Document Xz47DooaRLba0KarnDR67ZVzR

1910.1001 e r-- t THU 29--Labor Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 1900 to 1919 Revised as of July 1, 1979 C \ 11910.1001 Asbesto*. (a> Definitions. For the purpose of this section. (1) "Asbestos" includes chrysotiie. amosite. crocidolite. tremolite. anthophyllite, and actinolite. (2) "Asbestos fibers" means asbestos fibers longer than 5 micrometers. (b) Permissible exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers--Hi Standard effective July 7. 1972. The 8hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed five fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centi meter of air. as determined by the method prescribed in paragraph (e> of this section. i2 Standard effective July 1. 1976. The 8-hour time-weighted average air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be ex posed shall not exceed two fibers. 580 01176? GPJW 0066E HWBUI0007684 Chapter XVII--Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1910.100! longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic moved from bags, cartons, or other centimeter of air, as determined by containers In which they are shipped, the method prescribed in paragraph without being either wetted, or en (e) of this section. closed. or ventilated so as to prevent (3) Ceiling concentration. No em effectively the release of airborne as ployee shall be exposed at any time to bestos fibers in excess of the limits airborne concentrations of asbestos prescribed in paragraph (b) of this sec fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer tion. than 5 micrometers, per cubic centi (iii) Spraying, demolition, or remov meter of air. as determined by the al Employees engaged in the spraying method prescribed in paragraph (e) of of asbestos, the removal, or demolition this section. of pipes, structures, or equipment cov (c) Methods of compliance--il") Engi ered or insulated with asbestos, and in neering methods. (!) Engineering con the removal or demolition of asbestos trols. Engineering controls, such as, insulation or coverings shall be pro but not limited to, isolation, enclosure, vided with respiratory equipment in exhaust ventilation, and dust collec accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(Ui> tion. shall be used to meet the expo of this section and with special cloth sure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) ing In accordance with paragraph of this section. (d)(3) of this section. (11) Local exhaust ventilation, (a) (d) Personal protective equipment-- Local exhaust ventilation and dust col (1) Compliance with the exposure lection systems shall be designed, con limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of structed. installed, and maintained in this section may not be achieved by accordance with the American Nation the use of respirators or shift rotation al Standard Fundamentals Governing of employees, except: the Design and Operation of Local Ex (1) During the time period necessary haust Systems, ANSI 29.2-1971, which to install the engineering controls and is incorporated by reference herein. to Institute the work practices re (6) See $ 1910.6 concerning the avail quired by paragraph (c) of this sec ability of ANSI Z9.2-1971, and the tion: maintenance of a historic file In con (ii) In work situations in which the nection therewith. The address of the methods prescribed in paragraph (c) American National Standards Insti of this section are either technically tute is given in | 1910.100. not feasible or feasible to an extent in (ill) Particular tools. All hand-oper sufficient to reduce the airborne con ated and power-operated tools which centrations of asbestos fibers below may produce or release asbestos fibers the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) in excess of the exposure limits pre of this section: or scribed in paragraph (b) of this sec (iii) In emergencies. tion. such as. but not limited to, saws, (iv) Where both respirators and per scorers, abrasive wheels, and drills, sonnel rotation are allowed by para shall be provided with local exhaust graphs (d)(1) (I), (ii), or (ill) of this sec ventilation systems in accordance with tion, and both are practicable, person subdivision (U) of this subparagraph. nel rotation shall be preferred and (2) Work practices--(i> Wet methods. used. Insofar as practicable, asbestos shall (2) Where a respirator is permitted be handled, mixed, applied, removed, by paragraph (d)(1) of this section, it cut, scored, or otherwise worked in a shall be selected from among those ap wet state sufficient to prevent the proved by the Bureau of Mines. De emission of airborne fibers in excess of partment of the Interior, or the Na the exposure limits prescribed in para tional Institute lor Occupational graph (b) of this section, unless the Safety and Health, Department of usefulness of the product would be di Health. Education, and Welfare, under minished thereby. the provisions of 30 CFR Part 11 <37 (ii) Particular products and oper F.R. 6244. Mar. 25, 1972), and shall be ations. No asbestos cement, mortar. used in accordance with subdivisions coating, grout, piaster, or similar ma (i), (ii). (iii), and (iv) of this subpara terial containing asbestos shall be re graph. 581 c c L 0117 6 o GPJW 00669 HWBUI0007685  1910.1001 Title 29--Labor (I) Air purifying respirators, A reus- unable to function normally wearing a ab.c or single use air purifying respira respirator, or that the safety or health tor. or a respirator described in para of the employee or other employees graphs (d)(2) (ii) or (iii) of this section, will be impaired by his use of a respi shall be used to reduce the concentra rator. Such employee shall be rotated tions of airborne asbestos fibers in the to another job or given the opportuni respirator below the exposure limits ty to transfer to a different position prescribed in paragraph (b) of this sec whose duties he is able to perform tion. when the ceiling or the 8-hour with the same employer. In the same time-weighted average airborne con geographical area and with the same centrations of asbestos fibers are rea seniority, status, and rate of pay he sonably expected to exceed no more had Just prior to such transfer, if such than 10 times those limits. a different position is available. (ii) Powered air purifying respira (3) Special clothing: The employer tors. A full facepiece powered air puri shall provide, and require the use of. fying respirator, or a powered air puri special clothing, such as coveralls or fying respirator, or a respirator de similar whole body clothing, head co scribed in paragraph (d)(2)(ifi) of this verings. gloves, and foot coverings for section, shall be used to reduce the any employee exposed to airborne con concentrations of airborne asbestos centrations of asbestos fibers, which fibers in the respirator below the ex exceed the ceiling level prescribed in posure limits prescribed in- paragraph paragraph (b) of this section. (b) of this section, when the ceiling or (4) Change rooms: (1) At any fixed the 8-hour time-weighted average con place of employment exposed to air centrations of asbestos fibers are rea borne concentrations of asbestos fibers sonably expected to exceed 10 times, In excess of the exposure limits pre but not 100 times, those limits. scribed in paragraph (b) of this sec (iii) Type "C" supplied-air respira tion, the employer shall provide tors, continuous flow or pressure- change rooms for employees working demand class. A type "C" continuous regularly at the place. flow or pressure-demand, supplled-air (11) Clothes lockers: The employer respirator shall be used to reduce the shall provide two separate lockers or concentrations of airborne asbestos containers for each employee, so sepa fibers in the respirator below the ex rated or isolated as to prevent con posure limits prescribed in paragraph tamination of the employee's street (b) of this section, when the ceiling or clothes from his work clothes. the 8-hour time-weighted average air (ill) Laundering: (a) Laundering of borne- concentrations of asbestos fibers asbestos contaminated clothing shall are reasonably expected to exceed 100 be done so as to prevent the release of times those limits. - air-borne asbestos fibers in excess of (iv> Establishment of a respirator the exposure limits prescribed in para program, (a) The employer shall es graph (b) of this section. tablish a respirator program in accord (ft) Any employer who gives asbes ance with the requirements of the tos-contaminated clothing to another American National Standards Prac person for laundering shall inform tices for Respiratory Protection. ANSI such person of the requirement in Z88.2-I969. which is' incorporated by paragraph <dX4Xill)(a) of this section reference herein. to effectively prevent the release of (6) See { 1910.6 concerning the avail airborne asbestos fibers In excess of ability of ANSI Z88.2-1969 and the the exposure limits prescribed In para maintenance of a historic file In con graph (b) of this section. nection therewith. The address of the (c) Contaminated clothing shall be American National Standards Insti transported in sealed Impermeable tute is given in 1910.100. bags, or other closed. Impermeable (c) No employee shall be assigned to containers, and labeled in accordance tasks requiring the use of respirators with paragraph (g) of this section. if. based upon his most recent exami (e) Method of measurement All de nation. an examining physician deter terminations of airborne concentra mines that the employee will be tions of asbestos fibers shall be made i V. 582 911769 GPJW 00670 HWBUI0007686 .