Analysis of Urine from Residents Drinking Water Containing Asbestos in the Pacific Northwest - Ed Boatman (University of Seattle) In contrast to Cook's claims of substantial gut penetration, Boatman characterized his results as inconclusive. He reviewed plausible physiological explanations for penetration and movement through the kidneys, but cast considerable doubt on the probability of such a series of events. Accumulation of Ingested Asbestos Fibers in Rat Tissue over Time - James Millette (EPA - HERL) Millette gave a very brief presentation on a study of asbestos bioaccumulation in rats. The studies were conducted by Epstein and Ickwell of the University of Illinois. The kidney cortex of the test animals was examined microscopically and although asbestos fibers were found, the levels were not dose or time related. CAPCO JEN 0032365 Leaching Effect of Stomach Acid in Water on Chrysotile Asbestos - K. Seshen (University of Arizona) The objective of this research was to determine whether there is a change in surface, physical and chemical properties of chrysotile when exposed to synthetic stomach acid. Although the simulated gastric juice contained no mucoproteins or glycoproteins, magnesium was leached from the fiber and the refractive- index decreased, along with surface charge. Chrysotile asbestos appears to become more silica-like in its surface charge and this may have some effect on how the fiber reacts with cells. There also appears to be some evidence of fiber bundle breakdown. Transmigration of Ingested Asbestos Fibers - E. Meek (Health and Welfare Canada) Staff obtained a complete report of Meek's research and will circulate it with a separate transmittal. Test animals were administered amosite in corn oil, (10,000 times the likely human exposure) with no evidence of macrophage or pathological effects. Meek also induced ulcers in test animals and then administered asbestos. She found no evidence of transmigration in spite of extensive gastrointestinal ulceration. Session D - In Vitro Studies (Bernie Daniel - EPA - HERL) Daniel provided a broad overview of in vitro studies of ingested asbestos. He said the evidence on the genotoxicity of asbestos is negative or very weak. With regard to other genotoxic parameters, he said that asbestos exhibited no mutagenic effects, had only a weak effect on mammalian cell transformation, a negative effect on DNA damage and repair, a negative to weak effect on sister chromatid exchange and an unknown effect on chromosomal abnormalities. Consistent with other thinking about asbestos, he said it was unlikely that asbestos initiated carcinogenesis, but was instead a promoter. Session E - Methods Methods of Reducing Asbestos in Water Supplies - Gary Logsdon (EPA - Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory7 Logsdon summarized filtration methods to minimize asbestos in source water and stabilization/treatment techniques to minimize the corrosion of A/C water pipe. No new data was released; see Attachment 4. Session P - Wrap Up General Discussion on Whether Further Research is Needed - James Millette (EPA - HEItLj Millette posed the question whether additional research is warranted but there was absolutely no audience response -- none. It is likely that most of the attendees, who make their living from research grants, were forewarned that EPA will not fund new research on ingested asbestos. Nonetheless, the silence in the audience was overwhelming. CAPCO JEN 0032366 Comments from the Department of National Health and Welfare, Canada E. Meek Meek described the importance of asbestos to the Canadian economy and reviewed the country^ contributions to the medical literature. She recommended that case control or cohort studies be conducted on populations exposed to extremely high levels of asbestos in drinking water, such as those that occur in Sherbrooke or the San Francisco Bay Area. She concluded that the risk of disease from ingesting asbestos in drinking water probably is very small, but