Document XvL1RZzpRoGEaGgvG92jQgzw

HWBB-0009554 // V ' TO THE MEMBERS OF Aid KY< OPT FOUNT ATI ON: 0. Copies of the complete articles abstracted in this and otter issues probably can be obtained from the publications quoted, or may be available at any large library. Should a member desire any of tfce articles in full, it may be possible to obtain reprints from the author or, failing that, copy of the journal in vhich the particular article appeared. Most libraries also have a photostat service. If a member is unable to obtain what he wishes through the usual sources, or if he desires further in formation, ns to the address of an author or a publica tion, let us unow. It will facilitate matters if members try for copies direct) but if you fail, write to us. Pittsburgh, Pa., March 25, 1737 K. B. Meller Managing Director HHBB-000955'j Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa., April 1, 193" REFERENCE.. 10 RECENT LITERATURE A. News Items 174. GREAT BRITAIN FACTORIES BILL. NEW POOVZSION3 FOX HEALTH AND SAFETY. Coll. Guardian, 134. p. 44 (Feb. 5, 1937). T'.if Factories Pill, made available recently, is to come into force on July 1, 1538, but the Secretary of State is given power to postpone, either for factories generally, or for any class or description of factory, but not beyond Jen. 1, 1940. The portion of most interest is Part Iv, on health and safety, which includes improved provisions for dust removal. Details are not yet available. 175. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS ANNUAL MEETING. Min. <? Met., 13, p. 112 (Feb. 1937). The meeting was held at tile Waldorf-Astoria, New York City, Feb. 15-19, 1937. Health and Safety in Mine*, including silicosis problems, were discussed on February ISth. Any published papers of interest will be abstracted later. 176. MICHIGAN LEGISLATION. J, Am. Mod. Assoc., 108, p. 648 (Feb. 20, 1937). 3ill No. H 127 proposes to amend tat Workmen's Compensation Act, in effect, to nuke compensable "any disease -------- approximately caused by and arising out of and in tlx.- course of employment", 177. KANSAS LEGISLATION. J. An. Med. Assoc., 108, c. 6.48 (Feb. 20, 1937). 3i.ll H 162 proposes to amend the Workmen's Compensation Act and to make com pensable any .n;ary or disease which arises out of or in the course of any employment. 178. PENNSYLVANIA LEGISLATION. J. An. Med. Assoc., 108> P* 650 (Feb. 20, 1937). Sill No. H 62X proposes a system of compulsory and. volixitary sickness insurance whose benefits are to consist of cash and all kinds of medical and dental services. All employees are embraced in this bill except farm laborers and personal or domestic servants of an employer having less than 3 employees in such service. 179. CALIFORNIA LEGISLATION. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 108, 646 (Feb. 20, 1937). Bill No. A 2029, introduced in California, proposes to amend the Workmen's Compensation Act, to make silicosis, asbestosis and pneumoconiosis compensable under certain conditions. 180. CONNECTICUT LEGISLATION. J. Am. Mod. Assoc., 108, pp. 646-7 (Feb. 20, 1937). Bill No. H 640, introduced in Connecticut, proposes to require every physician having knowledge of any person suffering from poisoning from lead, phosphorus, ars-.nic, orass, wood alcohol or mercury or from anthrax or compressed air illness or any other disease contracted as result of employment, to report the facts within 43 hours after obtaining such knowledge to the State Health Dept. 181. SILICOSIS CONTROL PROBLEMS. Eng. News Rec. 118, p. 242 (Feb. 11, 1937). Foundry 6, p. 69 (Feb. 1937). Silicosis control problems summarized by conference. Four extended committee reports on silicosis problems and regulations were presented at a National Silicosis Conference held at the Lepartmcnt of Labor on Feb. 3, 1937. Labor representatives opposed medical examination of workers and demanded govern ment insurance. (0 0 182. WEST VIRGINIA SILICOSIS SURVEY. Cor. Age, 2, p. 53 (Feb. 1937). The State Health Department and Compensation Commission of West Virginia are making a survey of silicosis in the ceramic industries of the state in coopera tion with the United, States public Health Service. The study is being carried out with a view to the establishment of euuitaole compensation rates for plants coming under the State Compensation Act for Silicosis. 183- NEBRASKA LEGISLATION. Nebraska House Rill No. 90, which includes compensation for occupational diseases, was reported favorably by the House on March 16. ' 184. AIR CONDITIONING A V.XIUOV.LESS SHILLING. Sheet Metal Worker, 28, pp. 34-40 fob. 1937. This article describes a system designed by ft. A. Hattis, Mech. Eng., with Ambrose C. Cramer, inc., Architects, Chicago, 111. The installation was made by Narowcts Heating 4- Ventilating Co. of Chicago, The heating and cooling of the office was accomplished through insulation, exhaust ducts and thermo static heating control. 