Document XzG7LVQeDzvnJYV9GxvzpJV9B

71-0784-6 Toxicology and Pharmacology 71 0784. Davison, K. L. (Metabolism and Radiation Res. I.ab., Animal Husbandry Kc*. Div., Agricultural Kcs. Set., U.S. Dept, of Agiicullurc, Fargo, N. D. $8102). Growth, hemoglobin, body composition and vitamin A of sheep fed dieldrin. J. Animal M. 3)(3): 567-75; 1970. (M rcfciniccs) The effects of prolonged feeding of dieldiin on growth, body composition, plasma and liver vitamin A and hemoglobin In sheep is reported. Dieldiin was dissolved in acetone solution and mixed with a diet supplement containing oats, barley, corn, soybean meal, mincinlizcd salt and dicalcium phosphate. Four hundicd g of pelleted alfalfa hay and 100 g of the dkldiin-lrcaied supplement were fed twice daily to 135 crossbred wethers weighing 30 to 40 kg. Two replicates were run using 60 to 75 sheep, respectively. Dieldiin ruucentralions of 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg were used in the first replicate but ten of )2 sheep dosed with 4 mg/);g died within a month. A second replicate was carried out using dieldiin concentrations of 0,0.5,1 and 2 ingfkg. Two sheep from each licatment were staiighclcred at 0,4,8, 16 and 32 weeks. Tissue samples and gastrointestinal contents weie removed when the animals were slaughtered, The carcass remains and intestines from the second replicate were ground, blended in a Waring Blender and ftccte-dricd with a Viitis freeze-drier. An adiabatic Parr oxygen bomb calorimeter was used to determine the heats of combustion of feed and carcass samples. The Kjeldahl method was used for the determination of ntuogcn which was convened into protein values by multiplying by 6.25. Hemo globin in the jugular blood was analyzed monthly using the cyanmclhcmoglobin method (Evelyn and Malloy, 1938). The microcapiltary method and the Kimble (1933) method were used to analyze hemaloctii and vitamin A, respectively. The method of Davies (1933) was used to analyze vitamin A in the liver tissue samples at slaughter. Plasma vitamin A was determined monthly while liver vitamin A and the carcass fat and protein content were determined when the animats were killed. Growth, body fat and plasma vitamin A were not affected by dkldrin concentrations lower than 2 mg/kg but at the 2-mg/kg level, the action of dieldiin reduced else rate of giin and accumulation of body fat and also reduced die vitamin A levels In the plasma. Dirldrin did not affect hemoglobin, hematocrit and liver vitamin A. birds, usually by the eating of both shell am) contents. A proximate cause seems to Ii3vc been a wide mni subuaritral decline in weight (largely thickness) of the shell. For P and S, the change began in 1946*1947, climaxing in 1948*1950 and persisting to tbc present, l or G. the beginning was probably no later Ilian 1951. Other species have shown the phenomenon: kestrel (from 1946), merlin (from 1951), hobby (from 1952), shag (from 1951), rook (from I95S) uttd carrion crow (from 1958). No significant change has been found in eggshells of common buzzard, raven, guillemot, is/orbill. kittiwakc, blackhcadcd gull, golden plover or gicmlnnk. One known environmental change parallels in time and geograph ical patlcrn (he eggshell change and has i likely connection physiologically: the contamination (after 1945) of the eco system by synthetic organic chemicals used as pestjejdc$ and in industry. Oignnochlorine substances build up notably in tissues of wild raptors. Expciimcnis have shown that organo- chlorines alter calcium metabolism in birds. The introduction of DDT and gammo-BHC (1946*1948) was contemporaneous with llic onset of eggshell change. Dirldrinty|>c compounds since 1955 added to organochlotine contamination probably p have enhanced the eggshell change. (pb^likyWiaifd's; ttplifhytsy^lajrihaye bonlnbuied/ln Great Britain, there is a I l&Ttfaflon bePtttnt geographical variation in level of contain-1 inaiion, degree of change in mshell weight and egg breakecei frequency for P, S and G. Oig.mocIWorinei set off a chain of* events in some raptors: decrease in shell thickness leading to more frequent egg damage and to more frequent parental destruction of damaged eggs. There may have been harmful effects on breeding behavior and thus a decline in breeding! success which may have helped prevent recovery front poj-.rla lion "cituhc*" from adult mcnality of I1 and & after 1955 Interspecific differences in eggshell change may derive from! differences in degree of exposure to residues, differences in uptake and biochemical reaction to a particular residue level. Parental egg-breaking may be a response to adverse conditions! manifested between ovulation and hatching. Eggshell chancel due to chemical contamination serves as an adverse factor ini . place of a 'natural' adverse factor, but the outcome is inorc` detrimental to the species if reduced breeding maintained. S^M-0785. Rateliffe, D. A. (The Nature Conservancy, Monks Woods Experimental Station, Abbots Kipton, Huntingdon, England), Changes attributable to pesticides in egg breakage frequency and eggshell thickness in some British birds./ Appl. teal. 7(1): 67)13; 1970. (86 references) This papei is a general review of the subject, dealing with the following topics: the recent frequency of egg breakage, the niture of egg breakage, parental destruction as the proximate cause of egg breakage, other possible causes of egg breakage, decrease in eggshell weight (peregrine, spatrowhawk, golden eagle and other species), the causes of the eggshell effect, the connection with environmental pollution, the decrease in eggshell weight, egg broking, breeding failure and population change and the significance of egg breaking in a `natural' situation. Egg breakage in (lie nests of British peregrines (P), tpartowhawki (8) and golden eagle* (G) has increased with unprecedented frequency. Most breakage tsatrihuted to parent 71-0786. Fowler, J. S. L. (Dept, of Veterinary Plorniacolorv, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, U.of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland). Chlorinated hydrocarbon toxicity in the fowl and the duck. J. Comp. Pathol $0(3): 465-71:1970. (17 references) The effects of carbon tetrachloride (CC14) and hex.-*chlofoelhane (1ICI*) on aspartate ammo transferase (GOT), idilol dehydrogenase (SD), glutamate dehydrogenase (CD) and ornithine caibanivl transferase (OCT) activity and lunm-Lif* tlialein (BSP) clearance in various tissue extracts weir suid.tJ in cockerels and ducks. The cockerels were the While l erb^rn breed, 1.4 to 1.6 kg in weight; the ducks were (hr KT.-.ki Campbell bleed, 1.6 to 1.9 kg. in weight. CCI4 was given !o both cockerels and ducks in doses of 6 ml; cockerels received IlCIi in doses of -1 g in olive oil; in bmh cases, rhe route was oral. Olive oil was ihe coniiol substance. CT14 bad no aJsme effect on ducks but produced light narcosis, anorexia and 216 HONS 078066