further research is necessary before firm conclusions can be drawn regarding the degree of risk. Comments from the Office of Drinking Water - Joseph Cotruvo (EPA) Cotruvo opened his remarks by saying that a conference like this allows Agency policy makers to review all the data available on controversial issues. He reviewed the long history of asbestos in drinking water research and restated the Agency's historical position that in the absence of firm data, it is reasonable and prudent to minimize exposures to asbestos. He said in his seven-year experience with EPA, he could not recall another drinking water issue where such extensive research had been conducted. The policy options now available to EPA are: 1. To regulate 2. Not to regulate 3. Not to regulate but provide guidance to water utilities 4. Conclude that there is insufficient data to make a regulatory decision He then reviewed the major study areas and drew his conclusions about the evidence. He concluded that the concensus on animal studies is that ingested asbestos is not toxic. The concensus of opinion on epidemiologic studies is not firm but conflicting, he said. However, he noted that the Puget Sound ease control study did not demonstrate a statistically-signifieant risk in highly exposed populations. He said if there is a risk from ingested asbestos it has not been reproducibly demonstrated by epidemiologic studies. He also concluded that asbestos fibers do appear to penetrate the UI tract and move through the body. He said EPA policy makers must now assemble these data and make a judgment on the matter. Consistent with AACPP knowledge, he said that an advance notice of proposed rulemaking would be issued within three months to address the question whether asbestos in drinking water should be regulated. A proposed rulemaking and a final policy statement probably would be issued in six months. He commented that "EPA is on track to make a decision." He said of all environmental issues he had dealt with, EPA had a good body of evidence to assess the risks, if any, of ingested asbestos. He said regardless of the regulatory outcome, it made sense to minimize asbestos exposures either by filtering asbestos in source waters or stabilizing water so that it was not corrosive to A/C ii CAPCO JEN 0032367 pipe. He concluded by stating that extensive additional research would not add to the knowledge of the subject; a decision would be made on what evidence is currently available. Staff Analysis It appears that the concerns of the regulatory and medical communities about the potential health effects of asbestos in drinking water are fast drawing to a close. The evidence stands on face value and the industry's position, after nearly nine years of research, is vindicated. There simply is no reasonable basis for promulgating a maximum contaminant level for asbestos in drinking water or usage guidelines for A/C water pipe. However, Cotruvo's concluding remarks strongly suggest that EPA probably will attempt to recommend non-legally binding guidance on asbestos levels in drinking water and quality of water conveyed through A/C pipe. Although this may be no more than a general statement, it is Staff's judgment that such a recommendation will perpetuate rather than terminate concerns about the safety of A/C water pipe. Skeptical public interest groups and malicious competitors may even say it was a "political sellout" by the Reagan Administration. The Agency has conducted sufficient research to make an affirmative finding on product safety. Future industry efforts should be directed towards achieving that objective. To ensure that it is achieved, Staff recommends that AACPP retain Kirkland & Ellis to prepare comments to the forthcoming advance notice of proposed rulemaking and, with AACPP Staff assistance, intervene with EPA officials to effect a favorable outcome. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to call. JFW/ccw Attachments cc: A. Kahn, Esq. W.E. Smith, M.D. Brian Commins, Ph.D. Dr. Mansour Kenny Crump, Ph.D. AIA AIA/NA Canadian Asbestos Information Center copies: Executive Committee L. Ambler L. Taylor J. Cran 0172102501 Chrono International Affairs Committee E. van der Rest R. Dorner L. Giannitrapani P. Hart A. Saoulis S. Al-Tarkait R. Jalan V. Pattabhi 11. Hudson C. Barton M. Delcourt J. Cuvelier B. Giboin G. Zaviezo J. Schmaus J. Rodrigues Dimatit Dubuc i - - -1 CAPCO JEN 0032368 ATTACHMENT 3 CAPCO JEN 0032369 c -. SukViM-V of EvIOEVCE RsZ/aghnsT Pi a eft fi?W7RA'noW ^ /. . /vA.<~ '&&er OrSl fjj'Suji^ 77iV'*\.-. Mt'cr)S^r><i, Rd-CtteK Ccninls S^-Zi&Sffr lyp^ j4civi/^] 'fLiXXp.'y.- J-iWi". j>cJ/at- cr. "f.-ZOkSS '... ~Jiu^v. [bt. ctfAif/oS . <-!_c . ..urt'vit /?uik . 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(^0) ....... ...... c-Uy^fi /e^- v\c- . . .................................... ... ........... -{ .^.itw^fe-w e cej raT/^5:.&UyrjkU(3) /y/nfl f/J( IS/fi T&m .'l. . . /-i ....... . ......-(l^O) _____:_...cv-ec;ui,k. Ate ...kv,____________________ _____________1.. . 6ift;t'G 'A -cU . _Ku"v;k/| V'X-S'.GtYiWL-.. ^w.( fc. J ..fnsn . . .* J . 1 ..................... ___________ rr/z- i -f- ^cy-Vcvvw. (tE<si /tl6 cEy^bkk. I'lCC. .cefax- ____________________________ _____ _______________ .^c/^utL____________ ________ Ho .--"//-f a( MUck/'J- cE/xetiJt. /J/etfs rf'^sy.. bu-ik.... .. .. crdnt-klfH. "O ... ...... ....... ....... ........................... ._ ekly_______________________ :.yzs /x CAPCO JEN 0032370 I c -t~ ckfX. AaIx'CV- J`L-C.lv.-Xpd:\Je. OjCC.___c$rfc* --j>lilk -2j&l.U&S---------------____ /.(tf........ ffvJ'lJC G'tfer Vte&iS_________ ______________________ j^i_^cWiv>Kv.vr>. v>- Q,c\l- Jylsft. (. *3 t *' ' UvWfe-,,/?-?74i;vf/<t* J~dL\U'YJ ...--b^l Iz. --Tt (Tv------v'C;-^------m */ I m X'.fiav1' rtffvrt'lt' Bc|4-0vo P^gJ . 'Ttik-jfeq...Kf\<ryie{\{c*_U\CC-.______________ bkd(L-__ S>.hi_____ / - -^FTQ-J(Ss<iz\\ystifiC! j.cxa cii-c.V'LVe,::: A VV ' L: CAPCO JEN 0032371 ATTACHMENT 4 CAPCO JEN 0032372 Asbestos in Water Publications HEPL Supported Research 1975 Barry, B. and Fisher, H. Effects of asbestos fiber on mammalian cells in culture. 33rd Ann. Proc. Electron Micr. Soc. Amer., Las Vegas, G. W. Bailey (ed) 420-421 (supported by EPA grant R-801379) (1975). 1976 Hillette, J. R. Monitoring Drinking Water for Asbestos by Transmission Electron Microscopy. In Proc. of Sump, on Electron Microscopy of Micro fibers, HEW Pub. HFDA-77-1033, USGPO Stock #017-012-00244-7\ p 85-91 (1976). 1977 Saat, Y. A., H.A.I. Ne'.-man, R. E. Gibson, and R. W. Hart, "Short-term Effects of Asbestos on Surface Glycolipids and Glycoproteins of Syrian Hamster Embryonic Cells, "The Physiologist, 20_:82 (1977). Craun, G. F., Millette, J. R. , Woodhull, R. S. and Laiuppa, R. Exposure to asbestos fibers in water distribution systems. In Proc. of the 97th AWWA Conf. May 1977, Denver, CO, (1977). Paper 7-4 13 pp. 1978 Cooper, R. C. , Kanarek, 14., Murchio, J., Conforti, P., Jackson, L. , Callard, R. and Lysmer, D. Asbestos in Domestic Water Supplies in Five California Counties. Final Report on Grant No. R-804366-02, December 1978, 280 pp. Harrington, J. M., Craun, G. F., Meigs, J. W., Landrigan, P. J., Flannery, J. T. and Woodhull, R. S., "An Investigation of the Use of Asbestos Cement Pipe for Public Water Supply and the Incidence of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Connecticut, 1935-1973, Am. J. of Epidemiology, 107(2) 96-103 (1973). Hallenbeck, W. H. and Patel-Mandlik, K. Fate of ingested chrusotile asbestos fiber in the newborn baboon. Environmental Health Effects Research Report, Office of Research and Development, EPA-600/1-7S-069, 16 p. (1978). Kanarek, 14. S. Asbestos in drinking water and cancer incidence. Dissertation. University of California, Berkely, 339 p. (1978). Abstr. Int. [B];407(1):147 1979. Ph.D. Diss. Moore, J. A. NIEHS oral asbestos study. In_ Proc. Workshop on Asbestos: Definitions and Measurement Methods, MBS Spec. Publ. 506. pp. 153-161 (1978) (Partial HERL Support). CAPCO JEN 0032373 Page 