185. DISCUSS METHOD TO PREVENT DUST. Foundry, 6, p. 70 (Feb. 1937). A discussion at the monthly meeting of the Chicago chapter of the American ---------------- - ,-------v-- i, xhe pr0gram was devoted to a des- to control dust. It was pointed ... ... .... produce little'dusqt uuirnelesthse cmonossidt,earattbelnetiognrin,inci.nogusits Cone. Use of non-silica parting on the molding floor has been found beneficial in restricting dust in that department. Difficulty has been encountered in providing suitable exhaust for swing grinders. American Manganese Steel Company has installed a ventilating system that gives 70 changes of air each ten hours in the foundry. Ventilation presents a heating problem because the heat n- tained in the exhaust air is lost, 59 ray haying been devised sp far to return tr.e heated air without, the dust particles. Proper heating of the foundries ransc in importance with the correction of the oust problem. To reduce duet accumulation on the floor from newly-made castings, one plant has a water pan installed covered by a grating flush with the floor which traps loose sand and dust. 186. NEW YORK TO HAVE SMOHE PREVENTION CG.'JVENTION AND EXHIBITION. Combustion, 8, p. 30. (February 1937). This will be Held at the Hotel Pennsylvania, New York City from May 31 to June 5 and will include an Air Pollution Exhibition, 187, INSTALLATION OF THE DUST EXHAUST SYSTEM. Foundry, 6$, pp. 24,82 (Feb.1937). The Packard Motor Company, Detroit, Mich., has remodeled its foundry and in stalled a dust exhaust system. This article is a detailed account of the method by which this was done, including a description of all new and modern machin ery installed, the feeding of the cupolas and the various processes the cast ings go through in an up-to-date arranged, well-heated, well-ventilated plant. B. General and Scientific Papers 153. - COMBATING OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE. Emery ft. Hayhurst. Safety Eng. 72, p. 58 (Feb. 1937) The Ohio Legislature of 1913 passed what is known as the "Occupational Disease Reporting Lav/", which requires that every physician shall report to the State Director of Health upon a specified form any case which he believes to be occupational in nature. Ohio has always enforced this law. The total number o occupational diseases reported for the 23-year period amounted to 19>3A3* Since 1921 the yearly list of cases reported has ri3en. In the first 6 months of 1936, 735 cases were reported. However, there are existent many more occupational diseases than arc reported. All occupational diseases are due to exposure to industrial health hazards. The Ohio program is divided into immediate uwi long range projects. Research, and not intrusive investigation, is to be the character of the policy pursued. Occupational diseases, complain ts, reports of doctors, etc., will be given consideration. Examination# of HMBB-0H09556 HMBB-0009557 References to Recent Literature - 3 workers subjected to prominent hazards, such as dusts, certain poisons and infections will be made. Silicosis has been selected as the first long-range project. The author believes that all industrial health hazards can be eliminated, including industrial poisonings and silicosis. 190. 191. INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE: INTRODUCTION. J. Simon. Practitioner, 1^7, pp. 257-9, (Sept. 1936). This paper by H. M. Secretary of State for Home Affairs serves as the intro duction to a symposium on industrial medicine. It outlines briefly the de velopments in organization and practice of industrial medicine in Great Britain during the past 20 years. The remaining papers treat different phases of the subject, but refer very briefly to silicosis and air hygiene if at all. DIAGNOSTIC METHODS IN INIU3TRIAL MTICINE. Paul A. Davis. Ohio State Med. J., 33. pp. 2S6-292 (March 1937). In the State of Ohio there are no;" 21 compensable hazards and a correct diagnos isj^i9SSeM%i?ialIhfey^tr?r!Mn^tMiagf^5^i^f9fa?&eaSPSeinbfifiI system, ana treats benzene, lead and carbon tetr-xhlonae poisoning, dust diseases and dermatitis in detail, giving an outline of the examination, the primary and secondary symptoms, and clinical laboratory work involved in the aiagr.osis of each, and including preventive measures for silicosis and derma titis, and treatment of the latter. 192. THIRD LAV.' ON THE EXTENSION OF ACCIDENT INSURANCE FOR INDUSTRIAL DISEASES OF DECEMBER 16, 1936-. Reichsarbeitsblatt, pt. 4, pp. 353-358 (1936). This is a digest of a new German law. The most important innovation seems to he the inclusion of "severe" silicosis and silicotuberculosis as accidents, and air "severe or repeatedly relapsing skin diseases which compel change of work or giving up any gainful employment." The first decision regarding an occupations.' disease is now entrusted to the industrial physician. 193. THE DUTY OF REPORTING INDUSTRIAL DISEASES. A. Fell. Presse med. pp. 31-32 (1937) A short history of reporting of industrial diseases in France is given, follow eby a list of industrial diseases included in the order of Oct. 16, 1935, which . is unusually complete, embracing all common poisons and injuries, dust diseases and eye and ear cisturbances, 194. PRE-EMPLOYMENT EXAMINATIONS, li. H. Barsky and J. Wolff. Indust, Med,, 6, pp. IB-23 (Jan. 1937). About 1000 pre-employment examinations were made on applicants for work involv ing excavation, drilling, concrete v/ork and road building. The hazards were severe muscular work and silicosis. The examination v.a.3 more thorough than is customary, requiring 45 to 60 minutes for each man. Out of 494 men exposed at any time to silica dust, only 26 were found to be silicotic. Their average ex posure to silica dust ms 17.6 years. 