^vr-r Chapter XVII--Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1910.1001 by the membrane filter method at 40C-450 x (magnification) (4 millime ter objective) with phase contrast illu mination. (f) Monitoring--(1) Initial determi nations. Within 6 months of the publi cation of this section, every employer shall cause every place of employment where asbestos fibers are released to be monitored in such a way as to de termine whether every employee's ex posure to asbestos fibers is below the limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. If the limits are exceeded, the employer shall immediately under take a compliance program In accord ance with paragraph (c) of this sec tion. (2) Personal monitoring--(l) Sam ples shall be collected from within the breathing zone of the employees, on membrane filters of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8-hour time-weighted average airborne con centrations and of the ceiling concen trations of asbestos fibers. (ii) Sampling frequency and pat terns. After the Initial determinations required by paragraph (f)(1) of this section, samples shall be of such fre quency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of employees. In no case shall the sampling be done at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposure to asbestos may rea sonably be foreseen to exceed the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section. (3) Environmental monitoring--(i) Samples shall be collected from areas of a work environment which are rep resentative of the airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers which may reach the breathing-zone of employ ees. Samples shall be collected on & membrane filter of 0.8 micrometer po rosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8-hour timeweighted average airborne concentra tions and of the ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers. (ii) Sampling frequency and pat terns. After the initial determinations required by paragraph (f)(1) of this section, samples shall be of such fre quency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of the employees. In no case shall sampling be at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposures to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (4) Employee observation of moni toring. Affected employees, or their representatives, shall be given a rea sonable opportunity to observe any monitoring required by this paragraph and shall have access to the records thereof. (g) Caution signs and labels. (1) Caution signs, tl) Posting. Caution signs shall be provided and displayed at each location where airborne con centrations of asbestos fibers may be In excess of the exposure limits pre scribed In paragraph (b) of this sec tion. Signs shall be posted at such a distance from such a location so that an employee may read the signs and take necessary protective steps before entering the area marked by the signs. Signs shall be posted at all approaches to areas containing excessive concen trations of airborne asbestos fibers. (U) Sign specifications. The warning signs required by paragraph (gHIXi) of this section shall conform to the requirements of 20" x 14" vertical format signs specified in I 1910.145(d)(4), and to this subdivi sion. The signs shall display the fol lowing legend in the lower panel, with letter sizes and styles of a visibility at least equal to that specified in this subdivision. LtgtnS Hotilun toomtiM---------------------- r Sn S*rt. Gome or Slocfe- Owsi Htxvtf-------------------------------- V Sm S< Gatne Of Av&d Breaming Qua* ------- Protected Equpnwt Do Not In Ares Unless Game. V~ Gefftac. Getfse. Your tffe* tt Breotfrng Aabeates Dust Mar 8* Hazardous To Year HeaJift. 14 pwni Gotfre. Spacing between lines shall be at least equal to the height of the upper of any two lines. (2) Caution labels--(I) Labeling. Cau tion labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products containing *0-975 O--7----IS 583 r % c 011770 GPJW 00671 HWBUI0007687 * ''y ` 1910.1001 Title 29--Leber asbestos fibers, or to their containers, to be maintained by paragraph (IX1) except that no label is required where of this section, which indicates the asbestos fibers have been modified by employee's own exposure to asbestos a bonding agent, coating, binder, or fibers. other material so that during any rea (3) Employee notification. Any em sonably foreseeable use, handling, ployee found to have been exposed at storage, disposal, processing, or trans any time to airborne concentrations of portation. no airborne concentrations asbestos fibers in excess of the limits of asbestos fibers in excess of the ex prescribed in paragraph (b) of this sec posure limits prescribed In paragraph tion shall be notified in writing of the (b) of this section will be released. exposure as soon as practicable but (if) Label specifications. The caution not later than 5 days of the finding. labels required by paragraph <g)(2Kl> The employee shall also be timely no of this section shall be printed in let tified of the corrective action being ters of sufficient size and contrast as taken. to be readily visible and legible. The (j) Medical examinations--(1) Gen label shall state: eral The employer shall provide or Cautiok make available at his cost, medical ex aminations relative to exposure to as Contains Asbestos Fibers bestos required by this paragraph. Avoid Creating Dust (2) Freplacement The employer shall provide or make available to Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Serious each of his employees, within 30 calen Bodily Harm dar days following his first employ (h) Housekeeping--(1) Cleaning. All ment in an occupation exposed to air external surfaces in any place of em borne concentrations of asbestos ployment shall be maintained free of fibers, a comprehensive medical exam accumulations of asbestos fibers If, ination. which shall include, as a mini with their dispersion, there would be mum. a chest roentgenogram (posteri c an excessive concentration. or-anterior 14 x 17 Inches), a history (2) Waste disposal Asbestos Waste, to elicit symptomatology of respira scrap, debris, bags, containers, equip tory disease, and pulmonary function ment, and asbestos-contaminated tests to include forced vital capacity clothing, consigned for disposal, which (FVC) and forced expiratory volume may produce in any reasonably fore at 1 second (FEV seeable use. handling, storage, process (3) Annual examinations. On or ing, disposal, or transportation air before January 31, 1973, and at least borne concentrations of asbestos fibers annually thereafter, every employer in excess of the exposure limits pre shall provide, or make available, com scribed in paragraph (b> of this section prehensive medical examinations to shall be collected and disposed of in each of his employees engaged in occu sealed impermeable bags, or other pations exposed to airborne concentra closed, impermeable containers. tions of asbestos fibers. Such annual (i) Recordkeeping--(1) Exposure rec examination shall Include, as a mini ords. Every employer shall maintain mum. a chest roentgenogram (posteri- records of any personal or environ . or-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history mental monitoring required by this to elicit symptomatology of respira section. Records shall be maintained tory disease, and pulmonary function for a period of at least 20 years and tests to include forced vital capacity shall be made available upon request (FVC) and forced expiratory volume to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for at 1 second (FEV,.,). Occupational Safety and Health, the (4) Termination of employment. The Director of the National Institute for employer shall provide, or make avail Occupational Safety and Health, and able. within 30 calendar days before or to authorized representatives of after the termination of employment either. of any employee engaged in an occu (2) Employee access. Every employee pation exposed to airborne concentra and former employee shall have rea tions of asbestos fibers, a comprehen sonable access to any record required sive medical examination which shall 584 011771 GPJW 00672 HWBUI0007688 Chapter XVII---Occupational Softty end Holth Administration include, u a minimum, a chest roent genogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptoma tology of respiratory disease, and pul c monary function tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (PV,..>. (5) Recent examinations. No medical examination is required of any em ployee. If adequate records show that the employee has been examined in accordance with this paragraph within the past 1-year period. 78 <6) Medical records--(i) Mainte nance. Employers of employees exam ined pursuant to this paragraph shall f 1919.19 Special provisions for air con cause to be maintained complete and taminants. accurate records of all such medical examinations. Records shall be re tained by employers for at least 20 years. Cii) Access. The contents of the rec ords of the medical examinations re quired by this paragraph shall be made available, for inspection and (a) Asbestos dust Section 1910.1001 shall apply to the exposure of every employee to asbestos dust in every em ployment and place of employment covered by if 1910.12. 1910.13. 1910.14. 1910.15. or 1910.16, in lieu of any dif ferent standard on exposure to asbes tos dust which would otherwise be ap copying, to the Assistant Secretary of plicable by virtue of any of those sec Labor for Occupational Safety and tions. Health, the Director of NTOSH. to au thorized physicians and medical con sultants of either of them. and. upon the request of an employee or former Note: Following defines additional occupational ( employee, to his physician. Any physi areas affected.by section cian who conducts a medical examina 1910.19 above: tion required by this paragraph shall furnish to the employer of the exam ined employee all the information spe 1910.12 - Construction cifically required by this paragraph, and any other medical information re lated to occupational exposure to as Work (construc. tion, alteration, bestos fibers. . and/or repair, in !39 FR 23502.-June 2T. 1974. Redesignated ,M 40 KR 27073. May 28. 1075. and amended at 41 FR 11505. Mar. 19. 19761 1910.13 cluding painting and decorating) - Ship repairing 1910.14 -- Shipbuilding 1910.15 - Shipbreaking 1910.16 - Longshoring 585 011772 QPJW 00673 HWBUI0007689 Appendix A RULES AND REGULATIONS Title 29--LABOR Chapter XVII. Occupational Sohly and Health Administration, DepartRiant of Labor PART 1910--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS Standard lor Exposure to Aibestos Duct Os December 7. 1971. ui emergency temporary standard concerning exposure to asbestos Obex* was published in the Feszau Jtsetsna (38 FJl. 33387). In aeoordanee with section 41c) (3) of theWUllams-Stelger Oocuptaioaal Safety and Health Act of 1878, a notice of proposed rulemaking regarding a permanent standard for exposure to asbestos libera wax published la the Feacesa Rxetstsa ee January 13, 1873 (37 FJt. 4M). The nottce invited Interested persona to submit both anally end tn writing, data, news, and arguments concerning the proposal. On or about January 34,1873, the Ad visory Committee on Asbestos Dust wax established and requested to make writ ten recommendation* with retard to the proposed standard on asbestos. On or about February 1, 1973, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare trans mitted to the Secretary of Labor a cri teria document eontamteg Bseommomlations for an Occupational Exposure Standard for Asbestos by the National institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), PubUe notice wm given of the receipt of the recommendations and their availability for bMpeetioo and copying. On pr shout February SB, 1873. the Advisory Committee on Asbestos Durt submitted its written reoommsMattone to the Assistant Secretary of labor for Occupational Safety and Health. Note: Federal Rsgistsr,Vol.40,No. 103, May 23,1975, p. 23072, announced that the OSKA standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust was recodified from 1910.83a to 1910.1001. Pursuant to the notice of rule making, a bearing was held on March 14 through IT. 1973. for the purpose of receiving oral data, views, and arguments concerning the proposed standard. On or about March 31.1973, the presiding hearing ex aminer certified to the Assistant Secre tary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health the record of the proceeding. The record includes prehearing written oooments, a transcript of the oral pres entations made at the bearing, and nu merous exhibits received during the course of the hearing or within the pe riod allowed after the dose of the bearing. The proposed standard dealt with (1) permissible concentrations of asbestos fibers; (2> methods of compliance; (3) warning signs; (4) monitoring; (3> medleal examinations: and (8> recordkeep ing. Zaeh at these major proposals elic ited comments, arguments, objections, and counterproposals. They all have been examined and considered. 