Document Xz9L9oEkEv832e6pd6315avo4

FILE NAME: Union Carbide (UC) DATE: 1932 DOC#: UC001 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the National Safety Council - Dust Industry  - w a x m m a ; m v ,, . . m .; .. . . lor . . m high-occupancy vehicles (c.g., vanpools), and 61% less for those in express buses. These differences . , - : : : ^ vehicles in priority lanes. Furthermore, these diftbronccs existed even though the priority lanes were often both ol which were not controlled. m? wo - .... and the other the unrestricted lanes. r.aeh vehicle repeatedly drove its route for both the morning and CO levels (measured ai the base o f the windshield) are appropriate. Based on these measurements, the '' ' : : : l " ' a t 17 ! 171 -r ' - . - i ' 1........................ ..................-- : . m re . ..... iiine (measured in parts per million-minutes) was estimated to be 187% greater than exposure in the iraFile. However, the study did not account for the extra time to collect noniamiiy members o fa earpool. ' ;: V VT1..1 V- : - : :c-5. ; i ; . ---11 1 W- Vy- .-y-1 : c?. .-*. ; e .. . i n.;.;. o p .; iis t.- tit. ; j : i . i ; ; k. | re: .pyv. exposure to CO based on trip variables ft.>r a 6.2-km Honolulu artery divided into three links. na-sed on vniisiUi-_i. ; i ) iii-,, dJiiUiCiit e u euiivciiftiiiiuii, {1} uic sceuitu-iruk have! Lane, mill i J ) ciiiict the Unvcl iin.rvchicle speed, or CO emission factor for the third link. The models showed that the vehicle's travel time passenger cabin exposure to L'U o u me third imic because ot matnematical relationships among these three Dredietor variables. 4.5.2 Federal and State Policies Affecting Temporal Trends in Exposure cHm v f W r M c in r t tri-n H c in n r a w la t im v ^ .c u r p trt C C \ poisoning, and another is based on direct measurements o f passenger cabin exposure to CO oonoontmtions ---------- " - ....................................................................------------------------------------ - 1-- - : ~ i : -- -- -------___________________ , t t o j : . _ _.. j hi i able 4-7,j h c net mean CO concentration value represents the microenvironmental component oftotai J. ------ --------- - S --- --- ----- - ----- - v u v v r i v - i w w ivi-- u tiv : tcei (1991) reported statistics on the annual rate of unintentional deaths from CO poisoning in the United unintentional deaths occurring during the 1(i-year period. Ihe highest death rales per 100,000 persons 4 OC* 1932 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Inoocporated TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS W ashington, D . C. O ctober 3 to O ctober 7, 1932 The Wardmaa Park and Shoreham Hotels C fyngkt. m 3 . Satxmal a C U c .  National Safety Council * Incocooratad / 20 N orth W acker Drive, Chicago HONORARY MEMBERS Amocuhoh or bow and Stub. Elsciucal Ewoinuu Rossst W. Camwih. Asthub Williams OFFICERS (1$32-1$33) J. I. Bam asm, President. . Sonar L Catum, Vice-President for Public Safety. J. E. Culumky, Vice-President for Engineering. Hewa* B. Fonsa, Vice-President for Membership. G. T. Hellmuth, Vice-President for Business Administration. J. E. Long, Vice-President for the Division of Safety Council*. Goons H. Wawsl, Vice-President for Industrial Safety. D a C H . Watson, Vice-President for Health. A. W. Wnrrwsv, Vice-President for Education. Will Cram, Treasurer. W. H, Camebon, Managing Director and Secretary. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1932-1933) W e. F. Aswan, Safety Division, Milwaukee Association of Commerce. C B. Aubl, Past President. J. I. Bamasb, Consulting Engineer. Esnsst W. Bees. United States Rubber Company. C W. BncouiST, Past President C B. Bocurr, Public Utilities Section. W. H. Camsbon, National Safety Council. RoanT W. Camkell, Past President. Robert 1. Catuk, Aetna Life Insurance Company. Fbane H. Cocan, Marine Section. Will Cooks, Stevens Hotel. J. E Culumey, Bethlehem Steel Company. Eswasb Dana, Boston Elevsted Railway. Law A. DsBlou. Past President. Masetfs A Dow, Past President. Howass B. Fonda. Burroughs Wellcome & Co ( l '. S. A ) Inc. P. H. GLATrn.Tsa, York Comty Safety Council. Da T homas W. Gosung, Superintendent of Aaron Schools. Hassy Gcoacsr, The Pullman Company. G. T. Hellmutk, Chicago, North Shore k Milwaukee R. R. Co Waltis G. King, Past President Feansuk if. Kbsml, Evanston Saiety Council. Fsank J. Lanab a n . Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Company T homas E Lighttoot, Mining Section. John E Lose, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation. 3 4 Twenty-first Congress--National Safety CouncU H. W. tMM. Orntand Safety Council. W, W. Macs, Delaware S a k ^ C o u n o L Asrsu* T. Mom. Psrt PmWmt Lew R. Paum . Part rwM m . C. E Pemao*. P ut President f 1 Plrak. P m r 4 Pulp Section. L; C ^ H w w r A . Rewscm, Pa* President C. E. Sam, Cnerl Electric Company. Chablu B. Sewn, PM President Ew m t L Simon#*, New Haven Safety Council. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Compy y (Indiana). sr . Jonh H. Tatum, BirmmghamSaiety OduwL Annua M. T ook. Cooultinf Marine Engineer. L L J S ' w J i ' E t f Z * * * - * <*-- . _ s ta - a-** * - Da. C.-E. A. W inslow, Vale Medical Sdiool. Aarnua H. Young. Part President Il i DIRECTORS (1932-1933) i AAutiocuuaaTrUua l AAaiwaonrrr, St- LouiVr aSUaefyetySaCfeotyunCciol.uncil. wFoK". 1. I. Banash, Consulting Engineer. A"<,ci"", 01C S I W " S i e i S f S e f y T ^ n S j S v m . Chamber of Commerce. E rnest \V. Bock. United States Rubber Company. \V. A. Bennett, Worcester Safety Council. I.. G. Bentley, Richmond Safety Council. C. V.\ BcaciiutST, Western Electric Company^ 1)aus S Bavaa. liberty Mutual Insurance Company. E. F. Blank. Jones 4 Launtilin Steel Corporation. C. B Bch'IXT, Public Utilities Section. W R Boyd Ja.. American Petroleum Institute. w l i C am cam*. N 1 wM Safety Council Ro u st l. C a tlis. .V tn a Life Insurance Com pany. Feavk H Cocas. Marine Section W iu. Coorra, Stevens Hotel. 1. E Ci-VLisiY. Bethlehem Steel Company. E dward D ana. Bosi. E levated R ailw ay. K \ D o ': ; . '. Consulting Engineer. C urnw o D avis, r 4 Highway Traffic Sccikt. 1 W D awliv. Kcuigeratit! Sectii._ CHAEit-s l) D aw son. G r i n d R upids .s-ic ty ( o u n c l. l.rvu* A D r-B ic '-. C o n su lm .r E ngineer ^ J a\ F. Dick- Ma`--ei C ty Sa'-ty L1 J ames f Da. Lou Da. Ch> F rederic HAaVKY Donald Ralph * T homas H oward P. H. G E rnest Da T h Otho & Hauy I saiah D. T. E E. M. I G. T. C. L H Chas. 1 H arbv J ohn F Dana 1 Roland I ra V. F ranki F rank TimsiA K. M. i J. E. I. H. -W. W. W. 11. T.. .* F. W. ! P axton Henry W. S. I ' llH AN IL B. N M ium Wm G T. H a. it : Cm. H John / Gil ,.i,| T I. II. l I' 1 Hk>l\i I I I* II I', ( II A l.VA K HN l - Office** and Directors Jams* B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Work* Company. Dt. Loom I. Dukuk, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Dn. Cbaklu H. E tm t, Textile Section. - F an n ie W. Eamon, Blacks** Valley Safety Council. H tm y Ellemv Armour & Company. 5**" > P U K M tm , Toledo Safety Council. Kauw T. Futtaa, Eaatbay Safety Council. Tmoma* FinoUAU, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council. J0" * " B. Foma, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U. S. A.) Inc. P. H. GtATruna, York County Safety Council. Eanbst P. Gooouch, Consulting Engineer. Da. Thomas W. Goauxc. Child Education Section. Onto M. Graves, Quarry Section. Hakbv Gu iuut. The Pullman Company. Isaiau Halx, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. D. T. Habukgtox, U. S. Bureau of Mines. Jr J?' HainaatMAX. Safety Bureau. Duluth Chamber of Commerce. G. T. Hillmuth, Chicago. North Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. C. L. Hightoweb, Petroleum Section. Cuas. E. Hill, New York Central Lines. 0Prtment of Labor & Industry. Pennsylvania. Jobx Paica Jackson, New York Edison Company. Dana E. Jonh, Manufacturers Association of Erie. Woodworking and Lumber Manufacturing Section. Iia V. Karan, Pennsylvania Salt Mfg. Co. Fsanklin M. Kaiml, Evanstoo Safety Council - Ksank J. U mahan. Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Comjany. y Thomas fc. Lightkwt, Mining Section. R. M. Little, New ^ orlc Department of Education. JL L. Long. The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation. . . `'0*,**f*- Cleveland Safety Council. W. \V Mack. Delaware Safety Council. If- T. Maktix, Fisk Rubber Company. ' F. W. MATsnv, Minnesota Safety Council. Paxton Mfnm.j ssohn. Detruit. H enbv J. Min elk. Food Section. VV. S. Mocuxaixc, Fort Wayne Safety Council. L Mocca. Dayton Safety Council. R. B. Mcwlev. Industrial Accident Prevention Associati. tis. Mills* Met lixtock. Harvard University. \V m. fl. McClllam. Elizabeth Safety Council. T. H. McKf..<NtY., Illinois Steel Companv, South Works r DnMCn H? T" ' S*iety Dm"on- Memphis Chamber of Commerce. ru. Ben P. Nicxlin. Chattanooga Safety Council. J o h n A. O astel. Carnegie Steel Company (iioaor C. A UlT. The Iietroit Edison Company. T hos. E. Owi.v. Employees' Publication Section I.tw R P alme*. Equitable Life Assurance Society John C. PAKkca. Brooklyn Safet> Council. ` l . E. PcmaoxE. American Mutual Liability Insurance Ccrr.pam Bs six a i d P l a t t . Louisville Safety Count 1 ' I J Pua k Paf*r it Pulp See:or. H. B Pom*. Baltim.vre Sat, ( Chas E Rrj>s-fs\. Pr.-s fence l.T C Hl NSV \ R ' ! ' > ! ^ 6 T . - y > r i l C ^ U - N a H o n o l S a / " 3' S ^ff K S e t - ^ sE**8r*. bs mT.Bnschttlier sSafetwy Cotmol. to a Bon. KflCOCrrJ c^ w . JCOMV rR.uMsafOaMu, GJ*en. eral Electric Company. KP- s S s S f f i^ T . s - - " u ^ js a w - * f a s 5: S 't S f S a S T f f * - " * liwJWsir*> -c--* E U SSO *" *" v'**1! T s ^ r s i S s r Ei." c ,u aU ` U S l c I w I Motors Corporation. S S T h Tav- lnduitriM Section. H enbv D- H ^ w i^ n t y Safety Council. SenuAH F. '(-^ ...itinf Marine Engineer. Abtmu M. Toot, c w u t ^ Council. ... n T itimsyillb, San Antonio aTM? vwT r W a u .IT ? . M V incent <* H Railroad Company. a S S m Telephone & Telegraph . . Company. AuatTLC . \V Hnrt Ja-, S p r ^ e l d Safety Council. S.`eTWhS * ^ ^ ^ MBm ulS l t y T s S t y Underwriter. c. ` d i i c h o o i . t o , Arr v X : - Sheet i Tube Company The i life. It nation reaches from p< essentia Insep conditio Toda; the Can industri merce, includir the Un our nat Thus firmly nence t The detailec under waukee New ^ membe The wert a remedi. and to preveiu accider cxampl tendon Sine death i motor of pro decrea: years; eticcti' safety to ped These ace ld "l -me l>o>t r< made. "4 |ier 68 Turnty-first Congress-- National Safety Catim i! its personnel and the uniform high caliber of its work, the Bureau's laboratories a t P ittsb u rg h seem th e logical place fo r such certification to lie ikuic. T h e m an u facturer of protective equipment welcomes definite specificalionft he can meet, no m atter how rigorous, and expects to pay th e testing hill w hether hi* npiipm cot is passed o r rejected. N o private testing laboratory would lie expected to undertake this type of w ork without charging the m anufacturer a Ice adtxpiatc to give the lab o ra to ry a reasonable profit. T lie B ureau's fees in th e |>a>i. for th is ty|>c **i w ork, h a re been modest, but the funds rev erted to tin* l*. S. T reasu ry , and not in th e B u re a u 's laboratory. U nless a n ab su rd am i wltolly unnecessary h ardship is to be placed upon th e Bureau, it should lie perm itted to do su rh w ork on a cost, o r pay-as-you-go. basis. General Discussion C hairm an GreenUirg aitvr delivery of the paper im hd discussion. which was lengthy and spirited. This may be summarized as follows: D r. I I . K. Pancoast. Philadelphia. |tointcd out tliat white X -ray presents the l*cst method of observing changes in the lungs and also for determ ination oi tlieir incapacity, m ost exam inations are not thorough. T his mint is frcipicutly overlooked. E x p e rt evidence is very im)*ortant in m aking a diagnosis a n d g rading incapacity. T lie |Mtiiit m ade by D r. Kussell. >t th e advisability of special lM.ar<ls to decide th e idivsieal status of employees exposed to liea h azards, w as also emphasized by D r. \V. J. McConnell. M ctrntm litau I.ifc Insiiranee <'niui>aiiv. \ e w Y ork t'itv . In this connection Commissioner l\. (. Knutson. W isconsin In d u strial Commission, poke o f the difficulties exiierienccd in liandliug cnmiH-iisation rases, ffe suggested am endm ents to tlie occupational disease law s in various -.tales for the complete coverage o j occupational diseases. * tliat eiaim - ra n lc decided bv the comm issions rath er than by common law. Tlie ennllkt of testmMsiy by so-called ex|>rrts ap|carin g liefore the commissions is sometime* rem arkable, fn some eases a final decision lias lircn m*cessarily witlibeld until a lte r an autopsy. I. Jin Roach. D epuii f.m im issioncr of l.ah o r. N rw Jersey, advocated the ap|Miintnient o f a M edical Hoard to he paid by th e S ta te wlmsc opinion in compcnsatim i eases should lie final. T lie re i$ a g rea t difference of opinion alm ut ilicsc cases, -aid C liairntan (reenhurg : the com pensation commission* diiTcr. th e doctors d iilcr. and on th e o th er liaml. industrialists have not been alert to tlie situation: hut thev can do a great deal in th e future. Com pensation Hoards in tlie |*ast have licen som ew hat a rb itra ry in th eir derisions. Som e tinu- ago f suggested in Connecticut th at th e commission should Ik* m ade up o f a luvvv i r , a physician jHvi.ihst. am t an vtigineer: hut lhi< suggestion did not meet with very much favor. Asked to nitline how silicosis rases are handled in Canada. Dr. J. fi. Cunningham. Toronto, O ntario. sa id : O ur law s define the term s iltrn>is and tuberculosis, aud they osrihcr define the industries