195. CLINICAL, ANATOMICAL .u\T; SPECTROGRAPHIC RESEARCH ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ACUTE METAL POISONING V.TTH SPECIAL REGARD TO ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN LEGAL MEDICINE AM INDUSTRIAL PHYSIOLOGY. . A. Esser. Deutsch. Zt3chr. f.d. ges. gerichtl. Med., 27, pp. 253-289 (1937). This is a conclusion of the author's previous papers on the subject. More than traces of metal are never fomd in tie central nervous system, and he concludes that the ganglion damage is caused by poisoning in "the sense of a metal stream" rather th?ai by deposition of the metal. MlfBB-0009558 References to Recent Literature - 4 196. INDUSTRIAL POISONS. D. Hunter. Practitioner, JJT7, pp.J290-313 (Sept.1936). The principal subject of the paper i3 lead poisoning. The nost important recognizable symptoms are colic, palsy, anemia, encephalopathy and the pre sence of lead in the urine. Stippling of the red blood cells is an indication but not conclusive. There is danger of attributing to lead poisoning all symp toms occurring in persons exposed to load. In preventive treatment a high calcium content is needed, aperients must be taken regularly, and cleanliness must be observed. After the acute symptoms have passed, low calcium diet, with potassium iodice, anr.:oniun chloride or phosphoric acid is beneficial. r*', Benzene poisoniap is discussed more briefly. Treatment has been largely un successful, and prevention must depend upon avoiding exposure. Poisoning qy chlorinated hydrocarbons and toxic gases is briefly discussed. 197. INDUSTRIAL POISONING. Brandt. Chec.-Ztg., 60, pp. 901-5 (1936). A revie v.1 of the aost important industrial poisons and injuries. 19. CHSSICAL CONSTITUTION, PH'/SICAL-CH4iICAL PROPERTIES AND PHARldACOLXIC ACTION, (3 A C0MIRI3UTI0N TO THE EXPLANATION OF CHRONIC POISONING. E. Starkenstein. Klin. Ecnnschr., 1, pp. 1865-71 (1936). The paper is largely a discussion of theories of the relation of poisonous a effect of ratals to their place in the periodic system. The periodic group inclining mercury, thallium, load and bismuth has the most pronounced effect. Tt.o basic conditions make chronic poisoning possible: the accumulation of poisoning in the 'corny and the summation of injuries caused by small doses. Chronic poisoning is caused almost exclusively by substances having a paralysing action. Those that only irritate do not produce chronic poisoning. 199. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE POISONING. G. G. Davis and II. A. flanelin. Indust. Med., 6, pp. 24-29 (1937). A cable-splicer cleaned insulators in a presumably unventilated manhole with a mixture of gasoline and carbon tetrachloride. He became dizzy, with a head ache, and entered u hospital 4 days later, suffering from suppression of urine and threatened uremia. Details of clinical findings and successful treatment art. given, with u review of the literature and an outline of treatment to be followed. ;iov.\.v,.r, the greatest emphasis is laid on prevention, especially the need of ventilation when working with carbon tetrachloride and similar solvents, 200. -CHRONIC XYLITE POISONING. De Oliviera. Chem.-Ztg., 60, p. 837 (1936). Tiie paper reports the case of a lithographer who died of aplastic anemia after a long period of exposure to xylene fumes. Severe damage to the bone marrow, atrophy of normal cell elements in the spleen and lymphatic nodes and atrophy of lymphoid tissues were shown by the autopsy. 201. THE TOXICOLOGY 01' ORGANIC SOLVENTS: 1-4 DIOXAN (DIETHYLENEDTOXIDE). W. Wirth and o. Xlimner. Arch.f.GewerbepathuiGewerbehyg., 7, pp. 192-206 (1936). This substance is largely used as a solvent for spraying lacquers, but also finds use in cosmetic ;uid medicinal preparations. The experiments reported shew that it is not as harmless as is generally supposed. Cats and mice exposed to its fumes for several hours developed inflammation of the lungs, and death followed several days after inhalation of 30 to 40 mg. per liter for similar pe rises. Dioxan was found to be recognized by its odor and effect on eyes anc throat when 5 mg. per liter -.as present, but toleration was acquired in r. few minutes. That concentration, however, is dangerous when exposure lasts for several days. There is no distinction between the pure and commercial forms in their toxic effects. It has no effect on the skin except drying. c5) SL.^ a 202. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ON THE ACTION OF VARIOUS STIMULANTS IN POISONING SY CAtiBO'J MONOXIDE AND BY BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVES. K. Thiel. Z.f.c. ges. exp. Med., TOO, pp, 1-19 (1937) Various stimulants were tried on a dog poisoned by carbon monoxide, and deter minations made of the speed of separation of carbon monoxide and the improvemen in circulation and respiration. A mixture of cardiasol and sympatol was found better than a some-dint similar mixture Suggested in an earlier paper. 203. (2UESTI0N OF CHRONIC CARBON MON OXHE POISONING. X. F'otzka. Klin.Wchnschr., 16, pp. 24-28 (1937) A review of development of symptoms of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, with some attention fiver, also to acute poisoning. 204. CARSON MONOXIDE ,l'7D THE ..NTERIOft LOBE OF T!!E PITUITARY. Arch.f.exp.Pathol, u. Pharmukoi., 18^., pp. 152-5 (1937) From experiments on guinea pigs the author concluded that the thyroid is activat ed by repeated light exposures and that the thyrotropic hormone content of the anterior lobe of the pituitary glana is decreased. 205. LUNG IRRITATION FROM CHLORINE. 0. Schulz. Aertal.Snchverst.fed.-Itg. 2, po. 14-15 (1937) A physici'-ij used as a disinfectant for a root:, a mixture of lye, boric acid, glycerine and chlorine. Sickness after a half-hour's exposure was followed by influamati ,n of try; lung 3 hays Inter. The author thus affirms the connection between inio-latior. of chlorine and irritation of the lung. 206. MANGANESE POISONING. . C. V. Loebe. J.f.Psychol.u.neurol., 7, pp.220-1 (1936' Two cases of manganese poisoning reported and described in 1932 shotted marked improvement in 1536. - 207. NERVE DAMnGE IN INDUSTRIAL MANGANESE POISONING. 