Document XRkjEzmZ5NEq1qbOrgerQOaJ4

ffli k No. !8--I !8--2 !8--3 18-4 f8--5 !8--6 !8--7 !8--S !--10 !--II !S--12 :--13 18--14 8--15 8--16 8--17 8--18 8--18 8--20 8--21 8--22 8-- 8-. ; 8--25 8--26 8--27 8--28 8--29 8--30 8--31 VOLUME 15 1958 NATIONAL SAFETY r- 'i 17- Si TRANSACTIONS itiiiiitniiitfiiiniuauujsiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii. HOME SAFETY iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii >Iumes, oltimei mbrt 1. ILL 1.28--14 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 IL MICHIGAN AVt CHICAGO 11, ILL m.*:**: "pLaInTIFF? | EXHIBIT wV-0U>52\ PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT CONTENTS The Rapid Urbanization of America--Challenges to Safety Population Trends.................. ........................ 3 impact of Housing on Rehabilitation and Conservation.......................................Dr. E. R. Krumbiegel 6 Gties and Resources are for People...............Allan C. Williams 7 Discussion ........................................................................................ 10 Community Programs for Environmental Safety Successful Home fire Prevention Through Inspection........ Francis J. Saunders II The Role of the Building Commissioner.....................................Paul E. Baseler 12 A Study of fires and Explosions in a Rural County... .Floyd B. Oglesbay, Jr. 16 The Role of the Volunteer--Organizational Examples Primarily a Fund Raiser.......................................Willard Johnson 17 Fund Raiser and Participant............ Mrs. Beatrice Wright Fuerst 20 Leadership Skills Required...................... Mrs. Leonard Davidow 28 Technical Skills Required............................Mrs. Joseph W. Still 30 Discussion......................................................................................Marjorie B. May 34 Luida E. Sanders 35 Citizen Leadership......................................... James K. Williams 36 In a Local Safety Council...................................Richard K. Ayers 37 How Do We Get Our Information in Home Safety? ~ -* Through the National Health Survey. .Philip S. Lawrence, ScJ). 39 Through a Local Survey.........................Dr. George W. Starbuck 42 Through a Sample Survey......................................Emil A. Tiboni 43 Officers, HOME SAFETY CONFERENCE, 1958-59............................................. 47 3 <d 6 ns 7 .. 10 vs 11 cr 12 !r. 16 m 17 st 20 w 28 " '] y 34 rs 35 is 36 rs 37 K 39 k 42 43 . 47 THE RAPID URBANIZATION OF AMERICACHALLENGES TO SAFETY POPULATION TRENDS by PHILIP M. HAUSER Chairman, Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago Xow it is my function to try to provide some basic perceptives about trends in popu lation with special emphasis on trends in urbanization. Let me, at the very outset, refer to the basic trends and considerations of this talk. I refer to the basic trend with respect to total population of this nation which, without question, is of such magni tude as to challenge the resources of you individually and collectively as an organiza tion. Back in 1930 projection of the U. S. population at that time indicated that w*e would be a nation of about 163 million people by the end of the century. We would remain stationary probably and would prob ably decline in population after that time. These trends were not hard to believe be cause they were consistent with trends in most countries. But, what has happened? The course of events has completely belied those projec tions. We became a nation of 163 million people, not in 1999 but in 1935. Some of you may have observed that during the past week we have become a nation of 175 mil lion people. Why has this come to pass? The answer is to be found in the most re markable boom in babies and marriages that has been completely unanticipated either in its magnitude or its duration. This boom has drastically altered present rates of population growth and as a matter of fact, altered the prospect for the future. What is the prospect in the future? By 1973 the prospect is that the population of the U. S. will be somewhere between 216 million at the lower limits and 246 million at the upper limits. These are just abstract num bers. What I have just said implies that in the short space of 23 years between 1930 and 1975 we shall be adding to our popula tion at the lower limits of something like 65 million people, more than all the entire United Kingdom or all of Western Ger many. Wre shall be adding to our popula tion within the span of the same short period of 23 years at the upper limit something like 95 million people, more than all the people of Japan. Xow to translate this in its implications for your own activities it means that in effect you've got the job of planning to deal with a population as large as that of all the United Kingdom at'the lower limit, all of that of Japan at the higher limit, both of'which we will be coriffSHted' with in the course of 25 years. , Xow the second of the trends I should like to lay before you is urbanization. Trends with respect to urbanization and the outlook are even more dramatic than those to which I have referred for population growth as a whole When our first census was taken in 1790 there were only 24 places in the United States that had a population of 2,300 or more Two had a population of 25,000 people In all of urban United States there were only 200,000 people^ five per cent of the total population of the U. S. at this time By 1950 almost two-thirds of the total population of the U. S. lived in such places. Almost 100 million Americans. As a matter of fact, with most of these figures you probably have in a nutshell one of the most dramatic episodes in the history of man because they imply not only a large popu lation growth in clusters of urban places but a transition in a way of life which has never occurred before which makes it neces sary for an organization like this one to be in existence and to be concerned with prob lems of safety that our culture and other things produce. Let's look at what has happened in terms of metropolinization which may be a better concept of urbanization for many of your purposes, confined to the first half of this century. In 1900 about a third of the Amer ican people lived in places which would qual ify as standard metropolitan areas today. During the first half of the century the 3 RtS W. M:- wu ' I la 1958 Xational Safety Congress population of non-metropolitan areas in creased by SO per cent. The population of metropolitan U. S. increased 3M> fold. In consequence by 1950 57 per cent of our people, more than 85 million Americans, lived in 168 such standard metropolitan areas. This trend may be expected to con tinue and can be easily documented. It is also clear that it is not only a trend but an accelerating one. The first half of this century the metropolitan areas of the U. S. absorbed 73 per cent of the total popu lation growth of the country. In the last decade of our 50-year period, that is, be tween 1930 and 1950, the metropolitan area absorbed 81 per cent of total growth of the nation and the first half of the present decade between 1950 and 1955 the metropoli tan area of the U. S. absorbed 97 per cent of the total population growth of the U. S. If we project this trend to the future, let us say the year 1975, the trend projected indicates that we will hare about 200 such standard metropolitan areas increasing from 168 in 1950. In these 200 metropolitan cen ters there will be as many people living as there were when our last census was taken in 1950, more than 150 million Americans. That would be about two-thirds of the popu lation of the U. S. will be living in our standard metropolitan area. How come? Many of these things that we denounce-- large population concentration, high densities, congestion--are simply manifestations of the way in which we make our living, the way we conduct our economy and the reason why we have an American standard of living. We are not going to get rid of it by any magic wands. Xow with this observation in mind. I'd like to turn to a third trend that bears on the subject and this is decentraliza tion of population within the standard metro politan areas. Xow if by decentralization you get the' image of a centra] city being emptied while people fiee to the suburbs and this , is an imagery encouraged by supplements to the newspapers, then I think you are wrong. The process of decentralization is a process by which larger and larger proportions of the metropolitan area are living in metro politan rings or suburbs. There is nothing new about this process, nothing new about urbanization. It is simply a continuation of the process by which our cities have grown from the beginning. If you relate the rate of growth of sub urban rings around our central cities within metropolitan areas to the rate of growth of central dries over the first half of the cen tury, then our suburban population grew at a rate of about one and one-third to one. In the last 10 years of that 50-year period, between 1940 and 1950, the suburban ring population grew two and one-half times as fast as the central dries and in the first half of the present decade, 1930 to 1955, suburban populations grew seven rimes as fast as central city populations. As between 1950 and 1955 centra] dty populations in creased by four per cent The population of our suburbs increased by 28 per cent How come? Why tins increased decentralization? There are two explanations. The first is that we are witnessing along with this tremendous growth an adaptation of the way in which'w'd live in our standard metropolitan areas to 20th century tech nology as distinguished from 19th century technology. In brief, most of our dries and metropolitan areas grew during the 19th century and the early part of the 20th cen tury largely in response to the 19th century technology which is characterized by the steam engine, the belt and the pulley. These were forces that tended to have centrifugal effects forcing population around the factory, while the 20th century tech nology permits further decentralization, widespread distribution of population in the dusters represented by standard metropolitan areas, which is caused by 20th century' tech nology typified by the dectric power, the automobile, the highways, the trucks and the telephone. All this makes possible tremen dous increases in the size of the dusters which characterize our form of economic organization. We will see cities changing in response to the 20th century as distin guished from the l9th~-eentury technology. The second reason as to why you have this decentralization is quite simple. The reason larger proportions of our population live in the suburbs is not because there is suddenly a flight to the suburbs. It is a simple fact that since about 1920 the dries have filled up and the continued growth of the basic economic unit represented by stand ard metropolitan areas has necessarily taken place outside the dty, both population-wise and Industry-wise because you can't grow where you are already filled up. 4 ; along iptation andard ' tech- century ies and e 19th th cencenturv by the 3 have around f techizap'-->. K) poliian y tech:r, the indthe remenlusters anomic anging distin- iogy- i have . The illation tere is t is a : dties vth of standtaken n-wise grow llome Safety Bear this in mind--our central cities have fixed boundaries and the economic unit con tinues to grow and transcends those bound aries. Population must live and industry must locate outside the confines of central city limits. Now with those factors in mind, what is the prospect? Here are some dra matic and startling things that will have many implications for safety work. Between 1930 and 1975 there will be an increase of about 63 million people in metropolitan area population. Of this 63 million if the popu lation is distributed in the same way as the trends to which I have referred indicated, of that 63 million only 12 million will go into dties and the other 53 million will go into the suburban areas and of the 53 million, 32 million will be living in what is now open country and unincorporated types of the suburban areas. The remaining 21 million will go into incorporated places. In 1950 40 per cent of the population lived in central dties; in 1955 this increased to 47 per cent. These projections indicate that by 1975 something up to 60 per cent of the populations of our metropolitan areas will be living in the suburbs. Only 40 per cent in central dties. Finally I can perhaps slip in a reference to the trends which account for this struc ture. the land-use pattern that we found in all of our metropolitan areas in this country. The first cycle of development--all of our dries had thdr origin or points of origin at points which encompass thdr original economic function. In the case of Chicago we have our origin around the junction of the Chicago River and Lake Michigan which gave us our first way of thing. And from this point outward the dty spread. In grow ing, these newer portions of the dty were necessarily those most distantly removed from point of origin. In such growth the newer houses were always those most distantly removed from the point of origin. Newer housing always was most desirable, one reason because it had all the effects of new technology, new dectric lights, better plumbing, etc In addi tion, population tended to be distributed in space with social economic factors, those in the higher stratifications had better housing, those in the lower less desirable housing. Another fact, remember that our dries grew in a remarkable fashion. We grew in a big American way, not structure by struc ture but by subdivision, ndghborhood, and community at a time When the rime came to decay, and this has implications for safe ty, we did this in a big American way also. We did not decay structure by structure; we decayed by subdivision, ndghborhoods and communities at a time and our slums became a matter of national and international dis grace Now in the 20th century we refer to this. This growth produced the highest econo my ever in the history of mankind but it had certain costs and one is the slum areas. The perspective is that now we are going back to dean up some of the mess we created in a hurry to get where we are. This is urban renewal--tearing down and re building whole ndghborhoods. This is the third cycle. We now stand at the threshold of a new cyde of devdopment. It is now the suburban areas which are growing at a terrifically rapid rate, the same as the dries did during the 19th century. The logical query--are the slums of the next generation in the suburbs? Obviously we don't have to wait until the next genera tion. Some are now slums, not only are people moving to the suburbs but so is indus try. Around industrial developments we are beginning to get cheap housing without re gard to effects on the entire area, without any machinery of government that will pro vide zoning in terms oi interest of the entire metropolitan area or deal adequatdy with the problem of rirculation to meet the needs of this tremendous metropolitan explosion. The implication for safety? In the future there will be a tendency to use these metro politan areas in keeping with the changing requirements of the family cyde, that is: boy--girl get married, live in dty; children come, they See to the suburbs; children leave to come back to the central dty. In 1890 when the last" child lefChOthe for marriage the average wife in the U. S. was a widow. By 1950 as a result of increasing longevity, decreasing fertility, decreasing age of mar riage, increasing concentration of marriage under age 30, when the last child leaves home for marriage the husband and wife still have an average of 14 years left to gether. This implies that the demand for housing in respect to safety has safety needs that did not exist a century and a half ago. This implies the kind of population, the kind of demand for housing, the kind of popula- 5 /Y ' Mi M 1958 National Safety Congress tion with respect to safety needs that did not exist a century ago. To summarize quickly, let me put it like this: the net effect is that the metropolitan areas of the future, unlike those of the past, are going to be much more heterogeneous. There will be good neighborhoods and bad neighborhoods from the innermost reaches of the city dear- out to the end of the suburbs. Metropolitan areas are growing to a point where we can expect coalescence. They will wipe out interurbia as they meet This is megalopolis. THE IMPACT OF HOUSING REHABILITATION AND CONSERVATION By DR. E. R. KRUMBIEGEL Commissioner of Health, Milwaukee Health Department, Milwaukee, Wis. There are really three basic segments of of home accidents. But these same factors an urban renewal program: 1. neighborhood can also serve as the catalyst to cause home conservation, Z neighborhood rehabilitation, accidents. A fact not often recognized : when and 3. urban redevelopment - ""an order~iS'"Sefved upon a person to do a Redevelopment is the clearing of slums and variety of things to his structure, that order converting the area to other types of uses. may initiate a sequence of events which may Unfortunately the process of redevelopment precipitate an occurrence of home accidents. is a slowly progressing one, because of the Let me illustrate: take a broken or loose enormity of the costs involved and certain balcony tail. The occupants of the house are other factors, and therefore, we sometimes usually aware of the broken rail and will find ourselves trying to do rehabilitation in avoid use of that balcony or if they use the areas that should really be redeveloped. balcony, they stay away from the rail. And Now the principal community force that we bring to bear in effecting conservation and rehabilitation of neighborhoods is the housing code and it's a very important docu ment The legal basis for enactment and en though the rail may remain in bad condition over the years, no accident will result. But on the other hand, an unskilled repairman may fall from this very same balcony when trying to repair it. forcement of a housing code is predicated An even more serious type of accident is upon the power of the local police force to this: the failure to paint may result in struc do one or more of four things: to promote tural deterioration and over the years might and protect the public health, the public result in conditions hazardous to occupants. safety, the public morals and the public wel However, when the order is issued, there are fare. I'd like to take each briefly to discuss. rarely existent health and safety* hazards as Actually few items in a good modem a result of not painting. Yet, observations housing code have little to do with the public show that the failure of unskilled painters morals. However, there are many items in a to follow safe ladder practices is a very real good housing code w hich have to dowith the . problem to safety. public welfare, but primarily with the eco Most housing code enforcement activity is nomic welfare. carried out in areas of the city which are There are many direct relationships be moderately to severely blighted. The majority tween the items of a housing code and the of property* owners in these areas are: 1. protection of the public health. And there are aged persons, low income groups, pensioners, many items which deal with the condition widows; 2. people with large families and and the maintenance of structures. Housing low income; 3. people belonging to minority* code enforcement causes the elimination of groups. many conditions which lead to a chain of Tenant occupied houses are owned by small events which could result in home accidents. scale, elderly property owners, the individual Now the enforcement of housing codes is who lives in one house and owns the house a very' important catalyst in the prevention next to him, the old pensioner, for example. 6 reaches > a point hey will This is >N s. factors se home d: when to do a at order ich may :ddents. jr loose >use are nd will use the iL And mdition lit But rairman iv when idt 3 a sthics might mpants. iere are ards as vations rainters try real , ivity is ich are tajority are: 1. sinners, ies and linority y small lividual : house cample. Home Safety Most such persons do attempt to do housing rehabilitation work themselves, out of eco nomic necessity. They believe that they are capable of doing minor carpentry' work and certainly the painting. Also many older people, developing a sense of frugality--they don't know how long they'll live--feel that they must do the work themselves. Many therefore, attempt tasks beyond their capacity from a safety view point For example; among the aged, we are confronted with such things as poor vision, muscular weakness, tendency to dizziness when gazing upward and forgetfulness--for getting good safety practices. Among the minority groups, we are dealing with a great many people of low education attainment and lack of experience in using tools. In addi tion, accident proneness increases with emo tional upsets, such as are caused by anger and resentment Believe me, when an order is issued, we influence the people, but we certainly do not make friends. Since housing code enforcement activity may not only catalyze accident prevention but also an accident creation potential, the en forcement agency has the moral obligation to promote home accident prevention as a seg ment of its home improvement program. Actually there's some merit to this over and above die safety factor. Many times we are in a position to teach people at a teachable moment For instance, no matter how much you tell a person about ladder safety, it may not sink in. But if the person knows that he is about to undertake a task on a ladder, we may be in a much better position to fix in his mind the elements of ladder safety. CITIES AND RESOURCES ARE FOR PEOPLE By ALLAN C. WILLIAMS President, Neighborhood Renewal Consultants, Inc, Chicago Let's take a fresh look at our cities and the resources available to our people, for cities and resources are significant in terms of people People are the prime resource of every nation. All other things are by products of civilization, deliberately fabri cated, or created by upsetting the natural order, as man ignores the consequences of his short-range objectives. As we look back over history', we see that the people of every epoch concentrated their skills and thought by the simple device of living close enough to each other to be ef fectively in personal contact Cities come to have "personalities" as people shape them in relation to geographic-factors and public policies. For example, a Chicagoan is both producer and product of his city. The es sence of Chicago is its people. Another way to think about cities and the regions they serve, is to think of the relative efficiency and convenience of living with neighbors. Large or small, a city is a collection of people who find it advantageous to live together, often because their in dividual skills can be. used in specialized ways. They are much more productive as a group than they would be as individuals. Safety' in modern living is influenced by the efforts of men to establish a kind of safety for their earlier living conditions. Over the centuries we have seen technology develop safety measures, legislation express the will of the community and codes protect by specifying methods of building, standards of fire safety and use of elevators. Let's plan land-use--The law demands personal safety and the protection of prop erty, but there is nothing in the law about neighborhoods which are old, ugly or dirty. Certainly it is bad for morale to have un attractive buildings and surroundings. But when fathers and mothers tremble to see children playjnjth&yard, the time for. land use reorganization is overdue. The goal must be in view: cities are for people. The methods of achieving that goal must not overshadow the purpose of cities. The place to begin is implicit in a plan which reorganizes the use of land so that people circulate conveniently and safely and so that vehicles have a system designed for their use exclusively. The plan should embody necessary land use assignments. The plan can limit the commitment of land for vehicles, and end 7 1958 National Safety Congress the threat of municipal bankruptcy for the care and repair of streets and parking areas. The plan can bring to old neighborhoods a living environment better than commonplace subdivisions can offer. Considering our increasing population we can't allow cities to sprawl endlessly. We must consider the land uses which are to be designed as cities for the future and ar range land use patterns to fit the human needs, the skills of the people, their ideas and desires and the sheer quantities of population. Cries are not local. They serve their surroundings. In some ways cities influence their suburbs. In other ways they serve en tire regions. Such influences are changing swiftly in the presence of more people, more education, more wealth, more leisure, more cultural activities and more movement of people and goods. Design for people--Safety can be one of the criteria to test the suitability of pro posed plans. Living in town or country should be safe." The elements of safety are in the space we use if we design for the people consistently. The fact that we are in the midst of a vast increase in population can be translated into pressure on land and other natural resources. We must give special thought to the re-use of land be cause it is critical in terms of location. Other resources are scarcely re-usable. In a paper prepared for the land Eco nomics Institute held at the University of Illinois last spring, Marion Clawson re ported for Resources of the Future (Wash ington, D. C), the following pair of tables, under the general title of "Current Land Uses and Over-All Demands for Land in the United States." TABLE L Use of land in the United States, 1900-2000 A.D. Use of Land (Millions of Acres) 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1980 2000 Cades, including parks1.............................................. 6 7 10 12 14 17 30 41 Recreation areas, public*............................................ 5 9 12 15 41 47 90 107 Agriculture, including farm roads, farmsteads___ 431 467 529 530 516 520 500 500 Forestry...................................................................... 