1. Acceptable concentration* of asbes tos iu*t. The proposed standard would limit occupational exposure to 3-hour time-weighted avenge (TWA) airborne mmeeatmUoas of asbestos dust not ex ceeding five fibers longer than five micrometers per milliliter. Concentra tions above five fibers but sot to exceed 10 fibers (ceiling concentration) would be permitted up to IS minute* in an hour, but for not mote than 5 hours in any one 8-hour day. NIOSH In effect bat recommended that the five-fiber TWA sad 19-fiber peak concentrations be permitted only for 3 years; thereafter, TWA concentra tions should be not more thsn 3 fibers per cubic centimeter (cm.*) of Mr, and peak concentrations should not exceed 19 fiben/cm.*, with no time restriction. Numerous objections and counterpro posals have been made, with regard to both the Unfits of asbestos fiber enneeatratione and the time periods to comply with them. Some, for example, have rec ommended return to a 13-fiber standard of an earlier day; Le,, a level adopted under the Wahh-Bealey Public Cantracts Act tn 1988. Others have recom mended a two-fibsr standard to become effective tn 8 months, then a one-fiber standard for 3 years, and finally a serefiber standard after 3 years. These rec- mmnendaticBS ctve a fair Indication of the wide spread of the counterproposals. A1 I 01 1518 GPJW 00380 TI HWBUI0007690 No one ha* disputed that exposure to asbestos of high enough intensity and long enough duration Is causally related to asbestos!* and cancers. The dispute Is as to the determination of a specific level below which exposure Is safe. Various studies attempting to establish Quantita tive relations between specific levels of exposure to asbestos fibers and the ap pearance of adverse biological manifes tations, such as asbestosls, lung cancers, and mesothelioma, have given rise to controversy se to the validity of the measuring teehnlQues used and the relia bility of the relations attempted to be established. Because of the long tapes of time between onset of exposure and biological manifestations, we have now evidence of the consequence* of exposure, but we do not have, in general, accurate measures of the levels of exposure oc curring 20 or 30 years ago. which have given rise to these consequences. There are also controversies concerning the relative toxicity of the various kinds of asbestos, and varying hazards in dif ferent workplace*. It is fair to say that the controversy has centered in the area between a twofiber TWA concentration and five-fiber TWA concentration, with variations on the time needed for compliance. Many employers support a five-fiber TWA. Moat medical opinion is divided between a two-fiber standard and s five-fiber standard. In view of the undisputed grave con* sequence* from exposure to asbestos fibers, it is essential that the exposure be regulated now. on the basis of the best evidence available now, even though it may not be as good as scientifically de sirable. An asbestos standard can be re evaluated in the light of the neulta of ongoing studies, and future studies, but cannot wait for them. Lives of employees are at stake. It 1* concluded that there should be (hus minimum standard of exposure to asbestos applicable to all workplaces ex posed to any Mad. or mixture of kinds, of asbestos, Beaaona of practical ad ministration preclude a variety of stand ard* for different kinds of asbestos and of workpieces. Also, while the evidence tend* to show that croddoUte. for in stance, ie more harmful than chryaottl. the evidence i* not sufficient to establish separate standard* for varieties of Because there must be one standard governing exposure to all varieties of asbestos, and in workplaces apparently more hazardous than others; because some present employees with regular ex posure to asbestos have probably al ready accumulated great dose* of asbes tos fibers, duo to higher levels of ex posure in the past; because It appears that levels of exposure which may be safe with regard to asbestos!* are not safe with regard to mesothelioma; be cause the statute requires the protection of every employee, even of one who may have regular exposure to asbestos during a working ilfe which may reach, or even exceed. 40 years; and because of several other consideration* which have been urged and are reflected in the record of the proceeding, the conflict in the medi cal evidence is resolved in favor of the health of employees. As of July 1, 1870, TWA concentrations of asbestos fibers longer than 8 micrometers will not be allowed to exceed two fibers/ec.. with a ceiling value of Id fibers/cc. The current TWA concentrations of five fibers, and catling eottoaatmitatg of Id flbere/ee. win be permitted unU July 1,1878, dur ing what will to a traastttaoal period deemed pees--iry to allow saaptorere to stake the needed changes far osmfag Into oreroHanre with the mare stringent standard. The record shows that the many work operations suhleet to the siatd* asbestos standard (textile, manufacturing, indus trial, and marine InatollatMn. etc.) wffl meet ysryto* degree* of dimeufty la complying with the standard. Du some plants, astsnrive redesign and Moca- tiers of smdgmximt may to needed. It ap pear*. however, the delay In the effective dale of the two-fiber standard will pro vide ail employers a Toamnshl* time to comply. At the same tin*, so long aa the cefiing limit Is compiled with, no harm Is reasonably expected to result from ex posures during the transition*! period. 3- JfetAod* o/ compNosce. It ha* been pointed out by many persona, that pro tection against asbestos fibers Is tost flMffliilWifllnf fiflf ttn CHkCntSOCI ctf fiber first, and secondly, by controlling the dispersion of released fibers into the ambient air of the workplaces. Therefore, the standard requires feasible techno- kqfieal eenhrols and appropriate week practices s the primary mean* of comgg n $ W& of masting the TWA eotMntxwtiea reguiromsat It allowed only in stated m- general ruts, it would to difficult to taptamogit Bsteanal protectivet sneb as respirator*, cannot to AS 011319 GPJW 00381 T HWBUI0007691 uv be re uncomfortable m to be bur densome. except for short periods of time. Therefore, It is expected that res pirators aad shift rotation win be need during Use period nwmmsj to Install m- gtoeering controls end to Mb emptey- eee in round work practice, bat, after technological eompUaace ba* bees achieved, their use must be United to specie! work sltaattaw aad emergaocia*. Where both art practicable, shift rots* ticsn Is repaired. 3. EobeHnp. The proposed standard (topped short of requiring labeling as bestos and asbeitos-eoBtalsSBg products. The proposed standard would hate re quired only warning signs at locations where asbestos haxafds ere prareat. However, laboring, rather than warnim signs, has proved to be a point ef eon- trorom. Both WX08H end the Advisor? Committee on Asbestos Dust resom- mended labels for asbestos products aad containers, and than woomaagadatiaiM became very csoiroverssai tn the course of the proceeding, Man? eountarpro- propoml* guage et thhaevewbaarnminmg aadsewaestttoMthteolathne products to be subject to tbe-iabetiag requirements, Mmn, b> gtnwai, strongly contend that U> Kctsbad prod uct* which effectively entrap asbestos aben, so that those would sot be released In the norma! use of the products, should sot be required to be labeled; and f* words such as "danger" sad "maser' are unvanrantedly alaratog. Both contention* hate merit, aad ttte standard has been changed acmordlngly. 4. MmStennff, The proposed standard would have required personal monitor ing and environmental monitortag. Man? imam have been raised concerning the availability and reliability of meas uring instruments, frequency of moni toring aad conditions In which monitor- lag should be required. The adopted standard tabes the objection* into cen- sid&r&tton. It requires periodic monitor ing at intervals no longer than f months, thus allowing cretion, tad peroensscirdibsemsbitehetimueseaaodf dis the membrane Piter method, which is an ac ceptable method for determination of asbestos fibac*. It baa also bees recommended that employees or tost* repreeimtaiivas should have an opportunity to obsem the sumiteriBg, The reemamaadatlOB has S. Media# excmiaoitoas. The pro- poaad standard would only require an appropriate assdleal examinatiea oa a periodic bssia. the generality of the prsposat ins attracted many objections and also many MtsfuS earamsnte. Therorem- mandattes at KIOSB and of the Advi sory Committee on Asbestos Dost were ranch mors spadfle with respect to bath frequency asd type of medical esamina- tions to be required. The comments vary M to the dess of empkireas to be ex amined and as to the frequency of the examlnattona. The adopted standard requires medical eimmiaaWatm both at the beginning end the termination of employment exposed to ameestrstisas of asbestos sbere, aad also requires annual medical esamtoa- ttoas eg every esudoyw exposed to airboro ooneentratteos of asbestos. It has bean pointed out that 1st certain indus tries, stash as construction, an employee may wort for several employers during tbs tame year. Accordingly, the standard dees not require either pmsaptemmi, or terratnattoB. or periodic examiaaton of any employs* who has bean examined to eeeordance with the standard within tbs past peer. One question which ha* hesn raised gees to whether the employer or tha entpisareo should be showed to choose the examining phystdan. The atandasd gives tbs option to the erapioyar. Store soraa eraptoyere already have a medical examination program to operation, and, also, have medical departments with ywa 4il|DQdi Ot &S28&* fSSsSftftNp fl sun WMMBahte to permit them to ntihta the ptesaett program* aad expertise, than to penult an employee to choose a private general practitioner. g. BaconSr. The standard, as proposed aad as adopted, requires maintenance of records of monitoring aad at medical esamtostioos. Most eg thacoBtrovewy to this area has revolved aretmd the ques tion whether aa employer should be al lowed to hare access to the results el the raqufmd tnedisai examtoattas. The appsehessisn of those who hare argued against employer access to beaad on to expectation that seme employers wm us* the medical onamlnattons as a mesas of eersentog employment agpUesnte, aad