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PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT * I.IS^ >' V Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc. 4400 Fifth. Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. April 22, 1939. REFERENCES TO RECENT LITERATURE ON INDUSTRIAL DISEASES (A) News Items 258 RECENT COURT DECISION IN OHIO. The Supreme Court of Ohio rendered a decision on March 22, 1939, which is im portant vrith respect to common law recovery for occupational disease. Ohio has aly/ays been one of the few states in which the courts have held that there was no common lav/ right to recover for occupational disease. A fim of lawyers in Marion, Ohio, has, over a period of years, filed numerous actions seeking to recover for silicosis and pneumoconiosis. They uniformly failed. Many of these cases were carried to the Supreme Court of Ohio and several efforts 'were made by them to get into the Supreme Court of the United States. Last fall they made cm application in the Supreme Court of Ohio for a rehearing of two cases, to-wit, Triff v. National Bronze & Aluminum Foundry Co., and Smith v. Loud d.h.a. Marion Brass Jc Bronze Foundry, and the Court granted the applica tion for the rehearing. The cases wore reargued in the Supreme Court on January 17th. The employers of Ohio, acting through the Ohio Manufacturers Association, intervened, participated in the argument, and filed an elaborate brief. By a four to three decision, the Court on March 22nd rendered final decision in both cases specifically overruling former decision of the Court and holding that there is a conanon lav/ right to recover in Ohio for occupational disease. The ef fect of the decision with respect to silicosis is somewhat limited in vow of the fact that silicosis has been compensable since the adoption of the amendment to tho Ohio Occupational Disease Act, which amendment became effective July 31, 1937, 259 TOUARD CONTROL OF SILICOSIS IN CALIFORNIA. Labor Standards, 2, 24, (Fob. 1939). About three years ago silicosis claims were being filed in large numbers, some times as many as 50 a month, but this numbsrhas gradually been reduced and is now about 3 per month, on the average. It is thought that the reduction has boon the result of extonsive preventive operations carried on during tho past 15 years. 260 ORGANIZED LABOR ON INDUSTRIAL HEALTH. Labor Standards, 2, 24, (Feb., 1939). Attention is called to an editorial in the January issue of the American Fedorationalist which states the interest of labor in the promotion of indus trial hygiene. The editorial asserts that technical information now exists that v/oulu protect workers and that it can be put to service through those govern mental agencies charged v.ith promoting tho welfare of labor. rt i rt a rt References to Recent Literature - 2. (B) Papers on Dust, Dust Diseases and General Industrial Hvaicne. 261 SILICOSIS-CASZ REPORTS. U. Conrozicr and J. Magnin. Industrial Medicine, 8_, 114-20, {March, 1939). This article, a short notice of which appeared in our January, 1939-Abstracts (No. 16), has been translated frost tho French is is reproduced in part in Indus trial Medicine for March, 1939. Some of the case-histories of the original paper are presented together with x-ray reproductions. The article, as translat ed, stakes interesting reading inasmuch a3 it is necessary for the authors, in their presentation, to provo to French physicians that silicosis is a separate disease entity. 262 VENTILATION IN THE GRANITE INDUSTRY. , E.C.J. Urban. Journal Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 21, 57-66, (March, 1939). This article describes the dust control methods in the granite industry in Vermont. The two most dusty operations are drilling at the pit and finishing in the shops. Without local exhaust each operation develops concentrations far above a safe limit, set at 10 million particles per cubic foot. The most common pit drill is the leyner drill, a long horizontal bar along which a vertical pneumatic drill is moved, drilling holes every 3.5 inches around the sides of the block. The exhaust on this drill consists of a specially designed hood built around the drill rod, exhausting 400 cu. ft. of air per min. Portable exhaust units consisting of hood, hose, box for dust-separating screens or bags, exhaust fan and notor, arc available and in common use. In the finishing shops, special ly designed hoods on flexible rubber hoso are supplied for each machine. Photo graphs and sketches aro included with tho article to aid in the descriptions. Proper operation of the available equipment will reduce the operators' dust ex posures to.far below the accepted standard of 10 n.p.p.c.f.Included also are the approximate costs of the equipment. 263 PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS IN SANDBLASTERS. H. Sauerteig. Zbl. f. Gewerbehyg., 25, 297-305 (1938) (German). The article describes the new regulations for combatting silicosis by the Asso ciation of German Iron and Steel Trade Groups, which were published to go into effect in August, 1938. Following the regulations, the results of the examina tion of 4916 sandblasters is given, 1220 of whoa (24.6>S) were forbidden further work because their x-rays showed light to severe silicosis. The article also describes the various types of sandblasting, and the necessary technical pre ventive measures, including many illustrations. Included also is a description of the use of steel shot. Regarding the mon employed, all must be over 21, must pass a pro-employment examination and a subsequent examination after two years. No worker shall be employed es a sandblaster more than two years, after which time he must do non-dusty v;ork for another two years. Ho may thc-n return to sandblasting, after another examination. The examinations ere to be given by physicians authorized by the Association. 264 ASBESTOSIS, E.R. Sayers and W.C. Dreessen. American Journal Public Eealth, 29, 205-14, (March, 1939). Read before the Industrial Hygiene Section at the American Public Health Association Meeting, Kansas City, Mo., October 28, 1938 This paper is a review of the material contained in U.S. Public Health Bulletin No. 241 (See Abstract 804, 1933). It describes an extensive survey made by the U.S. Public Health Service together with the North Carolina State Board of Health in the- asbestos toxtilo industries. Asbestosis, a comparatively modem disease, is caused by chrysotile, a hydratod magnesium silicate containing no quartz. nn non References to Recent Literature - 3 Its uses have increased greatly during the past 20 years. According to the re sults of the survey, cases of acbostocis develop quite rapidly where exposure to the dust is over 5 million particlos per cubic foot. No cases wore found where exposure v;as less than this figure and it has been accepted as a limit. Definite clinical and roentgenograph!c evidences of asbostosis has been observ ed in oxposed persons after 5 to 10 years of -work in exposures exceeding 5 n.p.p.c.f. ...... 265 A STOTT 0? QUARTZ-FUSING OPERATIONS T/ITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MEASURIMENT AND CONTROL OF FUMES. E.C. Riley and J.M. DollaVolle. U.S. Public Health Reports, C4, 352-8, (Harsh 3, 1939). No cases of silicosis have been reported among fused qunrtz operators in the United States, although evidences have been found among these men in European countries. The very short hours of .daily exposure may account for the lack of silicosis among then in this country. Fused quartz is blown at tempratures between 2700 and 3000??., at which temperatures it has bec-n shown that the vap or pressure is quito high. The authors collected the fumes in regular inpingers (two in series), estimated the amount in solution by the method of King and Dol. .an. During operations they found from 116 to 341 nicrograms per cubic foot, but it is impossible to correlate those findings because of the lack of other similar studies. -..Because of possible toxic.offeets of the fumes and the discomfort of the excessive heat, it is recommended that quartz fusing operations bo carried - on under exhaust hoods. .... 