525 512 501 501 488 484 460 450 Grazing ...................................................................... 864 838 777 770 763 753 732 710 Transportation........................................................... 18 20 22 24 24 25 28 30 Reservoirs & water management.............................. 1 2 3 7 10 15 20 Wildlife (Primary Use).......................................... 1 1 10 10 14 16 Mineral extraction, & misc. deserts, swamps. mountaintops ......................................................... 55 50 50 48 42 38 35 30 Total (Millions of Acres)--for each year listed above--1,904. *Citie$ of population 2.500 and over. 1zdndea municipal parka. Indudcs national park system, also areas in national forests reserved for recreation, also state parks, TVA. and Army Engineer's Corps reservoir areas reserved for recreation. Exdudes all,areas primarily for other purposes, although recreation is incidental. Assumption: about of potential demand wili be met. Sprawl courts disaster--Continuing to think about people as our prime rtsource, and land as the resource in which location is implicit, consider the alternatives before us. If we permit urban sprawl to go at a pace comparable to population growth, we will court disaster in our public works bud gets because of the capital investments needed to equip raw land for the complex activities of dries. If we reorganize the urban areas to serve more comfortably, more effidently, more safely, we can have better dries and save our land resources. If we go in the direction of unplanned urban sprawl. Table II suggests how we must juggle our inheritance. 8 t r ot ci jocountry ifcty are for the re are in >pulation land and ist give land belocation. ible. nd Ecotrsity of 'son re(Wash>f tables, nt Land Land in 980 2000 30 41 90 107 500 500 400 450 731 Jo 28 30 15 20 14 16 35 30 erred for ecratioo. host half complex lize the ly, more e better planned how we Hotne Safety TABLE II. SUMMARY. Projected Land Use Changes, 1950-2000 A.D. Land Uses Projected Change 1930-2000 A.D. Million % of Acres 1930 Urban purposes........... ... +24 +141% Public recreation......... ... +60 +128% Agriculture................. ... --20 -- 4% Forestry...................... ... --54 _ 7% Grazing ...................... ... -43 -- 6% Transportation........... ... +5+20% Reservoirs, etc............ ... +10 +100% Wildlife...................... ... + 6 +60% Mineral Extraction, and misc. deserts. swamps, mountains . ... -- 8 -- 21% Estimated Changes: Extent and Direction Probable Adjustment To Be Made If Projections of Demand and Supply Responses Are In Error Very' High High Low High High High High Moderate Area used will change proportion ately. Some area adjustment; mostly in tensity. Adjustments in area, intensity of use. Foreign trade, & domestic consumption (all readily pos sible). No major change in area, great changes of intensity and con sumption. No major change in area, great changes of intensity in use and output- Area used will change proportion ately. Area used will change proportion ately. Area used will change proportion ately. Low Includes unaccounted areas. We have an opportunity to think in terms of public policies. No neighborhood can be ignored, for the changes needed in every city are integral parts of systematic safety. The fact that they are integrated into sys tems will make the fundamental difference. But while population grows swiftiv, the field of economic policy* on the state and local level is a morass of confusion and neglect. Barriers to productivity are not confined to depressed regions. Some of the toughest ones are found in the areas of greatest growth. There exists no broad, or ganized body of research, no tested pack age of plans and programs to guide business' leaders seeking to further local and regional development. The rapid urbanization of America has implicit challenges to safety. Existing land use patterns in and near cities must be ad justed and re-adjusted endlessly to serve the ideas, the skills and the sheer quantities of people in each locality. 9 195S Xatianal Safety Congress DISCUSSION PARTICIPANTS NORMAN DAMON Vice President, Automotive Safety Foundation, Washington, D. C. JOHN V. GRIMALDI Consultant, Safety and Plant Protection, General Electric Co., New York City MISS ELSA SCHNEIDER Specialist, Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Safety, U. S. Office of Education, Washington, D. C. HOWARD ENNES Director, Bureau of Public Health, Equitable Life Assurance Society, New York City Grimaldi: The population of the United states is increasing. But for a limited period of time, it is increasing mostly in the middle age to aged group. The older person is.not so apt to have accidents,'but is more apt to have severe accidents. This means we should he thinking of our selection and placement program in industry to protect our people from severe injuries. This means that in the urbanization prob lem areas particularly we have one problem that's a responsibility of industry that we must face up to and have not as vet. This is waste disposal. There's a limitation point where industry trill so saturate an area and in doing so discharge into the air--contami nants. The sewage disposal problem--both industrial waste and sanitary' waste--is re lated to this. We also have a traffic problem. With more and more people and more and more cars, planners will have to work out a system to get people into and through a city a little more rapidly than they are able to now. What's the answer to this? The high speed highway, the throughwavs. We should study tensions and their effects on people. At New York hospital they're trying to-*find out what it is that makes people more susceptible to disease and acci dents. One figure they came up with was that 25 per cent of their population have 50 per cent of the diseases and of the accidents. They attribute this to the tensions these people have. The disorders with which people come into the clinic occur mostly when the people are under tensions. And the same thing can be said of accidents. And as urban areas develop, perhaps some of the tensions of living in these populated areas will in crease. Need for building codes is everyone's problem--particularly people in industry. Industry must recognize this responsibility much mqre than they have in the past. We must remember that we live in industry be cause people like us. When we have trouble, it is because people don't like us, and one of the reasons people don't like us is because of the things we do in a community where people know us best. We might discharge contaminants into the air and result in our being forced out of a community. The time may come when we may not be allowed to continue as we presently continue. Schneider: When people are thinking about replanning a city, is there no attention given to human values? And what people really want out of life? Don't cities reflect the hopes that people have? Hauser: Certainly planning is going to in volve human values. One thing very defi nitely involved is this: Between 1900 and 1950, while the population of our country' doubled, our senior citizens quadrupled. Youngsters of school age 5 to 19 during that same period increased a little over 40 per cent Prospect in 1975, our population will increase from 42 per cent if the birth rate drops to 60 per cent if our birth rate re mains at post war levels. So the prospect is that while our population will increase about 40 to 60 per cent, the number of persons 65 and over will increase by // per cent. What is also happening is that we are more than doubling our younger population. Both ends of our age structure are increasing tremen dously. City lucatioo. >rk City will in- veryone's istry. onsibility past. We iistrv be: trouble, d one of because y where iischarge t in our The time owed to Vv )t m given e really lect the ig to inry defi>00 and country irupled. ng that 40 per on will th rate a:e re spect is ; about sons 65 What e than h ends remen- Home Safely Damon: There is a great urgent need for machinery to deal with these metropolitan area problems. We are approaching this in two ways. First, through statutory authori ties. At one end of this country, Miami, the voters have just approved a metropolitan au thority with a manager. And in Seattle was created a metropolitan authority dealing with sewage problems. The other approach is vol untary, which might lead to statutory meas ures. In addition, there's a need for a long range, basic transportation plan, such as the inter-state highway system, which has set down a master plan by which we will have a highway system cutting through our cities. There is now at work a national committee on urban transportation which is taking a took at this question of a master plan for transportation for metropolitan areas, called Better Transportation for Your City. And naturally, the orderly way, efficient way of doing these things, quite obviously is the safe way. Ennes: The rather basic thing that we must realize when talking about safety is that the family and the people are the con stants. This poses some very real problems. Basically, we also must understand the point of view and the values and work from the perspectives of the family. We must face up to the fact that we must relate safety to the values and interests of the people. Safety as such is of no particular concern. We must try to understand that one of the basic jobs that we have to work for is to build a sense of personal and individual and family re sponsibility that helps people see that the be havior they follow has a beating on what they want to get out of life. It is a matter of understanding that there are different perspectives and that the real resources that we have to work with are the people. Schneider: Statistics indicate that more and more both parents are going to be out of the home working a great deal and in creasingly things will be happening which will put increasing tensions on children. And increasingly people will say that schools will have to do a better job of safety education. I make this one plea: you people plan the school programs as well as the city in which the school is located,. .And we must be real istic in what the school can be expected to do in light of pressures over which the school has no control and over which the children have no control in this adult-domi nated world. So often, adults expect of chil dren, behavior which adults themselves do not show to children. Also we create for children a kind of world in which children can not behave the way that they would like to because of adult pressures and adult expectations. The thing they are really ask ing for is consistent behavior. We must have consistent behavior in the homes and in the schools. Remember the kind of examples you set greatly influence young people. SUCCESSFUL HOME FIRE PREVENTION THROUGH INSPECTION By FRANCIS . r. SAUNDERS Chief, Springfield Fire Dept, Springfield, HI. For some time prior to 1956 we had heard of various cities with inspection pro grams and had become quite interested in them. At the Memphis Conference, early in 1956, Francis Durkin, who was then chief, discussed home inspection with var ious fire department personnel and re turned very enthusiastic He had made ar rangements to have several cities send him detailed programs, literature and forms used in their inspections. After going over all of the material re ceived, we picked out what we thought was most suited to our needs and had a large supply printed. We had several meetings with our cap tains and personnel who were to conduct the inspections to acquaint them with the 1958 National Safety Congress program. Each fireman was also given a typed set of regulations and suggestions to become familiar with, and by the first of May 195fi wc were ready to roll. Naturally we started out our first day with some misgivings; this was all new to our citizens and we were not quite sure how we would be received. But I would like to sav that our welcome exceeded our ex pectations. Of course we found a few peo ple here and there who were disgruntled, or who thought they liad grievances with the tire department. But after we explained the program to them, they changed their atti tudes. They learned of the lienefits of the inspections, and for the entire year in which wc called on more titan 23,000 homes our refusals were less than 7 per cent. Now I would like to mention a few things about our procedure as explained to the men in their instruction sheets. All of the material in our instructions and in the inspection procedure is not original with us. When we had finished gathering data from different places, we screened it and picked out what we thought was best suited to our local needs. If anyone recognizes a phrase now and then, l hope tliat they will feel complimented that we used some of their ideas. THE ROLE OF THE BUILDING COMMISSIONER IN ENVIRONMENTAL HOME SAFETY By PAUL E. BASELER Executive Secretary, Building Officials Conference of America, Inc. There are many aspects to the problem of safety because there are many hazards involving all phases of our environment. My assignment deals with a behind-the-scenes activity designed to produce safety for the public, individually and collectively. It in cludes personal and environmental safety and is intended to provide for the general communal good, rather than being limited to individual benefits. This activity is car ried out without fanfare; inconspicuously and quickly. Many individuals are not aware of its existence, and most people take for granted the effects of this protection. As a part of its police power, municipal government must watch over the construc tion alteration and use of buildings. The purpose tjf this is to determine that the structure will be strong and enduring under the conditions in which it is used; that buildings will have adequate light, ventila tion and sanitary facilities to make them healthful; that fire hazards will be reduced to a minimum; that means of escape will be adequate in case of disaster; and that each property owner's rights are equally respected. This is accomplished through a law known as the building code. Housing codes, zoning ordinances, sub division laws and similar regulations also are designed to safeguard health, property values and environmental safety. Each of these has its place, and one cannot be substituted for the other. The housing code is applicable to buildings used for dwelling purposes that were legally constructed under the laws that existed at the time they were built. In general, it provides for raising the livable standards in those buildings. Ob viously, however, it is neither just or prac ticable to require these old buildings to measure up in every respect to the condi tions which are required by the building code for new buildings. The housing code may contain requirements for light, ventila tion, sanitation and even safety, which ap pear to overlap similar requirements in the building code If carefully examined, how ever, it will generally be found that these requirements in the housing code are less exacting than their counterpart in the build ing code. Similarly, the zoning law may establish side yard requirements for the purpose of preventing overcrowding and providing ac cess for one reason or another. The build- 12 4ER res. subons ako property Each of rnp' be in^ Jle dwelling ed under ue they r raising ngs. Obor prac- lings to e condibuilding ng code ventila- jich aps in the d, how- at these are less e build- I ! ( 8 rstablish pose of iing ac- e build- Home Safety ing code also contains requirements for side yards principally for the purpose of min imizing the fire hazard of one property to another and permitting adequate light and \cnti!ation to enter the buildings. These laws must be closely related. Ad ministration of them must be under one head or at least fully correlated. When the level of up-grading of an existing building ltas been determined under the housing law, the installation of the required facilities and all necessary repair and structural change must be accomplished in accordance with the building code, and under the direction of the building official. Similarly, the zoning ordinance must be administered by the build ing official for obvious practical reasons. But the building code is the principle "tool** bv which safety is procured in the buildings in which we live, work, worship, -and play. - - '-*1 - li'hal is the building code--Unfortunately, tl.crc scents to be a general lack of under-tanding of the real purpose and intent of the control of building construction. Few arc aware of the existence of building laws until they arc prohibited by the local code from building as they please. The natural reaction is to seek to circumvent the law or to have it altered to suit their individual needs or conditions. Even organized groups in the construction industry frequently seek adjustments in building codes in an effort to solve their own particular problems with out regard to the more fundamental prin ciple of public safety. This, of course, is undesirable. The only valid approach to rational building regulation is one that con siders the public interest without bias, re gardless of what individual or vested in terests may be affected. Tbc building code is a law passed by a local government to provide for the safety >f persons while they arc in, or passiftg^atiy building, and to prevent any property owner from building so as to cause an undue liazard to his neighbor's property. The build ing code must provide equal control and protection for all persons, regardless of their position, individual interests, or the kind of use of building involved. Its prepara tion, therefore, should only be entrusted to unbiased interests pledged to place the public safety and benefit above personal prejudices. Neither should they be subject to influence by local pressures which would dictate re strictive requirements based on hide-bound practices which are not even remotely re lated to safety; nor be affected by biased advice from vested interests, no matter how freely available. But the building code is not a design manual for architects or engineers, nor a guide to the "do-it-yourself" enthusiast There are many fine publications for these purposes, which if carefully followed will produce conditions that meet the require ments of any proper building code. The building code should contain mini mum requirements for design and the use of materials to secure safety. It should not require the use of expensive materials or construction, but should permit any ma terials and methods that will produce the required performance when measured by ac cepted testg and criteria. It should not re strict the mgenuity of the designer either in planning the building or in the structural or esthetic use of materials, but it must provide a mandatory' standard of safety to guide or limit him in the exercise of this discretion. Since the requirements of the building code are confined to the minimum necessary for safety, the code does not assure an owner of superior materials or workman ship, nor produce the best protection of his investment in the building. These are to be secured by seeking competent advice from reputable persons or firms trained to render such services. The impact of building codes on com munity safety--^While we are concerned in this conference with "home safety," we must not lose sight of the fact that in its strictest sense, the "home" is the "family," not just the house in which , the family lives. Wc must recognize that the members of the ."family" arc entitled to the safety which building codes provide in the schools, churches, shops, stores, offices, places of, amusement or entertainment, and any ami all buildings they may enter or pass, as well as in their houses. Those who would limit building regula tions to home buildings and advocate adop tion of such limited regulations by local gov ernments whether or not the requirements for other buildings are adopted, are not pro moting the public interest or safety. In deed, if their own interests are confined pri- 1958 National Safety Congress manly to the building of homes, they are suspected of promoting building regulations to serve their personal selfish ends. But let us review the effect of good build ing regulations on safety as applied especially to homes. First of all, we must recognize that there is more truth than poetry in that old saying: "A man's home is his castle." He is, therefore, entitled to more liberty in deciding the construction of his home than may be allowed in other buildings. Building regulations--along with zoning and housing regulations--perhaps more dras tically affect the property rights of in dividuals than any other laws. They say to a man, "Even though you own that property, you may only use so much of it for stipulated purposes, and the buildings you construct on it must be thus and so." Such laws must be carefully drafted and well administered, or. they may deprive the individual of personal liberties. Never, under any circumstances, should such laws become the tool of vested inteiests to promote their products or theories, no matter how cleverly their motives may be disguised in claims of public benefit The regulation of construction of homes is based on these fundamental principles. Such regulations usually provide for struc tural safety by stipulating requirements for footings; foundations; exterior walls; floor, wall and roof framing or construction; weather resistance and similar matters. Health safety is covered by requirements for light and ventilation, including sizes of yards surrounding the building, sanitary' fa cilities, and similar matters. Fire safety is taken care of by interior finish require ments ; stipulation of fire resistance for various elements of the building, including exterior walls when located near common property lines; and requirements for the location, installation- and protection of heat ing and similar devices and chimneys or vents serting them. Exits in single- or two-family dwellings are not a serious problem since every house has a door, and most have both a front and back door. Nevertheless, the building code contains basic requirements in connection with this phase of home planning. Recent changes in plan and trends in architectural design, however, have introduced conditions that have resulted in creating certain haz ards not before contemplated. Notably among these are the establishment of "rumpus rooms," "play rooms," "family rooms" or rooms for similar uses in base ments or below-grade areas of the house; and the use of high windows, which only partially open, have resulted in some sad experience. Basements and below-grade areas of houses formerly were used primarily for laundry, work space and storage. The use of such space tor rooms in which a num ber of persons may congregate creates an entirely different condition. The "do-it-your self" craze has frequently resulted in the introduction of greater hazard in basements by the installation of electrical equipment not previously anticipated there. Recent changes have been made in the exit stand ards to provide more comprehensive re quirements for exits from private dwellings to compensate for these hazards. While these will no doubt result in greater safety in new dwellings built after the requirements are incorporated in building codes, their applica tion to previously built homes poses difficult administrative problems. Windows have been used through the years for multiple functions. There has been justi fiable question about the desirability of this and changes have been introduced, but as in many such problems, the full effect of these changes has not always been envisioned. The old style vertical sliding window, with both top and bottom sashes sliding up and down, offered an acceptable emergency exit in case of fire or similar catastrophe, which might block normal egress through doors and halls. The use of long strips of windows, high above the floor, opening in a manner that would make it difficult, if not impossible; to use the window for emergency escape; the use of jalousie windows, fixed fights often with double glazing, and similar practices, have further aggravated these conditions. Pleasing as these features of design may be, sad experience has proven that there is question of their desirability for safety. To provide for this, the exit standards have been changed to require that each bedroom in a house have one window large enough and low enough, so that it may be used as a means of escape in case exit through the house is blocked by fast-spreading fire. Notably hr' ' , of " _ inily s in basethe house ; I'hich onlysome sad areas of narily for . The use h a numrreates an lo-it-youred in the basements equipment t. Recent xit standnsive re dwellings Tiile these ty in new nents are r applicas (difficult the years een justiy of this but as in of these ivis;'~<ed. on jth t up mid mcy exit , which fh doors ws, high ner that ssible, to ape; the its often iractices, nditions. gn may it there safety. ds have jedroom enough used as ugh the ire. Home Safety Ihit there is another area of hazard in which control is even more difficult. Many- serious injuries have resulted from acci dents in homes caused by slippery floors, steps, bath tubs and the like. How can a law curb Mrs. Housewife's desire for a bright, shiny floor; clean, sparkling steps; or high gloss bath tubs? To be sure, build ing codes require non-slip wax on floors in spaces frequented by the public. Stair ireads for public use, especially in exitwavs. arc required to have non-slip nosings; and tile floors in public wash rooms and else where arc required to have non-skid sur faces. But can such requirements be ap plied to similar conditions in homes? And supposing this would be feasible, how would such regulations be enforced? Would wc be willing to have a building inspector enter our private bouses unan nounced to sec wliat kind of wax wc are using on onr floors? Would wc be pleased with bath tubs with rough bottoms? Would wc stand for a citation of violation of the law if wc had used the wrong wax or ]<o!i$hcd it too highly? I think not! Wc can control these conditions in public spaces, but can wc sanely invade the sanctity of a man's home for such purposes? This kind <>f liazard can only be overcome by educa tion. Mrs. Public must be educated to refuse to purchase or use waxes that may result in falls and injury' of her family. Manufac turers of such products must be educated to recognize the disservice they are doing the public by marketing finishes that are hazardous. Of course, it could be argued that the desired results might be accomplished byoutlawing the marketing of such products. Tliis would require a comprehensive sys tem of legislation and enforcement similar to the pure food and drug laws which preuiit -the sale of harmful -foodstuffs and medicines. Before this could lx: accom plished, however, a va>t amount of educa tion would lx* necessary to convince the public that building codes arc desirable and in their best interests, rather than "nuisance legislation" as they are too frequently now wrongly classified. Such an educational pro gram would require much greater coopera tion between many organizations, interests and individuals titan now exists, and would necessitate a substantial expenditure of monev. The current situation--Unfortunately, the building code situation in the United States is not as bright as it could be. There are many communities that still have antiquated building codes that were drafted by local committees whose members injected into them personal prejudices; were influenced by pressure from local business, associa tions or practices; or accepted free advice from vested interests, unmindful of the biased provisions they contained. Even to day there are many communities that do not have a building code Many of these are finding that they should regulate construc tion because they are being overrun by vast developments of homes; large, sprawling factories; or immense shopping centers, all of which should be controlled by building regulations for the protection of the public. Too frequently these communities lack fa cilities to prepare their own building codes, and often they must adopt them as emer gency legislation. Recognizing the dilemma of these com munities and the need of the public for congruitv of building regulations in all com munities. the Building Officials Conference of America offers building codes that are suitable for the needs of any community and which can be adopted without obliga tion. Based on recognized standards of safety and arranged to permit the use of materials and methods of construction on the basis of their own merits, these codes are kept constantly up-to-date through a continuing program of study, investigation and service". The community which adopts the appropriate BOCA Building Code and latest approved changes provides for-its people adequate pro tection at minimum cost, without imposing unnecessary restriction. By adopting the changes approved each year, the govern ment may permit its people to use new materials and methods that have been pro\cn safe. These codes contain regulations for build ings of all uses, providing protection for the public in homes, schools, churches, shops, offices, factories, places of amusement and entertainment They have been tried and proven. Recently certain interests proposed to prepare and promote building regulations covering only house construction. Their rea sons for this were based on their own limited interests. Their claims were that building codes contained requirements that 15 *: r- j! Vi M. 4. i:- . -4. 