Document XRK8ogGk2062vepvN1Z6904ZK

FILE NAME:McGraw-Edison (ME) DATE: K DOC#: ME00 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: E^dZ>ZdZ ZZ 1934 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorporated TWENTY.THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS ~ O ~ rl "'E:~,~ t j ~~F''''''O ,I ', Cleveland, Ohio October 1 to October 5, 1934 The Cleveland, Carter and Statler Hotels Copyright, 1935, National Safety Council, 1nc. THE TRANSACTIONS of the Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress, National Safety Council, 1934, are published in two volumes. The first, containing the General Sessions, the Special Subject Sessions, and the Industrial Section Sessions, is presented herewith. It is supplemented by a smaller volume containing the sessions of the Street and Highway Traffic Section, the ChUd Education Section, and Home Safety. The large volume is being sent automatically to the Industrial members of the Council; the smaller volume is sent automatically to members who are believed to be chiefly interested in those sessions. It may also be secured on request by other Council members. For the benefit of many members who have found it advantageous to distribute copies of these TRANSACTIONS to supervisors, foremen and others among their personnel, who may keep them for continUOUI reference, the following quantity prices are quoted: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume, $1.50 each; 11 copies and over, $1.25 each. Copies of the smaller volume, $.SO each. THE PLAN OF PUBLICATION is the same as that followed for the last three years. It is a condensed record. The papers of each leslion or division of the Congress have been assembled, edited with care and discernment to eliminate extraneous matter and abbreviate the less essential portions, and the concise remainder is presented for study and reference. Although not "complete" in the sense that every word is reproduced, it is an interesting and valuable record which emphasizes the memorable parts of each paper or address. The origina' manuscripts are on file in the Council Library, available for additional reference as desired. Although the National Safety Council endeavors to eliminate from dilcussion at its conventions matters which are not pertinent to its purposes or which are contrary to its policies, the Council cannot accept responsibility for the views expressed either in the papers presented or the discussions thereon. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago 1 1 JjI I I J CONTENTS PAGE Council Officers and Directors.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Council Purposes and Policies........................................... 9 Annual Meeting of Members. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 Annual Banquet .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21 Subject Sessions- Dust in Industry.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23 Fire Prevention in Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31 Fusion Welding and Cuttin~......... " ..... . . . . . ... .. ........ ....... 41 Industrial Nursing ................................................. 45 Industry and Its Motor Vehicle Accident Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51 Maintaining Interest in Safety....................................... 59 Mechanical Methods of Handling Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67 New Workers ............................... ..... . ................. 73 Poisonous Fumes and Vapors....................................... 79 Safety Equipment .................................................. 85 ~- Safety Organization and Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 ~ Safe Use of Chemicals in Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99 Safe Use of Electricity in Industry ................................. " 103 II The Injured Worker ................................................ 113 Why People Fall ..... : .............................................. 121 ~ All Ohio Day.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127 FERA Safety Conference............................................... 131 '\: Industrial Safety Lectures- Selling the Safety Idea..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 135 ~) The Psychology of the Safety Movement in Changing Times. . . . . . . . .. 140 Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section..... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 149 Aeronautical Section .................................................... 153 A. S. S. E.-Engineering Section ........................................ 159 Automotive and Machine Shop Section ................................... 163 Cement Section ........................................................ 177 "-1'3 Chemical Section ...................................................... 187 Construction Section ................................................... 199 ~ Delivery, Taxicab and Bus Section ....................................... 209 Food Section .......................................................... 219 Marine Section ......................................................... 227 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. 245 Metals Section " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 255 Mining Section ......................................................... 269 Paper and Pulp Section................................................. 289 Petroleum Section .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 307 Power Press Section.................................................... 325 Public Utilities Section .................................................. 337 Quarry Section ......................................................... 349 Refrigeration Section .................................................... 357 Rubber Section ........................................................ 365 Safety Section, ARA-Steam Railroad Section, NSC.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 383 Textile Section ................ '" ................................... 413 Transit Section ......................................................... 419 Wood Products Section .................................................. 435 Index ................................................................. 445 c.- -- .........- - -'-.+-- """""""'.~ National Safety Council Incorporated HONORARY MEMBERS ASSOCIATION OF IRON AND STEEL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS ROBERT W. CAMPBELL ARTHUR WILLIAMS OFFICERS (1934-1935) JOHN E. LoNG, President. ROBEaT 1. CATI.IN, Vice President for Public Safety. D. D. FENNELL, Vice-President for Public Relations. b;w R. PALMF.R, Vice-President for Safety Councils. ALBERT S. RF.GULA, Vice-President for Engineering. C. W. SMITH, Vice-President for Industrial Safety. R. T. SOLENSTEN, Vice-President for Membership. DR. C. H. WATSON, Vice-President for Health. A. W. WHITNEY, Vice-President for Education. W. E. WORTH, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer. W. H. CAMERON, Managing Director and Secretary. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1934-1935) A. L. ARMSTRONG, Eastman Kodak Company C. B. AUEL, Past President. J. I. BANASH, Past President. C. W. BERGQUIST, Past President. F. W. BRAUN, Wood Products Section. W. H. CAMERON, National Safety Council. ROBERT W. CAMPBELL, Past President. T. H. CARROW, American Railway Association. ROBERT 1. CATLIN, Aetna Casualty & Surety Company. ]. E. CULLINEY, Bethlehem, Steel Company, LEWIS A. DEBLOIS, Past President. MARCUS A. Dow, Past President. D D. FENNELL, Consulting Engineer. D. L. FF.NNF.U., Kansas City Safety Council. CAPT. E. W. FISKF., JR., Marine Section. R. B. FORTUlN, Lehigh Valley Safety Council. HARRY GUILBERT, The Pullman Company. MF.RLE C. HAI.F:; Automotive & Machine Shop Section. G. T. HEI.LMUTH, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee Railroad Co. HON. HAROLD G. HOFFMAN, Street & Highway Traffic Section. THOMAS P. KEARNS, Industrial Commission of Ohio. WALTF.R G. KING, Past President. 4 I I o/fiC('TS alld lJiYl'cloYS 5 J FRANKLIN M. KREMI., Evanston Safety Council. JOHN E. LONG, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp. Tllos. H. MACDONALD, United States Department of Agriculture. E. J. MEIIREN, Portland Cement Association. I. W. MILLARD, Accident Prevention Manufacturers' Section. HAROLD L. MINER, E. I. duPont de Nelllours & Co., Inc. ARTHUR T. MOREY, Past President. LEW R. PALMER, Past President. C. E. PETTIBONE, Past President. C. E. RALSTON, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council. i ALBERT S. REGULA, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. LT. COL. H. A. RENINGER, Past Presidel~ GEORGE E. SANFORIl, General Eletcric Company. ROBERT L. SCHMITT, Louisville Safety Council. HARRY A. SClIlil.TZ, United States Steel Corporation. CHARLES B. SCOTT, Past President. LESTER D. SEYMOUR, Aeronautical Section. C. W. SMITH, Standard Oil Company (Indiana). W ALTER DENT SMITH, Delaware Safety Council. R. T. SOLENSTEN, Elliott Service Company. CI.ARENCE P. TAYLOR, Massachusetts Safety COllncil. C. P. TOLMAN, Past President. J. A. Voss, Metals Section t GEORGE H. WARFEL, Union Pacific Railroad Company. DR. C. H. WATSON, American Telephone & Telegraph Company, l A. W. WTIITNEY, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. W. E. WORTH, International Harvester Company. ARTHUR H. YOUNG, Past President. DIRECTORS (1934-1935) FRImERICK ARClIER, Child Education Section. WILLIAM F. ARDERN, Safety Div., Milwaukee Association of Commerce. A. L. ARMSTRONG, Eastman Kodak Company. WILLIAM H. BAKER, Quarry Section. J. I. BANASH, Consulting Engineer. t H. D. BANTA, Paper & Pulp Section. ERNEST W. BECK, United States Rubber Products, Inc. i- W. A. BENNETT, Worcester Safety Council. I C. W. BERGQUIST, Western EI('ctric Company. DAVIn S. BEVER, Liherty Mutual Insurance Company. E. F. BLANK, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. C F. BORKIlNIIAGEN, Kenosha Safety Counicl. F. W. BRAUN, Wood Products Section. COL. PIIII. H. TlROCKMAN. St. Louis Safety Coundl. PRESTON n. CALI.UM, Baltimore Safety Council. W. H. CAMERON, National Safety Council. T. J. CARNF.Y, Chicago Safety Council. t T. H. CARROW, American Railway Association. t 6 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress-National Safety Council ROBERT I. CATLIN, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. CARL C. CLEMENTS, Refrigeration Section. ROSCOE D. CONLIN, Rahway Safety Council. H. HERBERT CORSON, Safety Dept., Nashville Chamher of Commerce. ]. E. CUU.INEV, Bethlehem Steel Company. EDWARD DANA, Boston Elevated Railway. E. A. DAVIDSON, Consulting Engineer. RICHARD H. DAVIS, Blackstone Valley Safety Council. CHARLES D. DAWSON, Grand Rapids Safety Council. LEWIS A. DEBLOIS, Consulting Engineer. JAY E. DECKER, Mason City Safety Council. JAMES B. DOUGLAS, The Philadelphia Gas Works Company. LOUIS 1. DUBLIN, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. CHARLES H. EAMES, Textile Section. D. D. FENNELL, Consulting Engineer. D. L. FENNELL, Kansas City Safety Council. DONALD A. FINKREINER, Toledo Safety Council. CAPT. E. W. FISKE, JR., Marine Section. HOWARD R. FONDA, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U. S. A.) Inc. R. B FORTUIN, Lehigh Valley Safety Council. E. N. GOLDSTINE, Construction Section. OTHO M. GRAVES, The General Crushed Stone Co. 