Document Xm3jneZxBezDdZ6Ljd0yRBLx

J 1)1 I CHICACO OCTOBER 10-14, ' 1938 w to NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, inc. t ' -riijlit, 1938, Nlhond CeurCil. Int. Plinled in Ihi U. S. A. F-"> ! SCF-ALLF-00530 " ^reword ill'. TivmciciiiiiiM of the Silver |iiIj!Ice Congress anil h.x- T|iosiitoii of ilit* National SalViv Council, October 1U-I-I, PGX, arc puMi-dicd in two volumes. Volume I contains the gviiif.il au<l \uhjevt sv-ions anil I lie sessions of the vaiiouluituMiinl Svctioiis. Volimie II contains the Street and High wav T ratin', tlie Comnivreial Vehicle, the Ti.'iiimI, the C Inlil l.iIncalion, and tin- llnmc .'safi.tv Sessions Volume 1 is dislrihined anlomatieal/e to all industrial niemhers of the Council. Volume I I is sent to nienilicrs vv ho ate Indiesed to he iuieristed chiefly in the sessions it contains. I hot eter. other (.'mined memheis may obtain Volume II u|ioii request. Many members have minnl it of benefit to distribute copies of the Transactions volumes to huih executives, foremen and superv isors, who hate used the practical information thee contain in satetv programs and for general reference pur poses. I.xtra copies of the Transactions mav he ohiained as t ollou s; ()ue to I () copies (if \ ol. I, at !?2 eai h ; II nr more eopies, ."sl.r.s each. I.xtvn cnj>ivs of Vnl. II cost 75 cente:u h. il!'. Transactions are a condensed record ot the pro Tceedings of the Sifter Jubilee Congress. The papers aiul .uhlics-.es have liven edited to delete extraneous matter, abhre\ iate the less important portions, and emphasize what may he of particular usefulness .and value in pmuioling ef fective safety organization and other accident prevention nieasures. These volumes, ihctcfnrc. are a Soutevvhal abridged version, compact, practical and ot particular value to the student and executive inletested in achieving more thorough accident preveiitiuu success. The original manu scripts arc available for additional reference, if desired, in the files of the National Safety Council. llJi National Safety Council, at its Congresses, seeks to Teliminate from discission matters which are not pertinent to the aims of the Congress or which may bv contiarv to die Council's policies. It cannot accept respousihilitv, houevei. tor all views expressed cither in the papers vvhich have heel) delivered or in the discussions based upon these papers. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNClLJnc. | 20 North Wacker Drive Chicaso ConVents Council Officers and Directors........................................ 4 Covincil Purposes and Policies........................................ 9 I | Annual Meeting of Members........ .................................... 11 Annual Banquet.................................................................. 31 Special Subject Sessions-- Agricultural Safety .................................................. 33 Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors.......................... 45 Falls of Workers........................................................ 59 Fire Prevention .......................................................... 99 Governmental Officials ............................................ 85 Health Service in Industry..................................... 101 Industrial Accident Investigations.................. ' .115 Industrial Explosion Hazards...................................125 Industrial Nursing ....................................................139 Industrial Safety Lectures....................................... 163 Maintaining Interest in Safety................................185 Midwestern Rehabilitation Meeting....................... 201 Occupational Disease................................................. 211 Oif-tlie-Job Accidents .............................................. 229 Safety Fundamentals................................................ 249 Safe Use of Electricity..............................................257 Safe Use of Petroleum Products.......................... 269 Aeronautical Section........................................................... 2S1 A. S. S. E.--Engineering Section.................................. 295 Automotive and Machine Shop Section ...................... 301 Cement and Quarry Section. .....<..............................313 Chemical Section ..............................................................339 Construction Section ........................................................373 Food Section ..................................................................... 385 Marine Section................................................................... 407 Meat Packing. Tanning and Leather Industries Section ..............................................................................455 Metals Section .................................................................... 473 Mining Section ................................................................521 Paper and Pulp'Section.....................................................555 Petroleum Section.............................................................613 Power Press Section.......................................................... 665 Public Utilities Section.................................................... 671 Refrigeration Section......................................................... 691 Rubber Section.................................................................... 703 Steam Railroad ..................................................................733 Textile Section-...................................................................753 Wood Products Section.................................................... 775 Safety Exposition--List of Exhibitors........................ 799 vJndex ....................................................................................B05 afety Council, Inc. HONORARY MEMBERS \.... .. m 1 i;i i\ \ m i Sum. I-.ni.im i k-. (\ -1 u* i \\ t'wiraii l.iw K I'm mi k ' OFFICERS (1938-1939) I > I 1 I J 'Mil. J' end* U! (. \\ OiMi'FsN, \ icc-1 * r v* ^* I ^ ::l lur l* inance and Tri/a-uri r 1k\m% II. 11 \ kki^u.n. \ ice-Pi 1`MiU-iti for Industrial Safely Di: M II ! i 1( Alt (`i [Mm K, V it r* I'ri sideiil foi Ptilrlie Satety \\ \\ n .{ S Paini. Vice*Pu sidem ft Knipmt ernm A\ i.5*i u, \ ice-Pt e-idem lor Safety Councils K T Sm i Nnii v, Vice-President for Ah ml>ei slop A \V W im m.y. Vice-Piesident fur Education \V il (Amjkon, Sccniuiy .mil Al.ni.i^iio; Dncctor EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1938-1939) H J \i.iiMi il. Spencer ImPo*.." & Son*', Inc. ! I. I!\\\v||, Pa-I President C \\ m, Past I'rcddem 1! \\ I!iim.i Suul.ur Prairie ( M Company t . P Pot it.r, Wisconsin Pul.lir Si.iviic ( 'orporainm l\.r.is i \\ CwuitMi.. P.'i'l Pri-itlcnl \\ . M Camiuon. National Safety Council, Inc. I. C (* wium-.i i, Mining Section |\ < j I n` l I I. r.HIIN'. NrtlU ( X Sllltt) Company l.rui** \ I )i.Pams. Past President V \V I )i \fi*i x\ , The I.ii|iiitl Carbonic Vn pr.ratimi l\ k |)jvh\\.v, ASSE-Kuxmeermy; Section M \iu i s \ I >n\v, i1 President W'miik A. Km.kmi.v. Lehigh Valley Safety Council K\ki. I*! Ciojvtk. Safely Council of the Columbus Chamber cm ('omllirrct |J I) Ii.nmii., Knyineer 11 i a ii.kkkv, The Pullman Company |**k v.n'K II ll.xicki-nX, luternational Harvester Company ll\i:o:o C. 11**1 l M \N. I nemploy merit Compensation Commission, N \N Jit >*t*\ S. I* ! Iokki.i.i, I Section H M Kmi\, Inter-late Commerce Commission A y_-v OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued \\ \i.iiii 11 Kim., Past President \\ \i C Knoiik. Milwaukee Safely CmmnixMoii I nils' K l.n.Ml. Past President Tim- II M U'Honmii, V S. Depailmenl of Aj;ricitlln e \ it 11 i i ` ii W. M \.I I, (`oinim--iMiHi of Moli \ chub s, New lo-cy I >k Mu i ii< \UCiiMnik. Vale l\. S Mi.i/.i.ik, Public Utilities Solum I \V Mn.l.AKli. Induxtti.d Cloves Company ll\Ui>iO I. Minim, K I `III Pont <Ic n\ ( omp.my f**I 11>i ;V|xs, Diicctnruf Public Safely, (. h vekmd K. I O'Piui n. Ik, lanii-vilk* Safely Coumil U.m Ki; S I'\im, Aetna lafe & Mlilkueil ( ojiijmidis law U. I*.\i \u k, l*a**t 1`ieutloit (*. IC Pi Htuo.vr. !*.*-! lYeyidenl I. () I'uUM.o. Marine Set lion Ajjuki S Kioiji.y, liulusliial Relations i 'hhin lot s, |m*. I.r (*<i. Ill nkv A. Kimm.hi, Past President 1C A l\os*.i ins, Textile Seetnm A \ . Indiiwimi k, Dnlntli, Missalu: \ Iron isan^e Kadua> Vute.;*an\ CuoKia: IC. Switikii, (ieiur.il ICleclrie (ampan> Cn mu i P. Scm r, Pa>t President I kv'.k I' Sun i\ Portlaiul Cement Assueialioii (ii v. John' II Siu.ioii.k\i, Mas^aelnist in Satelv Counei! . V \V Smi111. Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Wmiik Dim Smimi, Delaware Safety Council \\ A Sx'ovv, (Construction Seeh/n (n *1*. Stii.i.nsu.N, Elliott Service Company I i mi I Soiu xsox*. City Traltir l*.uy;iueer, ( lue.eao ( oi Iohv Siff vvki.i., <aK<iluIatcil Edison (.'otnpany of .V V. |i* ( P Toi.max. Past President (/luKtj. I. 'ra.wiK, lii eater Clmam* Safety Cnuneil. Inc. Du* P K. \`osia.ui.ii, (iener.il ICKetnc Company ) >k (. 11 Wa'ixon, Past President \ W Win i m v, National Cuiis< rvation Pui eau l> A P. \ki<i r, Carncuie'I lliuois Steel Company Akihik II. Vouni;, Past President DIRECTORS.(1938-1939) II. I \i.ouit.li, Spencer I\tlIoy;i; nC* Sons, Inc. A. 1.. Mcvmkom:, ICaslmau Kodak Company J. I H\n\xii, Past Piesidenl (*\ki 1' \kki u. St l.oiiis Safety Council I.to H. Ki \n u'. lUackshmc Valley Safety Covmcd \\ A. Pmuu, Aut<moti\e nV Maclmte Simp Section ICtcxiM W*. PkcK, L'nitcd States KuMer f`r(`duets. Inc i5 H ICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued *' \v Cir.i,( !. i- I'.i \nk, Jiiiu-, \ I ..in,-liliu SiihI V\>i pm ({ \Y Smt'I.iii i*i:iiiu; Oil (.'omjKuiy H }, Nttufft (!t in{ Cvviv* Sa\v\v O'Uuci^ ' t* I! J!m.i i t. Wi -t'liir.in PuMn* Servirr ( oi por.iliiMi 1' S JIroW.V, \> i it L tt( hiMiuiuvc Company J. II IJi.'nW.V, Petioleum Sii'tioil M. A Itiinv.N, Sale'll Dept, Nashville (.handier of O'mnici 11: K A. I'piioik, Rubber Section W . It C_ wu.K'iN, National S.Uity Council, Inc. I.. C. Cami'iji M, Minim: Section Ruiui.i \V. ('\Mi'i!in, I `a -t Pieiihnt Kwmun'u A. Caki.V, lt-vaii-ton Safety Council R \'i' Cakni v. Kcno-lta Safety Council Rowin' l. Catits. Aetna Ca-ualty A Surety Company M u i ti.i. CiiAiiM.i, Ralmay Safety Council I. . O Cuuakk, Employees' Publication Section Wat M. Ci.akk, St. Jt>.-e;>h (Mo ) Safety Council KcNNcrrl H. On. man. Seattle Tt.uiic ft Safety Council J. K Cuj.isiiv, lletlikhe.'ii Steel Company Fkx.vk .! 1 li 'N. Kansas City Safety Council 'I'.iit A. Ds.Punts, l'.isj Pre.-bhnt C. W. Di.mpksv, Tlic Lbpud C;t rboine Cm noration K E. Do.vuv.tx, ASSE-Eii.iiiecriitg Section J.wn.s. }1. I>oi:<a,,\.s Tlic PLuadvIphiu Da- Works Company MAlters A. Dow, l'a-t President Di< l,oi is I. Di.'iu in, Muroi'ioiita/i Life Insurance Company 0. M LdwakIis, Jr., Safety Div., Syiaeu-e Chamber of Coinrnene W. A, Ia Lits.om, Lehigh Valley Safely Council IJ. D. ['tN'SKU., Cou.-.ultiii" Engineer P'.iN.M i) A. I'lNKiti.lM R, Toleilo Safety Council Du. if \j;r H. Fi~ttt:if, Chicago Rapid Tiansit Company On.Mlit C. I iiK. Uerkeley Traffic Safety Commission JfouAKii I',. 1'oNtis, Purreuitlis Wellcome T Co. (US.A.) fnc. AitiiiUK C. Fki:v, Worcester Safety Council John Ji. Giii-on, Western dearie Company 1. vix H. Gli-T, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council Howaku F. Gtt.matT, Elizabeth Safety Cmmcii Em.\u if Cou.-wui, Grand Rapids Safety Council W. A. Gun kin, American Telephone & Telegraph Company M.\ut. E. Gkovf.h, Safety Council of the Columbus Chamber of Com merce i [ \kry Gutuu.RT, The Pullman Company C. 11. H \KtTR, Kcirigeration Section D. T. Harrington, United States P-urcan of Mines I'kxnk II Harrison, lntern.ilion.il IJarvesfer Company 6 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Conlinucd (Mis If. Ilni. .Veu Vml. ( nit i a I l.im i 1 1 \l:tit 11 ( i, 1 (ill I M \X, t fm ni|'l"V liu lit l iilnjM n'-.itmll thuiilnk-lori, l\l IV Jiis.y I'A I Kl tr 1 liiuo, Madi'oii t onnl\ Sat' ty t iinmil S. 1*. I Imtiti i I . Iniitil Set lifii 1-ltlM It 1 ll:N r, < \ Itlrlll S (Ju.iU \ Sittit.il \\ vt !'. jxnta, Phil.uli Ijthia S.ilrly ( "inn'll T. 11. Jnn.NMi.v, ( itinnieii i.il Vihith SiVIujii Tumi P K( vrs-., huht-Aiial (.\tuuuv-M.tu of i tlii'i II. II Kiii.v, Jntcr-tlalc C'itiiiiii'i ee (.`niitinK'inn 1Vu.uk (i. Ktnc., {'act ('rc-itienl Wit. C. Knoi.ik. Milwaukee S.iietv l'niiiiiii'tii'ii Wit. S Kni;i)M:.v, Detroit ImliMrial Safety Council Oi to C. Kt.ilur, Greater Si>rini;!ieltl Safety Council C. I.. l.tFiii.'.vr.ti.vi:, Great -Vorthent Kaifuay Counany J. If. I.ia:, Wooil i'rotlucls Sectiitn Mil l, uni C. Litn.l.w, Child Ftlucation Section Ions K. Lose., P'ajt President Tuns. H M icDo.s'Ai.n, United States Dejiarlincnt oi A.qricullurc li'uii.KT A. McAiiTm.ii. Transit Section Du Mu IKK McCijntoCK, Vale Lniver>ity Aiunt ii W. Maoix, CoinmisMoner of .\fotor Vehicle-, New Jer-ey I'. W. MaIso.v, .\fiimesota Safely Council R. S. MftTZitfcK, Public Utilities Section /. W. Xftc.t. vtto, Industrial Gloves Com|>any 51 uot.i) L. Mtxi'.u, E 1. du Pont dc Nemours & Company K. II. tMuKfxv, Industrial Accirlcut Prevention Associations Puor. Roi.kk L. Morrison, Street & Highway Traffic Section I'.tisrsr Mi/Rf'itv, Albany Safety Council C. L.. XfiauiAV, Mason City-Cvrro Gordo County Safety Council limit Xi.su, Director of Public Safety, Cleveland K. J. O'lUttF.s, Jr., Louisville Safety Council CiiAiRia. C. A. Ol'R, The Detroit Edison Company W M.u.k S. Paist:, .Aetna Life & Affiliated Companies Line K. P.uaikr, Pa-t President ).) mm A, P.vno.v, NT-uark Safety Council C. K. Pi:acock, Chattanooga Safety Council t.*u iin.is \V. Pc.voock', Safety Division, Milwaukee Association of ComuuTCf L. E. Pt.rntiDNi:, Past President H. O. Pick\up, Marine Section Ai.iii.rt S. Eltr.w.A, Industrial Rctatimis Cmmselors, Inc Dr. \ R. Ruskc, Contra Co-ta County Safety Ftmicil Lt. t Hk.vuv A. Kt.MNW.R, Past I'resuk-nl Pint nr C. Rikimk, Meat Packini,'. Tanning & Leather Industrie.