1958 National Safety Congress increased the cost of construction. This built up into a spectacular figure which, when carefully analyzed, was found not to lie completely factual. As commendable as these aims may be, any proposal that could lead to leaving the families of the country without protection in other than homes-- whether inadvertantly or otherwise--cer tainly is not in the public interest. Of even greater concern, however, is the method by which it was proposed to ac complish this which would ultimately have placed the determination of building regula tion? in the hands of vested interests who might profit by or suffer loss from the re quirements imposed. Tin's would enable these interests to legalize material and construc tion innovation? whether or not their sound ness and durability ha? been satisfactorily proven. While this might provide the public with houses at slightly lowerjnitial, cost. - it would leave'`ihe~ home owner "holding the hag" if the innovations did not prove en during. If the industry lja> developed sound new materials or techniques that will reduce the cost of building homes, existing procedure? of the recognized code authorities amply pro ride method? of making- these available to the public. These procedures require thorough study of each proposal by quali fied, unbiased persons; open hearings where factual data in support of and opposition to each is heard; and the majority decision of public officials. Any proposal which passes this scrutiny can be depended on to be in the public interest. But good building codes are only part of the problem. They must be soundly enforced. This requires competent, qualified adminis trator? and adequate personnel. The protec tion of the public i? far too important to l>c governed by political whims and subject to the uncertainty of patronage. Just as safety is the business of every individual and or ganization concerned with the' public in terest, the adoption of good building code? and the provision of competent, trained per sonnel to enforce them is your business and mine. A STUDY OF FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS IN A RURAL COUNTY By FLOYD B. OGLESBAY, JR. Epidemiologic Investigator, Arkansas State Board of Health, Blythesville, Ark. During the lat nine months an epidemio logic study of the cause of fires in Missis sippi County, Ark., has l>ccn conducted by the Arkansas State Board of Health in cooj>eraflfjrfi5trith_Tt!e Public Health Service and locaj health department. Located on the Mississippi River in the northeast corner of the state, this county (pop. 82,000) was selected as typical of the urban-rural dis tribution in Arkansas (75 per cent rural). Using a reporting form specifically de signed for tills study, the epidemiologic in vestigator supplied data on 86 investigations in the first 5J4 months of the study. Of this total 72 were home fires. The 15 home tires resulting in injury caused 14 deaths and IS injuries. Eleven deaths and two nonfatal injuries occurred among children under 12 years of age. Misuse of petroleum products appeared to he the cause of fires in 19 home fire ca?cs (26 per cent). In four home fire in cidents a petroleum product apparently had been used to start a fire (a practice fre quently blamed for fires in the rural South.) Four deaths and 10 injuries occurred in these four fires. Defective electric wiring caused roughly the same number of fires as petroleum products (17). The dwelling was demolished in 50 per cent of the home fires (36) reported during this period. The study is continuing. 16 Home Safety educe the Tpf \e= inj, _ ,/r<>availablc 5 require by qualiigs where osition to ecision of eh passes to be in y part of enforced, adntinisic protccant to !>c object to as safety l and orubiic inins codes .ined perincss and two noncn under apjKarcd oinc tire ; fire inmly iiad ticc freSoutli.) urred in : wiring of fires dwelling he home iod. The THE ROLE OF THE VOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONAL EXAMPLES Primarily a Fund Raiser f\l By WILLARD JOHNSON Vice President, National Conference of Christians and Jews, Chicago, 111. jhc of the major problems faced by fund raisers for voluntary organizations is tliat i.f "selling something intangible". Safety is intangible. So is Brotherhood which is "sold" by my organization, the National Conference of Giristians and Jews. In some respects it is easier to raise money for >ome of the physical diseases such as heart and cancer and to secure funds for the care of crippled, ill or homeless children. But since both Safety and Brotherhood''are intangible there may be some help to per sons working for Safety Councils from the experience of XCCJ which deals with the other intangible. Brotherhood. Both of these intangibles are somewltat complex and involved. This means tliat voluntary workers who seek to raise funds f>.*r these causes should have considerable information about the subject itself and about the way in which the organization deals with this problem. The entire XCCJ over the United States raises atom $3,000,000 annually, about $225.000 of which comes from the Chicago region. The organization uses substantially the same methods over the country. NCCJ in Chicago secures funds by three lasic methods: 1. The Membership Campaign both for men and women. 2. The Special Gifts Campaign. rtlie Fund"Raistng "`Dinner. Some 300 men and women serve as volunteers in these three campaigns with j>erltaps a score of these volunteers serving on all of the campaigns. All of the volun teers are organized into committees, with the Membership Committee, Special Gifts Committee and Dinner Committee. The Membership Committee has a Women's Di vision. The Membership Committee consists ex clusively of men and women who serve on the Executive Board and Women's Com mittee and who therefore know about NCCJ from this board participation. There is, therefore, no tteed to give special training to these jiersons since they are involved in the ongoing process throughout the year. Many of them have served for a long period of time on these boards and com mittees. The Membership Committee accomplishes most of its results by the use of personal letters. Some of the members make per sonal calls on prospects and there are a good many telephone calls involved. The bulk of the money, however, is secured by per sonal letters written on personal or busi ness letterheads (rarely, if ever, on XCCJ letterhead) by members of these two Memliership Committees. (The Women's Com mittee uses XCCJ letterhead for its cam paign more often than do the men.) Some $32,000 is raised by these committees, atout half by the Women's Committee. About a dozen persons serve on each of. these Membership Committees. The essence of this campaign is the personal appeal of members of the Membership Committee to their friends and acquaintances and to per sons who know about them. Matty- of these I>eople are highly respected jtersons in the Chicago community and results are accom plished because of their position and repu tation in the community. We have observed, however, that mass appeals by these people are not effective. The only effective approach is to have them address letters and make calls to persons whom they know or with whom there is some personal connection. We have tried mass letter campaigns over and over and never have we found a mass letter cam paign which would do much more than pay its own costs. This is one of the perplexing problems faced by many organizations as well as XCCJ. Obviously the personal ap- 17 1958 National Safety Congress prouch ami the jxirsonal appeal arc csscnlial. To repeat, the essence of this membership campaign is the personal letter appeal with some telephone calls and personal ap proaches and visits. The letters are always individually typed with a complete person alized fill-in and regular signature with one piece of literature and a return envelope with prepaid postage. The second basic campaign of XCCJ in Chicago is the Special Gifts campaign. This is the Chicago aspect of a national Special Gifts Campaign which is headed by promi nent persons such as Henry Ford II, L. J-. Colbert, President of Chrysler Corp. and this year General Robert Johnson of John son and Johnson Surgical Goods. The Na tional Chairman invites 10 to 20 prominent men from Chicago .to serve on the national Committee with him asking them to solicit 10 to 20 prospects either by personal call, telephone or personal letter. Prospects are written first by the national chairman and then asked for a specific contribution by a member of the local committee. There is also a prominent local chairman for this committee. Prospect lists are made by mem bers of the local committee and thus again we liave the person-to-person approach. The members of the special gifts commit tee are usually not members of the execu tive board of XCCJ who concentrate on the membership campaign; rather the Special Gifts Committee members are persons sym pathetic to XCCJ, but who do not know too much about it. They accept invitations to serve largely because of the prestige and personality of the national chairman. They are not given any special training except for a personal visit by a staff member of XCCJ in Chicago and are given some lit erature This campaign raises about $20,000 each year and is successful because of the personality of the national chairman and the fact that* prospect lists are made up by members of the committee in terms of their friends and associates and persons or com mercial companies to which they wish to make an appeal. The third and major aspect of fund rais ing for XCCJ in Chicago is the annual dinner which has now been held for 12 years. At the present time this dinner at $100 per plate is raising about $160,000 each year. Over the 12-year period a structure has liccn dcveloi>cd and some 300 business men in the city liave had experience on the Dinner Committee so that not too much training is necessary except for new mem bers who are often trained by those who have served in the past. The structure of the dinner committee is as follows: General Chairman Chairman of the Steering Committee Steering Committee I tinner Committee I )i vision Chairmen Section Chairmen The dinner chairmen are the most promiment businessmen in the Chicago com munity. In recent years some of these chairmen have been William V. Kahler. President Illinois Bell Telephone Co.; John S. Knight, Publisher of the Chicago Daily Xews; Wayne Johnston, President of Illi nois Central Railroad and William Patter son, President of United Air Lines. The chairman of the steering committee is usually a member of the executive board of XCCJ and is responsible for most of the detail of organization and campaign. There are some 20 members of the steering com mittee who are also members of the execu tive board of XCCJ largely and others who have had considerable experience in fund raising both for XCCJ and for other organizations. The divisional chairmen of which there are six are responsible for certain board divisions of the industrial and business field. There are some 20 sections so that each divisional chairman is responsible for three to five sections, each of which has its own chairman. These divisions and sections follow the general breakdown of industrial and busi ness organizations of the typical Community Chest pattern. The essence of the dinner campaign is to sell places at the dinner for $100 per plate. Very often companies will buy an en tire table or two tables thus making a contribution of $1,000 or $2,000. Most of the contributors are business firms and cor porations, although many contributors are individuals. An attempt is made by the so licitors to secure companies who will buy an entire table or more and then send com pany executives to participate in the dinner 18 Home Safety program. As a rule some 1,200 to 1,400 of and titty accept because of these motiva the leading businessmen of the city partici tions. pate in the dinner with a speakers table of 50 or 60 persons. In light of our experience, the following observations may be pertinent There is always an outstanding nationally To secure volunteers for fund raising I known speaker such as Senator Kennedy suggest the following considerations: in 1957 with a brief program of exposition about the work of NCCJ and some music. Have them invited by persons whom the Last year the dinner program ran from would-be volunteers consider their superiors 6:30 until 8:50. it was a pleasant surprise in business and industrial position--at least to have the program finished before 9 p.m. their peers. This recognition oi status and power position is essential. The basic factor in this dinner campaign is the solicitation on a business level by This means that the chairman oi any it promi- go com at these Kahler. some 200 members of the business and in dustrial community of the city of Chicago on the basis of $100 per plate. No devi ations from this per plate basis is permitted. Many of the members of the dinner com campaign must be chosen from the highest possible levels in the city or neighborhood. It is sad but true that "do-gooders", as a rule, cannot attract volunteers who will raise much money. 0.; John mittee have participated in this program If the invitations come from a high level, go Dailv over ar period of time and therefore the the form of the invitation--whether a per of Illi- only orientation needed for them each year sonal call, a telephone visit or a letter is i Patter- is a new annual report together with some not so important Most men of high status, ts. current literature for use with prospects. however, prefer to make a personal Visit or ommttee AH prospects are written by the dinner a telephone call. ve board committee together with a formal invitation To train volunteers, a group meeting is st of the to the dinner some six weeks before the very important And to get the group, it is 1. There dinner date. Then this imitation is followed necessary to have the general chairman ex ing com up by telephone calls, personal calls and by tend the invitations, be present at the meet ic exeeu- I personal letters from the 200 members of ing and give some interpretation. This is i others I the dinner committee. one of the major functions of the general jence in I This per plate dinner idea is being used chairman. :r'"Y I by NCCJ in various parts of the country with considerable success. It might be said It is also often desirable to have some entertainment or special attraction at this ch there Eg that this is the basic method of fund rais- first interpretation meeting. Whether we. in board * ing for the entire organization. Sometimes like it or not, most people do not get iess field, the dinner or luncheon is $25 per plate, at much satisfaction from a meeting devoted hat each other times $50 and on a tew occasions such entirely to fund raising. .or three as Chicago, $100. A small amount of literature, probably its own How the nd busimmunity .paign is Members of this dinner committee are secured and retained partly because of their deep and sincere interest in the work of N`CCJt partly because they have been suc cessful in the past (and nothing succeeds in fund raising like success in the past) and partly because of the prestige and im one descriptive piece--is in order plus samples of the "tools" and pledge cards, to be used in the campaign. But don't expect literature to "train" volunteers. Word of mouth and participation in- the campaign-itsclf--when the volunteer is forced to justify his solicitation--are the vital elements of $100 per portance of the dinner chairman himself training. ty an en- and members of the steering committee. To keep volunteers, it is necessary to de taldng a There is a relatively small amount of litera velop a feeling of success. No one wants Most of ture used in this campaign although there to be involved in failure--so the successful and cor- are the customary pledge cards, printed in aspects of any campaign should be empha itors are vitations, annual reports, etc The major sized. the so- factors, however, are the personality of the AH volunteers should be thanked by the will buy solicitor and the committee structure flow general chairman, by letter and some public aid cotn- ing from the dinner chairman himself. New recognition--at some big event, if possible. le dinner workers, of course, are secured each year Names of workers should be printed in 1958 National Safety Congress programs and certificates of appreciation given to alL On the giving end, we often feel that perhaps we are overdoing the praise and the citations. But on the re ceiving end, when it has all narrov.ed down to the one individual, it is never too much. We must tell volunteers constantly that they have succeeded and this success is due to them. There is no other way to keep volunteers. I hope that this description of our fund raising program will be helpful to others who arc to secure funds for the important cause of safety education. li. A FUND RAISER AND PARTICIPANT IN PROGRAM WORK By MRS. BEATRICE WRIGHT FUERST Consultant, Volunteer Activities, National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis New York City Today we recognize volunteer activity as an essential part of our existence. Alexis dc Tocqueville found more than a century ago that "in no country of the world has iheprinciphr^of voluntary association been more successfully used or applied to a greater multitude of objects than in Amer ica." More recently, the editors of "Fortune," in a book devoted to the subject, con cluded "that volunteer activities have a deeper and more lasting effect upon Ameri can life and even American policies, titan do the official ones." America is without doubt the most highly organized country in the world. We have thousands and thousands of voluntary groups and armies of volunteers. It has been my privilege over the past twelve years to be a participant, first as a professional staff member, and, more re cently, as a volunteer, in one of the greatest volunteer movements the world lias ever known, under the banner of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. I have been asked today to analyze my organiza tion's "volunteer" for you--to dissect him, to take him apart, and sec what "makes him tick.** Harry Emerson Fosdick has said "De mocracy is based on the conviction that there are extraordinary possibilities in ordinary people." Nowhere have I seen this state ment more magnificently demonstrated than in the fight against polio. Only twenty-one years ago the National Foundation launched the most comprehen sive and intensive people's attack on record against one of the thousand ills to which mankind is heir. In 1938 there was no precedent--no scrap heap of error--no mile stone of success whose lessons the National Foundation could assimilate in charting its course. It was a pioneer movement, tempered" in the realisms of the needs at hand, cm1widened by a vision of faith in a goal and confidence in the American people. It offered to the world a new concept of warfare against disease. It was dedicated to the philosophy that health is a matter of public concern, reaching far beyond tradi tional spheres of science and medicine-- and it urged upon the people an acceptance of active partnership with the scientist. Through a concerted volunteer effort it di rected upon the crippling malady of polio the full force of American intelligence, in genuity and enthusiasm. Through 21 years "ordinary icoplc with extraordinary jx>s-ibilitics" in every community in the nation pioneered in building with vision an or ganization which proved that people, through voluntary association, could join hands across the nation as neighbors and friendt< accomplish a specific objective. We, in the National Foundation recognize that volunteers ~are the lifeblood of '"Dur organization. Wc also know tliat the process of volunteering is a complex one. The nature of the organization and the motiva tions of the volunteer arc so inextricably in terwoven and interdependent that I feel I must discuss the pertinent factors ot both to conscientiously paint a complete picture for you. National voluntary health associations of the type represented by the Foundation differ markedly from other types of voluntary as sociations with respect to the composition 20 is due r fund others xjrtant .us no > mileational ing its npered d, cmtal and cpt of dicated Iter of tradiieine-- rptance ientist. it di: ppHo cc, ) yt._. J jk>smnatioti in orirougb hands 'rirnd- ognizc >1 our iroccss - The votivablv in feel I f both ;icture ns of i differ .ry asosition Home Safety and nature of their membership. Most volun tary associations are formed (according to one authority) "when a small group of people, finding they have a certain interest (or purpose) in common, agree to meet and act together in order to satisfy that interest or achieve that purpose." In the case of many voluntary associa tions. these people constitute the volunteer membership of the organizations, usually its "board." Since board members are often too busy to devote a great deal of time to the organization, they generally appoint a pro fessional staff to carry out the day-to-day tasks of running the organization; since the nature of these tasks frequently requires some specialized training, this professional staff is generally composed of people trained in office management, public relations and social work. Textbooks used in schools of social-work, accordingly, generally devote some attention to the related techniques of maintaining good working relationships with volunteer boards and educating the board members in the problems faced by the pro fessional staff. In organizations having this character, volunteers are in effect the em ployers of the working-level staff. In addition to board members, another type of volunteer worker is the part-time volunteer who assists the professional staff in such activities as home visitations, clerical work, speech making and fund raising, but does not necessarily become an official mem ber of the association. "Adult Leadership," a magazine devoted entirely to the prob lems of community organizations, recently devoted an entire issue to a "Workshop on the Volunteer," and defined a volunteer worker as: "The non-paid person who gives time to furthering the purposes of the agency or organization. He or she may be a hospital aide, agency board member, door bell ringer in get-out-the-vote drive, youth group leader, etc." A standard reference book on voluntary health associations by Gunn and Platt de fines volunteers as follows: "It was a `vol unteer' who, seeing unattended needs not far from his own doorstep, set out to remedy conditions. A group or society of such vol unteers make up the voluntary agency. The society sooner or later engages a profes sional worker, who gradually replaces the volunteers in the daily tasks except for the routine direction of boards and committees. In time, and especially in emergencies, such organizations call for help from lay volun teers." The point cannot be made too strongly that this generic definition of a "volunteer" does not adequately describe the volunteer members of the Foundation. The volunteer membership of Foundation chapters differs markedly from that of the organizations described or the definitions given. Founda tion volunteers are, for the most part, neither "board members" who employ a pro fessional worker to carry out the daily tasks of the organization nor assistants who are called in during emergencies to help out. The point is that Foundation volunteers both make decisions and actually perform the day-to-day tasks of their organization. By and large, the Foundation volunteers perform the tasks which in many other voluntary associations are performed by pro fessional personnel. As a matter of fact, you will be interested to learn that the entire paid professional staff of the National Foun dation totals just under 500 people. The job of managing this organization is done by volunteers and the import of this role of the Foundation volunteer constitutes one of the major reasons for its success. Volunteers observe, between the philoso phy of the Foundation and tliat of some other organizations, tliat we don't use the social-work approach. They have often praised the Foundation because of its truly volunteer character and because of the simiplicity and economy of its operation. Volunteers tell us that they resent those pro fessionals whom David Reisman has char acterized as "the full-time planners of other people's short-time bursts of energy." "With the National Foundation," they say, "you feel a spirit of cooperation--of a whole family getting together." ^ The National Foundation is a large or ganization divided into 3100 small ones. There is a local chapter in each of the 3100 counties in the United States. Each chapter is managed and operated by lay volunteers whose responsibilities and ac tivities are defined as follows: 1. Making sure that no polio patient-- man, woman or child--shall go without the best available care for lack of funds. This is called the Patient Care program. 