2 Tejwani, G. A., R. Fertel, R. W. Hart, and D. Allison. "Asbestos-Induced Changes in the Concentration of Cyclic Nucleotides in Norman Human Fibro blasts". Am. Soc. Biol. Chem. (1978). Tejwani, G. A., R. Fertel, R. W. Hart, D. Bneanya and D. Allison, "Asbestos Induced Changes in the Concentration of Cyclic Nucleotides in Normal Human Fibroblasts" Federation Proceedings, '37(6) 1978. Saat, Y. A., H.A.I Netman, D. K. Allison, and R. W. Hart. Effects of Chrysotile Asbestos on Syrian Hamster Embryonic Cell Membrane Glycolipids. Federation Proceedings 27(6):10645, 1978. i Saat, Y. A., H.A. I. Newman, D K. Allison, and R. W. Hart. Punitive Inhibitory Effect of Chrysotile Asbestos in Glycoproteins and Complex Glycolipids Biosynthesis in Cell Culture.r J. Clin. Chem. 24(6):1013, 1978. Millette, J. R., P. J. Clark, and U. F. Pansing. Sizing of Particulates for Environmental Health Studies. Scanning Electron Microscopy Vol. 1, p. 253258, 1978. 1979 Hart, R. W., Fertel, R. , Ne'.man, H.A.I., Daniel, F. B. , and Blakeslee, J. R., "The Effects of Selected Asbestos Fibers on Cellular and Molecular Parameters", ORD-EPA. Environmental Health Effects Research Report EPA600/1-79-021, (1979) 35 pages. Tarter, M. E., "Data Analysis of Drinking Mater Asbestos Fiber Size", ORDEPA Environmanzal Health Effects Research Report EPA-600/1-79-20, (1979) 58 pages. Reiss, B., Weisburger, J. H. and Williams, G. M., "Asbestos and Gastroin testinal Cancer: Cell Culture Studies", ORD-EPA Environmental Health Effects Research Report EPA-600/1-79-023, (1979) 37 pages. Millette, J. R., Clark, P. J., and Pansing, M. F., "Exposure to Asbestos from Drinking Water in the United States," ORD-EPA Environmental Health Effects Research Report EPA-600/1-79-028, (1979) 87 pages. Millette, J. R. , Twyman, J. D. , Hansen, E. C., Clark, P. J., and Pansing M. F., "Chrysotile, Palygorskite and Halloysite in Drinking Water," Scanning Electron Microscopy I: 579-586, (1979); Daniel, F. B., Beach, C. A., and Hart, R. W. "Asbestos-Induced Change in the Metabolism of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Fibroblast Cell Cultures," In.-In Vitro Effects of Mineral Duses,- eds. Chamberlain, Brown, Davies, Gormiy, Academic Press, London 255-263 (1980). ' CAPCO JEN 0032374 Page 3 Newman, H., Saat, Y., and Hart, R., "Pugative Inhibitory Effect of Chrysotile, Crocidolite and Amostie Fibers on the Surface Membrane Clycolipids and Glycoproteins," In:In Vitro Effects of Mineral Dusts, eds. Chamberlain, Brown, Davies, Gormly, Academic Press, London 147- 159 (1980). Hart, R. W., Keudig, O., Blakeslee, J. and Mizuhira, V., "Effect of Cellular Ingestion on the Elemental Ratio of Asbestos," In:In Vitro Effects of Mineral Dusts, eds. Chamberlain, Brown, Davies, Gormly, Academic Press, London 191-199 (1980). Severson, R. K. A study of the effects of asbestos in drinking water on cancer incidence in the Puget Sound region. M. S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 110 pp. (1979). Cook, Pm M. and Olson, G. F. Ingested mineral fibers: elimination in human urine. Science 204(13):195-198 (1979). (Partial HERL Support). Cooper, R. C., Tarter, M., Kanarek, M., Murchio, J., Conforti, P., Jackson, L., Callard, R., Lysmer, D. Asgbestos in Domestic Water Supplies in Five California Counties, Part II 1969-1974, EHS Publi cation No. 79-1, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA. 247 pp (1979). McCabe, L. and J. Millette. "Health Effects and Prevalence of Asbestos Fibers in Drinking Water". In Proceedings of American Water Works Association Conference, June 24-29, 1979, San Francisco, California. (2):1079-1093. (1979). Saat, Y. A., H.A-I. Newman, D. K. Allison, and R. W. Hart. "Pugative Inhibitory Effect of Chrysotile Asbestos on Glycoproteins and Complex Blycolipids Biosynthesis in Cell Culture" Clinical Chemistry, 24:1013. (1979).' Tejwani, G., R. Fertel, R. Hart, and K. Allison. "Effects of Asbestos and Chemical Carcinogens on the Cyclic Nucleotide Systems of Human Fibroblasts". J. Env. Path, Tox. (1979). Patel-Mandlik, K. J. , W. H. Hallenbeck, and J. R. Millette. "Asbestos Fibers:1. A Modified Preparation of Tissue Samples for Analysis by Electron Microscopy. 