Document XzOzjD5LLdmQBGRmZJkkYxv3g

Thomas G. Grumbles t^iV3. ill VISTAF: \ho<v.e To .nviiEo<\rtftv\<xA "\)j isocA-oft^ xafe,v^ i 2 g e.Aoct-5 Date /*)ft 4 D "^Yee-Wps "\We,(e. acAw aWoV . (iec^oVa\oe^, cocoas* Is ( < ' EPA Says Watch Out for the Nicotine Truck VVV 000017387 By P.J. Wingate * ' list. No one denies that nicotine is a deadly The Environmental Protection Agency i ) poison. A single drop of pure nicotine ap- ' may have wanted to make a list of the 400 most hazardous chemicals and decided, af ter much'pulling and hauling, that this simply could not be done. It has arrived, for now at least, at 405. plied to the tongue of a dog will usually kill j the poor test animal, but over 50 million ; Americans take small amounts of nicotine Into their mouths each day and still sur- This is all very sad because the iist vive many years of this practice. Still, it Is "Mickey Finns" when (he bartender In a Rather than coming up with new or rough bar wishes to cause an obnoxious _ modified lists of chemicals, the EPA can customer to leave the premises-may be j render a great service by pointing out that the ingredient that causes some people to ; Paracelsus was right when he pointed out, break out in hives when they eat strawber i more than 400 years ago. that "the dose ries. However, this is not firm speculation, ( j makes the poison." Paracelsus lived when because raspberries also contain crotonal I chemistry was mostly alchemy, but he was dehyde and some people who cannot eat ; a shrewd observer and knew that toxic ma could have been expanded, just as logi- ' `true^that if a tank truck full of pure nico- * strawberries can eat raspberries without terials such as arsenic, lead, mercury, J cally, to 4,000 or 400,000. Consequently, i 'tine ruptured on a crowded city street, difficulty. during the months to come, critics of the hundreds of people might be killed. But One last example. Mesitylene is on the EPA will assail it for not Including one, two or 2,000 of their own pet candidates for the list. Also, the iist could have been re- / duced, even more logically, to 40, and this such a catastrophe is about as' likely to list while benzene is not, despite the fact happen as Hailey's Comet suddenly veer that there is much more evidence that ben- ing off course and landing in the middle of l i zene can be damaging to human health, Perhaps benzene was omitted because it is New Jersey. ' . )' well known that it is a constituent of nearly shorter iist would have stood a slightly bet- ; More than 99% of the nicotine used In , all gasoline and consequently nearly ev- ter chance of actually being usetuj to the . America is shipped neatly packaged in the; . eryone has long been exposed to it. If so, slrychnine, belladonna and the many other toxic materials produced by plants to pro tect themselves against their enemies were scattered all over the world and could kill 1 people if taken in substantial amounts. The key to survival. Paracelsus said, was to ; keep the dose below the poison level. Para- \ celsus also probably suspected what we now know--there were many other toxic public. ' form of cigarettes, cigars and smoking to ! that was a wise decision. But why was me- materials that he knew nothing about. Ra Even 40 cries of "wolf, wolf" are sure to confuse the average citizen and cause him to wonder which way he should turn in an effort to protect himself, but 400 are much more likely to make his confusion complete and cause him to simply stand still and tremble. If this judgment concerning the EPA's bacco. These products have their own haz j'sitylene included in the list? Was it be- ards, to be sure, but nicotine is one of the ' cause mesitylene, found in such substances lesser ones, taking a seat well behind ben 1 as crude oil and coke from production of zopyrene and the dozens of other chemi ?. steel. Is a derivative of benzene, and some cals formed by pyrolysis when tobacco 's one on the list committee was frightened burns. Benzopyrene, even though it Is one !. by the three methyl groups dangling from i! the benzene nucleus of meiilylene? of the most potent carcinogens known, is , ; Does all this mean that the list has no not on the EPA list, and this is a proper significance or potential? Unfortunately, don and asbestos, for example.: There are now literally millions of chemicals known to science, and it would , be unwise to take a bath in any of them ex- 4 : cepl water. So when a chemical spill oc- I curs, the sensible thing for the public to do !j is not to study a list but to move out of the area until those who are experienced in the i use and handling of chemicals have ` new list seems unduly harsh, let it be re decision because a tank truckload of It is t the answer is no. This list and others like it cleaned it up. membered that the task was an impossible even less likely to rupture,on a crowded have the potential for doing great harm. If A iist will not help, because even a good one to begin with and that no group of sci , street than a truckload of pure nicotine > Sen. Frank Lautenberg (D., N.J.I and oth- entists could have come up with a better Is. : ers keep Insisting that the chemical indus- list. This is because a good case can be Now look at three others on the EPA . try be forced to make endless reports on made for removing most of the chemicals , list: acrolein, crotonaldehyde and formal dehyde. They are indeed ail potent poisons how U produces, uses and disposes of lliou, sands of chemicals on various lists, then on the EPA's iist and an equally good case In high concentrations and are lumped to the endless red tape involved will finally can be made for adding thousands of oth gether here simply because all three are lie down the chemical industry.,one of the ers not Included. always present In ripe strawberries. It has few American industries that still sells thing in excess is bad. No one should eat a ( bushel of .raspberries at one lime even though they are less likely to cause hives than strawberries. Mr. Wingate, re fired from Dow Chemi cal Co., lives in Wilmington, Dei A few specific cases will help explain been speculated that crotonaldehyde- abroad more than it imports, and make U this apparent anomaly) which is a violent stomach irritant, and as as helpless as Gulliver In the land of the First, look at nicotine, which was on the such has been used in the compounding of Lilliputians. > SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE THIRD EDITION FOOD CHEMICALS CODEX COMMITTEE ON FOOD CHEMICALS CODEX Food and Nutrition Board Commission on Life Sciences National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1986 0173BB 52 / fcc in-second supplement / Monographs fraction, take care to include all saccharides in the standard composition calculation. Compute the dry-basis concentration (C), in percent, of each individual component in the standard solution by the formula: C = {We/ZWi)X 100, in which We is the weight of the sugar of interest and X fVt is the sum of all sugar components. Standardize by injecting 1020 fil (about 1.0-2.0 mg solids) of the standard sugar solution. Integrate the peaks and normalize. Sum the individual DP4+ responses from the normalized printout to obtain the total DP4_ normalized response. Calculate the response factors as follows (see page 476, and page 73 of THIS SUPPLE MENT): known concentration, dry basis %, ' -- measured concentration, normalized % ' in which R. is the response factor for component L Compute the response factor for each component relative to glucose (R') using the following equation: R', = R,/Rc, in which Rcis the response factor for glucose. The /?', for DP4>r should be programmed as a default value (if automated equipment is used) and used to compute the concentration of higher saccharides. Sample Analysis Determine the solids content (see below) of the sample and dilute to approximately 10% solids with water. Inject a volume (10-50 fil) appropriate for the specific solids content. Calculation Calculate the concentration of each compo nent as follows: ( , ,C,. = A X R X ioovcz^o. in which A{ is the area recorded for that component and 24^,, is the sum of the product of the areas (A) and response factors (R) for all components detected. Arsenic A Sample Solution prepared as directed for organic compounds meets the requirements of the Arsenic Test, using 1 ml of Standard Arsenic Solution (1 jig of As). Color Apparatus Use a suitable variable-wavelength spectro photometer capable of measuring percent transmittance throughout the visible spectrum and designed to permit the use of sample and reference cells with pathlengths of 2-4 cm. The transmittance of all paired cells should agree within 0.5%. Standard Solution Dissolve 0.10 g of reagent grade potassium dichromate (K2CrjO,) in 1 L of water and mix thoroughly. Procedure With