and ocrtitiatioiis alTeeted. hut they refer to m inim; -stiecially. T h e eases come from the individual physicians and a re referred to tlie mIkoxi* board. W hen the claim is received, tlie hoard exam ines the records and the claim ants, to see if the regulations of exposure have been complied w ith: if so. the claimant is personally referred to the silicosis board: tw o n r three of the m cm U r- examine the ease personally, and then each ease is decided by all three mcmlM-rs of the board. T h e claim is then referred b ark to the cooi|cnsatMiii lioard. Tw o iber points of interest occur to tnc. he said further: first, wc have had a m iniU r ..i stone cutters with IS years exposure to limestone, contacting tulirrciilnsi*. but in every case the occupational history showed that they previously had cut sand stone: second, in an extensive examination of w orkers exposed to silica dust and alkaline powders, reports in the literature have shown the rapid development of silicosis, but in our experience an exam ination of tw o small groups w ith similar exposure has shown only a small am ount ol fibrosis. The im portance of exposure to coal dust also has not yet been sufficiently realised. Vf industrial Health Section t/i D r. J. P. I .cal. I '. S. PnMic H e a lth Service. W ashington. D. vniplnsi/rd the point made lv P rofessor D rin k er concerning the use of inask*-, tlial the miuiuuuu pressure necessary to operate such a m ask sltotiid lie used, th at a decision should be made as to what this is. ami tliat w e should he sure th a t pulm onary excursion dors not operate against appreciable pressure and against pmjer amt eontionniis lung ventilation. It ts im portant to find some w orkable protective device, said Mr. Roach, tliat will protect w orkers in six ty o r evenly d ifferen t industries where the exposure exist. It is possible that in lalioratories a well matle apparatus will work iairlv w ell, hut in the various industries workers a re found w ho have sharp and irregular features, and many times a m a-k o r respirator w ill not w ork tar these faces as on other workers with round, smooth features. T h e protective device thus heroines a menace rather than a help. W e a re a im very m uch concerned w hether the tiller i -atisiat<*ry and will prnperte train out the particles. It lias l*een m entioned, said Dr. R ussell, th a t some limesfoue aud <a*vd>tt>nc workers have had silieosis. W'o m ust rcnteiulicr th a t g ran ite w orkers and others have s)>wn the presence of silicosis, although they have not been directly exposed, ami oilier w orkers ltcsi<lc 'utters have show n th e presence of silicosis, all of these eases l*cii*e due to previous occupational exposure involving silica hazards. Recentle wc IkuI a case of a man w ith silicosis and tuberculosis, his jolt having been loading coat < a real silicosis e xposure), lint previously fie h ad lieen a gold m iner. H e is nmv years old. Iia tulicmilni. ami th re e t h is five children also give |M-iti* m U n ulft reactions, which is against the usual coneeption that tulicrculosis from silicosis i< transmissible. P nde'* Driuki-r 'a id r I have Iwen ;i'k e d w hether I eon-i.ler a n'pirai<r u*-l protection if no other apparatu s i< available. Mv answ er i ' that i; would not In a high eoiieeuiraiion of dust, if the resp ira to r is functioning j*r<`t*rrlv. it should reduce the amount of dust lircatlicd. Rut a respirator is not really an eight-hour he apparatus. In other pr<rc'*. how ever, w h ere th e work i* iiiteruiitteui ami a work- mau is not oldigel to w ear Ins resp ira to r continuously, it lumld function as art efficient protective apparatus. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 5. 1932 F or the record of th is jo in t session of delegates of the Indu strial H ealth Section w ith th e C hem ical S ectio n , see p a g e 166 of th is volum e. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October S. 1932 Chairman G rm thurg. on the opening of this session, called for the report of the Nominating Committee and officers w ere chosen as follows : A l l For Chairman. D r. R. G. Leland. A m erican M edical Association. Chicago. ^ V itt-C h a in n a n . D r. W . R. Redden. A m erican R ed Cross. Mew Y ork City, w Secrtiary. Dr. C. O. Sappington, Chicago. Chairman G reenburg then introduced th e first speaker. *2 Tuvnly-sccoml Congress--Hulimml Safety Council OH;)) tn ju ru m s amt arc. therefore. rcmovc.1 fr.un Ilie sample. A fter prn,m r dilul,., t|,,. cm nents o f th e uradualcd liable a rc llm rot.cl.ly a l.a U so th at a ...or... suspension " nlitanicd. am i tw o portions of almut ,,e cubic .......... ..re remove.) ,,.I, , cue to ju st n il tw o Sedj-w tck-Kaflcr comiliiiK cells. Tlm veil, a re allowed sta n d a t least ill m mutes ami the .lust , n ic ie s a re the., com.tc.1 l.v ...vans ,, . a nH*rosco|H*. ' ' llm .ern sc.,* .I, au AW.- .. .lo s e r is provided .vitl, an .y e p io r m i.r. ,,.,.r a If,-.,,,II,meter .d.Jcctlvc ami a 7 X e y e , ,... Tim eyepiece ,,nerm och-r has a |ar e Miuarc o c r a . . - . 1 on ,1. ami tins s .p u rc is .h .i.le.l ...... 1. ,, p u rc s . . .. ,,f which , lllr. Ih cr divided m to a sm aller s-purcs. Tin- p rn ,, -r lolw lem tth o f tin- . ,, i . - r . , .k-lcrm utol by cahlwaluu, wtth a stace ... rm ucter. o . that a shle of the lam e - p u r e i d th e eyepiece covers I m illim eter 1 1.1) m ic ro n ,). H i e larg e s tp u rc of th e ry rp ie rr inicrnniclcr. lliereiore. o e lo s e s .h e .lust ,, a r o o , mm ,, p u r e m illim eter. ...... ..me ,lm ...... . .e ll i . ,HK ,..ill,,,,.te r deep 'M K .lust suspcmlc.1 ... mm o h m m .lh .m le r o f tlm sam ple is m ..lcr the rule.1 li. hi. Ml particles ' .t a ll y less than It) m n r. .s ,, |.,, c e s t .lianm ter in mm .p u r le r of the I,.1.1 are cmmusl a, . . . ,,, e cell, ,,,,ml,-. .m ar tlm t..nr o w n e rs and tlm v o t e r T w o veils .., each dust sample a re rm tn lrd and tlm av era c c ,, f |t) co rn ,,, is obtained t . tr o l counts a re M.hlrartc.1 ........ ,|,e a v .ra e e ........................Bivbl,, ft, ,, | | ,, averaee mt . . . s o. tlm ....... . ... Particle, winch a re then calculated in te rm , o f particles l*cr ciil.m i . . t ... a ir sa.|.le<l. 1 I la vine .U-.ern.ined the f.UKcntrati........ . .Ins, , r t ivies less tie... 10 m icrons in .lia,,,. c tr r .,, a e v e n atm osphere. it is .,|.,, ,, ,, -.-,, a re ,,htain in fo rn u ti.... r o a r .li n e the nu n eral e n ,, .p o s,, ... ,|,c .1,.,. Is-,..re any e v ah u tim . ... ,hc he.............. can he In c en eral i, may he said ,h a, the harm ,,.loess ,, f a . ,, n r t t .......am ine d ,,, , i .usual y . . .h rec, |ir..|M.rl..a. ,o ,ls ,ret- i l i e a I SiO , I, s. ,|,eref..re "lr> ,n-> Htat is the .liea th a, . . . n r- as ,,,.| ..n u h in o l u ltr a . o r tlm s.lma th at is e.,,hi,,e.l ........ h er c lo w n ls ,n ,|.e various s .lu a tc ......erals. It should lm l..r.m in mind, llm relore. that the ,..ia | silica reported m the cii>iuiiury chvmiral i* ini m easure of the am ount of free mIku Tlm t jt u r t r c , e ,, . of fnm ......... i , ,, ,, .a lly d e te r,,, ,, ,,I | ,, a com hinati........... mlr.;rai>hm a n d clicniiral melhmls. I-.:,clt dust p r e s o ls i...livi.lual p r o h lo is au.l ,,.. ....I.vnlual tec a..pirns to all .lusts n e a r.lie s - of their ........... Tlu . ...lerested ,, . ...... prohlen. sh.ml.l ..........It Reprint X.. I5.A t |,e Pnhlic H ealth K e' l-w ts l-eh ru ary id . P-.U entitled -T lm Q uantitative |) e ,e r n ,i.u ,i. ..f n . ,, r , , .h ea . m ... .. . he Adolph Knopf. Profesom o f Physical . io l o e v . Vale* .....I ............ t m in i M att s Pi,Mi,- S rrv irr. * Discussion of Dust Problems By DR. LEONARD GREENBURG , Yale U niversity. N ew H aven. Conn. Tlm - . iker sat................... ............. technical side of thi- ,.r..hh h . u leo I TM 'V! ' l f l-y Mr J.ums and H r. J lo t e r 11,. re is little ha I should a.hl from fins point of view. P e rlu |,s tlm val.ul.le ..,,,,rib , , ` n" k' " pr " f " 1 lo yu > Personal view of the broader L im bus - tra ttv c asimcts o f flits prul}U-m nam ed a s a result of m anv n - s r . r i . order do rhis, l ,, tne ,, Oust Problem in industry Itimt W e may Ik-kiii ly aereem e that piiluim iar) id,rows resu lt, iiou, the ululali... .of c.erta.in dusts in . m ieeiurali.iii over a s,ilheieot 1K-ri.l ol lium. T his favi h a , been d .-.n o ,, .,.a ,..l reim atedly l.y ,, m a n . of industri.,I. lal-.ra .o rv and ,u,l,.,hm i. , studies. O n tin . s.,,.|.l,- f a c . I lake it. tlm re is p h ie auree,.mm. Such Icttiu n u le eases of dis.fdi.iu im l.m aury lilm.wis a rc held in n u n . siau-s i. r be llm respons...... . of Ihe employer. l-,,r.lm r. a | rusal of ll,e to ...... ... law. makes ,1 e v i c t ,h a. there v s ,. ,, a .keided tren d ... ,|m d i,e .-, .................... "" , " .7 * ' ' additunul stales are "'V Lm nu for we .i.,,l tim e ............. . ,, e o a.t.h.1 !.. Urn li., of ,|,,, M. l-.h tm u - ,l,, ..,,s I-. a ........ pensahlc d i s c sc. would certainly lm hlindinu .rse-lees In tlm facts were we not to adm it llm e,storne ol this tren d i,, ..m iai leuislal.on. It sl,,,,,l,| I , ,-.,,,..,1 out here that this is a very wliolcsmnc and desirahle state 01 a lia .rs. l lm .i.s.iranvc principle I n s .......... .. its extst.-m e in sprea.lm e llm hunk-ii .a ill ............ ..x.-r a k IK -rxl " , tri-O b. (r.,,,. ea,a,r..,d.e and surely in ,1m case ,,..|,, x i,, a l aee,,l. ,,,'s it has ( r o d ns Ir.an the .k-phmalde stale of affairs in existence prior to p .| |,, x,C17 , ' " 1 1,,`' " ' C" " a " ' " la' *" =** V u n y hope for .s p u li, sal.sia. ,..r, re.uhx t a L T ' .................................. " "vA.......... sohnim , .lm problem ` they carry ............. ................. ... ,, 1 . . . , . ........ ........... ' l" ; a " .......... . " I' ........... . I....,I, Ih. e r o s .lie pr..l.le.n and llm,r wake a .a s t a,, ......I ,,1 l.lieal...... .11,,,.s. ao.l a lai , i m o . ., , I " " ' 1: " ; " ' " ........ . 11 " hal > r e o ......................... is irne i, i. that lustri- ........ prevent Ilo- di...-,,,nati.. ,,1 .lust i,, , 1... ........................ .............. adupute . ...,, ,, e ,,vim,.-- as are available: ,, certa, . a . . . ,,1 ,.,. ,l',,. ......... " "`" 'W l,r,.vik-. and tore.- the w orker ,.. ,,se. ............. c m , r r l T " ; ; ...... a> "'.'V '"'.' saleeiiar.l hi... auam s, the iohalat,., ,.i d.lM'UM...'..<ilN' " I,ts" 'li7l|>| ............"..,.a..*. . TM ' ................................ re tree .............. .1...........,.wrr' I spue . a the very Ims. elforls of .l.wtry ..........I,.- ,h,s pr..l.le,,, there -a.......... . douhledly I- a *cria! nmnlmr ol eases Imooeh. the eoorts au.l pre-cole.I ss jeftl,m ule eases ..I s,hcosts. W hile som e .,, these a re tru e eases o, sdieosi, ,,thers have Ime,, .,, .o r,n o i. a re ...... lm, a re ....................... -rely ax a me:........... .,l,,a ,, 11,e- htmls lr.,, ,, tmlnxlr, A ............................ su. I, eases l.r.nus us bm iealh to ,1m . ,, ,, u d part ,,1 the p r e s e t ............ H I,.,, ........... ideal 1....I |,a.Ilio ........ p e ,, s,, i..,, eases with re,cro m e to occupa...... .. disease a nd n,re j u r t i v l a r l , s ,|,e ...,': If we ex a ........ tlm d ev e lo p m v t of III, pensai,ml acts we tind lli.il ., I,......... . deste,,,-,I p e n a r ,I, :oli.lieale cases of ,,d o -lru l a r e ,.l e t. has he .h -rv v . Im e U l v e juris,I,e..... ver .-.,,,,..,,,,1 disea-s. I,, ,.,et. ...... . ,| , lr>. ........... "> > ' hr, ,eh , within the s e t ....... . ,1 m - rie i ,1 com i,.,,sal,,,,, acts. ............ Clow esam inai,.,,, j. lmeon.es a p p a r e l .hal disease, arc far ,,,..rc .1,11,. uh ... a .I,...... -ate fl.au are ,1m ordinary injuries ar.su.u in ........ ... They I.re s e t many hvlmmal facets and .l.-,a,l..| knowl.-dee this parim i,lar l.raimh of medicine will, which llm avera e e ru m ,,,,... n r , e r , o i l e u,, am,.,..,r. As a re ........ we luol in praetiee l lu l .he t our, ,. p r e - e .e d w ,,l,' hiul.lv t r d , ,, ,, d o m e by experts (or the plaiutilf a nd for Ihe doendant whwh i ver; difficult ,< not unpossthle to satisfactorily evaluate. O ften ,1m commissioner is canuh't \ b' lw " 11 ,h e views of such witnesses and is not provided with his own R haLimu ."1 ,0 aid h '" ' m " r i,in g " ,he rM l background of Ihe problem at 44 Twt'iity-St'cotui Ciiui/rcss-- Xatiouiil Safety Conni'il W iuit we really lived is a streiigtlK iim c of the technical side <<i the cnmieiisaiiiu a cts to keep ( a r c w ith iliv iiHTcaanl factual understanding w r > l in K iIk- occupational iliM-asn. T h is Iocs ih4 m erely refer to die C ourts themselves hut should In-gin with the |trnm ulK alM i 4 accurately worlvl i-*n|H osulittii acts which ch-arlv dcluie tin Upases i r which com pensation is to Ik paid. k'vkinjH'nsation commissioner* should Ik assisted hy ho ard s of tcclmical e x p erts compose! 4 engineers ap|Mmlcl hy the deans of the various engineering schools and of pin sici.uis appointed In the de.ins I die rec<iKiii/cil UKdical schools. T h e engineers selected sliotild have a very com plete knowledge of factory cotHlitHiis and die field oi veunlaiioo. and the physicians slutuhl Ik e x p erts in (lie field 4 industrial hygiene and <cti|*attniiul disease. It i> only w ith the aid <4 such highly s|Kciali/c*l Im artR o r their ei|uivalent>. th at die conipcnsatHHt comniissiHicrs may Ik aide i*> tlo complete justice to I*>t11 sides in tltvsc highly teclmical cases. It is the lieliei of the >|>eakcr that em ployers and tin plnyces alik e w ould heitclit g reatly fr*m tin* establishm ent and use of such Imurd-. In oriler to liasten (lie estaldishm ent 4 this system employers are justified in appealing to th eir legislatures w ith this end in v iew ; certainly such a legitim ate Ivmaud should receive the h e a rty su|i|Hirt 4 all concerned. I;rr|uendy oik is asked, w hat should Ik kmc w ith those claims which are icised mi little o r no real eviileiKe of injury to die worker Imt which are mcrclv reared hy vhik' w r y e n terp risin g a tto rn e y : S u rh claim s are. I have W en told. W-eomioe very coiimioii >4 late am i eoiisim iic a real p ro ld n n industry. It is obvious that th e com pensation advisory l u rd s suggested earlier will, as soon as iliey are form ed, serve tW* future as a h rallliv hulw ark against this type of Itiselcss claim am i I venture to pr**lict th at few 'itch cases would W savornldx acted u| h>ii !