'HARRV GUILBERT, The Pullman Company. ISAIAH HALE, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. MERLE C. HALE, Automotive & Machine Shop Section. MAJOR BOLLING H. HANDY, Richmollfl Safety Council. D. T. HARRINGTON, United States Bureau of Mines. G. T. HFUMUTH, Chicagofi North Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. CIIAS. E. HU.I., New York Central Lines. HON. HAROLD G. HOFFMAN, Street & Highway Traffic Section. CLAUDE]. HOLDING, Albany Safety Council. JULIUS W. HORRE, Hudson County Safety Council. HARRY D. IMMEl" Pennsylvania Dept. of Lahor & Iudustry. LEX Jr.NSF.N, Rerkclcy Traffic Safety Commission. EIIGAR P. KARLE, York County Safety Council. THOMAS P. KEARNS, Industrial Commission of Ohio. K. T. KELI.F.R, Detroit Industrial Safety Council. IRA V. KEPNER, Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. E. J. KRF.II, Puhlic Utilities Section. FRANKUN M. KREML. Evanston Safety Council. C. L. LAFOUNTAINE, Great Northern Railway Co. FRANK J. LANAHAN, Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Co. JOlIN LAUERMAN, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Section. SIMON LA7.ARI1S, Safety Council, Columhus (Ohio) Chamber of Commerce. JOSEPH LlLI.lCll, Rochester Safety Council. DR. R. M. LlTTLF., New York Department of Education. G. O. LocKWOOD, Petroleum Section. ]. E. LoNG, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp. W. R. LoYD, Safety Div., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce. o!ficers alld nrcctors 7 f A. E. LUNDSTEADT, Delivery, Taxicab & Rus Section. THOS. H. MAc!loNALI>, Unite,l States Ilepartment of Agriculture. L. T. McARTHUR, Peoria Safety Council. MII.I.FOR MCCLINTOCK, Harvard University. T. H. McKENNEY, Illinois Steel Company, South Works. A. D. MCWHORTER, Safety Div., Memphi. ('hamher of Commerce. H. T. MARTIN, Fisk Ruhher Company. J. O. MARTIN, Employees' Puhlication Section. F. W. MATSON, Minnesota Safety Coullcil. E. J. MEIIREN, Portland Cement Association. T. O. MEISNER, Power Press Section. f WM. G. METZGER, Mining Section. 1 I. W. MIl.l.ARD, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section. ..l. HAROl.D L. MINER, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc. HENRV J. MINElIR, Elizaheth Saftoty Council. LAWRENCE M. MOORE, Easthay Safety Council. R. B. MORl.EV, Industrial Acci,lent Prevention Associations. JOHN A. OARn:I., Carnegie Steel Company, GEORGE C. A. OPP, The Detroit Edison Company. LEW R. PALMER, Equitahle Life Assurance Society. JOHN C. PARKF.R, Brooklyn Safety Council. DAVID A. PATTON, Newark Safety Council. C. E. PETTInONE, American Mutual Liability Insurance Company. ~ GEN. GEORGE B. PH.LSBURV, \Var Department. ]. B. POWER, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council. i C. E. RAl.STON, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council. ALBERT S. REGULA, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. LT. COL. HENRV A. HENINGER, Lehigh Portlan,l Cement Company. MARINUS RITER, Paterson Safety Council. G. E. SANFORD, General Eletcric Company. HENRV G. SCHAFFNER, Erie Safety Council. T. A. SCHENDEL, Food Section. ROBERT L. SCHMITT, Louisville Safety Council. H. V. SCIIREIRF.R, Transit Section. HARRV A. SCIIIJ!:I'Z, United States Steel Corporation. CHARLES R. SCOTT, Bureau of Safety, Inc. t LESTER D. SEVMOUR, Aeronautical Section. t EARL S. SHART7.ER, Utica Safety Council. RAV H. SHEETS, Madison County Safety Council. DR. L. A. SIIOUDY, Bethlehem Steel Company. ERNEST L. SIMONDS, New Haven Safety Council. LEI! E. SKEFL, Cleveland Safety Council. C. W. SMITH, Standard Oil Company (Indiana). W ALTER DENT SMITH, Delaware Safety COllncil. R. T. SOLENSTEN, Elliott Service Company. E. C. SPRING, Lansdale, Pa. GEORGE R. STEPHENS, Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber of Commerce. l' LucIUS S. STORRS, United Railways & Electric Co. 1" ~ 8 Twellty-third .111111101 Safety COlliJrl'ss-Natiollol Safety C01t1lcil DR. F. M. SULZMAN, Troy Safety Council. ALFRED H. SWAYNE, General Motors Corporation. CLARENCE P. TAYLOR, Massachusetts Safety Council. ARTHUR M. TOilE, Consulting Marine Engineer. W. W. TRENCH, Schenectady Safety Council. W. D. TURBEVILJ.F~ San Antonio Safety Council. J. A. Voss, Metals Section. H. A. W ALKF.R, Rubber Section. GEORGE H. WARFEL, Union Pacific Railroad Company. DR. CASSIUS H. WATSON, American Telephone & Telegraph Company. HARRY M. WEBBER, Illinois Bell Telephone Company. ALBERT C. WHITE, JR., Springfield Safety Council. S. E. WHITING, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. A. W. WHITNEY, National Bureau of Casualty & Snrety Underwriters. W. H. WINANS, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. DR. C.-E. A. WINSLOW, Yale Medical School. HARRY WISE, SR., Chattanooga Safety Council. J. M. WOLTZ, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. W. E. WORTH, International Harvester Company. E. J. ZAUFT, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce. EARL W. ZIMMF.RMAN. Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce. J. B. ZOOK, Cement Section. Council Purposes and Policies The fundamental purpose of the National Safety Council is to conserve human life. It seeks this goal through a ('onti1luous campaign of acci<l(,1It preventiolI that is nationwide in SCIIPt', appli., to all lillt's of hazardous aftivity, and directly or indi- rectly reaches our entire citizenry. It is a non-profit organization non-sectarian, and free from political affiliations. Since its organization in 1913, it has won respect as an essential national institution. Inseparable from accident prevention is the Council's work in improving health conditions and preventing vocational diseases in American industry. f Today there are 4,O()() members, representing every state in the Union, and many of the Canadian Provinces. There are 400 foreign memhers. The membership includes industrial corporations, firms, individuals, public officials, schools, chambers t of commerce. clubs and civic organizations. About 70 per cent are in<lustrial con- cerns, including the hig steel companies, the oil companies, most of the railroads in the United States, the automotive industry, :tn<l others of outstanding importance in our national industrial field. Origin and Growth The history of the Council is an absorhing story. Unfortunately it cannot be detailed here. Suffice to say that the First Co-Operative Safety Congress was held under auspices of the Association of I ron and Steel Electrical Engineers in Milwaukee. in 1912, and, as a result, the National Safety Council was organized in New York the following year with fourteen memhers. During the first year the membership increased to 971. The pioneers of American safety went to work on the sound premise that accidents were an unnecessary part of our social order and that through application of proper reme(lial measures they could he avoide<l. They set about to nationalize this theory, and to develop the detaile!1 methods and materials through which accident, could he prevented. The memhers of tIl!' organization now are more than ever convince<l that accidents are unnecessary an<l that they can he and are heing prevented. Striking examples of reductions in many different fields prove this contention. Results of Organized Safety Since the National Safety Council was organized in 1913, the national accident death rate in all fields excepting motor vehicle has heen reduced 42 per cent. The motor vehicle acci<lent prohlem continues to he a serious one. While there was a slight decline in fatalities in 1932-the first drop that ever occurred--1933 witnesse<l a slight increase, and the rise has heen so accentuated during the first three-quarters f of 1934 that the year will probahly represent a newall-time high. Better-thanaverage results in motor vehicle safety have heen achieve<l among school children, in commercial vehicle fleets, in states with properly administered drivers license (' laws and in cities wtih an effective community safety organization. These hright spots indicate that the national prohlem can he solve<l hy a careful study and appli- cation of the methods which have already prodnced resnlts. The National Safety Council was started as an in<lustrial safety organization and the best results arc to he expected in this field. Here spectacular achievements have heen made. The steam railroads. for instance. have re<luced the accident rate among employees 75 per cent during the past ten years. A group of our largest steel industries have cut their acci,lents 90 per cent since 1913. Every year, scores of industrial estahlishments ~o through the entire year without a single disabling injury among their employees. Along with these reductions the whole psychology of acci<lents has changed. Employer and employee hoth look at the proposition from a <Ii fferent viewpoint than they did some two dera,les ago. Acci<lcnts now are really out of date. In many f Q 1 I 1 22 Twellty-third AIIllual Safety COllgress-National Safety COUI/cit WHEREAS, there is such pressing need for prompt executive action to put these measures into effect and stop these needless tragedies; THEREFORE BE IT I{ESOLVED: That the National Safety Council respectfully urges the President of the United States to call the Governors of the several States into conference as early in the new year as practicahle, to lay be fore them the seriousness of the situation, the remedies which have been developed for correcting these conditions and the necessity for prompt and united action in all the States to adopt and more energetically carryon an effective program for the protection of life and limb on our streets and highways. By formal motion, and by a rising vote, the entire audience of delegates and guests approved this action of the Council Executive Committee. Following this, Lt.