water in sample and reference cells of 2cm pathlength adjust the percent transmittance scale of the spectrophotometer to 100%. Leave the reference cell in place and replace the water in the sample cell with the Standard Solution: determine the wavelength at which it exhibits exactly 54.5 percent transmittance. This wavelength is defined as Xf, the corrected 450-nm wavelength. Remove the 2-cm cells from the spectrophotometer and with water in the sample and reference cells of 4-cm pathlength adjust the percent transmittance scale to 100% with the spectrophotom eter set at \c. Leave the reference cell in place and replace the water in the sample cell with the sample of high-fructose com syrup. Measure the percent transmittance (7^), Remove the sample cell, set the wavelength at 600 nm, replace the sample with water, and adjust the percent transmittance scale to 100%: then determine the percent transmittance at 600 nm (7) with the same sample of high-fructose com syrup in the sample cell. Calculate the Color (C) of the sample with the following formula: C = (log - log r4J0)/4, in which T^ is the percent transmittance at 600 nm and Tti0 is the percent transmittance at 450 nm. Heavy Metals Prepare and test a 2-g sample as directed in Method II under the Heavy Metals Test, page 512, using 20 fig of lead ion (Pb) in the control (Solution A) and 500* as the ignition temperature. Lead Transfer 10 g of the sample to an evaporating dish, add 5 ml of sulfuric acid solution (1 in 4), mixing it thoroughly with the sample, and evaporate most of the water on a steam bath. Char and dehydrate the sample by heating on a hot plate, while heating at the same time with an infrared lamp from above, and then heat in a muffle furnace at 500* until the residue is free from carbon. Remove the dish from the furnace, cool, and cautiously wash down the inside of the dish with water, Add 1 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid, evaporate to dryness on a steam bath, then add 2 ml of 1 Ar hydrochloric acid, and heat briefly, while stirring, on a steam bath. Quantitatively transfer the solution into a separator with the aid of small quantities of water, and neutralize with 1 N ammonium hydroxide. This Sample Solution meets the requirements of the Lead Limit Test, using 10 g of lead ion (Pb) in the control. Residue on Ignition Ignite 5 g as directed under Residue on Ignition, page 533. Solids Determine the percent solids from the refractive index (see page 533) as directed under High-Fructose Corn Syrup Solids, page 84 of THIS SUPPLEMENT. Sulfur Dioxide Proceed as directed under Sulfur Dioxide, page 546, using a 100 g sample. Packaging and Storage Store in tight containers. Functional Use in Foods Nutritive sweetener. Hydrochloric Acid, page 144 Replace the Description and Requirements with the following: DESCRIPTION A water solution of hydrogen chloride of varied concentrations. It is a clear, colorless or slightly yellowish, corrosive liquid having a pungent odor. It is miscible with water and with alcohol. Concentrations of hydrochloric acid commercially VVV 000017389 FCC iii-second supplement / Monographs / 53 available are usually expressed in Baume degrees (Be*) from which percentages of hydrochloric acid and specific gravities can readily be derived (see Hydrochloric Acid Table, page 514). The usually available concentrations are 18", 20, 22, and 23 Be. Concentrations above 13* Be (19.6%) fume in moist air, lose hydrogen chloride, and create a corrosive atmosphere. Because of these characteristics, suitable precautions must be observed during sampling and analysis to prevent losses. Note: Hydrochloric acid is produced by various methods that might impart trace amounts of organic compounds as impurities. The manufacturer, vendor, or user is responsi ble for identifying the specific organic compounds which are present and for meeting the Requirements for Extracta ble Organic Compounds. Methods are provided for their determination. In applying the procedures any necessary standards should be used to quantitate the organic com pounds present in each specific product. The variety of organic impurities that might conceivably be found in hydrochloric acid is such that it is impossible to provide a comprehensive and accurate list here. Therefore, the manufacturer, vendor, or user is responsible for establishing the suitability of such hydrochloric acid for its intended