> a Uvird of real cxjHrlS in th is lield. At the present time lad->r> >>ilu i.d ' >hoold employ tinvery W-st legal talent available and should reinforce such legal talent with technical ami medical e x p e rts thoroughly versed u the lield of 'd ic o 'is. M.mv cases have Ik-cii lost hy a failure to bring to W ar the requisite technical aid rc.piirvd |o prove (Ik non-existence of a hazard. H ere is an excellent example oi a ease m which money may Ik saved in llic end hy increased expcinltitires. W e now arrive a t die linal steps in the control ot diis problem, the physical and X -ray exam ination 4 the w orker. Kvery factory .should h a te pre-employm ent and routine posl-cxamiiiatiiHs. It seems olivioiis that die burden of die health 4 the w orker sliould not Ik placed h i the plant vvillioiit the privdc-.v oi the pre-< niphit nieni exam ination. How can industry Ik legitim ately' e\|w c te d to hire a w orker "in the hlind`` as to his o r h e r physical emidilHni ami then a lay later Ih- e x a c t e d to shoulder the hunii-u of the w o rk er's health? I'y reiwaletl physical exam inations ii is }Mstl>le to discern the faint early deviations from norm al health if auv take plaee. In tinm anner the em ployer w ould Ik forew arned very .early if an> w orkm en showed tunc elianges suggestive 4 early silicosis. T h e routine industrial health exam ination on a broad scale throughout the m ajo r |ortion 4 Am erican industry would constitute a public health prKvdure of m ajo r significance, tty its means a very targe p r o b a tion 4 the population woiihl Ik aide! in the prevention of the degenerative diseases of m iddle life which today constitutes such a real mh-ikuv. .U iJiH 'H X M / iM h' I - n r r s / i o . v /> .i.v .v i . 1 /. s . n : i : r y c u n i; i<r. ,s .s v . / / / 1>v . / / s . i i : n r v r o r x r i i . P'S Falls o f Persons THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5, 1933 T h e s| k*v;iI session devoted to discussion of problem s arising through iall> >>l persons was called to order by W . S. Paine. m anager. Kngineeriiig and ln>|Hvtion Departm ent. Aetna Lilt- Insurance Com pany. l ia r tin n l. ( 'Miiiecticut, who presided. * Chairm an Pain* w chained lit- delegates and im m ediately inirduccd tlie lirst -jn-aher. Ladder Accidents and Their Prevention By F. L. H U R LB U TT M anager. P atent Scaffolding Co., C hicago, Illinois Tin* speaker said in p a r t : In discussing ladder accidents, let u- divide ur into three divisions: i | ) selection; (3 ) ta r e <>r m aintenance; ami i .Ji pr>|H-r iim-. I ta n iltiitk <>t no piece o i plant c|iiipmciil in u liii'h th ere is Hu* op|H.rtnnit p > huy 1`illit-r <>r accidents that there is in ladders. Basically, mi ladtler i- hettcr Ilian the |*r . piece oi dock used in its construction. O nly well seasoned. -.imight* grained w*hills should It- used. F or extension and strin g ladders, the rails should be i*f spruce. Douglas tir. NW way pine o r long leaf yellow pine. Because the last named is somewhat heavier, it is mil as itcsirahU* as th e others. H ongs oi o.tk. ash or hickory a re liv far the U-st. and here g rain is all oit|M>rtaiit. T o assure straight grain, th* l 'l i mgs are hand split in distinction to tlu: m d u iars m achine turned rung. T he sectional st/e <>i side rails must vary with the length of tlu* l idd* r. ami likewise tile diaineler of the rungs must vary w ith the width of Hie ladder I'clvvceii the side rails. Cut in no ease should the diam eter of the rung he l c " Hi.ni I ' . null, llnr the tenon less Hum ' inches, A genuine safel> m easure on extension ladders is the use of autom atic locks, instead of the old fashioned gravity locks. All h a rd w are should Ik* of malleable iron o r m ild steel. N o cast iron linings should Ik* permitted. Much discussion has been indulged in over the tpiestioii of whether rune tenons should extend fully in Hu* side rails or mil) to within a ipiarter of an inch. \ |v experience is dial where the tenons do not go all Hu* way thro u g h the rails, such ladders retain llieir rigidity liettcr and do not get wuJdily as smm as ladders which have tlte rails completely Imrctl through. Also, m oisture is less likely to get at the tenon of the rung and cause rot. 45 20 T w cn t\'`Si'i'mi Con gress-- .Vitlionnl S a fe ly ( ouih'ii Membership Committee Chairman --R. A. ('liaHin, Continental Steel C orp., Kokom Indiana. K ailuvy Car Duildcrs Committee Chairman-- P. J. rund. Pullm an l ur \ Marni(acuirm i; Coep., Pullm an, C hkagn, ili. Members at Large ly S. Adam s, llu h ta rd Steel Foundry. vasi Chicago, lud. C. M . A lia i, T ile A m erican Rolling M ill l'w.. M iildlciim n, Olii, j . A. C oltrili, N ational R ad iato r Curi.. Johnstow n. Pa. II. M . C rocitan, lu la n d Steel Co., Iiuliana Ila ri * . Imi. G. A . D avis. Illinois Steel Co., Chicago. III. Jo h n P . EU, Illinois Steel Co.. Joliet. III. K. A . Fili. W liecling Steel C orp., W heeling. \ \ \ Va. W . T . F ilm er, T I Y oungstow n Sheet & T u b e Co.. Youngstown. Ohio. A. C. Cihsoti, S ia m ;, C ta lfa n t & ('.. Inc.. Pittshurch, Pa. ( liarles W . I lank. P ittsb u rg h Steel Co.. Monessen. Pa. S. K. H a u k e s . M aeW hyte Coni|iany. K inosha. W is. i l . G. H n ise i. T h e Y oungstow n Sheet A T id e t*o.. tliic a g o . ill. \Y. J. Ireland, K idder Co.. Ktdilcr. W is. \Y . A. J a rv is, T he ( lia s e t'*ni|aiiic<. W alcrlm ry. Cnn. I \ A. I.au rrm au . Republic Steel Corp.. South Chicago. III. *V. 11. M cKenney. IUiuis S tir i Co.. Sonili Chimi:. III. |) . V. M edalie. In tcrlak e Iron v'orp.. Chicago. 111. W . F. M e g ra v . 11. II. i*!-eri."ii l .. P iU 'burgh. P-. K i-tart I.. Schm ill. I.ouisw llr t a r W heel R aitu ay Supply < >.. I.otiisviilv. Ky .1. K. Stafford. M ississippi Valley S ln n iu r a l S tir i i n . l itr a iu r . HI. J . M. W H*. T h e Youngstown S h irt & T ube t' .. Youngstown. Olii. Health Hazards in the Foundry B y C A R E Y P. M cC O R D . M .D. M edical D irector, T he Industrial H ealth Conservancy L aboratories, Cincinnati, O hio Tin- -pi-aker said in p a rt: O u r and *i-r again it seems necessary t rcslaic in m ain guises snrh well established foundry fundamental as the following : I. Excessive heat is a hazard common to all ioundrir*. Excessive Iteat m eans high I-* of valuable chlorides from the body and calls fo r replacem ent. T h e use of salim /cd thinking w ater is now In-Iter established adesirable than ever ta fo rc M ore rath e r than less salt i> advocated for the imrm.il foundry w orker c\|oscd to high temperatures. A. M olten m etal em its chemical rays at tim es harm ful to the eyes. ( gyles titled w ith glass ta rrin g these rays prove ihvir worth to the workmen in many plants. 4. M etal fume fever fortunately is fleeting in it< known effects, hut no less is real. It i> m ore often found w here zinc enters the m etal mix. 5. Sudden and extrem e variations in tcm iw atu rc may be the lot of foundry workers--notably so in winter. The body makes adjustments to these quick changes with adm irable facility. N o less, these burdens are conducive to respiratory diseases, including pneumonia. Pneum onia reaches highest frequency among foundry men. 6. Lead poisoning is far from rare in the foundry. -* sr i ' S Ali'Utls Shilton 321 7. CarloMi immiixiiic m ay Iw tuinul in harm ful piaiitities. 8. A ntimony, nickel, cadm ium , m anganese. |ilurt|iluinis, arsenic, ami >itl|>liur may on oecaM*ni liud liirir way into tlic crucible and thus m ake p*sMbU: die dcvvlpuwut v>i ill health traceable to Mich canxcs. 9. In core m aking, tuauy binders liavc led to skin diseases. 10. If m etal grinding, polishing am t huffing constitute a part ni die foundry * acli* ities. a lorn; list of additiuiial liazard s m ay In; cited, ranging from the action of chrom e pohshig m aterials to tuiovitis from tltc drag "f the hulling wheel. 11. I.ast, luit foremost, is tlic h azard o f dust. A t the pr*>vul moment vmteern u r health hazards in the foundry may lie divided in tin: ra tio of 9* per eent for dust) lung diseases and l jure cent Joe all o th ers combined. W h ile this dispro|h>rtion n a y not I w arranted, it appears desirable tliat I devote the m ajo r |M>rtioii o f my comments to selected items related to dusts a n d tlic diseases produced l*y dn*ts. C onfronted with any new a n d o u tstanding Itazard in industry, the teudviiey is to exaggerate die rixpiircmcnts for cotitm l. T his notably was true when Un/->| tir-r cam e into wide industrial application. N ow the conditions under which U-iizol may w ith safety lie used are so well delineated tliat w here these conditions are provide! benzol |>itoning is uukiiowu. A sim ilar course is predictahle lo r the siliea lia u n l in foundries. A s tlic m ajor problems connected w ith dusty hint; diseases and their c.iu*.iii->ii, beconic harnessed by the s|Macialist. op|Mirtuuity is provided lo r the consideration mauv secondary as|Mvts-ot dust and d usty lung diseases. I promise now to comment *at live of these '( d u ly less M endicant m ailers--ini|iortant in mv opm m u t the cmihyiu::> manager, the safely engineer, and tlic plant physician. 1. flow shall.tin.' toundry o p erator protect himself against eases of dii*tv lung d is eases originating in other plants? M any i<undry operators a ic faced w ith suits o r o th er to n of \la iin s th at undouhtedly are related to previous employm ent in other foundries o r oilier dusty trades. Since >iUeosis may rvtpiire and usually lines re>piirc many years for its development to the point of disability, it n atu rally follows, hv w ay o f exam ple, th at in years of previous foundry e.\|Kr>ure is m ore Mamuhlu in the causation of silicosis than tw o years of sim ilar exposure in present employm ent. V et the present employ or is likely to find him*elf saddled with full responsibility. Lately l have had opportunity to examine well made him negatives of applicants for work, without admitted previous exposure in iudiM ry. I ln-x- persons were immd to live ami drive on dusty country roads m ade of llint. A pproxim ately SO per rent of these young adults presented siillteient involvem ent in llicir Pirns i* U- rated a "suspicions" in rclutiuu to puctmiocnnisis. t oven a few nionitis e.\|Masure in a foimdrv anyone m ight hold himself eligible for claim s against his em ployer alleging dusty lung disease. T he answ er to the problem is detinue. Every prospective cm p lm ce for any du*ty portion of a foundry should lie x -ray ed by a competent m aker and in terp reter mi che-t films. I'or the go*si of th e prospective workm an and ir the good of th e operator, any applicant exhibiting any x-ray evidences of any degree of involvement resulting from the action of dusts or the presence of other pulmonary pathology in well estab lished degree, should be denied employment in any dusty exposure. Expensive as x-rays may be, they a re likely to prove one o f the m ost economic steps tliat ma.v be taken in these days of wholesale litigation, synthetic testimony, unskilled physicians, and plaintiff-prone juries. -W* v * 322 Tii't'nty-St'cond Comjrcss-- Nationtil Safety Council 2. W h a t sliall lie done w ith kite w o rk ers known lo |to*sess holy lungs ? In lake mtMilhs m any em ployers in dusty traik-s have procured routine x -ray ex am i nations o f all employees. O u t o f every hundred iuidiahlcd i m u properly exam ined. a fair percentage is likely to p ttfc iU some degree of clear-cut |nwuniiMtui<sis. W hat is to lie done with such m en? M any are not disabled. Some are outstandingly liale and h earty. Sliall tltey he told of (heir state? Many a re likely to k-velop m enial quirk- a n d neuroses. Sm ite will take an im iair advantage of the em ployer thro u g h claims. A sm all n m sensus of m atu re and iair-niiiHk-d opinions as to appr< 'p ria lr at torn for this very tim e may lie epitom ized as follows: Seek to elim inate fu rtlicr exposure lo the dust hazard. Ih> not apprize any nudisaliled workm an of his comlition. Make repealed x-ray exam inations at aliont >i\ month* intervals. I f advancem ent of the condition ap|M-ars. then take action suited to tile individual case. O tlicrw isc keep these men at >oiur work. 3. A re negroes m o re susceptible to dusty lung diseases than whiles ? I know of no large series of cases arising umkT identical conditions in this cminti y am ong w hiles am i negroes tltat prove th e neg ro to lie noire readily invoiced by dusty tung diseases. T h e n e g m is m ore susceptible to tulicrcitiosix titan bis white Mlo-.v w orkm an. 11i> musing is likely to In- on a lower plane. H is exitosiire to lulterculosis is prone to It- g rea te r titan in the ca* ot tlic average white item. D u account of ilnIcickground. the n eg m at tins tim e is r a n d as a greater risk in the intmdry than w hite' um k'r conditions of equal exposure. 