0. Crouzon and H. Desoille. P-ris mod., 26, pp, ,361-5 (1936) A description of a typical case of manganese poisoning in a worker who had pulverized raw materials in a storage battery for four years, 20S. DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY AFTER ITS INHALATION. W. TOxth. Arch.f.exp.Pathol, u. Pharmakol., 134. pp. 91-92 (1936) It was shown by experiments on dogs that the lungs quickly absorb mercury in large quantities ana quicxly eliminate it. Kidneys and liver store it far longer pericas. Some is taxen up by the brain. 209. HI STOCK LkTC. vL DETECTION OF LEAD IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT. H. Schoenlebe. Arch, f, exp. Pathol. u. Phanuakol., 184y pp. 289-295 (1937) Various portions of the digestive organs of guinea pigs chronically poisoned by lead rere tested for that- metal, first by fixation with alcohol and hydrogen sulfide. Lead was found in the gablet cells of the small and large intestines and in the epithelium of the large intestines and stomach, especially in the pyloric g.l.nd. The most massive deposits were found in tine connective tissue framework of the mucosa and submucosa with the greatest density of the cecum. The conclusion derived is that those points whore the lead is found are tun points from which the greatest effort to eliminate the lead is made. 210. EXAMINATION OF LEAD IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF NORMAL AND LEAD POISONED PERSONS. F. Schmitt and W. Basse. Klin.bchnschr., 16, pp.65-66 (1937) In the cerebrospinal fluid of 13 normal persons, 15 to 38 aicrograms % of lead were found. In 5 cases of lead poisoning the quantity rose to 80 to 493 micro grams %. This is not parallel to the ratio quantities in the blood, 211. LEAD POISONING IN FRANCE ACCORDING TO OFFICIAL STATISTICS. A. Feil. Pres3e me-- p. 32 (1537) , The number of cases of lead poisoning in France is falling steadily; for examrl there wc-re 1525 cases in 1928 and 674 in 1934. Of the latter, the greatest nurl were in storage battery plants, followed by metal enameling and lead foundries. The aunbar found in load aye factories is strikingly low. The greatest number ; cases aff:ctea the digestive tract. In most cases the disability lasted 8-15 U' HW6B-0009+559 fUsi. vt oO ..........,, , - _ HUBB--0009560 212. THE EFFECT .: LEAL 01? lIod'CE LETABOLISM. I. Tolov.its, J.F.Fazekas and H.E.Himwich. J.Ind.Hyg.4TQx., 1^, pp. 93-4 (Feb. 1937) Ibe parer is a study of lead effects on oxidation dehrarogenation and glycolysis of some tissues affected in lead poisoning such as brain, kidneys, liver, testis. The respiratory quotient of the brain was also tested and, although sodium acetate had little effect, leaa acetate disturbed tissue oxidation so much that results v.q-ro unpredictable. It was found that lead causes a decrease of oxygen consumption of all four organs. Tests on the brain created most attention due to interest in encephalitis. The experiments suggest an underlying pathogenesis far varied lead poisoning manifestations. c ,, 213. GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE SILICOSIS PS03LEU. G. E. Tyrrell. Coll.Guardian, 154. pp. 20-21 (Jan. 1, 1937). Also Iron and Coal Trades dev. Jan, 1, 1937. No stronger contact exists in the borderland field of science than that between petrology and pathology in respect to the subject of silicosis. Accoro'ing to present British law, a miner must prove that he has beer, working in "silica rock" 0 (including quarto, quartzite, gunister, sandstone, gritstone and chert) in order to obtain compensation tor silicosis. The established effect of asbestos, and possible effects of other silicates, have led to the suggestion of the term 3 "silicatosis" for dust circuses not due to free silica. The author discusses the sericite theory and stresses the need for further investigation. e 214. SILICOSIS AML SlLlC0-TTJL!EdCTJL0oiA IM A YiESTPHALIAN AX GrJNTI'lG PLANT. M. Frese. Tuberk.-[3ibJ.iothek, 5, p. 2E. J.A.Sarth., Leipzig, 1936. Silicosis was found in many workers engaged in grinding with sandstone wheels containing 91.5? free silica, ana giving a duct count of 1226 particles (presumably per c.c. equivalent to 70 million particles per cuoic foot). In some cases silicosis ocourrco after 2 to 4 years' work. Tith another type of wheel, containing 62.3? free silica, and giving off only about a fifth as much dust, silicosis was much loss frequent. X-ray pictures and autopsy material are pre sented in !;' cases. It is interesting that a lung expert, familiar only with coal miner's pneumoconiosis, denied that 3ili.osis was present. 215. WHAT IS SILICOSIS? P. Heffeman. Tubercle, 16, pp.397-405 (June, 1935) Pneumoconioses that are materially differing from "classical" silicosis are far more frequent hd-serious than was formerly supposed. For most of these condi tions the oust of silica or silicates is ^t least partly responsible. The author suggests the following classification of these conditions: (1) simple silicosis; (2) infectec silicosis (tuberculous or non-tuberculoais:); (3) mixed silicoses (silico-unthrucosis, siliea-siderosis, etc,); (4) silicatoses (e.g. asbestosis, " "sillircintos.is", "sericitosis"); (5) non-silicotlc pneumoconioses (e.g, "cardroom disease" sr.thracosis, etc.); and (6) pulmonary fibrosis not due to dust (gas fibrosis, syphilitic fibrosis, and fibrosis due to microorganisms, molds, etc.). Tiie author believes that the interaction that produces silicosis is electro-chemical and is caused by free silica in a state of electro-chemical activity, acting upon certain cells of the pulmonary tissue. Freshly powdered silica is active electrocnomicslly, as are probably some silicates, e.g, asbestos, to a more limited extent. The harmful properties of these dusts are muen modified by the prcsaice of certain other dusts. By way of illustration, the silica sand user in making silica ericas in Derbyshire has a free silica con tent of 91%, but each grain of quartz is surrounded by a pellicile of clay-llke material, and fine dust irom tiy sand contained only 3?