- Sei'tiim 7 ' lirtvi* It. I.f .1 thwii .iiioncif. ;uul wax* it; o|i|ioriiniitKx i'tir r the pliy.ioliy dn- i f>c <iinnm''I up iiy ctpinl m:,inn lies oi 'iTtam'j aliiftiv n;ui mill nil tmitmiti'i! frscver.mcc. iiiltrc-l, wirk and mjcccss will Occupational Disease THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1938 i The Jnr IIk: (llH'llSMMIl lif Ollt* sUuulinu problems m the held of occupa tional disease was vailed lo order by flic lion. I*. J. An^tcn, Chairman, the Illinois Industrial Commission, Chicago, who pre sided. The Chairman emphasized ihe im portance of the sclcrto<l subjects to he pre sented he eminent speakers, ami promptly introduced ilu: hrM scheduled speaker. The Trend of Occupational Disease Legislation By HENRY D. SAYER Manager of the Casualty Department, Association of Casualty and Surety Executives Let Us consider the dilicrenccs between the accidental injury and ihe occupational disrate. ror those flisiincnnii'* ;m: important and wmm mu^tamly he home in mm<l when we con<idev either legislation ciif ihe 'nlijeet >;' di<e.i'0, or uycincermy methods of prrv rnlmn nr control. Ccneralh "pciki)^. accidents occur at a specific moment in poml m tunc. and. from ihr standpoint of Iimii'4 liability under any policy of insurance. it ts in the mime; that ts to at ihe moment of the aceetdae.ee of li.ihdsi) innler am insurance contract the accident lor winch li.dnhix nuv lie as sumed has tiot vm happened Thai fte- fjurnllv L not %o with the occupational dis ease iiiMiiance In ils very naiiur can o:ilv a^viimc habililn-s lhat have \r| lo a;t-e--uni those that have already accriird Want. speahmc cvuerallv. the mduMiial .ucidtru is something that can he seen-- earn tiinueii tinloie-een. It max he visual ized and vU-w'iibed in words, Mlliir< forth specifically tin* time, place ami manner of happening. It can thru he detei mined, after the happening of tlic event, whether it wa< preventable or inevitable; hkuuc. if :mv, ran lie assessed; \hc worker involved, or his foreman or superintendent. can he shown I lie fault, and effective measures can he taken to e.utvrd against a like future hap pening. Kill vimii- will say, truly, not all accidents happen in the manner described: that nut ;iln;u< an: |lu*y held lo occur only at a specific moment or under ciicunisiauccs when* thex can he visualized and described. )b administrative and court decisions, d is true m some luri'ulirtinn? that the definition of "accident" has been meath broadened We find the entrance of disease serins into the tinman system without visible tiauma. with resnlum* siekntss or death, and eirn the speeilie time and place uni drimitch known. except that it i< shown in have probably occurred in the employ mwh. Ietnj held to lie an accident. Iln-r< vs HiU. t;s A|.). Do. lh. IM \ y .hi amlit.ix c.oi-: Wmi.-ii v- Ivit l.wm- tier C'. tr.t Wo .1/0. :i i vplionl r.os . ;m.l nilivrx.) /'orsormiy ol the bodv (Juoiivo the elieCts oi a ih'letermiK oi lovir sulMam c n>cd in the i,mp)o\innil, the d.umers of wiueli were unknown lo the worker, the nuj.lover hav ing been ncidmeiU m saieunardim; properly )hc use of such .substance. lias been held to he the rc-mll of an industrial aecident. l\ icuiry Sparkler & Si>ocinlt>* (*o. vs. Fmackv. l-iS Mrr\t;il, 3fS; ,ml tvery recent case '( Ulnck v*. t*rn|.m Auto ("* . Suprciiw t'nurt, Anspw 5, :Ht, NAS*. isO.1 And wheie net*licence of the employer has been shown, an injury to he.dlh, even thomrh not oecurrim; lhrou?h a happening at a .k'iven lime and place, luit hv repeated 211 -urc' over month' of lime, ha* been klativcly or administratively. These include f he an accident the well-known metallic and chemical pu . S'i*ly > * I 4 Iiri.i m A -1.. I -1 i- Co.. ) N'.| il. *oiin that ;ue So definite and charnel* ri'tu* a part of some industrial pmces'C*. Were -c am! oilier x.i'Cs I might cite .uc set ptioiis and not the geuxT.-d rule * uh.xt loii'lilnlt .in uxcidcutal mjurv. ink vv m.r. l.iiik :i"iine that tlu* t of adrium-tiafor* of tin* Liu* ami vniM% Ii.i\ Ihtii inec t1\ inspired he tin* di'i-a'CN arising from the use of these Mihstances the only occupational tlkca'i s utlh which ue need concern oni'ilcis, the levi'Iative dilliculty would he Juigely ri mmed, and wc could safely entrant tin* pi'"hlcin to the doctor and the eugmeci. ^ hi lief in the m-.-f.'ity of lindhe.; a k foi* ;>n in.lu.tijal ill for which no remedy had hccn provided hy spexilic e.:c oi th<: Multilx.. M.tj uc consider ;i' 'fr.iws m the wind, bhovemg a I toward imht'ttial dke'U'C liability? ay ol>rr\ed that the tendency of the tx is to con-trm: the Knit *'nrcide.*;" more honied manner in those state' e ihcuc is specific: provision in the law mg occupational disease'. Thus. v.c char instance* of wliat has he'eu d `'indicia) legislation." that is, tl;e ' broadening the meaning of the lav. over situations not clearly included ` n tin: terms of the law hy the duly con es l legi'laiuc authorities. : us now coit'ider what we mean or inby the tei m "occupatn-nal di'ca'C." we find a nvne iht'ficull ficld--djiiicuh the standpoint of admiui'tration and ul imvrprc latioii; and diuicult from i.'ui'lp.-tai of tin- doitm- and tin* cu I'm nr have seva tli.it the IcgklatiM* pr*hlem is not *.<> simple. N*or k it simple admin ktraluvly. W e (md out 'ch cs jluimtlcniig in a veritablx* niora". either hei;m-c of the inlierenl daiieullies of the situation, or because we have not or cannot agree on our nhjertivi If all parties would r\.cogni/r thi: d.-tntuhie* and the hmifatmio on uliat industry <a.*j do. or can fairly he ex pected to do. v.e could miwh more con fidently face tlie future. If we could agree that provision lor '`occupational disease'" is not sviioinmous with general health and life insurance for uwlusttial workers at hulustr\'> expeiiM:, then I am Mire we could yet >oiue\\hcrc wry dcfiiuicly. Hut ha there not keen too much louse thinking on 1 lie subject? Wc arc ant with y Cm lulls situation W'c hud the advocate*' (it 'O-c.dk'd "all-mchiMv c" statutory cover age deliberately seeking indefmiJcMr-s Tim i' unlike them, for whia they know what their objective is. and are willing lo do- lt k di'\M'v * \\ c think ue know, and .'t to'lav men the krm coiijurxs up : minds '<u;u thing (if a rather den ature When v.e pati'v to Consider if, ir-e, iuiir.hc fpr.di/ieathms fit* the term io ns. and ue are confronted with condition:, that fall into the /one of --such for example, whether hcr- a disease*. At any rate, ue say it k normal condition, and let it go at d"'C it. they have not refrained ft ran pii"in*-C tliur advantage with definite and sjhcilic puipu'e. am! with < xact lau^ua^e n* ucconiph'li that purpii-e That, at auv i:iie. ' eorriit legislative pro*vdurt* Ihit in this held, cyji when, the lial/ihtv ti the employer k made inc'capahle, the ctitistam .'Uege'tiun is pm forth that it k tutiJe for the legislature to ntlempt a dwinition or tlelimitalion of oceu/>ati<>na! <hs* c:*'cs. and. therefore, words of the most when ue come to add to the douhtm "di'eA'c" the even more indefinite irriipatioii.d" or "industrial." uc find vs in an area of highlight surl hy a vast and inercaMiig /one of 1 shading off into F.rchiau night, iw then shall ue define the term Monal di'CA'e"* general character should ho employed, Icuvmg to the Courts the interpretation of the kiu as iltey see lit. I <uhinit that it i> no*, tin* function of the court? to make up the legislative mind; that is the function ami tin* right ami the duly of the legislature \ir >ltmd(i the legislature acek to avoid ami evade ropon>ibihty b> transferring to eoml> and conuniv'inn^ the delenuination di'ca'cs >tand out in our mind? a> of i{ucsli<>us of iiuhdiiy which the legisla and defimlrlc occupational. As to ture fimk too diliieult for it to determine have no great duiiculty, cither leg* for itself. 0) Wt t tn.u. Il.i/.n` To effect coverage under the cnmpwj'UJ.iu, llnrefme. he an\ sitrh ;iiiial and v.i -.iw l.i i :u *.v as the leim "an> .md all ic upatH'ii.d di'C.i'Cs." or hy addm-.; In (I:*- dt iif.ih'iii ot ".m id> i:!al iiijniv" llw: "and d..dl in* huh n ii(*aflnaJ d(>e.i-i'.'* is lo oiatv an oiwvit.du li.dnhl v one that may rnpiiic indh'S and pci haps disappointing htryilM'ii hiioie the mcanii.'; of tlw law is i--t.iblisjn. d, ami will most ititamlv he a ih-'iivne lo v\rkus and Clllpl* (V X I All excellent ride--a caidmal rule--ui 'taHHr\- dtatti-.e;, i> lo use words of deti nue. ceitam mu.] imdei standalde meaning. Used nt tiicir xomtii'Ui acceptance, rather than to result to vague, uncertain and nir.imiuh -s winds, m wools the meaning of uluvh m.c. Iiave the tIIv cl >i ih'ttiritug die ohjeciivc that ' xateht. Cuutrover\ is kre* 1 hv uucx rtauuy of language, and coutrovei'V kads to litigation in court':. Litigation i' expensive for all parlies; it can si - delav ; and il fieMUcutl> cau>e hitler vhsapiwiutm e.t Jl breeds rancor. It may even hived d-.'re-psCt for the law and for orde:l> prove-' ol government. Why than shov.M then, he this continuing demand for tin? all-inclii'ivc coverage? I? it v. nil the vague hope that satisfaction may u-nlt la some c.'i'Cs oi tnkmrmne to workv:' who fall viitiuis of the iltjeU'C that lusit-* U' all .md links in wailing for ns in otir plav, in out homes, \e<. and even in i.nr s|(fp. as wcH as in otir employment? Ikrhaps not- ut if 11.:vf were the de-ign. a mote 'iu:ple wav oi buccecding in it Could not o'da raise he contrived Are v.e to tmdersuud that ./uy disease of the most ciuimioii and ordinary rkk of life ma> lna'oine an occupational di'ca>c if its source or supposed sMiice had its origin in an ii:cid ut of the cinpiuv umil or a cunditimi tluic iifi'xiu, or i; cl.um was made that a pi c-v M'ting diMW'e t:ad heeii ag gravated hy sitj-h i\{uhiiiuv? That is a large onhr. It would mean that indtistiy wotdd become hahle for any ordinary vh't*a*c of life, jirovidcd th.it disease could hi., with a show* of pl.ut'ilnhly, related to a condition or incident of the entploviiient Sue'h diseases arc ahno'i too numerous to enumerate. Lut wc know, that vlaims have been made lor tubeiciilusis and heat! disc.i'C, the two most imiiii rotis di-e.i'es and the cause of more deaths than am (wo oilier diseases Add lo these piietnuoni.i, asthma. ar`lirit4 . I lit inn.itisivi. and a host of Othi iw ; ;ud wc ill .i uji m this ihi L'eiutiiug i,i ,i s\>i mi d|` I:, ..III, ji;s|||.:Ui o| i!m 1Uos( en.|}\* |v(,r a s'.-hm iijiiiioit1: that would ills. n>:i- icate Juliiilc .igaiii'l tin- manv nulh./.'is who cotvli.nl 'lull di-easts m peih.tps . lu.illv the '.tme was. hut who ha\e no x m p)se. it i lit at nil apua *1 v. huh to .o-i*' Iw. hihiv S)i"iiM nig the m.-.n who mils \ tim l.j a di-a.'isr ut tMtlm.it;. i;h who- s\ ,r. x hire; for a jo) I.-:: jU't its nun I. tin t*.::- xevu to ilu* stale as the man e. ho Ik-iojiu- (lis.ihixd from liic .-ana: di-ea-e ant! w I: > is so fortuuatx: as to iiave a job.1 lat la he realistic about this thing railed hx all h ! HI health is a deviation from tin* norma.1 Hut what is "normal?" How* great a devia tion is abnormal? Disease is of vnanv ami \ar\mg degree*. To what extern does the mind alYeet the working status' Or v.hut part in the situation is piaved hy ``wdi power'*? TIiC'C are not fanciful C|ue?Uoiis. they are encountered ami will obtrude themselves continually in determination of conipen-atiou for disease wlicrc we depart iTxMn die known and characteristic occnpatioe.al xlisenscs. From thc?c remarks jjer!iaj'> some vxill say we are opposed lo coverage of occnpa* hoard diseases under compensation laws Xul so! The stock casualty companies represented in tlie Association have not op* (used and do not oppose the ptinciple ot compensation tor occupational disca-e*. it thereby is meant ce>mpx'n?aiion for thu-e diseases that arise frenn a "trnxie ri-kt" xr from conditrorts that are neirmal/y and Usu ally prcbtnt in the particular cmplov mml. as distinguished from those oidauvry 1mm;m ilk that bc-sel all of u^. (hir view >l il i> that the policy of coverage under the law is a mailer of local concern, to he cU tci mined hy local legkkuurets in the h-.;!il of Im'nl denuial and with line lcgard m local xipuuou ul both lahoi aial imlu-ir; Nro ciuplovcr in this .ge can reasonably object to fair ctunpciwitinu for ili-i-a-e aiibing li*>m such occnpalimbU risk', any more than he can object to re;*'on:th|x: coinpx-a?al;on for di'aluhlics due- to acefiua..! injuries. Titis cmavptinM of iuhistivk dl;gau.n is. howevet, qmle dilieunt tioin (he con ception of a ruMu*. obligation to cai* om rs 14 Silrrr /n/o7.v Safely Congress | 11>m|< tt *.<tc i*r .ill Mekiuws ami tU-aih ;u tcfi'-ticall) the obligation <jf iiidiisiiy, nit r u (Him *H health :iit life insurance win- continually insist upon the ti'C of lan he l.illi i i<Mr:.11it>n. it il Ik a valid mu-, guage which is >usceptihh of imuntcipir- llit* i>n if (lit 'talv ami lhe ii.iIimii latum? He well assuicd, it livislalwrt s dt r ( flu- ilil)'.*.ahfwi ii| ifiiiiitliy alone not pci lot ui tin ir dni) ami lay down clear Tin* ir.i-onaMi*, llu* mu 1 lieenl, lhe vain .i*. ho iinhi ti \ !< li -t li.ti va* ti" t>lili-.:.ttii<ii il-. w*nl.is h-t i-ot til iaahli i-> |n't-\ iil<` hM* tin -.icare-t tv.iMinnMi re- ..iiuunt-. till in<i(i-(( al hygiene, and In * V i 1* ft on;>i n >a! imi *ml> tm those. iu:v- lions that an-e limn specific named 4:-- c< tli.it arc (t h!> occupational, charac- `-In til. and |*i i if t.i i tn the m drlnntioMs of liahilitv, industrial hoards ami cmmi*sio:is tanool in die presence of the witlcius. orphans, and indu-liinl fii]>|h s, hi expected to cxercoe tjii.alcr coinage than the legislatures 'flic law ill the h.unls of >iit h an admijiistraliw Imdv will be scanned, and 1 fear scanned in \ain, lor limiting words or language in stay du ll.uni of industry's sel f-consin jucd almoner it'll the winker N .figa" il The legislative Uuul, I am liappy to n idti-irx nil). 1 am 'lire, meet the chal et- of the occupational disease problem, .t is pu-iMted under a law that pre- ilir the liability of indu-nry in under- .miaMe tiTiin In the early lay.