4. H o w necessary a rc dust counts in ik'terting liazunloii work points in a plant? II* d i H counter ha, estaldislw-d il-vli as the lvi availahU- yard-tick t*r th e d e te r m ination o f ditTercnt quantities o i dut in the atmosphere. I.ike * m am iiistruincm in its class, the du.t sam pler am i counter has U-eii glorified far Ix-youd its real m erit-. OpIMirlunities for e rro rs a r e legion. Legal standards k ts o l no present lust count tm; * method are utterly futile. X otw ithstaudine many pitialls. however, the diM counter is a tiH*t valuable instrum ent. It fouls its greatest u-eiuluc in <li-crimm.iting Ih Iu i-i-i: much du-t aiul little dust: improving the ditcacy of preventive mea-ure and device; in the determ ination of th e c a rria g e of line du-t into uoii-du-i> d epartm ents: m th< (election o f unsuspected d usty work* |mints. 5. In litigation w hat m edical k*ivne may lie involved? W ithout preuunng any qualifications in the domain law. the plant physician, the safely e n g u n -r o r th e einidoym eiu m anager n u \ U- called ii| hi lo loriu-h alto rn e - all |N*ssihle m torm atioii in p re|iaraiio n for trial. IVbm 1 am listing a n m n U r oi items th at are in prospective use o r have Wen used in various instances: l a ) Deei.d of the existence of dusty lung disease: Keccntly in the examination o i a -a.v'/'c 202 films of n u n c\ | m.s,..| and im e\po-r| p* dtist. one wa vine led out as excepw nan* d even iim u I amm m ts *4 fthrnsis. T h is dm w as exam ined as .o unknown, a s w ere ill others. l a t e r it was |>ointed out that the w orkm an from whom this film w as mad.* w as a litig an t dem anding a large sum of money on account of an alleged -dicosjs. Sim ilarly, alxnit four out of every five litigants alleging d usty hmg disea-c are in fait free o f such diseases. The claims arc spurious ami may W* proved so hv .v-'-ropri.V* exam inations c arried ou t hv qualified investigators. fh> H ie denial of disability o r prospective disability: A large mimW r of w ork men whose lungs show some signs of dusty action are not incapacitated and no proof exists that c a l disability is an early prospect. (c) The denial of neglect: M any of the true cases of dusty lung disease have been developing over long periods o t years such as Id, 2d o r 40. Since the m edical pro- v-asmi -a w Mctah Seelion m fessiou has professed scant knowledge of these disease* luring these )crinds. it is unreasonable to l>elievr th at tlic industrialists cuttld Itave possessed m ore. lucvualdy it follow that operators <( dusty industries nay not lie presum ed to h av e possessed e a rlie r atul g reater inh>rnuli>>n of these occupational diseases th an physicians. indiistrial hygienists, state health departments, state factory ins|ieclorst ami other agencies devoted to health conservation. N o industrialist m ay lie ch arg ed w ith neglect lor failure to supply i>rotcction against an insidious disease unknow n o r little known to the medical profession. K tcn a t this tim e the average physician jm>scses the most m eager inioruialioii as In these conditions. ( d ) T he origin of the dusty lung disease in (irevious em ploym ent: Manifesting it is u n ju st th at a few weeks of employm ent in some one fomulry* sltould Ik* held re* Spoosiltle for a well established dusty lung disease whvu anted atin g this employment, th ere liavc Iwen years of exposure to sim ilar w ork in o th er plants. fe ) T he origin of tlic dusty lung disease from causes other tliau industrial em ployment : In some localities over live cdtm try it scents proiialric th at siilftcicnt dust may a ri-c from ro.wls, farm w ork. etc., to imlnee c h aracteristic involvem ent of the lungs. ( f ) T h e actual <|uamity <i <|u>t present in an industry is I'low any rea<nal>lr threshold of proltnldr production oi d am ag e: T h e m ere tael th at an industry .,r !-partiueiit is elassiiied as a dusty o|MTation is mil in itself proof it the iissdiliiy of developm ent oi piu'iiinotoniosis. The n atu re and extent of pro tectiv e devices uuo fully exculpate tlie plant as a practical hazard. Dust count m ethods have c ertain tindeniable liniiiriiions. hot this form of testing along with test <( the eiUcacv <>i u n tiiating ap|>aratus may Ik- utilized mi occasion wludlv to elim inate any ju->til'alii-n i-.r contention that the a ir lustiness prevails. (g I I >is*a>es other titan pueumocomosis fully may account for alm orinal state in the lungs, or other chest contents: A t least ten o th er diseases may so stim ulate pnc-inmcoiiiosts as to jKTinit contusion and erro r. A m ong o th ers a re fungus <li>eae. tulHTeulosis. especially dissem inated tulHTculosis. cancer, syjdiilis. pleurisy w ith calci fications. ertnin types of unresolved pneumonia. In addition, claim s a re known !> have arisen alleging pncuiiiocuiii>*is when in fact tin- pathology centered almut such unrelated conditions as aneurysm . im-diastmal tiuiHir. anaphylactic asthm a, valvular h e a rt disease, etc. f li t Silica is not a poisor.: In some slates claim s at law m ust U- ha->cd upon avis applicable only to poisonous substances. W h a t constitutes a t<w> is a m atter definition. At the present time, the lrst thought as to llu- action " * silica w ithin dolungs is tmtavor.ihlc to acceptation of it as a poison. P rim arily, silica action i> physical rather than chemical. ( k ) f>ueitin>eoiiiosis docs not constitute an accidental in ju ry : til some instances it has Ik'cu contended th at thtsty lung states a re aeciilcnlal injuries. Such specious argum ents ortlinarily arc put forth in effort to obtain compensation in political states w here * provisitm s a re m ade for occupational liseases. T o the co n tra ry , every valid concept prom pts a recognition of the pneumoconiosis and N-cupalioiml diseases. T h o r several drfen-e items are of course not set out as having any* elem ent of the panacea. H ow ever, on occasion some me o r m ore may play a In-lpful p art in de feating some oi the ca-a-s now jicndiug, richly deserving defeat. 22 Tw enty-third shttnmi Safety Coiujrcss-- National Safety ( 'ouneil W HICRICAS, th ere is siicli |Hvssing need for t>r<>nt|>t executive action to put these nK asurcs into effect am i stop these needless tragedies; T H E R K H O K K ItK I T K'liS O l.V JC O : T h at the N ational Safety Council resp w liu lly utK ei llh* I'm iiW m of llie l U iliil States (> call (lie Governors of the several S ta te s into cuutcrcucv a s early m the new year a practicable, to lay Ikfore tliciti th e seriousness o f die siinatiutt, tin* rem edio. which have been dcvch|ed for c o rrectin g Uwsc com Id iims ami d ie necessity for prom pt a n d united action iu all th e S ta te s tn adoiit a n d imwc eiH-rgcticaily carry mi an c ifc c tiw program for due 1*0 av rtio n o f life a n d lim h oti o u r streets and liiglm avs. I'y form al umtioM. am i hy a rising vote, the entire audience of delegate* and guests approved this action of the Council ICxvcntivc Committee. 1-oltowing this, Lt.-t.'ol. K ciiingfr read the following letter receive! from the Presnlent oj the United Slates: T in : w iirrii iio c s i: M> Icar M r. L o n g : W ASHINGTON ScptenilKT 27, 1934 1 wish !* ex ten d to the mcnilKTs of the National Safety I'm uicil. in sew itst a t the twenty-"th ird Annual Safety Conicrencc. my most cordial greet mu* am i my heartiest good wislies for the sucres* o r your emicavors. T lic fact d tat yon a re cmM-crning yourselves with saviue lit-, that you a re h'vtw u! in view hum an valm-s and ikT 'oii.i! security eonmieuds your program to the entire eMUitry*. I a iu g reatly im pressed .md pleased w ith the c o n strm 'iiie step* already taken tow ard th e elim ination of accidents. especially highway disasters. which. iH-canse avoidable. a re loiildy tragic. T his is a |r><l.l.m which v\e mu>l a ttack with the iiIiimM energy' am i |NT-'iiiiCi-. I liiniiitcli wc may c\ | mvi i>. reach the solution ot highw ay saietv, provided cm iiphtc <>.o|Hr.iii<.ii hi the pari <| all citi/c n s is given to concerted v lfo rts ! gr>ti| such as yonrs. At present die rising toll ! fatalities imi roads am i city tlnroiiulifares indicates m a ntam icr all tm> g rim tli.il vve a re still fa r iro n i die goal. Viuericaii antoim itive developm ents and our nnopiallcd system of highw ay e*>miiiiinicatKMi w hich have u iviii signal Contributions to ..nr ciivcim -m c. .......... re. and commerce, m ust m * l e perm im-d d e v h e into iiiMrmnrnis of .Icalli ami di'asicr. I a u r e you of m y k e rn imtsoimI interest in your efforts ami comiiicnd your splendid p ro g ram ti iwhicv v.*..pcraiioii among every eiti/'ii in o u r nation with tin* movement looking to the p rc iriitm u of needles* fatalities--a train ujhhi our most precious n a tu ra l resource which must Ik* cm led. W ry sincerely vours. F R A N K L IN r>. RO O SIC V K LT . M r. John 1C. Long. Presidt'iu. N ational Saicly e A * Iw ehim l H otel, l.'h'l el.utd, O hio. t oimcil. rr.-'Mk-u! J<diii 1C. Long then arose and introduced M r. H aro ld G. HolTmati. ( `oiiimissitHier *1 M otor Vehicles of New' Jersey, ivho presided as T o astm aster. Ilis willy m lroditctioii of die sjcakcr d the eveuiug. Hr. John L. Davis, of New York l ily, was highly appreciated hy die hig audience: aiul was only surpassed, perhaps, hv tlie hrillian l address of D r. 1lav is. hiniscli. Dr. Davis w as listed in the program to s|nak on '` The Spirit of Am erica.' Despite this handicap, he seized the opportunity to present a highly |ipii)ar im>m*logtie--o popular in fact dial his success m.*miicd sieculilv throughout the evening: and it was readily agreed, alter an hilarious session, that no hampict of the Council had approached this tor many a year. AD JO U RN M EN T T W E N T Y - T i l I HI) A N N C A L S A F E T Y C O N C H E S S N A T I O N . I I . S A F E T Y COI N! II. Dust in Industry FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5 1934 T he session devoted 1 a liiscnssion of Dust 11 Industry w as culled in o n lcr by Dr. K. G. M ciicr. D irector, Industrial MyKimv l-almratory. I\mpl*u-rs M uin.il I i.ibility Insurance l n.. M ilwaukee. wlm presided. Dr. .Metier Imellx w th iih<| Dnc delegates and (Ik.ii iu lm d o o d (lie hrM s)Haher. Types of Dust T hat Cause Occupational Diseases B y L E R O Y U. G A R D N E R , M .D. Director, Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, of th e E dw ard L. T ru d eau Foundation. Saranac Lalce, N. Y. The siurakcr slid in |u r t : l*'\|* riciicr has dem onstrated il.i the hint; n -'iics can tolerate very large ;m ionnh of iihnl kind* <*i foreign d ii'i |M riieU - hImiiI .serious interference with iuuctnm . T h e tong may l*e intensely piem enicd !> colored dusts uilli no evidence that re-piratim i is impaired. Hut d usts m wh*>le o r in part, of silica lu v c Invii shown to Ik* dangerous Ikt.-him* they sliim ii.iie the grow th of th e com iccm e tissues of the lungs and bring uIniii! the (rmuliou >*i scar tissue. T h is destroys the internal elasticity <>i the org an w hich is m rc s s a r i ir respiration and it thickens th e ik h ca lc iuemlram*s m i th at a tree interchange " I ga>sc> is iiu|H*de<l. I'ortim ately, tln*sc results only follow tin- prd<mgrd inhalation ot w ry large innnlilies oi sdica. Experiments h a w demonstrated that the iujectioii of silica inlo the hs-ue- ot anim als kills the cell- where the substance Imliics and vM'ttc* an inthinnuatioo. W hen healing lakes place a w r y dense ami characteristic kind <>1 scar tissue i<>ruts. Most non-siliom ns dusts produce no inllauuuatinn and very little scar. It has U*en shown that such changes do not follow- the injection ot silica unh ns the i-arii U ' a re very fine, three m icrons n r less in diam eter, ami unless enough <>i them localise in one area. W ith larger partielrs tin* ra te of reaction is so slow th a t little dungs* occurs within a year. A s a general rule, the finer the particles, the m ore rapid the cellular response. T he reaction to line silica begins within four o r live hours amt it continues for a period of years. If the silica is condoned w ith liases in the form of silicates, it rarely produce* such active and progressive change*. Tin* silic.itc of m agnesium, asln-'tos. !*** cause the form ation of sear tissue in experim ental anim als a n d in tlu* Iniman lung, but most other silicate* are not g rn c ra lh recognized a* irritatin g . R ecently it lias been claimed that a hydrated silicate of ahunium u ami potassium , called *serrite. is responsible for most of the case* of silicosis. This silicate, a transform ed feldspar. %is often associated w ith q u a rts and it has been identified in the lungs of persons suf- 23 24 Twenty-third .4/ Safety L onyrcss-- Xuliotud Safety l omnil {ring iru m silicosis. H ow ever, a t least tw o types >i cricitc luive tailed to excite significant changes when injected into auinial. K\|H-ruiiciits with this substance are still in progress. Kaolin, an alum uui-stticatc of potash, has also produced m iitr characteristic changes in th e lungs o f rahliits. Rut o u r prevent kuowl-dgt- d*es not perm it us to assum e th at silicates as a class w ill produce serious tissue damage, Most o bservers now lielicve th at unconihiueil lira. o r piartz. is piNiiMHiN to tlic tissues because it is slowly dissolved iu the thuds oi the body. I'criaiidy the m ajority oi th e experim ental nhservalinns suggest a clu-mical injury, hut it is dull cult to understand liow enough o i such an molub|e substance as piari* could Ih* disvolved w ithin eight ho u rs to produce a well m arked, acute mUamiuatiou It solubility w ere tin* only factor one slm uld d isc o ie r a m ore active res|Min- after the iujection o i the m ore readily soluble silicate*. Imt stwh is not tlw ca*v\ I*>rm erly it w as livid th at silica produced its clfcct niccliaiiicnMy. T he Itard d iarp piartz particles w ere believed to ahraiil the lung surtaces and excite the formath mi <>i scar tissue a s a nianitVstation o f In-aline. T h is theory i> no longer lin jh lc for when anim als a rc m jvrted w ith o th e r h ard , sh arp iw rticlcs like diamond. earl..rtm dum o r alum iuiun .xi<lc. tin-re is n o iuliainm atiou and |>raeticailv no .rmathMi oi -car tissue. U ltim ately it m ay lie .sliouu tliat the irritatio n oi silica is due to some unrecognized pr<*|icrly |M>sih|y related to its atom ic structure. W hen i|u arlz |>arliclc> a re inhaled they produce three >|>eciiic e(Teels which are not excited hy any o ther type " lut yet studied. T hey alter the liehnvior ) the pulm onary phagocytes; they stim ulate tlie formati! of eirciuncrile<l nodule of scar tissu e: am i they subsequently increase th e susceptibility .