-CoL Reninger read the following letter received from the President of the United States: THE WHITE HOUSE My dear Mr. Long: WASHINGTON September 27, 1934 I wish to extend to the memhers of the National Safety Council, in session at the twenty-third Annual Safety Conference, my most cordial greetings and my heartiest good wishes for the success or your endeavors. The fact that you are concerning yourselves with saving life, that you are keeping in view human values and personal security commends your program to the entire country. I am greatly impressed and pleased with the constructive steps already taken toward the elimination of accidents, especially highway disasters, which, hecause avoidable, are douhly tragic. This is a problem which we must attack with the utmost energy and persistence. Ultimately we may expect to reach the solution of highway safety, provided complete cooperation on the part of all citiz('ns is given to concerted efforts of groups such as yours. At present the rising toll of fatalities on roads and city thoroughfares indicates in a manner all too grim that we are still far from the goal. American automotive developments and our unequalled system of highway cpm munications which have given signal contributions to our convenience, pleasure, and commerce, must not he permitted to devolve into instruments of death and disaster. I assure you of my keen personal interest in your efforts and commend your splendid program to induce cooperation among every citizen in our nation with the movement looking to the prevention of needless fatalities--a drain upon our most precious natural resource which must be ended. Very sincerely yours, FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. Mr. John E. Long, President, National Safety Council, c/o Cleveland Hotel, Cleveland, Ohio. President John E. Long then aros(' and introduced Mr. Harold G. Hoffman, Commissioner of Motor Vehicles of New. Jersey, who presided as Toastmaster. His witty intrmlut'tion of the speaker of the evening, Dr. John L. Davis, of New York City, was highly appreciated by the big audience; and was only surpassed, perhaps, hy th(' brilliant address of Dr. Davis, himself. Dr. Davis was listed in the program to speak on "The Spirit of America." Despite this handicap, he seized the opportunity to present a highly popular monologue-so popular in fact that his success mounted steadily throughout the ev('ning; and it was readily aRreed, after an hilarious session, that no hanquet of the Council had approached this for many a year. ADJOURNMENT i I TwnNTV-TIIIl<lI ANNUAL SAFnTY CONGRESS l o NAT] () N A I, SA FliT yeO UN elL Dust in Industry i i r ~ FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5, 1934 The session devoted to a discussion of ])ust in Industry was called to order by Dr. E. G. Meiter, Director, Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Milwaukee, who presided. Dr. Meiter briefly welcomed the delegates amI then introduced the first speaker. Types of Dust That Cause Occupational Diseases By LEROY U. GARDNER, M.D. Director, Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, of the Edward L. Trudeau Foundation, Saranac Lake, N. Y. The speaker said in part: Experience has demonstrated that the lung tissues can tolerate very large amounts of most kinds of foreign dust particles without serious interference with function. The lung may he intensely pigmented by colored dusts with no evidence that respiration is impaired. But dusts composed, in whole or in part, of silica have been shown to be dangerous because they stimulate 'the growth of the connective tissues of the lungs and hring about the formation of scar tissue. This destroys the normal elasticity of the organ which is necessary for respiration and it thickens the del icate membranes so that a free interchange 01 gasses is impeded. Fortunately, these results only follow the prolonged inhalation of very large quantities of silica. Experiments have demonstrated that the injection of silica into the tissues 01 animals kills the cells where the suhstance lodges and excites an inflammation. When healing takes place a very dense and characteristic kiud of scar tissue forms. Most non-siliceous dusts produce no inflammation ami very little scar. It has been shown that such chan~{es do not follow the injection of silica unless' the particles are very fine, three microns or less in diameter, and unless enough of them localize in one area. With larger part ieles the rate of r('action is so slow that little change oc,'urs within a year. As a gl'lleral rule. till' fincr the partieles. the more rapid the "ellular response. The reaction to finc silica hegins within four or five hours and it continues for a period of years. If the silica is combined with hases in the form of silicates. it rarely produces such active and progressive changes. The silicate of magnesium. ashestos, does cause the formation of scar 1issue in {'xperimental anilllais an(l in the human lung, hut most other silicates are not generally ,-{'cognin(1 as irritating. Recently it has been claimed that a hydrated silicate of aluminum and potassium, called sericite, is responsihle for 1I10st of the cases of silic.osis. This silicate, a transformed feldspar, is often associated with quartz and it has been identified in the lungs of persons suf 23 , . 24 Twenty-third Allnual Safety Congress-National Safety COUllcil fering from silicosis. However, at least two types of sericite have failed to excite significant changes when injected into animals. Experiments with this substance are still in progress. Kaolin, an alumino-silicate of potash, has also produced quite characteristic changes in the lungs of rabbits. But our present knowledge does not permit us to assume that silicates as a class will produce serious tissue damage. },lost observers now believe that uncombined silica, or quartz, is poisonous to the tissues because it is slowly dissolved in the Auids of the body. Certainly the majority of the experimental observations suggest a chemical injury, but it is difficult to Wlderstand how enough of such an insoluble substance as quartz could he dissolved within eight hours to produce a well marked, acute inAammation. If solubility were the only factor one should discover a more active response after the injection of th(" more readily soluble silicates, but such is not tbe case. Formerly it was hdd that silica produced its effect mechanically. The hard sharp quartz particles were heliev("ci to ahraid the lung surfaces and excite the formation of scar tissue as a manifestation of healing. This theory is no longer tenilhle for when animals are injectNI with other hard, sharp particles like diamond, carhorundum or aluminum oxide. there is no inAammation and practically no formation of scar tissue. Ultimately it may he shown that the irritation of sil ica is .Ine to some unrecol!;niz("d property possibly relaterl to its atomic structure. When quartz particles are inhaled they produce three sp("cific effects which are not excited by any other type of dust yet studied. They alter the hehavior of the pulmonary phagocytes; they stimulate the formation of circumscribed nodules of scar tissue; and they subsequently increase the susceptibility of the lung to infection, especially tuberculous infection. Phagocytes that ingest too many quartz particles are killed by this irritating substance. As the cells die they liberate their burden and several new phagocytes come out to take it up again. By a repetition of this process enough phagocytes accumulate so that many of them ingest only a few particles. Under such circumstances the stimulus is not strong enough. to kill hut merely accelerates the motility of the cells. They naturally tend to leave the air spaces. enter the lymphatic vessels and accumulate in the lymph nodes. This process hecomes more rapid under the inAuence of the irritating silica and very considerahle numhers of particles are consequently localized in the nodes. After six or eight years th(" quartz in the nodes has caused a marked overgrowth of the fihrous ("I("ments in these structures. Ultimately the reaction develops to such an extent that the node is entirely replaced hy a mass of coarse, glassy scar tIssue fibres, often several times as large as the original node. Such nodules encroach upon and cOlllpress the lymphatic vessels. The drainage system of the lung is choked and effect ive removal of subsetluently inhaled dust is gradually diminished. Dust now accumulates around the lymph vessels and sheets of scar tissue develop in this location. These preliminary changes do not constitute the disease, silicosis; they involve only the lymphatic system. The respiratory tissues are not appreciably affected. In good stero X-ray films these preliminary changes may he visualized as a thickening and beading of the shadows cast by the blood vessels together with a widening of the shadow of the root of the lung. The blood vessels are thickened hecause the most important lymphatic vl"ssels course through their walls. The beading is due to the minute nooules of silicotic scar tissue in the lymph nodes within the lung. The root shadow is widened hecause of the silicotic reaction in the lymph nodes in this locat ion. If still more ,lust is inhaled it can no longer he effectively carried off through the lymph vessels. The phagocytes now carry it into the walls of the air spaces. Often the cells group themselves in nodules hut sometimes they are scattered. In these locations the silica again stimulates the formation of scar tissue. The result is a general thickening of the septa between the spaces and nodulation throughout the functional portion of the lung. This change seriously interferes with function as interchange of gas cannot take place through the thickened walls of the air spaces and the tissues lose their normal elasticity. Less involved air spaces dilate and their walls stretch, producing the condition known as emphysema. which is also incompatible with effective respiration. With the formation of silicotic nodull"s in the functioning parts of the lung the l I l ~ I r /111,1'/ ill Indllstry 25 disease, silicosis, is said to begin. On the X-ray fillll such nodules cast clear cut, round shadows. As they increase in 11t1lnber and size they blot out the formerly accentuated linear shadows of the hlood vessels. In a well marked case both lung fields may be thickly seeded with hllndrcds of such sharply defined. rounded, nodular shadows. Where there is elllphysema, often at the hases, no markings are visible and the film appears black. The condition of sil icosis is a progres<ive one ami it continues to develop after a man has left his dusty occupation. Serious results only follow. however, when he leaves with many nodules in the lung tissue itself. As such nodules increase in size they replace important functional elements. Ohviously the continued growth ot only a few nodules situated ill the lymphatic system could have little effect other than to increase the ohstruction already present. The serious part of silicosis is its fre'luent complication hy tuherculosis. This may arise from reactivation of a pre-existant latent infection or it may result from a new infection from without. The danger of infection increases with the amount of silicosis present. The cOllrse of the' infection in the silicotic is usually chronic and it often fails to produce characteristic symptoms for months or years after its onset. Many times it is accidentally discovered in routine X-ray examination of groups of active workmen. However. evidences of ,lisahility are much more marked in silicotic individuals with infection than in those with uncomplicated disease. Occasionally tuberculosis may run a very acute course in the silicotic subject but this is also true in other persons. The cause of the susceptibility of the silicotic lung to tuberculosis is not perfectly understoo.l, but it woul.1 seem that the action of the silica on the tissues creates a medium favorahle for the growth of the bacteria. The tubercle hacilli multiply and a slowly progressive tissue reaction ensues, but the usual clinical symptoms of tuherculosis are often held in abeyance for a long time because the chances for absorption of poisonous products of infection are minimized by the obstructed lymphatic system. It is also possihle that some of these poisons may be absorhed on the sil ica particles, as Cummins has suggested. Ultimately the infection gains the upper hand, symptoms develop and death from tuber- culosis ensues. The only other type of dust which is generally rerognize,l as a cause of severe pulmonary injury is ashestos, a silicate of magnesium. This suhstance is fibrous in character and is more readily soluhle than quartz. Apparently the protective upper respiratory mechanisms seem inadequate to prevent the inhalation of many stich fihres and even quite long ones may penetrate into the finer hronchial tuhes. These structures have irregularities in their walls which seem to hold the fibrous dusts. In this location the asbestos particles are surrounded and ingested by phagocytes. The cells do not seem to be particularly irritated for they are not especially numerous nor do they migrate rapidly into clumps as in the case of phagocytes dealing with quartz. Apparently most of them carry their hurden of asbestos fragments directly into the walls of the tuhes in which they lie. The mildly irritating dust sets up a proliferation of the connective tissue cells in the walls resulting in collar-like thickening of the tuhes. Contraction of the new connective tissue narrows or closes the tuhe and therehy ,;huts olT the ingress of air to the more peripheral air spaces. These spaces then collapse. a condition known as atelectasis. This in itself is a cause of fihrosis or srarring of lung tissue. The result is a fibrosis of numerous relatively small areas in tlw hll1g due tn the collar-like constricting fibrosis about many small terminal hronchial tuhes. The lymphatic system seems to play little part in disposing of ashestos dust and very insignificant amounts of this dust are found in the lymph nodes. Not a few cases of ashes\<"is die of tlllwrclIlnsis or bronchopneumonia hut the prevalence of the former infection is prohably mnch less common than in silicosis. Surveys of large groups of ashestos workers fail to reveal such a high incidence of tuherculosis as found in similar studies on silica workers. The inhalation of unusual amounts of non-siliceous dusts apparently fails to pro- duce significant alterations in the lung. It is of course possihle that injurious ones may ultimately he discovered, hut none are recognized today. The non-siliceous particles enter the lung and arc ingested by phagocytes as in the case of quartz. The cells are not stimulated to move very rapirlly and as a consequence many of them remain within the air spaces for a long time. Some, particularly those con- -~---- -- 26 Twenty-third Anllltal Safety Congress-National Safety Council taining relatively few particles, make their way into the lymphatic system and accumulate in the lymph nodcs. In sutlicicnt concentration, or perhaps because they are mixed with small amuunts of silica, they set up a low grade, nun-prugressive chrunic inflammation. But this reaction results only in a little thickening in the lymph nodes and about the lymphatic vessels. The lung tissue may be variously pigmcnted, black from coal or red from iron, but there is no formation of scar tissue that interferes with function. The susceptibility to tuherculosis of the person with such pigmentation is not increased but it is apparently quite definite that pneumonia is unduly prevalent in coal miners and that chronic bronchitis results from the inhalation of cement The X-ray films of men working in non-siliceous dusts shows either nothing at all or a more or less marked accentuation of the linear shadows cast by the blood vessels_ This, of course, is due to the chronic inflammatory changes about the lymphatic trunks in walls of blood vessels. The effects of mixtures of free silica and non-siliceous materials are less clearly defined and should receive more serious attention_ It would seem unwise to assume, as has been done in the past, that the non-siliceous substances serve only as inert diluents and that only the quartz component of a dust is of significance. Experimental and ciinical data are accumulating which suggest that at least some other dusts may materially modify the action of quartz, both in its capacity to prodnce nodular fibrosis in the lungs and to increase the susceptibility to tuberculosis. For example, animals inhaling heavy concentrations of a mixture of e'lual parts of pure silica and hematite dust for eight hours a day over a period of 14 months have shown not even the slightest indication of nodule formation in the lung, whereas pure quartz dust, inhaled for only two hours a day, produces definite nodulation. It also seems to be true that animals inhaling such a mixture are much less susceptible to tuberculosis than those exposed to pure quartz. In the case of the human iron miner, some lungs show definite silicotic nodulation, others only a very few nodules and many no nodules at all. All exhibit heavy deposits of iron particles with a cellular connective tissue reaction. When these findings can be correlated with chemical analysis of the lung tissues and the approximate amount of rock work which these miners have performed, some relationship between the exposure to silica and the fibrous nodule formation may he estahlished. Tuherculosis in these iron miners is apparently less prevalent and much less severe than in n1<'n exposed to pure silica_ What has heen said of iron miners is also probably true of foundry workers and coal miners. It is generally accepted that men in the latter occupation have less tuberculosis than the average for the age period; Cummins helieves that they have the infection hut that it is so atypical and henign in its manifestations that it escapes diagnosis_ Mention should also be made of mixed dusts like certain slates and granite containing large amounts of free silica in combination with silicates. Experimentally these suhstances behave atypically and do not produce nodular fibrosis unless there is complicating infection. The same may also be true in human heings. Unquestionably such dusts are capahle of producing typical silicotic nodules and they Jlredispose to tuberculosis. From a theoretical standpoint they should receive much more intensive study to clarify our views on the whole suhject_ At the present time it appears that the action of their quartz component is modified and partially neutralized by the other suhstances which they contain_ Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed to Dust By STUART W. GURNEY and DAVID S. BEYER Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. Boston The speaker said in part: A numher of our states have had references to dust elimination in their lahor laws for a good many years, hut no state has as yet thoroughly enforced these laws. The coOes of five states which we investigated provide that grinding. huffing and polishing wheels should be exhausted. although two of the states exempt from these provisions wheels on which water is used. lJust in Industry 27 This seems ill-advised, since a study of wet and dry grinding in Connecticut by \Vinslow and (;reenlmrg has shown that the application of water does not by any means eliminate the dust hazard. It may he remarked that, with everything else equal, a high static suction will give a higher velocity at the point of origin of the dust, fume or gas than a low 'one; but this alone is not a measure of the effectiveness of any exhaust system. Wisconsin has adopted the principle of specifying a limit to the number of dust particles of respirable size per cubic foot of air. After all, this is what we are primarily interested in, to keep the dust contamination down to a point where it will not be harmful. These variations and conflicting provisions in state codes merely reflect the gen- eral lack of authoritative standards. It is accordingly fortunate that definite steps are now heing taken by the American Standards Association to develop the proper hasis for such codes. There arc two committees working on this problem; the Ventilation Code Committee, sponsored by the American Society of Heating & Ventilating Engineers, and the Exhaust Code Committee, sponsored by the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. It is also arranged to appoint suh-committees to take up five specific suhjects: Abrasive cleaning, chromium plating, granite cutting, rock drilling, and spray coating. Itt addition, a Suh-Committee on Fundamental Principles of Design and Operation and Maintenance of Exhaust Systems will be appointed. The two most important considerations in an cITective exhaust system are: I. Velocity of air l1ow; 2. Arrangement of the inlets (from the standpoint of near- ness to the dust source, shape, ctc.)_ Many an installation that is otherwise all right fails to remove the dust success- fully merely because there is not enough air heing drawn through the system_ In a series of tests that were conducted under actual working conditions by Theodore F_ Hatch, Department of Industrial Hygiene, Harvard School of Public Health. a machine used in dressing stone was employed, amI it was note,l that with an air flow through the hoofl of 230 cuhic feet per minute, there were over one hundred million dust particles in the surrounding air. When the air 110w was increased to a little over 250 cuhic feet per minute, the dust concentration had dropped to forty million, a marked improvement. As the air 110w was further increased, the drop in dust concentration was relatively slower, and it took a volume of ahout 380 cuhic feet per minute to hring the dust concentration down to ten or fifteen million particles per cubic foot, which was considered reasonahly safe for this type of dust. It is accordingly possible sometimes to take an installation that is not satis- factory and, if the remainder of the system is well designed, hy merely speeding up the hlower or adding a larger one, to hring about the desired results. Another very important consideration is to get the inlets of the exhaust system as close as possible to the source of the dust. The drop in efficiency as we get further away from the inlet is really surprising to one who has not studied the principles involved. It should he rememhered that if we have the open end of an exhaust pipe or air duct in operation, the air tends to flow in from all sides, even from behind the opening. As we move away from the end of the pipe, the velocity drops very rapidly, so that even at a distance of five inches from the hood the velocity may he less than 10 per cent of that right at the hood inlet. This is the most important consideration to keep in min'! and one which is frequently lost sight of in desip,-ning exhaust systems. It is not uncommon to see an exhaust inlet a few inches in diameter with which the person making the installation hoped to draw dust frottl a distance of several feet. hut the air flow even a foot or two away from the entrance to the inlet may he negligihle. Still another important consideration having to do with the design of the in!et, is the addition of a l1ange. The cITed of this flange is to cut down the air that would 110w in from hehind the opening. thns drawing it nearly all from the front. Thus the efficiency of the system is suhstantially increased and the scope of the exhaust extended appreciahly. without increasing the power consumption or otherwise adding to the expense of keeping up the systett1. Thrrf' arc also other cOIl"idcrat inns (If p{"rhap~ 1('SSPf importance. For example, air cannot be "pttllc(I" frlOm a ,listanC(' by merely directing an exhattst pipe toward the point in '1ucstiott. httt it can he "pttshed" or blown. directionally. for a consider- ! -.~ 'i'J'!.""'j:!L__- 28 Twellty-third Allllual Safety Congr{'ss-National Safety COlll/cil able distance. This principle may be used advantageously in directing the dust toward the opening of the exhaust inlet and thus getting the desired results with a lower exhaust velocity and power consumption than would be required if suction alone were depended upon. This principle has heen applied effectively in drilling material containing asbestos, where the exhaust inlet is placed at one side of the drill and a small air jet at the opposite si,le of the drill, blowing across the table: turns the particles that would fly ont from this side and directs them back Into the exhaust system. It is also being appl ied to foundry shake-out work. . Other considerations in designing exhaust systems include the elimination 01 unnecessary bends or curves, the provision of clean-out doors, and the proper construction of joints. Where there is a general ventilating installation and one or more exhaust systems, care must be taken to see that they do not conflict with each other. After an exhaust system has been installed it should be tested hy taking actual dust counts to see that the dust is really I."in1o( cut down to the desired point, and such counts shollid he taken at intervals after the installation has been made, to see that it is still functioning properly. The fact that the dust particles that canse the trouble are so small that they are invisible under ordinary conditions (less than 10 microns or 1/2500th of an inch in diameter) often makes it hard to convince the practical plant manager that there is any dust present; it also makes it impossihle to tell, without the use of special instruments, whether the completed exhaust system is actually removing the dust. It might seem like an insult to one's intelligence to say that after an exhaust system has once heen installed it should be maintained in good operating condition. However, the numerous cases one encount~rs in the plants where this obvious necessity is not carried out, indicates that it is really one of the major considerations in connection with the elimination of dust or fumes. Cases are not unknown where the blower has in some manner hecome reversed so that the air is being ejected and diffusing the dust, rather than drawing it in; other instances where the efficiency of the system has heen lowered or its value nullified by dogging up, disconnection or wearing out of the piping, etc., are all too common. One concern, of which the writers have knowledge, has a "U" tube permanently installed in one of its main exhaust systems so that the foreman or safety man can tell at a glance whether there are any changes that would indicate a break-down in the system. All such installations should have regular inspections hy some competent person as a routine part of their upkeep, It will be sufficient here to discuss respiratory equipment very hriefly. The simplest form of this equipment is the filter respirator. Such respirators have a definite value for temporary use such as sweeping up, cleaning out bins, shoveiing materials, etc., hut they require careful fitting and constant supervision to see that they are being properly used. It is our opinion, after watching the sincere efforts in a numher of plants to enforce the use of these respirators, that it is rather impracticable to require them to be used on full-time operation. One notices the men, under these conditions, surreptitiously pushing the respirator aside and gasping in free air like a fish 'out of water. Certainly, if they are to be used any considerable length of time, frequent rest periods should he allowed where the men can get out into the free air for a few minutes refreshment. There are also the large air-fed helm~ts, with which most of us are familiar. used for sandhlasting, etc., which have heen carried to a high state of perfection for the purposes to which they are adapted. We believe, however, that much more use could be made advantageously of the type of apparatus that lies midway between the filter respirator and the air-fed helmet, namely, the light, air-fed respirator which covers the nose and mouth and leaves the rest of the face exposed. With a light hose attachment, this device offers considerable freedom of movement, and if air outlets were supplied so the hose could be quickly transferred from one outlet to another it would seem to be practicable to use them over a considerable area. They afford the advantages of a pure air supply without excessive weight and without the restriction to hreathing that is imposed hy the filter respirator. I ~ , ~ ~ I i ~ J'----- lJust ill Industry 29 The Medical Supervision of Workers Exposed to Dust By W. j. McCONNELL, M.D. Assistant Medical Director, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York City The speaker said in part: The harmfulness of dusts varies widely in accordance with the physical and chemical natures of each individual suhstance. Certain dusts are soluble or slightly soluhle in the hody fluids and their harmful effects are proportional to the toxicity of the compounds formed. Lead, mercury, and arsenic are examples of poisonous dust. Other ,lusts exert their harmful effects locally on the skin and mucous IlIl'mhranes and through irritation to the respiratory passages. Chronic acid and alkalies arc examples. Attention recently has been called to the probably harmful elkct of dusts arising from radio-active ores. A fou~th group of dusts which are in.,oluhle or very difficultly soluble in the body flui,ls may initiate harmful pathological lung conditions. These may he suhdivided into non-fibrosis and fibrosis producing dusts. '1'he organic dusts, mainly the vegetahle fihers, such as cotton, jute, hemp, etc., are non-fihrosis producing dusts. The fibrosis producing dusts are limited, so far as we have evidence, to a few of the inorganic mineral dusts, such as free silica, crystalline silicon, quartz, and certain combined silicates. Of the fibrosis producing dusts, those having a high percentage of free silica are admittedly the most important hecause exposure over a periO!I of years to such dusts distinctly predisposes the individual to tuberculosis. The effectiveness of dust control nlCasur<'s in preventing ,Iiseases produced by dusts can he d"'ermined only by carefnl physical examination of the workers so exposed under tlw guidance of competent tnedical supervision. The henefits which accrue to the empll)),,'r and employee, alike, as a result of the physical examination of all applirants for empl"ynH'nt, as well a< periodical f'xamination "f those already engaged, would indicate very careful consideration hy industry of a program for control of sirkness. Such a procedure protects the employer from engaging an applicant already physically or mentally impaired who later may claim disability for a condition either not associated with employment or contracted during a previous employment. The applicant's physical amI mental condition is established and by keeping record of his subsequent illnesses and accidents, the question of responsibility for injuries and sickness need never arise. The applicant is protected from engaging in work for which he is physically ill adapted which, if undertaken, might easily bring about serious impairment of his health. For example, an applicant with an arrested tuherculosis who seeks work in a certain dusty occupation, if allowed to engage in such work might readily convert an inactive tuberculosis into an active one; thereby endaugering life or at least seriously impairing the applicant's future efficiency and earning capacity. Whereas the same applicant if assigned to a position that involves no such exposure, might be expected to continue for years as a useful and productive workman. The examination of applicants for employment likewise protects those that are already employed from the risks of comntunicahle diseases such as tuberculosis and various acute respiratory au,l other infections heing introduced into their midst hy a new applicant. Many of the younger individuals who seek employnlCnt have never hefore received a thorough physical examination ali<I consequently are unaware of the defects from which they sufTer. As a result of physical examinations, many defects are located which may he remove'I or corrected hefore they have cause,l irreparable damage, therehy increasing the efficiency of the worker and often averting definite aud finally chronic diseases. Furthermore, incipient tuherculosis. unsuspected dis- eases of the heart, kidneys, and a host of other disease, of a similar nature, are discovered and the applicant referre,1 for proper medical care and treatment which otherwise might have heen postponed until too late. Of even more importance than the initial physical examination of applicants is the periodic examination and care of old employees hy an industry. Such a procedure serves to check the efficiency of preventive measures !1esigned to prevent occupational diseases. Tt offers the most effective way of controlling the health of ',;~~l:i~o\!4~;,c" ;.~."'~IJ4~/~,,~i"I:: "'.' -'~ ''1'' l'i!'./" 30 Twenty-third Amlllai Safety Congress-National Safety Council large groups of workers by discovering early not only occupational diseases, but many other conditions that go undiscovered until the worker is acutely ill or becomes disabled. If the various contagious conditions go unrecognized others become infected, thereby causing serious economic loss, as well as endangering the health of a group of individuals. The information obtained from physical examinations affords the mt'dical supervisor the opportunity to make certain that employees are engaged in suitahl.. work out of which they are getting maximum results, to correct the effects of unrlue exposure to harmful environmental conditions, and generally to lessen all occupational hazards. As a public health rnea~ure, it is impossible to over-estimate the value of periodic examinations in estahlishing interest in sickness prevention. The set-up of a proper program for medical control of workers exposed to dust depends upon the number of employees invol ved al1(l individual plant conditions. A series of ai-tiries uncler the title of "The Medical Department Mannal" hy Dr. Ifart E. Fisher. appcaring ill current 11ltl11ll('r~ of "Industrial MC'ciicil1(,," Rives a comprehensive accoullt of flIt' org<llliza1ioll alld operation of a medical dt'p.utllwnt. 1. The estahli,hlllcnt of a mcdical dcpartment with adequate facilities and m~d iral personnd who have qualifiecl in the fielcl of industrial medicin... A process analysis of all operations in the plant should he made ancl the medical supervisor should list all pO'5ihle health hazards and familiari.ze himself with their physiological effects. If necessary, he should conduct research studies to determine the harmful effects of new suhstances introduced into plant processes about which little is known. In cooperation with other departments, he should investigate the extent of the hazards and devise measnres of contro\. 2. The rontine examination of all applicants for employment. The procedure should include a detailed history of the applicant's previous illnesses and accidenU classified under (a) di,cases of childho(]I!, (h) general infectious diseases. (cl respiratory diseases. (d) venereal diseases, and (e) a~ci(lents ami resnlting physical defects. A detailer! history of previons o(Tnpations ('ngaged in is very important. A mere statement of the type of indnstry in which the applicant was engagerl 'has slight value, if any, 'The exact duties performerl in each occnpation should he noted and information ascertained as to the prohahle leng'lh of expo.ure to hazardous suhstances. i\ fter the history has h<'en laken and a photograph for identifica' tion purposes (if part of routine) is ma(le, the applicant shoulcl he directecl 10 the examining room where he is instructed to remove his clothing for physical examination. This examination should he made as complete as is considerecl necessary to determine the applicant's physical condition. If the applicant I"" heen or will he .. xposer! to dusts which indnce hlllg dis eases, an X-ray picture of the ~h('st is an important part of tl,.. ('xamination. This part of the {'xaminalion may he referred to an experieucel! roentgenelogist, as the value of this nWlhod of diagnosis depends npon the Iype of pictnres takt'n and the experience of Ihe reacler who interprels them. The examining physician also may need additional informalion ohlainccl h.v lahoratory analyses of the hlood. sputum, and the urine. These aids 10 dia,gnosis shonlr! he provilled or made avail able when desirable. 3. Tht'! rating ami Jlla~em('nt of applicants. In cooperation with the personnel department, the applicant should he rated amI pla~ed. not only on his training and past experiences, hilt also nn his physical anel mental ahiliti('s 10 fill vacancies occ"rring from time In time. The recoccl of his physical and mental examination shoulel be the ~onfirlenlial pronerty of the merli..al departmenl. 4. Peric"li..al ph)',i<,,,1 ('xanlinations, The fre'lnency of perinclical ..xamination. ne~essarily nn"t clep"'I<1 npon inelivicillal circllmstances a~~orllillg- to the neer! for ~uch examinalions as determincd hv the sllpervising phvsician. Where phvsical examinations are mad.. for Ihe first lime, Ihe employees of long stanllin!! shou"l he Il'iven ample explanation of the henefits of sllch examinalions anll hc given assur ances that their inh. are 'ecllre. 5. Provision for Ihe <ii,"hlecl. Fmplnvees who develop clisahilities clnrin!! the cOllrse of emplovnll'llt ,hcl1lc1 he re-assi!!,wcl 10 occupations which will not interfere with or aggravate til(' c!iqhililv. or they shonlr! he provider! for in other ways. An.rmIRNMHNT T WEN T Y - T l! J H J) ANN U A I. SA 'i E T Y CON G R R S S NATIONAL SAI'IiTY COUNCIL o Fire Prevention I THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 4, 1934 The Fire Prevention Session convened in the Statler Hotel with Chairman Harold L. Miner, Manager, Safety and Fire Protcdion Division, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., \Yilmington, Delaware. presiding. After hriefly welcoming the delegates, Chairman Miner introduced the first speaker. How Home Fires Are Caused By R. B. CRISWELL Ohio Inspection Bureau, Columbus, Ohio Speaking extemporall('onsly, Mr. Criswell gave a demonstration "f Ihe devil'~s employed and the arguments ;I<lvanl'<'cl hy himself anel "Ihl'r 1I1l1I11,..rs of the OhIO Inspection Bureau in bring-illg to the attention of school children the serious hazards of flammahle substances in the hcunes. His ohject was to infonn safl'ly ellgilleers. and perhaps others in his audiellce who might he interested in becoming sa.rcty speakers, how to usc simple devices in convincing' the school chil1ln'n of the necessity for caution to avoid fires and explosions. Each device and Inethod was outlined briefly, but with striking detail, some of the demonstrations hl-ing as follows: A match, still hlazing, was thrown carelessly into a small waste hasl<et, as so many persons still continue to do, and the waste paper inllllediately flared into a dangerous hlaze. W~th a short talk about the forest rangers and their watchfnlness in putting out smoldering can,p fires in the North \Yoods. he next cardully hroke a match to make sure the match had gone out completely before he lossed it aside. Said he, "Chaperone your matches; they shouldn't go out alone." A small 11011 house, wired in similar fashion to a comfortable hOllie, was exhihited, and after an explanation outlining- the l11any light and lalllp lix!1n'es, coupled with electrical devices. which Illight be loa<led onto the electric circnit in any home, the speaker attached these <lev ices one after another until the fuse hlew out; then he used a copper penny to plug the circnit nntil a fire d{'veloped in the attic of the doll honse. Strangely enongh, an ordinary fish bow\. with the goldfish swimming abont, if exposed in a sunny nook of the living room, with a flimsy curtain in the right spot heside it, or even a flammahle rug underneath, can cause a disastrous fire. The circular fish howl and the water act as a lells to concentrate the sun's rays. This has happenerl repeatedly, said the speaker. A pretty little doll, made of pyroxylin. or sOllle other flammahle materiql, I]as often hecome ignited ill the hand of a child alld has burned the child severely before 31 ----"" ,......~".-_, P." PI! ,~ 126 Twenty-third Amlllal Safety COlIgrcss-Na/iollal Safety COllllcil why the hazard of unsafe walkway surfaces must be eliminated if falls from this source are to be prevented. HPw, then, shall safety in walkway surfaces be defined? What is safe or unsafe, as applied to them? That is the fundamental question on which opinions differ as much as there are types of materials to sell and maintain. There. is just one answer and that is experience. Until adequate data from disinterested sources is developed, no universally acceptable answer can be formulated. The U. S. Bureau of Standards has devised a machine simulating the action of a person slipping, with which to measure the frictional resistance of walkway surface materials. Another machine was developed under the same auspices to reproduce in new materials by laboratory methods the frictional resistance of such materials under normal service conditions. And with these machines over 150 different types of materials have been prepared and their frictional resistance measured and recorded. Even with that data, who can say what is the point of frictional resistance that under certain conditions of service is safe or unsafe? The marble dealer, the tile setter, the steel manufacturer and everyone with something to sell claims his product is safe, and his claim cannot be effectively proved or disproved because safety engineers, insurance companies and others involved have not developed intelligently their records to show the causes of falls with relation to the type of material on which slipping occurred. Such data must be developed extensively before a definite and just decision can be reached. No more valuable contribution can be made to safety than by such effort. Management is waiting for counsel. but it wants that counsel backed by knowledge based on facts, not presumptions. It wants to know, not what som~one considers safe frictional resistance for its factory floors, office corridors, shower baths. etc., not what someone thinks is the danger point, but what is unsafe and safe in the light of wide experience and authenticated facts. Sometimes management has taken the trouble to develop this data for itself with astonishingly satisfactory results, but it is our duty to develop it for universal use. Af)]OURNMENT TIVl:NTV-TlIINI) ANNUAl. SAF/{TY CONGRESS NAT 1 () N A I. SA F I: T V (. () lJ N elL o All Ohio Day GENERAL SESSION October 2, 1934 The General Session of the All Ohio Day progra(1I was called to order by Chairman Thomas P. Kearns, Superintendent, Division of Safety and Hygiene, Industrial Commission of Ohio, who presided. After welcoming the large audience in characteristic manner, and outlining the purposes of this meeting in cooperation with and as a part of the Annual Safety Congress of the National Safety Council, Chairman Kearns introduced the first speaker. Management's Opportunities and Responsibilities for Winning Employee Cooperation in Accident Prevention Work By CHARLES R. HOOK President, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio The speaker said in part: While a foreman in a sheet mill plant, back in the early 1900's, I became convinced that the best way to prevent accidents and reduce costs was to win the cooperation of the men. I learned through experience that once you had convinced the men of your sincerity, the hardest part of your task was done. You could put your problems up to them-make them a part of management-and usually they would find the solution. During the intervening years I have never had any cause to change those cOll\'ictions. Confidence is the basis of cooperation. You can't have effective cooperation without it. The men must be convinced that the management is fair, honest and sincere, and acting always in the interest of the greatest good. The management emffuosrttsbeonccoenvtihnecierd cothnafitdethnecel1ilsenwaorne. willing to respond and will put forth their best How are we going to create understanding and win cooperation? By stripping away the mystery which envelopes 11l0st businesses, by being frank, by permitting men to see, and explaining to them what makes the wheels go round. The management of the American Rolling Mill Company believes it is their responsibility to cut away the wrappings of their husiness. to he frank, to make facts about the business available to all interested parties. We believe that certain ideals and principles lIJust be established. We believe the general management must indicate what it wishes to be done; it must act ill a legislative capacity, for the administrative powers lIJust of necessity be vested in the sup('rvisory organization. At Armco we have a published platform which was written by our Chairman of the Board, Mr. George M. Verity, and officially adopted by our Hoard of Directors. Everyone in an execu- 127 128 Twenty-third Anllual Safety COlIgrl'ss-Naliolial Safety Council tive capacity, including our president, is expected to make his decisions and his actions harmonious with the principles incorporated in this pamphlet, which is known as Armco Policies. Armco policies are distributed not only to the supervisory organization, hut to the workman. In this way they serve as a pledge to the public and there is a standing guarantee that any employee who does not feel that he has been treated in accordance with Armco policies may carry his case through each ranking supervisor successively, if necessary, to the president of the Company. You can well imagine the valuable intangible benefits Armco policies bring to us in winning employee cooperation in all their work Armco once acquired a plant which had been operated under di fferent policies for a good many years. Several weeks after we took this plant over, I asked to see the accident report. It actually made me shudder. The matter was important enough to cause me to make an immediate visit to that plant. I talked with the Works Manager, and explained that we I,elieved that a good safety record and a good cost and production record went hand in hand. I told him that it was good business to get those accidents <lown. He replied: "Mr. Hook, I agree with what you say, hut the old company operated under different policit's. You ('an't change the thinking of ('ven the superinteudents over-night. If I call them in here one at a time, will you talk to them privately?" I agreed, and I well remember the attitude of one superintendent. He was the head of an important new department, a brilliant fellow, hut erratic and headstrong, and his. accident record was especial1y had. I could see my talk to him was making little impression, so final1y I said: "John, the directors of this company represent the owners amI the sotckholders. They are al1 outstanding business men of long experience. You and I both work for them. They want you to make accident prevention a part of your job as much as production. Whether we agree with them or not, they want this plant operated under certain pol icies which experience has shown them to be profitable, and they've even published these policies in pamphlet form. Here is a copy. I want you to read it and if there is a single policy contained in this hook that you cannot conscientiously support, just let me know." I'd like to say that this su'perintendent changed his viewpoint over-night, hut human nature doesn't operate that way. But it does give me a great deal of pleasure to say that he sincerely tried and today he is one of the most outstanding superintendents we have. A numher of years ago we noticed that the departments which had the hest accident records also had the hest cost records, and this led us to helieve that there was a definite relationship between accidents and cost. Carrying on this line of reasoning, we observed that the departments with the hest cost and safety records wer~ those in which the men had heen most thoroughly trained. Therefore it seemed logical to the general management that it was our responsihility to maintain training facilities adequate to the needs of each of our manufacturing units and to organiz~ our training activities in such a way that they would he concerned mainly with the problems of operation rather than academic theory. As we see it at A rmco, the general prohlem of winning employee cooperation in accident prevention work l1lust be broken up into three separate and distinct sections. I. Training the supervisory group. 2. Joh training the worker. 3. The exchange of information from manag-ement to men and from men to manag-ement. As the supervisory group is not particularly susceptihle to acci<lent, it must he approached from another aug\(>. The approach that has seemed most logical to our personnel division is that of management. Their line of reasoning is simply this. The company may provide splendid equipment and fine raw materials with which to work, but the conversion of the products of the business into a finished article of high quality and at a reasonahle cost is in the hands of the supervisors. A husiness grows as men grow, and no company can g'row unless it has wel1-trained, interested supervisors. The foreman has responsibilities g'reatly similar to the works manager, but differing widely in deg'ree and scope. Al1 too frequently he does not live up to these responsihilities merely hecause he didn't realize they were attached to his ioh. The first task, then, is to cultivate in him a managerial viewpoint; next provide All Ohio Day 129 him with the necessary information an<1 training to enahle him to manage; and final1y to assist him in organizing his work so that he can manage. The supervisory training program is created hy the general staff personnel department and sent to the works managers. This permits al1 plants to conduct a program which is synchronized at al1 times. The g'eneral suhject of each year's program is estahlishe<l at a conference of works managers an,l the personnel staff. 1lifferent suhjects are selected each year. For instance, the program has been hased on the general themes of Conservation, Prime Output per hour, Prime Yield, and so on, but each years' work has been prepared from the angle of management. Costs have always played a predominant part, and the wastes and costs of accidents have come in for their full share of discussion and studv. The relation of sickness to accidents and the cost of illness has also had preferred attention. A few years ago we developed an incentive plan for supervisors based on de- partmental performance. To hring home the cost aspect of accidents, we penalized every department for its injuries. In operations we set certain reasonable standards for rejections, output, and so on; hut in the case of aCl'idents the standard was set at zero. Every accident reduced the supervisor's honns, and that had a most favorahle influence ui)(m accidl'ut prevention. During the years I have spent ollt in the mill, I have alwavs foulld that safety is easy to sell to til{' men. And it shollid he, hl'cause no one' really wants to get hllrt. nut equipping men with th" neccssary skill and knowledge to avoid injury was a matter far more difficult. IIere again ArlllCO tUI"II"d to experience for guidance, and ohserved that the hest workmen not ollly tUrlwd out the greatest olltPUt of quality product, hut they suffered the smallest Ill111lher of injuries. One of our safety advisors went so far as to assert that if every mall in the mill did his joh perfectly at all times, we would entirely eliminate accidents. So our safety training (lepartment decided to joh train every man in (very plant. A typical operation was selected as a proving ground, We were then experiencing a numher of major accidents in our rol1er leveling departments.. Joh training simply erased those accidents and for several years we did not have a single major accident among the roller leveling crews in any of the plants. Encourage(l hy this success, the job training program was pushed on al1 fronts. We found that a willingness to cooperate existed almost universal1y, but knowing" how to cooperate was the missing link-a link which was management's responsihility to supply. Job training is the most elementary form of training. It is simply a demonstra- tion of how the job should he performed according to the best accepted practice, and is aimed at improving technique. In our industry we have operating, or production, foremen and maintenance foremen. Both take part in these classes, which if possihle are held in the mill eside the ell,uipment the men operate. The production foreman explains how the equipment should he operated, the 'Iuality, product defect~, and so on. The maintenance foreman g'oes into the mechanical details. The safety and trainin~ advi.'er then g'oes into the hazards of the j oh and explains how they can he avoided, The men are not only shown how each operation or motion is performed, but they are told why. Joh training has pr.)ve,1 invaluahle in winnin~ employee cooperation, Where we have a joh on which we are having difficulty, whether it is production, quality. or accidents. we take immediate steps to correct the difficulty hy training the group responsihle. The Personal Equation By BERNARD M. ROBINSON General Counsel, Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, O. The speaker said in part: I am told that the word "safety" is derived from the Latin word "salvum," which means "whole." It is easy. therefore, to see why the EnJ(lish speaking' race st'lected the word "saft,ty," for the prohlem of safety is the prohlem of keeping one's self whole. It occurs to me, however, as I look over this great at1(lience an <1 see competitors in steel sitting down together, competitors in ruhher assemhled here side hy si(le, 148 Twenty-third AIIII//a/ Safety COllgress-National Safety COl/ncil solve them wisely and permanently. We need leaders with the vIsIon to avoid extremes and to huild solidly upon the foundation of the whole of human nature and need. Our democratic institutions are flexihle and responsive to us ami we can so build if we have wise leadership. There wil1 be many kinds of leaders neerled for this task and the human leaders within industry are among them. i I .------ T TV fl N T Y - T II r f( j) ANN [1 A r, SA F Ii T Y C () N G I?J~ S S NATrONA!- SAFnTY COUNCIL o Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section Officers 1933-34 Gmeral Chairmall-BIIEl.l. W. NUTT. Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Vicr-ChairmOJI-I. W. MII.l.A1Ul, Industrial (;loves Corporation, Danvil1e, Ill. Secrrlary--GEOR(;E S. SIIUl.l., Safety First Supply COl11pany, Pittsburgh, Pa. Treasurrl-L. ]. BOWKER, Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. E.rrCl/livr Co",,,,illrr al l.arllr- E. W. BIlI.l.ARII, E. D. Bul1ard Company, San Francisco, Calif. FREnF:RICK \VAIIU:RT, Pulmosan Safety Eqnipment Corporation, Tlrooklyn, N. Y. CIIARLES H. CAl.l.AWAV, American Optical Company, Sonthhridge. Mass. BUSINESS SESSION September 30, 1934 The annual business meeting of the Accident Prevention Equipment Manufac- turers' Section was cal1ed to order after a pleasant dinner hy General Chairman Buel1 W. Nutt, Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland, who presided. Re- ports were heard from the General Chairman and the Chairl11en of Standing COI11- mittees on activities during the past year. The report of the Nominating Committee was then cal1ee! for, and new officers for the Section were nominated and elected as fol1ows: Chairmall:-IrwinW.Mil1ard. Secretary, Industrial Gloves Corporation, Dan- vil1e, III. Vicr-Chair"'all :-George Shul1, President, Safety First Supply Co., Brady Bldg., Pittshurgh, Pa. Suret""y:-Wil1iam Wahlert, Pulmosan Safety Equipl11ent Corp., 176 Johnson St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Trrasurrr:-L. E. Dickson, Vice-President, Standard Safety Equipment Co., 75 East Wacker Drive, Chicago, III. l!xrruti11f' Co",,,,illl'r-al-l.<lr.,,":- J. T. Hyan, V-Pres., Mine Safety Appliances Co., 201 N. Braddock, Pitts- hurgh, Pa. F. R. Davis, President, Davis Emergency Equipment Co., 55 Van Dam St., New York City. 149 .