266 CENTRAL MINING -- RAND HIKES GROUP. HEALTH DEPARTMENT REPORT FOR THE TEAS 1937. A.J. Orenstein. Johannesburg, So. Africa. This report deals with the various activities of the Department, particularly with the health conditions of the native labor force employed in the gold mines of the V.'itwatersrand. The total mortality from all diseases for the year has reached the record low level of 6.82 per 1000 and mortality duo to accidents was 1.97 per 1000. The principal disease is pneumonia, the mortality rate for which was 2.60 per 1000. Although the pneumonia rate still remains high, a notable improvement has been achieved when it is noted that tho mortality rate for this disease in 1911 was 13.0 per 1000. An analysis, taking into account meteorological conditions, shows that tho highest incidence of pneumonia is during seasons of low temperature) and high wind velocity. The incidence of pul monary tuberculosis has also been reduced notably. In 1915 the rate was 12 per 1000, and in 1937 was 1.84 per 1000. At the some time the mortality rate-for the disease has dropped from 1.48 to 0.43. Tho Department maintains 11 hospitals, rescue-training stations and supplies the workers with adequato, fully cooked . rations. .... 267 TUBERCULOSIS IN INDUSTRY. G.C. Omstein and D. Ulnar. Quarterly Bulletin, Sea View Hospital, 4, 164-81, (January, 1939). Tho writers take exception to the generally accepted views ns to the high in cidence of tuberculosis in industry. They recommend caution in attributing an abnormal incidence of tuberculosis to environmental factors in a particular industry when its labor is recruited from sections where the incidence of such infection is abnormally high. They do not subscribe to the opinion that silicot ic subjects arc more susceptible to tuberculosis than others; they believe that error has arisen in mistaking the lesions due to silica for those of tuberculos is and find it impossible to diagnose tuborculocis in the absence of demonstrcbl- tubercle bacilli. They concludo that tho present positive opinions arc based only on vital statistics and not on autopsy statistics. Tills assumption i3 in correct as there is in existence sufficient autopsy data upon which to base op inions. Tho relation of trauma end exposure to obnoxious guses to tuberculosis is also discussed in the paper. (\f\ t o c\ d References to Recent Literature - 4. 269 TUBERCULOSIS INCIDENCE IN PHILADELPHIA'S INDUSTRIES. Charles-Francis Long. Industrial Medicine, 8_, 93-6, (March, 1939). A compilation of data from some of Philadelphia's industries shews the inci dence of tuberculosis in those industrios to bo hotter than that of tho general Philadelphia population. The contribution of industrial modicine to the commun ity tuberculosis campaign lies in tho physical examinations of large employed groups with prompt reference of tho tuberculous cases to tho proper channels. Most large industries now hare pre-enploynent and periodic examinations but suggestions are made for tho extension of this service to the snailor companies. Chest x-ray films should bo made o. routino part of such examinations. Tho beneficant effect of plant sanitation is cited. 269 INDUSTRIAL ASPECTS OF THE REHABILITATION PEOELZM OF THE TUBERCULOUS. S.Hochhauser Trans, of the Thirty-fourth Annual Meeting, National Tuberculosis Association,B38 This paper is a study of the present practice in industry as to the re-enploynent of workers with pulmonary tuberculosis after treatment and arrest of the disease. The author summarizes his conclusions based on 219 replies to a ques tionnaire sent out to plants in the United States and Canada. The best treatment from every point of view is to get the arrested eases back to work and tho real object is not obtained until they are again gainfully employed. In the cases rcenployed the loss of tine compares favorably with that of other employees. Most companies will re-cmploy arrested cases, while about one-half of those answering, the questionnaire would not accept them as new employees, largely because of the character of the work at those plants. 270 THE PRACTICAL USE OF RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTING BY MEANS OF HISTAMINE. Peter Muller. Deut. Tuberk.-Blatt., 12, 267-73, (1938) (German). Histamine causes (l) increased respiratory frequency through spastic contraction of the small bronchioles, (2) a decrease of vital capacity, through pulmonary statis and (3) a temporary shortening of the apnea. The effects occur in path ologically changed lungs, but not in healthy lungs. The changes produced by histanino parallel the soverity of the conditions effecting the respiratory "organs, and therefore the method is serviceable for testing respirator;.* function. Several cases of silicosis and silico-tuberculosis wore tosted by using 1 mg. histamine (1 cc. Inido Roche) subcutaneously. Valuable information on the extent of pathological change can be obtained, and in silicosis cases it can be of diagnostic value. 271 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES, PAST Ad PRESENT, IN GERMANY. F. Koelsch. Deutsch. Med. Y.'chnschr., JS4, 1435-6, (1938) (German). A short survey is presented of the development of occupational disease in Ger many. In the "Iwein" of a minnesinger, Hartmann von der Auo, in 1204, the poor social conditions of women spinners and reavers are described. The first German article on industrial hygiene "Regarding Poisonous Humes and Vapors", was written in 1473 by Ulrich Ellenbogen, physician of the town of Augsburg. He mentions the exposure of goldsmiths to coal fumes, lead, mercury, and aqua fortis 272 MEDICAL RESEARCH AMD REPORTS ON OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. REPRINTED FROM MAIN REPORT OF THE FACTORY INSPECTION FOR 1937. 46 pp., Gravehago, (1938) (Gorman). Material regarding the prescribed examination of certain groups of workers is eiven together with reports of certain occupational diseases, as poisoning by benzene, carbon monoxide, lead, nicotine, and other substances. Of 248 sand blasters examined, 33 had definite silicosis, 12 were doubtful cases and 8 had silico-tuberculosis. Cm A3QQ References to Recent Literature - 5. 273 THE DURATION 0? INCAPACITATING SICKNESS. A.3. Walker. Journal Royal Son. Inst., 59, 511-26, (January, 1939) (British). This paper, based on the returns of incapacitating sickness in the insured pop ulation of Scotland, shows that such sickness has tended to rise. On the whole, there has been a rise in both sickness and disablement benefit payments from 1921 to 1933 but the rise has been proportionately greater in disablement bene fit. The average disability for the year 1935-6 was 12 days longer than the average for the yoars 1950-5, and the increase was mainly duo to an increase in chronic incapacities, i.c., incapacities of 1 year or more. 274 INDUSTRIAL DISEASES AND EFFORTS TO PREVENT THEN BY mJUSTRIAL ASSOCIATIONS IN 1937. (FROM THEIR ANNUAL REPORT). Arbeitsschutz, pp. 330-8, (1938) (German). The report presents material on the frequency of industrial diseases in certain industries. Altogether there were 13,566 cases reported and 1,267 compensated for the first time, with 164 fatal cases. Valuable individual reports on diseas es and protective measures ore included in the second part. Researches on print ing dyes made without benzene and its homologs are important, but these dyes evidently give good results only if the edition printed is not too large. The discussion on the prevention of silicosis calls attention to the fact that some industries arc substituting artifical grinding stones for sandstone ones, and using steel shot in sandblasting in'place of quartz sand. 275 DANGER OF DUST IN OEZHLAUSITZ FACTORIES MAKING FIRECLAY AND SILICA BRICKS. R. Maassen and H.E. Buttner. Arch. f. Gewerbepath., J9, 179-97 (1938) (German). The article reports the work done in two factories in Silesia and the examination of 503 workers of whoa 91 showed silicosis with an additional 50 being doubtful cases. The authors state that training is much more highly essential in making the diagnosis than ever before. The silica brick plan' employed 79 men and had been in operation 15 years; the fireclay plant employed 191 men and had operated 29 years. There happened to be the same number of silicotics in each plant and from this the authors conclude that the silicosis hazard was about equal, a con clusion which does not seem reasonable. Dust hazards can only bo ovaluated by taking dust counts. 