* the lung to iuiection. c>|hialK tillH-rciibu> iiuTcti<m I'haeocytcs tliat iiigct I m am q uartz (tarticles a re killed l>y this irritatin g siiloiance. As Ilie c e ll' lie *ln-v IiIht.ii. ihi-ir hurl<-ii ami cverai tn-u phagocyte* cuiie utt to tak e it up again. lb a re|ctiliou ..i this process enough phagoc>l-> accum ulate so that many oi them umc>t only a few pariUle*. Under such circum stances the stim ulus is not iroug <ii.-Mgli to kill hut merely accelerate* the inolihlv u< the c e ll'. They m tu ra lU ten d to leave th e a ir pare*, enter die lymphatic ves s e l' .m*l accum ulate iu the lymph iio*l. Tin proev Ih-c mu. m ore rapid umler th e induencu it the irrita tin g 'ili a ami verv -.osid.-raMe iiiuuIkt <>i particles a rc Consequently localized in the nodes. A lter s i\ ,,r eight ' e a r ' the |Oari/ m the ;i-h| . s has ,aued a m arked o v er g ro w th rl the lihroils clem clH' in IIn -c 'tr u c tiirc ' lU u u a le tv the reavtiou *le\eb*ps to 'itch an ex ten t tliat tin- m*de is entirely replace! !v a ma* <t cr>e, glassy ,-ar ttisu e tihres. oftei several tim es ;> larg e as the original node. Such n<mIiiIi-n encroacli ii| miii and com press the lym pliaiie vessels. T h e d rainage system oi the lung is choked and effective reu:val n h 'ts p i.n tl' inhale) hist is gradually diminished. Ih ist now aceiiimilaiv* around the lym ph vessel ami sheets o i car (issue ik-v-|.ip in this hicatioii. These prelim inary change do ooi coistitiu<' the <li<a>. -iltco-.i'.: th-v involve only the lymphatic >il-ni. I he n-'pir.iiorv n-oie-. a re ii"l aptrviaii|y altVcted In good s te m \ - r a y lihiis llue prelim inary change may Im* \iu,ih/d as a thick citing and Itrading i the h.nlovv ia t hy the I<Imh| vessels (gelher vvtilt a widen ing m tin* sh.nl v\ o i the r*d " i the lung. The M*d vessel a re thickened U-caiise the mot n m > -ran t Ivniphatic vessel 'Hire lliroogh their wall. The Iw-ading i duo to th e nmum- m-Klnles I dieotie car ljue in die lymph mxles within tin* lung. The root shadow is widened lecaiic o i die ilicolie reaction in the lymph nk| c in this hwalion. It till m ore dust is inhaled it can no longer Ik- effectively carried off through the lymph vessels. T h e phagocytes now enrrv it iiil ill- walls oi die a ir spaces. Oitcti tin- -ells group them selves iu nodule Imt mu-tinte they are scattered. In the<e locations tin- silica again siim ulales the iorinatioii > car (issue. T h e result i< a g-it<ral thickening nf the septa betw een i Im- pace and nhilati>it throughout the iun:i--iial (oriinn ! (he hmg. T h is change M-rmii-iv imeriiTi-s with function nx interchange nf gas cannot take place th ro u g h the thickened walls if the a ir spaces and tin.- tissues lose (heir norm al elasticity. I .ess involved air spaces dilate am i their w alls stretch, producing the cnuditim know n as emphysem a, which is also incom patible with effective respiration. W ith the form at or. of silicotic iodoSl ... toe iu.IS.tlOO.im 1NI Is of lllg lung tilt f-w /fe ihist in Iiiihislr disease, silicosis, is said <> Ik-imm. On the X -ray (ilm mu Ii nodule-* cast d e a r til. round shallow*. A* they iner*asc m mimlH-r am i 't w dcy hl.t otu the lornwrly accentuated linear .shallow* <>i iIn* Mood vessel*. In a well markc<| ease U nit Inn; fields m ay In* thickly seeded with hundreds >! such sharply defined. rounded. nodular shadows. W lu rc there i> cmjliy>cuiu. often at the I ms. no m arking* a rc visible and the film appear* Mack T he cutnlitioii oi siluo*is i*. a progressive one anti it eotitimie* develop a lte r a man has Icit his dusty Hciipali>u. Serum s results only lollow. however, when he leaves w ith m any iumIiiIcs in the him* tissue itself. .\> Mich iuhIuIcs increase in si/e they replace int|*ri.nn inuctional element*, O h d o ti'ly die coniiiim d e ro u ili *t only a few iioduM* situated m tin* lym|hatic system could liave little elfect other than to increase the obstruction already present. T he serious part of silicosis is its lrei|ucut complication .hy tulK-rciilosis. T h is m ay arise from rca d ita tio n of a prc-cxislant latent infection or it may result from a new infection from willumt. 'Hie ilanger of infection increases with the amoiim of silicosis present. T h e course of the infection hi the silicotic is usually chronic and it olteu fail* to produce characteristic symptoms lor m ouths or year* a lte r U-* onset. M any tim es it is accidentally discovered in coiitim* X-ray v\amm;tu<<n <>t groups of active workm en. However, evidence* if disability a re much m ore m arked in silicotic individual* w ith infection th an in tlio-y* w-ilh iiueoiuplicatcil disease. <leca sionally tulierculosis may run a very acute course in the silicotic subject hut this is also tru e hi o ther j k t *o u *. T he cause oi llic susceptibility of tlic silicotic linn; to tuberculosis is n<*i iK-riccth iitHlerstood. hut it would svem that (lie action of llic silica mi the tissues creates a nictlhiui favorable for the grow th ol the h a rp ri.i T h e IuIrt'Ic Isu illi m iithph ami a slowly progressive tissue reaction h h i k . I*iiI the usual clinical svmptom* liiitereiilosis arc o in u held in altcvani'f i**r a long tim e because the clian-e* f<-r .ih-orptiou )*.ison*.us p ro ilu d s of iiil-eli<ai ar- mini- mixed by itic nbstnu'tcd Itiuphalic system. It is at>*> (tossihlc that s.niie oi these poisons may U* ah***rlied **11 the silica particles, as Timiintii* lias suggested. 1`lti- m atcly the infection gam - the up|K-r liaml. symptoms devd<>p ami lealli from ttil*-r culosis CIIMKS. T h e only other typa of dust u liith is generally rcc*igm/cd a* a cause of sm t c pulim m ary injury is .-islicsto*. a silicate 01 magnesium. This siihsta n te is lilii'oils in character am i is m ore readily soluble tluui <iuaru. A pparently the protective up|KT respiratory m echanisms *u'in inadequate to prevent the inhalation <>1 mans such fibres ami even jitilc loti-x ones may }K-nelrate into the liner hroMtliial IiU-v T hese structures h a te irreuularities in tln*ir w ails which seem to hold the tdii<*tis dttsts. In 1hi* location the u*Ih-Ios particles a re surrounded ami inecsied hy ph ag o cytes. T h e cells do m u seem to lie particularly irritated for they an- not esp e cially numerous nor do they migrate rapidly into clumps as in llic ease o | phago cytes dealing with tuarU. Apparently most of them `a rrv their hurdeii of asln-stos fragm ents directly into the walls of the lulics in which they lie. T h e m ildly i r r i tating dust set* up a proliferation of the connective tissue cells in llu* walls re s u lt ing m collar-like thickening of die HiIm-s. t attractio n oi the new counecliie t i" iie narrow s o r d o s e s the IiiIk* ami thereby shut* n il the in tro s of a ir to the m ore peripheral a ir spac-<. T hese spaces then collapse, a condition known a> atelectasis, l i t i s in itself is a cause of tihrosis >>r scarring of fun tissue. T h e result is a tih ro 'is of num erous relalielv small ar*as in the him; due I the m llur-likc coiistrielim r fibrosis about many small lenuinal hroiiehial iuIh*s. T he lymphatic *ysim seems to play little p a rt in <ii*po*ing of aslicstos dust am i very m siguituaui am ounts of this dust are found in the lymph uotlcs. N*>t a few cases > ushe*tosis die of tuM-milosi- o r hr*>nelu*pneimiouia l>ut the prevalence of the form er imVctinn is prohahly m uch less common than in silicosis. Surveys of lari:* groups f as|estu* w orkers fail to reveal Mich a Inch incidence <l tuberculosis as fonml in similar studies on silica workers T he inhalation of unusual am ounts of uon-*ilircous lusts apparent!- fails to p ro duce significant alterations in llic lung. It is of course |w>ssihle that injurious one-* >uay ullim alely he lisc>viTei, but none arc recognized intay. T he n<m-silice>tis s particles enter the lung and arc ingested hy phagocytes as in the case of quartz. T he cells are not stimulated to move very rapidly aud as a consequence many of tnem rem ain within the air spaces for a inng time. Some, particularly those con- 20 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress-- National Safety Council UiiiiniK relatively lew particle*. n u k e th eir w;i> mi> die lymphatic y>tcm am) ac cu m ulate in tile lyniH i imnIcs. Ill mhIickuI cnitccotralimi. >>r |N.rli,tps M-cause they arc ini.H| with m u ll am ounts ut silica, limy w t up a Imv grade. iiiiii-|iruK r^iivv chronic iullam m atiun. lin t this reaction results wily in a little ihirU-miig in tin- i>ui|>ii mules a n d aliuut tlic lyut|iliatic vessels, ( lie Iiiiik tiw iie iim> lie variously pigmented. Mack troiii coal o r red from mu. Imt tlicre i> no lorniation oi scar I iv>uc th at in te r feres w ith function. T lte susceptibility to tnlicrculosis ot tin- |K*rsou w ith sim:Ii pig- iiH-ntatimi is not increased hu t it is ap|>areiilly <|uitc detinue th at pneum onia is unduly |>rcvalcut in coal miiH-rs am i d ial ch n aiic hroiu'hiii result* troiu the inhala Im i of ccincut. Tlic X -ray lilius of nicu working m m m -'dircinis dusts slum s either nothin; a t ail o r a m ore o r less m arked accentuation of the lim-ar sliadows cast lv lla- Mood vessels. This, o f cmirsv. is dm* to tin- chronic iuiiaiuinatory change* alioul the lym pliatic tru n k s in w alls of IiInn| vessels. T h e vlfects o f m ixture* d free silica and non-siliceniis m aterials a re less clearly defined ami nImhiIiI receive m ore serum* atleiiliou. It would seem unwise to assum e, a s lias Ix-en done in the |a*t. licit die mm-siliccous siib'tances serve niily as inert diluents and tliat nly tlie i|ii a r u c<hii|mhh`iiI ot a du>t is of sigutlicuiHc. Kxjhti n u rital ami clinical lata a re accum ulating which sn id est that a t least sonic other d usts may m aterially m odify the actum o f <|tiartz. Imth in its capacity to produce iHidular tihrnsis in the lim es ami to increase the susceptibility to luiN-rculosis. I*r exam ple, anim als inhaling lieavv concent rat ions <>i a m ixture of eipiai p arts of pure silica ami Iwm atitc lust for eight h o u rs a day over a |H.*nnd of 14 m ouths have show n not n i die slightest indication -if midule form ation in the lung. whereas pure piariz lust, inhaled for oiilv tw o lu.ur* a lav. produce* delinite lUKhilaluut. It Iso -evm s to lie tru e th at anim als inhaling >ikI) a m ix tu re are iimeh less susceptible to tulicrculosis tliau du>>e cx|iocd to p u re ipcirtz. In the case of the liimian iron m iner, some lungs show* Irlitutr silicotic mlii)atioii. others only a very lew luuhih-s and niiiiiy no mMluies at all. All exhihit heat y deposits of iron particles w ith a cellu lar cniutcetivc tissue reaction. Whew these hndings van lie eo rretaled with d u lineal analysis of the lime tissues ami the approxim ate amount of rock work which tliex* m illers have iKTl'ormed. *mit- relaiio n 'h ip U lu n -ii the v\|*>Mire to 'd iv a ami the tihrmis nodule torm atioii may Ik* -stahlidicd. Tulicrculosis in these iron mim-rs is a p p a m itlv less prevalent aui much less seven* thaw m men vx|**M-d to p u re silica. \ \ lint lias In-v-m aid of iron miners j. also probable tru e of fom ulrt w orkers and coal m iners. It is gem-rally accepted licit men m die latter ni|M ii..n have less tulx-m dosis diiiii tlu- average for tin- a ee |hti>s|: t uminm Iteheves that they have tin* iulWlhMi Imt that it is so aiM'i*';d and benign m iis m am festatiou- th.it it esca|K-s diagnosis. M ention slmitld also lie mad- of m ixed dusts like certain slates ami g ran itc roiiiainiuti larg e nimmuts o f frv silica iu combination with silicates. l-'xiM-rimenialh these substances Iwliavc atypieail> and do not produce nodular lihrosis unless there is roniplit'alin^' infedinu. T h e same mav a h o lx* inn- in hum an U-ines. Umpies- tionahlv licit dusts are capable of producing l;-pic.d diotH iiodnh - and tin y pie lis|xsc to tulK'rculosis. l-'r**m a th-orclic.l lnnli>oiiit they sliouhl receive much m ore intensive .study to clarify our views mi the whole -iibp-cl At the prevent tim e it appear. that the action of their comi>mieiit i% modified ami p artially neu tralized hy the other substances which they cmitain. Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed to Dust By ST U A R T W . G U R N E Y and D A V ID S. B E Y E R L iberty M utual Insurance Com pany, Boston T h e speaker said in p a r t : A num ber of o u r states have had references to lust elim ination in their labor law s for a Rood many years, hut no stale ha as yet thoroughly enforced these laws. T h e cxlvs nl live states which wc investigated provide th at grinding, buffing ami polishing wheels sliould be exliausted. aitlm ugh tw o o f the states exem pt fm tn these nrovisHHts wheels on which water is used. v> \ Dust in Industry 27 T his seems ill-advised, since a study >( \w t ami d ry grinding hi t omiccticiit by W inslow a nd lirccnburg has shown tliat lliv application ui water docs not l.y any means eliminate the dust hazard. Il may Ik rem arked that, w ith everythin else equal, a high Matte mhI kni will give a higher velocity a t tiiu |*wnt id origin oi the Ium. tunic o r gas th an a low one; but this alnuc i> iwt a m easure o | the c llc v liv eu o s any i*xh;uit system . W isconsin lias atlopU'd the principle ut sj*ceityiujt a lim it to tlic iujiiiInt >i dusl particles of respirable size |ier ciihie loot o i a ir, A lter all. this is vvlut we a re primarily interested in. to keep tin* dnM eonlanim atioii ilmvii In a point w here it will not be harinitii. T hese variatiiHis and conflirting provisions in talc codex m erely reflect i Ih- gen eral lack of authoritative slam lards. It is accordingly iortunate tliat detiihie steps a re now being taken by the A m erican S tan d ard s Association to develop th e prpcr basis for such emits. T here arc two committees working on this problem : the Ventilation Code Com mittee, |MKisorcd by tlx* AimTiean Society of H eatin g \ V en tilating Engineers, ami the Exltaiist ("nit 1 oiiimiltec. |Minore<l lv th e i n te r national Association of Industrial A ccident Ib tird s ami t `ouiuiii<ns. Il is alo arranged to appoint Mih-couimiltccs to take up live jwcitic su b jects: A brasive cleaning, chromium plating. granite cnttinc. roek drilling, and spray coating, lit addition. a Sub-Committee on Fundam ental I'rinciples of Design aiul O peration ami M aintenance of E.xhatist System s will In* apiMijutcd. The tw o most iiu|>ortant considerations in ;ut elTcelivc ex h au st system a re : 1. Velocity of a ir How: 1 . A rrangem ent of tlx- inlet O m ni the siaml|>ouii of n e a r ness to the dust source, shape, etc.). Many an installation that is otherw ise all right tail to remove tin* dust >ih r r fully merely because there o m>t eiu.ugh air Ik-uvc draw n thro u g h the >> -t<in. to a series of tests that w ere conducted under actual w orking conditions by llicod* F. H atch. Department of Industrial Hygiene. H arvard Sctmol of I'nldie H ealth a machine used in dressing -|..ue w as employed, amt it was noted that w ith an .m (low through Uk* IhI i J.vtl ewhie ieet | m*t m inute, there were over on,- huodn-d million dust particles in the surrounding air. W hen the a ir llovv was m en :<>.<! t.- a little over Sit cubic iw t per m inute, the dust concentration bad dropped to iorty million, a m arked improvement. As the a ir (low was b lith e r m c n a -e d . the drop in dust concentration w as relatively slower, and it t**oh a volume o i alwxit .SO . hI>i< leet |kt minute to bring the d tid eoiieentralion down to ten o r liHccu m illion particle- tH-r cubic foot, which was Considered reasonable sale lo r this ty|K* of diM . ft is accordingly possible sometimes to take an installation th at is m a ati> factory anti, if the rem ainder oi the system is well designed, by merely 'iH-cdim: up tin: blower or adding a larger our. to bring almitt the desired results. Another very ini|iortaiit coui<k-ratiou to get the inlets of the exhaust system as close as possible to the -ouree of tile dust. The drop in efficiency as vvr gel further away from the inlet i> really surprising to otic who has not -tudu-d the prin eipics involved. It should Ik* rem emliered that if we have the open end of ;m e \ haust pi|K o r air duet in o|M-rahon. the a ir tends to lion in from all sides, even from behind the o|H*uiiig. \ - we move avvav from the cud f the pq.. lU- xelositv drops very rapidly, so that even a t a distance of live inches from the | i<hh| the vekicity may be less than HI per cent of th at rig h t at tin* InHid inlet. T h is U the most important consideration i<> keep in m ind and one which is frequently lost sight of in designing exhaust systems. It is not uncomm on to see tut exhaust inlet a few inches in diameter with which the person m aking the installation hoped to draw dust from a distance of several feet, hut the air lhw w e n a foot o r tw o aw ay from the entrance to the inlet may Ik* negligible. . Still another important cmv-idetaiioii having to do w ith the design of the in'et. is the addition of a llangc. T h e cllVel of this flange is to cut flown the a ir that would flow in from behind the petting, tints draw ing it carle all from the front lin t s the efficiency of the system is substantially increased and the sr|w* o f the e x haust extended appreciably, w ithout increasing the jmvvcr consumption o r otherw ise adding to the expense of keeping up tlic system. . There are also other consideration of perhaps lesser importance. F or example. *e' cannot be `'pulled" from a distance bv ntereiv directing an exhaust pi|w to w ard tne point in qucslion. but it can Ik "pushed o r hlwn. directionally, for a consider- 2H Twenty-third Annual Solely ( 'omjrcss--Xulioimi Softly Council able distance. T h is principle may i*c used .dvauiaccotisK mi directing tlnr dust tow ard lltc upniiiiK oi t ta exhaust inlet ami thus crtlm c the desired results with a low er exhaust velocity ami |n m e r consumption than would Ik* required it swetum alone w ere <k|>emkil H|oh. T h is principle lets Ih-cii applied Mx-cindy m drilling m aterial containing asbestos, w here Uw exhaust inlet - placed at one side o l the drill am i a small air jet a t the opposite side of the drill. blowing across the table tu rn s the particles th a t w ould iVy out im m this side and directs them hack into llie ex h au st system . It is also (eim; to joundry liakr-nnt work. O th e r eonsidcratioMs in desieuinu exhaiM 1 terns inelmle the elim ination >m unnecessary Ih'iuIs o r curves, die provision ut eU*au-mt i U ^ . and the ptojht con- strth'tUai ol joints. W Ihtc th ere is a uem-ral venlilaiine installation and on- ,.r m ore cxltaust system s, c a re must l*v taken to ev that they do mu conllict w ith each other. A fter an exhaust system ha* Ik-cii installed it should lie tested by taking actual d u st count* to see th at the dust is really U-miu cut down to the desired |hi|. and such counts should Ik* taken at intervals u tter the installation has (wen made. t*> s<v d ial it is still iiiiieiioinnc propi-rlv. T h e tact th at the hist partwU- th at cause the troiilde a re so small that they a rc invisible nmh-r ordinary conditions ih*s> than Id microns o r I'.^iH lih of an ineh in diam eter) oiten nukes it hard to ouvuiee the practical plant m anager licit th ere is any dust p resen t: it also n u k e s it iui|ios>ihle to tell, without the m e <u special instrum ents, w hether the completed exhaust sy-lcni is actually m n<>une the dust. (t m iitht seem like an insult to one' iuielliceiiee to say th at a lte r an exhaust >\stem lias once W en iii't.db-d it s|i..iili| l e io.nni;uned in I o|H-ratim: condition. How ever, the num erous eases <m* iie<>imi> r s in die tdauts where tli~ >-h\ i<aw nevessite t> mu carried ul. indnai dial u is n a llv one of the m ajor w iw idii.tlm iis m connection w ith the elm im alton ><f this! *>r fumes. t'a>c* are not unknown where the blower lu s in some m anner Iktoiiu* reversed so that the a ir is Ih-hiu ejected and ditfusinc the dn*t. rath er than draw in u in: other iii'tam es wli. re the eiti cienc.v ol tin* system has leu lowered >r its value nnllilied In ) < n^ up. dis (nileelUH) o r wearing out . a die piping, e t e . are all loo i-omhii*'M O ne concern. ( which tin* w riters have knowledge, l u s a " l " ' mix* pcniiniiculli installed in mic of its main exh.nist si stems so dial the forem an >>r afetv man can tell at a {laiii'i w h ith er there n< .tin hang- dialwould indii.de a break-dow n in the system . All -uch m>t.dlali-*ns should lu x e regular iM|M-rlinus ly me com pe tent person as a roiiihu* p art --f their upkeep It will be sufficient here di>vits resp ir.d o n eipupmenl very b ru d y . Tin sim plest form of this etpiipim ul i the tiller respirator. Snell respirators have a definite value lo r tcm|orarv n-e uch as weepm-: up. cleaning out bin, diovcling m aterials, etc., hut they require .ireful lining and constant supervision to see that th ey a re Ik-iuv prom*rlv n*d- (t is o u r opinion. a lte r M.uchme the m rrrc chort in a iiiimlvr * plants p> enforce the u.c of these respirators, dial it i- r .ih e r im praeiuabh- to require them to l*c used oil iiiU-niile operation. O ne notices the men. under |b-c conditions, surreptitiously pushing the respirator .wide and g.i'pnig mi free air hke a tish mt of waiiT. Certainly, if thev are to Im- uid am cousideralde leiiudi of time, fre quent rest |teriod dxould l*c allowed wlwtv the n u n .m ex! out into the irve air uiosi for a few m inute- refreshment. T ltcrc arc also the large air-led hclm-i. with which of iis are iannliar usetl for sandblast im;. etc., which have Ik-cii earried to a high state <>i perfection for th e piirjMKCs to which they a re adapted. W e believe, however, that much m ore u-c Could Im* made advantageously ,,f (In type o f ap|aratiis that lies inidway ImIuccii the Idler respirator and (he air-fed helm et, namely, the light, air-fed respirator which covers the nose and month and haves the rest oi the face exposed. W ith a light hose attachment. this device o ffers considerable freedom of m ovement, anil if a ir outlets were supplied so the hose could be quickly tran sferred front one outlet to am >dier it would seem to Ik* practicable to use them over a considerable area. They afford the advantages of a pure air supply without excessive weight and without the restriction to breathing th at is imposed by the f.Jter respirator. fsp * ' v D ust in In d u stry 2) The Medical Supervision of Workers Exposed to Dust . By w. j. McCo n n e l l , m.d . A ssistant Medical D irector, M etropolitan Life Insurance Co.. N ew Y ork City aN. i - i ^ jiw T h e speaker 'aid itt p a rt: T h e liariiiiulucss oi dusts varies wiilcly mi accord- ance with the physical and clu-mtc.vl iu U u r> n u ll individual -iihsl.itnc. t crlain dusts are soluble or s|i:hlly soluble in the body thuds and tlw ir h arm m l d i r d s are proportional to the toxicity oi die cmui>>miil.s loniicd. Lead. mcrtiry, and arsenic arc examples oi iHiixiiuiih dust. O llier d usts ex ert their liurm iul cllccis locally on the skin and niueou* membranes ami Ihrouch irritation to the respiratory jciw igrs. Chronic a rid and alkalies are exam ples. A ttention recently Inis Iecu called lo llic probably harm iul ellvcl t dusts arising iron radio-active ores. A loiirili group of lusts which are iii'oluM e or very dithcuUly sohihU- iu tin* hudy lluids in n . n tiu itc harm iul palholt n:ical him: cMuhiioiis. T hese may l>c miIhIu ided into n-<u-nhr>-ds and fibrosis prH|ncim* lusts. T he org an ic dtis|>. mainly the vcgcluMc hU-rs. sticli as cotton. jute. hemp. etc., a rc nou'hlirosis*pr*luciiij ihisis. Tin- IiImmni-. producing dusts are linnteih so iar as \vc have evidence. to a icw o i the inorganic num raf dust, such a> tree silica. cryst.dhnv silicon. ptanz. and certain *<Hohimd -ilu.d< > Of the fibrosis producing dusts. those having a high percentage oi tree o h m arc admittedlv the iie s t ini|<oriani U c a ii'c **\|w>Mire n u t a |K*rind <*i years t>< mwIi dusts distinctly predisposes the iudii i*lnal to liilicri ulosis. T lie eiici'lhcnrss oi hist control m r ;N ir o m preventing diseases pr--dutd by dusts can he ditcn n m cd only hi m re in l phy-irul s.iininaiioii <) lit, w i k i i . exposed under the guidance oi v>>m|a-tcnt m edical supervision. I lu iH-mnts n in th accrue to tiu- employer and employee. alike, as a result **i the plvvsteal e\animati<4i oi ail applicants ior .-mploimciit. as well as p<n o d ical i-vamnutU-u ..t !.> .tire.tdv engaged. would indicate w ry careiul consideration lo industry I a pr<<vram i--r control oi sickness. Such a procedure protects tin t loph>ver 1M||| a^un: an applicant already physically or m eiitallv unpaired who later in.iv claim dlN'lhdll.V for a condition either not asstM'ialetl w ith employm ent o<r contractrd diirnnr a pr- veins employ meiil Tin applicant's physical and m ental condition ' < -iih h 'h < d ami by keeping record oi his siihsetncul illnesses ;ml accidents, the *}' sji>n > re. s|M>nsihility /or injuries and sickness need never arise. T he applicant is protected fr**ni engaging in work ior which he i> physirallv ill adapted which, ii undertaken, might easih bring alx.ui serious impairment oi his health. For example, an applicant w ith an arrested iiiIhtciiImsih who seeks work in a certain dusty occti|atiuu. it allow ed to engage in mhIi w ork miuht n a d ilv convert an inactive inlH-rcitl>sis into an active me: thecehy endangering h ie .<r at least seriously impairing the applicants iitture cihciencv ami earning capaciu W hereas the same applicant ii assigned to a (osiiiou that involves n>> siieh . \ pnsurc. might he r \|H rt d to etmtinne tor years :<> a ii'rlu l aod pr*Hhicji\e work man. The exam ination > applicants io r employment likewise ;.r-.tt> those that arc already employed trout ilte risks <i cmtumnu'ah|e diseases such as iiiU-rctilosis and various acute repiratory and o th er infectious liciug introduced mt>> th eir midst 1>- a new applicant. Many oi the younger individuals win* seek employment have never liefore re ceived a thorough physical examination and eonse|umtly are unaw are a the de fects from which they sutler. As a result oi physical examinations, mane delects *rc located which may Ik* removed o r corrected heiore they have eaused irreparahh' damage, thereby* increasing the elhcieney <i the w orker ami *ivu averting definite an) Anally chronic diseases. Furtherm ore, incipient tulHTCidosis. u u s u s p o n d Its- tavex of the heart, kidneys. and a host *l" o th er disease of a sim ilar nature, are discovered and the applicant referred to r pro|*er medical care and treatm ent which Otherwise (night have hen postjMmcd until !