2. Presence of Fibers in Tissues of 3aboon Fed Chrysotile Asbestos." J. Envir. Path, and Tox. 2:1385-1395 (1979). I ' Hallenbeck, W. H. , and K. J. Patel-Mandlik: Presence of fibers in the Urine of a Baboon Gavaged with Chrysotile Asbestos. Envir. Res. 20(2): 335-340 (1979). 1980 Millette, J. R., A. F. Hammonds, E. C. Hansen and M. F. Pansing. Aggressive water and water utilities from representative areas of the U. S. JAMWA May 1980. CAPCO JEN 0032375 Pi'.'JQ 4 Millette, J. R., P. J- Clark, M. F. Pansing, and J. D. Twuman. Concentration and Size of Asbestos in Water Supplies. Environ. Health Perspectives 34:13-25 (1980). Millette, J. R. , R. L. Boone and M. Rosenthal. Asbestos in Cistern Water. EPA Envir. Research Brief. EPA-ORD, Feb. 1980 4p. Reiss, B. , S. Solomon, J. H. Weisburger and G. M. Williams. Comparative Toxicities of Different Froms of Asbestos in a Cell Culture Assay. Envir. Research 22:119-129 (1980). Meigs, J. W., S. D. Walter, J. R. Millette, G. F. Craun, J. F. Heston, R. S. Woodhull, J. T. Flannery, Asbestos Cement Pipe and Cancer in Connecticut. 1955-1974. J. Envir. Health 42(4) 187-191 (1980). Kanarek, M. S., Conforti, P. 14. Jackson, L., Cooper, R. C. and Murchio, J. .Asbestos in Drinking Water and Cancer Incidence in the San Francisco 3ay Area, Amer. J. of Epid. 112:54-72 (1980). Reiss, B., J. R. Millette and Environmental Samples in a Cell Envir. Res 22:315-321 (1980). G. 14. Williams. The Activity of Culture test for Asbestos Toxicity. Clark, P. J., J. R. Millette and R. L. Boone. Asbestos-Cement Products in Contact with Drinking Water: SEM Observations. SEM/1980/I:341-346 (1980). Patel-Mandlik, K. J. and J. R. Millette. Evidence of Migration of Ingested Asbestos into Various Baboon Organs. SEM/19S0/I:347-354 (1980). Bear, M. P. and D. H. Hanson. In Vitro Cytotoxicity Study: Effects of Asbestos on Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Final Report, Contract C3176NTLT. Buelow, R. W. , J. R. Millette, E. F. McFarren, and J. M. Symons. The Behavior of Asbestos-Cement Pipe Under Various Water Quality Conditions: A Progress Report. JAWWA 5 72(2)91-102 (1980) (Cooperative work with MERL). Hart, R. W., R. Fertal, H.A.I. Newman, J. R. Blakeslee. Effects of Selected Waterborne Particulates on Cellular and Molecular Parameters. Environmental Health Effects Research Report, Office of Research and Development. Final Report. . 1981 Sigurdson, E. E., Levy, B. S., Mandel, J., McHugh, R., Michienzi, L. J. Jaggar, H. and Pearson, J. Cancer Morbidity Investigations: Lesson from the Duluth Study of Possible Effects of Asbestos in Drinking Water, Envir. Res. 25:50-65 (1981). CAPCO JEN 0032376 Pr - e 5 Conforti, P. M., M. S. Kanarek, L. _A. Jackson, R. C. Cooper, J. C. Murehio. Asbestos in Drinking Water and Cancer in the San Francisco Bay Area: 1969-1974 Incidence J. of Chronic Diseases 34:211-224 (1981). Millette, J. R. Rosenthal, M. T. and Feldman, R. S. Asbestos Analytical Technique. Proc. Techn. Conf. American Water Works Assoc. Dec 7-10, 1980 p 173-188 (1981). Logsdon, G. S. and Millette J. R. Monitoring for Corrosion of A/C pipe Poc. Techn. Conf. Aner. Water Works Assoc. Dec 6, 1981 (In Press) (Cooperative work with MERL) Kanarek, M. S., Conforti, Pm M. and Jackson, L. A. Chrysotile Asbestos Fibers in Drinking Water from Asbestos-Cement Pipe Envir. Sci. and Techn. 15:923-925 (1981). Millette,J.R.,Boone,R.L.,Rosenthal,M.T. and McCabe,L.J. The Need to Control Asbestos Fibers in Potable Water Supply Systems Sci.Tot.Envir. 18:91-102 (1981) Millette, J. R., Use of Asbestos Cement Pipe, Letter to the Editor, J. Occup. Med. 23(4):226 (1981). 1982 Pollisar, L., Severson, R.K., Boatman, E. S. and Thomas, D. B. Cancer Incidence in Relation to Asbestos in Drinking Water in the Puget Sound Region. Arner. J. of Epi. 116(2):314-328 (1982) CAPCO JEN 0032377