application in foods or food processing in accor dance with the provision on Trace Impurities, page 3. REQUIREMENTS Identification It gives positive tests for Chloride, page 516. Assay Within the range of Baume degrees specified or implied by the vendor. Arsenic (as As) Not more than 1 mg/kg. Color Passes test. Concentration of HC1 Within the range specified or implied by the vendor. Extractable Organic Compounds Total Organic Compounds (Non-Fluorine-Containing) Not more than 5 mgAg, including: Benzene Not more than 0.05 mg/kg. Vinyl Chloride Not more than 0.05 mg/kg. Fluorinated Organic Compounds (total) Not more than 25 mg/kg. Heavy Metals (as Pb) Not more than 5 mgAg. Iron Not more than 5 mgAg. Nonvolatile Residue Not more than 0.5% Oxidizing Substances (as Ch) Not more than 0.003%. Reducing Substances (as SO3) Not more than 0.007%. Specific Gravity Within the range specified or implied by the vendor. Sulfate Not more than 0.5%. TESTS Extractable Organic Compounds Proceed as directed under Extractable Organic Compounds (in Hydrochloric Acid), page 80 of THIS SUPPLEMENT. Insert the following new monograph to precede the monograph entitled Iron, Carbonyl, page 151: Invert Sugar Invert Sugar Syrup, Invert DESCRIPTION Invert sugar is a mixture of glucose and fructose that results from the hydrolysis of sucrose in accordance with good manufacturing practices. Invert sugar is marketed as a compo nent of invert sugar syrup that also contains sucrose in various amounts as represented by the manufacturer. Invert sugar syrup is a hygroscopic liquid that has a sweet taste, is very soluble in water, glycerin and glycols, and is very sparingly soluble in acetone and ethanol. REQUIREMENTS Identification Prepare a 10% solution in purified water and inject 7.5 p.1 into a high-performance liquid chromatographic system equipped with a cation exchange resin maintained at 85* and a differential refractometer detector; the liquid phase is purified water eluting at a flow rate of 0.7 ml per min. The chromatogram of the sample gives appropriate elution times for fructose, glucose, and sucrose when compared to a standard solution containing 1 g of each saccharide in 100 ml of purified water. Assay Sucrose and invert sugar content shall be as represented by the manufacturer. Arsenic (as As) Not more than 3 mgAgHeavy Metals (as Pb) Not more than 7 mgAg. Lead Not more than 5 mgAg. pH Not less than 3 nor more than 5.5. Residue on Ignition Not more than 0.2%. Total Solids As represented by the vendor. Total Sugars Not less than 99.5% of the total solids content. TESTS Assay Apparatus Mount a ring support on a ringstand 1-2 in. above a gas burner, and mount a second ring 6-7 in. above the first. Place a 6-in. open-wire gauze on the lower ring to support a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, and place a 4-in, watch glass with a center hole on the upper ring to deflect heat. Attach a 50-ml buret to the ringstand so that the tip just passes through rhe watch glass ceniered above the flask. Alternatively, a buret with an offset tip may be used in place of a buret with a straight tip extending through the hole in the center of the watch glass. Place an indirectly lighted white surface behind the assembly for observing the end point. vvv 000017390 TO: D. A, Kuhn Interoffice Communication FROM: DATE: guBJ* T. G. Grumbles January 24, 1986 PROGRESS REPORT FOR WEEK ENDING JANUARY 24, 1986 1. A meeting was held with Conoco to discuss solid waste site closures at the LCCC and remedial action and cost allocations for the T-405 compliance order at the LCVCM. Conoco has retained liabilities in both cases. 2. The draft report on Baltimore groundwater quality was reviewed with DuPont in Wilmington. The main conclusion of the report is that we need more data. The goal is to present the report to the state in early February. 3. Reviewed COEDS hazardous materials descriptions for Hammond products. Drafted memo detailing proposed changes. 4. Advised plants on DOT requirements for shipments of heavy and light ends. 5. Updated respiratory protection portion of methyl chloride MSDS. Began mailing letters and updated sheets to methyl chloride customers on the mass mailing list. 6. Met with data processing to discuss details of the PCR to automate the mailing of MSDS's to new customers and to old customers purchasing new products. "'"A \ -----------Thomas G, Grumbles ajo/8 VVV 000017391