*> late. O f even more importance than (lie initial physical vrniiinati>>n ,f applicants is w * periodic examination and care of old employees hy an industry, Such a pro- Cedure serves to check the efficiency o f preventive m easures designed to prevent yw ttpational diseases. It offers tltc most effective way of controlling the health of .SO Ttffnly-third .hinmil Stiffly lo m jr.ss-- Xtilioiitil Stiffly Comitil lar^ c g ro u p s ol* w orkers by discm cri.m carl m d **ulx occuputi*>ual diseases. but many o th er coiiditHHis that p i undiscovered uniil the w orker is acutely ill o r be com es disabled. |{ tin- various contagious conditions go unrecognized o th ers le- <uiik infected, tliefcby c a ti'in c serious ccHiumic loss, a s well .is cttdangcriut; the health o | a g ro u p I individuals. T ltr iiifonmtHMi obtained irm n tdix-sival exam inations athrds the medical s u p e r visor tlie >(i|Mtrtiuiily to m ake certain th at employees a rc engaged in suitable w ork out of w hich they a rc gettin g inaxiimnii re s u lt'. to c o rn 'd ihe c h e rts <i midm- ex* positrc to liarintlll tiiviriHiiiHlil.il conditions. an<| c c n cra lh lessen ail tH'ni|t;i liooal lia/n rd s. A* a puld.c lirallli measure, it is ijnimssiMc to ovcr-cshuiate the value <>t |HTHHlie vxnmiiiatwms m vstaldishim; interest in sickness prevent nt. T h e set-up o f a |iro|HT program lor iikilical control o i w orkers cxjn.sed in <|nsi k`|Minls U|nmi the mitiilicr *<i employers involved anl individual plant conditions. ,\ scries of articles innler the title of "T he Medical departm ent M anual" by d r H a rt I**. I'islMT. appearing in current uiiiiiIhts oi "in d u stria l M edicine." gives a eom- p rch v iw v e aevomit >n th e oruanisatiM i ami ojH-ratiou oi a medical <l<p,.rimcm. 1. T lie esIaM isliim iil o i a medical departm ent w ith adequate iarilities ami med ical imt.mHiiicI wlwi lim e i|itnhhcd in tin- lirM <.j iHlustrial nie<licine. A pr>ccxs an aly sis o i a ll nperAliou* Ut the plant -Iwadd U- m ade ami th e m edical siijK-rvisor slunilil list all pnx*ildc lieallli hazards ami iatn iliart/c him self w ith their physio- logical effects. 11 neers*.-irv. h r slto.ild eoii<luci research studies to leiermiiie the harm ful effects of im v suhslauces introduced into plant processes alnmt which little is known. In cooperation with oilier dc|arliiiciils, he should iin e stic a te the extent <i tin- h a z ard s am i lev i-c m easures oi control. 2. II.. routine exam ination o i all applicants io r em phnnictil. T h e procedure -.lioiihl include a dclaih-d Inspire o i the .ipplic.itil's previous illnesses au| accidents classified umlcr i .ii di-c.i't-s oi childhood. th< gvwvral inivetintis diseases, ( c l respiratory diseases, lil t venereal diseases, and ie> accidents ami resulting phvsical detects. A detailed n -lo rv oi previous .ecm>atioiis m e a le d in is vrrv im portant \ m ere sla|-iiMiit oi the i|e o| mdii-tr> m u h i.h the applicant va* engaged h a- s lid il m in e, it anv. T h e . xaci duties pi>ormed in each ocrnpnlioii -liould Ih- noted a n d im**riiation ascertained as pv the pv.-haMc Im ylli oi r \| o 'n rc to hazard oils substances. A lter the h i-to rc has leii taken ami a photograph for idenlifica- tioii piir|oscs fit p art oi routine i> made. ihe applicant should Im- directed to the ex am ining room where he i* m -irn .l.d remove his elothin^ hr p lnsieal rxam illation. T h is examinatKHi s||..|ild Is* made a eomplel* :e is considered iteeessan t d eterm in e th e applicant's plixsieat coiidiii**u It tin* applicant lias In*cm o r will In- exposed to dusts wluh jmhiee hum d.s eases, an X -ra y picture o i the chest is an imiw.nanl pail o i the exam ination. T h is part of the rxam iuuliou max Ih- reix-rrvd t>> an experienced rocni*:cor|oi:ii. as the valm* o f this titcllt.n| oi dia-s-Mos.T depends m*oii the |v|n* f pictures taken and th e exjiericnce of tin- reader ni. tiilei t.ri t . 'I m-mi I he es.itninin-r phx'ii ian al'* may need add itio n al iniorm.ili>-n "hi;.....-I I-. lain.rat.ire aiialxs.-s tUe M.h-1 simfum. a n d the urine. The-' a id ' to diavn>--i. should h.- proxided o r made avail able wlwn ilcsiraWe. .1 T Im- ra tin e nul placement applii.nits In eiHi|H-ration with the | ktoiuwI depar'im -nt. the applicant should he ra n d and placed, not out <>n his train in e and past experiences, hut a h o op l.i p ln si.a l -md m.wtal abilities t > till vaeaneies occur riue iroin tim e to Ihim- T he record-oi hi- p l.t'ic a l ami m enial exam ination sltonld Iw- liie cim liilential prom-rlv oi the medical departm ent. 4 Periodical physical exaininalio.is The irs|iieney o f periodical i-xmiuatiHis necessarily .must <k*|k'mf ii|M.n im litidnal eirei.ni'lanees aceorrliiti; to (In- nee<l for m il e x a m in a tio n s- ax determ ined h\ the snperxisin-; phvsieian. W h ere phvsical esauiiiiAtiiwis a re maik- U>r llu- tirst time, the employees of lo.m stam line should Ih- x-iveii am ple explanation of the Ih in lils oi m h exam i....lions and Ih- cixen assi.r aiices tliat their p J.s are secure. 5. Provision for the disabled l-'mplovecs who develop disabilities duri.it; tin course o f em plnvm ent should tic re-assimicd to oreupatioiis vvlneh will not iiitcrfcrc w ith o r a g g ra v a te the disability, o r tlu-y slumld U- provilcl for in otlw r ways. 4 D ;n ;?j? y tfrv r  s d iw fl'' t W E N T V - T l U K U A N M A I . 'S A V E T V N A T I O X .1 1. S A I - r . T V I I I C . V I CONUKIiSS //. Fire Prevention THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 4. 1934 T h e F tre Prevention Svssit oHivrm-tl in the Stiitli-r ILM with t h ill III.UI H aro ld L. M iner, M miaecr, Safely anti l-'irc i 'roli-climi I > u K . i. d u i 'Hit <|v Ncm oiiri & Wilnmiel'Mi. | Id a ware. |irr>i(liii!i. .Alter In id le wel* nimt; the iM rK iU s, Chairm an Miner m trm hucd the lir*t speaker. How Home Fires Are Caused By R. B. C R IS W E L L O hio Inspection Bureau, Colum bus. Ohio S|ieaking cxtcinpor.iiieoiish, Mr. ( 'risu c ll nave a <U.Ti-*u-uau*m .a the L \u e- cmployed ami the ariMiuicnl.s advanced hy In u i'd i am i lia r hiciiiImi s <>i ilie iHttK'dioti Bureau in hrinnine n* the .iticniiou i sch>.| cluldicu the t i i .-h- h./.nds <i llamuvahic substances in the homes. I ( in object vi;b t<< mivm -.tele ctrcnw v> and |K*rha|>s others in his audience who m iuht he interested hi I* comm;; o.intv >l>eakT'. how to n>e diii|ilc deuce in miiu'iun tlie school d n l d u u ihv necessity for caution to avoid tires and esploswnts.. I.;uli device ami m> th<<d \v;i* outlined briefly, hill with IrikiiiK detail. me of the dem onstrations hciny as to llo w s. A m atch, still lilatiitc. was throw n varch-S'lv niio a mall w aste h.iki, ..> so nianv |>ersons >1ill continue do. and the w.i-tc p.i(cr uuiiicdiuldv d .m d ml. a kiiigeroiis blaze. W illi a >h<>r| talk alxiiil (lit l*.re-t rangers and lhtr wat. Innliicss in iMiitiui' out smoldermy van h r i ' in the N orth W ihmIs. W m s l .o. iullv hioke a iiialeh to m ake Mire (he match had eoiic "Hi completely K i-a v he u Said lie. '`CliaiieroMc jo u r matcher: they shouldn't no nt alone." A small doll house, w ired HI sim ilar fashion to a coiuioriahlc home, was ex hibited. and after an cNpluiatioii outlinine the m um h e h t and lam p t\it>vs coupled with electrical device. which nnylil lie loaded onto the c h x lric circuit an any home, the speaker attached these devices me a lte r another until ilnr iii'C blew n u t; then he used a m ptxT penny to ulna tin* circuit until a lire developed in the attic of the doll house. Strangely enough, an ordinary fish howl, with tin* cold fish swimmim: alxnil. if exposed in a sunny nook of the living room. w ith a ilmisv cu rtain in die right s|ul beside it, or even a llamniahic rug nnderucaih. can cause a disastrous tire. The circular fish bowl and the water act as a lens to concentrate the sun's rays. Tliis has happened repeatedly, said tlie speaker. , A pretty little doll, made of pyroxylin. n r som e 4thcr flammahlc m aterial, has . ftfao become ignited in the hand of a child and has Imrned the child severely before tifc ry . ' ^t' <U4, 31 3 5 0 T w en ty -th ird .in u m i! .Vu/Wv ( onyn\<s-- X ationnf S a fe ly < on m il The Dust Hazards in Industry By DR. R. R. SAYERS M edical O fficer in C harge, Office of industrial H ygiene and Sanitation, U n ited S ta te s P ublic H ealth Service, W ashington, D. C. Tlic .s|H*uktT atti tit (tart : K cal m u the im portano: ( thu du>t pr.ik k m 1 industry, Ilk- L Mimi S i a l o i 'iilili.- Ili-aldi Servite- in c.ji|>cr.ili'n u tili tin- Jlur.-au m M ines Itvean its lr>i siihIv tit the W alth <* wrkT' in <lu>ly i r u k - ' in l'M4. in the mines u l Jplin, M isso u ri; uihl tiU-r. in the I 'uhlic ih a l i li Service iiiaiiiiiiraU'il a series ni du>t studies. T1h`m: lui-r >wdics u e re a ll coiulucivd in the Millie manner in trlvr t* p erm it a s d c ta ik d a owwpartMvii as jstl>lv U tw .v n the <hliTent imt'stii!.'ilMM. itrieily, these m vlh*l' ,, j stm ly may he >ti\tdd as 11>ws: i l l cxainmaiiMii t,, kierniiiie the gen eral pity steal c.anhii*n iIk- w o rk e r' n u .k r >b'i-r*aii >n ; <Jj .special |4iysical ex am in atio n to ileienuinc lite |.re ta k n e e #i >|*viiic ilis^i-es -i the resp irato ry system a n d tlie lun*< patlmh.ii> resulltnu irotn c\)>swv to the |:riiciilar ilust Itararti ; ( J ) recttn l iliv n ah ire am i seventy *i tin- li'aldm illnesses; (4 i analysis ami detailed slmly the occupali, mal etivirninneiii: 0 1 ccupaiMiul iihirtality statistics relalin i' to the x|ieciiic lust; uml ( . autopsies. T h e first six intensive invc>ln:aii>ii> e a rn e d out In the Service dealt vvilli llu- . health ol vvnrktTN v\p*wr| to dn-t* m a eemettt pt.int. ramie tilling indu-try anth racite ami InliiiinmuiH .al tiimin.*. silverw are m aim tacinrniu |>tani. lion el*>tii m anniaclnriiie. a n d m nnm iei|i.tl if .i sweepim:. lin e i 'Indies were l.ii.r mlnci| in certain slate, er.mil-. marUk- .ml talc purries. while m>rc recently 1 rather extensive slmly >1 the liealtli i a n th racite eoal miners was riiiplflcl. T hese six d it't 'tiwlh-s di ***I dial ih- worker* >tt (In- cranMe .iillm y who Were e\|M<sei| th e In-.diesi lii'l mviili'alioii' wen- iotiml 1 'UllT u>m at. eseess i pulimmar* tnhereiilsis aiir I* p a r s .r more oi exposure anl lev,hped sduKsis trulli J I in vears. In the er>*n> a |*h-'I to a lesser aimnini <>i <lu-i. sjliotsis *leveln|e| only a lte r p r..|..m :id .-\|.Mire. u n it nt excess -i tiil>crcui>is. It was inumi th at a < riT:*tini'lnj> \jsU .J Ik-Ivm-cii die decree t lust eX|i-urc ami the extent ami sev erity I the pulm onary Umane. A m U rw nc i-<mI miners MillVred irotn d y 'iu in ra am i liter 'i c i i ' i pnciiniocouiosi' ami experience! a hid rate of respiratory 'iehiioC : in a - M n i - a n e \c e " iv c im>rialiiv tr-in imiu u/a* pneumonia and |h>'siIIv tiiler'iil<>M> |. .mud Ihiiiiniiioiis -'al m iners \ |x r i- cnccd a generalize) lilim sis <i the Innas am i an excess ntorlaltiv irm indm-n/a ami |incumonia. Cem ent w orkers show') -m u- sicus vatis pnvum>cnv>'is u n it an execs o i diseases ol the u|i|er respiratory tract. <hi the oilier hand, workers in tin* rtt*t> lo th ami sdveruar* mamna inrim> r>1.nii~ ami muni.-ipal *ir-el M in | r . were neualiee ir respirator* nndilioM ami other dlm-sscx ulu-n coiupar<-.| with lite cenerai mhi>tral | h.pillali. .11. Rot'k ifritlino. I-W live ` ears, ilu- l'un*l States I'urt-an *>' Mim-s .u tili.ti K.el ami zinc m iners in the T r i- S ta le M i'irit't. (iM ahoina. fit- m* here is hicli in ir'e silica. >1 lit** 7.72* m en exannnctl. a croup oi (.<>47. *>r per cent, w as i| liiut-k liat:m>s-l as liavinc stli..si.. n..l im-lii<hn-: ih'e lucnosed as kavm c tU-rcnl" ' i {. All lite men liacikisetl ax havin h rst-'tn c e 'ilk-osis ItaI u.rktl an averace *>i 13 years, hut those m en slartin*; in the mines alter 40 years oi a ce worked an average of only 8 years. T h e w ork of rxk trilline in snhway ami tunnel c>iislrncliin in NVvv York G iy is in some resp ects sim ilar to tliat o i si* >t th- activities in th e h ard r->-k niini-s. a t least in so ia r a s th e m anner in which dust is e<>i*rd. (he type i vhi't and live resu lta n t liazard. Recently the result oi a study <>t rock <irill<*r'. blasters and e x cav ato rs w as rep o rted hy the New York TulKr. nl..>is a n d H ealth As*ociaiiun. A n cxanituilHt o f 208 rock drillers. Masters ami -xcavat>rs sh.m cd th at 118, o r 57 p er cen t >>f tlte m en ha<l silictvxis in varimts stuces oi pr>i;rcioii. T h e exposure o f m ost o f these m en (75 per c e n ti liad been fr JO y ears o r more. Sandfe/aitm#. N o stu d y o f th e health of sandblasters has been rep o rted in the Uniteti States; however, a study of the dust exposure of sandblasters was recently completed by the U nited S tates Public H ealth Service in cooperation with the I}intrrv St'Clitm .151 N ational Safety G n tm il. T his investigation indk.ited that. jinlgcd by ilu- nature of the lust anl degree of tlte cx|*nMtre. a real hazard e x ists in this mupaii >it. T h is study al> brought out the iact tliat it is psmMc to conduct 'imllda-ting with safety, provided propcrl dc>igml and well M iam i.lined equipm ent is ucl D ia to w u i'o u x Silica W orkers. M ost of the lata on silicosis have lcrn gathered from stintvs mah' Uih ni industry and vx]H.-riiiiviitally on d u sts o m b u n m g tree silica in the form n i q u a rt/. Such studies have iiccn made in the g ran ite industry, pottery trades, h a rd rck drilling. rlc. There arc niltcr fr*e silica m inerals in existence Ilia! are imi er\> tallm c hi n ature hut <>f an ainoridious e>iiqiti<>n. In " : z Santa B arbara (m in ty . I aliinrnia. there exists the larecst and imresi diatnmaeemi> silica de|*sit in the ivnrld. T h is Mihstaiiee eniisists ni about X5 p er vent tree $ silk a. Kvceutly an exam ination w as made of lilH w orkers svlw ted am ong those employeI less than I year. I In 2 years. 