21 J r- \n- If n ril 195S National Safety Congress 2. Informing the public about the disease, method of dealing with it, and of the activities and goals of the National Foundation. 3. Raising sufficient funds through the March of Dimes to finance adequately the National Foundation's program of research, professional education, pa tient care and public education. The specific tasks which these responsi bilities entail are described in detail in a manual for chapters with careful definition of responsibilities and in the March of Dimes guide prepared by national head quarters. There is no formal volunteer training program, except for polio emer gency volunteers, or PEV*s 3S they are called, who actually perform bedside care for polio patients in hospitals during time ...ox epidemic emergency. One unique feature of the Foundation's volunteer membership is that it is com posed entirely of lay volunteers, although most chapters have a medical advisory com mittee consisting of doctors and other pro fessional people who act merely in an ad visory capacity. This same composition is employed on the national level also. The national board of trustees consists only of lay volunteers, including its president, Basil O'Connor, who serves entirely without re muneration. All professional committees serve in an advisory role. The national foun dation is a voluntary organization in the strictest sense of the word. Volunteers consider, the patient care pro gram to be the heart and soul of the Foun dation's program. It requires action on the part of all chapter volunteers year 'round-- getting in touch with families oi polio patients--where volunteers actually do the interviewing--and use their own judgment in making decisions in each individual casepaying for medical and hospital care--es tablishing liaison with public, hospital and medical officials. In terms of dollars alone tire patient care program is impressive. Over the years, 68 per cent of all funds raised during the March of Dimes have been spent to assist polio patients--$250,000,000 in the 17-year period 1938-1955. The most important aspect of the patient care program, as far as volunteers are con cerned, however, is the fact that chapters are encouraged to view the patient care program as a contmunity service--not as a form of cliaritable assistance to the needy. Chapters are urged to do everything pos sible to extend "a neighborly hand to those in need of its services." Another valuable aspect of the patient care program is that the patient care pro gram wakes an active volunteer membership absolutely essential. Decisions must be made each year concerning the types of payments to be authorized for some 70,000 to 80,000 patients. This responsibility is delegated en tirely to local chapter volunteers in the community cohere the funds are raised. Therefore, volunteers are "highly involved" in program activity year-round. The volunteers of the Foundation also take an active role in the March of Dimes--or the fund raising part of the pregrawtr-- Smaller blocks of time are devoted to the March of Dimes by volunteers (even though many more volunteers are required)--since the vast majority of March of Dimes vol unteers are not recruited until September-- the March of Dimes is held in January-- and in February the organization is dis banded. The membcrsliip oi the March of Dimes lias two characteristics wliich are not gen erally found in voluntary associations ami which go far toward explaining why it is able to function efficiently as a mass organ ization : First, it is a temporary organisation, mobilized only for one specific purpose and then dissolved. Second, it has a high rate of membership turnover, which makes it possible for a large proportion of the manbersliip to have the enthusiasm which gen erally characterizes new members of an or ganization--but which often wanes with the years. Since by any criteria the Foundation is a large organization the relevance of its size to membership participation must be considered. The factor of size, however, has not led to membership apathy in the Foundation for three reasons: First, the large vear-'round membership is distributed among the local chapters which are them selves relatively small organisations. Second, the system of conducting the affairs of the chapter ensures each member will generally have some definite assignment to carry out, thus mitigating against the possibility that apathy will result from inactivity. Third, the Home Safety tfif care *--i is a the needy, thing posd to those lie patient care proncnibership st be made f payments ) to 80,000 legated en:rs tn the ire raised. involved" n also take Dimes--or program, ted to the ven though ed)--since Dimes voliptember-- January-- on is dis- of Dimes e not genations ami why it is ass pngat. }on, Jrpose and high rate makes it the meniehich genof an ors with the indation is ice of its i must be however, hv in tlie First, the distributed are themts. Second, urs of the I generally carry out, bility that Third, the one large local organization of the Foun dation, the March of Dimes, is mobilized only for the specific purpose of carrying out its fund-raising function and then is dissolved. All three of these structural fea tures make it possible for the vast majority of the volunteer membership to be affiliated with the Foundation only at such times as its services are actually needed. In contrast to the situation which pre vails in many national organizations, the Foundation's local program is quite stand ardized throughout the country. The patient care program differs from county to county more in magnitude than it does in content. The broad outlines of the March of Dimes are established by national headquarters and followed, with local variations, in most communities. AH local organizations are subject to the same rules and regulations - and are in direct contact with national head quarters through one of its employees--the state representative. For these reasons, the I expectation is that volunteers share a simi lar image of the kind of organization to which they belong. The images which volun teers have of the Foundation as a voluntary association go far toward explaining its continued interest and participation in its program. This rather sketchy description of the Foundation's structure will, I hope, provide you the background against which to con sider some rather compelling questions: 1. How do we recruit volunteers? 2. Why are so many thousands of people willing--and even eager--to spend countless hours of often heartbreaking and wearying work without thought of financial gain? 3. What keeps them interested and work ing--often for long years? " " 4. What do they mean to the organiza tion? 5. What do they mean to America? In an attempt to answer these questions, in assessing its strengths and weaknesses as it looked toward the future, the National Foundation instituted the most comprehen sive survey of voluntary activity ever con ducted in this country. The study was made by the Bureau of Applied Social Research of Columbia University and the American Institute of Public Opinion of Princeton, New Jersey. Incidentally its findings have been incorporated in a remarkable book entitled "The Volunteers" by David L. Sills, which you will want to read and to which I am indebted for many of the statistics I quote here today. Recruitment Sources. A characteristic of voluntary health associations is that their members are not, for the most part, people who have joined on their own initiative-- they are, rather, recruited by the organiza tion. In the case of the National Founda tion, our survey revealed that only 10 per cent of our volunteers joined without a specific invitation. In other words 90 per cent of them .were asked to join! A fundamental requirement of any social system is that people must behave in given situational conditions in certain relatively specific ways--"They feel-a sense of obliga-- tion" to behave in a certain way. In fact, it is generally difficult to persuade people to take any specific course of action, including joining a voluntary association, unless they view this action as a necessary component of the proper fulfillment of some role ob ligation. For this reason, among others, govern ments ask their citizens to buy bonds in war-time because of their obligation to their country or to "the boys overseas"--and advertisers tell women that their obligation to their husbands require that they keep their skins young and smooth. Research among our own volunteers shows that the relationships which are most fre quently utilized to obtain recruits are: (1) friendship, (2) community membership, (3) organizational membership. The role relationship most frequently em ployed in recruiting is that of friendship. Fifty-eight per cent of all volunteers who were recruited were asked by at Triend. This is perfectly in accord with the conclusions reached in various studies of how people are influenced. What to buy, what to think about public issues, what entertainment to seek, who to vote for--all have been shown to be decisions in which personal influence plays a very large part. Volunteers do not, of course^ extend in vitations to their friends indiscriminately, rather they select people who have already demonstrated their competence and interest in community activities. Typically, this 1958 National Safety Congress means that volunteers select people with whom they have worked in other community volunteer activities. They turn to people whom they have assisted on other campaigns --on an exchange for "service rendered basis." Thus, we find that personal friend ship is of crucial importance in maintaining a constant influx of new members into the Foundation. Community and organisational relation ships were used with nearly equal frequency --in 22 and 20 per cent of all invitations, respectively. In the case of invitations vvliidi invoke the obligations attendant upon community relationships, an appeal is made not to an individual's sense of duty toward his friends, or toward an organization, but rather toward the community at large. This type of ap proach is particularly effective among peo ple who are self-consciously aware of their reputations as community leaders affiliated with all "good causes." One ifarch of Dimes director, for example, explained his acceptance in these terms, "I think this is one way of fulfilling one's responsibility to the community." One wonderful example of volunteers who respond to the community responsibility is the Mothers' March on Polio, that dramatic finale to the March of Dimes which fuses an entire community into a synchronized gesture of fellowship and cooperation for one hour on one night as marching mothers answer the invitation of the porch light. If you have never witnessed a Mothers* March you should do so. It is an ex perience you will never forget! To go out into the night and see porchlights turning on in every direction--on every street--to see the excitement in the faces of dad, mother and the kids--the whole family--sharing something together--as they wait by the window for the Marching Mother to stop --and1 to watch the mothers marching-- marching--because in their hearts there exists the determined decency to help others! It will bring tears to your eyes and a lump in your throat--and you will be so glad you can be a part of it all! Perhaps the most significant example of all volunteer activities prompted by a sense of community responsibility was the vaccine field trial. A field trial everyone thought impossible--but made possible by the co operative effort and participation of 300,000 volunteers, 20,000 doctors, 40,000 nurses, 50,000 school teachers in 217 communities across the nation. The parents of 1,800,000 children requested that their youngsters be permitted to lake part in the trial--volun teering them as the very human tools of re search. We proved in the field trials that it was possible to bring together the men of public health, the men of the medical profession, the women of the nursing pro fession. every level of administration in our school systems, and the hundreds of thou sands of volunteers who manned the clinics, and did the most significant job of all--the making out of the mountains of records, which were the essentials for the evaluation study. We look back at the children who wore their identification tags like medals,__the little girls who came in their party frocks, the boys in their scout uniforms--all of them- filled with the sense that they were making their moment in history as they rolled up their sleeves and extended their arms--one might say to fight hack for their playmates. In our hearts we applauded the gallantry of these youngsters. Polio pioneers we called them--and I must say their courage and spirit cannot be rivaled by pio neers who opened new horizons anywhere, anytime in the history of our country. Our experience with the vaccine field trial demonstrates another diaracleristic of the phenomenon of volunteering. In recent years there has been a huge increase in the voiuntaty services which professional people-- doctors, nurses, educators, social workers and many others--contribute to and through voluntary associations. Invitations extended in the name of an organisation come about in a number of kays. Often a community .organization is asked by the chairman to assume responsi bility- for one phase of the March of Dimes, and individual members of the organization are subsequently asked by one of their co members to carry out specific assignments. The American Legion Auxiliary*, the Lion's Club, tite Junior Chamber of Commerce, the PTA are among the groups which most often adopt the March of Dimes as an or ganization project. Actually, extensive "spade-work" is done year-'round on the national level with the 24 1 oMOO.000 OOf jirses, coh--unities of 1,800.000 ungsters be rial--voluntools of re trials that er the men the medical tirsing proattou in our is of thou- tlie clinics, of all--the of records, : evaluation who wore nedals, the -irty -frocks, ms--all of they were rv as they ended their :k for their riauded the Ho pioneers say their Jed hv pio- anvwhere, unity. e fi-*''trial tic /the ecent years the volun.1 people-- il workers nd through tme of an lumber of nization is 2 vesporaiof Dimes, rganization f their cofsignments. the Lion's imerce, the hich most as an or- c" Is done l with the Home Safety national leadership of all major women's, men's and youth organizations. The National Foundation takes great pains to acquaint the national leadership of these organizations with its overall program plans through per sonal contact, national meetings and the preparation of especially designed informa tive materials. All organizations are kept up-to-date on current developments and pro vided with materials specifically prepared for distribution through the organizations own channels from the top leadership all the way down to their grass roots membership which resides in each local community. In tliis way, great impetus is given to community activity year around and during the March of Dimes since it carries the authority of direct endorsement from the top officials of the organization. Great care also is taken to suggest projects which will fit into itlic organizations own community serv ice; education and health and welfare activi ties. A recent rewarding example of recruiting . an army of new volunteers in the poHo fight through organisation responsibility was the launching of the TAP program by the National Foundation. Teens Against PoHo, we called it and by reaching out to them through their organizations we were suc cessful in mobilizing the youth of the nation with all of its dynamic energy and en thusiasm--channeling it to serve the needs rather than the fears of the world. Here arc a few interesting statistics about Foundation volunteers. Although local chap ters have on their rolls only an estimated 80,000 volunteers, some 3.000,000 Americans act as March of Dimes volunteers. An im portant difference between the two groups is the average length of time volunteers Itavc been affiliated with the Foundation. Nearly one out of every five chapter volun teers has been active since the early years of the Foundation. However, only one out of every 20 March of Dimes volunteers is an old-timer. Partly as a result of this high turn-over rate, March of Dimes volunteers are some what younger than chapter volunteers; 59 per cent under 40 years of age, in con trast to only 39 per cent of chapter volun teers. Accordingly they are more likely to be parents of young or adolescent children (71 per cent versus 63 per cent). Men and women are about equally represented in both groups. Both chapter and March of Dimes volun teers participate widely in other community organizations. Seven out of every 10 belong to at least three organizations other than the Foundation, and many belong to six or more. Foundation volunteers have generally been residents of their communities for many years; more than two-thirds of both groups have lived in their present communities for 10 years or more, and nearly half were either bora where they now live or came to live there when they were children. Occu pationally, they are for the most part small businessmen, lawyers, insurance agents, school superintendents, teachers, and the like--people whose status in the community is largely the result of their own efforts rather than inherited from their family's" social position. Motivation--And now, why are so many thousands of people willing to work? What keeps them interested and working? The development of volunteering is no accident. Its explanation derives from deep-seated sociological, anthropological, ethical and psy chological factors. From them it is possible to sift out a half-dozen reasons why people volunteer. a. The rise in the social status and educa tional level of American women. In 1900 government surveys showed less than one in 10 women had completed1 high school. In 1950 more than 5 per cent had completed college. Many of these women seek outlets for their talents and for self-gratification beyond the responsibilities of housework and family care. Volunteering is a legiti mate part of this. b. The great increase, in leisure June. Thefive day week is an accepted part of American Ufe. Working men have far more leisure. Women, too, have more free time because of labor saving de rices and the development of packaged goods and services in our economy. c. The trend toward smaller family units. As a nation, our family units are al most 40 per cent smaller than they were at the turn of the century. Along with this shrinking in the size of the household has come the less well-knit 25 b n i- - .\ 1958 National Safety Congress family. Fewer family activities are focused in and take place within the home and around the family unit Our society has had to create numerous social institutions to replace activities previously associated with the home. Volunteering might well be described as one of the places for a creative out let a social outlet with the accom panying satisfaction of shared group experience. d. The emphasis in our society on getting ahead. Ours has been described as an achievement-oriented society. Volun teering derives frequently from the wish to get upward and onward--often from the wish to achieve by one's own efforts in a voluntary way what one may not be able to achieve in a dull job or monotonous home routine. Furthermore, the prestige accorded many volunteers is recognized as an aid, and a perfectly acceptable one, in personal advancement in business and social relations. Not only does the in dividual see this but we all know' that most business groups now encourage their employees to engage in community service activities. c. The desire to express in practical fays our religious concepts. Inherent in the ethical values of-our major religions is the concept of service to one's fellow man. In the days of the larger family unit, this often took the form of taking in the widowed sister or caring for the sick. At the turn of the century it was also considered proper to bring baskets of food to the needy, clothes to the destitute In a complex society such as ours has become it is far more dif ficult to engage in direct personal acts of charity. Useful volunteering pro rides direct personal opportunity to serve one's fellow man. f. The wed to belong. As government has become larger the opportunity for the individual to feel a sense of be longing, a sense of identification with his community, becomes more difficult. The great voluntary agencies offer major channels for individuals to par ticipate personally in the organized life of our society. They provide one of the sources of continuing identification of the citizen with his community and his country. We in the National Foundation recognize that what the volunteer gets from the job is more important than the job itself. We are not like industrial or commercial enter prises in which success can be measured by a comparison of output, sales and costs on a balance sheet Rather our success is de pendent upon the non-monetary rewards our volunteers obtain from our program thus keeping them interested in and loyal to it. Dr. William Menningcr, the noted psy chiatrist, sets forth as one of the attributes of the mature personality the ability to think beyond oneself and to give sendee to the community. Our experience in the National Foundation bears this out. We find that our best volunteers are wholesome, well-inte grated persons. Interestingly enougttr'WPST'of our besT volunteers have not had personal experience with polio. They stay with us because they are provided an opportunity to be a part of a worthwhile community-activity. Our experience in the National Founda tion has taught us, too, that our volunteers will work with heartwarming devotion and loyalty when they get recognition for jobs well done. Another factor of significance in keeping our volunteers is the opportunities provided for them to learn about and be close to technical developments in the health field--to develop a kind of expertness in the field in which they arc interested. Finally, in addition to all the more serious factors our studies show that volunteers are more ready to work when there is tun as sociated with volunteering. Too frequently the volunteer's expecta tions exceed his realizations from a volun teering job. We must take great care not to oversell the volunteer job. In addition, we heed to plan thelngahlzation of volunteer activities and to define specifically enough the role the volunteer can play so that he can carry out significant, meaningful and satis fying work. Our experience has demonstrated that the staff of professional workers serving with volunteers must be small in numbers and must convey to the volunteer a sense of devotion to the job and integrity in per formance at least equal to that which the volunteers expect of themselves. 