276 Y?KY NOT A DUST-FREE FOUNDRY? C. B. Gordy. Factor/ Management and Maintenance, 97, 79-80, (March, 1939). Description is given of an extensive dust and smoke control system in a large foundry which maintains dust free atmospheres in all locations. The system handles over a million cubic feet of air per minute and requires 13 men to oper ate it over a thrce-3hift porlod. The investment was made, not especially to gain a specific saving in operating costs, but to insure a clean working place for tho employees. 277 RESEARCH ON THE CAUSE AND PREVENTION OF PNEUMONIA IN A FACTORY. II. Gundol and V. Heine. Arch. f. Gewerbepath., 9_, 248-68, (1938) (German). Among 400-500 workers in a steel factory, there were 35 cases of pneumonia, with' 25 douths, over a period of six and one-half years. Careful investigations of the chemical and physical causes were made without results. In nearly every case the pneumonia developed from a cold or exposure to cold. In 18 of 30 cases it was shown tint after working in an oven, the men washed up and then drove heme on motorcycles. In other cases tho disease appeared shortly after the men re sumed work following a long period of unemployment. General hygienic rules for combating tho disoaso are suggosted. Such investigations are valuable, since the high incidence of pneumonia in cortain industries is not unusual. References to Recent Literature - 6 278 AN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CLINIC FOR IRON WORKERS. W. F. Cries. Mining and Metallurcy, 20 205, (April, 1939). Preventive medicine is less costly than corrective medicine. The healthy workman is the efficient workmen and new programs to make him more health-minded are bcin< put into operation. The author gives a description of a New Industrial Hygiene Clinic being established in one of the iron mining companies in Northern Michi gan. Regular physical examinations which have been made during the past will bo continued but more emphasis will, be placed on early diagnoses so that immediate medical care may be given. 279 ROENTGEN STUDY OF THE LUNGS OF BUFFERS AND DRY GRINDERS IN THE REKSCHZID TOOL INDUSTRY. V/. Bergerhoff. Axch. f. Gev/erbepath., 9_, 167-73 (1933) (German). Artificial grinding wheels ore used in this industry. Eighty subjects employed in the work from one to 41 years were studied, and the results confirm all that was found about 10 years ago -- that among these workers one finds only a light fibrosis. Silicosis is found only if the men work near sandstone grinders. The author emphasizes the importance of the ultramicroscopic dust particles. 230 CHANGES IN THE HEART AND PULMONARY BLOOD VESSELS IN EXPERBENTAL SILICOSIS AND SILICO-TUBERCULOSIS. G. Kegemann. Arch. f. Gewerbepath., 9_, 223-37, (1933) (Germa In an attempt to study heart chengcs in silicosis, the author compared the weight of the heart with that of the kidneys in a series of experiments with rabbits. He found no evidence, however, that the weight of the heart had changed in rela tion to that of the kidneys. Only two of the 70 rabbits examined, however, had synptons of serious silicotic nodulation. 231 THE SPUTUM HI SILICOSIS. A. Ingelnan-Sundberg. Nord. lied. Tid., 16, 1619-26, (1933) (Norwegian). In recognition of the difficulty of establishing a positive radiological diag nosis in silicosis, the author searches for other diagnostic methods by cn in vestigation of sputum tests. Enploying a modification of Burke's method for the detection of mineral particles in sputum, he has investigated four cases of knowt silicosis end two each of suspected silicosis, using six persons without dust ex posure as controls. The four silicotic patients had 170, 230, 170 and 540 par ticles per cc. of sputum. The two suspected cases had 50 and 250 particles per cc. The mineral particle count of the controls ranged from 30 to 70 particles per cc. The experiments and procedure are being continued vdth hope of better result 282 USEFULNESS OF LEHMANN'S APPARATUS FOR TESTING NASAL FILTRATION IK ORDER TO SEL ECT PERSONS NOT ENDANGERED BY DUST EXPOSURE. V. Reichmnnn. Arch. f. Gewerbepath. 9, 43-57 (1933) (Goman). The noses and lungs of 392 miners and stonecutters were examined by using Lehmann's method. It was found that the number of "good" noses was small end that tho owners of such nosos do acquire silicosis, although not as often. The author maintains that working age is of greater significance. All men perform ing hard work breathe through both the nose and the mouth. The examinations shewed that the sano individual varied a groat deal at different times so that the method was not a sound ono in selecting men for dusty work. 283 SCLEROSIS AND AHTHRACOSIS IN THE PULMONARY LYMPH NODES. G. Mottura. Rass. lied. Industr., 9_, 330-44, (October-December, 1938) (Italian). This is a pathological study. The author states that his paper is designed to re-examine published material and to study the vurious aspects of sclerosis (hardening) of tho lymph glands of tho lungs* Examination of the lungs of autop- sied industrial workers indicated that the chronic irritative factor from coal dust was relatively unimportant, but that the dust tended to accumulate in tho lymph glands. nrii/f/'H References to Recent Literature - 7 284 TEE CHEMICAL STUDY OF SILICEOUS INDUSTRIAL DUSTS. H.V.A. Briscoe. Science Progress, 33, 447-61 (Jamiary, 1939) (British). This paper is c short summary of the wort which the author and his co-workers have done up to date. To collect samples of the dust "as the worker breathes it", it has beon stipulated that the dust must be secured without contamination, not v/ettod with YKitor and must not be heated above 100C. Three methods of collect ion are used; volatile solid filters which can be sublimated away from tho col lected dust at relatively low tcmporaturcs (as naphthalene, acenaphthalene or anthracene); solublo solid filters as salicylic acid from which the dust can be centrifuged; and the labyrinth, v/herein the dust is trapped by impingnent on baffles. Thus far most of the tests have been confined to loss on ignition nnd to solubility of tho various types of dust collected, although the latter has not been investigated thoroughly. 285 METHODS 0? MEASURING SMALL DUST SAMPLES. 0. H. Faber. Staub., 8, 4-46 (1933) (German). ~ It is desirable for many purposes to have a method which will quickly evaluate the dust in the atmosphere. Such a method is necessary for testing respirators. Actual counting is very troublesome and other methods aro much preferable. The author first reports-on various- kinds of micrometers, then on methods and instru ments for rapid measurement of dust on konimeter slides by photographic methods. He then selects the method of Walton as tho best of this sort and a description of it is given. This method is described in this country in Journal Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 18 , 689-98 (December, 1936). 