% of free silica, which is no greater than in harmless shale dust. 216. AN IL1P0HTAMT ITALIAN IN^UItlT IlilO SILICOSIS. I. Gilbert. Bruxelles Med., 17, pp. 429-434 (1937) _ a brief report on a general discussion by G, Pancheri in the Italian journal "Securitas" on silicosis and its incidence in Italy. & 0 I a -dD x==r~^ -a References to Recent Literature -7 217, PIJEUMOCO'tlOSIi CALSED BY TITANIUM. L. I-enai. Rase.di med.anpl. lavoro indust., 7, pp. 301-1S (Oct. 1936) Titanium oxide via3 found to produce an inflamr.s t^ry reaction in the lungs of guinea pigs exposed to the dust for period0 ranging from 2 hours to 4 months. The effect is similar to pneumoconiosis* and the author proposed the word "titaniosis" to describe this condition. 218. Pathology OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS: SILICOSIS; SILICOSIS ANL TUBERCULOSIS: ASDESTOAIS; SIIEROSIS; ANTHAACOSIS. 0. Auerbach. Indu3t. Elea., 6, pp. 39-43 {Jan. 1937); Quarterly Bull, o: Sea View Hosp., 11, pp,3-27 (Oct.l;36) A general paper, reviewing briefly some of the litersture on pneumoconiosis. TIv evidence for and against the mechanical and chemical theories i3 given briefly, and the sericite question is similarly discussed. The effective particle sixer and time necessarj for exposure ere discussed. The appearances in the lungs nr" describee, v.lth illustrations. Asbestosis is considered briefly. 21 i. SANDBLASTING AND SILICOSIS, ft'. Becgerhoff, Arch, f.Dewerbeoath u.Gewerbehug., 7, pp.156-181 CIO36). ' This paper referee to tlie situation in Germany. In clixLdcSi and x-ray examina tions of 175 sandblasters, 100 were found fit and 75 unfit for the work; definitt pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 24. Most of the workers give up the work af ter a few years, so ost.i.^tion of the hazard is difficult in comparison with that of grinders and st .no hi/w..-r3. The author considers sandblasting the dustiest of all occupations and does not believe that methods for removing the dust have so for been very successful, : 0 tha e-tent that, m-.-sks end. positive pressure helmets are 'unnecessary. ; Diagnosis of 3ills .ain caused by sandblasting is aifficult. In the early stages, the author 3it. r.....y b-~ confused 1th the diffuse fibrosis often fauna in healthy ncotle, Tuberculosis present with silicosis, as in other cases, changes the v/bolc picture. Susceptibility to silicosis has been claimed to depend largely upon the filtering action of the nose (e.g. see next abstract). However, -.his h.-is a.-t been found true in sandblasters, in a rather small number a observations. Elect"ical precipitation for laying dust has been foiztd effective in some occur.-tuna .no. is worthy of trial in this one. 220. PROTECTION AGAIKbT INJURIOUS DUET IN INDUSTRY. V. R. H. Kranenburg, I. F. Groenevelc? and E. i'oenaa. Arch, f, Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbchug., 7, pp.133-155 (1936). " In healthy persons the action of the nas-1 mucous membrane in arresting dust particles varies from 80S down to $$, but is quite constant for the same person. Tht filtering action :ven remains unchanged after several hours' passage- of dusty air through the nose. In observations made on 62 miners in the Ruhr district who hoc. worked for 10 years or more, the most silicosis was found in those with the poorest nasal filtering. It is suggested, that only miners with well-filtering nosec should be accepted for work. It is difficult to estimate the efficiency of respirators, because different testing methods give different results, Hie capability of any kind of filtering material depends upon the kind of dust. No filtering material can take up 100% of tie dust without great resistance to respiration, but the limit of bearable resistance varies greatly with individuals. One-way breathing is preferable for very fine respirators. Colloid filters have been found very efficient for metal fumes. Sandblast helmets are now made to give perfect protection against dui 221. vANTHRACOSIS AND IT;? DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS FROM SILICOSIS AND OTHER FHEUHXQN10SEF R. Hollman. Aerst. Sacnver-stand.^Ztg., pp.1-13 (1937) This article is of interest in that the author mokes a strong claim that pneu moconiosis may be caused by carbon dust. He observed workers in different duet for over a year and concluded tint most dusts, iron and silicon carbide (carborundum) are harmless, -and that only two dusts cause pneumoconiosis: quartz and carbon. (The list is not available in our source of information, and presuoabl does not include asbestos). The firm where the investigation was made produces a HWHB-0009561 ^--- References to Recent liter-cure - B wide variety o:~ carbon articles. The raw material contains less than 1% ash, of which a large portion consists of silicates. A few cases (26) of pnetsnoconiosia which differ in no way from silicosis have been found among 547 works using this carbon, and they were in am who had rorired for 14 to 40 years. Three of these victims were in whet corresponds to the third stage of silicosis The author claims that there are fewer cases among men working with carbon dust having a slight admixture of silica. Tuberculosis aasong the carbon workers wag .".uch milder and more inactive than in silica wo Triers. The author concludes . that -inthracosis can be caused by pure carbon. The effect of silicates (free silica being absent) must be shown by further study. aan. mtDAidENTALS RELATING TO THE DESIGN AND OPERATION 0? EXHAUST SYSTEMS. T. Hate1 and others. American Standards Exhaust Code Comm., No, ASA-Z9, 29pp. Arner. Standards Assoc., N. Y, (1936) (Price 40#) This preliminary report contains specifications to guide those intending to install and use exhaust systems, as well as to the manufacturers and designers of such systems. The code is divided into seven sections: (1) definitions; (2) plant layout, building construction: (3) exhaust hoods; (4) exhaust pipin' (5) air-cleaning plant; (6) exhaust fan and (7) construction, maintenance. The first section distinguishes between dust, fumes, mist3, vapors and gases. The section on exhaust hoods is both mathematical and practical, including minimum air velocities to avoid dispersion, and design of hoods to accomplish the result vdth the least expenditure of energy. The need for much further investigation is indicated. The section on exhaust piping gives calculations o tie size of piping necessary, pressure losses, etc., on theoretical and prncti cal bases. The code is completed by an outline of a method for testing the ex haust system for efficiency of operation. 223. TENTATIVE CODS DP RECOMMENDED PRACTICES FOR GRINDING, POLISHING, AND BUFFING EQUIPMENT SANITATION. J. ft. Allan, chairman. Am. Foundrymen's Assoc. Industrial Hygiene Codes Comm., A.F.A. Preprint 36-38, Dec. 4, 1936.(Price $2.) The bulletin includes a series of definitions followed by specifications for hood and branch-pipe requirements, details of design of abrasive wheel and belt enclosures,'and minimum air velocity standards, with illustrations of ead type of hood application. 7<et-g rinding ope rations arc exempt from the pro visions of the code, unless they give rise to a noticeable quantity of spray or mist in the surrounding atmosphere, 224. TENTATIVE CODE OF RECOMMENDED PRACTICES FOR TESTING AND MEASURING AIR FLOW IN EXHAUST{JSSTEiS. J. ft. Allan, chairman. Am. Foundrymen1s Assoc., Industrial Hygiene Codes Com. A.F.A. Preprint No. 36-27. (Price $2.00), This code prescribes the general type and proper use of instruments for measur ing air flow in exhaust systems. It covers the application and testing pro cedure for pitot tubes, nanometer gages, revolving vane anemometers, and swinging vane direct reading velocity meters. Eleven illustrations are include* v.ith a graph of air velocities corresponding to water-gage readings for use with the pitot tube 225. INDUSTRIAL DISEASES OF THE LUNGS KITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SILICOSIS. ff.E.Coo/ Practitioner, 137. pp. 314-323 (Sept. 1936). This paper is a brief survey of tte field of dust diseases, presenting most well-known facts, but in a well summarized form. Only free silica and asbestos dust have been proved to be biologically active and to cause extensi*. disease in workers, although temporarily harmful effects may be attributed to many others. In tise case of asbestos, possibly the fluids of the luag dissolv the magnesium and calcium, leaving the fiber pure silica. It has been claimed thit silicosis is due to sericite and not to free silica, but out of the con troversy has come general acceptance of the view that sericite is not the primary cause of silicosis. Sidcrosis and anfchracosis are names given respectively to the red solid lungs of ironstone rainers and the hard black lungs of coal miners. In each case, however, silica has been shown to be MMBB-0009562 HW0B-0009563 Reference: to r.car.t li'A.racure - r primarily ''caronsi.blc, .nc the disease is fundamentally silicosis. This is il lustrated in the situation in British coal mines. In South Wales, there the percentage of fro. silica is high there ere many more cases of "anthracosis" in proportion to the wording population than in North Wales, v.-hor-. there is little fr..e silica. Several years1 exposure arc- generally required in oroer to bring on silicosis, hut excessive exposures, os in sane blasting, and the rrtsence of free al.tali, as in scouring powders, accelerates the action of silica; Individuals vary in susceptibility, reusing and those over 40 acquiring the disease in a shorter time t..un others. Several oth..r diseases predispose to silicosis. To produce disease silica must bo soluble, but probably electrochemical properties are al so important. At least 75% of silicotic patients contract tuberculosis, and ot:i-_r infections are not uncommon. The earliest x-ray evidence is an increase in the density of the shadows of the vascular tree. Later the small arteries anpear to have hude along tneir course. The parenchyma looks hazy, and nodules appear am' later coalesce. The earliest indications arc in the mid and lo-n r lung tones. Increase in the root shadow due to involvement of the glands is constant. Shortness of breath increases to a point rh^-re it is static. Working capacity is impaired, hut without distress in forking. With tuberculosis, loss of vcig '.t, ;Vv.,,r, night sweats, hemoptysis and. more abundant sputum arc noticeable. Tubercle bacilli may b*. difficult to find in snutum, .and guinea pig inoculation may be necessary. The blood sedimentation rate is useful in diagnosa ing silico-tuberculosis. Physical signs arc not characteristic of silicosis or* ao not bc-r any ml:-tiunship to the extent of lung involvement. Diagnosis is based on good :.-ray film 1 nci history of exposure. When diagnosed the silicotic snould be removed from the silica hazard and as far vs possible from risk of infections. The real treatment lies in the prevention of dust at its source. 226 DUST RESPIRATORS. F.. Sealezyr.. Gacmaske, F_, or. 121-9 vSort.-Dec. 1936). The wide use of respirators dates from the World V.tr, although simple forms such as handkerchiefs have been used for centuries in the Sahara. The development of good respirators largely occurred in the decade 1920-1930. The author states that there 're- two ways of obtaining an effective filter:(1) increasing the t'r.icKness, and (2) increasing the area; thereby increasing the length of time for the air to pass through. (The last statement is open to grave doubt.) Since- the resistance is increased by thickening the filter, the seond method is preferable. The advantages of positive air helmets are discussed. There is increasin': need for good res'-irators. The article is well illustrated. 227 RiuBPIRATUrlf PROTECTIVE DEVICES. Carlton E. Brown J. Ind.Hyg.Sc Tox., 19. pp. >5-107 (fob. 1937). Although the use of other preventive or control methods is pref-.rabL, to the* use of respirators the latter are desirable if not essen tial in many situations. The history of respirators dates back earlier than the time of Pliny, the Elder, who describes the use of loose bladder skins for the purpose. The hose typo was also Known in ancient times, and positive pre cure devices were knor.n at the beginning of the 17th century. Modern respir ators are classified according to the material from which protection is neces sary, as follows: (1) irvospiruble atmospheres far from a source of fresh air; (2) gaseous contaminants in low concentrations; (3) irrespirable atmospheres near sources o* fresh a.ir; (4) particulate contaminants, such as dust, and (5) high concentrations of gaseous and particulate contaminants. The first type requires a supply of oxygen .uid a regenerator or chemical for removing carbon dioxide. It must bo cm. ried. by t;;c nearer, and therefore its length of use is limited. No respiratory cquirm-'int vi.ll protect against .absorption of harmful gases through the skin or irrituti .a of the skin. This type is used in mine rescue- ..o"::. The second tyre includes the jr.s tasks for war use, and other forms for ait kinds of vases usd. in industry. The third type is the positive prassur' device similar to that used- in sandblasting operations, but hand-oper ated, for use v:ith bcnrxnv and other organic poisons. The fourth is the ordin ary dust rc-soirator, of which a number of satisfactory forms arc now developed. A sinpL. practical test of efficiency is given. The fifth is the positive pressure helmet used in sandblasting. MMBB-0009564 -"j 0 .-.2) .< : References to Recent Literature - 10 There is still roo:j for improvement in all types of present respirators and developments are listed. A fou^-page table of types, protection, service periods, weights and approximate prices is included. 223. THE MINERAL CONTENT OF THE SILICOTIC LOTGS OF AN EARTHENWARE WORKER. N. Sundius, A. Bygden, and T. Bruce. Trans. Ceramic, pp.167-81 (Arsr.1936). The distribution of dust in the lung of a worser who had died from silicosis v.r.. examinee by first destroying the organic tissue with the aid of hydrogen perox ide. Tne dust v/as found to be distributed fairly well throughout tee lung. The quantity in the lymphatic glands, referred to the dry weight, is about the same as in the remainder of the lung, but it is more finely grained. All components of the raw materials are present in the dust, but the proportion of quartz and feldspar is somewhat decreased, with a corresponding increase in knolinite and mica. The average diameter of the dust is below 2 ro A microns. When the atmos pheric oust in the factory is separated according to size by suspension in water, the fine dust is found to have the same composition as the lung dust. It is concluded that no chemical decomposition of dust in the lung con be proved. 229. ffiliOtteNDUli ON THE AEL LOTION OF LUST LURING LINING OPERATIONS. J. I. Graham. British Colliery Owners' Research Assoc., 1936. 20 pp. The author states in the introduction that "the breathing of dust in high con centration is definitely harmful if the dust contains a high percentage of free silica and, even if the litter is not the case, repeated exposure to very dusty atmospheres will probably produce oronchial trouble......... It is obviously most desirable that the atmosphere breathed by r.en in underground operations should be as free fro;:, dust as is reasonably practicable." A brief discussion of the nature of silicosi3 aid safety limits for dust is followed by a description of tee various safety measures used in. mines - wet drilling, suction hoods, dust traps and respirators. Let drilling prevents dust, but the use of compressed air with water gives off fine dust with the spray. Suction hoods {local exhaust hoods) are successfully used,' and rotary drilling is better than percussion drilling, iaist projectors are used after blasting to remove dust and injurious 230. fffiOSPHERIC POLLUTION- THE PRESENT POSITION. C. 2. Qpie, J. Roy.San.Inst., 7, pp. 437-43 (Jan. 1937). The author is Chief Smoke Inspector for the City of Liverpool. The question is discussed mainly from tee standpoint of smoke pollution. Less progress has been made in abatement of air pollution than in any other aspect of public health work. The domestic chimney is the chief culprit. The author urges increasing the efficiency of the domestic fire, the use of smokeless fuel, and correct furnace management in industry. Acid gases from industrial chinneys can be decreased by nre-treatment of fuels. 231. HYDROGEN SULFIDE, THE CAUSE OF EYE DISEASES IN THE VISCOSE-ARTIFICIAL SILK IITL'USTRi. N. Hortsch. V eroeffentl, a.d. Geb.d.Volksgesunaheitsdienstes., No. 41 66 pp . Berlin (1937). A thorough Investigation of an eye disease prevalent in a viscose rayon factory, and a consideration of c.ll possible causes, leads to the conclusion that hydroge: sulfide i3 tee only cause. This fact has been known, but the value of this volumis tent it finally settles the- question. A full review of the literature is included. 232. AIR-BORNE INFECTION, f. ells and 11. V, Veils. J. Am.Hed. Assoc., 107, pp. 1698-1703 and 1305-1809 (ov. 21 and 23, 1936). This is general review of Air. Cells' notable contributions. He has demonstrat ed that bacteria remain suspended and viable for many hours in droplets in the atmosphere. The period of survival of the influenza virus is much briefer. Sneezing any produce heavy atmospheric contamination v/ith mouth bacteria. The best bactericidal agent in air is ultraviolet radiation, best between 200 and 300 millimicrons in wavelength. This method is in experimental use in hospitals and food, nreserving establishments. Its application to factory workrooms would require .Ttucn further experimentation, as there arc many unsolved problems. MST" ' deferecces to .".ecc-i Liters our.; - 11 HWBB-0009565 233* OCCUPATIONAL CANCcti OF THE LUJTO. L, Teleky. J, Ina.'dyg.&Tox., 19, dp.73-83 (Feb, 1837) '* TJi# author doubts many current statements that cancer has increased within feeeat years, attributing the apy--reaps to better recognition of the disease. The sane is true of silicosis. Street dust is given as a ciuse o# ^ncreused cancer, but in spite of increased traffic there are no such clouds dust as there were years ago. There have been many reports of isolated cases in the scientific literature, linking cancer with silicosis and other industrial diseases, but the rarity of such cases and the variety of the diseases do noth ing to prove any connection. Some animal experiments tend to establish a rela tionship, but even if the results turn out to be more positive than they now are, they would not prove the case for human beings. On the oth-r hand, there arc two occupations, in one of which cancer may be strongly suspected as a result of exposure to certain materials, and in the other there is no doubt of the connection. Tile fir3t is the chromate industry. Some crises of cancer have been fouaa in workers in old factories, usually sfte 20 years of work. In the newer factories no cancer has been reported. It is possible that improved hygienic conditions nay prevent its development. The other dangerous occupation Is radium mining, and several pages are devoted to a discussion of that industry. Other possible causes, such as arsenic, have been clirainnted, and there is no doubt that it is traceable to the radium com pounds, especially tin. gaseous emanation. The question of prevention among & these miners is difficult. Charcoal-filled respirators cannot be wot* con- tinupusly, and vuntilr. tion is only partly successful. The only effective means are shortening of the worn day -and entire period of work, and alternation of work , 234. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ANILINE; CANCER. J. Seronblum and G.M. 3onser. J. Inh.Hyg.&Tox., 19, pp.86-31 (feb. 1937) It is ai\ accepted fact that a prevalence of bladder cancer exists in the aniline industry, although the cause of the disease is still obscure. The substances most probably responsible are the intirwediates, benzidese and a- and b- naphthylamine. The tumors develop after a long latent period, usually 10 to 25 years in man. The investigation involved 2 aspects: * (l) the induction of bladder tumors by long continued administration of some of the suspected products used in the industry, and (2) a search for the proa -nee of carcinogenic substances in the urine of workmen employed in the dye industry. Intrapcritoneal injections, feeding, and inhalation were used as mums of introducing the suspected mterials into the bodies of animals ' (rets in so;.:* instances, rabbits In others). The results were entirely nega tive, confining the work of most investigators, but disagreeing with that of two others. The results, of course, are not conclusive in disproving the -In ^ru 235. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1936, Charles F, Sharkey, Chief`s Labor Law Information Service. B.6.Dept. of Labor, Bar. of Labor Statisties,Bull. No. 625. Washington, D.C, 1937 , 5? pp. The introduction ` also appeared, in U. S. iionthly Labor dev,, 2, pp. 1096-1161 (nov. 1936). Establishment of the compensation principle for occupational disease has been much slower than for industrial accidents. In the past 2 years, however, legislation providing compensation for silicosis end other occupational diseases has bora n&ssrci in a number of states, A sunuoary of the substance of recent laws is follov;er by copies of all statutes or sections relating to occupational disease. This bulletin nay bo us,ftl to numbers as a supple ment to the Legal Bulletins and nay be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. for 10 cents. Corrections on March abstracts. Abstract 167, on ATU0SPHERIC CONTAMINATION FOR HIGH TEUPEtUTUfSE jEAD BATES, should have Veen credited to 3. D. Tebbens. The number 170 woe duplicated. Please refer to the article by Angus and Stewart as 170a.