-., the trral rule wa*. t include occupational casts in the compensation law hy specifv- r llie particular distn-.es <ir the particu- cnudili'in- Undine to diseases that are inetl tu he occupational and conipen-ahli we call a "schedule** law Jt is Ua m in which compensation lor occup.i- ml th-ea-c** i> cm tied in all of tin inirics of Kurope and of South Aii'.vr- It h >u -imple, it is sensible; it U *.i%ilv ailutini-terrd. dial the wonder i* I (In wcieptance m the principle is nni verbal. i we will keep ever before u*> the pnnie that a tli-ta-e. to he deemed occupa- must he "cliararteri>tic ot and pcsar in** the occupation, there should he treat difficulty m arriving at a proper titorv setup tor the coverage ot all true ipathmal diseases Metallic poisoning-, characteristic ot occupations in uliicii i metals arc used. The diseases charnc- port, in recent years has heen toward the definite, rather than the indefinite Despite tremendous pressure, no legislature has. in the past three years, ndopud a hhml, "nlbmelusive'' occupational dista-c law, except New York, ot which I jJuill speak more in chtail presently Michigan, Rhode I>lar.d. ihniisi 1 vania, Delaware, Xordi Caredma, and Washington, anuuw* die states most recent!;, enacting occii|iaiion;d diseas-> laws, have adopted die "mIu dule** . of -pniin nutliml ot coverage Two veaii avto, IJhio amended 11> sehedulcd occupational di-e.isi law lv adding <lu>t diseases to its existing sciicdiiJf fu two uther slates, namely, Illi nois aurl Indiana, occupational disease laws have heut enacted in j;eiii ral lerni'. Mow* ever, in identical language, dK>e two >iau-s linvc umlerlakcn to limit and define ocenpalional diseases and have attempted then m to satcjjuari! industry against liahdity for the thseftseS of ordinary life Aldum^h douhdes' familiar to many, flu tlehmtion in the Laws of tho?c two stati' will hear repetition, ru indicating the ex treme of difficulty in nttemptini; to exaedy define an occupational disease. ric oi i hemicah, of acids, of alkalit'. "See Ci. In tltis Act the term Occupa *. and imne". are characteristic of ami ihmal IM-sen'C' means a disca;*e arising mu liar to those occupation** in winch the if and in the course of the emploimcni <>cfs arc so exposed. The diseases or Ordinary diseases of life to which the respiratory system. due to the inhala eral public is exposed .outside of the cm* nt dusts, ate the nninral accompaui- pl\nn-iit slull mu he compensable, except and die cliarat teri-lic elicit of work where the said diseases tollov. as an in ih dusts. cident of an occupational disease as defined cn such dear and specific language is in tins section. tide, win should we he asked to me "A di<ea<e shall he deemed to arise out , broad terms, the use oi which. may of the emplo)incut, only if there is apparent tote the giving of a blank check In to the rational mind upon consideration nr r\ ? If the purpose is not to charge all the circumstances, a direct caudal con nrv widi diseases which arc nut char- nection between the conditions under which Oi't'nf'iil'uuiol /h.wu'V 1 215 lhe wml; is pm funned and die occupational disease, and whuli lau he seen to have followed .is a n.itm.d ineideul ol die \V"ik as a i si111 of llu- wposiin: occasioned lv ! die natun* of the emjdoymenl and width 1^ can he laiilv li.ued lo lhe emploi incut .is die piovimalf imiim1, and whuli does hot j lorn.- from a ha/.ud In which woikuwu | would ha\e hcett ecpi.dl) exposed outside of the i mp|o\ im iit. T!:e ilist-ase must he ! ineitlt nlal to tiie eharaeler of the husju.ess j and not independent of lhe relation of cm , plover and emplovec. 4'he di.'t-ase need Hot lo have Ikeii loie'eeii <r exjudeti hul alter ` ils eonlraedoti it must appear to have had ' its origin in a risk connected with the cm- plovmeni and to have lhwed from that source as a rational coiim.c|ucucc." I'mler this definition no industrial itiaun^er can. with any assurance, he informed i what his obligation i> to his workman, and ! assiiridlv no workman .suffering from (hs case can siiril) know whether he is cntulctMo coinjKn-atioit under that law. Of coiir-c. as h lo he expected, litigation over the interpret.Hum of tins definition is al ready in pns-rcss in both of these states And situations will arise constantly in the Inline wlure die facts will he such that only lit ionium m tlie rouris will determine the liability ot industry, or die ri;.;ht of llu: worker to he compensated. 4 he claims actually filed with the In dustrial Gimissjwu of (Hinois already include undr.iant fever (a disease said to be commonly communicated by milk and meat piudm ts), tularemia, rheumatic fever, arthritis, rheumatic heart, heart disease, amebic dysenury, varicose veins, flat feet, athlete's foot, cerebral hemorrhage alleged to be due to overwork, syringomyelia, and nerve disorder. I have not mentioned the claims for chaiactrritic occupational dis eases, <uch ax silicosi,. carbon moiuxi<le poisoning, and the various other toxic con ditions which cleat ly come trader the Act. I have referred lo the fact that New \oik, alone, has in recent years enacted a law covering occupational discuses in genoral terms. New York was the first state, I believe, to enact an outright compensation law for occupational diseases. It did so in 19?0. The law was a schedule type law. (It so happen-; that I had the privilege of hem*; one of tho>e wlm collaborated in the draft* ^ut^ing of that law ) Wc were dealing with a Hew siib/t .l \\i; ex.oum<d tin ; laws m ollu i I'oMulrus and adjii .} lit I n I III that swlih'l best ad.iplid |r> <>;n ' dtliuiis, ii.Intel), llu I'.n-'.hdi law <-:i (< . u;m (lewd disc.i % I he sitndiih w.c-. ;in: : time to time, ud.nmij a* in w :n>b:-;.; pinee-.se' de\il"|-.l i w do* i l'\ i'L" the M'lieduli' had Ireiu iiil.vtil t-. n. evciy disease th.it was a ]<>: sUi.-i i, to the workers in New N * * i K Sl.Ue, .-.!! the single execptnai of tla du-j i!iu.i-k- of lhe huig.s. In order >uisly ami leit.oul. to lirmg Mich conditions wuhm the pur view of tlie law, thvie w.i> iii.nlia .1:1 a.i ditioual item in tlie schedule, re;nl:::g "a:;-, and all occupational disea-es." The sched ule ua> not repealed, anil the admm:>tra.i\e provisions in the law with respect to tin* schedule were continued. One of the rr>: questions that arose under this new law was whether the new clarification super seded tlie schedule and the limitations *c: forth therein, or whether it vvn.s an addi tion m the schedule and applied only t" those condition** not previously tncliuii-d therein Tlie legislature, having evaded the duty of defining the term "occupational di?v.a.M\" the Industrial Hoard, which administers the law, adopted a definition. That definition is well worth repeating: that ihe Hoard deems a dixca>e to be occupational -mix when it is "characteristic ot and peculiar to the trade, employment, or occupation" in which a worker was engaged. Tin*, defi nition was adopted almost verbatim in the Ivhode^ Island and Michigan I.nw> The Appellate Division ot the Supreme Conn, however, declined to follow* it, ami In a vote of three to two, held that any di.-ea-c that arises out of a condition incidental to tlie employment must be deemed to be an occupational disease. (ttisiiup Vs. Cunicr *N.` Polio*.!.. -*?l IliviMoti, -192; (to!,Hum; nVi M.irvy C"fT,,!'-* iHin. 231 .\in*cll;iie Di\i>iu;i. 9iJ I ) The Golilherg case was appealed to the Court of Appeals--the court of hist rc-urt in New York. So completely do tla facts in the Goldberg case War out what I haw said about indefinite liabilities under ;m allinclusive law, that they will hear icpciumu. Shirley' Goldberg was employed to sell tickets in a moving picture theater. Her booth was on the sidewall^. It wax kept heated, in cold weather, hy^^nall electric heater, operated from i '* : _L____ noth. She contracted %\lmt she dcacribid ability follows immediately, and in which . s blotches or a ra-h ot) her levs. Tlie ' nr ra h >!;c claimed "err due to prompt report to the employer N made. This ix no! far different fmm the rule in .ie alternate lu.iljir; anti chdhng of her g- wliru die >w ilc lied mi or olf the heater, regard to hernia as an accident, lint in New York, dimin' the past ye/r it lias hey did n*l vuii'tiintv a disability Howvet, nil t niiij'l.unt to her employer, 'he wa> become somewhat the fashion to regard almost every hernia as eillui an accident >M to >! e her tint tu\ While on her way or an occupational <li>easc. > >ce her doetor, *n her tm time, Mir f 'ipprd lift the xuhwalk and ftII, fr:n Miring ' n aul.Ie Althou.d; tin- day was cold and e 0 `Ulivd then* wa** iv and spow mi the Icw.iik, the claimant alleged that 'he fell ll> dm: tn wimI.ih'" resulting from :'e Motrin , and ihi: fndii-liial l bund found ; and lomnl that the cause >i the til v;i> an occupational disease, vhai'.wuilit' nT and (m t uh.ir t<> h i employ tm :t This followed on a decision of the Com I of Appeals, sustaining an anaid for hernia as an occupational di-case win rein the In dustrial Hoard specifically found that no accident had ucemred In the case puseoted, tlie worker was retimed, m ih course of his employment, at Ireipunl intervals, to rotate his body on tlie hips This man was employed in a :;la-.s lb: gnlht.icd molten glass oil die t.ud ol The (unit of Appeals. ltl :ul upim<m that a pttnny, which lie, in tinii. .swuiuf ahotit .Nile* with logic .mil ^niiii.l >eiisi\ struck atul placed in a mold 'Hie weight was no* *' free-t\r-all system frtun tlie language : the New York Act. They unanimously fused to concede that this wa> an occu- excessive, hein" only a mat Ur of a few pounds. In nUtnniiu* this award, the Court of Ap]eab .said: tliniial dirK.t'e. To make every dsu'C =at aiu-e out of ami in the course oC rmo\iiKHt coiujt.U`a1ile as an occupational :>e;t'C. they >aid. wt)u!il lie Jo make the mpen'Alnm law 'the equivalent ot life ul health itioiiance." The court nirtlu itl that t be "occupational," the di-ca-e un he one whuh *'rc**nJCs from tie trare ot tlie employ mein**: ami tint by nure of the employ im nt is meant--condition* which all employees ot a cla?-. are M:b,.<.cr ul which attach to the occupation--"a /ard which distinguishes it from the u-n.J a of occupations, and i$ in cxcv*> of tin. ./.ini attending emphnincnl in generai " "'i'lie finding, supported by evidence, is that the contmumi-> ^athcriny; and lifting oi yla>s from a furnace involved n constant twisting and itrainini; of the body. This proce>:, from gradual stretchin*/, resulted in a hrrma which is n disi.'i'O (Matter ot Aljicii v>. Powers N. Y. 97, 101 ) Tlure is medical testimony that claimant's occu- patir.n would produce thi* dirCU'C and \bcic are judicial dccisioiw m other jiui'dictiou' luddiu;^ that hernia is an occupational dis ease (Marathon Paper Mills l\> v>. Ind ('iium 20a \Vi<. 17; Tiaiders lux fu vs Lta-ke 56 ITd. (2nd) 4U, 4-U)." (i'l.-ii-r vs (7PuUitir {{ruiber tnc , 27^ N'. V. o ..aill.vTi* *>.' M.ucx Corporait<n. <lcc:tc*t J IS Hi N. E. Jii.l .U O.) J.um.ux M. 10 >, ui.l reportoi in -76, .V. V. :il 1JNK ;,i.l Hi) Perhaps the most controversial quc-tiuti Thus, after more than two years v*f at uncertainty as to tlie meaning of the .v, the Court of Appeals has cliimnattd mi the New Vorl: Statute the di'caw' vnhnary life which are only incidimal speculait\ely related to the occupation involved in occupational disease legislation is the treatment of liabilities for du*t dis eases of the lungs. In no cki'S of cases is the marked difference between accidents arising at a given time and place and occu pational diseases more pronounced. In this category of cases, wo Pud -ihensis, anth;acn lu>t a uoid ak.,iil hernia a> an nceup.i* silirt.si-, and ashcMCds, all of them f.-rm- nal di'C.oe. Never heretofore tcganKd of pitcuimmoconio'i . Wiule these disca-r- an occupational di-cuse, hut quite kin dly recogui/td under certain circum- in .some ol iheir forms are nmon.q the mo>t ancient, their ravages having been ice- nccs ;i" ;m accidental injury--the Occni*mal Oi'eaw I.aw of Michigan, cuactid oeni/.cd generations ago, little has been known until recent years of their causation, . year, ^pccihcally im hided hernia t:i of their pathology, ami of their complha- schedule of di'ca-es. Not all hirm.w. ie\er. are so inclmhd, hut only thow .rly,if recent origin, as to whuh dis lioiis with other disca-eS. A vast fund of knowledge of thoe diseases has been gath ered in the past t**n years, and iuten-r. r I .01 I'4 It j i! '' ,oii1 .a* . studies of their etiology and pathology are still going forward (hit fact st.uub out denrb, and that is. that these disuses do not progress 10 die point of disability until after many \ev.s t>\ e.Npi>'Urc to this! 'l he length ol time, varying from fne to twcnlv-livc or mine years, is dependent m huge uic.iMiie uptut (In' coma u.'/.i/jo;; nl do>r, tlie composiinin <>f il.t <li>st. (he lime aetually e\ posf/J dmm.; wojJ.ing Imui s. and die in dividual su*ecptibiluy 01 iksislae.ee ol the woilvfi Anolhei l.w t tli.it stands out is tli.vt the. (ihrosis i( the lungs, once :u*ijniivtl, is juinuuanl and incurable, and, ill nut oiuphcnted ca-es i-. n*t sij^cepldde to iiinl" al lit at im n| Mam ihou-.iiids oi v.tukcis Unlay, undi c tm law but )u' common law, have, bev n rmployid in employnu-iiLs exporting llicm to more or lC" heavy couvcntratiotis of duM fur many year* In the event uf die en.*utnu'iit tf an uccujutiocal disease law in cluding those diseased, industry will find itself, at die siiokc of a pen, liable for conditions already acquired through long years 01 employment, and which may be come doahiiug at any moment. In this sit uation. the hot 'guaranty against disable ment i.s continuous and steady employment. Many a man, actually aide to wank and cam good wages, while he has a joh, will be aide to demonstrate by x-ray and clin ical examination the presence of :v marked deguc to silho-d', when his job Mops becauxc of ihprc'siuii or otherwise Hence arises the question of the so-called "acciueil liabilities!" Tim* term which lias come into common Use in perhaps not an exact term, in that "liability" doex nut occur until disablement, and the liability is only "accrued" at that time. What we have in mind when we discuss accrued liabilities is the condition of fihroxis of tlie lungs which has accrued and has liven acquired over a periud of years This condition, being permanent, remains w iih the worker, whatever and wherever tuav be bis employment. Perhaps a mom exact cxpies-.ioii would In* "potential liabilities," ami yd Uk> are more than potential; the cambium giwm; roe to them is aetually existent. Industry tells ii> quite truly that i( can not line, pay lull i.umpcn-atiou nut of cur rent income to all of the men employed in industry who may have in the pns* in curred sotur degree of fibrosis of the Im,'!' |*n; if industry e.iimot assume thr-e l:nbditU'. how lnnrli b.-s jiislilication r- ihtiv to xalJ up*mj msio.ioce, out "f thr pieimutus of :tc\l \i:u, lv) pay foi disablv iiwnis av rju::K.<l <nn` the pa-I hlUin ye.n-, and fr whuh il leeeiud no punuiimf (n tin- tbliiv.ilf situation, it has fo:: *vl m*i i s-arv in many states, i; cm- pin*, uunt is to In coHlima'ii and ae.iu'.t 1 nq-lcvl. :md if j:wjj me evenln.div t* cou.peu'alt d lor `.he .ti'ijiianl bu to future expo-mu', to ah-dve, t** a *. * * .f eMLiit, industry from the obligation of <.m- pe.:-nli</ii for past i-\posiu-. and to b.i ct*1;:;h ii'.ilmu Dpi>a the e\i< ul (t .\pi-uu all*:' the cuarluuut of ;m mvigut mum dis^a-t: law. Tins, then: has come uvn. acceptaucv' m several states the print qdc of graduated compensation benefits for dns* diseases, limited to future exposure', and ibnimatiiV' in large iiiea-urc liie e\*- p4-::ic*s of the past. I'-.-.dcv this system compeu-,itiou loi- di>abii:*.y or death occurring during tlie str-l mouth under tin: new law would be only a nominal amount (it has been >ct a>. low as 5.:Hn to .start witli). A prison !;-ai'!vd cli.'ring the second or third moral: after the enactment of an occupational difcii'*: law will have bcui exposed, to a small extent at least, under that law. The ex posure is perhap- in it'Clf inMiuivicnt to actually result in any harm Hut the max imum benefits will lie innca-cd, mondi by month bv small increnant.'. irntd in tincourse of two or tiiree years the full limit chargeable 10 industry in (ho pauivul.ic state will have been reached Thi- -v-ixm is not so complicated as it might %crm. The cfleet of it is rather to postpone th< going into efleet of a dust di-ea'e law for a matter of two or three jun, and experi ence tindc.r tliis law has demonstrated th.u lew claims aiUe where tlie conqu-ii'ati.i:i benvtiix are '*> limiltd. tin: voukis- v 1 icrring lo 'Ja\ at woik ;i' ) *i 1.-.1 .i- i;* van. It may be s;t:d (hat it muk* h.n-lil. in tin: ca-i* of the per-'n who bic'mnreally totally di-abi;r| in the iail> im-rt!:' of law. When una-ured Ik (b.e lialnblt with whuh the einpl*yci mas f.nils !** clung* d, it d*v> in si. m fact, s\*ik a haid ship, and wkui laanpared widi tin. exist ing system in stato not now undu men- V.-/. t\ i o/o i c.\. patirmnl disease laws, it not only is not a hardship hut i>, in tart, a great boon The pimciple of limited and graduated liability* oi tin.* employer for du*l di*ea.*c has been recognized !> enactments in Xcw* Vork, Mulligan, IVtmsy |v awi.t and Ohio. \n tiuti-*tial tru\i'i.n has heen adopted in the state of \\ ii'lnu^inn, providing imtler their schedule tum of law that the cost of cnmien>.i ruin t <>i occupational disea-vs hall I IC div i'Ud Lilii.illy hcluivti the \inI'hivcr ;inil In- winkers, ami ilcihiiiuxis ball be nuith: triitn ilie cmi>hivccs* v,:ievs .i*i ciHiiriliiiuniii louaril the in-uiaiiee [rrmiimiN imnlv\<l terest imisl be given to industrial health. The care for the health of the worker nui't not be confined Ui the guarding against those conditions that are mentioned specifically in the law. The engineer's ic'ponsihihty is a broader responsibility than is the legal liability for compensation. There can be no doubt that the cmmu-ralioii in the law of specific conditions for which liability- is absolute will he of great ad vantage to the indii'trial engineer in seek ing to enforce proper health standard'. It is tar easier for him to obtain approval ut his recommendations, if he can point out to tii.tn.-igenu-iit that the use of bcn/ol oi I'm ulut, \mi ni.iv .ay, hii- all thi- to some heti/ol derivative is specifically inen- b uiili (In* rif.'inrcr 1 ihoicd, and point tu the specific paragraph It (l.f* imuli The >au:ty in^iimi' eait in the law that cites the liability of the m> hm.eer ri-.e.i'il luin.-elt ,v. (tiling hie employer for that condition No argniiu nt ml) it lie siik- only ways ami mean* to is needed to com hire management of it' i liminate the imlii.Inal aeculcut. The in- obligation in such a ease liijiri.il lii^ieui't nuist bveewwe the coHeavsiu it the imlii'irial itit-meer. Meilical wiutce The same is true with rcgaul to all of the metallic poisonings and all of the oilier iiiii-I jjive intensive tlimi^lit ami stuilv t*i wide range of chemical exposures Psycho ili teriiiiiuiiH the inerts uin/ii the iiinuau logically there is great power in the printed system ut various imlii'irial |nmesses. an<I word, and even the most backward manage exposure to various materi.il> therein All ment may be made to respond when tin- i-ajKi'iirt' caniMt he eliminated ami 'till dear mandate is set forth in the law. Nut hare imlii'ln pcriuiin its tnnetimis. Mu'l so easy will it he, tinder a general, vague, important, thei eture. i' the medical di ter and all-inclusive occupational disca-c statute, mination in uh.it are .'ate limits in e\- to convince management that it has spccilie lirsure--the so-railed `'tlirc'liuhl limit.'." duties with regard to the elimination of The engineer cries alnml today tor expert health hacards. Tint', we see there is an neilical guidance on this subject Arme<l other and potent argument for the schedule- itli such medical opinion and advice, the law, rather than the all-inclusive law. a-k ot tlie engineer then is to devise jir.u- ieal wavs and meaii' tor attaining rondi- There is perhaps yet another and even ion; where such threshold limits applj more compelling reason fur applying the livery industry presents a prohlem or erics of problems in itself N'u tuo innstries are exactly alike. What is toUrhle in one may he intolerable in another. Vhat i' good practice in one imUi'try lay he totally inapplicable for practical ea'Otis in another. The task of the eninecr llu-n is to find liovv right principles i:t\ lie made applicable. rule of sanity and common justice to leg islative mandate in the complex field of occupational disease. Shall employment be limited to those who are physically per fect? All hitmans are not examples of physical perfection, nor can we by legisla tive fiat reverse the laws of nature which immutably decree that vve shall grow older with the passing years We have seen and discns'Ctl the danger- Industry today, 'more than at any time inherent in the nil-inclusive Ihcmy of i its history, mUst bear the burden of stretching the law to cover every sort .'Ponsibility for titc health as well as tor ami condition of disease. and to try to ie safely of the industrial worker, and if make them employment-related When that is health and hi safety are adei(uatil> stretching is complete, when administrator' ifcguardcd his happiness and the happiness of the law find it easy and possible to t hose about him will he increased Then-- burden industry with the responsibility oi ire. it is of prime importance in the fiihl health insurance under the guise of an : safety that intensive and increasing' in occupational disease statuti what of tlm.-i rn who, wanting employment or seeking to re tain it, arc not phy >ieal)y perfect yet cer tainly an not di ..tided ? Much is heard today ot the diead foMy year-line for employment. Whatever the fat. I* may he as to that, j> it imt po*sil| -- if not prol)ahlv:--lhal industry, in despera tion and against il> doiic, will he- tout'd e\ entualU to act cpt only tlwse ainnti-.; whom the health hazards are least uncer tain-- the phvsjentfy pence!, the yonii-4 and the strong? Ws e ma'\ well pau-e lo cm/ m<Ivv the devastation >ueh a situation wou.'<* produce. ' In the witcre>t of all workers, the voum. and (hi old, the perfect and flu tnipcrdc't * let Us wot emhad; \\\un\ k^tdauiV ;>o)ieh ' that can lead only to etdar^in;' the held of mieiiiplownuil. and Jo rlo-niK the dnoi of industrial opportunity to those skdUd and faithful woikers wln, ?i:i\ invj passed the mcudi.iu of hie. at* -nhjtit to tho** ualtira! iufnmilu '. and ilK of the lit -Ji U which ah in<-n. m lu:u'. mu-t Handicaps in the Diagnosis of Occupational Diseases By CAHliY P. McCOUD. M.D. Detroit, Mich. It is a popular medical belief that occupa tional d-<*asrs me far more dilhcult U> rccoyin/e and [uecisely to das'; a< sii h than any other type of disease state. So lirmlv i- tin' uka rooted in the inimis ot -ome physH Mils that they aftjue that ticcnpatioual (hsea>es m\ei 'lioulil l*c m.ule couipcn-ablc liecau'C of extraordinary dia^lhistie diuictdlie<. l.atdy. KeltermjJ ha> said, "The doctors tell (' t/icie arc certain dica>c> that me imurahle. Do you know what an incurable disease i<? It is one that tlic doctors don't know anythini* al;out. The di>case hn-i no nJi/ccti'on to heiny cured at all/' This may he paraphrased by saving: There are j> lynlia^mxnMc occupational diseases. The only ones that appear uucliag' mrsahle are the one*8 the physician.-8 have not learned how to diagnose. Xo occupm tional ilis4-a>e has ever offered any re>i>* tam.e of it< own lo being diagnosed. The disease is pci fectly willing to be dia^uo^ed. At least one-half of all occupntioiiai <li>eascs are almost self-diagnosing, particu larly when arising in groups; the remaining half present no greater difficulties than atieml the thayinsi? of .some other clashes ut diseases. To maiiuain that occupatioua) cuidiaenosaMe ocnipatmnal \ if mu- he reengni/ed that many remain nudia. m>ed. or nioic often miMhagno-ed. 'lr prone reason for iIiin is that the imi.- physician sco only small mnulHi- of an one type nt occupational th-ca-c *tai;iw. Ohio a> a Ivjural industn.il stale, the* tuin- numher oi orcnpatiiuial diseases, ct>mpeu- able and nthcrui>c, reported to tlic Stas l>cp;utnutU of Health dtuie.y the year I0i* was l,(;fio. t )n tr.e uthei h.ual. iln.t as r this slate phy.-ici.'uis. Thtt-. ciidy *r occupational disease arose for every 5 * docUifs \\\ the *iaU\ Here tlun is t!e foremost handicap i the recognition and diagnosis of on'iip.- tional diseases and at the '.mu: time hack handed compliment to industry h dustry, hecau>c of it> jueventiou achi^ \ * menls, lias limited the number of i- cupatjonal di-cnse> that day hy day ti. physician is ordinarily not spurred to \! possibility that any worker who -seek* h: profc.ssjunal guidance may iuuc a disease occupational origin Here, too, k the Uiud mental reason why more medical <elw" do not <)ci clop training department* in lb field or organize special hu>pital '0r\;> for the care of occupational <li'"a?e i <h>cn'es are beyond the diagnostic skill of the phyideian is pure defeatism. With equal piopriety, it iniuht he suggested that all neurology he abandoned because the ma jority of conditions arising in this field may not he diagnosed with case. While it may he said that tlicte aic no Wlule there are reasons for rejoicing flthere are eninparatively 50 few occut>atioi diseases, we should recognize tb.-.t fb arc -ftpc<`ifc siliiatiint* which introduce di uostic ilisiicidfies A number o) these now proented, as separate entities Definition anti Terminology uncertainty that this condition rcprix'uli a Mm'Ii CHiifii'ion in caii"ed Iy lack of characteristic occnpatinual disease. mu*rmtly ami chu itv ui definition Scarcely m **l.it< > in llmr statute* accept tin* mu* definition nf an occupational di>e;t*c. i a few Mate*, hernia i* liv l.uv 'peeified an occupational di'va'C. Himnir, in the i.<p>iity nf MaU> it i-., wirL'M retail d to in* iiislrv as a cause, clashed as a traiunalic njtuy. In a few '"tales, tlic definition of n' ncrnj'ali"ii:tl di-ea-w: pimidid 1\ 'tafnfc -itch that ci j lain items later apical in;: on heilnJcs tlieiii'ihes do not conform t<* .1- definition furnished Will nuaning levi'lator* mieht enact a iw declaring that two mid two make *evui. tt the inalhenutieal facts still mitiiit rei.::n nthrrwi'C. So with Iceidalion intliving occupational di-ea-c diagnosis. there ay he ikniands h.r heal acceptance of Main conditions as occupational diseases, hen elementary medical facts point other* Uc. One group. of physicians may reserve o term "injury" for exclusive M'C in cona :ion with tianma. while another with lOpriety nn\ assert that occupational dN. .*s of many natures represent "injury" the same extent implied by the term - nmatism '* Between these extremes, there U muiio point at winch. difficulties would arKe in di'tingui'hing occupational <li'*ea>C' fiom accidental injurie-. This same situation ap plies to many other Substances and ni.i > other occupational diseases There U jh i hap* no warrant for any attempt at a hard and fa>t demarcation in trims of time, in dicatim; where an accidmtal injury evpu "lire leaves oil and an occupational dM.a-c expo-ure begins. However, there may he -amc justification for the practice of many physicians, who hold that if the exposure leading to damage is less than one work period, the ensuing injury should he recognized as nu accident. Conversely, if the exposure period extend' for more than one work period, then the resulting damage may with propriety he ac cepted as an occupational disease. In gen eral, it may lie claimed that one of the disturbing handicaps to uniformity, clarity, and precision in connection with occupa tional disease diagnoses elands in relation to awkward legal situations, inadequate defi nition*. unsuited classifications and such I.et tt> consider, for example, the occm- Fallacious Medical Histories rice of an accidental injury or the one md and a clear-cut occurrence of an oc* .pationa! disease on the other, both caused As a result of careful training, c\et> physician i> disposed to attach significance to the history statements given by a pa mu one and the same substance, hut under ffc'vut rircnmjtanei s. ft might come out in a given factory that a workman tered a lank car, lately emptied of hen* tient or members of his family with re gard to any disease. The lc-* a phy-uian may know about the pO'sible etiohigic facts in any situation, the more consideration he and in the absence of suitable protec* t: ami precautionary measures might, is likely to give to history statement*. It is human nature to associate all of our thin ten minutes, become asphyxiated ns ills with some particular happening or scries remit of breathing benzol vapors. Man* tf happenings. A cold may he associated 'liv, such an occurrence as this would accepted as an accidental injury and no with a particular period of sitting in a draft. A gnstro-iuteMinal upset is prone to npeu>ation board would ever raise a s ion that >uch was not the cn*c. ho associated with some particular alco holic bout or food engorgement. 