26 Home Safety inity and his on Jignize rom the job j itself. \Ve erdal entermeasured by id costs on a :cess is de rewards our ogram thus oyal to it. noted psyie attributes lity to think rvice to tlie he National ind that our t, well-inte- ; j r, v ; >f our best 1 experience >ecause thev >e a part of ] tal Foundar volunteers evotion and Mi for jobs -nificance in pportunities out and be a tb* health in h the id. sore serious lunteers are : is fun as- *s expectam a volun- care not to ddition, we volunteer ' enough the Jiat he can I and satis- led that the :rring with unbers and a sense of ity in per- which the It is essential to provide the kinds of roles in volunteering which make for a happy and satisfying experience. We have been ex tremely interested to find that our studies indicate that the volunteers who are our continuing leaders find satisfying experiences in volunteering when it provides an opportunity for them to play one or more roles in the National Foundation--when they are given an opportunity to act in a humani tarian, in an expert capacity or in an or ganizing capacity. We see in our Foundation program an op portunity to channel altruistic impulses. The layman, too, gets a real feeling of satisfaction from being brought in on the ground floor on prospective developments in the scientific field. This means a good deal in terms of giving the volunteer a sense of satisfaction in gaining status among his friends and neighbors because he has become somewhat of an "expert"--and he does have new and special skills acquired in his volunteer role. We all have seen volunteers who are "natural leaders." A voluntary organization prorides rich opportunities for these talents to come to the surface. In our National Foundation chapters our volunteers get con crete opportunities not only to organize tasks, but to see them successfully com pleted. The organizer, too, gets rich community recognition for his organizing talent. He is frequently asked to take on other difficult community jobs as a result of his work for the Foundation. Through the means of successful experiences in organization in one agency his horizons are frequently broad ened. This consideration of roles is of course, rather an arbitrary one and we recognize that many volunteers perform all three roles or some combination of them. The descrip tion of the roles is, however, interesting because it provides clues for program or ganization which will enable volunteers to function in the kinds of capacities winch trill give them the maximum of satisfac tion and thus maintain their interest in and loyalty to the program. Value to Organisation and America--I would like to make special mention'here of fund raising. None of us could exist with out the dimes and dollars solicited from the general public by our volunteers. This often is considered the most mundane and dif ficult job for the volunteers. This need not be so. Given the right organization with careful attention to motivation, fund raising can and frequently is at least as rewarding as any other volunteering activity. It pro vides genuine opportunities for the practice of local initiative in fund raising and fre quently proves highly satisfactory in pro viding the volunteer with a sense of accom plishment, a sense of power and a sense of creativity. And of all, the sense of creativity may be most important A well-organized fund raising program offers a wonderful way to employ amateur talents. Our sodety places so much stress on the expert and specialist that increasingly the person who does not have specialist training develops a sense of inadequacy-about his ability-to function in the community. But our ex perience has shown again and again that, once we have set the basic policies for our campaigns, there is plenty of room for the local. volunteers to figure out adaptations, stunts, special events, unique organization methods through which they can be more effective fund raisers in the local com munity. We cherish this freedom of in itiative for our local volunteers and it means much to them. When this is combined with the preservation of informality in local organization for fund raising, the relative abseq.ee of bureaucracy and good personal relationships between the paid staff and the' volunteers, we get happy volunteers and good campaigns. In summary, then. We have seen the vol unteer as translated through a voluntaryassociation. We have seen that volunteering carries with it very special meaning, re wards and gratification to the volunteer and. that an understanding of . this can help shape agency- programs. We have seen how the power of people, organized in a common cause, through voluntary association, can move quickly- and effectively- in a total at tack on a single problem. We have not yet begun to assess the larger significance of all of this. It may* well be that the methods proven successful in the conquest of polio will profoundly- alter the course of events in our time. Surely there has been demonstrated an unprecedented strength and vitality in the volunteer move- i,Vv. ; i -* I 1958 National Safety Congress ment in this country which can be focussed on activities for the good of mankind. Last year, the secretary of the All-India Women's Congress asked the National Foundation to provide information and to write an article for their journal on how volunteers in America organized to combat polio. She saw in the organization and tech niques which had been developed a way in which the women of India could be mobil ized against the all pervading, debilitating ixwerty, disease and ignorance which arc the scourges of her country. She saw in the weapons we had forged, greater strength than we, ourselves, could sec. As the National Foundation looks beyond polio toward new horizons and greater vietories we shall continue through voluntary association, the glory of a process that will shed shafts of light across the unillumined landscape of tomorrow--standing as a svmbol of our democracy which truly permits "man's humanity to man" to flourish and bear fruit. 3 j | | J E I III. LEADERSHIP SKILLS REQUIRED By MRS. LEONARD DAVIDOW Chairman, Public Relations Committee, Girl Scouts of America Highland Park, I1L Purposes of the Girl Scouts of the US-4. --To promote the qualities of truth, loyalty, helpfulness, friendliness, courtesy, purity, kindness, obedience, cheerfulness, thriftiness, and kindred virtues among girls, as a prep aration for their responsibilities in the home and for service to the community. To direct and coordinate the Girl Scout movement in the United States, its territories, and pos sessions, and to fix and maintain standards for the movement which will inspire the rising generation with the highest ideals of character, patriotism, conduct and attain ment. which purposes shall be nonsectarian, non-political, and not for pecuniary profit. The Girl Scout Program--The Girl Scout program is an informal educational program designed to help girls put into practice the fundamental principles of die Girl Scout movement. It is carried out in small groups with adult leadership and provides a wide range of activities developed around the in terests and needs of girls.............. "" The Size of Girl Scouting--As of Sep tember, 1957, there were 3,115,000 reg istered Girl Scouts. Of this number. 2,388,000 were girl members, and 727,000 were adult members. The Girl Scouts is a volunteer organisa tion. Nothing illustrates this more graphic ally than die fact that less than 1 per cent of the 727,000 adults are paid, professional staff members. This means that there are over 700,000 adult volunteers working in Girl Scouting, and die number is constantly growing. Leadership Skills Required--It is a firm policy of the organization that every adult must be selected on the basis of quali fications for membership, including full vol untary acceptance of the Girl Scout Promise and Laws, ability to perform the job, and vyillingness and ability to take training for it. In addition, members of boards of di rectors should be selected so that the group can reflect the spread of social, religious, educational, economic, and civic points of view within the territory covered by its charter. There arc three general categories of skills required. 1. Ability to xvork directly with girls from 7 to 17 years old within the frame work of the Girl Scout program, to fulfill the purpose of the organization. _ Xeaders^.and assistant leaders--about 310,000 of them--need a knowledge and understanding of girls as well as of the program, and vve can't forget the requirements of tact, patience, humor and intelligence, as well as a willing ness to lead girls rather than to direct them. 2. Ability to work with adults in an ad ministrative capacity. Each of the councils throughout the country' is ari autonomous unit. It needs capable, ex perienced volunteers to guide and direct 28 ! v in the s beyond ater yic.-oluntarv that will illumined s a svm' permits rish and Distantly ; a firm O' adult f qtialifull volPromise job, and ling for > of dile group elir' . oil If by its >rics of 1 i rts from framc- Tam, to aization. i--about dge and 1 as of get the humor willingo direct an ad- of the y is an ble, exd direct Home Safely it in matters of policy, procedure, and practice. It needs, for example, a sound board of directors, a full complement of able officers, and committee mem bers to further the council's program in specialized areas: program, camping, troop organization, public relations, fi nance--to name just a few. The national organization, operating within the general lines of policy es tablished by the national council, needs volunteers qualified to establish specific policies and standards. These people must be able to approach problems with a background of knowledge and ex perience, as well as with an attitude that is national in scope. 3. Ability to work with adults in a con sultive or advisory capacity. Girl Scout councils, as well as the national or ganization, need help in highly special ized and technical fields. Many volun teers erve as advisers or consultants in special projects. The services of doctors, lawyers, architects, engineers, as well as "merchant-chiefs" are needed, and gratefully used. How the Girl Scouts Recruit--Successful placement is primarily a matter of selection, n an individual basis, of people well quali fied to do specific jobs. For this reason, in Girl Scouting, placement in a council job is a local responsibility. After a council determines its manpower needs, it makes careful plans for the re cruitment of volunteers. This includes the development of recruitment sources within the community' as well as the use of per sonnel tools--job descriptions, personal in terviews, careful matching of the interests and qualifications of the individual with the needs of the job. The national organization performs the recruitment, selection and placement func tion for its own manpower needs. In addi tion, .it supplies services to local councils in several ways. 1. It develops promotional material de signed to aid in local recruitment. These take the form of brochures, pamphlets, film strips, and recruitment kits. 2. It conducts research in recruitment problems and planning. For example, this fall a special pilot study will be made of leader selection techniques in twelve councils in various sections of the country. The findings of this study will then be shared with all Girl Scout councils, and we hope that councils will find the results helpful in improving their own techniques in the recruitment and selection of leaders. 3. The national organization does recruit ing on a national level as an aid to the development of resources within the individual community. Several national organizations--service groups, fraternal groups, civic groups--to mention a few, have adopted volunteer,, .service with the Girl Scouts as a recommended ac tivity for local membership. How the Girl Scouts Train--The two best words for the Girl Scout training pro gram are vast and comprehensive. Training opportunities are offered to each of the 727,000 adults, and bringing opportunities to acquire new skills, deepen convictions, ami grow in knowledge and understanding. The development and carrying out of the training program is a shared responsibility of the national organization and the coun cils. The national organization recommends and makes available the basic standards, content, methods and materials. Councils adapt these to suit their needs. In addition, the national organization conducts training events in all parts of the country to sup plement local training programs, and for purposes of demonstration and experiment. Work in Girl Scouting provides the op portunity for an adult to use skills and abilities in a progranirof-'lnghly 'significant importance to girls, their communities, and their country. Such work has a wonderful by-product as well. It provides the deep pleasure and satisfaction that result only from the use of one's own abilities in the service of others. 29 195S Xational Safety Congress Technical Skills Required By Mrs. JOSEPH W. STILL, Asst. National Director, Office of Volunteers, American National Red Cross Washington, D. C. In the American Red Cross Frjiu its beginning the Red Cross has relied on volunteers to carry out its pro grams and today there are two million Red Cross volunteers. These men and women and young adults can be classified into two major categories--those who already have skills in their fields such as business execu tives, doctors, nurses, social workers and stenographers, and those who are trained by the Red Cross lor their jobs such as first aid instructors, water safety instructors. Gray Ladies and Motor Service drivers. An Example of Inservice Training in Technical Skills First, I shall deal with the Motor Serv ice because it is a Red Cross service that requires training in two different safety courses. These are first aid and Red Cross Driver Education. Both these courses were developed by the national Red Cross in cooperation with other agencies. Red Cross Motor Service has as its pur pose safe and efficient transportation. The volunteer drivers transport people and such items as shipments of blood, disaster sup plies and food for mobile feeding opera tions. Some drivers use their own cars, others drive Red Cross cars, busses, am bulances and mobile canteens. The drivers may be called on at a moment's notice to take a bottle of rare blood to a hospital or help evacuate families threatened by flood, fire, or tornado. Motor Service is administered in fibap; ters by a volunteer committee. The Xa tional Red Cross provides guidance material for the chairman of this committee and sete standards for training. The main steps in developing this serv ice are: survey of needs for transportation in Red Cross and other agency programs, preparing job descriptions for the volun teers, recruiting, selection, training, super vising, evaluation of each volunteer, recog nition, and continuing program evaluation. These principles are common to all Red Cross services as they are to any efficient business operation. In tlie recruitment of volunteers for Mo tor or any volunteer service, there are two major aspects to consider: The potential sources of volunteers and the method of reaching them. Some sources are: families and friends of volunteers and paid staff, fund raisers, organizations such as the YMCA and the YMHA, retired men and women who can be reached through personnel departments, local government employees, women's clubs and organizations, veterans groups, housing projects, civic and service groups, Volun teer Bureaus, businessmen's clubs and or ganizations, special interest groups (labor, Negro, farm, foreign language, and religi ous), schools and colleges--both students and faculty members. Welcome Wagon, and hobby groups. Shut-ins and people in homes for the handicapped and aged can help with ad ministrative work by addressing envelopes, writing announcements of meetings and training courses, keeping records, and tele phoning people to remind them of meetings or to get substitutes when volunteers are unable to take an assignment. Some methods of reaching potential vol unteers : personal letters, newspaper articles, radio and TV announcements, displays, speakers, sponsored ads, church and club bulletins, movies, leaflets, bookmarks for distribution by libraries and through special mailings, and bulletin board announcements. RecruitmenF'information should always tell where to go, write or call in order to volunteer. He who interviews prospective volunteers should have information about the job to be done, should have a friendly manner, and an ability to size up people. No one can be accepted for Motor Serv ice who does not have a driver's license. The training for Motor Service consists of three parts: First, the six-hour Red Cross Driver Education course. This course, does not teach people how to drive, but it ij sf I rrt.Vte/iilitotifeiiiiilO fa ! Home Safety :j ross .y efficient > for Moe are two : potential nethod of id friends id raisers, i and the who can partments, en's dubs 5, housing s, Voluns and or)S (labor, nd religi- students agon, and for the with adenvelopes, ings and ajv' den, )gs iteers are ntial volr articles, isplays, and dub arks for jh spedal ncements. d always order to respective on about 1 friendly people. tor Servlicense. : consists tour Red is course, re, but it t j ; J i t ~ * \ 2 | does teach them how to be more skillful and safer drivers. The course covers these subjects: effect of personal diaracteristics mi driving habits, physical fitness and safety, local traffic problems, how a car operates, emergency repairs and car maintenance, au tomobile insurance, stopping distances, haz ardous driving conditions, hazardous driv ing situations. This course was prepared with the operation of the American Automobile Association. The textbook used is the AAA's Sportsmanlike Driving. The chair man of Motor Sendee organizes the course, but teaching is done by local volunteers-- traffic safety experts, representatives of in surance companies, and instructors who know and can teadi simple emergency re pairs and car maintenance. The cooperation that chapters have had throughout the country for representatives of the AAA, local, state, and parkway po lice and other safety representatives has been one of the most gratifying aspects of this training. Insurance representatives have given their time to explain the relation be tween rates and accidents and have given instruction in filling out accident reports. And the men who have taught the emer gency repairs, one of them the husband of a Motor Sendee chairman, have learned that women can learn to change a tire when they have to. While the driver education course is pri marily for volunteers who will serve through the Red Cross, chapters may give the course to any local group as a public service. Any adaptation of the course is given by the American Red Cross to the families of servicemen stationed in Europe to help them drive more safely in foreign countries. Army traffic safety experts and members of the foreign local police teach the course. We recently received word from the League of Red Cross Societies that the government representatives of 17 countries had requested copies of the Instructor's Guide for the course. The second part of the Motor Service training is first aid. This is essential for Motor Service drivers because first aid is training in accident prevention. Frequently the passengers transported by Motor Serv ice are crippled children, the frail and eld erly, the blind, and the injured, and drivers must be ready to handle emergency care. Another reason is that the Red Cross, is a symbol of medical aid and when there is a highway accident and people see the Red Cross, they expect help and our drivers should be able to give it. The third part of the training is infor mation about the Red Cross. This knowl edge builds "esprit." We want all members of the Red Cross to he proud of belonging to an organization whose traditional hu manitarian role is revered throughout the world. And we want the volunteer drivers to see their role in relation to that of other volunteers in the Red Cross. The drivers also need information about the Red Cross so they can answer at least some ot the questions their passengers ask. At the end of litis three-part training, volunteers who have satisfactorily completed their training receive a certificate and a special Motor Service pin. They are eligible to wear a Red Cross uniform, but that is not required. In many Red Cross chapters training is continued through meetings, driving skills tests, bulletins and lectures by first aid in structors, psychologists and psychiatrists and safety experts. Supervising a group of drivers who are out on the road most of the time is not easy, but there are ways of knowing how well they do their jobs. If the drivers are cooperative in taking assignments, if they are punctual, if they check over the cars and report any defects, if they promptly report an accident, if an agency calls or writes to give a special word of praise, the chairman of Motor Service can get a pretty good indication of the drivers' perform ance. At meetings, the chairman has an other vantage point from which to judge the attitudes oi the "drivers and their prob lems. We recommend that the chairman evalu ate each driver at least once during the year. And the driver .should be told that he will be evaluated. We consider this evalu ation of volunteers a form of recognition in itself, for it gives status and importance to the job. If a volunteer cannot accept the disciplines of the service or is an unsafe driver, he must be released from the service. 1958 National Safety Congress Knowing Iiow to praise and when to praise is a skill every chairman needs. For the volunteer, thanks and appreciation are one form of reward for their effort as are promotions and special assignments. One of the subtlest forms of recognition is sound planning for the use of the volunteer's time. Some Aspects of Volunteering In covered wagon days, volunteering was part of survival on a `"quid pro quo" basis --you help me put up my log cabin, and 1*11 help you with yours. As towns grew, men of high standing governed their com munities as volunteers and their wives went al>out doing good singly or in small groups. Today, volunteering is big business. There are national standards, methods and tech niques. Ch-il Service has established criteria for the job of a director of volunteers. And uniform makers throughout the coun try are trying to make hundreds of thou sands of volunteers look trim and attractive. We have come full circle from the pio neer days and, once again, volunteering is part of the American pattern of living. Volunteer service is big business, but it is not a monopoly. The competition for vol unteers today is intense. It hasn't reached the point where agencies "rush" volunteers as fraternities do, but we may come to it This competition requires agencies to do a more careful analysis of their programs, and to find ways of presenting their needs, and attracting the right type of volun teer for the right job. Motivation In order to appeal to the right individual for the right job we have to understand the reasons why people volunteer. We are familiar with many of the motivations. Any tragic emergency will arouse |>eople--a dis aster sends people immediately to the Red Cross. The drowning of a child in an un guarded -Swimming hole will stimulate the organization of a water safety program. Friends volunteer because their friends do. Young mothers bored with the daily companionship of three to six-year old minds, welcome a change of scene. Older people unhappy without the work that once gave them satisfaction and position, seek a renewal of those satisfactions. Ambitious people who want status in a community seek a door to it through volunteer service. Many people want to learn something new. Some enjoy acquiring such skills as craft work and do creative work of their own as well as teach these skills to others. Some volunteer because of a need to be associated with a "worthy cause." Volunteers seek new settings, new people, new experiences. The housewife who had an executive job before marriage and who is lied to a home and children most of the day, finds a stimulating outlet bv working two afternoons a week helping with the ad ministrative work of an agency. It refreshes her mental outlook--and makes her more interesting to her husband. The reasons for volunteering influence the type of job that appeals to a volunteer. We must develop more skills in merchandis ing volunteer jobs so they will become known to the kinds of people who would want to do them and who could do them well. Public Relations Value of Volunteers One reason for the great upsurge in volunteer service is that administrators of organizations and their staffs have learned the value of volunteers as public relations representatives. Administrators of mental hospitals, for example, learned that the vol unteers serving in their hospitals talked about the overcrowded facilities, the lack of staff and the pitiable condition of the pa tients. This kind of talk helped to influence community action. We know that the presence of enthusi astic, devoted volunteers in homes for the aged helps raise the standards of those in stitutions. Fund raisers know that their job is easier when there is an army of de voted volunteers telling their families and friends about the work of the organization. An interesting development in volunteer ing is that some government agencies are using volunteers. The Welfare Department of the District of Columbia has a paid di rector of volunteers who has organized a program using hundreds of volunteers in a variety of activities for young and old. These volunteers undoubtedly have learned a great deal about the work of the public welfare department and can interpret it to others. Using volunteers as a public relations de vice can backfire. If a job is dreamed up 32 linr "\v. m kit r own as s. Some ssociatetl iv people, who had and who st of tlie working It the adrefreshes ler more influence olunteer. rchandis- become 10 would do them tetfs surge in ators of : learned relations t mental the vols talked e lack of VV int, /ce enthusifor the those inlat their y of de ities and miration. olunteerldes are partment paid dianized a tteers in and old. : learned te public ret it to tions deamed up Home Safely just so an agency can list some volunteers on a roster, they spot the ruse in short order. The woman who has hired a baby sitter and driven 20 miles to do a job is not going to speak kindly of an organization she believes is taking advantage of her. Volunteers who try to exploit an organi zation for social, business or professional advantage can create havoc by promoting their own interests rather than those of the organization. But a smart executive can use such people to public relations advan tage, provided he keeps a tight rein, for such volunteers often do a magnificent job because of the very reason that they are ambitious. Turnover Turnover in volunteer workers is a ba rometer useful for measuring many factors in a program. A certain amount of dis satisfaction is essential to progress--it is the burr under the saddle. But too much turnover is a danger signal. And so is too little turnover. People who remain in their volunteer jobs too long tend to indulge in empire building and concentrate more on maintaining a position than on the activities which are a primary objective of the or ganization. One way around this problem is to ap point volunteers for a particular length of time, such as one year, to let them know that at the end of that year they will be evaluated, and that one of the points in that evaluation will be how well they have done in developing leaders who could even tually take over their job. Volunteer-Paid Staff Relationships The relationships between paid and vol unteer staff have been much discussed in workshops, conferences and over coffee throughout the land. There are many myths about these relationships and to hear some of them you would think there were' two Olympuses. On one, the professionals stand looking contemptuously down on the ama teurs. On the other, the Lady Bountifuls scornfully look down upon the paid staff. This is an anachronistic concept of vol unteer-paid relationships, as old fashioned as bustles and Model-T's. Today, so many Americans give volunteer service that, for the most part, the relationships between volunteer and paid staff are based on per formance and mutual respect. Hidden Costs of Volunteer Service Volunteer service is not "free help." Although the volunteers don't get paid, there are numerous costs in the nurture and logistics of volunteer service. In almost ever}' organization giving continuous serv ice there is paid staff that develops organi zational planning. A qualified staff is needed to develop training materials and must keep up with new training ideas and methods of teaching. Visual aids alone these days arc a big item in training budgets. In the production of a training manual, for example, there are the costs of writing, designing, printing and distribution. Recruitment material and ideas must be developed and disseminated. These days, just the costs of handling cor respondence are enormous. There must be someone to plan the work of the volunteers, schedule them and super vise them. If there are uniforms, even though the volunteers buy them, there are costs of design, testing materials in all climates and special settings such as hos pital operating rooms where synthetic ma terials can be hazardous, and answering complaints. In the Red Cross, uniforms are a chronic headache because no matter how you try, you can't please thousands of women with the same outfit Another expense in volunteer service is recognition items such as pins and certi ficates, and special recognition ceremonies. And, of course, there is the hidden cost of mutual aid that agencies give each other. A great deal of our work in the Red Cross is helping other agencies in their programs, consulting with them on prob lems they arc encountering, and giving them the benefit of our experience. And there is the aid other agencies give the Red Cross such as we get from the National Safety Council, the AAA and many others. Values of Volunteer Service While volunteer service is not "free," it is freely given by the .volunteers, different from the kind of volunteering that I've heard takes place in the army w'hen a sergeant bellows: I want three volunteers-- you--you--and you. And because the kind of volunteering I have been discussing is freely given, it should be valued when the gift comes from an interested, capable, and reliable volunteer. 