286 INCREASING THE PORTABILITY 0? THE BAU5CH & LOSS- DUST COUNTER. L. Silverman end C. R. Williams. Journal Industrial Hygiene L Toxicology, 21, 67-71, (March 1939). The portability of the Bausch and Lonb du3t counter has boen increased by two minor changes. First, the pump mechanism has been moved from a horizontal posi tion to a vertical one alongsido the microscope tubo. Second, the base of the counter has been changed to contain/Tlasklight-battery powered lanp to enable the instrument to be used at tho site of sampling without an electric current. A series of tests with the redesigned instrument shows that its efficiency in the same of that of the original counter. 287 THE FLOW OF AIP. id ITS DISTRIBUTION THROUGH DUCTS. Part 2. FLOW WITH FRICTION. DUCTS UITH EQUAL FRICTION. J.R. Zwickl. Heating ic Ventilating, 36, 49-52, (March, 1939). A previous article in the February issue described and developed formulas for flow without friction. The present paper continuos the series with attention to flow with friction. The series of articles is a good discussion of the hydraul ics of duct systems. 288 CLEANING OF DUST RSSPIPJ.TORS. Hetzel. Dragerhefte, 198, 3949-52 (1933) (German). Cleaning dust masks used in mineral dust exposure v:as 90-100 per cent effective, provided, however, that the filtar had not been used for too long a period. Cleaning was not effective after the respirators had been used on ammonium chlorido or other such, aerosols. 289 HEALTH IKJUEf FP.QLJ FORMALIN RESULTING FROM ITS USE AS A DISINFECTANT OF GAS MASKS. Hotzcl. Dragsrmittoil., 41, 7-8, (1933) (German). VH:on masks are cleaned with formalin solution or formaldehyde gas, they must bo thoroughly rinsed with water and well aired. Instances of injury havo been noted when those precautions wore not followed. OnA.Ano I References to Recent Literature - 8. 290 AMERICAN STANDARD SAFETY- COLE FOR THE PROTECTION OF HEADS, EYES, AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS. U.3. Bureou of Standards, Handbook H24, U.S. Dopt. Commerce, Washington, 95 pp., (1938). Obtainable from Supt. of Documents, Washington; D.C. price 15^. This booklet, superseding H2, was prepared under the chairmanship of Dr. M. G. Lloyd of the Bureau of Standards. Manufacturers, insurance companies, labor or ganizations, technical societies, etc., were represented on the committee. While there is nothing especially new in the handbook, it contains the various govern mental specifications for masks, rospirators, goggles, welding helmets, air masks, and has an excellent index. The result is a practical and handy manual. (C) Papers on Industrial Poisons, Cancer., Dermatitis, etc. 291 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY 0? CALIFORNIA WINERIES. Industrial Hygiene Service. Dept, of Public Health, California. Investigation Report No. 36 pp. (February, 1939). This bulletin describes the wine industry in California, the classifications of wine, the processes in its production, together with the potential health haz ards that are involved in the processes. The materials and environmental condi tions to which winery employees arc exposed to some degree, and which nay have a detrimental effect on health, include alcohol vapors (76$ of all employees); carbon dioxide (53$); excessive dampness (51$); sulfur dioxide gas (24$); alkalis (14$); and carbon monoxide (12$). A set of provisions for protecting employee health is suggested. 292 FROM THE SWISS FACTORY INSPECTORS' REPORTS FOR 1937. E. Bitterii. Arbeitsschutz, pp. 278-30, (1938) (German). A short survey of the activity of factory inspectors revealed some interesting . observations. There were found some eases of addiction to trichlorethylene in workers in that dopartnent of a factory. Cases of poisoning from hydrogen sul fide developed when a sodium sulfide lye was allowed, to run into a trough con taining acid water. A case of death from nitrogen dioxide from autogenous weld ing is described. % 293 Y/ORK WITH PNEUMATIC TOOLS IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY AS CAUSE OF DISEASES OF MUSCLES, BONES AND JOINTS. H. Schramm. Arch. f. orthopad. u. unfall-Chir., 39, 248-57, (November 17, 1938) (German). Disabilities caused by pneumatic tools have been reported chiefly in men who work in mines and in the stone industry, not so much in the men who use such tools in the iron and steel industries. In this paper the author describes his observations on 58 iron and stool vrorkors who operated pneumatic hammers and riveters. It was found that defects caused by pneumatic "cools are not less common in these workers than in workers in mines and quarries. Typical changes were found in the elbow joint, shoulder joint end in the similunar (wrist) bone. That predisposition plays a pert is proved by the fact that some workers who had used pneumatic tools for 25 years were free from complaints,whereas a young worker had noticeablo defects after 3 years. Discussing the prevention, the Buthor stresses the importance of selecting the right typo of tool in accordance with the hardness of tho material to be worked upon. Men who work with pneumat ic tools should be subjected to examinations at regular intervals in order that possible impairment may bo recognized early. 004403 References to Recent Literature - 9 294 AFFECTIONS 0? THE SHOULDER JOINT Hi RELATION TO OCCUPATION. L. Teleky. Trans. 5th Internet. Congress on Rheumatism, Stockholm, September 1955. Mercators Tryckeri, Helsingfors, (1938) (Sweden). The components of th\> shoulder joint are described in some detail. The bones and ligaments of many porsons froquontiy show changes caused by extensive lift ing of heavy objects. They occur frequently in longshoremen, porters, black smiths, miners, and those who work with compressed air tools. Injury to the elbow Joint is, however, more common among tho latter. 295 INFECTIONS OF THE BAUD. R. Pilcher. Indust. Welfare, 20, 476-50, (December, 1938) (British). This paper gi'res a short analysis of cases dealt with at a special Whitlow Clinic started at University College Hospital, London, in 1935. Of 192 patients with a history of injur,-, only throe had received first-aid treatment and this stands out as the most important necessity for rapid recovery. Certain features of treatment of different types of injury are also discussed. 296 ELECTRIC OPHTHALMIA AS IN INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT. E. Avalos. Rev. Cubana Oto-Neuro-Oft., 7_, 41, (1938) (Cuban). The effects upon the eye-of electrical energy of varying intensities arc describ ed, and prophylactic measures suitable for workers exposed to such harmful ef fects ore proposed. 297 WHAT THE PHYSICIAN SHOULD OBSERVE IN CIVIL'S ARTIFICAL RESPIRATION. G. Pflcsser. Med. V/elt., 12, 1600-1 (1938) (German). The author tested whether the fatal effect in animal experiments is caused by the oxygen itself or by faulty technic. Y/hcn ho used pure oxygon tho animals died after a few hour's inhalation. With the usual oxygen apparatus, 80 per cent oxygen at most is inspired; with the inhalation apparatus, 55-65 por cent, and with the pulmotor 40-60 per cent. Only with tho so-called automatic lung apparatus does it rise to 99 per cent. Those automatic devices must be employ ed with care. In toxic pulmonary edema, the pulmotor should not be used, because excess pressure and too low pressure arc too difficult to avoid. In all cases without lung tissue injury it can be used with good results. 298 K-JEUMOTACHDCRAPEIC RESEARCH ON ARTIFICAL RESPIRATION. L. Fischer and I.Engeser. Med. Y/elt., 12, 1664-7 (1938) (German). With a tachograph the authors took respiration, curves on a patient trained to submit to artificial respiration without breathing himself. They show the re sults of various methods of artificial respiration. That for Sylvester's method deviates substantially from the normal; that for tho Howard method gives very unsatisfactory results; and that for tho bioaotor gives a curve corresponding to the normal. Tho Hans bellows are also satisfactory. When possible, nanual meth ods should be replaced by mechanical ones. 299 CONTINUOUS RECORDING OF THE SKIN TEMPERATURE 0? MAN. H. Anton. Arch. f. Hyg., 120, 63-104 (1958) (Geiman). An apparatus is described for the continuous registration of the temperature of a number of spots on tho 3kin. The change of potential developed by thermocoup les is followed with a string galvanometer and reproduced photographically. By means of a revolving drum, contact is repeatedly made with each of the thermo couple leads. A circuit for calibration is embodied in the arrangement. Appara tus for ensuring that the standard temperature remains steady throughout the recording is also described. 004-4-0 4- I References to Recent Literature - 10. 300 FOURTH REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON LIGHTING IN FACTORIES. Hone Office. II. U. Stationery Office, London, 1938. Regulation of industrial lighting was begun for the first time in Great Britain in 1937. The object of the report presented here is to review tho recommenda tions of previous committees and to make recommendations as to standards for tho new code. It is statod that the effects of bad lighting are: (1) increased ac cident rate; (2) damage to eyesight and health; (3) insanitary conditions; (4) effect on discipline; and (5) diminished output and quality of work. 301 EPIDEMIOLOGY o? FIELD FEVERS IN SOUTHERN BAVARIA. V. Rinpau. Much. med. Wchnschr., 85, 1979-81 (1933) (Genaan). This disease of harvesters in certain parts of Germany has been shown to be caused by leptoepira, a subgroup of spirochetes. The difference between this disease and V/eil's disease (icterus infectiosus) is still not clear as to the infective agent and epidemiology. Of those with field fevors, about 2 per cent develop icterus. 302 CLINICAL ASPECTS AND SPECIFIC THERAPY OF FIELD FEVERS. G. Jordens. Munch, med. V/chnschr., 05, 1979-01 (1938) (German). Tho author reports on a number of cases, mostly among harvest workers, who' work barefoot or 7.1th inadequate shoes. Tho disease begins suddenly with chills and high fever. Most of the patients showed marked stupor, conjunctivitis, gastric symptoms, bronchitis, frequent hyperesthesia of tho bones, and occasionally an exanthema like measles. The fever falls by crisis in most cases, but the pat ients recover very gradually. Fatal cases ere rare. In many areas in Lower Bavaria at harvest tine, hundreds of workers are incapacitated for 2-3-weeks, and only gradually recovor complete ability to work. 303 DISEASES OF TIE KIDNEYS AMONG STREETCAR EMPLOYEES. P.. Civatta. Med. del lavoro, 29_, 302--5, (1938) (Italian). Of 248 employees, the author found 56 with urine changes; 35 7.1th phosphaturia, 6 with a slight albuminuria, and some with the two combined. The incidence seems high to the author, and he discusses the possible causes. 304 THE 7.HCTS BLOOD PICTURE IN GENERAL CHILLING OF THE BODY. A. Frohlich. Dtsch. Ztschr. f. d. ges. ger. Med. 30, 199, (1938) (German). Rabbits were held up to their necks for 8 to 15 minutes in ice vnxter (1C). Blood camples were taken just before the experiment, about 15 minutes after it, and again about en hour later. A total leucocyte decrease v;as found in 10 animals and in 5 others there v?as a definite increase. The leucocytosis develop ed in especially strong animals which had better resistance to cold than tho others; the temperature drop they suffered was less, also. 305 CHEMICAL CHANGES IK TEE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AFTER ELECTRIC ACCIDENTS. F, Masella. Folia med., 24, 1121-31 (1938) (Italian). The author examined the blood, brain and nerves of rabbits killed by electric currents or killed after prolonged electric dosage. There were charges in the amounts of calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphate and cholesterinc, but in creases or rcauetions in these materials wero not regular. References to Recent Literature - 11 306 THE CHRONIC EFFECTS ON DOGS OF FEEDING DIETS CONTAINING LEAD ACETATE, LEAD ARoHLiTE, AND ARSENIC TRIOHIDZ IN VARYING CONCENTRATIONS. H.O. Calvery. E.P. Laug and li.J. Harris. J. Pham. Exp. Therapy, 64, 364-87, (December, 1958). THE EFFECT OF LEAD OH RATS FED DIETS CONTAINING LEAD ARSENATE AND LEAD ACETATE. E.P. Laug end H.P. Morris. Ibid., 64, 388-410. THE STORAGE OF ARSENIC IN RATS FED A DIET CONTAINING CALCIUM ARSEJATE AND ARSENIC TRIOXIDE. H.J. Morris and E.V,'. Wallace. Ibid., pp. 411-19. THE GROUTH AZTD REPRODUCTION OF RATS FED DIETS CONTAINING LEAD ACETATE AND ARSENIC TRIOXIDE AND THE LEAD AND ARSENIC CONTENT OF NE'.'.'BORN AND SUCKLING RATS. H.P.,Morris, E.P. Laug, H.J. Morris and R.L. Grant. Ibid., pp. 420-45. THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS ON THE STORAGE AND TOXICITY OF LEAD AND ARSEIIC. R.L. Grant, H.O. Calvery, E.P. Laug and H.J. Morris. Ibid.,-pp. 446-57. VARIATIONS IK THE ARGINASZ CONCHflEATIONS HI TEE LIVERS OF WHITE RATS CAUSED BY THE AIMINISTRATION OF ARSENIC AND LEAD. H.D. Lightbody and H.O. Calvery. Ibid., pp. 458-64. When lead or arsenic vns incorporated in the diet of rats and dogs, there was clear evidence of storage, even at the lowest lovels fed. Rats proved relatively less sensitive to lead, tolerating nnounts up to 213 mg./kg. in their diet. At this high level, there was impairment of growth, and marked hypertrophy of the kidneys. At somewhat lower levels of intake, no effects were noted on fecund ity or fertility. Dogs v;ere very sensitive to lead and shoY/ed the characteristic symptoms associated 7/ith lead poisoning on intakes as low as 0.33 mg./kg. per day, an amount v/cll within aho range of possible toxicity for the human. It was found that Y/hcn the level of calcium was reduced in tho diet, both rats and dogs were not only much more sensitive to lead, but also stored from 3C0 to 400 per cent more lead in their tissues. Tho largest storage of lead occurred in the bones, kidneys and livors. Storage of lead in the long bones favored the epi physeal region and in the kidneys, tho cortex. Clear evidence was also obtained that both lead and arsenic pass from the maternal tissues to the fetus, and in the case of lead a measurable amount passes into the milk (arsenic was not de termined in tho milk) whence it is absorbed and stored by the rat from birth to weaning. In contrast to dogs, rats proved to be somewhat more sensitive to arsenic than to lead. Calcium arsonato, in the amounts fed in these experiments, provod to bo more toxic than arsenous oxide. Arsenic, while exerting little or no hypertrophic offect on kidneys, did produce, in rats, a marked effect on the liver. It 7/as also found that both lead and arsenic lowered the erginase con centration in the livers of rats, as well as the response of arginase increase in starvation. 307 CHRONIC LEAD POISONING. H.B. Williams. Journal American Medical Association, . 112. 534-7, (February 11, 1939). A physician tells of hi3 own experience in developing a chronic lead poisoning v/itheut the v/ell-known classic symptoms of constipation, colic, blood changes, and lead-line on the gums. Ho aad members of his family used water from a copper tank that had been reinforced in certain places v/ith a wiping solder con taining two-thirds loed, which dissolved quito readily in the slightly acid water. Tho amount absorbed daily v;as very small but was sufficient, in addition to tho other ordinary sources of lead, to produce noticeable nervous disorders Y/ithout the other classic symptoms. 004406 References to Recent Literature - 12 308 CKR01IAXHETRIC INVESTIGATIONS OF LEAD '.YORKERS EZrORE AND AFTER WORK. E.I.Schutz. Arch. f. Gewerbepath., 9., 198-227, (1933) (Geman). The author examined by chronaxinetry (the measurement of the time required for the excitation of a nervous element by a dofinito stimulus) the flexor and ex tensor muscles of 26 women typists before their work and after 9 hours of work. In the evening tho average time required was 36 per cent longer than in the morning. He then examined 25 white lead workers who had been employed in this work for several years. Their chronaxy values were considerably higher than those of tho non-load workers and the author concludes that this measurement is valuable in diagnosirrjlead damage.. This point was first brought out by F. H. Lewy in America and tho present work serves to .support Levey's view. The value of the measurement in tho recognition of impending damage is not as yet deter mined. 309 BLOOD PROTECTS IN LEAD COLIC AND MERCURY POISONING. M. P.enato. Med. del lavoro, 29, 263-72, (December, 1938) (Italian). The author notes a diminution in the globulines and a light hyper-alb minemia in 5 cases of lead colic and 4 cases of mercurialism studied. In all cases of lead poisoning, after the disappearance of symptoms, various protein fractions returned to their normal values, while in tho mercurialism they persisted or even increased. 310 LEAD POISONING AMONG WORKERS MAKING PROJECTILES. U. de Peppe. Med. del lavoro, 29, 257-63, 506-11, 332-40 (1938) (Italian). The author examined 53 workers in ammunition factories and presents tho blood findings and material on porphyrinuria for each man. He concludes that such work is only mildly dangerous, but that many workers develop a hypo saturnism with no clinical symptoms but with slight blood changes: slight diminution of hemoglobin contont and a real polyglobulia. 311 AN UNUSUAL CASE OF LEAD POISONING. G.E. Beaumont and R. Wyburo-Mason. British Medical Journal, pp. 150-3, (January 28, 1939) (British). A full clinical record is given of a case which was determined to bo lead pois oning before the source of contamination ytus discovered. Encephalopathy, trans ient blindness, oliguria, raised blood urea end abdominal pain were present, and also anemia and slight jaundice. No history' of occupational risk was obtained as the patient was a railway signal clerk, but the symptoms had preceded this occupation. The domestic water supply was from a well, and was pumped through load pipes. Water allowed to st^nd in these pipes showed 4 parts of lead per 10 million parts water. 312 RISK OF LEAD POISONING OCCUPATIONALLY INCURRED IIT PREPARING "ETHYL" PETROL. F. Coste. Arch. Mai. Profess., 1, 281-93, (1938) (French). Motor fuel containing tetra-ethyl lead is prepared in 41 stations in France where ethyl fluid imported from America is mixed with gasoline. During the last four years 179 men have boon employed in this work. The men are provided with entire outfits of working clothes, rubber aprons, gloves and boots, which are inspected daily. All workers are carofully selected by medical examination-and must pass subsequent examinations two or three times a year. Because of the careful medi cal supervision, no cases of poisoning from the highly toxic tetra-ethyl lead . compound have occurred in this industry. 004407 References to Recent Literature - 13. 313 EOOK REVIEW -- CARBON MONOXIDE ASPHYXIA. Cecil K. Drinker. Oxford University Press, New York. 276 pp. (1939) Price $4.50 The book is a valuable source of information for those with a practical or theoretical interest in carbon monoxide poisoning* The author begins by giving a complete description of the physiology of respiration and the exchange of gases in the lungs as a basis for the toxt that follows. Other chapters are devoted to statistical and general information, pathology of asphyxia, treatment, the contro versial subject of chronic poisoning, cad discussion of methods of detection. Tho work is especially valuable for those in fields of industry having a carbon monoxide problem. 314 CARBON MONOXIDE FILTERS AND VARIOUS EH>E?JMZNTAL CLAIMS. H. Muschenbom. Dragerhefte, 198, 3959-61 (1930) (German). Experiments show that the length of- tine a carbon monoxide filter can be used depends not so much on the carbon monoxide content (at least from 0.1 to 2.0 per cent) as on the moisture content of the air. For instance, at 25 per cent rela tive humidity a filter is good for 15.2 hours in 0.1 per cent carbon monoxide, 12.8 hours in 2.0 per cent. With a relative humidity of 90 per cent the res pective periods of effectiveness for these concentrations is 9.8 and 8.3 hours. 315 CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. S. E. Schartz. Viestnik Ophth., 16, 370 (1938) (German The symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are very bizarre generally, as well as in relation to ocular manifestations. The author's case v;as unusually severe, with edema and ecchymosis of the lids, chemosis, exophthalmos, limitation of movement, superficial keratitis, and rise of intraocular tension. Tho final re sult was loss of vision in the right eye and recovery in the left. 316 CAREON DISULFIDE POISONING. P.. McDonald. Arch, of Ophth., 20, 838-45 (1938). The author was among those who collaborated on the viscoa9 rayon study.made re cently in Pennsylvania (Abstract 826, 1938) and the material is the same as that on which the Pennsylvania report is based. The literature on ophthalmologic effects of carbon disulfide is reviewed and the author1s experience in examining . 120 men from viscose rayon; plants is given. More than half of those examined had been employed for 10 years or longer, and approximately 75 per cent had ocular complaints of various sorts. Enlargement of the blindspot, which has not previously been reported in tho literaxure, is believed by the author to he the most significant early ocular sign of chronic carbon disulfide intoxication. It was found in 22.5 por cent of all workers examinod. Diminution of the comcal reflex was the most constant finding, occurring in more than one-half of the cases. Diminution of the light reflex was the socond most common finding. Vascular changes of the usual nature were found in about one-third of the cases. Although amblyopia was a common symptom in the previously reported literature, it was not present in any of the cases in the author's series, and no scotomata wero demonstrable. 317 DEIERMHIATIOII OF CARBON DISULFIDE AND CARBONYL SULFIDE III GASES HI THE PRESENCE - OF EACH OTHER. A.V. Avdeeva. Zavodskaya Lab., 7., 279-81, (1938) (Russian). The gas is aspirated through 3 connecting absorption flasks in the order given. Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are absorbed in a standard iodine solution; titrating tho solution with sodium hydroxido to methyl orange gives hydrogen sulfide directly and sulfur dioxide by difference. Carbonyl sulfide is absorb ed in 7.5 per cent calcium chloride containing 1 per cont ammonium hydroxide, and the carbon disulfide in alcoholic 15 percent potassium hydroxide. The solu tions are then oxidized with hydrogen poroxiuo or bromine as usual and the con tents of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide are determined by precipitating the sulfuric acid with barium chloride. OOAAnQ References to Recent Literature - 14 318 SPECTROORAPHIC METHOD ?CR IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF BEiZENZ; DETERMINATION OF BENZINE VAPORS IN AN ATMOSPHERE. P. Lurien. J. Pham. Chen., 27, 561-77 (1938) (French). The ultraviolet absorption spectrun of benzene in alcoholic solution pernits identification of benzene down to a dose of 0.1 mg. The absorption curve of this alcoholic solution is obtained by means of the apporatus of Fcbre and Any (see Chem. Abstr., 31, 6109). By calculating the optical density of the maximums, benzene can be determined for quantities equal to 2 mg or more, with an approximation of 5 per cent. The technic is applied to the detection and deter mination of benzene in the atmosphere by condensing it at low temperature in the prcsenco of 95 per cent alcohol, which under these conditions collects it com pletely. 319 THE PROBLEM OF APLASTIC BONE LIAKHOV.1 AND PSEUDO-APLASTIC LEUCH2A FROM BENZENE EXPOSURE. F. Penait end E. C. Vigliani., Rass. Med. Industr., 9_, 345-61 (October-Dee ember 1933) (Italian). Chronic benzene poisoning divides itself into four categories: (1) cases that are clinically, hematologicaily end anatomo-pathologically typical of aplastic anemia; (2) cases clinically typical of aplastic anemia but showing on active heaopoesis especially in the bone marrow, with numerous undifferentiated blood cells (pseudo-aplastic anemia); (3) atypical cases of aplastic anemia with syelitic hyperplasia or metaplasia, having a lcuccmic appearance, especially in the spleen and liver; and (4) cases of certain chronic or acute leucemia not in frequently appearing as a leucemia. The above classification was capable of being experimentally demonstrated in animals. They are stated to bo a direct effect of toxic action of benzene and should be so designated. 320 CLINICAL ASPECTS OF POISOHUS BY SOLVENTS OF THE AROMATIC SERIES. E. C. Vigliani. Rass. Med. Industry., 9_, 303-29 (October-December 1938) (Italian). This article is a summary of present knowledge with regard to benzene and its derivativis.Stress is laid on the action of these substances on the blood. Secondary effects arc discussed at some length. The author points out that care should be excrcisod in identifying the specific solvent which is used, since symptomatology varies with the different homologs and derivatives of benzene. 321 ECAMINATTONS OF LEIPZIG PHOTOENGRAVERS VJITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HEMORRHAGIC TENDENCY. S. Kahle. Arch. f. Kyg., 121, 6?-83 (1938) (German). Folio'.Ting a review of the literature the author gives a careful description of the results of examining 20 photoengravers. Symptoms referable to the central nervous system were very numerous: headache, dizziness, fatigue; others referable to the digostivo tract were eructations and heartburn. The many findings on hemorrhagic tendency and vasolability were striking. The thrombocyte values in half of the cases lay in the lowest normal range, but definite thrombopenia was not seen. In 75 per cent of the cases, the Rumpel-Leede test was positive, suggesting injury to the vascular endothelium. The. denaograpkia found in all cases points to damage to tho capillary function. In 30 per cent, and, in a later examination, 40 per cent, there was found leucopenia and neutropenia (v/ith tho latter r. relative lymphocytosis). In conclusion tne author reports on a case of fatal aplastic anemia in a 60-year old photo engraver who had worked for 19 years. f\t\ 1 m a r\ References to Recent Literature - 15 322 THE "TOLERANCE CONCSNIRATICN" OF RADON IN THE ATMOSPHERE. J. Read, end J. C. Mottram. Brit. J. Radiol., 12, 54-60 (January, 1939) (British). Ridon, the gaseous substance chat emanates from radium, is said to cause leucopeni:: among v/orkers handling radium or working in atmospheres where radium is stored. Concentrations found in various working places were taken, and erperi--' nents on mice were carried out. From the results the allowable limit suggested is 10-11 curies per cc. This allows for u safety factor of 10. Proper venti lation can keep the concentration down to 10-12 curies per cc. It is suggested that radium safes be ventilated continually or just prior to opening. Workers exposed to radon should be examined periodically in order to establish defin itely the safe concentration. 323 . .. A CASE OF KYELOTIC LEUCIMIA IN /II X-RAY ASSISTANT OBSERVED FROM TEE BEGINNING. W. Y.'eitz. Klin. Wchnschr., 17, 1579-80 (1938) (German). The patient, bom in 1901, began work in 1928 with x-rays, worked extensively with then after 1930. Since then her blood has been examined regularly. In August, 1932, there was a considerable increase of eosinophils, and in June 1933 she gave up the work entirely. At that tine there v/erc 25,000 leucocytes, of which one-half of one per cent wero immature myelocytes, 2 per cent meta myelocytes, 9 per cent eosinophiles, 6 per cent basophiles, 11 per cent mono cytes, 19 per cent lymphocytes, and 52 per cent neutrophiles. There was a sligh increase in the spleen, which since then has continued to increase gradually. In January 1935 there were 74,000 leucocytes, and'in the summer of 1935, the spleen was enlarged two fingers above the center line and one finger below the navel. She was treated with x-rays,but died in April 1938. 324 POISONOUS GASES IN THE LEATHER INDUSTRY. J.A.S. Morrison. Leather V/orld, 30, 886,7, (1958). Ammonig^^ydrogen sulfide and hydrogen arsenide may be formed if waste lime liquors/in contact with acid liquors from the tan yards. Carbon monoxide and methane may be liberated by fermentation of waste vegetable tanning materials. Dangerous concentrations may occur in simps, pits, sewers, etc. The simplest precaution is to flood with water to replace the foul atmosphere beforo allow ing men to enter. If this is not practical, the men should wear approved masks supplied with oxygen or pure air. 325 HEMOGLOBIN CHANGES /J THE BEHAVIOR OF POHPHYEINE IN URINE AND PECES IN EXPERIMENTAL ANILINE POISONING. C. Seglini. Med. del lavoro, 29, 289-301, (1938) (Italian). Aniline was injected into rabbits, and 7/as found to appear first in the blood end later in liver and nervous system. Porphyxine increases in urine and feces as the poisoning continues. In chronic poisoning the increase is greater be cause the liver changes aro greater. 326 STUDIES ON PHEN0THIA2INE. V. FATE OF PHENOTHIAZINE HI THE BODY. F. DeEds, C.W. Eddy and J.O. Thomas. J. Fharm. Exp. Therap., 64, 250-62 (November,1938) VII. THE BACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF URINE AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF PH2N0TEIAZINE. J.O. Thomas, F. DeEds and C.Y7. Eddy. Ibid., 230-97. In the first paper it is demonstrated that the urino of animals ingesting watersolublo phenothiazino contains in addition to the solublo oxidation derivatives, thionol-leuco thionol, some water-soluble fern of phenothiazino, possibly con jugated or in 3ome loose chemical combination. This latter product is precipi tated from the urineon strong acidification. The effects of phenothiazino are discussed in earlier papers. No mention is made of tho amounts of phenothiazino recovered in tho urine. In the second papor the authors show that urine contain ing tho phenothiazino dcrivaties ubovo named shows strong bactericidal action - . .. References to Recent Literature - 16 for 2. Coli, both in vitro and in vivo under the proper conditions of pH con centration. Thionol appears to be the active reagent. 327 TIE PHYSIOLOGICAL RZ3POKES TO ISOPEOFfL ETHER AND TO A MIXTURE OF ISOPROPYL EThiR AND GASOLINE. V/. Machle, E.V/. Scott and J. Treon. Journal Industrial Hygieno & Toxicology, 21, 72-96, (March 1959). Improved methods of production have increased the field of uses of isopropyl ether, especially as a fuel in internal combustion engines. Like most ethers it is an anesthetic, but, because of its toxic and depressant effects, it has not been used as such. Because greater potential exposures to this substance arc probable in the future, the present investigation was conducted to gain a moro definite knowledge of its physiological action. Isopropyl other is a simple aliphatic cthor which at ordinary temperatures is a colorless liquid, - boiling at about 68C. The experiments show that ingestion of the liquid in small amounts (7-9 cc. per kilogram body weight) causes rapid intoxication and death. As a vapor it is anesthetic to aninal3 (rabbits and monkeys) at about 3 per cent concentration, lethal at about 6 per cent, and only mildly toxic at 1 per cent, lie permanent pathological characteristics wero noted on animals that were exposed to, and survived, a 3 per cent concentration in air. Isopropyl ether is explosive in mixtures of fron 1.5 to 2.0 per cent in air and it is unlikely that higher concentrations will be encountered because of this fact. Mixtures of 40 per cent isopropyl ether v.lth gasoline were less toxic than the pure substance. 328 SPZCTR0A1LYLY32S III THE DIAGNOSIS OF SOME INDUSTRIAL POISONINGS. EXPERIMENTS . ON THALL0U3 CHLORIDE POISONING. F. Capelli. Med. del lavoro, 29, 321-32, (193S) (Italian). The author writes first ebout spectroanalysis and then shows that after the injection of 5.6 mg. thallous chloride over a period of 5 days, thalliim can be found in the urine of rabbits by spectroanalytic methods. 329 HEART INJURY FROM NICOTINE. F. Lassing. Med. Veit., 12, 1485-7, (1938) (German). Recently acute poisoning has occurred from the use of nicotine as an insecticide. A case is presented with the following symptoms: weakness, no pulse, fall of temperature, tonic-clonic cramps, sugar in the urine, arrhythmia and bradicardia in the electrocardiogram, lengthening of the transfusion time, disturbance of the conduction of stimuli, and injury to the heart muscle. There was some im provement, but even after niremonths certain of the symptoms were still notice able. Another case was that of a tobacco cutter who complained of heart pains end bradicardia. In the electrocardiogram there were seen slight fluctuations of the vestibule, and there was slightly augmented bilirubin in the blood. 330 EXPERIMENTAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF VANADIUM POISONING. F. Molfino. Rass. Med. Incustr., 9_, 362-73 (October-December, 1938) (Italian). The follovdng are the author's conclusions based on experiments porformed on rabbits: (1) vanadium anhydride is absorbed and eliminated in the urine where it can be demonstrated; (2) venadium anhydride exerts a strong irritant action on the respiratory organs; and (3) except for its irritating action, vanadium anhydride simulates zinc -oxiColn its after effects.. 331 VASCULAR DISEASES AFTER MERCURY POISONING. K. Fellingcr and ?. Schweitzer. Arch. f. Gewerbepath., , 269-75 (1938) (German). The authors present the cases of 3 men who had 'worked with mercury and suffered mercury poisoning. Later they showed signs of endarteritis, beginning with claudicatio interaittons and followed by gangreno in the toes or feet. They wero cured by vasodilator treatment. nn A if i A References to Recent Literature - 17, 332 KIDNEY FUNCTION AFTER DAMAGE EY HZA7Y METALS (MERCURY, KOLLARGOL, Y.TTH A NOTE ON CLINICAL ASPECTS OF BANG'S DISEASE). P. v. Monekow. Deutschv Arch. f. klin, Med., 133, 155-70 (1938) (German). The author calls attention to the resenblance in poisoning by mercury, uranium, bismuth end gold insofar as kidney changes are concerned. The histological and functional changes are described. Blood and urine data are given in the case of a woman with Bang's disoase who was given 0.04 Kollargol (colloidal silver) intravenously. The clinical course was quite similar to that seen in nercury poisoning. There was an immediate anuria; thereafter the slight amount of urine was pale and of low specific gravity. It contained a Good doal of albumin and many cylinders but no blood. In poisoning by heavy metals the kidneys behave characteristically, but quite differently than in other kidney ailments. There is an unusually low concentration of urea in the urine at the height of the poisoning, extremely little difference in concentration between blood urea and urine urea, and in spite of a drop in blood chloride, often below the threshold value, the chloride excretion is maintained at a concentration only slightly below that of the blood. 333 DOES MANGANESE CAUSE PNEUMONIA? E. C. Vigliani. Folia Mod. 23, 451-8, (1937) (Italian). Pyrolusite (an ore of manganese) is suspected as a cause of pneumonia. There have been, in the past, .noticeably high incidences of pneumonia among pyrolusite miners and those who hcndlo the ores in mills. The rates of pneumonia are high in other similar industries but do not account for the correspondingly higher rates among pyrolusite workers in particular. 334 NASAL CHANGES IN CHROMIUM WORKERS. G. Hancioli. Rass. Med. Indust., 9, 258-71 (1938) (Italian). Injury from chromium in the plating industry is both from inhalation of fumes and from contact with the solutions. The very best of exhaust systems are re quired, as cases of poisoning were found even in locations v;here better than average exhaust systems wore in operation. Chromium poisoning is characterized by greenish chrome sores in the nose and septum and the absence of serious dis comfort misleads the patients and makes them careless. During the period of ulceration they are only conscious of a burning sonsgtion in the nose which causes them to put a finger (usually covered with chromium solution) into the noso, thus bringing the poison in direct contact with the mucous membrane. Prophylaxis includes powerful exhaust systems, use of boric vaseline or salicy lic ointment on or in the nose, the uso of respirators and rubber gloves. 335 EXPERIMENTAL HTCESTIGATION ON OCCUPATIONAL CHROMIUM POISONING IN THE ELECTROCHROMIUM PLATING INDUSTRY. St. Galloro. Folia med., 24, 1255-65 (1938) (Italian) The author reviews the literature and then reports on experiments with guinea pigs that wore kept over a chrome bath from one-half to three hours daily up to 45 days. Changos of the mucosa and submucosa of tho respiratory tract were ob served and examined histologically, as well as changes in the spleen and kidneys 336 FACTORS IN CARCINOGENESIS. R.D. Passey. J. Roy. Inst. Putl. Health & Hyg. 2, 16-63, (January, 1939) (British). This article deals with chemical and physical carcinogenitic agents, viruses, parasites, and genetic factors. Lengthy bibliographies are given. In a short section various types of industrial cancer arc enumornted. A question is asked whether there is any osteogenic sarcoma among the Schnceburg miners, where the lung enneer is thought to be caused by raaioactivo substances. The exact cause of bladder cancer among dye workers has as yet not boc-n determined, and extensivo experiments with these materials have failed to find the compound or com- 00AA1Z References to Recent Literature - 18 * pounds responsible for the cancer. Exposure to ultraviolet light nay induce epithellcnn of the skin. Heat has been known to cause cancer on the shins of engine drivers, and cold nay also act as a carcinogenotic agent. 337 INTRODUCTION TO TEE STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL DISEASES OF COTTON SPINNERS. U. Thiry. Arch, do lied. Soc. et d'Hyg., 1,, 749-51 (1938) (French). The author examined 125 workers in a cotton spinning factory. In those who . had worked only a short tine, he found no lung abnormalities, but of those with a longer exposure, 88 per cent had inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. Exposure of Petri dishes showed the presence of bacteria pathogenic to guinea pigs. 338 ' DERMATOSES IN SUGAR 7J0RKERS. Journal American Medical Association (Queries and Minor Notes), 112, 264 (January 21, 1939). The question concerns "sugar boils" among men working for 20 years in a beet sugar nill. It seems especially prevalent among workers exposed to the juices. Lesions that have been described in the literature arc so varied that it is doubtful if a specific agent is responsible. Perhaps the sugar provides a good medium for bacteria. Keeping the skin clean is of prime importance; juices should not be allowed to dry on the skin. 339 "METHODS FOR TESTING LOTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE HJMAN SKIN* L. Peuckert and Y. Schneider. Arch. f. Gewerbepath., 9_, 288-94 (1938) (German). .The authors studied various lotions in different dilutions, by photographing the forms of drops on the skin. They describe another method which tests the lotions'- capacity for moistening other materials; the results give an idea of how these materials would act on the skin. 340 STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN SURFACE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE. R. and F. Jager. Arch. f. Gewerbepath., J9, 276-87 (1938) (German)-. The authors describe methods which give a""clearer picture of the skin surface than is usually gained. They employ a fluorescent analysis, a fluorescent microscopical method; the apparatus is described and pictures of the skin made in this way ere described. The authors claim that their method, which shows rawness of the skin, collected dirt, and the effect of washing, offers a valu able prophylactic aid. 004413