wore*, as grounds for dMcbsrgtof current employees, who show sicca of bring af fected by exposure to asbestos. Stoss the purpose of toe medical esamiaatieos is to monitor the health of employma ex isted to the haaartSs of ahastm. emPtayaas emmet to reason be granted tha privfiage of refuting to dtoctoss to thebr emptoysrs results of occapatiarusl expo sure. It daw not mam sense to require employers to provide medical examlna- tisaa if they cannot know aad use the results of the examtaatioits. Tor there A3 01 1 20 GPJW 00382 HWBUI0007692 ranw the standard provides that em ployers may have a restricted across to wmt medleel Information. On the other hand, then; is no Inten tion to allow employer* to abuse medical information obtained pursuant to the Act, to the detriment of employee*. Therefore, the administration of the medical records requirement will be clearly watched, and. In ease* of abuse, appropriate action win be considered. The issues discussed above are believed to be the major one*. Numerous other Is sues have been raised to the mbmoMm procccdlpss. Stomaharsbcmrefgned to Instance, about work practise*, ara so obviously asertterioss that their adop tion needs no exposition here, other reoomroeadattoD* and many objection* hare not been adopted for a variety of reasons which should be manifest. Sev eral, for instance, hare recommended th use of respirator* only pursuant to a variance, or in eases of emergency and occasional short-term exposures. Hu reoommexidatioa with respect to vari ances undoubtedly has many merits, but is considered administratively im practical Accordingly, after condderatloB of the whole record of the proceeding, and pursuant to teetioas $ (b) and (cl and tie) of the WUUaros-Steiger Occupa tional Safety and Health Act of I9TO (14 Stat. U8J. ISM, ISM; 39 VJB.C. IU, 311,29 cm 1910.1. and to Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71 (38 FA TOO. Part 1910 of Title 39 of the Code of Pfed- erai BeguSattona Is amended as set forth below. 11910.1001 Asbestos <a> .De/MKon*. Fbr the purpose of this section, <1> "Asbestos1' includes chrysotue. amodte, croddetite, trenw11te, snthophylllte, sad acttoollt*. <3> "Asbestos fibers" means asbeatoa fibers longer than 8 micrometers. <b> FermlseiOle exposure to tstrhorm eonccafrofton* of ssbsttat fiber*--it) Stmwtant sffsettee Ab 7. 1991. The S-heur time-walctited average airborne eonamtnttaa of asbestos fibers to which say employee may be exposed shall oat exceed fire fiber*, laager than 9 mteromstera, per coble centimeter of air, es detemdasd hr the method pre scribed In paragraph <*> of tola section. (3) Standard effeettm Jutg 1. It7t. The 8-hour time-weighted average air borne eancantrattona of asbestos Shorn to which any employee stay be exposed boa not exceed too fibers, longer t*" 8 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by too method pre scribed in paragraph (e> of this section. (S) Ceding concentration. No em ployee shall be exposed at any tbme to airborne eenoentretioiu of anbestef fibers la excess of 10 fibers, longer inan 8 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, ss determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (e> Method* of compHoaeo--<1) ffagtneerinp methods. <l> gngteeertag con trol*. Engineering rostrate, such as; but not limited to. Isolation, enclosure, ex haust vantHstton, and dust eollscticc. shall be seed to asset the exposure llmite prescribed In paragraph (b) of tola teeUeo. (U) Load exhaust enttdotlon. (g) Local exhaust ventilation and dost col lection systems shall be designed, con structed. Installed, and maintained in aerontaoee with the American Nafebmsl Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, ANSI 13.7-1871, which la toeonmrated by reference herein. <b) See 11910.8 concerning toe availability of ANSI Z9.3-1971, and the maintenance of a historic file in connec tion therewith. The addrees of the Amer ican National Standards Institute is given In 11918.100. (lit) Fsrilealsr tools. AH hand-op erated and power-operated tools which may produce or release asbestos fibers In excess of the exposure Units pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, such so, but not limited to, saws, scorers, abrasive wheals, and drills, shall be pro vided with local exhaust ventilation sys tems In accordance with subdivision (Si) of this subparagraph. (2) Work practices--(1) Wei methods. Insofar aa practicable, asbestos shall be handled, mixed, applied, removed, cut, roared, or otherwise worked la a wet state sufficient to prevent toe mlgstom of airborne fibers to esses* of the ex posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b> of tola section, uniat* the taefulnass of the product would be diminished thereby. <h> Psrtteulat products end operaties*. NO asbestos earnest, mortar, coat ing, grout, plaster, or similar material eontadaJog asbestos shall be removed from bugs, cartons, or other eoeteicera te which they are shipped, without being either wetted, or enclosed, or ventilated so as to prevent effectively the relee** of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the A4 i 011321 ' GPJW 00383 T HWBUI0007693 -1 Unfits prescribed is paragraph <b> of this section. CHI) Sprstrtng, demolition. or renoeel. Employees engaged la the spraying of asbestos. (he removal, or demolition of pipes, structure*. or equipment covered or insulated with asbestos, and in tba removal or demolition of asbestos in sulation or etrrarta** shall be provided with respiratory equipment la accord ance with paragraph fdxsxiu) of thh section and with special ctothfaig In aseordanee with paragraph (d) (3) of this (d) Personal proUetim wlpweat-- (1) Compliance with the exposure limits prseerlbed by paragraph (b> of this sec tion may not be achieved by the use of respirators or shift rotation of as- Pbf(NMs ^loepti ) During the time period necessary to inatan the engtaeeria cantrots and to institute the work practices required by paragraph <e> of this section; (U) In work situations in which the methods prseerlbed fat paragraph Ce) ef this section are either technically not feasible or feasible to as extent Insuffi cient to reduce tbe airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers below the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section; or (ill) In emergencies. <lv) Where both respirators and per sonnel rotation are allowed by subdivi sion* (!>, (11). at fill) of this subpara graph. and both are practicable, perseonel rotation shall be preferred and used. <3) Where a respirator Is permitted by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph. It shall be selected from among those ap proved by the Bureau of Mines, Depart ment of the Interior, or the Muttons! In stitute for Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Health, Educa tion, and Welfare, under the provtatons of 30 cm Past 11 rn Pit. 8344. Mar. S3. 1973), and shall be used In accordance with subdivisions <t), til), (ill); and (tv) of this subparagraph. (1) Air tmriffSng retpiralors. A renta ble or stogie use air purifying respirator, or a respirator described In subdtvtslen (!i> or (ill) of this subparagraph, shall bo used to reduce the concentrations af airborne asbestos fibers la the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph <b> of this section, when the celling or the 8-hour time-wetted aver age airborne oeneeRtratims of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed no more than 10 times those limits. ill) Pottered air jmrtfyfn# respirator*. A full faeepleee powered sir purifying respirator, or a powered sir purifying respirator, or a respirator described to subdivision (til) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the oooceatretlcns of airborne asbestos fibers to the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed bn paragraph (b> of this section, when the celling or the S-hour timeweighted average concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 10 times, but not 100 times, those limits. fill) Type *'C" supphed-ofr retyfratort, em&mtom /low or pressure-demand close. A type "C" continuous flow or pressure-deoaand. supplted-alr respirator shell be used to reduce the concentrettoas of airborne asbestos fibers to the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b> of this section, when the celling or the i-bour timeweighted average airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 100 times those limits. . (lv) MstebUihmmt at a respirator pro gram. (a) The employer shell establish a respirator program in accordance with the requirements of the American Na tional Standards Practices for Respira tory Protection, ANSI 2883-1989, which Is Incorporated by reference hereto. b. See 11910.8 concerning the availability of ANSI 2883-1980 and tbe main tenance of an historic file to connection therewith. The address of the American National Standards Institute Is given in 11910.100. (c) No employee titan be assigned to tasks requiring the use of respiretets If, based upon his most recent examination, an examining physician determines that the employee will be unable to function normally wearing a respirator, or that the safety or health of thq employee or other employees will be impaired by hte use of a respirator. Such employee shall be rotated to another job or gives tbe opportunity to transfer to a different po sition whose duties he la able to perform with the same employer, to the same geo graphical area and with the same senior ity. states, and rate of pay be had Just prior to such transfer, if such a different pea8Bow is available. ft) Special clothing: The employer shall provide, and require the use.ot, spe cial elothtog, such as coveralls or similar whole body elothtog. head coverings, gloves, and foot coverings for any em ployee exposed to airborne ooaomtmtions of asbestos fibers, which exceed the f AS \ or 1322 GPJW 00384 V i HWBUI0007694 celling level prescribed in paragraph <i> of this section. (4) Change moms: <i> At any fixed Place of employment exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in ex cess of the exposure limits prescribed la paragraph <b) of this section, the em ploye; shall provide change rooms tor employees working regularly at the place. (11) Clothea lockers: The employer shaU provide two separate lockers or con tainers for each employee, so separated or Isolated aa to prevent coataminatloD of the employee's street clothes from his work clothes. (lit) Laundering: (a) Laundering of asbestos contaminated clothing shall ba done so at to prevent the release of air borne asbestos fibers in excess of ths ex posure limits prescribed in paragraph >:b) of this section, <6> Any employer who gives asbestoscontaminated clothing to another perns for laundering shall inform such person of the requirement In (a) of this subdi vision to effectively prevent the release of airborne asbestos fibers la excess of the exposure limits prescribed in para graph <61 of this section. <c> Contaminated clothing shall 1m transported In sealed Impermeable bags, or other dosed. Impermeable containers, and labeled In accordance with para graph (g> of this section. (e) Method of measurement. All de terminations of airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers shall be made by the membrane filter method at 40&-49S X <magnification! <4 millimeter objective) with plum contrast illumination. (f) Jlimitorfnp--(1) initial determi nations. Within 9 month* of the pubU- csilcaa of this section, every employer ahaU cause every place of employment where asbestos fibers an released to ba monitored in such a way aa to deterotehe whether every employ*'* exposure to asbestos fibers la Wow the limits pre scribed in paragraph (bl of this sec tion. if the Unite ant axoaeded, the em ployer shall immediately undertake a compUsasa program in accordance with pangraph (e> of this aactean. (2) Ptmongl ssaattortap--<i> Sam ples shall be collected from within the braaihlng aona of the emptoyeea. on membrane filter* of 0.1 micrometer poroeeity mounted in an epes-fsee filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the daterminattew of tba 9-bour ttawwelghted avenge airborne eascentrstloos and of tba celling coneentrationa of asbestos fibers. (U> Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial detenrdnatlcna required by subparagraph (1) of this pstragfaph. samples shall be of such frequency end pattern aa to reprsaent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of em ployees. Its no case shall the sampling ba done at Interval* greater than S wmtha for employees whose exposure to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the limits prescribed by paragraph <b> of this section. IS> ffatefonmenfaf mtmit&rinv--(S) samples shall be collected from areas cf a work environment which are represent-stive of the airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers which may reach the breathing sons of employees. Samples shall be collected on a membrane filter of OJ micrometer porosity mounted In an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the thour time-weighted average airborne concentration* and of the celling con centrations of asbestos fibers. Oi) Sampling freqttencg end patterns. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph <i> of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and pattern aa to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of the employees. In no ease shall sampling be at intervals greater than months for employees whose exposures to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the exposure limits prescribed In para graph <h> cf this seethm. (4) Xmplotlee observation of monitor- ing. Affected employees, or their repraantaUves, shall he given a reasaoable opportunity to observe any monitoring requiredby this paragraph and shall have access to the records thereof. (g) Caption signs and labels, Cats- (Ion rises. Cl> Posting. Caution signs shall be provided and displayed at each location where airborne eoncentrattoos of asbestos fibers may be in excess at the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph <hi of this section, signs shall be posted at sueh a distance from such a location m that aa employee may read the signs sad take necessary protective step* be fore entering the ares marked by the signs. Signs shall he posted it all ap proach** to areas containing excessive eoaosotrsttaa of airborne eshosto* fibers. (ID Sign tpoelfleeUom. The warning stem required by subdivision (i> of this subparagraph shell conform to the re- qulretaaota cf iff" x 14" verfioal Comte stem spedflad a I l10.I44(d><4>, and to ibis sabdMdce. The signs shall dis play tba foUowing legend a the lower panel, with letter stem and styles of a visibility a least equal to that specified a thte mibdMaton. A6 01 1 1 GPJW 00385 T HWBUI0007695 egnm4 &sbet0, Notation I"Ootetaa*t* Serif, or Dui Bfonmi______ Avoid Brsathlag Emes--.Wear AaalffaMi SqulpflkCOt. Do Not Rsautls la Are* Vaim* Tour Walk Re quires H. Breathing Asbsetos Bust May B* Saaudmu To Tout Health. ?4'* Sea* Serif, Oothio %B*'loCefefer.t&e. &'Oot&ic. %" Oothle. 14 pout Gothic. Spacing bctmwo lines tinIt be At least equal to the height of the upper of ear two lines. <2> Caution labels--it) Labeling. Cau tion labels shall be affised to ail raw materials, mixtures, scrap. waste, debris, and other products containing asbestos flbere, or to their containers, except that no label Is required where ashestos fibers have been modified by a bending agent, coating, binder, or other material so that during any, reasonably foreseeable use. handling, storage, disposal, processing, or transportation, no airborne concentra tions of asbestos fiber* in excess of the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph Sb> of this section wtll be released. (11) label wedjtastfcms. The caution labels required by subdivision <i> of this subparagraph shall be printed In letters of sufficient size sad contrast as to be readily risible and legible. The label shall state: CatmoK Contains Asbestos Fibers Avoid Creating Dust Bmalus Asbestos Dust May Causa Serious Bodily Bsttn <h> Houiekeeplkp--(l) CZetmim. AS external surface* la any piace at employ ment shad! be maintained free of aocu- mulattona of asbestos fibers if, with thefr dispersion, there would be an excessive concentration. (3) Wmta disposal Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equip ment, and asbestos-contaminated cloth ing. consigned for disposal, which may produce in any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, processing, dia- posabw transportation airborne eoneaatrahoas of asbestos fibers la exeaas of the exposure Holts prescribed in paragraph <h> of this section shall be eeUeeted and disposed of in sealed Impermeable bags, or other dosed, impermeable container*. <i) R&xir&keeptti--(i) Kepontr* rec ords. Every employer shall maintain rec ords of say personal or environmental monitoring required by Oris section. Rec ords shall be maintained for a period of at least I yean and shall be made avaUsMa upon request to the Assistant 8eeratary of Labor for Oeeupatienal Safety and Health, the Director of the National lost!tut for Occupational Safety and Health, and to authorised representa tives of either. (2) Employee access. Svery employee and former employee shall have reason able access to any record required to be maintained by subparagraph (1) of tux paragraph, which indicates the em ployee own exposure to asbestos fibere. (3) gmpbsm mtiflmtion. Any em ployee found to have been exposed st any time to airborne concentrations of asbes tos fibers in excess of the limits pre scribed in paragraph (b> of this section shall be notified in writing of the expo sure as soon as practicable but not later than S days of the finding. The employee shall also be timely notified of the cor rective action being Isktn, <j) JfedicoJ emmtnatUrm--U> Gen eral. The employer Shall proride or make avaUabte at his cost, medical examina tions relative to exposure to asbestos re quired by this paragraph. (2) Preplacement. The employer shall provide or make available to each of his employee*, within 20 calendar days fol lowing his first employment In an occupation exposed to tirbome eon*n(ration* of asbestos fibers, a compre hensive medical examination, which shall Include, as a minimum, a chest roent genogram <posterior-anterior 14 a 17 inches), a history to elicit symptom atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to Include farced vital capacity (FTC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second <FEV,.>. (Si Assgsf examinations. On or be fore January 31, 1773. and at least an nually thereafter, every employer shall provide, or make available, comprehen sive medical examinations to each pf his employee* engaged in occupations ex- pawed to airborne concentrations of as bestos fibers. Such annual examination shall Include, as a minimum, a chat roentgenogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 tnchet), a history to elicit symptom atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include forced vita capacity QriTC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FKV^J. (4) Termination of employment. The employer shall provide, or make avail able^ Within 30 calendar days before or after the termination of employment of any employee engaged in as occupation exposed to abboroe concentration erf AT 1 011324 GPJW 00386 HWBUI0007696 asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical examination which shall include, u a minimum. a chest roentgenogram (pos terior-anterior It x 1? Inches), a history to elicit symptomatology oi respiratory disease, and pulmonary functtoa tests to Include forced vital capacity (JVC) and forced expiratory rotume at 1 second IPEVl.). (5> Recent aemtnatlma. No medical examination la required of any em ploys, If adequate records show that the employee has been in &e- eordanoe with this paragraph within tha past 1-yesr period. (*) Medical records--(1) Jdofats- nance. Employer* of employees examined pursuant to this paragraph shall cause to be maintained complete and accurate reoords of all such medical examina tions, Records shall he retained hy employers for at least SO years. (US Aeeett. the contents of the rec ord* of the medical exmmfaattoBs required by this paragraph shah be made available, for Inspection and copying, to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of NIOSH. to authorised physi cians and medical consultants of either of them, and, upon the request of an em ployee or former employee, to Ids physi cian. Any physician who ccnduet* a medical examination required hr this paragraph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employee an the infer, matton specifically required by this paragraph, and any other medical In formation related to oceupatioEial ex posure to asbestos fiber*. f 1910.19 Special provision* for air eoalamiiunb. (a) Aibeitoe duet. Section 1910.1001 shall apply to the exposure of every em ployee to asbestos dust in every employ ment and place of employment covered by S 1910.12, S 1910.13. 1910.14. | 1910.16, or 1910.16, in lieu of any dif ferent standard on exposure to asbestos dust which would otherwise be appli cable by virtue of any of those sections. Note: Following define additional occupational areas affected by sec tion 1910.19 above: $ 1910.12 -- Construction Work (construction, altera tion, and/ox repair, gRti dtecoF&tiu&g) 11910.13 -- Ship Repairing 11910.14 -- Shipbuilding *1910.15 -- Shipbmaking *1910.16 -- Lonfshoring A8 GPJW 00387 Appendix B USPHS/NIOSH Membrane Filter Method For Evaluating Airborne Asbestos Fibers Nelson A. Leidel Stephen G. Bayer Ralph D. Zumwalde U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service Center for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 November 1975 This report describes the equipment end procedures tor collecting, mounting, sit ing, end counting esbestos fibers on cellulose ester membrene {liters tor the evaluation ot breathing zona samples of airborne esbestos fibers. The purpose ot the method presented is to determine an employee's exposure to airborne asbestos fibers. This Is the method of test referenced In the Federal standard on occupational exposure to esbestos (29 CFFt 1910.1001, formerly 29 CFR 1910Ma) and the MESA (Mining Enforcement Safety Administration) air quality standards (30 CFR 55.5-1 (b)). It Is used by the National Institute lor Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) end the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). B1 \ I 01 1 2S GPJW 00383 HWBUI0007698  7~^ Preface .1 It has been almost seven years since the last detailed information was published by NIOSH concerning an asbestos counting method (Edwards and Lynch, 1968). In the interim, this method passed from a recommended status to one required by federal occupational health standard 29 CFR 1910.1001 (formerly 1910.93a). This report was prepared to expand on the 1968 paper. It incorporates much of the sampling and analytical experience of the last seven years accumulated by counts made by NIOSH laboratories and the OSHA Analytical Services Laboratory. The report attempts to answer many of the practical questions concerning the method. A draft of this report has been used for the last two years by the NIOSH Division of Training in a course on asbestos sampling and analysis. Recently a report prepared by the Joint AIHA-ACGIH Aerosol Hazards Evaluation Committee was published in the AIHA Journal (Recommended Procedures for Sam pling and Counting Asbestos Fibers, AIHAJ, 36, pp. 83-90 (1975)). The AIHA-ACGIH report was not submitted for technical review to either NIOSH or OSHA personnel responsible for technical procedures of the USPHS/NIOSH asbestos count method. The AIHA-ACGIH report contains conflicting and possibly confusing guidelines. This NIOSH report contains the NIOSH technical guidelines and procedures referenced in the Fed eral asbestos standard 29 CFR 1910.1001 (formerly 29 CFR 1910.93a). The guidelines of this NIOSH report should be carefully and consistently followed by personnel collecting end evaluating asbestos samples in order to yield accurate results. .1 '1 83 011327 GPJW 00389 TT HWBUI0007699 Table of Contents ! i I i I. Scope II. Summary of Method III. Significance IV. Definitions V. Interferences VI. Apparatus VII. Reagents VIII. Safety precautions IX. Sampling X. Calibration and Standardization XI. Procedure XII. Calculations of Airborne Concentrations XIII. Precision and Accuracy XIV. References 11,1 I1 B5 01 1 >T.* OOO GPJW 00390 T TI HWBUI0007700 I SCOPE A. This method describes the equipment snd procedures for collecting, mounting, sizing, and counting asbestos fibers on cellulose ester membrane filters in the evaluation of breathing zone samples of airborne asbestos fibers, the purpose of the method is to determine sn em ployee's exposure to airborne asbestos fibers. The method is primarily a personal monitoring technique, but can be used for area monitoring. B. The method has been successfully applied using 37 mm Mlllipore AA filters and email battery operated personal sampling pumps at a flow rate of 1.0 to 2.5 liters per minute (Ipm) for time periods of a few minutes to ISO minutes at concentrations of 1 to 20 fibers (longer than S micrometers)/cublc centimeter. Large deviations from these conditions may result in samples with either too few or too many fibers, which will yield air concentration estimates of low statistical precision and accuracy. C. This method considers only fibers with a length to width ratio of 3 to 1 or greater and a length greater than 5 micrometers. It SUMMARY OF METHOD The sample Is collected by drawing air through a membrane fitter by means of a battery powered personal sampling pump. The filter Is transformed from an opaque solid membrane to a transparent, optically homogeneous get. The fibers are sized and counted by phasecontrast microscope at 400-450X magnification. Ill SIGNIFICANCE This type method was first ussd by the Asbsstoals Research Council In Brest Britain (1) and later was slightly modified by the U.S.- Public Health Service for asbestos dust studies In the United States (2). It has been referenced ae the method of test (3) for the Federal standard for asbestos In Industrial air (28 CFR Part 1910.1001, formerly 28 CFR 1810.83a), and the MESA air quality standard 30 CFR 55.5-1 (b) in the NIOSH Criteria Document oft occupational exposure to asbestos (4), In templing proce dures of the Occupational Safety end Health Administration, Department of Labor (5). It la the method used by NIOSH and taught In NIOSH Division of Training, Course 532, "Sam pling and Evaluating Airborne Asbestos Dust". Finally, the procedure has been submitted to the ASTM for consideration as an ASTM Meth od of Test IV DEFINITIONS "Asbestos ftbars" means asbestos fibers longer than 5 micrometers. "Asbestos" Includes chry solite, amostte, crocldollte, tremolite, anthophylllte, and actlnolite. For definitions of terms used In this report, refer to ASTM Definitions D1356, Terms Relating to Atmospheric Sam pling and Analysis. V INTERFERENCES All particulates with a length to width ratio of 3 to 1 or greater and length greater than 5 micrometers should, In the absence of other Information, be considered to be asbestos fibers and counted as such. VI APPARATUS A. Sampling Equipment The personal sampling equipment train con state of: 1) personal sampling pump, 2) tubing, 3) clothing spring dtp. 4) tublng-to-fleld moni tor metal adaptor, and 5) field monitor (collect ing filter and holder). ' 1. Psrsonsl sampler pump. The pump must be battery powered and weigh less thin 2 pounds (0.8 kg). The pump must be capable of sampling at 1.0 to 2.5 Ipm against a flow resistance of 7.5 Inches of water (1.4 cm Hg) for 3 continuous hours on. a fully charged battery. 2. Tutting. Laboratory tubing such as rubber or plastic with 3 mm bore (t4 Inch) and about 90 cm length (3 feet). 3. Clothing spring clip. This clip attaches the rubber tubing to the tspel or shirt of the individual being monitored. Large spring paperclip* wilt also work. 4. Tubtn-ta-flsld monitor adaptor. A short adaptor with ridge* on one end to grip the inside of the tubing. The other end ft de signed for a pressure fit into the field monitor. 5. Fisk1 monitor (collscting hltsr snd holdorj. The only field monitor currently considered acceptable by NIOSH Is manufactured by the Mlllipore Corporation. The unit consists of: 1) a three-section styrene plastic case designated Mlllipore aerosol Monitor Case, 2) a 37 mm diameter plain white cellulose ester membrane fitter designated Mlllipore AA (nominal pore size of 0.8 micrometer), 3) a support pad, and 4) two plastic sealing caps. If large number of samples are to be taken It will be less expensive to reuse f r BS B4 .4 1 01 1 jL GPJW 00391 ------------------------------ 1------------------[ HWBUI0007701 it; the plastic case*. Qraat car* mutt be taken in the cleaning and reassembly process. The outside mating aurfacas ol the field moni tors should be icover*d with "shrink-tit" 3. Scalpel: A scalpel is needed tg remove a portion of the filter to be examined. A num ber-ten curved blade scalpel works vary well. sealing bands to seal the units and provide a writing surface for filter Identification. B. Optical Equipment 1. Microscope body with binocular head. 4. Tweezers: A pair of fine-lipped tweezers Is used to remove the membrane filter slice from the field monitor and place It upon the slide. 2. 10X Huygenlan eyepieces are recom 5. Lent tissue: To Insure cleanliness, use mended. Other eyepieces can be substituted of a lint-tree tissue Is recommended. This 4 if necessary. tissue should also be used for wiping mount 3. Koehler illumination (preferably built In and having provisions for adjusting light ing tools end for cleaning slides end cover slips. intensity). 6. Glass rod or spatula: A spatula or fire- 4. A Porton reticle Is recommended. Others such as the Patterson Globe and Circle can polished glass rod is needed to spread the mounting solution on the slide. be substituted, it necessary. 7. Wheaton Balsam bottle: This special glass 5. Mechanical stage. 6. Abbe and ^ernike condenser fitted with phase ring (or Heine) with a numerical aper ture (NA) equal to or greater than the NA container has e glass top which prevents contamination of the mounting solution. A glass rod Is included for dispensing the solution. of the objective. VII REAGENTS 7. 40-45X (NA. 0.65 to 0.75) positive phase contrast achromatic objective. 8. Phase-ring centering telescope or Bert rand lens. 9. Green filter, if recommended by micro scope manufacturer. Chemicals should be reagent grade, free from particles and color, conforming to the specID* cations of the Committee on Analytical Re agents of the American Chemical Society, where such specifications are available. Chem icals required are: A. Dimethyl phthalate 10. Stage micromater with 0.01 mm sub B. Diethyl oxalate divisions. For general guidance on microscopes consult Needham (6) end Clark (7) under phase con trast microscopes and accessories. Vllt SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Avoid getting the mounting solution on the skin. Wash skin promptly with soap and water It skin contact occurs. v* C. Filter Mounting Equipment Experience has shown that certain equipment Is useful for efficient sample mounting. The following Items are recommended for extract ing and mounting a portion of the filter onto the microscope. 1. Microscope slides: 2.5 by 7.5 cm (one Inch by three inches) glass slides are most commonly used. Sample number, data, Ini tials, etc., can be conveniently written on e IX SAMPLING A. General Information General guidelines for the monitoring of em ployee exposures to industrial atmospheres are given In reference (8). The Federal require ments regarding employee exposure monitor ing for airborne asbestos are given In 29 CFR 1910.1001. 8. Calibration frosted end elide. The personal sampling pump should be re charged prior to calibration and then cali 2. Cover slips: Caver silfta are a necessary brated (9) against a bubble meter, wet test part of the slide mount and optical system. The shape should be appropriate for the mater, spirometer, or smiilar device at 1.0 to 2.51pm. The sampling train used in the calibra size of the filter wedge. The appropriate cover slip depends upon the objective to be tion (pump, hose, filter) should be the same as the one used In the field. The calibration used. Ordinarily objectives are optically cor rected for a #11* (0.17 millimeter) thickness should be of sufficient accuracy that the 95% confidence limits on the flowrate are 10% cover slip. Improper cover glass thickness ( two standard deviations). will detract from the final image quality. B7 B1 fl 011330 GPJW 00392 T -------------------------------------- - f HWBUI0007702 C, Mounting the Sampling Pump on the Worker Fasten the templing pump to the worker's belt and fasten the field monitor to the lapel or shirt front (as close to the fees as Is practical). Remove the top cover of the plastic monitor, then invert the monitor making certain the exposed filter is facing downward. Turn on the pump and adjust to the previously calibrated flowrate (1.0 to 2.S 1pm). Immediately record the following information in a logbook. 1. Filter number 2. Pump start time end date 3. Flow rate 4. Subjects name 5. Type of operation 8. Ventilation controls and/or if worker it wearing a respirator approved for asbestos. The pump should be checked periodically dur ing the sampling period for proper operation and flowrate. D. Optimum Sampling Tlmee The requirement for a minimum count of 100 fibers or 20 fields in Section XI(D)(3) below was determined to be the optimum chioce to achieve low variability of the fiber count (as approximated by the Poisson distribution) and reduced counting times. Another way of look ing at this requirement Is that the optimum fiber density on the filter should be one to five fibers per microscope counting field. To esti mate optimum sampling times one must know in advance the approximate field area of the counting scope and the pump flow rate. The following equation is used to calculate the range ol optimum sampling times which can then be plotted on log-log paper: MMinutes ------<-F- (BF/RF)L(A)(CE)C(1A0/M00F)A) where FB/FL = 1 to 5 fibera/fleld ECA = effective collecting area of fil ter (8SE mm* for 37 mm filter) MFA ----- microscope field area (gener ally 0.003 to 0.008 mm*) FR = Pump Sow rate (generally 1.0 to 2.S Ipm) AC = Air concentration of fibers in flbers/cc Figures t and 2 show typical sampling times for a pump flow rate of 1.7 Ipm. Figure 1 is for a microscope field area of 0.003 mm1. In Fig ure 2, we tee that the sampling times which yield an optimum fiber density on the filter are In the range 40 to 80 minutes for a 1.7 Ipm sampling rate and 0.008 mm> field area. Each Individual responsible for sampling asbestos should prepare e similar chart for his particular pump flow rata and field area before sampling is performed to avoid filters that ere to light for reliable statistics or too heavily leaded to count. However, note that the upper limit on the optimum counting density of 5 fibers/field Is an arbitrary one. This upper limit Is highly dependent on the background particulate den sity. Under very light background conditions the upper limit for reliable counts may extend to 25-30 fibera/fleld. From Figures 1 and 2, it can be seen that there are certain sampling times which will yield optimum fiber densities on the filter for almost all airborne fiber concentrations from 1 to 10 fibers/cu.cm. These optimum times have been celoulated and ere presented In Figure 3. Note that the optimum times given by Figure 3 are approximate and can be varied by as much as d:25 percent. The nomogram Is intended as a guide to be used where no prior knowledge of the air concentration Is available. If. after sampling for the times recommended by Figure 3, the sample Is very heavily loaded (greater then to fibers/field), then the air concentration probably greatly exceeded the celling standard of 10 !lbra/eu.em. Conversely If the filter fiber density is very tow (less than 1 fiber/fletd) then the air concentration probably was less thin the 1878 Federal 6-hour average standard of 2 fibers/cu.cm. (29 CFR 1910.1001(b)(2) effec tive July 1, 1976). The nomogram gives the sampling timet which produce optimum fiber densities on the filter (1 to 5 fibers/field) for ttr concentrations of 1 to 10 fibers/cu-em. E. End of Sampling Period Remove the field monitor, replace the plastic top cover and the smell end ceps, and store the monitor. Always shut off the pump when changing monitors to avoid contaminating or damaging the pump. Record the pump shutoff time and Itowrate in the logbook. F. Blanks With each batch (25 to 50 filters) of samples submit two unopened filters which have been subfected to the same handling as the samples $ B8 84 1 i 1 i 01 J GPJW 00393 T --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1- - - - - - - - - - r HWBUI0007703 except that no air has been drawn through them. Label these as blanks. If the blanks yield fiber counts greater than about 5 flbers/100 fields, then the entire sampling procedure should be examined carefully for the cause of conlamination. Figure 1 -- Optimum sampling times for airborne asbestos where microscope Held art* = 0.003 sq man. i Sampling Time in Minutes @ 1.7 Ipm Figure Z -- Optimum sampling antes for airborne asbestos sifter* microscope Held area = QMS sq. mm. * ! BO 81 I 011332 ~ GPJW 00394 HWBUI0007704 '4 Q. Shipping The field monitors in which the temples are collected should he shopped In rigid con tainer with sufficient packing material to pre vent crushing. H. Numbers of Samples When sampling for the ceiling standard (29 CFR 1910.1001(01(3) effective July 7, 1972) only one sample (15-mlnute maximum dura tion) Is theoretically necessary. However, sev eral samples should be taken during expected periods of peak air concentrations to allow for delsctlon of gross sampling or counting errors. When sampling for determination of noncom pliance with the 9-hour TWA standard ona should continuously sample as large a portion of the work day at is lessIble. (29 CFR 1810. 1001(b)(1) or (b)(2)) Nomttlly this would metn 8 to 19 consecutive samples on the seme man. However, if this is not feasible the 8-hour TWA air concentration can be estimated from fewer than 6-10 samples. Leldel and Busch (10) have shown an optimum number would be 4 to 7. Refer to reference (10) tor treatment of the data for the determination on noneompllance. See the NlOSH handbook (8), and Jones and Brief (11) for how to treat data taken for an employee exposure monitoring program. X CALIBRATION AMO STANDARDIZATION A. Porton Reticle and the Counting Field The asbestos fiber count procedure consists of comparing fiber length with calibrated circles, and counting all fibers greater thin $ micro meters in length within e given counting field area. It is recommended that a Porton reticle be used for this purpose. The Porton reticle Is a glass plate Inscribed with series of circles and rectangles. The square on the left, divided Into six rectangles. It defined as the counting field. B. Placement in Eyepiece The Porton reticle Is placed Inside the Huygenlan eyepiece where it rests on the fWdllmlttng diaphragm. The rebel* should be kept clean, since dirt on the reticle is In focus and will complicate the counting and sizing proc ess. For mounting In other eyepieces such as a Ramadan, a counting collar must be used. ; { ! BIO B4 1 i 81I333 GPJW 00395 HWBUI0007705 C. Stage Micrometer The Porton reticle cannot be ueed tor counting until it ha* been properly calibrated with stage micrometer. Most stage micrometer scales are approximately two millimeter* long and are divided into units of one-hundredth of a millimeter or ten micrometers. D. Microscope Adjustment When adjusting the microscope follow the manufacturer's Instructions white observing the following guidelines: t. The light source image must be In foeue and cantared on ths condentsr Iris or annu lar diaphragm. 2. The object for examination must be In focus. 3. The Illuminator field Iris must be In focus, centered on the sample, end opened only to the point whsre the field of view Is Illumi nated. 4. The phase rings (annular diaphragm and phase-shifting elements) mutt be concentric. E. Porton Reticle Calibration Procedure Each eyepiece-objsctive-reticls combination on the microscope must be calibrated. Should any of the three be changed (disassembly, replace ment. zoom adjustment, etc.) the combination must be recalibrated. Calibration may change if Interpuplllery distance is changed. For proper calibration, the following procedure should be followed closely. With a 10X objective In place, place the stage micrometsr on ths mechanical stage, focus, and center the Image. Change to the 40-45X objective and adjust the first scale division to coincide with the left boundary of the Porton rectangle. Count the number of divisions be tween the left and right boundaries of the long horizontal dimension of the largest rectangle, estimating any portion of the final division. This measurement represents 200 L units end one divides the measurement by 200 to find "L". The large rectangle it 100 L units long on the short vertical dimension. The calculated "L" is inserted into the formula D = L(2h)H where "N" Is the circle number (Indicated on the reticle) end "D" is the clrele diameter. Since the circle diameters vary logarithmically, every other circle doubles In diameter. For example, number three la twice the diameter of number one: number four Is twice the diameter of num ber two. When the circle sizes have been determined, the counting field area consisting of the left six smaller rectangles can be calcu lated from the relation 10.000 L This com pletes the reticle calibration for this specific objeetlve-eyeplece-retlele combination. XI PROCEDURE A. Preparation of Mounting Solution A very Important part of the sample evaluation is the mounting process. This process Involves e special mounting medium of prescribed vis cosity. The proper viscosity Is important In order to expedite filter clearing end minimize particle migration. Ones the sample has been mounted, an elapsed time of approximately fifteen minutes Is needed before the sample is ready for evaluation. Combine the dimethyl phthalate and diethyl oxalate In one to one ratio by volume and pour into a Wheaton balsam bottle. Add 0.05 gram of new membrane filter per milliliter of solution to reach ths necessary viscosity. The mixture must be stirred periodically until the filters have dissolved and s homogeneous mixture is formed. The normal shelf Ilf# of the mounting solution is about six months. Twenty milliliters of mounting solution will prepare approxi mately 300 samples. 8. Sample Mounting Cleanliness Is Important! A dirty working area may result in sample contamination and erro neous counts. The following steps should be followed when mounting a sample. 1. Clean the slides and cover slips with lens tissue. Lty the slide down on a clean sur face with the frosted end up. It is a good practice to rest one edge of the cover slip on the slide end the other edge on the work ing surface. By doing this, you keep the bot tom surface (the one which contacts the filter) from becoming contaminated. 2. Wipe all the mounting tools clean with lens tissue and place them on a clean sur face (such as lent tissue). When mounting a series of filters the scalpel should be wiped clean before cutting each sample. 3. Using a glass rod which is supplied with the Wheaton balsam bottle, apply smell drop of mounting solution onto the canter of the tilde. It may be necessary to adjust the quantity of solution used or the size of the wedge. The correct amount wilt result In the > Bit Bt t 011334 - GPJW 00396 T ---------------- r HWBUI0007706 solution extending only slightly beyond the filter boundary. It the quantity Is greater than this, adverse particle migration will occur. 4. With the spatula or a supplemental glass rod. spread the mounting media Into a tri angular shape. The size of this triangle should coincide with the dimension of the fitter wedge. 5. Separate the middle and bottom sections of the field monitor case to expose the frag ile filter. Cut a triangular wadga from the center to the edge of the filter using the scalpel. The aize of the wedge should ap proximate one-eighth of the fitter surface. 6. Grasp the filter wedge with the tweezers in the outer area of the filter which was clamped between the monitor cate sections. Do not touch the filter with your fingers. Place the wedge, sampled s/de up, upon the mounting medium. 7. Pick up the cover slip with the tweezers and carefully place it on the filter wedge. Once this contact has been made, do not reposition the cover slip. 8. Label the slide with the sample number and current date before proceeding to the next filter. 9. The sample should become transparent after about fifteen minutes. If the fitter ap pears cloudly. It may be necessary to press vary lightly on the cover slip. This Is rarely necessary. tO. Discard the sample mount after three days if it has not been counted. Crystals which appear similar to asbestos fibers may begin to grow at the mounting media/air interfaces. They seldom present any prob lems If the elide fs examined before three days. In any case, stay away from the fitter's edges when counting and sizing. C. Counting and Sizing Finding end Inspecting counting Helds. Place the slide on the mechanical stage and positoin the center of the wedge under the objective lens and focus upon the sample. Nearly all of the particulates (particles and fibers) will be found in the upper ten to fifteen micrometers of the fitter surface. When counting and sizing, continual use of the fine focus control is re quired to Insure that nothing Is missed. Start counting tram one end of the wedge and pro gress along a radial line to the other end (count In either direction from dreumferenee to wedge tip). Random fields are selected, without looking into the eyepieces, by slightly advancing the slide in one direction with the mechanical stage control. D. Achieving Comparable Results 1. Size only fibers with a length to width ratio greater than or equal to 3:1. 2. Count only fibers greater than S micro meters In length. (Be as accurate as pos sible in accepting or rejecting fibers near this length). Measure curved fibers along the curve to estimate the total length. 3. Count ss many fisldt ss necsssary to yield a total count ol at least 100 fibers. Exceptions: t) count at least 20 fields even if you count more than 100 fibers, end b) atop at lOOflsfds even If you haven't reached 10O fibers. 4. Select the field of view without looking . through the microscope's eytplscst to elimi nate unconsciously selecting "heavy" or "light" areas. 5. The fields ere selected along the entire length of a radial line running between the outside perimeter end the tip of the wedge. S. When an agglomerate (mass of material) covers a significant portion of the field of view (approx. 1/8 or greater) reject the field end select another. (Do not include It In the number of fields counted.) However, report the fact as It may have meanrtlg to sampling or medical personnel. 7. Bundles of fibers are counted as one fiber unless both snds of e fiber crossing another can be clearly resolved. 8. For libers that cross either one or two sides of the counting field, the following pro cedure Is used to obtain a repreaenttalva count First, arbitrarily sslact: a) the left and bottom sides, and b) the upper end lower left comers and vertical direction as "deci sion aids." Then count any fiber greater than 5 microm eters In length, but only If the fiber: a. Ilea entirely within the counting area or, b. crosses the left or bottom aides, or c. crosses the upper or lower left corners, or d. crosses both the top and bottom sides. Refect end do not count all other fibers. Refer to Figures 4 through 9. } B12 1 * 0U \' l l GPJW 00397 HWBUI0007707 0 f1336 ' G PJW 00398 T ------------------------------- f HWBUI0007708 XII CALCULATIONS OF AIRBORNE CONCENTRATIONS Asbestos fiber airborne concentration may be calculated from the following formula: C- (F-B)(W) (A)(V) Where: C = Airborne fiber concentrations in fibers >5 (jn/cm1. F = Avenge fiber count In fiber* >5 m/ field. B = Avenge fiber count of blank?*) or con trol fllter(e) In fibere >5 ^m/fiald. (It Is subtracted to eliminate the error or background contamination.) W = 855 mm' for 37 mm diameter filter (the portion of the Mllltpore filter which ie expoaed when mounted In the field monitor case, i.e., the effective filter ana). A = The arse of the counting field of a cali brated reticle expressed In mmVfield. V = Total air volume collected through fit ter expressed In milliliters. XIII PRECISION AND ACCURACY A. An accuracy and precision study of the membrane filter counting procedure for asbes tos has been conducted by Conway and Hol land (12). They conducted an intnlaboratory study Involving six counters. Three of the counters were experienced while the other three had only a short familiarization with the rules for fiber counting. The conclusions of the study Included: 1. The precision of the procedure for filters not containing an abundance of fine fibers can be estimated by a standard deviation of 18.2%. This value Includes variation among counters and observed interaction effect*. 2. The accuracy of the procedure for similar filters may be estimated for a IMMIbef count by a standard deviation of 21.4%. Thta assume* that the contribution ol the overall variance from the nonuniform fiber distribu tion is additive. 3. The fiber concentration varies signifi cantly between angular sectors on e given filter. Where approximately 100 fibere are counted, the standard deviation of the fiber count distribution for the whole filter appear* to be represented by 1.6 (n)%, rather than (n)w which Is s property of the Poisson dis tribution, where (n) Is the total number of fiber* counted. 4. A high percentage of very fine fiber* on the filter can significantly affect the standard deviation and confidence limits for counts by different counters. After combining variation* In fiber concentrations over the entire filter with those for different counter# It wee con cluded: a. For filter* with a tow concentration of the fibers, the standard deviation is esti mated at 21% and the 95% confidence interval Is 43%. b. For filters with a high concentration of fine fibers, the standard deviation It esti mated at 25% and the 06% confidence Interval la 50%. B. Lynch. Kronoveter, and Laidel (13) have also reported on the precision of the method. Their intralaboratory study utilized the data from a large number of dust courts made by different methods by experienced counters over period of years In an epidemiologic study of the asbestos products Industry. They concluded that the standard deviation of counts of fibere longer than 5 micrometers on mem brane filter* could be estimated from the rela tion or = (nj*-*". Thu* tor count# of about 100 fibers, th* standard deviation could be esti mated at about 15.2% and the 85% confidence limits at 39,4%, These values are lower than the precision values reported by Conway and Holland (12). C. Systematic Inaccuracies can be Introduced by the improper choice of microscope or by not cheeking a particular Individual's count* In relation to other counters. Laidel and Busch (14) found that one particular microscop* tested yielded counts that ware approximately 45% higher on the average than counts from four other microscopes In a phase contrast michescop* evaluation. Also, on* perticulsr counter produced counts that ware 27% higher on the average. Laidel and Buach (14) con cluded that a significant difierenc In asbestos fiber counts can result when th* same filters are counted on different make* and models of mleroacopaa. Significant differences can also exist between trained counters. They con cluded that any laboratory counting asbestos 814 1 01 1 337 GPJW 00399 Tr HWBUI0007709 f on membrane filters should ba part ol an inler- T Clark, G. L.: "The Encyclopedia of Micros laboratory collaboratlva quality program. This copy." Rhelnhold Publishing corp., N.Y. participation will insura that: 1) equlpmant is (1981). property adjusted and calibrated; 2) counters are properly trained and their counting effi ciency is continually evaluated; and 3) com parable results are obtained from each labora tory. This type of quality control program it conducted by NIOSH ee the Proficiency Ana lytical Testing (PAT) program. The PAT pro gram Is used by the AIHA as part of their Laboratory Accreditation Program which is partially fundad by NIOSH. 8 Handbook for Compliance Determinations of Employee Exposure to Industrial Atmos pheres, USPHS, NIOSH Technical Publica tion (to be published 1975). 8 American Conference of Governmental lnduetrfal Hyglenlata: "Air Sampling Instru ments for Evaluation of Atmospheric Con taminants." Fourth Edition, Section K, Air Movers and Samplers, pp K-28-K-31. P.O. Box 1937, Cincinnati, Ohio (1972). XIV REFERENCES 1 Asbestos Research Council: "The Measure ment of Airborne Asbestos Dust by the Membrane Filter Method: Technical Note." Dr. S. Holmes (Secretary) P.O. Box 40, Rockdale Lancashire, Great Britain (1869). 2 Edwards, G. H,, and J. R. Lynch: "The Method Used by the U.S. Public Health Service for Enumeration of Asbestos Dust on Membrane Filters," Annals of Occupa tional Hygiene, 11, 1-8 (1368). 3 Fadaral Register, 39,23543-23545 (June 27, 1974). 10 Laidsf, N. A., and K, A. Busch: "Statistical Methods for the Determination of Noncompllsncs with Occupational Health Stand ards," NIOSH Technical Publication 75-159 (197S). It Jones, A. R,, and Ft. S. Brief: "Evaluating Beraena Exposures," AIHA J., 32, 810-613 (1971). 12 Conway, R. E., and Holland, W. D.: "Statis tical Evaluation of the Procedure (or Count ing Asbestos Fibers on Membrane Filters." LFE Corporation. Richmond, CA. Prepared for Asbestos Information Assoa/North 4 U.S. Department of Health, Education, and America, New York, N.Y. (1973). Welfare, Public Health Service, National In 13 Lynch, J. IL, K. H. Kronoveter, and N. A. stitute for Occupational Safety and Health: Leidel: "Validity of the Poisson Distribution "Criteria for a Recommended Standard- In Dust Counting," USPHS (NIOSH unpub Occupational Exposure to Asbestos," HSM lished in-house report TR-83). 72-10287 (1872). 14 Leidel, N. A., and K. A. Busch: An Evalua 5 U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational tion of Phase Contrast Microscopes for Safety and Health Administration, "08HA Asbestos Counting, presented at the 1974 I Sampling Data Sheet No. 2 -- Asbestos," American Industrial Hygiene Conference, (Unpublished -- dan. 1972). Miami Beach. Florida, 18 May 1974 (NIOSH 8 Needham, Q. H.: 'The Practdal Use of the unpublished in-house report TR-92). Mlcroaeope," Charles C. Thomas Publish ing Corp., Springfield, Illinois (1958). BIS B1 01 1 GPJW 00400 T HWBUI0007710