33 195S National Safety Congress These volunteers bring more than extra hands and feet To a staff frustrated by the same old problems, volunteers bring a fresh approach and outlook. The}' view things with an innocent eye that often sees solutions to old problems. They raise the tone of an operation in many subtle ways. Their new ideas stimulate and rejuvenate old programs. Volunteer service is thrice blessed. It blesses him that volunteers, him that guides, and the goal towards which they both work together. DISCUSSION By MARJORIE B. MAY Dir., Home and School Div., Greater New York Safety Council, New York City We have just had the pleasure of hearing a very interesting series of statements from a panel trained and experienced in the re cruitment and successful use of volunteers. The potential value to us in the safety field is very high, but the true worth is dependent upon our own abilities to adapt these suggestions to meet our specific needs for our problems are somewhat different from those of the previous speakers. First, we are dealing with an intangible. This intangible is even more difficult to understand because of our very nature--a heritage of pioneering and gambling spirit, and the negative concept fostered by the many well-meaning, sincere men who created and adopted the well-known slogan of "Safety First." Changing that negative ap proach from the "don't" to the positive "do, but do correctly" which we use today has been a slow process. We are engaged, for the greater part, in an educational program which must be con tinuous and directed at the encouragement of individuals to change their attitudes, habits and physical environment wherever and whenever possible--not for just one day, week or month, but throughout their lives. Safety is an important part of living and cannot be separated from our daily ac tivities. R must be with us both consciously and unconsciously, at all times, if we are to survive. Second, safety is a myriad-faceted prob lem for which there is no panacea. There will never be a serum to make one accident free in even one respect. We shall never have the opportunity to see dramatic results in accident prevention such as New York City witnessed with the widespread innoculation of children against diphtheria. In one year, there were a thousand deaths from this killing disease and in the follow ing year, just one. Nor shall we see strides comparable to those being made presently in the eradication of the dreaded polio, which, at its worst, killed only one-tenth the num ber of children we lose annually through accidents. Then, there is the matter of measuring results. In our field it is much more difficult and takes far longer than in other fields. Most of the time we do not have satisfac tion of knowing which, and how many, accidents have been prevented through our efforts. Statistical changes take years to show up. Perhaps, we should develop some direct service like driving accident victims to hos pitals for care. Fortunately, wc need never worry about keeping our volunteers busy. There is so much to be done, we find it hard to keep from overburdening them. As for their willingness to be of service, I have never known a more sincere or dedicated group of volunteers than those interested in safety. In the more than 14 years during which I have !>cen actively associated with such work, regardless of the inconvenience no one has ever refused any request I have made for assistance unless it was a physical impossibility to comply. Although we can never repay these people for their work, moral support and devotion, I do not believe we do enough to show at least some small measure of apprecia tion. A safety council does not have a set pro gram which is carried out in the same way by all organizations or groups accepting it \Ve work differently in that we help an or ganization with its program--and each one 34 btleways. ref Vt ii. nice leers, him ds which nd deaths ic followee strides esentlv in io, which, the num through neasuring e difficult ter fields, satisfacw many, ugh our s to show ne direct s to hos- ry kit :re so to keep or their ve never group of t safety, which I ith such iencc no . I have physical J | >e people devotion, to show ipprecia- set proune way pting it p an or:ach one Home Safety lias its own variations. We look at your problems and try to develop programs to fit your specific needs by adapting ideas and materials to suit the purpose. The reduction of accidents in vour com munity (city, state or even the nation) is dependent upon the success of many such local cooperative and coordinated programs, official and voluntary* in nature. Very few safety councils go to the public directly for funds. Some receive funds through the Community Chest; we, in New York, do not Our financial support comes from company memberships and a small number of individual memberships. There are no subsidies or grants except in the rare instances where such funds are earmarked for special projects. In the same way, we do not go to the public directly to recruit volunteers. EachI interested organization appoints one or more persons to work with us. Safety* engineers and supervisors in various companies, rep resentatives from official and voluntaryagencies and the safety chairmen from such community groups as PTA's, civic and service clubs, and many, many others make up the large body of our volunteers. Only occasionally an individual does come to offer his or her services. This is generally after a serious personal injury or the loss of some member of the family. You and your organizations hold the key to our recruitment problem. We must con vince you of the importance of accident prevention and then, in turn, you must give us vour support and assistance by sending your representatives to work with us in de veloping a program for you and the com munity. _ By LUIDA E. SANDERS Chairman, Home Safety Committee, Wisconsin Council of Safety Madison, Wis. I am impressed with the possibilities for tapping volunteer services. I'm impressed in two ways. As chairman of the home safetycommittee of the Wisconsin Safety Council I'm intrigued with the idea of all this volun teer help just waiting to be called in and put to work. As a volunteer I resent the implication that my- talents and time are to be manipulated or used by professionals in the way in which they decide I ought to go. I probably should admit at this point that my experience with safety work has been limited to Wisconsin and to a few programs. So, I would like to confine what I have to say to how I feel we might apply some of the principles and techniques suggested in two programs I'm especially concerned with at the moment The first program is that of our home safety committee itself. This committee is now made up of 14 persons representing either local councils or statewide organiza tions. I'm not really sure any of us are volunteers in the true sense of the word. It was mostly a case of "you are chosen." Could we use more volunteers? Yes, but only on the basis of representatives from other organizations. The would-be "volunteers" should be in vited by "persons of recognized status and power position." Obviously, my calling or stopping in isn't enough. It should be "coun cil president" or "chairmen of board of trustees." Since the new volunteers, we hope, will share the safety message with othersin their organizations, who they are ought to be given very careful thoug' ;. Of course, the assignment of just anyone who happens to be around limits this effeedveness. I sus pect that officers in local councils ought to be encouraged to take a similar look at who their committee members are or ought to be when they are attempting to work out community programs. I suspect we too could profitably consider a "training" pro gram, or at least some orientation. Nownewcomers learn in spite of us. And Mr. Johnson's other suggestion--developing a feeling of success--probably should have some formal consideration and more em phasis than we have been giving it. Many of Mrs. Fuerst's suggestions might be applied to another group I'm working with. The board members of a count}- health council association are presently considering a safety program to be recommended to 35 1958 National Safely Congress tlicir local councils. It is hoped that this may develop into a more or less permanent safety snh-comniittcc on a county hasis and later in the village councils. Hrst, the present health council members need to become aware of die importance of the accident problem. This process was be gun this fall by a keynote speaker at the annual meeting, and a simple study was con ducted by public health nurses. It this pro gram is to grow, 1 think new members must lie sought. And here, again, the per sonal appeal in getting jieople to volunteer seems indicated. Certainly just a public an nouncement won't do the job. What this council association dues will be guided by the l<oard members--all of them volunteers. There's no close super vision by state or national organizations. Those of us who work with the state safety council have been asked for Help bn safety. I have an uncomfortable feeling that along with the safety ideas might go some of this manipulating--guidance sounds nicer--so that the right people are chosen and given the right help in selecting and carrying out safety programs. Training in leadership skills, as Mrs. Davidow and Mrs. Skill suggested. would be extremely valuable lmth in the county program and in the state home safety com mittee and in fact ought to he included in planning. My assignment was to consider desir ability and feasibility for safety councils of the suggestions our speakers have made. Certainly the personal approach in getting people to volunteer and to keep working in safety' councils is both desirable and feasible. So is the idea of helping the volunteer to feel himself or herself an important part of the program. I liave ximc doubts almlit the feaMbility uf volunteer leadership training programs at the present time. In our local situation there is neither staff, time nor funds to initiate one on a practical scale. 1 do not think it desirable for any trained professional or paid staff to come from the outside and say to volunteers this is what you need and this is how you've got to spend your time getting it. What they do in the local situation and how they do it, I feel, should be their own response to the needs they feel and see. The fumbling about with a minimum of guidance from outside may seem frustrating at times, but it can be a real learning experience and I think a much more lasting contribution to safetyin their own community. CITIZEN LEADERSHIP ON BOARDS AND COMMITTEES By JAMES K. WILLIAMS Executive Director, Connecticut Safety Commission, Hartford, Conn. Throughout the country, thousands of citi zens are today serving as members of boards and various types of committees in hundreds of community safety organizations. Active citizen participation is essential to the ef fective operation of safety organizations, especially those with a responsibility for de veloping.* and sustaining public support for official programs. When sound methods are used, a system of citizen boards and committees, working cooperatively with professionals, maintains an important balance between expert service and popular control. Both official public agencies and voluntary community organiza tions today make extensive use of citizen leadership on policy-making boards and ad visory committees. Because of the important role that citizen leadership today plays in community safetyorganizations, the philosophy and operating practices of citizen boards and committees require constant attention by both the pro fessional and volunteer leaders. Over a period of time, boards develop cer tain traits and habits, just as do individuals. While public and voluntary agency boards differ in some respects, their functions and duties as policy-making groups are alike. The policy-making function is a vital part of the administration of any organization. A policy is a definite course of action adopted by the governing board of an or ganization. It clearly defines purposes and objectives and also the methods of accom plishing the objectives. A good framework 36 fctycom- icl{ j in ler desirsuncils of : made in gening orking in i feasible, lunteer to it part of fea-ibility program* nutation funds to iv trained front the > is what e got to hey do in do it, I se to the ing about n outside ut it can i I think to safetv at citizen ty safety operating mmittees the pro- elop cerdividuals. v boards tions and .re alike, rital part tnization. if action f an oroses and f accomametvork Home Safety of policy is a necessary guide for both the professional staff and the volunteer leader ship. One concept of a governing board's responsibility tnav be stated in this way: Policy planning is a responsibility of both the governing board, committee members and the professional staff. Pol icy determination is the responsibility of the governing board alone. However, policy execution is the responsibility of the staff executive and his staff. Once policies are established, it is the task of the professional staff to sec that they are effectively implemented. When this concept of responsibilities is not clearly understood by both the board members and the staff executive, consider able confusion can and docs result. Lack of a clear understanding about responsibility for policy may seriously affect the total op eration of an organization..-.. A community safety organization, like any other type of organization, lias a great deal of work to do if it is to accomplish its purjhjsc. Some of the work can be done by the citizen leaders on the governing board; some must be done by the professional staff. There arc some functions, however, tliat arc best carried out by small working groups of in dividuals. The determination of the number, size and functions of committees in any organiza tion requires thorough study. Haring a com mittee just for the sake of haring a commit tee is not any reason at all. Too many organizations suffer from a serious affliction called "committee-itis." A great many vol unteers complain that their responsibilities consist of a vicious cycle of committee meet ings. Even staff executives often complain that thev must attend so manv committee meetings that they don't have time to per form other necessary functions. There is no slide rule formula by which the leadership of an organization can de termine whether or not a committee should be appointed. Unless you can put down precisely what the job of a committee is, chances are it is not needed. Too often the reason a committee fails is that it has no real and important job to do, or its purpose and function are not clearly understood by the chairman and members of the committee. Before a committee is estab lished, it should be possible to answer "Defi nitely Yes" to each of the following ques tions: 1. Is there a definite job to be done or a real problem to be solved ? 2. Can it be handled better by a committee than by any available individual or organiza tion? 3. Are interested and qualified people available to serve on the projioscd commit tee? Whenever two or more |ieplc associate together to accomplish a common objective or purpose, their efforts must to some degree oc organized. All through history people have associated or banded together to reach certain objectives that can best be attained through group effort. The continual efforts to increase the effectiveness of group activ ity have developed an important type of lead ership known as management Effective management must be based upon democratic philosophies, sound policies and efficient practices. Above all, it requires ef fective "teamwork" T>etween the volunteer and professional leadership of an organiza tion. -"IN A LOCAL SAFETY COUNCIL By RICHARD K. AYERS Managing Director, Metropolitan Safety Council, Denver, Colo. One of the surest signs of decadence in any organization, in my view, is its failure to continuously upgrade--to look for and make use of its opportunities. Certainly, we must explore what others have tried and proven beneficial. We must see where their successes can be fitted into our needs. At the meeting of managers of state and local safety organizations, I attempted to show how increased confidence in an or- 37 -r:n vmt rilJL m 1958 Motional Safety Congress ganization can be only gained when an or ganization has (1) competence, (2) co hesiveness, and (3) communications. Certainly accidents happen to us where we live, where we work, where we play, and where we raise our families. To meet our growth challenge we must take our program there. To accomplish this effectively takes competence, cohesiveness and com munications on the local level--not hap hazard and topsy-turvy spurts and starts. Every local organization must be vitally interested in growth through the use of properly recruited and adequately indoctri nated volunteers. Without them and their help we can accomplish but a small portion of our responsibilities. One of my old professors (Irwin Edman), once said "If it should ever become epidemic formal! the people in the world to become concerned with the removable evils of the world, these evils would soon disappear." This may be a key to one of our greatest problems and a guide for our progress. The panelists have emphasized the use of proper volunteers--volunteers capable of giving stature and influence, volunteers able to do the job that needs being done and willing to tackle the job and carry it through. Perhaps they have implied our reference to the term "Volunteer" is wrong. Maybe the term itself is wrong; maybe its con notation is wrong. At least, they have pointed to the need for people carefully selected or cultivated, properly trained and then used where their abilities fit the needs. This must alert us to the need for planned recruiting and development of our volun teers and their integration into our programs. Maybe we could use some help in this phase. Perhaps thc^Xationa! -Safety Council could provide worthwhile help in developing guideand tools. Then it is pointed out we must train these volunteers and use them. I would like to add one note oi caution here In our work it seems important that we never expect our volunteers to become safety experts and duplicate the abilities of the experts that every community has available. Rather we must provide experts as consultants and use the volunteers to do the job they are really capable of doing. Wc need to utilize every expert available and integrate their use with the volunteers to the best advantage of our programs. This may indicate a need for a study of training materials that could well be made by the National Safety Council. It does seem to me that one of the best advantages we in safety have is the wealth of safety in so many other organizations. Sure it is often raw and untrained--pointed toward low priority, or even non-priority, objectives--but it is there! Maybe one of our real challenges is to make effective use of this volunteer material in batches--the whole organization, with its own organ izational mechanics. Through providing facts, priorities, programming and training. Selling the entire organization and doing an adequate job of coordination community wide. Maybe we need national material on this, and national cultivation of major or ganizations in a more effective manner. Through all these implications I can see a thread of doubt running. In this busy stage of our movement with all its crash demands, isn't it so often easier and quicker to go do the job ourselves than to take the time and effort to recruit and train and supervise volunteers? But if we do this, how sliall wc spread? We are forever limited by our own lack of capacity! This is certainly a unique age in which we are living. Today we are so filled with atoms and bombs, missiles and satelites, sputniks and mutniks, vanguards and ex plorers, superscicnce, superbrains, space and the stars. It is good wc should Ik* concerned with these things, hut it is even better we arc today concerned with first things--making our own communities safer places in which to live, to work, to play and to raise our families. Wc can only accomplish this through spreading our usefulness and our impact by the proper use of volunteers. Wc must improve our guidelines and our tools for using our volunteers to help make our local safety organizations more effective in reducing accidents. We must upgrade our competence, our cohesiveness, our communications! I i'! fS .1 I Home Safety tIi?'kcvcry :iif jwitIt age jf our HOW DO WE GET OUR INFORMATION IN HOME SAFETY? a study of 11 be made of the best the wealth janizations. d--pointed on-prioritv, (be one of ffective use atchcs--Uie \vn organ providing id training, d doing an :ommunitynatcrial on major ornanner. I can see busy stage !i demands, r to go do e time and supervise i re spread? in which filled with . satelites, i and exspace and i trued with :r wc arc s--making ; in which raise our olish this ; and our teers. We our tools make our ffective in i ence, our THROUGH THE NATIONAL HEALTH SURVET By PHILIP S. LAWRENCE, Sc.D., Chief, Survey Analysis National Health Survey Program, U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. Throughout the years the Public Health Sendee has had constant requests for infor mation concerning the number and kinds of illnesses and injuries in the nation, the ex tent of disability which these cause and the extent of medical care required. To answer these questions heavy reliance has been placed upon the findings of the National Health Survey of 1936, upon community or industrial studies and upon state reports of deaths-and accidents. ----=*- - In recent years there have been tremen dous changes in the population, changes in the environmental risks to which people are exposed and great advances in health and medical care fields. These changes have created an urgent need for an up to date national panorama of the health of the peo ple. It is this need which the National Health Survey Program hopes to fill. The program was authorized by Congress about two years ago and collection of data started in July of 1957. The authorization ior the program contains three features that are of interest in connection with methods of obtaining health information. First, the bill says that the survey should be on a continuing basis rather than a one-time at tempt to collect immediate data; second, it says that the methods of obtaining illness and injury data must be studied concurrently with the data collection. The third feature specifically recognizes the interests of other agendes^d'nongov ernmental groups in the business of obtaining and using morbidity and injury statistics. It directs us to consult with federal agendes and state health departments and to utilize the services of public agendes insofar as possible. We feel that the National Health Survey is designed to support other existing programs and that other groups must con tinue to carry on studies in thdr own geo graphic and subject-matter areas. In this national panorama of the health of the people there are many different areas. We obtain information on acute illnesses and chronic diseases, on medical care and dental care, on hospitalization and on disability. Although acddental injury is only one area in this picture, it is an extensive area and, within this, home injury is predominant. We tabulate only injuries which cause re striction of a person's activities for a day or more, or which resulted in medical con sultation. Yet during a year we counted about 47 million such injuries and, of these, 40 per cent occurred at home. Hour We Obtain Our Data I said we counted 47 million injuries. This is, of course, only a ^gure of speech. We actually made an estimate by means of a sdentificallv designed sample of the United States. This count from the sample was expanded to give a national estimate for which we can measure the margin of error due to the sampling procedure. From among 1900 counties or groups of counties into which the whole country is divided, 672 are obtained in the first stage of sampling. Fur ther sampling stages yield the final units, called segments, each of which contains about six dwelling units where the interviewer knocks on the door. * Interviewing is done continuously through out the year but each week's sample is a representative sample of the nation. This makes it possible to produce weekly estimates of-events that occur often in the population, or to combine weekly samples to obtain quarterly or annual estimates for less fre quent events or for sub-groups of the popu lation. About 6,000 segments; or 36,000 house holds containing roughly 115,000 persons, are included in the interviews during the course of one year. These households are scattered through every state, but the sam ple is not designed to produce independent state estimates. One year's data will provide estimates for 12 major geographic sections. 1958 Xotional Safety Congress for S metropolitan areas, or for metropoli tan, urban, rural and rural farm divisions of the nation. The interviews are conducted by 125 inter viewers who are under the guidance and supervision of the Bureau of Census. The data are obtained according to specifications of the Public Health Service. In a program of this kind the question of reliability of the basic data is of primary importance. For this reason numerous con trols are built into the program for the pur pose of maintaining quality. Interviewers arc selected by examination and are further se lected and trained in several steps, including group sessions and supervisor observation of practice interviews. Several times each year refresher courses are given to both inter viewers and supervisors. Once each month written examinations are sent to interviewers to be completed and returnetffor grading. The Survey also includes, as a continuing procedure, re-interviews by the supervisors at about onc-sixtli of all households. A final evaluation of interview quality is made at the data processing stage where errors and omissions by each interviewer arc routinely tabulated and transmitted to regional super visors. During other steps of data proc essing. further controls take place. For ex ample. all coding of medical conditions is independently duplicated. The codes are then compared and differences are corrected. The Questionnaire Interviews are conducted with a respon sible adult in the home, with the require ments that all adults present at the time must be interviewed for themselves and tliat no one may be the respondent for any un related person. The interviewer docs not ask aiwut deceased members of the household. Therefore we donot obtain data on injuries from which the jicrson died within a few days after the accident. Let me assume that an interviewer has called at a dwelling place. She has asked about the composition of the household, and obtained for each member, such personal characteristics as relationship, age, sex, race, marital status and education. She now asks a series of questions to obtain information about the presence of current illnesses, in juries, chronic diseases, or impairments. Among these questions there are three which are most likely to reveal an injury condition. "Last week or the week before, did you have any accidents or injuries, either at home or away from home? Last week or the week before did you feel any ill effects from an earlier accident or injury? Docs anyone in the family have any of these con ditions?" Following the last of these ques tions the interviewer slowly reads a list which includes permanent impairments such as deafness, serious trouble with vision, am putations, paralysis, stiffness, or deformities. These questions result in two types of measurement of accidental injury. One type consists of the prevalence of impairments or aftereffects of accidents that occurred at some time in the past. The other is the incidence or rate of occurrence of new acci dental injuries within the preceding two weeks. To measure the incidence of injury a two-week recall period is used. Two weeks was selected as a reasonable time interval tor which people could remember the oc currence of acute conditions or injuries. Studies ltavc indicated that longer recall periods result in loss of information. On the other hand xcithin a two-week period there appears to be very little memory* loss for in juries, since about half of the tabulated in juries were reported as having occurred "last week" and halt the "week before." Let me assume that the respondent has reported some sort of accidental injury. Our interviewer records the condition and then asks additional questions to further define the nature of the injury. She asks, "Did you ever talk to a doctor about it? What did the doctor say it was--did he use any medi cal terms? What kind of injury was it? Wliat part of the body was hurt ?" Having defined the kind of injury, the interviewer now asks about the time and place of the -accident. "When did it happen ? Where did it happen? Was a car, truck, bn >r other motor vehicle involved in any way? Were you at your job or business when the accident liappened ?" These questions permit us to separate accidents which liappened in or about the home from other types. They further define whether the accident itself occurred in the preceding two weeks or whether the condition reported is an after effect which resulted from an earlier acci dent Information is not obtained as to how the accident happened. We know at this point. 40 animury efc jorc, ri4, .Jther st week or ill effects iry? Docs these conhese quesids a list nents sucli ision, am- sformities. types of One type irments or curred at ter is the new acci:ding two of injury Vo weeks e interval r the oc- injurics. ;cr recall n. On the riod there iss for inulated inirred "last tdent ltas jury Our ar )cn dehi.^-'the "Did you tVliat did ny medi was it? ijury, tlie time and l happen ? :ruck, Ini' any way? when the ns permit apened in cs. They snt itself weeks or an afterIier acci- 4 i how the his point. Home Safely for example, whether it resulted in a bum or a fracture or an amputation, but we do not know whether the immediate cause was an explosion, a fall or a collision. The kind of information needed to classify accident's by type cannot be accurately obtained from a few brief questions. In our aim to provide a panorama which includes many areas of health and medical care we have had to sacrifice even some rather basic information on each topic. The type of accident is one of these sacrifices. Iloie Do II V Measure The Effects of Injuries' The principal advantage of the household survey method is that certain types of infor mation can best be obtained from the people themselves. This is true with respect to how the lives of people are affected by illness or injury, and what, actions.,.the}* take in. relation to these conditions. Our hypothetical interviewer has already asked about one kind of action that has been taken--whether the person has con sulted a doctor. She is now ready to find ort about other actions taken, and she pror xds with several questions. "Last week or he week before did this injury cause you to cut down on your usual activities for as much as a day? How many days? How many of these days were you in bed all or most of the day? How many days did the injur}' keep you from going to work?" In the case of a child, "How many days did it keep him from going to school?" Our in terviewer then asks whether the person has any of several types of permanent or longlasting limitations of activity or of mobility. Finally she inquires about the person's hos pital experience. We consider a positive response to any of these questions as a form of disability. In other words, we define "disability" as a general term used to describe any temporary or long-term reduction of a person's activity. The least severe criterion of disability in our data would be full day of restriction of usual activity which did not involve confine ment to bed. From this point further de grees of severity of disability can be defined, depending upon whether there were bed days, hospital days, or some type of chronic limitation. School loss days or work loss days are special cases which refer to the population of children or of persons who usually work. Infonnation on disability is of primary intcrcst to many people. It is around some concept of disability that programs are often defined and that the economic consequences of ill health or injury are often measured. The word "disability" is not only widely used, but has taken on a wide variety of meanings for the purposes of different kinds of programs. I do not want to describe the many different ways by which disability is classified. It is important to note, however, that tabulations which include, or exclude, injuries on the basis of different definitions oi disability are almost certain to lead to different estimates of the rate of occurrence of injuries. Reports of injuries by various organizations may all be reliable reports, but still may differ because of the sources of data and the definitions employed. In the National Health Survey interviews, respondents report all degrees of injury to us. However, we tabulate and publish in formation only on injuries tor which the person had consulted a doctor or which caused the person to cut down on his usual activities for at least one full day. Injuries of this degree amount to about 56 per cent of alt injuries, or 51 per cent of the home injuries, that the respondents have told us about. We, as well as others, have been surprised at the large volume of injuries shown in publications from the National Health Survey. Yet these figures include little more than half of the injuries orig inally reported to us in the household inter views. What The Xationa! Health Surrey Program Can and Cannot Do. From this account of the way in which the survey is conducted, and how we meas ure injuries, it is apparent tliat there are many questions that cannot be effectively an swered by the household survey of the Na tional Health Survey Program. First of all, we cannot estimate the num ber of accidents because we have no way of connecting together several people who may have been injured in the. same accident. We can estimate the number of injuries or the average number of persons injured. Because we use a two-week recall period we cannot count the number of pc pie who had any given number of accidents during a period of say one year. We cannot, there fore, study the question of accident-prone individuals. 41 195S National Safety Congress The National Health Survey cannot pro vide any detailed epidemiological informa tion such as the circumstances that led up to the accident, or the kinds of equipment, or names of products tliat were involved. Epidemiological research of these types can l>e, and should be, made by smaller, more intensive studies which might employ sources of data other than a household survey. The survey covers only the experience in the preceding two weeks for people who were thing 3t the time of the interview. For this reason the survey cannot furnish infor mation about injuries that result in death within a few days of the accident. The kinds of fatal injuries, the amount of hos pital and physician care required and the circumstances of the fatal accident must be obtained from other sources of data. We cannot provide clinical or detailed di agnostic data. A respondent probably could not tell us that he had a Colles' fracture of the radius, but he could tell us that lie broke liis lower arm. Yet detailed diagnostic in formation might be needed, for example, in a program which aims to develop protective equipment Finally, within its present scope, the Na tional Health Survey is unable to obtain estimates of - injuries for individual states, counties or communities. A city which de sired to obtain illness or injury information from its own population sample could, how ever, employ methods of interviewing and of questionnaire design similar to thoe of the National Health Survey. It is evident that there arc many thingabout home injuries which we are not prepared to answer and which should be an swered by other methods or by local re search projects. However, there are some types of information that can be more ef fectively obtained by this survey than from any other present sources or methods. I . 2E9HN5 THROUGH A LOCAL SURVEY By DR. GEORGE W. STARBUCK Medical Chairman, Greater New Bedford Children's Accident Prevention Program New Bedford, Mass. The evolution of accident prevention in New Bedford, Mass., has probably been very similar to that of other communities. Our overall accident prevention program at New Bedford has led us to develop a survey questionnaire covering many aspects of any given accident. From tins ques tionnaire we were able to learn that there are certain factors, such as emotional in stability, discipline and attitude, which are of vital importance to prevention, but we didn't have any real information pertinent - to these factors. From-4 the study of these surveys we boiled down the points that were most perti nent, and are now drawing up an application for an N.I.H. grant to study the one we consider to be most important There are many other points which we would like to pursue, but if one considers all the ramifica tions that would come, say, from undertaking a study of just emotional instability alone in relation to accidents, one realizes it is ob viously impossible to study all the points. \Ye hope that by attacking the problem this way it will be possible to come up with some answers needed in accident prevention work, especially from the standpoint of edu cation and understanding the family. Then we can ascertain which social agencies and other community resources, including police, welfare, etc. ought to be brought into a more active part in solving these problems. Our group in New Bedford feels that the answer to the problem is much deeper than we were able to reveal during the firstjfour years of the community program. WeTMwere unable to give specific leads and specific accident information that might prevent future accidents. We felt that since we didn't have this information--and it doesn't seem to be available anywhere--the normal step would be to investigate what bothered us most. Therefore, we have gone over into the research aspect of accident prevention. It is conceivable that other studies may utilize to advantage some of our survey material. As a result of this, research in accident prevention probably will increase. 42 Home Safety t hehroke jn'j | incan.^ie, in protective :, the Nato obtain tal state?, which de formation mid, howwing and thoe of ny things ; not preid be anlocal reare some more efhan from is. rogram : problem * up with ire- ton It Ox ttoUily. Then ndes and ng police, it into a problems. > that the eper than first four We were 1 specific prevent we didn't sn't seem mal step hered us jver into revention. dies may r survey search in increase. THROUGH A SAMPLE SURVEY By EMIL A. TIBONI Chief, Community Hygiene Section, Division of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health of Philadelphia The desire to collect data as a foundation The survey had three objectives. They for program development seems to have been were: (1) To establish the incidence of all an almost universal urge among persons de types of accidental injuries in two areas of veloping accident prevention programs as evi contrasting socio-economic-educational levels denced by a review of the history of many of population; (2) to proride data to guide accident control programs across the country- the development of a general accident pre This is no doubt the way we should proceed vention program and the design oi specific since data collection represents the accepted measures for preventing accidental injuries first step in the classic approach to solving in the home; (3) to establish a base line for I any problem. evaluating the effectiveness of the general Those of us responsible for the accident program and the specific control measures. prevention program of the Philadelphia De In view of our limited resources, it was partment Of Public Health desired to seek decided to conduct the survey on the basis what is-probably the most-difficult type of of a rather thin sample approximating six data to obtain in the accident prevention per cent. Since we have not yet completed field, namely a measurement of the incidence the field work of District 10, discussion of of all types of injuries occurring in the the survey results will be in terms of experi community. ence and findings in District 1. the center To achieve this end we began a household city district j survey in October of 1956. This survey was I planned to continue for two years, one year S in each of two health districts. One of the districts. District 1, has a population of about 130,000 persons and covers an area in center city which is mostly of poor quality row house construction with small yards, or j none at all, and considerable intermixture of nonresidential uses. The population is pre dominantly of a lower socio-economic-edu cational level, with some marked exceptions. The other district. District 10, has a pop ulation of over 150,000 persons and is located in the extreme northeastern end of the city ; about 15 to 17 miles from the center. It is ] Largely suburban to rural in nature with a generally middle class sodo-economic-educa- tional level of population. Housing is largely single detached or twin type construction in good condition and with reasonably large Methods and Procedures After reviewing the available information, it was decided to use the census block as the sampling unit The block was used as the basis for selecting the sample because the in formation to identify each block was readily available. In contrast it was felt that the gathering of the information necessary toidentify each household or person in the health district would prove to be too costly for our resources. The choice of the block as the basic unit of the sample also reduced the travel time oi the interviewers since they were respon sible ior completing interviews in all of the households of the blocks selected. The blocks were identified by use of-the numbers assigned to them by the 1950 census. They were then selected through the use of I yards. a table of random numbers. The selected \ We did not feel that these districts represented the city as a whole. Rather, they represented the approximate extremes oi environment and population characteristics. blocks were assigned to the interviewers at random in the order of selection. In all, a total of 10+ blocks was selected by this method, of which 36 were reported as non residential. We have completed field work and pre liminary analysis of data in District 1 and Interviewing are currently completing field work in Dis Interviews were conducted by two of our trict 10. entering level sanitarians with college de- iw* i -A i grees and appreciable field experience. These men received special training in interview techniques which were especially developed for this survey. Each block assignment was accompanied by duplicate copies of a map of the block. The interviewer investigated the block and made corrections as to presence or absence of structures. In addition, he noted struc tures which were nonresidential. An introductory letter was left at each household announcing the coming visit of the interviewer and describing the survey. This was the only advance information pro vided since it was felt that additional infor mation might temporarily affect the injury experience and reporting of the population surveyed. An attempt was made to interview a re sponsible member of every household in the 'block. Ttnecessary, call-backs were made until the interview was completed, the inter view was refused or the dwelling was found to be vacant. The number of occupied house holds where no contact was made was very small. In each of the households surveyed, the respondent answered for all of the other members of the household. In most cases the respondent was either the wife or the female head of the house. Forms Two forms w-ere used in the survey. The first of these was the Household Schedule. This form was completed for each house hold by asking the various questions as they appear in the schedule. Subjective evalua tions of the structure and premises by the interviewer were also recorded in this form. The second form, the Home Injury Sched ule, was completed for each injury reported as having been sustained in the home. This form employed both pre-coded and narrative responses to a series of questions designed to ascertain the nature, circumstances and outcome of the injury- Procedures Procedures were controlled by direct su pervision of field and office personnel and by detailed manuals. Summary of Data Data have been coded and transferred to IBM cards. From them a large number of tables has been prepared. Discussion here will be concerned with the general character istics of the surveyed population in Health District I and examination of some of the significant findings. Since the same methods and procedures are being used in Health District 10, we are delating final interpretation of the detailed findings until comparison of the data from the two districts can be made. The age, race and sex distribution was tested by comparing it with the same dis tribution of the population in this area re ported in the 1950 census. The differences for all three characteristics were highly sig nificant. This was not entirely unexpected in view of known changes in population in some portions of the area which have taken place in the seven-year period since the census. At the moment, we are not prepared to say that the data are not representative but we are unable to objectively determine the reliability of the sampling technique used in the survey. Injuries were classified as major or minor. A major injury was defined as one which met one of the following requirements: (a) Treatment by a trained person from outside the household or by a physician; (b) Loss of time of one hour or more from usual activities; (c) Additional expenses of S1.00 or more. A minor injury was one which did not meet any of the above criteria. Respondents were asked to report major injuries which had occurred during the tour weeks prior to the interview. Minor in juries were reported for the three days prior to the interview. A comparison of the major injuries re ported with the findings of the National Health Survey indicates apparent "under reporting" by respondents in this survey. It this actually occurred, a possible reason was a suspected lack of communion between the interviewer and the respondent in many cases. This appears to have been associated with the relatively low socio-economic-edu cational level of so much of the surveyed population. We also determined an excess of injuries for females of both races over males. This is in contrast to the findings of the National Health Survey where the number of injuries 44 issr here ci. iterin Health >me of the procedures 10, we are lie detailed data from lutton was same dis!s area retrences for gMy sigmexpected pulation in have taken since the t prepared resentative determine nique used or minor, me which tents: (a) im outside (b) Loss rom usual s of SI.00 a i. Itot art major ; the four dinor in lays prior furies re lational : "underurvey. If stson was tween the in many associated amic-edusurveyed f injuries les. This National f injuries to males was much larger than to females. It is believed that the possible under-report* ing referred to is, for the most part, under reporting of injuries to males in the surveyed population. Speculation as to the reason for this again led to the social characteristics of the group in which the relatively loose fam ily ties existing in many, of the households may have diminished interest and did not proride the usual female respondent with the knowledge necessary to accurately re port the injury experience of male members. There was a relatively high frequency of accidents in the home as compared to other classes. This again may have resulted from the respondents' bias. were not considered completely satisfactory for testing the sample because of the time difference and the known changes of popula tion in the district. A further study of this question will be made when later census data are made available. The value of the data as guides for the development of a general accident preven tion program and for the design of specific measures for preventing accidental injuries in the home is difficult to determine at this time. The significance of the findings in this particular population can not be deter mined without comparable data from another source. These data will be available from Health District 10. Another apparent evidence of bias appears in the fact that although the respondents comprised only one-third of the persons in cluded in the survey, they accounted for more than half of the injuries reported. This is true for both major and minor injuries. Evaluation of Methods and Procedures The evaluation of the methods and pro cedures used in the survey may be done by determining their effectiveness in achieving the objectives of the survey. The validity of the data gathered in this survey as measures of the true incidence of accidental injuries in the population of the health district is open to question. In addi tion to the suspected under-reporting ex plained previously, there is a question as to whether or not the surveyed population comprised a representative sample. Since the sampling unit was the census block, the random selection of these units implies that the households and the residents within each block selected and surveyed would be representative of the households and the residents of the health district In addition, the inclusion of nonresidential blocks in the universe from which the sam ple was chosen implies that the number of these blocks which were included in the sample would not vary significantly from the proportion of nonresidential blocks in the universe total. Unfortunately*, no estimate of the popula tion characteristics of the health district was available for the period in which the survey was made. The only data available were ob tained from the 1950 census. These data The effectiveness of this survey in estab lishing a baseline for evaluating program ef forts is subject to the same considerations as those involved in the measurement of in cidence previously discussed. The use of these data to evaluate the effectiveness of a program implies that a re-survey will be done after the prevention measures have been put into effect. If this survey has in fact established the true incidence of acci dental injuries in this health district, then a later survey conducted in exactly the same manner can indicate the effect of the pre ventive measures. As long as there is doubt of the accuracy of the incidence figures de rived from this survey, any changes shown by a re-survey would be suspect. Final con clusions are bring reserved until all the data are at hand. How Do We Get Our Information In Home SafetyT What conclusions can we draw from our experience to date? Certainly it is apparent that it is very difficult to gather valid data regarding the occurrence of accidental injuries in the general popu lation through the mechanism of direct interviews on a sample basis. The survey which we have conducted was designed with exceeding care, conducted with above average interviewers, carefully supervised and skillfully interpreted. In these efforts we received the assistance of statistical services of the U. S. Public Health Service and a qualified private consultant as well as those of our own department. The combination and level of skills in the field and in the office were 45 im 7 oser and m Wd . potion is of this ch to the data is warily, if 5 capable staffs. OFFICERS OF THE HOME SAFETY CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1958-59 XSC Vice-President for Home Safety--GEORGE M. WHEATLEY, M.D., Third VicePresident, Health & Welfare, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Chairman--FRED LONG, M.D., American Public Health Association Representatives of Home Safely Conference on NSC Board of Directors--ALFRED W. CANTWELL, A. L. CHAPMAN, M.D., FRED LONG, M.D. Section Chairman Home Building and Equipment Section--HAROLD HOROWITZ, Building Research Institute; EARL WALLACE, Vice-Chairman Health and Medical Section--fAMES L. GODDARD, M.D., U. S. Public Health - Service Community Service (Civic) Groups Section--STANLEY A. MATE, National Rifle Association .YSC Staff Secretary--1THOMAS FAXSLER Home Building and Equipment Section--HAROLD HOROWITZ, Chairman, EARL WALLACE, Vice-Chairman, (Member-at-Large), GORDON O'NEILL, NSC Staff Representative Action (American Council to Improve Our Neighborhoods)--LEO MOLINARO, Alter nate--MICHAEL LESCANDER; American Gas Association--C GEORGE SEGELER; American Home Economics Association--MISS ESTHER SEGNER; Ameri can Institute of Architects--JOHN C. THORNTON; American Institute of Planners --ALLAN C. WILLIAMS; American Petroleum Institute--J. H. McKENZIE, Alter nate--F. G. WILSON; Association of Casualty & Surety Companies--ROBERT HAGOPIAN; Building Officials Conference of America--PAUL E. BASELER; Budding Research Institute--LEONARD G. HAEGER, Alternate--HAROLD HORO WITZ; Electrical Women's Round Table--MISS HELEN KIRTLAND; Federation of Mutual Fire Insurance Cos.--C M. ROWLEY, Alternate--DALE K. AUCK; International Association of Fire Chiefs--B. RICHTER TOWNSEND; Look Maga zine--MISS EDITH RAMSAY; National Association of Home Builders--RALPH TOHNSON; National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials--MRS. - DOROTHY GAZZOLO. Alternate--RICHARD SOLANO; National Board ofFire Underwriters-- CLARENCE J. WINQUIST, Alternate -- MISS CAROL VAN SICKLE; National Fire Protection Association--PERCY BUGBEE; National Elec trical Manufacturers' Association--H. H. WATSON; National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association--LOUIS FISHER; Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corporation -- TYLER S. ROGERS; Practical Builder Magazine-- WILLIAM EHLSCHEID; Rochester Gas and Electric Company--MISS IRENE L. MUNTZ; 17. 5. Department of Agriculture--MISS EUNICE HEYWOOD; U. S. Public Health Service--EU GENE L. LEHR; U. S. Savings and Loan League--JAMES A. HOLLENSTEINER; University of Illinois Small Homes Council--RUDOLPH JONES Health and Medical Section--JAMES L. GODDARD, M.D. (Chairman), PHILIP DYKSTRA, NSC Staff Representative 47 a --a t* fr. `.^Bl(c ! fi'fvii ; firs ! American Academy of General Practice--HARRY MARCHMONT-ROBINSON, XLD.; American Academy of Pediatrics--ROBERT G. FRAZIER, M.D.; American Dental Association--PERRY SANDELL; American Medical Association--W. W. BAUER, XL D., AItemote--WILLIAM BOLTON, XLD.; American Pharmaceutical Association --ROBERT P. FISCHELIS, Alternate--GEORGE SCHARRINGHAUSEN, JR; American Public Health Association--FRED LONG, XLD.; Arkansas State Board of Health--ARVILL KRAUSE; Delaware State Board of Health--MARK KENYON, Ph.D, Alternate--]. D. NILES; Equitable Life Assurance Society--HOWARD ENNES; Florida State Board of Health--L. L. PARKS, XIJD, AItcmale--CLAUDIUS J. WALKER; Georgia Department of Public Health--H. C STEED, JR; Iowa De partment of Health--MISS HELENE DEMING; Kansas State Board of Health --A. F. SCHAPLOWSKY; Kentucky Department of Health--VICTOR FUQUA; Lead Industries Association--MANFRED BOWDITCH; Minnesota Department of Health--A B. ROSENFIELD, XLD.; National League for Nursing--MISS RUTH TUCKEY; National Society for the Prevention of Blindness--JAMES E. O'NEIL: North Carolina State Board of Health--XIISS NETTIE DAY; Oklahoma State De partment of Health--FOREST R BROWN, XLD, Alternate--RICHARD W. HUXIE; Pennsylvania Department of Health--DAN D. GOWINGS, Alternate--W. TED DENSHAif; Philadelphia Department of Public Health--JOHN J. HANLON, M.D.. Alternate--EMIL A. TIBONI; Society of Public Health Educators--AARON SPITZER Alternate -- XIISS ELIZABETH DEAN; U. S. Children's Bureau -- XIADELEINE E XIORCY, M.D.; U. S. Public Health Service--A L. CHAPMAN. XLD, JAMES L. GODDARD, XLD.; University of Michigan School of Public Health --F. XL HEXIPHILL, Ph.D.; Virginia Department of Health--]. ROBERT ANDER SON, Alternate--LEWIS G. POLK; Washington Department of Health--MISS LOIS LEIBACH, Alternate--FRED DE ARXfOND Community Service (Civic) Groups Sections--STANLEY A. MATE (Chairman), DORIS E XIERSDORF, NSC Staff Representath-e American National Red Cross--ALFRED \V. CANTWELL; Association for the Aid of Crippled Children--STEPHAN RICHARDSON, Alternate--LEONARD W. XIAYO; Boy Scouts of America--DONALD XL HIGGINS; Camp Fire Girls--MRS. ALBERT L. ELDER Alternate--MISS RITA BURDETT; Connecticut Safety Commission-- TAXIES K. WILLIAXIS; Eastbay Chapter, National Safety Council--CLINTON W. DREYER; Girl Scouts of the USA.--MISS MARY XL WEEKS; Greater New York Safety Council--MRS. XIARTORIE B. XLAY; Iowa Department of Public Safety --RUSSELL I. BROWN, Alternate--FRANK ULISH; Kiwanis International--L. A HAPGOOD; Louisville Safety Council--MRS. SALLY RANKIN; Metropolitan Life Insurance Company--MISS ELIZABETH KASEY; National Congress of Parents & Teachers--MRS. P. D. BEVIL, Alternate--XIISS RUTH A. BOTTOXfLY; National Home Demonstration Council--XIRS. CHRISTINE G.AFFIN; National Rifle Association--STANLEY A. MATE; National Society for Crippled Children and Adults-- XIISS JAYNE SHOVER; New Jersey State Safety Council--MISS EDITH R. DOANE; New York University Center for Safety Education--WALTER CUTTER, PhJD.; North Dakota State Safety Council--MISS BERNARDINE CERVINSKI: St. Lqj/is County (Minn.) Safety Council--MRS. GEORGE WELLES, JR; Spokane Area Safety Council--E. XL GEARHART, JR; U. S Junior Chamber of Commerce --PAUL R YARD; Washington State Safety Council--XIISS LOIS LEIBACH, H 1 1 I \ I I | Alternate--XIARVIN H. POWELL; Western Pennsylvania Safety Council--HARRY H. BRAINERD; Wisconsin Council of Safety--MISS LUIDA E. SANDERS Members-at-Large--A. F. TYR.A, Union Carbide Corporation; EARL WALLACE, East man Kodak Company Liaison Representatives, Other NSC Conferences 48 N, MX).; tn Dental BAUER, ssf yon 2K, JL; Board of ENYON, RD EN\UDIUS Iowa Def Health *UQUA; tment of 5 RUTH O'NEIL: State DeHUME; D DENST, M.D., AARON bureau-- U?MAN. ic Health ^NDER5S LOIS DORIS f Aid of MAYO; JLBERT nission-- ro>T \V. ter )w C Safety 'l--L A. tan Life vents & National !e AssoAdults-- ITH R. JTTER, INSKI; Spokane mmeree CBACH, LARRY RS Conference of Stale and Local Safely Organisations--E. M. GEARHART, JR.; Farm Conference-UlSS EUNICE HEYVVOOD; Industrial Conference--To: DONALD E MUMFORD, From: MISS VERNA PASKUNA, R.N.; School and College Con ference--To: WALTER CUTTER, PhJD., From: FRED HEIN, PhJD.; Women's Activities Conference--From: MRS. B. V. TODD Home Safely Conference Membership--J. ROBERT ANDERSON, Director, Bureau of Health Education, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond 19, Virginia; *DALE K. AUCK, Director, Fire Protection Division, Federation of Mutual Fire Insurance Cos., 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago 6, Illinois; PAUL E. BASELER, Executive Secretary, Building Officials Conference of America, 1525 East 53rd Street, Chicago 15, Illinois; W. W. BAUER, M.D., Director, Bureau of Health Education, American Medical Association, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago 10, Illinois; MRS. P. D. BEVIL, Safety Chairman, National Congress of Parents & Teachers, 2911--25th Street, Sacramento 17, California; ^WILLIAM BOLTON, M.D., Associate Director, Bureau of Health Education, American Medical Association, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chi cago 10, Illinois; *MISS RUTH A. BOTTOMLY, Administrative Asst, to the Presi dent, National Congress of Parents & Teachers, 700 North Rush Street, Chicago 11, Illinois; MANFRED BOWDITCH, Director of Health and Safety, Lead Industries Association, 60 East 42nd Street, New York 17, New York; HARRY H. BRAINERD, Executive Manager, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council, 605 Park Building, Pitts burgh 22, Pennsylvania; FOREST R. BROWN, M.D., Director, Cancer Unit, Chronic Disease Program, Oklahoma State Department of Health, 3400 North Eastern, Okla homa City, 5, Okla.; RUSSELL I. BROWN, Acting Commissioner, Iowa Department of Public Safety, Des Moines 19, Iowa; PERCY BUGBEE, General Manager, Na tional Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch Street, Boston 10, Massachusetts; *MISS RITA BURDETT, Director, Department of Program, Camp Fire Girls, Inc, 16 East 48th Street, New York 17, New York; ALFRED W. CANTWELL, National Director, Safety Services, American National Red Cross, National Headquarters, Washington 13, D. C; MISS BERNARDINE CERVINSKI, Director, Division of Health Education, North Dakota State Department of Health, Bismarck, North Dakota; A L. CHAPMAN, M.D., Assistant Surgeon General, Chief, Div. of Special Health Services, Public Health Service, Washington 25, D. C; WALTER CUTTER, Ph.D., Director, Center for Safety Education, New York University, Washington Square, New Y'ork 3, New York; MISS NETTIE DAY, Acting Chief, Accident Prevention Section, Division of Epidemiology, North Carolina State Board of Health, Raleigh, North Carolina; *MISS ELIZABETH DEAN, Illinois Department of Public Health, Northwest Region, 121 Fourth Avenue, Rock Island, Illinois; *FRED de ARMOND, Head, Health Education Section, Washington Department of Health, Smith Tower, Seattle 4, Washington; MISS HELENE DEMING, Acting Director, Division of School, Farm & Home Safety, Iowa Department of Health, State Office Building, Des Moines, Iona; *\V. TED DENSHAM, Division of Environmental Safety, Penn sylvania Department of Health, P. O. Box 90, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; MISS EDITH R. DOANE, Director, Women's Division, New Jersey State Safety Council, 24 Branford Place, Newark 2, New Jersey; CLINTON W. DREYER, Managing Director, Eastbay Chapter, National Safety Council, 1322 Webster Street, Oakland 12, California; WILLIAM E. EHLSCHEID, Associate Editor, Practical Builder-Mag azine, 5 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago 3, Illinois; MRS. ALBERT L. ELDER, Box 281, La Grange, Illinois; HOWARD ENNES, Director, Bureau of Public Health, Equitable Life Assurance Society, 393 Seventh Avenue, New York 1, New York; ROBERT P. FISCHELIS, Secretary, American Pharmaceutical Association, 2215 Constitution Avenue, NAV., Washington 7, D. C; LOUIS FISHER; Director, Legis lative-Liaison Division. National Paint, Varnish & Lacquer Assn., 1500 Rhode Island Avenue, N.W., Washington 5, D. C.; ROBERT G. FRAZIER, M.D., Assistant Sec retary, American Academy of Pediatrics, 1801 Hinman Avenue; Evanston, Illinois; VICTOR FUQUA, Supervisor, Accident Prevention Section, Kentucky Department of Health, 620 South Third Street, Louisville 2, Kentucky; MRS. CHRISTINE GAFFIN, Safety* Chairman, National Home Demonstration Council, Harrisburg, South Dakota; MRS. DOROTHY GAZZOLO, Associate Director, National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials, 1313 West Sixtieth Street, Giicago 37, Illinois; E. M. GEARHART. JR., Director, Spokane Area Safety Council, N. 104 Monroe. Spokane 1. Washington: JAMES L. GODDARD. M.D., Chief, Accident Prevention Program, Division of Special Health Services. Public Health Sen-ice, Washington 25. D. C.; DAN D. GOWINGS, Director, Division of Environmental Safety, Pennsylvania Department of Health, P. O. Box 90, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; LEONARD G. HAEGER, AIA, Architectural Research Consultant, 7 Red Rose Way, Levittown, Pennsylvania; L. A. HAPGOOD, Director of Activities; Kiwanis International, 520 North Michigan Avenue. Chicago 11, Illinois; FRED HEIN, Ph.D., Consultant, Health Education & Physical Fitness, American Medical Association, 535 North Dear born Street, Chicago 10. Illinois; F. M. HEMPHILL, Ph.D., Professor, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; MISS EUNICE HEY- WOOD, Assistant Director, Division of Home Economics Programs, Federal Exten sion Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington 25, D. C; DONALD M. HIGGINS, Director, Health and Safety Service, Boy Scouts of America, New Bruns wick, New Jersey; JAMES A, HOLLENSTEINER, Executive Assistant, U. S. Sav ings and Loan League, 221 North La Salle Street, Chicago 1, Illinois; 'HAROLD HOROWITZ, Technical Secretary, Building Research Institute, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington 25, D. C; 'RICHARD W. HUME Consultant, Accident Pre vention Program, Oklahoma State Department of Health, 3400 North Eastern, Okla homa City 5, Oklahoma; RALPH JOHNSON, Director, Construction Dept & Research Institute National Association of Home Builders. 1625 "L" Street. N.W., Washington 6, D. G; RUDOLPH JONES. Director, Small Homes. Council. University of Illinois,^. Mumford House, Urbana. Illinois; MISS ELIZABETH KASEY, Safety Consultant. Safety & Occupational Health Bureau, Metropolitan Lite Insurance Company, One Madison Avenue, New York 10, New York; MARK KENYON, Ph.D., Director, Program for the Prevention of Crippling. Delaware State Board of Health, Dover. Delaware; MISS HELEN KIRTLAND, Consultant, Women's Interests, "Live Better Electrically" Project. General Electric Company, 205 East 42nd Street. New York 17, New York; ARVILL KRAUSE Child Safety Consultant. Arkansas State Board of Health, State Health Building. Little Rock. Arkansas; EUGENE L. LEHR. Gtief, Program Services, Accident Prevention Program, Division of Special Health Services. Public Health Service, Washington 25. D. C; MISS LOIS LEIBACH, Health Edu cation & Home Safety Consultant, Washington Department of Health, Smith Tower. Seattle 4, Washington; 'MICHAEL LESCANDER, Assistant Director, Educational Program. ACTION, Box 462. Radio City Station, New York 20, New York; FRED LONG. M.D.. Commissioner. Peoria Department of Health. Room 202, Gtv Hall, Peoria 2, Illinois; HARRY MARCHMONT-ROBINSON. M.D., Secretary,'Illinois Academy of General Practice. 14 East Jackson Boulevard, Room 1512, Chicago 4, Illinois; STANLEY A. MATE Director. Training Activities, National Rifle Associa tion, 1600 Rhode Island Avenue, N.W., Washington 6, D. C; MRS. MARJORIE B. MAY. Director. Home and School Divisions, Greater New York Safety Council, 60 East 42nd Street, New York 17, New York; 'LEONARD W. MAYO, Executive Di rector. Association for the Aid of Crippled Children, 345 East 46th Street, New York 17, New York; J. H. McKENZIE Soconv Mobil Oil Company, 150 East 42nd Street. New York 17, New York; LEO MOLINARO, Director, Educational Program, AC TION. Box 462, Radio City Station, New-York 20r*New Yferk; MADELEINE E MORCY, M.D., Regional Medical Director, U. S. Children's Bureau, Region III, 700 East"*Jefferson Street, Charlottesville. Virginia; DONALD E MUMFORD, Director of Safety, New Y'ork Central System. 466 Lexington Avenue. New York 17, New York; MISS IRENE L. MUNTZ, Manager, Home Service Department, Rochester Gas & Electric Company, 89 East Avenue. Rochester 4, New Y'ork; *J. D. NILES, Director of Public Health Education, Delaware State Board of Health, Dover, Dela ware; JAMES O'NEIL, Director of Industrial Service, National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, 1790 Broadway, New Y'ork 19, New York; L. L. PARKS, M.D., Director, Bureau of Special Health Services, Florida State Board of Health, Jacksonville 1, Florida; MISS VERNA PASKUNA, R.N., Owens-Illinois Glass Com pany, Streator, Illinois; LEWIS G. POLK, Supervisor, S-County Home Accident Prevention Study, Harrisonburg Health Department, Harrisonburg, Virginia; 'MAR- Illinois; l Monroe, Prevention inf 25, uv inia fAkD G. -ei-ittown, ional, 520 Consultant, rth DearSchool of :e HEY- al Exten.'ALD M. :w BrunsJ. S. SavIAROLD institution dent Pre:m, OklaResearch 'ashington )f Illinois. Consultant, tany. One Director, h, Dover, ive Better York 17. Board of CR. Giief. Sendees, alth Eduth Tower, ducational c; *RED 'it Jail, y, i.iinois Chicago 4. : Assoda- ORIE B. oundl. 60 rutive DiCew York nd Street, ram, ACEIXE E i III, 700 , Director 17, New Rochester . NILES, .*er, Dela* for the PARKS, i Health, lass ComAccident ; MAR VIN H. POWELL, Managing Director, Washington State Safety Council, General Administration Building, Rm. 319, Olympia, Washington; MISS EDITH RAMSAY, Merchandise Editor, Look Magazine, 488 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New York; MRS. SALLY RANKIN, Director, Home Division, Louisville Safety Council, Speed Building, Louisville 2, Kentucky; STEPHAN A. RICHARDSON, Assistant Director, Association for the Aid of Crippled Children, 345 East 46th Street, New York 17, New York; TYLER S. ROGERS, Technical Consultant, Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corporation, Toledo 1, Ohio; A. B. ROSENFIELD, M.D., Director, Division of Spe cial Services, Minnesota State Department of Health, University Campus, Minneapolis 14, Minnesota; C M. ROWLEY, Chief Engineer, American Manufacturers Mutual Ins. Co., 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago 6, Illinois; PERRY SANDELL, Director, Bureau of Dental Health Education, American Dental Association, 222 East Superior Street, Chicago 11, Illinois; MISS LUIDA E SANDERS, Director, Health Educa tion Division, Wisconsin State Board of Health, Room 475, State Office Building, Madison 2, Wisconsin; A. F. SCHAPLOWSKY, Director, Division of Health Edu cation Services, Kansas State Board of Health, State Office Building, Topeka, Kansas; GEORGE L. SCHARRINGHAUSEN, JR., 110 Main Street, Park Ridge, Illinois; G GEORGE SEGELER, Engineer of Utilization, American Gas Assodation, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, New York; MISS ESTHER SEGNER, Women's College; University of North Carolina, Gainesboro, North Carolina; MISS JAYNE SHOVER, Associate Director, National Sodety for Crippled Children and Adults, 2023 West Ogden Avenue, Chicago 12, Illinois; 'RICHARD SOLANO, National As sodation of Housing and Redevelopment Officials, 1313 East Sixtieth Street, Chicago 37, Illinois; AARON SPITZER, Welfare Coundl of Metropolitan Chicago, 123-West Madison Street, Chicago 2, Illinois; H. C STEED, JIL, Director, Acddent Preven tion Unit. Georgia Department of Public Health, 12 Capitol Square, S.W, Atlanta 3. Georgia; JOHN G THORNTON, 502 South Laurel, Royal Oak, Michigan; 'EMIL A. TIBONI, Chief Community Hygiene Section, Division of Environmental Health, Philaddphia Department of Public Health, City- Hall Annex, Philadelphia 7, Pennsyl vania ; MRS. B. V. TODD, Safety Chairman, .General Federation of Women's Gubs, Box 1027, Jennings, Louisiana; B. RICHTER TOWNSEND, Secretary-Manager, International Assodation of Fire Chiefs. 232 Madison Avenue, New York 16, New York; MISS RUTH TUCKEY, Executive Director, Community Nursing Service of Oak Park and River Forest, 124 South Marion Street, Oak Park, Illinois; A. F. TYRA. Safety Consultant, Industrial Relations Department, Union Carbide Corporation, 1300 Lakeside Avenue, N. E., Cleveland 14, Ohio; 'FRANK ULISH, Acting Director of Safety Education, Iowa Department of Public Safety, Des Moines 19, Iowa; 'MISS GA.ROL VAN SICKLE, Staff Editor, National Board of Fire Underwriters, 85 John Street, New York 38, New York; 'CLAUDIUS J. WALKER, Sanitarian, Bureau of Special Health Services, Florida State Board of Health, Jacksonville 1, Florida; EARL WALLACE, Senior Safety Engineer, Kodak Park Works, Eastman Kodak Company, 343 State Street, Rochester 4, New York; H. H. WATSON, Commercial Engineer, Sales Department, Construction Materials Division, General Electric Com pany, Bridgeport 2, Connecticut; MISS MARY M. WEEKS, Program Specialist, Health and Safety Education, Girl Scouts of the U.S.A., 830 Third Avenue, New York 22, New York; MRS. GEORGE WELLES, JR., 3110 London Road, Duluth 4, Minnesota; ALLAN G WILLIAMS, President, Neighborhood^ Renewal Consultants, 6 East Monroe Street, Chicago 3, Illinois; JAMES K. WILLIAMS, Execuuve Director, Connecticut Safety Commission, State Office Building, 165 Capitol Avenue, Hart ford 15, Connecticut; *F. G. WILSON, Director of Safety, American Petroleum Insti tute, 50 West 50th Street, New York 20, New York; CLARENCE J. WINQUIST, Engineer, National Board of Fire Underwriters, 222 West Adams Street, Chicago 6, Illinois; PAUL R. YARD, Manager, Safety and Health Department, U. S. Junior Chamber of Commerce, Javcee Boulevard & Main, Box 7, Tulsa, Oklahoma NSC Vice-President for Home Safety--GEORGE WHEATLEY, M.D., Third VicePresident, Health & Welfare, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, One Madison Avenue, New York 10, New York Alternate delegates are indicated by asterisk (*) preceding name. 51 Other Volumes in this (1958) Series Users of this volume will find much value in its companion volumes, which offer the complete record of the 46th National Safety Congress! Here is the list: Single Vol. No. Title Copy Stock No, i General Sessions and Index to all Volumes................ ... .65 022.28--1 2 Aeronautical Industries; Air Transport........ ................ 022.28--2 3 Automotive and Machine Shop; Power Press and Forging .65 022.28--3 4 Cement, Quarry and Mineral Aggregates................... ... .40 022.28--4 5 Chemical ........................................................................ ... .65 022.28--5 6 Church Activities: Women's Activities; Youth.............. . .. .65 022.28--6 7 Coal Mining.................................................................... 022.28--7 8 Commercial Vehicle...................................................... 022.28--8 9 Construction; Public Employee.............. .................... 022.28--9 10 Electrical Equipment..................................................... 022.28--10 II Farm ............................................................................... ... .40 022.28--II 12 Fertilizer .......................................................................... ... .65 022.28--12 13 Food and Beverage; Meat Padring, Tanning-and "Leather**-" Products; Trades and Services................................... ... .65 02228--13 14 Glass and Ceramics; Rubber........................... ............. ... .65 022.28--14 15 Home ............................................................................. ... M 022.28--15 16 Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE).... ... .90 022.28--16 17 Labor............................................................................... . .. .65 022.28--17 18 Marine............................................................................. ... .65 022.28--18 19 Metals ........................................................................ ... .65 022.28--19 20 Mining ........................................................................... ... .65 022.28--20 21 Occupational Health Nursing............................... .. ... .65 . 022.28--21 22 Petroleum ....................... ............................................... ... .65 022.28--22 23 Printing and Publishing................................................... ... .40 022.28--23 24 Public Utilities............................................................ .40 022.28--24 25 Pulp and Paper............................................................ ... .65 26 Railroad ..................................................................... .. . .65 022.28--25 022.28--26 27 School and College..................................................... ... .90 022.28--27 28 Traffic ........... ............................................................ ... .90 022.28--28 29 Transit ........................................................................ ... .65 02228--29 30 Wood Products; Textile............................................. ... .65 02228--30 31 Early Morning Sessions (Getting Results Through Team Play) .............................................................. ... .65 02228--31 COMPLETE SETS (31 Volumes).. :....... .'..T. .7*10.50 022.18 QUANTITY ORDERS: On purchase of 10 or more copies of individual volumes, those single-copy priced (I to 9} at 40 cents each are .35 each; 65-cent volumes are .55 each, and 90-cent volumes are .80 each. All prices shown are sublet fo a 10 per cent discount to National Safety Council members. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE CHICAGO 11, ILL 180043902 52 nunn m s.t.n. 022*28--15