'll! the other hand, this same benzol. from this tank car. might he utilized this same factory in some productive ration, giving ri*e to benzol vapors. Day lay, another workman might inhale some he*c vapors. In due course, this wotk 1'iire might produce the uwial and aetcristic features of that occupational ase known as benzol poisoning. Here n it is moM unlikely that any physician oinpemathm hoard would entertain any fn the case of industrial worker*, there is an especial proneuc* to associate any buddy ailment with some aspect of work Inasmuch as almost every workman hopes, openly or secretly, that any and all dis eases from which lie may suffer may he laid at the door of his cmpluvr, he i*. most likely to stress and emphasize the high probability that tin's condition unfailingly was produced by' the chemicals, gases, va pors, dml*P etc. that attend Ins woik oper- CA.u/m/i ittti /'iwu... * minus. This doe* not necessarily rcpic* sent dishonesty <u cupidity on the part of 1 In* p.nielli anil only may involve tho.'C hu man frailties -hared by all of us. So less, |)n: bisimy statement may un duly indmiiic the physician in his diagIm-is, may had to ini >di,e-nu*ing, may pave the way bn unwarranted claims or law* suit* without any* evil intent on the pail of the physician. It is most tmtoilunate that the physician is all too often unable to appiaisc the worth uf/Work history statements pro vided by a patient. I.et u*, for the moment, UsMimc tli.it a .specialist in ear disease* is visited by a patient on account of deafness, fn connection with the history', the physi cian inay record that this patient is a drop . forge operator. The physician mp> go ahead and make many careful examination*, looking lor the cause of the deafness, from infection, from syphilis, from heredity, etc. 1 i, however, he had obtained a complete woik history, and was in position to evalu ate this work history, he might conic at once to know that this drop forge operator is perhaps exposed to as much noise and concu-sum as ever arise* in ordinary indus trial* woik and that the deafness present eJear/y is an ocrupftiuuaf disease, resulting from sustained iioi*c exposure. U may he asserted that well meaning physicians, without any evil intent, through their misunderstanding of patients' descrip tions of work operations have become rc*pou'ibIe for a high percentage of the large number of unwarranted suits that base /loodtd the country in recent years. In >hurt, one of* the handicaps to the proper diagnosis of occupational diseases is to be fuund in the attaching of undue significance to the patient's statement* as to work con ditions, when the physician himself is un able* to npprai'C their reliability and merit. Some physician* need to make themselves more' remote to the fallacy that just because a woikmnn Is employed in a dangerous trade, inevitably any ailment must neces sarily he the* result of work exposure. There still may be a few persons who may believe that lead poisoning may arise from work in making lead pencil*. Time as a Handicap in Diagnosis Tim often I lie physician well qualified in the field of uccupatinii.il diseases, doe* nut sec the patient or claimant whose condition is to be appr.ii-.ed until long after that time within which the disease might* havbeen diagnosed with precision. ^ Withow any pmpti>e of condemning or fouling fault, tin* tail miht be faced that iti many in stance*. the dccidou of a patient to bluin.. hi-, ailnunt on woik cuiimS wa* not ntadi within that peiiod when some or alt oi tlic charactei istic iu.tui'.e*tations v.cie pie-.- cut. Then, at- some later time, a physicia:- qualified m occupational di*ia*c v.oik urn he called upon to examine the claimant u to reach a .ileei-iou based upon tl.c exam iuatkm of inadequate record* oi another physician who hini'.elf did not carry mu any examinations with particular lefemicc to that occupational di>c;irC for which j claim later has been filed. This is asking too much of the diagnostic ability of any good physician. On the witness stand, the charlatan al ways makes the bettor impression on a jury, because he i* unhampered by the caution and reserve that guide the up right witness. Being positive is often merely a matter of being wrong in a loud voice The point is that the time to make a diag nosis of an occupational cb'ca^c ir tknperiod during which, the disease exius. Otherwise, the most accomplished physi cian may be placed in an unfortunate po sition in the reaching of his decision*. Insufficient Training and Experience An outstanding drawback to the propei diagnosis of occupational diseases may be found in inadequate training in medical schools for this aspect ot medical work. This is not a thrust at the doctor, nor may any complaint be made against medical ed ucation today. It may not be expected that medical schools will markedly enlarge an already over-crowded curriculum to pro vide extensive instructions with reference to occupational diseases when the number of ease* yearly is so small as to jnewidt only one for every five or six ph\'ici:m?. Realizing his own shortcomings in tlii* field, a good general practitioner may hon estly slum this type of work, hut this step on his putt may eventuate in even mor unde-arable situations. The patient, instead ul being referred lu a better qualified phy>ician in thi- held is given no advices, whereupon he gra\: r\ A//tYr 1 limit v .yu/ i'M' (. oiiyrt'js 11< -4 toward au interior physician, less conriiitl with tlii- lack of qualifications. The .ti nt lii liit'li lack ol qualifications ill nc:|Mliini.il ill-case work may ;;o is rcllected dm fact tlint reemtly a duly licensed 'it'itui ill tile State of Mulligan reported l. t tmal peristalsis" as a diagnosis of an ecu I'.at lona I thsva-c. Wlule tlie unwillingness ot a physician to cept responsibility for pathologic states il!i uliicli lie i- not comet-ant i- com.-nd.ihlv, tliere ml! remains a duty to di of the chest of this workman may strongly suggest the possibility of silicosis, nowhere on the work record may it lie shown that for a period ot seven years at some much earlier tune this workman was employed a* a labour in a pottery^ III this same connection it should he em phasized that one of the many handicaps to the plnxiri.in in making ail accurate iliagnosis is to he found in the widespread practice of hospitals. ot clinics, insurance records, etc , in merely naming the trade of al Ins patient into channels wherein adeuate sen ices inns he procured a workman rather than describing his exart occupation. It is quite insufficient for med Industrial Terminology One tit the most annoying handicaps in -lublishing the exact etiology of a pos-ible eeupntnuial disease resides in the widv>read practice of industry in using code niliols iu the designation of its substances. ii inquiry, the patient mar state to Ills wsieian that his work consists of idling uitaniers with "11-72." lint, inquires the insieian. "What is 11-72?" The patient ical purpo.-e.s for a record merely to show, lor example, that the patient was employed a an "automobile worker." L'tuUr t!uheading, there arc perhaps not le.-s than 200 different and dissimilar types of em ployment leading to different exposures, such for example as to silica in the foundry, cyanide in the heat treating room, chromium ill the plating department, lend ill body fin ishing, and on and on. mtinucs. "li-72 is u mixture of M-20 with Lack of Library Facilities ' IP and I.-*77." Completely the physician left in the dark, hut it the truth v.eie town it might hi. shown that this patient as engaged in the tilling of cans with a uaiish icutover, winch consists of a mix.rc of wood alcohol, lieii/ol and a syn dic wax. With some temerity the statement is made that regardless of many honk publi cations in the held of industrial hygiene and occupational di-eases, special maga zine, and articles appearing m guicial medical magazine publication-, there is. at tins time, no condensed, informative in.i- Such situation* may heeoine so cnimi-- teiial on occupational di-ca-es well suited g that it may he almost impo-siMc tor to the needs of tin: laniily piaditionvi. e physician to obtain proper information It is of course impossible and undesirable to work exposures. Medical, safety, <t.i- that any attempt should he made to reduce l service or insurance ilcpat intents ail iy have ditiieulty in obtaining full inniation as to actual chemicals and mix es of chemicals designated in production .alions only by code numbers. all of the lore of occupational diseases to some thin hook to which the practitioner may refer and with certainly obtain all tin guidance needed in the treatment and man agement of occupational diseases. Granting The Absence of Records he majority of industrial plaids fail maintain sufficient medical and work >rds to serve the physician properly in tectum with occupational disease wmk .given instance ail altlictcd workman give as his occupation some innocu- all this, there still is occasion to assert that a real need now exists for a book publica tion on occupational diseases designed for services to the neighborhood physician who iu the aggiegatc sees far more nceupaiiim.il disease cases than the small number of specialists in this field. job as "elevator operator." He may rc- Attitude Toward Industrial Medicine ibcr that the job before that was a* rtdk driver." There his memory may In times long ago, when mine workings, sawmills, and railroad construction camps His work record may show no item- were established in remote sections of the a transfer within the factory of his country, far removed front the usual sources employment and no record of any pre- of medical services, it became necessary . employ nicnts. Although tin- x-ray that the management bring into these iso- ' lated work places a physician who might carry out all manner of medical services. These phy-iiian- set the broken arms of injured miners; delivered the babies of the miners' wins; treated the millers' children for measles and mump* and otherwise at tempted to meet the medical needs ot these detached couinuuutics. f stially the com panies conicihntvd to the income ot these physicians and every family and ciery single man wa- taxid a stipulated Mint each month Jn -order to cover the physician's -alary. Thu- aro-c tlie term '`Contract iMiy sieian." This perhaps did not always rcpic-cni the best of medicine and not in all instant es were ihc-c contract phy-icians of the highest type. Later soiiu of these communities became larger towns, or cities, and other physi cians sought to gam 3 lticlihood, only to find that tlie contract physician was in the saddle. This gave rise to complaint and . . out of this "Pandora's box" have come in numerable evils tliat even to this day at tend the highest type of industrial medical supervision tinder the most ethical and commendable circumstances. It has be come a tradition on the part of many of the medical proics-iyn to Maine almost any in.inner of their eeiAiomic dflicullics upon iit'ht-ttial phy sicians. So veal is this di-athclhm that some organized medical groups have sought to legislate against al most any form of industrial medical prac tice and ill -tune instance- to deny iiicmher-liip in medical societies to industrial physiiatis. As a result, industrial physi cians iu some respects have been branded with a scarlet letter. This queer situation, strange to say, may serve as a handicap in the diagnosis of occupational disease.-, since some of the best physicians, and particularly the mure timid ones, fear lest they may become bt smirrlud by cocqieratiug in this type of medical endeavor and to some extent slum any chi-e alliliation that might lead to lifted eyebrows by those regarded as the leaders tjf the profession. Ntnv that the American Medical Asso ciation is somewhat alert to this situation and lias organized a Council on Imhislri.il Health, including some members with in dustrial medical experience, it is to be hoped that ailcr all the industrial physi cian may In- 'mie respectable. New Chemicals . A further deterrent to accurate ('mg nosis of occupational diseases is linked -u with an almost endless Mow of new- them icals into iudustiy's processes. Year h; year, a far greater number of new ehem ieals are introduced than the number o investigations relerable to their toxicity It is of ten true that now lie; u iu the cutin lllirutiirc concerned with indu-lii.il tux imingy may any word he found aiding tl.-< physician iu determining if a giseit ciauuia1 might be responsible for a series of objec tive anil subjective symptoms iu any pa:tint Clue of the most desirable changes needed in connection with worker health protec tion is the requiiemenl that mi new sub stance be introduced into imlu-tiy on a production basis until it shall leave hi.-en established lo the extent possible, through animal experimentation, that such a sub stance is without dangerous potentialities. Significance of Handicaps in Diagnosis A recital of the type ju.-t presented might lie continued almost indefinitely, but perhaps without profit. The entire situa tion may he summarized by stating that whereas occupational di-ea-es them-lit* are probably as (liagun.-.iblu a- any n!!:o diliicuH cla-s of di-ea-ts, just about giviy stumbling block that may be produced is laid at the door of the physician sincerely seeking to acquire sufficient evidence upon which It) make exact diagnostic dcci-u.ii The greater number of these -tumbling blocks represent no willful tlc-ire to hamper the physician, but instead arise irum the results of peculiar circumstance's that in some measure separate industrial di.