2 to 5 years, ami m n rr th an 5 ears. l AU of the w orkers w ere M exican lalm rers am i the exam inations m iM -hd ni x-ray determinations, social aiul medical histories, ami vlinieal exaininations ..i the ehests. Dust det*rmiiiaiions were also mad* hut ihe>c were not re|Nirid. TIm- -iit^t.noliii^r feature reveale! hy the exam ination was |Ih* splendid |hysical eondilim i o i tin- men 'E iR hty-hm r jut vent of the w orkers wc{ fcjwwtvd in exetdh-nt phv-nv.d mbtimv It w as found th at men showed signs of early ;>ncimiociiiosi'; | > wer- in the i m oderately advanced stage ami ft in the advanced s ta te . T h is latter biuliug was annum w orkers w ith a history of c.\|*osurc o i m ore than 5 years. D ust //iiiir n / in // (.Yiiif.' O iuirrv huhtstry. It is a comm on lM-liei` that granite i|inrriii!< i- not so dangerous m industry as granite euitiie: in >o. I-.m ! shetls: qnarrv wrh i> done outdoors am i h em e may not U* a tte n d 'd with very much hi'i exposure. However, certain q u arry o|H*rations req u ire the use oi pneuiuati: tools, which ace u-iiaily assx'iatel with the form ation m M-iilerjli)> quantities of dll'.!, it was thought th at a study made in a rep re -eu tu tm - granite q u a rrv might east ........ light on our prohleiu. \ceo rd iu ely . a study <-i a ilitiicoradiograph n ain re of '.? quarrier was mad' and eeiitetitoiial dn-l \ | iommx were also obtaind ( he i|nM leterminations show th at nearly 3K jut cent the worker (d rille rs ) w ere exposed to many times the amount of dust roiio.|r<<l -aie at the present lime. D rillers were the onlv |>vrsoiis showing palhol.igj- huig 'hangH alf of iluM* w orkers with an e\jnsure of 5 to l'i years had sdieo^i. and -I .>i the 5 n n n w ith m ore than .11 years o f such tr.nl* life showed ihi* condition This stud suggests that quarry drillers may experience as high a death rate front pnlmm ntrv tuberculosis as l*i pnenmatic-tool w orkers in g ran ite <nil nig -hoib /:/'/ >'/ /ii/m /i'i/ M arble l>usl. T h e piihttoiiary fibrotie changes due to Ilie inhalation of m arble dust appear to lie slight in omparison w ith those caused by stone dust vouiaining a liiglt percentage of silica in the frm of piart/. A recent study maic hv us am ong m arble w orkers showed that although m arble lust, when inhaled in coiiventrali"ii averaging alwuit 25 ntiilin parlielex per m in e foot ..f .dr. produced a m ild bilateral, linear hbrnxis in a certain mmilH-r <>i the XU men exam ined, no serious lung 'bailees were noted ami there was no disahiln due t-> the lust. eo a lte r many year >! exposm v fin**r< than |U year- in m.- ..<> The m arhle died um ler consideration consisted of 'W ht tvrnl ealcite ami 2 per 'em dolemil-. w ith no silica present. Jfusl H a z a u l tn . ih a .fh v hulnsirv. Artificial abrasives a m uilly n*-d fit industry and for this reason the eriicct of the iuha1.itiiu oi d usts produced in the m anufacture <r preparation of these products is of great im portance, fu 1029 and again in 19.51. Dr. ("lark of the N orton Company at \V*res|er. M ,v. maile uives|iuali*us ot w orkers cx|N*rd to almitiniiim oxile ami silicon carbide dust produce! in the m anufacture of grinding wheels, which showed th at hiring a period of 1.5 years th ere w ere prn|tnrtinuatcly twice as many cases of pulm onary uiIht- culosis am ong those w-nrking in the abrasive dust departm ents as in department* where no abrasive lust occurred. In 1`tfl. Kessler, of New Jersey , mporte! the occurrence of over I Oft cases of alleged silicosis in live ab rasive |>nwl.r mdu*lrv. in which the dust consisted of 90 per cent free silica. E xposure to Silic a te Dust. It has l rn the belief th at the inhalation o f dust compose! of silicates (com bined silica), in comparison with silica (fre e silica in the form of q u a rtr). was innocuous. O f recent years m any investigators have become cognisant of the hazards of silicate dust exposure. Asbestosis. a fibrosis .152 Twvnty-third .h i mini Stiffly Cmiyrcss-- Motional Soft ly Conned of iIm* Inn* caused by the inhalation of a x lio lo s dust. has already Inch dcrrilK<| iM h in its clinical ami rnrnli:tit*i|!r.`i|iiiic m anifestations l>y utvestiuators in other countries. IHit to late no studies la v e Ih u i rr|>ortcd in tlic I'n itid Stales. (Tint-lit dust, which contains aUiitt 22 jht cent ciNnliimsi silica, h o Into studied. and the elfeels o i tlk' inhalation by workers la s beet* ilik iis s o l In-re. In March, I`AM, lirocssen. o i tlic United Stales Puldic H ealth Service. reported the rtMili. >>i 3 study conducted aniNii; irvnmlilc talc and slate workers. The slate dust 1 which these workers were e x c ise d consisted mainly o i silicate, iliere Ivim; h " dan .1 per cent >>( 1 the dust. The talc was a hy Irons calcium-niaem-siiim -di.ii-. being 45 |mt cent talc ami 45 jnt cent Ircimdiie. with m* piart/ p roem . llu- resnlts oi tin* Indy seemed to indicate a relati'Hi'lop ln-iurcti the am*mm <|its| uiIm M am| tlic effect o i this dust on tlie lungs oi workers. Statistic,il Studies. Recently. Ij i i i A ami Vain* csiimatcd that there are `'-me 54MM*N> workers engaged in |Ih* mining. inarrying and inaniiiadnriot; im lii'in o in this country in which an cx|nrc to silica dn>t to a hanm nl leuree is en tailed. Their analysis ( niortaliti e\|H vieikv *i in c h c hie insurance c.>nip.iut ior the |R-rKl I ' l l i - W i showed that tin* actual mrt:)liti tr.nn respiratory tuts r enlosis among tile siliea exposed jnTmhis was uImimI three times that ! a ii-hi- silica dust group. It k k consolers their data tor certain ocvH|ialioos in metal mines ami granite ami sandstone (uarries. orcuputioiis known to Ik* ext* .-**! p. high coik'entraiHHts o i hazardous ilnsis. llien tin* comparison is more striking, since tlu- actual Icaths among these workers was t.amd to In* ten link's that oi th- ex pected deaths More kiailed statistics mi H'ctipaiion.il mortality as re|Hrtcd l.y Mul\aistrar-tciu-ra) >h Knglaiid and W ales t l'0 |.|* ij.l> , ami siiiiuiM ri/ol by liriM.ii, show Mm- Inch rate <>< I.JW |nt ItNt.lNtn ior 1111 and copper miners, while the r *te ior "all .ccii|tcd and retired nctles*' was only I 'll, (ttlu r occupations with -mv.i e\|Misttre sliowvd an vxeess. Front the evidence jii'l presented cooccruiiig tile injurious Thrt< produced lv tlk' inhalation oi certain dusts, it is apparent that a knowledge .>i the proi., rii>> o i a u i x n dust which determine it capacity to produce jmlmonarv p a i h < y i. essential. XmikToiis imcstigattoiis o i the industrial du-t proldem indicate that t lt o e pro|K*rties are tlx- chemical and mineral'cic.il composition o i the dit-i. it cmceiitratioii in tlic idiiirial alinosplicre. and it {article h/ c. In an earlier {mruoii oi this discussion evidem'e was presented which in d u n c l that a close relation existed between iimrlMilin and mortahl rale m-m \ari-ii respiratory diw-ases ami the exposure to certain dusts in industry. In the -uidy of the Inst hazard in the granite cutting industry, it was definitely proved that tln-rr is a direct relation lietwvett tlu* magnitude id the hist exposure ami sickness and death resulting ifoiu tniNTCuloi%. ft i> pute evident. .1 a result oi ihe-c studies. that the remedy oi ilk* dn-t evil lies in the e iie c m e removal or siipprcssj..n of the dti'l t" concentration <`oiisilcred sale. Ih.w evcr. ito -et rid' may In- -tubIished for the mcclcuiical protcctioM to Ik* ins|itul*i ill an attempt 1 control indus trial hist. -.'specific conditions eiu'oimn-rcd m a plant will determine the type -1 protection to In* employed. Tlu* proiccii-.u o i w orkers again*! c ertain d u sts known to lie toxic may at times In* aceomi.lished l>y the substitution *.i a u--u-toxic m aterial tor the t>\ic >iw. Oik; evampl- - l sik h a procedure is the |o*-ihh- U'C o i a m etallic o r .<tli l) pc <>i a rtiticial ahrasivv for ami in the sandblasting p ro ec* ' in those opcrati-ao in which it is not essential to use sand, a substance high in t|tiariz content. \t-.nii. the m echanical enclosure of the dust-creating process .d -o -erves to p r o tn t the w orker. A n excellent illustration o i this type of protection is atfordvd hy- the m odem .mu(blast liarrel used in tlu* cleaning oi sm all biects. Sometimes it is possible to protect the w orker hy the substitution wet tor d ry powesses. as net drilling instead of dry. lit one instance, in the ram ie cuttm study prcviottdy mentioned. :ui operator using a diam ond point tool w orked tin* stone w et: the result in dust amounted to 22 m illion { articles per cubic loot. T he same o p e ra te w as then re|iiestcd to work the time d r y ; a> a resu lt, the am ount of dust reached the hih future of 45 million {articles per cubic foot. In tbc weaving of asbestos d o th it has been possible to reduce the amount o f dust in the air by wet weaving to one-fourth of th e am ount present when the process is conducted by d ry method. Another example of this procedure in allaying dust is tlw use of a spray of water H a m * * .'- A'-.- v (>uitrrv St-tlitin Vx\ 1r)iu-r and jack h am itn r drilling hi It;rl n t l . , although tin- n-w K |m- ..l Kell dust tra |i is now bm hng miikIt tavor i..r tins kind oi work. T h e Kelly tra p consists oi a m etal chuminT Icsigucd t enclose tlu- ilrtli steel a t the f " k surtace. N o ;tUvmv< > maU- to secure a mvchauu.d seal with the rock o r IkI w itii ill. tra p .ml llic d rill 'iiv l. Tin* diM is removed lay an air Stream ami is c a rrie d into an cxliaiist system .mcctcd lo die trap. l\sca|K- oi dust particle's through openings lctwevu tlu- m tcvcu rm k Minaevs an.I tlu- tra p b prevented |y tin* a ir seal prmlttce'd lie the iiillowing air. ' l o t s made on ilii* tra p under actual w orking conditions show th at the d ii't concentration at the w orker's hreathm g /o n e may Ik- kept down to less than |tl million particles |n-r cubic foot w ilh a i4t ciiJhc loot per ininiit* rate* o i air llow' through the hood. T his trap is a step tor w ard in the program o i dust rem oval; however, in im'ivrgr>.iind work, such as in mines and subways. th ere is still the Meed to solve the problem of compact dn>t disjiosal -iiiipniciit. r. In certain the practical cases, mhIi as in the sandblasting oi large castings safeguard to the w orker is to provide him with in a sandblast mask or rooms, h e lm e t of th e positive a ir pressure tyje. In the sandblast m vcshgIih.>u previous! iih-m- tioned. it was found thatwIm'H iroin 5 to n enliic feet oi practically diM -iree air per m inute are supplied to the helmet, the w orker reecives ideal proieelioii. llo w - ever, <w m ust alw ays Iwar in mmd th at the ultim ate criterion oi protection -Would m be the dust di-termination oi the air within the helmet during blasting and not the quantity oi the air supply tisclt. In m ost lusty processes, however, tlu* most vHvctivc means i hist eliminatioe. are ly the us- o | pro|H-rly designed c x h a ii't veiililaltou systems. Sinee in man instances it is diliietill. cos||\. anil at lim es an uniieeessarv pr>ednre to rem ote all the In*st in tlu- vieimfv <*i a w orker, we need lirs| to U-tenuiue the mminium aniotmt oi a c ertain dust winch ihc w orker can apimrvntly tolerate with impunity Such iiiiormalioM an In- mad- availahle hy the type oi s(u|ies carried out 1 tin Public Health Service l;o r example, in the granite study already rebrrd to. n dust at the b i.a llu o g level aln.itt III m illion particles jkt cubic i..l t.r.s . r o u t free silical. Stmiics oi hist rem oval devic-s used in g ran ite cut ting plants at die tunc lid w ork w as coiihH-t<-d showed that a linear w U i t y oi l.3nn n e t per immile as m easured l>> an am-uioim-ter al the iace oi the .hist-rem oval Iio. nI. would keep the dust at the h n a liu n g level to an amount less 'than Id million particles |H-r cubic i>.t A w o n t should In' said concerning |H-r'*>nal resp irato ry proiectioii ag ain .t dusts. It lots alrealv Im-cii shown that in the use oi |w<sitive pressure r-'pirat"iv devier- in sandblasting, it is iiMjM>itaul to have a vvell-dcsiyued k'vice siippli! with aln.nl 6 cubic (vet I lust u v e air jut mimvte t> give lull |)T>itnliii to the worker W ith reier-nee to respirators oi the filter t>|n-. there is still much to In' aw oinp'ished in the design o i an elli lent am i com lortahle m a-k tor coiiiiinious use. Oi great valiK* are slamlar! iim'IIi. mIs i..r the testin g o i the ellicieucv . respiratory p ro tection devices, I irm ker adv.K-ales testing a device against th- pariwtilar dust which |Im- resp ira to r is to eiicoiuit-r. these tests to lw made Iwith in llic l;ib<r;ili>r< and m uler aInal industrial ioiiditioiis. l ie iiirth er suggested that -om- uin-arii.d agency should conduct such tests anil ccrtiiy the devices tor imittsirial u--. the w nrk Ih' iiiu done on a cost basis. 'H ie l ?. S. Ihtrcati oi Mines has preparvd 'itch a schedule i.>r testing ami approving respirators. i wish to stress the ini|ortauee oi good housekeeping in the effort to combat the dust hazard, (iood h..tiskei-pmg shoiihl not only imply the removal oi acctmin- lateil du-t al.>iit a workr.Nitu hut should also vnihrae- efficient maintenance >! dust rem oval levices and respirato ry protvetive fipupiiHiit. >> -tenialic iiispeeliou of all lust suppression eipiipuu'tit should Ik- an axiom atic princiule in every lu-ty industry rath e r than the casual attention which it now receives in many iustauc<-s. Report of the Nominating Committee T h e chairm an called for (he rc|ort o f the Nom inating Committee at this point, and new officer* for the section to serve luring the ensuing ear were nominate! and elxted as follow: