Document XRZe57Zw5emeg0zQp3XrvDamR

LIA23387 m LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION. INC. 2S MAOIION AVCNUI NEW VO*K H. V. 10017 rtutPHOMC -- A*tA c o o k an Hay 10, 1965 To the Members of Lead Industries Association Inc.t Attached is a reprint from the March, 1965 issue of Cerar-lc Are magazine entitled "Ceramic Permanent Magnets". This article was adapted froa the speech given before the 36th Annual Meeting of the Lead Industries Association, Inc. last year by Mr. Theodore Q. Dziemianowicz. Wo feel tlat the appearance of this paper In Ceramic Age will provide additional assunltion In our campaign to Increase the use of ceramic per o manent magnets and at the same time, to encourage adoption of a 20? lead ferrite. Mr. Dzleolanovicz' paper goes Into considerable detail on ceramic pro cesses, applications and potential markets for ceramic magnets In general and high-lead permanent magnets In particular. A few extra copies of this pamphlet are available on request, and the remainder will be distributed at the Design Engineering Show and in an swer to specific requests eoiratlng from our advertising. Very truly yours. JFS.-df Attachment Jerome F. Smith lU M 'U lllto iill .oo> Af>t*d wrtfi L+*d LIA23388 -n` r - *- ---***- By TIh <h Q. Dti>iJMki Fo*r k>t ProduCU Co'poronon * . --------- . .............. - - - 1 - -e--. TKfv< t****lr mo**!. ora**d t> K?f Jrv*u*r*.rk. l*se- (v >o*fO o'< p^<xf J >1 th* v* * w'c'x.'i pc <T* o*r used '4> j**,*H.rvg <r, w* rWl'if Ivfh t-vkhf\ to owl; *fb<if .xJvH.fi<J *.p*rt (>v 'H Ro c IrsOwisf r**l, Inc > q Ceramic Permanent Magnets H.ivrd (Ml i In IIMstrS . iTSstal MnH IMtt' ,Hid m.C"*s* |>I.r*w i 1 < |in;N < ii In- li\sifjd info finer h"H cat** \ . M lo iSy l, 1 j,d h r ites. < . Cal in 1' In f'lilNs, tire tsflus -v,|t" 4fd I.. - J [till In tl.i oiilisi i .<S4 M difln * i?t \ x* H) wlii.Ii n*at-ri.il it mi jtri.i !/ il i. |t-m.iC>H f i/tl H.t macneti. ti rrnni.il iO u ms J to desti; t tl,i\ |>ri]tiil\ it imnisi lulu ill Jl v! I elllli s hast lllL'Il I'* Mivr Imm .IT1*'* (wistods . and soft lrinty Sim (ia*isit<' li.fit t II |- Ml (wrtlitlt |t<-( unc halt! Ii irrlii arc difficult '* *ls m.njnrt i/r. tin s .' Xi'itlt ti-<) |*elHUlMtlf How They Are Mode G IIj Mi (i i*iiiiK les lum jnes ulc lit) li/cd h i t!ir s miIIu mv i>l .ui\ Ii.im! Im- nlc |nt (Ills n .imi|i, Jm im.iiii lit iim^ 'M-t limtis aic uHiii II limit to at < i t .Mini muL'nt It SljiliiiC " it Ii M-rs |mic iron midr mil I lie nudes or i ,ii Inmates of iitlrct i.linen, s 11 o ii (i H in of le.u! .i*t>j04 \ji Ms ll,e U xt in 'C'** tc- Insults Ml tin* 1 t 1 s\ slim' in |niij r \siicl,t i.itu tol \.uil('le Jit. I'll,t)4 .iln I Ml'" lc o, tu t!ir lut'd 11it11j*<is11niii l'l iO t'F * O, , s \ id.* 'is is i .ores! mt js | JJosss M* i fr.*:*Mjte <!rv r.n |i*C tli*- initi l . ' '> s .nr .! ti-.cd. .i*tilted i!i\, tin ;i wit K/.i mil'.'*i ti .1 . o`ui!l.x! furti. a u/i oi lews tl.jfl I Mil roll lilt : m i II* ii rrutiHil IS !iut! 11* r* f * *1! i * V* \ |Im- IIHtKpO- *-<t n 'It all otC-MU lut-def. 4 <is- t|.*IJ*d mtt'.s; c* ail.it: . 411*! i I I *.In .ill -Ii Of M lei iiliij! I lx l.issdnd jiu*!*is .tie led to Inch Jt<! presses sslnfe tins ale folMnd ml. I i u:ii|ij( Is fli lull r is m mii.t ,1 IM MU t!,. M InniJVaitx Milder ( or.tfell* d Iimm t* nijs* lat'ifc pi*.^i jminin^. and tins .in hns! and lo.u'tu li/-d 111* i I.d t o| tills sMidxsis isl. iid j i,<! li.-itile. I U Liti^ lusiu* u m! ^usid. M.i l in to|of It Ims an ip JtlM of l!. usllV of jli'Mlf ISO pn tl, add i i!i 1 t*(t of ^UHOid. ptoSid.itl di4i>i*(id lo*i|iii^ |s Used Alt I.1 Mi nl, leu d feint's |at k. tl,o extieiiH l\ l.;cl* iinin.eiie iiij^tir ti/4tJoii of tU'ir illu) isiimti ijMits, tlieif oilier maClirtic |>I0JM I lies 4fc f 4f \UJM fiof Row Waferiolt 11k K.iid left tie ludnstrs li.is 4 d ,.,! ii,, ii.ii 1.1m t, uite .n.,r,.() . -is 1 (\ st.ed.ud 11; 1 (.. i.l m.itU.. t 1 . , tiiidls SSslelll It ii.i^lit 1M ` JMMI.I. J 1 Mil in f. 11 tat 1'JflMMl f rule JVf sr sS ,?! ;.,.t S..M tl.* 1. ^li |ii.!*t \ Ui4s: !. Is 1 f. f : , 11 I 1 \ ,i,!u itiuil |.s most Hull'll .11 l';H I s Ioid f to 4. Ll si ad s* it/s* .1 s dues o| I (I . Hr C-eiss 1 1 *1*.} jw 4 HHUl |l<! It 1. all I'.jll 'l.iii'iri i <!..( tlx 11 fuati nils uitli At I. .ist t *. ru uidwot ti.t% d.sijs !C xd>liti. I., jw jl m n;\ |mim1<<s 1 ss .Mi!.} 4\* 1 ..'I *r*(T at tin l.i-s* 1 lijMlf J al w ait tt** Jtr C.mssfMf stei I < M 11 a !< Iitn* luld left fl* mail' nfrfitMois. tin 1 * is mil-, iImmiu Ii small, that (lia s m luul.ii tnir a jxin lead letrile [Mi^.irt I 1,1 Si 1*4*1 Ill.'lCnett m- s\ ,ll.*si 'id to tlx* fi*d foMimlj H*n*i.| 1 n , fr<*di tin1 s non in.iferuils rir.O, JiV: Im sset , ami I't-.O, iMT. I is ss v'l O'el tin jvist 1 \ j is , tin's*in. .111 t.ti d I* id f< lift* inaCiMis lia\r .nild.'ius tin ti \imn*elltofs' ui.'liusis ss lien Mi iLli* t is . as s'dl a* JiliSsH.ll. i|ujl:tv ssjs toiiisMH'd Lead Ferrites Vertui Barium Fcrrifei lln little Ir vi .f,l( lolldutted on 1* ad Ii 11 it* s in li.is * -1t;11*. lias Itevlt on l!,i loss 1 1 i oi i^s j>iixl>nl mat'fia] I lie loOi oiuiited lietCml. He* Mali In is .it aiisf.dt and fadto Ltft- N 1706.01 I LIA23389 iffr- i hnrfii- i--- -- * AU'.A, nacm nnim or uuc nnu*i miim imrtj mprn 'XK1 m? (KKt rtflOXt-UxH* rasn uwn lKt 0C1-Ux)|i r. new son* Kia sarur 1 Mine ICW1J WCKTS (ttUt KC5WCl"Hxt| I va ita I m on m cuwurc -n 10 in m ran ttjmm I o iu t a r rot ts us me m lUWCUff L IA23390 i i Vi i ,,^Ztx^ba>4Cljk^. a evjxx ially vcln-ir ivtremely high firhiv arc ixji(Mil .Uk ! ntlk-i KMgtHlK' tll.itt'M.d p.ll illKl'II aic of lit* <xiti%c- i|<ii'tnr livrit will* a lliaviiiitmi tlk-vl fi'tlC al IIIIIIUIHV f ABHI g.MIVS, tlx* 4VI.1IIIH IU.IC'mI < 1 OlUI IHA <1 .dnno'v 1 uiirnt l^txKJgams In many applications Ikiwcwt. rvmiumv iv nut of |nniM- iiii|>iiIj ih <`, and vtuh factors j\ loch ok-nivity. weight. ccM. and v|tnt' o h iu ' into pLv . It i <11 Om*m* ap- plnatioov that cer-uoic magmas haw nude gwat inroads <11 tin* ulloy tnag- iM-t market jit tin- j'jvt -I yrjtj on a straight substitution basis. Tin* follow* m<C air x mim* of tin- mote omimtHi of lln-x- applicalkmv Dek* Infill Magnets: I'rnluhly tlx.* iito^t toiiHiHMt u*c fot sintered non- (Hunted U bjiiduklKtl in be* (wtviftuo soft steel plates. tl*c energy of !1m- magnet is concentrated along tin- running edge* of (Ik * steel platr-*. through 4 gap Iho jsyiulily requires V7 j*md* of poll to jvjrt it front its Lo p-r. which nu*k-v up i!m` hldi IIh M ! approximately 1.1 million *( i!a-v- magnets vM last year. Tlk* Come puce wav >0(1.1 jtcr magnet Oil* r application* utili/*ng 411 aink magtnts based .t tire SJlik* principle are: (!j ii OjK'ncr Magnets Hold lx! of can ..ft r it has Iht u < '.t 40 jy. \ntn Blinker Light (l)istres* Signal) \ ik Un Kw Iu h s !<*f live Uchgukjs Kigvuincv f-'lHllt<J (III \utO |)j'hlHMfd IVt Holders. kit^lx-n Magt-Koards, Vbchvlit l lcixi] kiUlirn) tlnldm, 'Ijiliutif SttcK Dritcry Magnetic flashlight Holders, etc. TV Corrector Magnets, commonly called pm cushion magnets. tix-d to coin t tor iiuiruuun in tlx- electron gun assemble -dnh icntiating flic cUx* timit liom llx' 10:.'. tlx> direst (Ik * electrons to tin- screen and divert tlte Kinx 'lliey are simple bar magnet* I to long h* (I 2* square cross-soc- tion. At two to a 1A' set, tlicre wvre I > uitlhon of () void lavt year. ThontmstaW 11m* natmal ttmvctnctit of t)i< imoveiisilivr elements if MJ flow that if they 'u re *ed to operate con tacts directly. tin- low pressure* at ojk iioig j i J tliiMiiC \mh iM produce oM'r.heatmg ami atving ats.1 tin* tlwr- niovtat Would limit By aflixing a fef- tlte iii.ipui to tlx- tuming tlwrmo- M itvitivc elrtneutv, |H>viti\e make and break if avwired. Moat Switchck in Aircraft used to (u* do at*- (JiM Ikpiid in a tank is above K U low a picM-nbcd level and there* h\ 4*jwiate >igna!v atd vaKcs, opera tion tinivt Ik * tlirouglt an Impervious tank w all. NlagiK'tic Dipstick for the measure- incut of lupnd in an uirciaft fuel tank Without c\|smuie of tlx- Ik j iik I. llitv if j V4itnal tulM* (Io mx I at tlte top and o ;m-ii at iIm* ItodiHM. fittid into llx' 1*41|101 it of lltr tank. A float tanting a ling itiagiM-t sink's <Ht tlir lnl- 011 hall Ik-aringv j ik ! (Im* dipvtkk, wlinh also iatr.i*s a magiH-t allii Imx I to its lop, fits iiiwtU* tlk* tulk*. To tiH'aMite tlk* fJotd. (he dip'tkk is re)eaM*il and tie- v.vnds until its m.tgtk-t is Im-KI o }*|k >dte t> that tin tlte Ikml. Tlk* level is tlk*n shown hy tlte cahhratrt! K-ale ih i tlk* dipstick protruding from tlte I tottom of tin- tank. Kollo* cr l>ntes in U'ater Meter* A follower drive tvHisists rsvcntully of two fating jH-niuiHitl magnet svstrmv, tlk- driver and (Ik * driven, or of a thivcr vstem with a soft magnetic (xMinter part. IhrfatinC ftillowers are truly vyii4.hto(Ktu* and normally {(Kt^ diiiKlit. tlk- folkiwet <k*ttMiit lags vlightK for normal forijuo. hut tkki not vhp in tlk* waternk-ter, tlte imjk lk f is o>rM-t ted to a f 1 rile trugtki through a slult 11k * entire item is etKlirscil, ariHind this fitv a soft iron cap. vshuh is nintxvUtl to a counter tliitwigh a vliaft. As titc impelWr ro tates tlx* niaguet. tlte soft iron cap Inlhm s. driving the counter. Otiter Applications are as Kotor* in Motiin for Clocks and Process Timers -usually in llx- fotiu of div*s with fif teen M-tv uf jv*h*s along perimeter; as Balance Dampers; in I'nlari/rd Teleplume Biugers; as Braking M ignets on Motors; I'rasurc Magnets on Tape Re corders, PlkHMigraph Pkk-u^n. Materials Handling applic ..tionv are (.uriently using oneiiled csTainK* uugl>*tv in huge ipi.oitrtH'v. Magnetic Separators for lemming ferfoiu-igiK'tie ctditaminants from wool, lohaevu. ihina clay, grain, fix'd, li<|ukl coolants, ti-a. oul. ami cprorried stone. Hate Magnet S<*paratoes-For use in eltiites. sjkHits. ducts, j im! cumevurs. Pulley Srparators-Kor cvmeyur*. Automatic Drum Separatorv-ln chute t\(k- o|x ia(nms for handling 4if granu lar arid putveri/ed products. Kcmmv trajss in Liquid Systems-- Three tJ fostr tinn** nmrr magTK*tic area. Hour Swrrpcn-Picii-up ferrous met als frtHii tables, floors. |urkmg lots, sxc. Magnetic Chucks--Surfacx grinders, chiU presM*s. blicet FamK*rs- Kor fcx*dtug and han dling sheet steel from emitting room to punch press, stamping press, etc. Fishing Magnet*-recovermg objects from tanks. Holding slnx-t plate to uvcrlwad con veyor*. Cow Magnets Hattie Bonded Magnets as stator*, battery operated shavers, jxxtcil d:arp- Clkls tuolll hdulirv, t(V mol'fs l(uhtcf Magnets, cut M ale, lefrigrratllfV l.iMidvjkaker Magnets High fidelity vjx.ilixs ouh I * a imlhon void lavt year fin a dollar vulorm- of SI,.<xi (KKI Oik (it<-d ferrite' nugiH tv, e-nof haul h rule Traveling Have Tube* av arrays in |h -m<k |ic fiKxiving AIk h iI Sl.(*O0,(XKJ wofth of magneis Svihl last w ar. Traveling Wave Tulx-v are uved in ta*.lir. dioiK* control, nvivvih* cvkitiol. ark! tracking, valelitc* conuuiiiwcations, lailway cvHiinniiiHatUHis and ugnaling. Ahlxmgh dollar Volume tale* of loud vjvakit magnets, rmavuring in strument itugiK*tv. and motve magnets were alriKwt cipulh distrilMitc*d, tlk.* total weight uf hMidsjk-alrf magnets sold far e\cxx*vhxl tlk* weight vuin uf (lie otliei two end ptckhiets Tliit may l*r attrihnttxl to tlk* fact that mrasuring invtnruKiits atid rrvrtori. a< prrefvinn tkult cvHnpotk*nts. svcnild rexjuire trixr'Xn grimiki magnets. (Irinding c*f machining ujierations arc expen sive. j ik ! would of course be reflexti'd in tin* fikin d iik*reaved unit prices for applK-utions of this tyje hi the overall picture, this can be Said of ilk* cvianik* m.igfiet inovt tf tlk- high fidelity v]k-akers Ixi.Jt in thif ccMiutry ttklay. which represent only a small fr.icti(Hi erf (lie lot.d vp-akrr inailet, utiJi/r ceramic magnetv, IXfl id all tin* atl novelty magik ts are <f tin- cvramic tyjsr. Intter than <f all work handling and xparatof magjk tv ari* *f tl*'cvTami; tvjK*. al most all teles jviten iitagnrtv. cthc*r llian loiulvjvakets. air cvramic magnets, !nvever. only a fraetmu of all motor and ifivtiuuk-iit ajvi'lKatkm> utilize ceramic magnets Ceramic Magnet Market In Hi.'V), magnet manufacturer* were faevd with s pmblem on the divcitvery >f ixTamk* magnets; these rivjiurixl jitantv for powder produce tion. prevM't, and high-tcmpetalure vintcring funuces. Tliis was a dejvartlire from tlk* traditional mctliod of alloy magnet production of melting tlk* eleinetitv tngctlicr in rr inrhKtioii funute. To rtuintain tlk*ir cumjktitive status Ikiwever. rtHrst of llic larger ttiagmi proclucvr* in (lie princi pal iiidmlfial iTHintries of (Ik * world ar:* now prrkluciug cvramic magnet* on a large commercial scale. Hk * introduction of permanent magnet ferrite** us a mass produced media hy a major magtkt manufac turer in HJafl was tlie first major advamvment in ]H*nnamxit mapwt materials technology since (lie Intro duction of aluico by the J-paiK*se In notts an n m KucTinvn or cmw mmu c x t ween LIA23392 potation*. 4 rarlv at 1056, reported inailiil im|kn\ ciucnts (in some cav* at high at Vr. * in tlw* oxrrall magiK-tk- (jualify of ter Jink liuguets xvlicri Jt)0' xilwtitutiofi of lead oxide for h.uiuai oxide j i made, I'rrwnt jmv ductinii run lr.nl ferrites < nusistcntlx '\}ii1*if 1.5^ Iu c Ik t peak ciietgv prod ucts tluu (tunjvlittM' lMfimn ferrite magnet* (I.OX'IO* gamx-<K-rteds \rfmi* 1^X10* c h j s \-<k -i ntc-0*). Tlietr magnetk fnld* are far more uniform, j rjo.ihty of nlmnc importance In traveling wave tube applications. Fur- lliermoir. l1w*y j |*j leaf to Ite much wiflct and exhibit U tter fiu< Inning pnijwilMk than ou\ih Ik h u I Iu imu ii fciritr magnets-a nollicr desirable iju.dits for trjxclmg uaxe (u Im- appli- i.itiom \'lnTe nu< liineil tnlctaiurs must le UI<1 to -0 000J". Finally- lliry ami fire at considerably timer temperature* than lurium frr* rite nugiHik. resulting in lower power ciHiMmtjWiou. xxhere elt'xlric UIm are used. and higher output Icxels for comparable process flow. Altluxjgh tlicsc improvements were Where Permanent Magnets Go (Doted on 1U34J-G0 dollar volume sales) Hop'd in IMUHHil-lltnl |\[M- tlUKlNlf, da te i* (milling to iudti ale llut iin* tlar impmxemeiifs jtr not |m**iMc in otH-uletl lead ferrite*. 11h ' Fnropean magnet nianufactun-r* jp|>car to U* tnotr attixr in researching lead ferrite* than Amcrie.m nuuufjiluiert. Rctcot Jiixrsligjlions condikted ini lead ferrites in (a'rmauy ifmlit ated tlut orientattmi in lead ferrite* sould tr prudoccd by (Messing atone, u iiIh miI tlw afrplkatkm (4 a magnetic field, pniskhng small doping additions of siliea were used. Magnets thus pioduced, exhibited magnetic strength tlurr tinx-s greater than convmtimvdty pressed magnets in tlx barium ferrite sx-stem. Recent work in the J*bO.T4Kci-0< ssstem. again in Germany, also indicated magnetic properties superior to those of conventional barium ferrite*. Application Of Permanent Magnets (Rated on worl<i irtiM'i of permanent magnet makers! Application % 6jr Weight U'ucls|'e.il<-ri 4fi 5 Magnetos, generators, andmotors 16,8 Measuring instruments 12.4 Klectronic dexitvx. thermostats. automatic control*. and niicrossaxc applications 8.2 Toy* and novelties 5.7 Telephones 44 'Voikholdors and latclter 25 Separators l.*J Other applications 1.6 Raw Moterial Costs Permanent magnet manufacturers, who are aware of tl*c magnetic ad\ant.igi-s of lead ferrite*, xxlicti asked utiat their ohjrctiuns were toward maw producing k ad ferrite magnets listed raw material cost at (Ik * prime objection. How critical is rjw material cost? Tlte rurrent grade of iron oxide used h i tU* tnatiufadure of turd ferrites veils f-U MU') a paiud ih (aitoad lots. 1`iet ipitakd lurium tarlmnafe vlls for (ft a jvxind irt tmclloarl lots. Taking tU- standard formulation currently uwd. 2(/" DaCO, and St/.c !V_.Oj, sse find that each pound of prmt-ss lurium ferrite coritains $0.12 worth of iron oxide and SO 18 worth *f lurium earlmnate. for a total rass material out of SO 15S pt-r pound, t'ving (lie xaiiH* formulation, Imt re* placing tin* barium carlKirntc with l'KOt. which sve jrc told currctiMy sells for $0.20 per pound in commer* cial lots, wo find tlic mm oxide c<ist jvr |>?uml to Ik * (lie same, or $0.12 l>cr pound, l-cad oxide per pound of processed materials, hmseser, was SO.Of per pound, giving a total rawmaterial rxivt for lead ferrite* of $0.16 per (Miuitd. Tlvis means tlut raw ma terial <*t* xosild increase by $0,022 jy-r jvM.ud of pnax-Nved jvovsdvr in live ssvtem traiisi'ion. Voss om- pound of piocvwrxl haul ferrite possdsT wU sield 40 standard do*f lakh magnets. Ttausitiuis to llie leasl (sTiite system ssunhf increase eath unit cost by SO 0005. haislls u probihitrse vost for IV7 im-reave in magiH-tie (juality. It is svrtiiin llut none of the ennmt ferrite numif.Ktnrers ssill make this tiauMtion sMthrn tin* near future. The first to nuke tlk' break would surely lux1 Ids cumpx'tilivc standing, at Wart I*.-"'-- L IA23393 yVi'n* y- -''*-V-A- fi*r 4 limr .1 gamble tli.it few m.m ulactuiers air w tiling to take Ml 11 I lugldv OHiij^-tifi'r fn lil. Although JVMU.u k nt in.igiutiwii if iriitniM** aid. practical uppluatiom of jHimjiKiit magnetism arc mils if incut vintage, ("nforlimately, flu* magnet manufacturer has not only l*vti called iijvm to tu.ilr magm-ti. Imt has also been cxpoctixl to design ami ()k fate tlrcir appht atmii* to his oatnini'n So our call lie sure (hat ih -w rn.ltial s\sterns will oof lx* in* s<-*tigufcd In (Ik * hiding io j Cih I man ufacturers until design limitations on j)Tr*cnt materials dictate a transition. Where Do Permanent Magnets Go? Permancut magnets may Ise clavsf- fnxl into fiKir b-vsic catrgotirs Ori* etited: Ttwse arc tl>r prrtninm mag- nets. Thty fully sinteu-sl and of h;gh magiK-tk stimctli--TIw* striKigi-d hi (Ik * ceramic lit.e. Hiving a maximum energy product nf .I.SvlO* gams- ocrsteils, 11lese ruagmis fiiwl tiv In knuhjK-akcrs ti.ivi ling s\a\e 1ul>cs, ami l avv handling ami ladding appli- latiom Appi<i\imat'l\ f the haul ferrtte tuatlii falls into this rate- goiv rvtfimeh llicli strength i'mag- iM-fu is rmpaiterl to tliese magiH-ti Ij V forinmg or ju* "iug tlwm in a strong magnetic fielil Tlw-y exhibit properties in i*ne pra*M* ouls-iu tl-.e difi*vtiurv uf pre*siitc *r on*utatioii Nmi-Oricfited; T1k -v an* tlic orgmal vx*raitiic magiK-t*. TIk -v .re fully sin- tend with only a modetauly high em rg\ j u *k Ik t-- 1.1 K JO* gauxs-ocr- *tod* ISt-x^xl dry. without UtK-flt of a magnetic field, thcv magnets ex hibit iiruhritn maginhv' jK**jmtirt in .ill direction* Tla-v constitute iV tif (Ik - tiirrt Mt hard ferrite market Tlvev jrt* uw-tl primarily in simple holding <h*s ites such a* door late Inn. can ojx-m is. stft'st dfixrrs. flavhhchtc. etc flies arr alwi used as TV txicrevtimi m.igfa ts. and h:ixr Ix-en atlti(>tcd f<K automobile wiiuhltirld wiper nwitoci, fluhher Magnets: Flexible nugtwts nv-d primarily in holding devices-- more sjKtifitally, as rchigi-rator door Iio Miiir gjsLits. Moderately stionj*. luving a m.iMtituiu cm-igy piiMhict of 09 \ Hr* gjii'v-oervfixls, they iar fahfiiatixl h\ heavily loading nihlne (iialui.d or svnthetic) with highly rc- aHixl hard ferrite, extruding, and theu t-uring at low teiii|M`ratiin*. They ex hibit no iliiivtional pio(KrtieV, arid their chiif advanlagn are flexibility and rase of shaping <cau he tut with Inivi-s, wissors, rtc.h vthiih makes them .in ideal material for device as sembly. TIk v coiiilitute 20^ of the I<iIj ! haul ftiitr inarlit. 1`ljstk K*iu|< d MaC*K*f*: 1'inif ijuabls magurl*. h o iru; a mi o miiiiiu energy poiluil of mils (HI \ J<r; m i' *l< <!v Thcv jir f.ihf a atixj In mixing lugldv Ir.k ted lurcl fertile material usually hard ferrite wrap.' with small amount* nt tlM-nnmrttmg resin. press ing at (O.lKKl jwi ami (Ih h curing I Ik * formed comj.-ut* at low teitijvralufCs Tlicir thirl iiv i% in cIm'.ip luttriy njM-ratixl motor*. Tliey exhibit no di rectional pioprMnn. ami tlwir chief advantage if lint time tolerances can In- 1*-M Ik a .wise of 11vt' low t njv-ratmr cutes that tl*e tomjuct* Jir xul>ji ttiil to giving a tmt h.ittii ally jrccise magnet at a low pmv (although inagiu tu sticugth In j k *m) lluV t trtifiitutr aUutt .Vi >( tin' ttal haul frr(itr mallei. Application! U'lth tln-ir remnant magnett/alion 'H,' thin* Unu*\ ax great ax ft-intt* magnet*. tlwre will alxsaxv Ik - actua tion* for tin* alukxi family of magnets Category Ih-thx1i in ( JMItJSlltH IttS Current Ferrite Market End Ul 7A Yokes TV 1 ransfoiuKtr Matt. Prod. Intro. Dollar Volume i ol Sales ferrite In 1963 Market S \M \utenna Kik U Hailro liiiTiirtr I`T1 yl "r(Kt.(KX Z*2 Vjuaic Jasip Kernfi*s <`<tui|Kiter Switrh and Meiihtry 1 yo Sdo.ttoaeoo -IS .15 Sj k -s ulties < (mnmnii Jtions <Sr ^am.puters a t'up (airt-s. Tuning Slugs Hi-Kreq. Transformers. He- iorder 11* ails. Mjgnelo stiH-- tr\e 1 ransdiuers 19". 1 12 SH Mu lowave < Moij>o:>er.t* W avi-guides. (v u(of*. Isolator*. He mi *(i.(XMl (MMI <) rx( 1`eilMJIKTlt Magm-ts Mans !*:*"> SI l.oon.ooo J7.T j Ferrite Magnet Market Development Ycar_ PT.*, Remarks Non oriented hniom finite in.igml intrtKhKxHl to tin* l*. S. m..iVi1-KM-igy I'rixl-ttS y 1(T* Annual Sale* 1`iVt (?M.MinK-r atiejrfjiut* for TV focusing, tovv. ami Ih iMiu c Other feriite manufaitmers have rnteied firhl. SI.0<X?.tXKt (approx) 1*)" OiH'litixl hariuin ferrite magnet inlriHlucvd. I!nergv f`nnhKt-3.0 >; 10*. V2.o4Xi.otMI (appms.) 19V> Oik iiti-tl rnaciH't .in< pli-il hv loud %]Vali r mautifai-turns. ........... .Kvcptahle for separators and heavy hamlliMg SO.tMMl tOO TKX) HuhlK-r inagiM-ts intnHhnixl-Oilier finite manufai'tuuis i nter luiented magml Ik *M. Ornnti-d magiM'ts .uivjknl for Traveling Wave *Iul>e applkaliouv anil w h ih ' motor applii .itiom S7.-,><K).tKM) (approv.) lmjiai t of ruhU-r m.igueti is felt. Im-MMsed apjilu a tion of oi riteil hiagiM ts. Sivtei-n m.jjor nuop.uur* are now nt.inufai tminc ii f.imic | iniaimit tiugiM-li S I I .OOO.tKM) ' i wr iiyywjtpt m| r'*I Kiny^y^ < L IA23394 w irt1. }0 0 < i.tIK w Ik -ic cslrcmels' high fields ,|lr teqilllld 4*'<! 1 the! HI.lgl.etlC Ml.lt* H.ll p.U.IMU Jf *S Jtl- of Ho llltlM*||||< I,. r Fwn will. 4 IIUMMIUIH llteo ii (i< *1 h mitjlM' of nftKt gams. (I** iifjiim tn.igml n ull! iu-M-r approadi ..]i ,i . , um ii! ITl**) gains In many applu at inns l.owrv . I* iiiuaine is lint of pi ill*- |l 11| h M 14111 <*. 41m! null l.lltlir* ,< IIIt l(Nlll\t(V. Weight, < m.. 4ImI Ijuir i oilm* fttlo plal ll Is ill I!h m- jppin atini\ that irum* magnets 1*4'r made |.*ii'j( inroads h i |}m- j ! 1 *> mag- in t m.iild ill tin- past Iran oil d '(iJIgltl Slllisl .tilt HMI halts Tl*- follow ing *ie vitiM' i| ll* imm* 1'oiiiuuiii i*( tl*-sv applications Ik**- L*teh Magnets: I'lolul'K tlx* most it mill* Ml U W liM Xhti-llli IKMItMM-tilri! IU4glH|s Sjlltlttiilllll in t>C- |un i*(s\u soil stivl plates. ll*- energy ,4 the magnet ii iiMMiotrjtnl along th< inuning edges *1 tin- xtivl plate*, lhii*-!gh ,i gap Ih.s asxtobh require* % 7 {sounds of {Milt to part it flout it* Lc.JXI, M llK tl lllakci l.p tfe l.ltill n*-K- weir appii'Vi'iiiJ. 1\ !> in il! ii Mi of tl*-M- nuciM-ts 4 I List \-jf 11m- ^..ng pun- m j n \ jvr magi* t Orinl .ippllt .*t|.l;s `itdl/ilig 1 la.Iill tii.isl'.i ts based on da- s.i.'i.r pnnsiplc arc. Can OjK'twr Magnets Hull! 1 : 1 of un . t! i it !,m Urn oit \ ii In ((linker Light `Distress Signall \/m Ho t * \ tubers (of tlx* ttrliginiis Figurine* I otim! mi Auto Daililvurdt i'ot Holders. kitthcti Mjci-lkufds Magneto 1'tiii'il ikitiliini Holders. Magnetic Sims Dmrn. Magnetic Flashlight !(oMt'f*, rtc. IN ('orrs-i tf Magnets. loiiinioiily . -!! * 1 pm tmliioii tn.*gi.i t, used to sit tor iimu or.u m i: tl*- i kilmn ^iiii jvmiilili * tin*}* ii iili.it n.C tin- t lec tions !itun ll*' ions. ll* \ limit tlx* clcstrmis to tl*c w tit n Mini illicit tlx* iom 11k -> 4r<' simple ii.ir nmCnots t to Z~ lone !' ( 2~ Mju.oe i toM-xn tion At two to 4 1Y x-t. wefr 1* inillioii 'f 11m'x * mill l*it \car. IlH'fliK'ilJti lltr natural tiioiciiK'til o| tl* nno seiiMtlM* clcnm*iifs i* so slim that it ll.i \ mi ir iimiI to ojx fatc (im- t.uts ilimtli. tlw* Io m ptissimt at oj> nine ami losing Myiilil j k ik Iu k - over l*-,itiuc ami *(s amt the titer- ni-otat uiiii 1*1 hunt Il> aflivine a fer ule Hi.iciH-t to (!* iiio i ing th*niH>- mu .it lie (lijnents. jxisitiie niakr ami I>rejk is assiiri-it. Unat Su iIi Ik i in Airiraft tixd tu in- -lit ale th.it llipiul HI 4 tank 1* mIk AI' <>i )m Ion a pM'siulteil level atul lh(`H'- li\ i.jM l.tte 11^0.i!s .(ih I \,ilm. ojxta- tion must be ihrou^h an iiujxtviou* tank wall. Ntaenetie Dipstiik for the measuremi nt ut liipiiJ in an aircraft fuel tank \i ithout r\|msiur of tl* Ih j u mI I his i j v el In.l tilin' ilon tl *t tl*e top ami njw-ii *t tin' Itotl-'iii. fitf* el Into lltr Imittoni uf (he tank N HmI lairvmC 4 l fri*; rri.ien* ! ilnfei or* IJr tut*- on hall I* jiiriA .mil (Ik * ilip'tn k. vshxh alv<i allies a tn.ieiK-t att-uikeil to ill top. fits iiimlc tlie till*' In iiHasiite tl*- Hu m 1. the ilipstnk n trlravd arid tlr- Slllllls until Its IIUOt Is lx-ld OJ^Ki site to that oil tlx- (l-sat Tl*- level IS tin'll shown In tl laliluatixl vale mi tl*- *li|*stn k protMiiline front tl*- UrttiHit of tl*- tank. Knlluwrr l>nve in NNatrT Mrtcr* A follower lmt* ismsistv r\wnfull)' uf (wo fat mjl jx fiiiatM ut l.(4!K-t rntmii, Hie timer 4iid tl*- ilnwn, or uf a iJilUf svstem with 4 soft n*4(;iK*tk' tiHinter- port Hotatiue follosirrt are trills *V m hi or* * i v 4i*l n-'citiallv 100T efliiiei*t. tin- follower chiiHlit lag* sl.ChtK flM UOflllal toMpHS. |m *t ikx*s itt*t slip iii tin- w al. meter. t!*e un {X'!!er is ortmoto! to a haute ni.iC't tfiioucii 4 staff fl*- ei.fne sssfen* fs eluh-MsI. 40.111.(1 this fits a mtt Him. i.ip. uhuh is (u iiik it< il to a <(*jnter thii uch 4 si,aft As ll** nnjx lief ri>- t.it< s the inaeiM t. ll** selt noli tap h.lluw s (1: o tug tl*- i *if.!( I Ollnl Npplii ..lions are *s |h>lor* in Motors f.* (.Imks and fVwcst Timer* usu.t!!s 1*1 the foriu ( !ims with fil - tun s# Is of jxiiev a! |*-fm*tT. 4* liataiM r l>jm|M-rs. m I'olar./H Irle- IiIh m*- JtinUiT*. as Hrakmc Macuels no Motors, f rasure Magnets n Ta^ Rr n*rdrrs, I'hiMHigrapii Pnk-upv. Nlatrrials llamltmg ..pp!u jtions **e ivironllv iimi< oiHiiteil t lafiue utag- iH-ts m i.uo <pi.inhtMs Matnetii SepjraliMs f-M reinosmg frf- io u i.iC'o tu imi.Ia:n;:.anf fu m wool, lei*.un. I.MiJ lias. Cram, ho!, Ii'junl (oolants. ti *. coal, and quarrua! stonr Hatr Nfjgnrt Srparatofs - f of use h i i loites. sjsouts. (huts, at.d 1 o!.i nils Pnllcs Si-parators I or mm.Vo s iMs . Vutoinatii Drum Separat*,s-In ihute li|X' ojvi.ifions f.*r handling 4 giami- lar and pul\cii/(d priMluitl Ferrous train in Liquid Svslrrn*- Thiee tu four times motr inagi*tie area. Hiw SwrcjK-rs-lhek-tip fiMrims rnrt- 4J1 fmni fables. Hour*. fi.<rkrug }<yt, . tl Magnetic C.liiKki -Surf ate grinders, dull Jtll sws. Sheet I'auurrs-For fi-eilmg and han dling slan t steel from lUtting room to puinh press, stamping press, etc. Fishing Mngiiets-reeovi'riug oh|eet lioiu tanks llnhlitig sUnl plate to userlicad eon- veyors. (!oss Magnets Plastic Humlcd MagrKts at stators, batter) i.jxutcd vliast rs, j c ik U iharp- ei* is tuolh Ih iis Ik s . to\ niotois llidd>ri Macnels. ml seals, tefligera* tiMs f.111 uts|icaki r Magnets High fid* lits ifa .ili i* f-Js f't rrrdlrort >M last seal for a dollar \o 1u mm- *f ^d.amtmtl thhuteil fertile IMJglHks, elt..I hud fetrlit* Trasrhng Muse Tulses as arravx in p ri<lir finnsing Alxrut N| (KSI (KKJ worth d magnets x-hl last year Tfasihng \Na\e Tulx-s an- irwnl in 1 adt. drone (sH.tr*4, rmisile isnitrol, and traiking. satrhte isHniniltiH alrKis. lallwav tsMii-iMiuM jtiiMis and signaling Altltongh dollar \olumc s.ih s of kind sjvakir rn.igtK-ls, tiie.isurmg instruiiK'iit m.igiK'ts, ami motor niagrvrt* win- almost <-<pia!ly ilistributeil, tire total weight id hm<lsjx-,ikef magnHs wild fat i vmsliil tl*- vseigl.l s(./n uf tl*- (mIm i tsso end primhuts This may lx- aftitlmted to tl*- fact that measur ing iiistrim-etits am! motors, as prccis i.m. Im 1 it 1 oinjs,ticnts, would r*-quirr presision gioniid inagiM-ts (wttMlmg a ritahinmg ujx rations are rxjxn sive. and would of (umv l*- reflutesl in t!*- fnim of n* n jyil unit pins-v f>M *p;>!i< ..tl-:is of this t\ j k -. lit the overall pntuie. this 1 a:i \t s *>*I of the itlait.K III iglu t lito-st if the high fidilr's six-akirs bu.lt 111 this ountr\ Iik Ij s , whuh rprewnt M.ls a small fraitMMi i,f the total spa.iker rnarkit. utib/t <-i..riiii n.agni'ts, 'AY\ of ail tos *ia) iioielts magtiets af>* <4 tl*- (eran.n l>jw. 1* 11 r than 'itlT >( all work handling and .separator magnets ate of tl*- <.e:*uK t\jx-. al in*st all telesioion magnets. oth< r than k*i<i'jx akers, air i i uuie m.igM ts, |*(V-si-r, onls a frai1i--u of all motor .o mI instiui:* ut applications utdi/e ivrariiH magnets Ceramic Magncl Market In l`*'i. -rnagmi manufacturer* wen- fan-d with a problem 011 the diwtrsery of seramie inagiK-ts; thevr requuvsi plants fur jvmiler producth<ii. j h i-s m-s . ami high-tcmjK-raturc sititering fuin.uvs. This was a dejvarture fror*. tl*- traditional nuiliad of alios rnagiMt produetion of hK-Ittug |J*- dementi tugrther in our mduttion furnaes-. To tnaintaiu tlieir corn|H-titjse status Iwiwrver, most uf (lie larger magnet prrxiiKvis in the prinet|ial industrial isiuntrii's of the world are now producing ceramic magnet* on a large suiitriKreial MaU*. Tlx* 11110x 11111 ion uf permanent magnet ferritin as mass pnxhuvsl media hs a major rn.igml manufac turer in "J>(i was the first rnajof ads.imvme.it in jx'nn.incnt magnet m.it. ri.ib tis-linnlogy sinie (1h - iulrodmlion of ahAo by tin* Ji-punew In LIA23395 r_,. : -- ^----- 1931, kiul lu\ dol* Itmch to advance crrarnk* a* a pitvixe science. Tluimglinut tlie world, excluding tlie (Tummunnt bloc, tliere were ap proximate)* TO magnet manufacturer* in l'HK) These weie made tip of 14 in (oral Hrit.im, 10 in tlie l/nifed SlJlrt, 17 in Japan. 10 In Writ Off* many. 3 in I'uiuv and another 12 in tlx* rmt of KmojK", the remainder be ing in South America and the Com* numwcalth ctmulrie*. Tlie total quan tity of magnet* produced annually wa* over 40,000.000 pound*. Of rougldv 20.000 tour, representing over #>00 million individual irugne!*. In 1903. the United State** share of tlx* world'* total permanent mag net market was apj*ruxmutely $54,OUO.tW-M 1.000.000. or almost 20% of which wat in erramk magrxi*-- quite startling in *kw- of the fact that alloy magnet* hate been produced in this country s h u t - 1901. while ceramic permanent nup*rt hate only been manufactured ui this country *ux.e ly">6. At an atcragc sctling price of 52 00 per puuixt. tlx* cttfient 511 nullum fia/d ferule ;iurVet repfoent* an an nual finished hard ferrite market <4 * 5 milium pound*. At tl*e current Industry yield of 70%. thi* represent* an annual raw- material iujwt of apjMoiinutrlt 7.0 million jtound*. Growing Mark*! Ceramic magnet* are of particular lnfrre*t to ferrite nuimfaiiurer* ivcause, unlike the>r soft ferrite counter part, they are not tied to any one particular product Ime. Tlx-y are a delight to tlx* ferrite nuuufaclurmg engineer, for unlike Kilt ferrite*, llx-ir properties are mH rosikedlv aflevted by pnsnt contiminariti; they do not require *jtecialh controlled heat treating atmcHplw-rrs, and tliev can lx* tuiteicd met a broad range of temperature* and ltd] exhibit acceptable properties. For tlie lead industry alone they current!) represent a pc.4er.lial annual outlet for 1.5 millxm pound* c*f lead oxide. ferrite* were introd:*ced a* a mat* jXixJiKvd media in thi* country in ll*49 In 15 )ear*. the) La*r pawn tel 5^2.lK*'h0l'0 industry. Note tlcat relaimc peinvai*-nt m-cgv.etv. latevomrn in this field, ha'c ill each captured 17.73% of thn market, second onh tu squire loop ferrite*. Futur* of Hard Ferrite* A pirkvising breakthrough ha* al ready leen made on rrxtcr mag!x*t. After fi\e tear* of per*er\erriue. tlx* automotive Imlmtrv early thi* )ear adopted ceramic magix-t* as stator* in windshield wiper motor*. At 0 25 pound of magnet material per motor, thi* will amount to an annual con- luinntion of 1.1 million pound* of hard ferrite*. It is curmitly profited tlut by 1970. each auto will liaic an addi tional 4 pound* of hard ferrite incor porated m its motexs or generator* (fuel pump, heater motor. g"icratcx. jwwrr teals, |*wrr window's, fjiml- onieter. and ignition s> stems). Thi* w <miM amount to 22 million pound* of lurd ferrite. Q c#r*mk (Af<A*WAf |*4 Rc* Molnl* F 3rrrur\g D'V'sg AppUconon Adopted a pcpet p-vee>e\4 <j 36fh Ae.rx^ci Ml.r^ c| t K* L eod l*V- OaOfte* A*scoot>>*. !-< , Ap*-.l 22. 1964 prl*d from CIMK Ag. Mo/<fc IWJ Copyrt^KfO IfaS C*io"*< fwbl<a>a"X W Ot|irlbvtd by lead Industrie* Association, Inc. 3*1 AU4U Nw N. Y. 10017 LIA 23396 8r TWi< Q. DilimUiiki Foa-Hiti Prodsxt Co<p<Hot.oo tortured by Rc--* lrwdo%*ci, p* oed. o p^r-dv>:-d . th< V-vrdr-ds O* PC' *eek ocvj O'* V>*d C*S 1't?^ fV<l'.< tOC**S lMoS>>eA to ox*omcbl# .-dv>'rM <p*r P*soto ce*wtfvy Rc< IrvJwttr**. *C 1 ^Ceramic Permanent Magnets Havd ni eVumtn. ttsstal stroctun- and IIMi!'h !k p?*tfteitHt. kittles f.l* l t Ias\;f)t d 11,1*1 th?if lu'll ea'* C*wes \ vdl feint*-*, \H,V Isatd frrlltfs, (' C4flKll In femt'A. tV tcrin> "ndt" and r*lr t tV nlatise uy m diff>ui!t> ssith uliuh the rt jti-rul u mi j c "r11/ <! iif ij< m.iCuHi/ed IV liiaCm-tK tertnin*lc> tivx! In drsiclldtr this prupctty it O^CKltC fTT (lie. Ifatd ferrites base hick mcnisc Imm < I T0< t I oetsleds'. and soft lerntet hate toss u U Hr fn/ict (0 I* kt oersteds' lUxdiiK- luird ft mtes arc Jiffn-ult to ili ni.i^iM-ti/r, (Id \ are How They Arc Made lidmc teiutuk arc nti Il/ed in (Ih - iMillti sn nf any hard fer* lltr. Inf ll HMsnll. | Vf Ml.Mil`fit Hue- ml f*'irt* c often tcfelted In as Ifl.tlllH |p>et% Starting uitJi ter} pure (run oxide .i,i(I the midi-' nr r.uVnatrx of ritVr hdriuiii, strontium nr lead (I'hjOj \ irlds (hi- Vst inaC'iettc M-xitlts in tV lead %sstrm) in proper veicht ratios (fur exainpli : CO'I Ph^O, dlid S0^ IV-O, to gise |Jk ` IimJ emupositiou IV >* J M r X) , *. \\liflw-M4 l\ UfTml Mit as f*.|!.ws After mtt:n.if< drv tnitmC. tV mind oxides *fr <-a)<med, attnled dry. thi n wet ball-milkd to d (iiiitrul!< il jiditkL i/<- id levs than t mil r<iii IV null'd material it dik-d IVn fnllosss fV vet ifHnrpofalMm of dll irCiil<` hinder. d oin tro?]* d iliui.^ -j (.(<*i<. C'dfeilatlnfl did! ' lassifHatmti nr sc i r e M i ft C TliC cld'.'.ifd'*! |*jvuk`f% arc fed to Inch sjwx-d presses whir ltd a ate formed ut\ ni:n]uiU Binder it rvmosed Imm tld M- foinjvutt und r toi.tfulUt] li.'iK- t iii|< fdtuic pioUfaii'iuinC and tV\ die fiii-d and nid^inii/ed TV* (-"d |>0*<I'Uf of (hit IMltlM'Ml it haul and hritflr, luling lustre and Ci as nil l*|j( l in cijnr. It hat an apj'4M`Ut *!nsit\ nf aloilt -I.S0 fTin /cr, and <au Im* oit or c,ot<>*d, ['rn'id'-tl dumniKt tnulmC is usexl. AkhcHiyh h-ild fetlltes l.u k tV (AtleliK'ly hih rviiifuiKT Mucuii/dtinn of tlieir alhry isuuitrfparts, (Iteir ntlf (na^nctic pfcijH itn t arc far uijy-rinr. Raw Materials IIm- haul ferrit<' industry hat adoptetl the h.uium feirite /llal as its standaiil |w tm.inciit iiiaCn* t tna (enalt s)duu It inight be {xtinted iH,( h(Ar(. tliat 1 ariiim fmilr pet m will rn it s h -M t|K- Inch <pi.ilits nuCinis lorcnitls a-!sttixii hs mott niaiaufas lureft In order to athkAC ad\t rtis4*il sallies of J.lt.-lO* cants`H i'lul pe\L ih r-j\ powliut. a!) maid-uturers !*;> flair Inat.tuls ssifh at hast 1 j'< I'U) \\ itldmt tlm dopmC a*hht*di. j^t at eiKtcy prodiKts vs Mil'I as iaCe <wit a! tin- loss* r fiCuir 4 i1it f| S Kf' fauss-oitsted Ot tld' Ih atlise hard ferrite man ufat'iitx. lldtv it o :m\ tldtuch wu-U. that s!iwa nvinufasturc a pun- kad fwiile fnaC11a sc' lead UiaC'Ktt aie sst.lldsi/e! tn tin- fiit-d fonnula I'M fnaii tin- t ircin niatrrialt 11./), Sr' by sset ainl l-V-O, (Mn h\ ss ct ( Over tle past .1 \ear. tltcV* in*u *,tm u t< *! k afl ferrite macnets ha\r uu'sIditM- tla-ir coni|etitr' maemtt sshelv maC'w'l<-*. ** v.vU as pltxtical, ipiahts vas r'oncx'rrKxl. Lead Ferrites Versus Barium Ferrites 11m* little rtv.mh cinidiKted on lead lerntes in this (s>untn>' hat Ix-cii mi the !<vs ( tM ics produel niaterut the no n h i .eti t ed magnet. HcMarelKts at aircraft and radio cor- r- '.T u"VW P