-e:i<es from the general run of alilietiotis. As a consequence, large numbers of un warranted diagnose- of occupational dis eases have been made and are being made Scores of suits hare been instituted and some have hem won by claimants whilstclaims possess no whit of merit, chiefly be cause Well meaning physician* unhappily implanted the seal of possibility that In disease might have been cau-cd hv work and that the responsibility might he laid at the door of the employer. While the re sults may hare appeared to wink an in justice and monetary loss upon the em ployer, in the long run the interests ot the worker-himself are not served hy thce .W;v/- JulnL't Su/cty Cor.tjrcs*. spin unis claims predicated upon improper rucdie.tl ;tf/\ ilv-'. The u-*ual trial of .m oc cupational disease ca>c is a ti.uoty. The bombastic ->tatemeut> of some ph\ Mvian?, un.ttti'rufi'tl by any iota of fact, bring into dsrvpuie the entire medical profc-Moti am! lake away il> Unit* honored traditions of integi ay .uni 'kill. badly needed under postgraduate auspices (b) In every industrial comimiimy. <*r at least in every mdu>(tial `-tale, there should be available (ot cooperation with the general medical prote^don a ntimhei of much experienced anil hip,lily skilled occu pational dUca-c consultants, wh.o, tbiougb limiting thcii^professional activities to this A timber Mgniiieaucc in the misdiagnosis one aspect of medicine, may become highly oi oevtip.itimial <h.-f*n ,<:*> on (he pail of prolu'icnt in the solution of orcupahon.d phvmi i.m-> is to bo found in imw.ti lantcd disease enigmas. haul-hip-* imputed upon employer**. Re cently phjMei.m made a diagiio-ds of ni)k'i-i> in two wuikmvu m 3 given dcp.ul- (c) In every state and in some of the Uiger wuUir.uud citw's, there dumb! hr maintained public m-tnuliuus devoted to nn uf. A** a result, wide>pcoad apptenhenmou* ;ii()>o among l)ic remaining; voihci-, Mnl.i > woe threatened, talk develop* *1 ;t> industrial hygiene am! occupational ib>ca-e-v wliusc technical -erviccH may be avail* able lo the pb>sjci.uj in rh.iigi: in painim to demands for high wage*-. because ot tin- who may he suffering from occupational iMial exposures ami the expectancy ot a tlisvascs, ami these pahlvc bureaus should short work life. The employer was com* serve as fact finding bodies equally inter peMcd to spem! some $85,000 in the installa ested in the worker and hi, employer. tion of an elaborate dust control system. Ah a matter ot tact, these two workmen clti not suffer from silicosis, were not in any v.uc dUabled. had never been exposed tn silica; no silica or any other harmful dti-fs were created. There was no need for the exp* imvo installation made am! contrariwise other departments did juesent practical exposures for which this $$5,000 (d) Much wiU be gained it all physician? responsible for the health of industrial workers in any capacity may make greater effort to obtam precise work histories, both present and past, ami may seek to gain an adequate understanding* as to the work en vironment, its material*, machinery and possible expo.'Urcs. might have been spent to better advantage (c) Controversies should be chminared in procurement ot needed protection*. in die largest possible measure from occu The Koad to Betterment pational disease work. Many abler physi cian** eschew all connections whh this type Tin* entire discussion would be without any value it present day practices and sit uations only were condemned. More ac curate diagnoses as to occuritional diseases are badly needed. These better diagnoses of medical practice because of the sad ex perience that nearly every case may be so involved in controversy, litigation, disaf fection, until the good physician may ted that he may be degraded. will come in proportion to the extent that (f) A need exists ior greater disclosure the change* now listed arc brought to ac to physicians of the chemical nature of tuality. work materials to the harmful nature of (a) The general level of knowledge of >ccupationnl diseases on the part of the nodical profession should be increased hrmtgb the introduction into medical colegc training ot a practical amount ot irtruetkm on industrial hygiene and occuadonal diseases furnished by men v. ho avc had first hand experience in iliis held ml arc nut wholly dependent upon textbook rc. However, it is emphasized that in irici graduate medical training this form winch employees may be subjected. In dustry may have excellent reasons for bid ing the nature of some of its chemical ma terials under code terms, but more often these code terms arc designed only for convenience and not for secret formulae purposes. A greater degree of cooperation on die part of the manufacturer will even tuate in the better health protection of hi* workers through die more intelligent minintradons of the patient's physician. * instruction necessarily mud be sharply nilcd because of U crowded curriculum, it conversely more extensive instruction is (g) Lastly, it may be pointed out that better diagnoses of occupational di-va-ws will come when the general m< dical pro- i/t i t/'Ui idii I '. P.* tension, through iu organizations, shall alter it*, attitude toward industrial nutliline, "hall recognize Ibis type of woik a*, ju?l the amithe-m of the undesiiable a**- of *t.ue jmdieine, anl may conn* jo realize that iudmlry, under the. guidance of able medical directors, i.** ihc mentoiious sm/rcif ui imuiiTou.o cast's to he refenod to almost ever} specialty m tuethcuU. `i organized medwai pnn v'Hii/ti w lifde.ln. etHy sbouht reader iu appro-. and ..<u;q to tin: e/i'orts of t/e ph>-i<:i,.'.i-> earn*, su-km;4 t< t'ro'evt woike*." from the m. vl.viv/.vrs emitKCled with indiiHtey's tlwm-.v of stibsiaucca and work' comhlfon*. Necessity for Uniform Absenteeism Record In the Industrial Ilcaltli Prognun By MILTON H. KRONKNB!CRG, M.D. Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene, Department of Public Health, State oJ Illinois, Chicago You ate all aware of the value of aevidcut statistics. You know that without freqinawy and severity rates there would he no Miiudon of the safely problem and we would be groping in the dark )hn, *dnve they arc available, we know where correc tive intiiMirc, are needed and this affords u> an opportunity to correctly judge the value of One method of prevention over another. Today, the kr>P of Statistical method* is dosing down upon industry, medicine, public health and safety. Vmd statistics, however imperfect, are one of the chief means wav available for measuring health, longevity and the progress of medical services in the battle against disease**. So well recognized is this fundamental principle that the cffeetivcnc>s of a city or stale health department is judged, in a large mea'iirc, by the accuracy ami com pleteness of its morbidity and mortality n-pons and records. The >ame principle obviously should hold true fur the rotIfK af workers employed in a factory, mine, quarry, public utility or department store. The-c reeoids are ot value not so much to indicate what lias been done, although thi> is important enough iu demonstrating lo management the value of certain work and, therefore, the advisabdity or contin uing ir, as they are to chart future action. iM-umcient data have thus far pi evented the recognition of Some health problems peculiar to wage earner** and there i** ample evidence lo indicate that uunlmhty and mornvbty rau* are higher ior some groups. Tlu.'C exccs-uvc rales an especially i, aide for unskilled wo;ker> a> >hov.n the accompanying table. These death rates could only have 1 prepared by statistical methods of am Ms and, therefore, clearly yumt out w I one phase of our problem lies. If : nothing more than i!ii> we uuuM 1. plenty to do trying to uncover the mu-., to health among the unskilled grmjp- workers. The morbidity and n;or;aht\ ikua down by uniform and adequate repm oi cases can also serve as a had* for ; vciuion and health education among w ers, the same as is and has been done accident*. It may imcrC't von to kiu>w th.i* K:isim:m Kodak Company, Ldi.-on Kh . Illimiinatmg Company, Hood Rubber t pany, \Yesiighott>c, Metropujitan I.i fe. cral Motor?, and several others banyears made sickne.** sttuhes ve itl* tfn of statistical methods. In thi* way were able to evaluate the diiteicnt m problems coufroicing them and tlu>NO ing attention, and at the same time these sickness record* properly app* and evaluated, they were abb* to then* employees regarding digc-ti\< ease4, cohls, pneumo/na, tiiljeieulo-i'. cor, skin disorders, a< -well as urher rtienK I;nrt);en>Jure, studies coiuluctcil in cifn; iudu'trial uudertakmgs have sUov value of stati-tiv.d nuthud- m lev* the ini'nleih e ot mu)i ibnia-es a** inonia, tuhemih?is, and dcgciieraliw - Silccr Siifvty Couyrt sv De<th Rates by Occupation t >.. ",'m'</< i*tI nit ii :wU.l vn'uL. i * Sv*llll'%kll!l `I M | kl t (.'n>kil|<'l i MIC.: :<.( 7 ', r, MitMlv .f thl l. 670 J - ............... .'* V - ................ -- |(ni'> .{ - - -.............. -- - iii; ; 6 2 -- .-- .. . 72 1 ........ --. _ in: i ........-- _ ., . _ . . mv . ..... .. -- -------- ___ ____ ___ . ^ . .. _ in s .. _ 59 7 . . .. . 71 _ _ 1.15 9 llU* Jt-r tOO Dull i n;.|r! ||,.|I" c*l on ( S (\ ni,i> tl.ii., m i,:. M'lcm-tl St.itr* ( |/||7 ilrt<( l :u>u>r\ 70 .1 K5 | VO H 106 6 a-c> to be higher than the auia^ for c entire mdii-uial population. Tins u;t.* arly denumstinted in a pneumonia stud) imti'4 >uel winker* which wa* conducted the L S Public Health Service. dent*', the ^jnalitv of hi* work in of a lower grade, team work i* disrupted, fac tory pruce**t;> are dislocated, undue burden* arc placed on other wanker* and the wurkci himself become. dissatisfied If lie i> oc Drury, some \ear* ago, wa? able to >l:m cupied wn)i weighty matter* of policy and high rate oi ltibcrculo.*i aniens workers production then someone in that oigam/a- the ax-grinding iiuluNtry. and the Harre, tiuu must a>*mue the leadership and ac rmutu, study revealed a high tuberen- quaint him with the problem hy tindcrstaiid- i.s rate among granite workers. Xu doubt. able and intelligent fact* and figures er occupational undertaking-* would ti ll data tor prevention, control and editioii were it possible to leave adequate tistical recoup a*' revealed in tlie slide t >|li#V\|) \ou. >r Selby of ticiu.ral Motor.*. in calli: iition to hi* statistic* show* that about <u a d.i> per ammrn is Jost due to >cittimal injuries and that include* occnonnl ili*c.i*c.s as well, wluroas, eight, or ten da>s per \ear is the total time from all illue-sc*. In Dr Xcv. * Tliere are progressive indtiNtri.il organ ization* who may and have spent large mum* of money for the improvement of working condition* and lor the care of workers who become ill, but without cur rent plant information about the human factor much of this money and ctnrt ha* Ik cm spent oil `'general principle *" or perbap* concentrated upon the chmmaiiou d onh one or two ptiblici/ed health hazard-, and only iroin the standpoint of existing compensation law*, a* for example, -ih- t*> report tor the American College oi .eons the figure* are about the same show * it* that our industrial illm** Urn is approximate!) fifteen limes the >f our accident problem, ia cviikni that industry could well 1 to concentrate on HIiiomS among earners, oilier tlum the occupational *es, because they are the ones that the greatest amount ot absenteeism re the biggot drain on industry. ilie recent National Conference on i Conservation, it was estimated that ition's hdi fur Um:*s and premature amount* to approximate!) ten bil- 'ollars annually, ami that on every c day about tour million person* in died State* are incapacitated by dlXo doubt many industrial workers that hist figure. * imlu.stt ialist of tudav should recus com*. Hut the extent o{ the health problem in a plant uccc^arily may not end here. W ith the progreu* of tndtiMry c*p, n.if 1 > **ii the chemical side, Hew* health ptuMcm* will aihc resulting in pli\siological and pathological upset*. The ellect on health will, therefore, have' to be nieasined and evaluated. We mu>t ha\c data in imkr tor one to judge the efficacy of methods employed to combat di*c:isc, so wo inii>t first know where health is being menaced, the relationship of occupation to these (h*e:tM.*s and the causative factor* responsible The record* you keep will be a guide to ac tum a* well a< a record of action Therefore, I say, prove your value to mdu*try since many a skilled mdiiMiial medical department ha* bvui Inmud in it* budget and activities because it overlooked the iicce-diy and value of ab>entcei-ni re port* and record- which could ha.v I al a *ick worlar i* prone to aco* u*cd to enlighten manage' .cut icgaidn v it* n\ i / Uititl'titioiiu/ lhsrusc health problems. Perhaps in some cases * the indmni.d establishment mnj fmd it (hifu ult to uiuUitakv a complete record *} Mnu of .iliM-iiio-Kii f tlo urge you. though. In make a start *mewlu*re. It need not be Um> elaborate. I have heard it said that the be*t wav to dv;leet iIIuvsncs which arc cau*ativc of ;dMiUeei*m from woik is by ivriodic phys ical c\aniin.iiniii>. I am nut fullv in accoiit with ihi* tvpe of preveutum. It may he helpful where the dim** la*ls longer than a week or tcn iku*, but *onietbing should be dune about the irr-cjncnt one, two or three day absences, ami J fear that periodic physical exauuuatums will not help tre* membuisly. Tin*, of course, does not mean that indu-trial medical services .should aban don or minimize that phn*c of health serv ice. The indu-trial hygiene divisions of State Health Department* and that of the United State Public Health Service are urging the cniplovmeiit and u.*e of a unitorm code for recording ami reporting absenteeism of tlw winker due to *ickne*s. Korins and meth od* have been developed after a study of >omc twenty \cars by Ihc Public Health Scivire aiitl al*o as a re*uli tf the recent Xatiou.d Health lmcut<ny of chronic di*en*e a!|^etmg worker*. The aforementioned health agencies will gladly a**i*t and co opeiate with industries desirous of *i*tliiig up ami maintaining records of sirknetliur jiarticular plants An :uial\*v* . evaluation of tliv-e reptrl* an- record autither service offered b> Vlient to maim, incut. He lore showing you a form on winch collect >oui absenteeism data, and which. . he lenncd the "master .shell," I dumb! ! to acquaint voa witli severai impoii. item* that must he had fur waif nco heii>r: they can h-ml llicni'dw* u anal and evaluation The form i* w.!i pl. tore except lor a few general remarks A card should be made oi/l fr c*a;*/i every emidovee on the pavroll, tegard! of whether he or .she get* sick or u*it T. is nccc**3ry in order to asccta:*i the r.i of those sick to the number on the pavr. The worker*' age, sex, color ami uvcupai. are impoHant to record since they will I:., to he related to the specific exposed po; lation. Under "occupation" *tate the work which the empluvee was engaged when i sieknos began. Tlie "date di-aluhty beu.. shouhl only be recorded for o::c full d or longer. In the column "work (lav* iuwe icier to calendar dnv* and tin* i< mm snry to put lo*t time on a Cuiiqur.Jdc b. for all cmpUnccs. Fur '`diagnosis** .should list the sickness or injury when d* nitely known; if tliere i* any doubt ;d tin* correctness of tiic diagno-i<, a rUntcm- Sickness Record Form .V.i/rtr* lh?! Hi a-. 4 .Vc if ... ' ' /)|uMsty [>,,(' /Z.jlit:,!. / U'o/-!: 1>UM Lot: It-litr JitVi ) . . .. 'i i />;(< | ihII /1ms* ! llllMlI j 1 I | 1 1 . *,f t o* I -! i _ i A'l/rrr JuhiU\% Snfi'ly 0)/ir/r,'. l> lid' sW|l|i|t,|;is CXpcrivlW'c'd h\* the patient should In: recorded T)>c point is that facts should lie recorded and m>i, jucxti. It i' more important, ior example, t>> know 1 bnt Ifii mt'ii in :t pvm occupation were di-allied Iiv "`jietm itt tlie stomach" than 1o uet ten dift'eient yuesses of the disease. w ;utment causniy the pain. Another il.m oi importance on the record is "hy whom diaennsi'il,'1 and should slmw whether the diagnosis u;it made In' the family phycirian, plant physician. nurse or the patient i'.iimeli'. L'ndcr "Icnnmation'' of Case, one should reeonl whether the illness terminated in recovery, death, relapse or entic'd in a chronic condition. The follow in" statistical information and data arc. therefore, possible ii the'items listed in the slide just shown von arc care fully prepared. I. The tre<|iTCncy or severity rale of any yiten disease lor ihc entire plant, individual departments nr occupations 2 The lime lo>t due to any yiven dis ease or to all diseases combined to the en tire plant or by departments or occupation. .1. The mortality rate. I The case fatality rate, expressed as the perceulayc of cases of a gi\cn disease which lerinmales fatally. The mtclliycnt application of preventive measures, oi control* of health preservation must have statistics and they will always lie an integral part in the solution of any problem. That rt holds true in industrial liyuicuc is represented in my next slide whirli shows that the strength oi any wheel is dependent on each and every spoke am! each is dependent upon the other, otherwise your structure is unbalanced or collapses UMOURWU-XT Steam TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 11, 1938 The first meeting of delegate'* (o lhe Steam Railroad Sessions was called to order hy Mr W \V. Wood. Superintendent ot Safety and Welfare, Ikdlimore \V Ohio Kadro.id (,`ninpany, I'.allimorc, Maryland. who presided. 1. hairmati Wood hi icily out lined (he significance yf the programs of the lu.i sessions planned, ami then iiilrudnrrd the hr>l speaker. `'Hiddcn_Cnuses" By FRED W. SARGENT President. Chicago and North Western Railway Company, Chicago * Wc have *ccn the evolutionary growth ] of aerrdem prevention work from iK in ception a- applied to the American rail roads. /Many of us here knew Mr. Ralph * C. Kit/hrmK intimately, mid discussed In* hopes and ambition- with Inm trcipiently. . Though he met from lime to time with dis couraging results, yet he never surrendered. He laid the foundation f>r safetv work that : is v;i-il\ enlarged and is rapidly ripening m:o eollateral hue* that are of benefit not , only to employees ami managements hut to . the entire economic and social stincUire of < the country. . 1 In the beginning. and even until tather recent tune', the greatest emphasis wa> laid upon working rules and physical conditions of plant and facilities; in other words, a >aie place t^v.iuk There was even* rea son in tiie world why the gieaiest empha-i* jhotiM he plaeed upon tiiese factois, and, indeed, we ale not yU si> far along that \ nc can aliord h> lessen our iifort- with '. relation lo these matter'. In the beginning, the idea of a >mgical s department was to rare tor men and women after they ucie injured (iradually tins y conception lias keen enl.ngmg and changing i into a broader Judd and greater service, if i * greater service is. possible. Tins depart* ' meat no longer has as u> sole objective * the healing of wounds and the saving of i kiunan lives after injuries. Mradnalh. steadily, the whole conception of safety work has progressed and evolved until to day it has become a nationwide activity, drawing to its cause the best mind' and the hiu-st characters m our social structure And with this greater interest in the work it lias been hill natural that the whoie scope, theory and roncvpium of the uiulei taking should gradually enlarge to embrace the wider field of accident prevention, to winch I am about to refer. In recent years many of the railroads have enlarged their conception of this work and have come to tin: realization that safety work involves not only safe tool-. safe u,\\ and structures, ami safe surroundings, hm involves likewise, and with e<}n.il nupoi lance, tiie very physical and mental condi tion and altitude of the employee or oMicer Imu-di With this thought m mind we have changed the title of the head of our -logical oigam/atiou from that of "t lnef Singeon" to that of "Medical Director.*' heeau-c if men are to avoid accidents u know that they mu-t nut uul\ he >ur-fbnuded with -afe working rules and site wmkmg conditions, hut they themselves must lc physically and mentally fit; and that the s,,.called human element, always ami ever present, nuist constantly he revkoned wuh if wc are to achieve the ultimate I'cnehCiai iemits co earnestly dc-ired. \ml 'O it i- flint m all tin- work, whether \Vw (on railroad rigid t be permitled when fea*removed Jmg should le given <>i ram< by sounding the it accordance with the kiw* ! regulation** of thc*c Topuremem- v. ill Mop cro>>:ug ;u\ionly an an! to a general * Responsibility * arc involved :a ud per hi; accident* >::;cc there automobiles and 2.h2.b! '2 .u!e, the opportunity ior j> apparent Tin: piibbc. .. definite responsibility m i ami enforcement of such TMill m : .return of motor vehicle* car* will be barred from -dafioit of ti.'e ii.'f.M-im: <>t :ho*c mentally ami phy*.1 and tho<c with a record will nnl be permitted to ; the highway- not only d* at grade cro*-;ng* but nwelvcs lint the wav i* opting to crr*s the track* '.early show that lite railtheir opportunity pr -spinal progre** m reducVt* How e\er. they have <b nintorM-i and liny are r*-:v:h ,n an Hin-:ur mao- jt i* nuv**arv that the ;ice cooperation oi state .iiiir osucer* m p*hc:;:g the trusims in connection with me* on the Micet* ami plan of tins nature--be ds and the public--woidd elTeclive mean* of cheek.uid recklev* tlriein,^ over The railroad* a* a rule uxpayerf m the cuiv> ami inch they operate and arc .pcratioii. u*s in education ami law icalmn is merely a method Steam Railroad 713 of informing the public as to the number of ;teenir:i: , (heir cnu*cs ami how they may be avoided With this limited application of enort. automobile accidents of all kinds have In eu constantly increasing. We have i"iniil m our effort* to prevent accidents to emplovcc* that c must supplement mir educational method* with rule* regulating Die conduct of tlu- 'dividual and that such rules to U: effective must he enforced. It is imperative that a similar procedure be followed if we are to curb the recklessness inherent m certain motor drivers. Ninety-live per cent of the motor drivers of ibis country arc competent and careful. It is to them that we appeal to aid u* m the enforcement of Mich rules and regula tions as are necessary to eliminate from our highway* live one and one-half million drivers who arc reckless and incompetent. THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1938 Safety and Public Relations By ROBERT S. HENRY Assistant to the President, Association of American Railroads, Washington, D. C. The .safety movement, winch constitutes one of the proudest chapters of American industrial achievement, naturally falls into two mam divisions Safe condition* imiM be created, m the fr*t place, hut there inu*t be ako created a safe stale of mind. No doubt the pioneers of the >afcty movement encountered industrial managers willing eunuch to install safe equipment, but skeptical as to the need or flic value of the education and exhortation needed to mMili safe wavs of dunking Kverv man know* that to net hurt will cost him tunc and money and suffering, fhc*e sceptics might have said, so whatN the u*e of going to a lo: of trouble to tell him so? He'll take carr of h.mCii ! iorte.e.at*.,`y. ;'ee safety pioneer.* realized that safe:-. . ; a matter of the imr/H of men y:<t a- r.r a matter oi mnchi.'K*. ami that ti.c equipment and the safest ruie- tin) not. ;n and of thcm-elvcs, make a *afc man They fought tlicir bat tle for safety *:; both from*--safe condi tions, ye*, but safe thinking a* well, achieved through o'nst.uu iteration and migration of s-inple principles. The early leader* of the safety move ment, pioneered in a field broader than tlicir direct goal of promoting personal saiety. *1 hey pioneered m the field of se curing and organizing the wide-spread un derstanding ami cooperation without which tlicir movement must have failed of its full measure of success. How- well they and their successors did the. job i* told in the statistic* of declining accident rates, of lives and limbs saved. In thr*c latter years. American industry i* laced with (lie need for another sort of understanding and cooperation on the part not only oi those employed hut of the. whole public which our industry selves. In the short space of little more than a century, our American scheme of enterprise lias settled and civilized a contun'.t It has made possible a standard of mate; sal plenty and well-being unknown hefnic ;n the hi*toiy of the woild. and unknown r)*cwherc in the w i*i hi today. We are . !.! mat onethird of the people (.[ ihe nation arc ill-led. Mj-i'.oiJ-cu ami iii-c;a<i. hut it -vuM bborne in mmd that w?:e:i tki.* A:rs- :ar, v. of e::tcrp:i-e b'.r.n ; fumrtu : :. c-.:.i::ry and a half ago. practically the .!e pop ulation wa* ill-fed. i!.*-huuCu m.d idc.nd. according to our m(>dern Mandnrd* Mis take* have been made. perfection j' a long way oil, hut there i- in the record of achievement much *ohd ground for pride. Today. n< never before, the hc*t opera tion. the safe functioning. the\-:y exist ence of the va*l and varied organization of our economy of free enterprise, depend upon public, understanding and appreciation of what it is. what it does, how* it work*, w hat it means to all of us. The safety movement is built upon safe 77(\ Silver Jubilee Safety Congress \V. II. Greenwai.t, Murray Wood I'roducts Co., Memphis, Tcnn. mll.\nttY Gcjuiert. Tfic Pullman Co., Chicago, W. Junks. The Surly Manufacturing Co_ Oiicago. Ill, Harry J. Keuxy, American Seating Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Wai.tek S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., Hartford. Conn. *). A. I'l Wrt', Michigan Mutual Liability Co., Detroit, Mich. ( i. K. Sanford. General-Electric Co.. Schenectady, N. Y. II. K. Sef.i.v. The Brunswick-Balkc-Collender Co.. Oiicago, 111. l*ut (ieneral Chairman MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 10, 1938 The first sc-sion tva* called to order by General Chairman H. E. Seely, Insurance Department Manager. The Brunswicklalke-ColIcnder Company, Oiicago. He sketched in his opening remarks the prog ress of the Section during the past year, spoke oi the good work of all Officers ami Chairmen of Committees of the Section, and then introduced the first s(>enker. Wood Dust Hazards Control By H. H. VALIQUET Ventilating Engineer, Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Company of Wausau, Wis. Wood dust is a by-product of almost all woodworking oj>crations including chipping and larking in the wood pulp plant and fini-hing wooden parts hy sanding or sawing in rash and door, furniture, box. toy. and veneer factories. Processing in wood flour plants ami the use of wood dust in the plastic ami linoleum industries also present a dust problem. Since wood dust introduces the hazard of explosion and Are. dust con trol at the source is essential. The first attempt at wood dust control in this country was made in altoul 1850 near North Conway. N*cw Hampshire, where R. 1*\ S'urlevant was making wooden pegs for shot's. To handle the refuse, he devised a kou-itl centrifuza) fan to Mow- the trash away from the point oi generation to a di-po-al. Not until about 1906 did capacity tables for centrifugal fans fiecome available and method* of dust control l*cgin to develop. Today the degree oi dust control can be relatively adequate even though we have no definite standards by which we can judge result.* *** tope, however, to outline a general dust control program which will apply to most woodworking plants. Removal of wckhI dust at (he source ithe prime consideration. \Yc must not over look the fact that some plants sj*em! large sums of money for dust control. In the R. C. A. Victor Company's radio cabinet plant at Camden. New Jersey, I fa million cubic feet of air per minute are Used to handle the trash, conveying tons and tors of refuse to disjtosal from woodworking facilities. Ford Motor Company. Fisher ltodv, Briggs, the Mcngel Company. Westingheusc. General Electric Contianv. Globc- Werneckc and others are doing an exten sive job of controlling dust at its source. In (he near future ue hope to scr the average and small plant provided with fa cilities tor wood dust control and safe guarded in this way from fires and explo sions such as the following. In a Detroit woodworking plant a steam pij>c passed through a brick flue u-cd to convey trash from various floors to the point of disposal. Some flammable dust thrown down the flue ignited, and the ex plosion resulted in injury to eleven raeu. Wood Products 777 Another accident occurred in a Sander finishing room at Appleton, Wisconsin, where wood dust on ratters liecame dis lodged and fell onto live coals that had accidentally rolled out of a stove onto the hearth. An o|icn lantern similar to those com monly used bv night watchmen, a leaky dust pipe which caused a dust cloud in an engine room, sparks drawn front a grinder into a dust collecting system, spontaneous combustion of an oily rag. and lack fire through a furnace feeder pipe which started fire in a sharings storage vault, arc a tew cau-cs of destruction and suffering. Static electricity is a hazard in industrial plants, larticularlv where flammable dusts or gases are present. Not every individual discliarge of static electricity will ignite a dust or ga> mixture because the ignition depend* ujmn the nature of the flammable material, the amount of it which i< mixed with the air at the point of static discharge, and the nature of the static discharge. CarlMinaceous dusts are explosive, and the enormously increased electrical capacity of matter in a finely divided condition is often a contributory cause of the explosion of combustible dust. Twenty per cent of a .-ample tested was of a fineness to pass through 20G me>h screen. Such particles arc aiiout A/1000 of an inch, or 74 microns, tn greatest dimension. Wood subjected to prolonged exposure to lemjH-ratures of a low* order (such as that <>f steam pij*cs) may ignite sjH>ntaneously. Wood flour ignites at a temperature no higher than that of a lighted match. The exact combination of dust concen tration. flame temperature, etc. may seldom occur. Reasonably safe conditions arc the imiKirtant criteria, and to make conditions <atc we must have good housekeeping and carefully observed safety precautions. Four steps arc necessary: (11 Enclose the operation: (2) Ventilate al (he source of the du.-r; (3) Remove possible sources of ignition; (4) Provide safe disposal of waste. As an example of enclosing operation?, we found a vertical sandcr belt completely hooded. The du?t control here was good Ifcratt'ic ventilation was effective at the point of dust generation. However, even this set-up was not functioning correctly for, in the first place, the fan was running in the wrong direction, and in the second place, its j>ccd was not sufficient to add effort to the air movement Itecausc its discharge was con nected to a dust disj>osal system already stronger titan the fan effort. The suction of the main system was greater than that of the small fan in line with the vertical suriaccr; therefore, the fan acted like a valve and restricted the natural flow of air and dust. This was an example of lack of thorough analysis of the facts. The hood was good, but the ventilation was poor. In another ca-c we found a vertical sandcr under partial enclosure with sub-standard dust control. The lower side of the belt should liavc been enclosed with the top and bottom pulleys. Not all the dust could lie caught because a large section of the licit was not enclosed. To fuvsh.complctclv such a crooked piece of wooo as a bow* lack of a chair, a large opening is necessary. The hood which is more nearly enclosed fur nishes the licst dust control for most work. A much neglected unit from the standjxiint of dust control is the wood sandcr. A hood developed by the Sheboygan Fibre Furniture Company not only accommodates awkward work, but produces excellent dust control. Unfavorable drafts cause little in terference with the mechanical ventilation. A 3 inch pipe connection has 2S inches total suction finches of water). This reading is taken 12 inches from the hood through a *.$ inch dean drilled hole in S inch pipe. Such a suction would indicate that results on the 24 inch drum arc excellent. A horizontal sandcr should have a- com plete enclosure of. sandcr bd! as possible. Such a device used In* Kirk and Blum of Cincinnati is very satisfactory*. Too many liclts lack endowing hoods and good ventilation. The cost of the sheet metal enclosure, once it is installed, is amortized over the uual period for such major expenses; hut ventilation equipment costs money day in and day out as long as it is in operation. Consequently, ventila tion carried on without an enclosing hood is more expensive and (ess satisfactory than ventilation carried on within a suitable hood. When a belt sandcr is completely covered except at the point of operation, ventila tion applied parallel to belt movement pro duces reasonable dust control. Not enough sander belts are guarded for dust control, but we are fast approaching the time when tentative hood standards should be set. S-FORD-058 778 Siizvr Jubilee Safety Catujress A novel arrangement of dust control on horizontal sanders is often effective where a small high speed tan exhaust with a bat? separator is attached at the sandcr belt. I have watched these units in operation, and the results seem to juatiiy further study hy industrial hypeniMs. The amount of ventilation of these units corresponds with usual standards, and the general results arc entirety <tti>iactory. Another horizontal sandcr l*clt is u>cd in ouch a manner that it is almost impossible to obtain adequate dust control. The trouble i* caused by a licit wtiich is so short that an exltaust hood cannot be inserted ltetwecn the two workmen win* face each other as they sand small cedar boxes. The operator nearest the ventilated hood receives du>t produced by the other workmen. With several machines of this type good house keeping is almost tmposiblc. and material* in transit are coated with fine dust which interfere* with spray finishing. I refer to tin* bad practice to show how difficult it i* to obtain dust control where txvo oper ation* are conducted simultaneously and without ventilation on one sandcr licit. A disc sandcr lends itself poorly to dut control and we despaired of ever getting result* until we tried a cat-off like that used mi centrifugal fans. A hood developed by Vilter Manufacturing Com/any fur their pattern shop ha* accomplished this cut-off and dv*vcvc* to be copied. The wheel ro tate* counter-clockwise through a hood -calcd by flexiMr ' connection beneath the platten. To the hood a free unobstructed entrance tor du-t is maintained up to the center of the disc. The cut-off section of the lieuom hood, is iieyond the center and has close clearance, keep* the air stream with its du*t particle* from returning to the point ot operation. This principle is successfully Used on. grinder* and merits wider application. In addition, the IuxmI conforms to a scroll dis charge to the exhaust pipe where it con nects with the hood. The adjustable upper -ection of the hood covers all of the disc nt in actual u*c and it is sealed to vertical sideways to l>c dust tight. Xo exhaust is necessary in the upper movable section, as the wheel carries the dust to the bottom hood. When bulky work prohibits the use of such a sealed upper hood, adequate ven tilation will work fairly well if the scroll principle is incorporated. The usual per ipheral type hood is only partially success ful because the tangential dust discharge requires extremely high velocity of air ex haust to overcome the kinetic energy of the du*t particle. One stream is at right angle- to the other. A vertical di.-c .sandcr is provided with a vacuum producer and lag filter. Dust con trol aiqicarcN to lie satisfactory tor in cidental operations. .Vo doubt W per cent of the smallest particles of dust pass through the meshes of cloth hag with the air. This i< a convenient and, in some cases, adequate method of du-t control and rfisfiosal for i*olatcd and incidental otwrations. In Wiscon*in open filters, known as the blow-through type, arc taloo. The bag fil ter and vent mu*t Ik? enclosed so that the fine particles can c.*ca|c only outside of the occupied areas. The Itest device for du>l control of an oscillating sandcr head on vertical or hor izontal spindle is a cabinet or tioolh type tiood enclosure. The exhaust should l*e through a slot extending around the bottom of the enclosure on the sides and liack. A velocity of 200 feet per minute through the front opening to the booth and of 2.500 feet per minute through the slot will pro duce good control in a cabinet 52 inches Jng and 56 inches high, (i)ass may lie used to admit light if necessary. This is a good treatment, and shajcrs should l*c guarded the same a* jig sanders are guarded. .\ c'inpre*M-d air jet or liafilc l*ard will help defier! a stray cloud of refuse not oihtTwi-e caught hy the IhkhI. Tumbling win-den part* in rotating en closures with lava or pumice stones produce dusty atmosphere*. These tumbling liarrcl* -fmuld lie enclosed in a cabinet and the caln irict should lie ventilated hy about four air cJtangc* per minute. Veneer making creates another ,-crious du-t hazard. Fire hazards may be severe in this field ii projicr enclosure* with ade quate ventilation arc not used. The saw. which is about five feet in diameter, passes through the sloping trough which sheds the dust from the rotating air blast and throws much of it to the six inch exliaust. Dust always escapes from these operations and good housekeeping is easier if the pit is enclosed. I found slightly less titan 15 per cent of all the dust particles from a re-saw* on Wood Products 770 veneer are finer than 100 mesh, and alx>ut 1 per cent are finer titan 200 mesh. Assuming that the sandcr and veneer tqteratjons are enclosed and ventilated, the next point to observe is the grounding of all points of static discharge. A driving belt grounded by a comb placed near the tioints where the bell leaves the pulleys, or two well-grounded wires placed Y inch away from the belt on both tight and loose suits will remove the static spark. Motor and Sander frames conveyers, and tan* should all l*e grounded, and dust proof glolics should be placed on the electric light bulbs to exclude dust from collecting on the hot surfaces. The dust piping should be provided u-ifh relief caps and should have literal reliei areas on the upper cones of refuse tra| and cyclone collectors. One >quarc foot re lief for 70 cubic feet cubical contents is considered adequate hy government engi neer*. The best system of safety piping I haveseen has headers outside of the plant and short leads from machine* rising through the root or passing through the side wall to these headers. Such precautions arc warranted in veneer plants of one story construction. Xo fire or fire resisting walls can tic traversed unless fused automatic fire dampers are installed. When the dust is out of the plant it should lie mixed at the point of entrance to cyclone with coarse trash from such machines as planer.*, moulders, etc. Sejiara tion from air will lie licitcr where roar-c and fine are mixed. Hack pressure valves are essential at the cyclone whether one or more pipes enter it. Where no coarse trash is mixed with the fine dust, cloth lag arresters ar.c recom mended for dust control. The arrc*ters *houUl have explosion relief jiancls which are scaled hy air suction and relieved by pressure. The cloth should Ik? grounded electrically. A liarricadc should guard the areas ad jacent to reliefs so tliat reliefs do not con tact passers by. The area of relief is not easily calculable. 60 per cent of one side and end is a reasonable calculation. Return of the air to the occupied areas is possible, hut only an experienced engi neer should attempt it. One plant in the ca-t ran all the air iron; a refuse cyclone through a double bank air washer. They finally made their system work by installing a preliminary spray head in down comer from cyclones to washer. Before this spray head was in stalled the nozzles became plugged because fine dust collected on them and was pumped with the water through the nozzles. An other plant tried this same arrangement and failed entirely because of the tremendous overload of coarse refuse which spilled over from cyclones to air washers. Calcu lating the heat saved we find one million cubic feet of air per minute represents three tom of 10,000 B. T. U. coal per hour with 50 per cent efficiency, 50 degrees inside ami 52 K. outside temperatures. This saving i* interesting, but for small plants it would he insignificant especially when exhaust steam is available for healing purposes. The feeding of coarse mixtures to dutch ovens or Itoiler settings is good practice provided transport air lias l*ccn eliminated. The use of an intermediate trap or valve will prevent sparks or hot gases from reach ing the cyclone body or storage vault in which the atmosphere may very easily l>c of an explosive nature. Hut a choke must In; maintained and, if necessary, ample gravity feed must be provided with an agi tator. Refuse from hogs should be handled sep arately because it is* particularly suscep tible to fire. Cyclones and pipings connected to a lmg should have explosive heads.* Every 40 feet there should lie a relief head in a long distance blowing system except where a charger is used. In that ease, the cyclone alone should 1k? vented hy relief on the upjcr cone. Such cyclone may discliarge directly to the furnace if a feed valve is used in the down sjniuI to the furnace. Storage bin* for hog trash should lie* isolated from any other storage of du>t or trash lccausc the danger of their catching fire is particularly great. If such precautions a* 1 have outlined are in use. we could eliminate other |>otcntial fire and explosion hazards hy letter house keeping to remove the usual static dust awaiting ignition. Enclosing the source of the dust cloud and preventing ignition are the major contributions towards safety for workmen in the woodworking field.