~-~ 150 Twenty-third Anllllal Safety COllgress-National Safety COl/llcil R. T. Solensten, V-Pres., Elliott Service Company, 242 W. 55th St., New York City. B. W. Nutt, President, Safety Equipment Service Company, 1228 St. Clair Ave., NE, Cleveland, O. ADJOURNMENT Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Who Made Exhibits at the Twenty-Third Annual Safety Congress and Exposition, Statler and Cleveland Hotels, Cleveland, Ohio, October 1-5, 1934 American-La France & Foamite Industries, Inc., Elmira, New York Fire protection efluipment American Optical Company, Southbridge, Massachusetts Industrial eye protection service Bendix Products Corporation, South Bend, Indiana Automotive testing equipment Robert A. Bernhard, Rochester, New York Saf-T -top applicator bottles for antiseptics Binney & Smith Company, New York City Emulsilie" carbon black for concrete pavements Bishinger-Koehler Manufacturing Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Oxygen equipment products Bradley Washfountain Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Group washing equipment Brown Shoe Company, St. Louis, Missouri Safety Toe Shoes R. H. Buhrke Company, Chicago, Illinois Safety belts, straps, buckets, and tool guards E. D. Bullard Company, San Francisco, California Safety equipment for mines and industry Burroughs Wellcome & Company (U. S. A.), Inc., New York City First aid and medical efjuipment Godfrey L. Cabot, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts Emulsilied carhon hlack for concrete pavements Chicago Eye Shit'ld Company, Chicago, Illinois Head and eye protectioll equipment H. Childs & Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Safety footwear Cunningham-Hall Aircraft Corporation, Rochester, New York Sand blast helmet and suit Davis Emergency Equipment Company, Inc., New York City First aid, gas masks and safety equipment Accident Prcz'cntioll El/lfipll11'lIt Ma111(farturers' Srctioll 151 Eagle Signal Corporation, Moline, Illinois Traffic signal equipmcnt and industrial timing equipment Elliott Service Company, New York City Elimination of waste, promotion of effIciency and safety Evans Products Company, Detroit, Michill"an Railroad grade crossing and barrier and traffic signals The Gerson-Stewart Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio Soaps, disinfectants and cleaners for planned sanitation Harley-Davidson Motor Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Special police motorcycles and equipment Hunter Auto Equipment Company, Inc., New York City Fleet specialtics, rubher mirrors, stop and tail-lights Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland Mercurochrome and Thantis lozenges Industrial Commission of Ohio, Columhus, Ohio Accident record charts and graphs, educational safety literature International Shoe Company, St. Louis, Missouri Safety shoes Junkin Safety Appliance Company, Louisville, Kentucky Safety guards for punch presses Walter Kidde & Company, Inc., New York City Permanently piped fire systems and portahle extinguishers Lehigh Safety Shoe Company, Allentown, Pennsylvania Safety shoes and boots Lima Cord Sole & Heel Company, Lima, Ohio Non-slip soles and heels for footwear Liquid Carbonic Corporation, Chicago, Illinois Fumigant for infestation control Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, Wisconsin Wire rope and braided slings Martindale Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio Protective masks, safety roadway signals Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York City Insurance, industrial group, etc. Mine Safety Appliance Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Mine and industrial safety equipment National Automatic Safety Signal Company, Chicago, Illinois Safety flash signal for rear of trucks National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois Poster, Library, Research and Education Divisions The Patent Scaffolding Company, Chicago, Ittinois Ladders and scaffolds for industry and construction Portahle Lamp & Equipment Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Electric mine lamps and safety equipment The Positive Safety Manufacturing Company, Cleveland, Ohio Power press safety devices Protectoseal Company, Chicago, Illinois Safety cans for washing, bench, storage, etc., tank fittings Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation, Brooklyn, New York Respiratory protection and general safety equipment .LI . '---'.~.'-~ 152 Twenty-third Allllllal Safety COII!JYl'ss-Natiolllll Sa/l'ty COllllcil Pyrene Manufacturing Company, Newark, New Jersey Hand fire extinguishers and systems Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company, Inc., Columbus, Nehraska Wooden sole safety footwear The Safety Clothing Company, Cleveland, Ohio Safety clothing and equipment The Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland, Ohio Goggles, safety clothing and other safety equipment Safety First Shoe Company, Holliston, Massachusetts Safety shoes Safety Signal Devices, Inc., Chicago, Illinois Safety stop-light for cars, trucks and buses The St'rvice Recorder Company, Cleveland, Ohio The Servis Recorder for trucks and huses ' Shepht'rd Safety Shoe Corporation, Chicago, Illinois Safety shoes The Sight Light Corporation, New York City Instruments for measuring light in industries, etc. Standard Safety Equipment Company, Chicago, Illinois Dust protective equipment and general safety devices Stonehouse Signs, Inc., Denever, Colorado Metal accident prevention signs The Surety Rubber Company, Carrollton, Ohio Rubber safety equipment for linemen and industry Weaver Manufacturing Company, Springfield, III. Automotive testing C(luipment West Disinfecting Company, Long Island City, New York Disinfectants, insecticides ami sanitary supplies Willson Products, Inc., Reading, Pennsylvania Eye, head aud respiratory protective devices Wil-X-M'f'g Corporation, Brooklyn, New York Fire extinguishers and equipment I .~. T TV E N T V - T II I f( Ii ANN II A L SA F J: T Y C () N G R r~ S S N.~1TI()NAL SAPFTV COUNCIL o Aeronautical Section Officers 1933-34 e/wil'll/al/, I.esh'r 1>. SeynHlllr, I'resi<icnt, AlIlerican Airways, Inc., Chicago, Illinois. Vicc-Chairmal/, Captain E. V. Rickenhacker, North American Aviation, Inc., New York City. SCCI't'farl', W. Ilean Keefer, Director, Industrial Safetv Division, National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois. . WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3, 1934 The Aeronautical Section session was called to order hy Mr. Paul .Wright, of the American Airways, Inc., Chicago, who presided. Chairman \Vright introduced Mr. John W. Burton, who made a hrid address of welcome 011 hehalf of the Convention City. Chairman \N right then introduced the first speaker. Safety in Aviation By J. H. DOOLITTLE Aviation Manager, Shell Oil Company, St. Louis, Mo. The speaker said ;n part: There are few of l1S who appreciate the great care that is exercised in the operation of a modern air transport line to assure safety and a degree of comfort as well. Any normal man or woman having average eyesight and no physical disabilities, and being possessed of average intelligence, can learn to fly an airplane in a relatively short time; hut it is a far cry from the mere fact that one knows how to fly an airplane to the art of flying as practiced by airlilHl pilots who hal'e made it their profession. These pilots are not only masters of every hranch of the art of ordinary flying, hut must take a post graduate course in hlind or instrument flying. This training is given in special airplanes equipped with a hooded cockpit and the pilot is ohliged to fly hy means of his instruments alone, as he cannot see outside the airplane. Probahly unknown to the vast majority of air travelers, there exists in every modern air transport company today a complete medical division which closely examines the physical and mental qualifications of all their pilots onCe every month or six weeks. The examination is strict and thorough, and is given hy physicians trained in aeronautical work. These examinations are in addition to those required semi-annually hy the United States Department of Commerce. The eye examination requires that the pilot have not only normal vision, but that his judgment of 153 158 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress-National Safety Council The only other risk which I can con<;eive of is that of fire and here American, helium-inflated airships have a definite advantage. No matter how carelessly helium is treated it will never hecome comhustihle and the pilot on a helium-inflated ship undoubtedly rests easier than his colleague who flies with hydrogen. AJ)JOURNMENT T WEN T Y - TIll N II ANN U A r. SA F J: T Y CON G R F., S S NAT I () N A I, SA r Ii T V CO U N elL o American Society of Safety Engineers-Engineering Section Officers 1933-34 Gmeral Chairman-So E. WIJITING, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Vice-Chairman-E. F. BLANK, Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairmall-A. S. RE(;ULA, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York, N. Y. Srcrelary-W. DEAN KF.~:FElI, National Safety Council, Chicago, III. Members al Large- CYRIL AINSWORTH, American Standards Association, New York, N. Y. C. B. AUEL, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittshurgh, Pa. J. 1. BANAS", Consulting Engineer, Chicago, III. E. W. BFK, United States Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. H. R BIXLER, Union Carbide and Carhon Corp., New York, N. Y. (Metro- politan Chapter). C. B. BOULET, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. J. E. CULLINEY, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. R. E. DONOVAN, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, Calif. W. M. GRAFF, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York, N. Y. HARRY GUILBERT, Pullman Company, Chicago, III. A. P. HUCKESTEIN, Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Chapter). R. McA. KEOWN, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. G. A. KUF:CHF.NMF.JSTER, Dominion Forge & Stamping Co., Limited, Walkerville, Ont., Canada. M. G. LLOYD, United States Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. JOHN P. MCCANN, New England Power Engineering and Service Corp., Wor- cester, Mass. (Boston Chapter). W. S. PAINE, Aetna Life Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. G. E. SANFORD, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. C. W. SMITH, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III. 159 160 nt1ellty-third AIIIII/al Safety COllyYess-Natiollai Safety COUllcil H. S. SMITII. Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. W. R. SMITII, United Engineers an,l Constructors, Inc., Newark, N. J. (North- ern New Jersey Chapter). R F. TUAI.NF.M, Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 3, 1934 The annual meeting of the ASSE-Engineering Section of the National Safety Council followed a luncheon, and convened with S. E. Whiting, General Chairman, ~~~ , Attention was called to the fact that all reports had been mimeographed and copies distrihuted at the luncheon table. The following resolution was passed unanimously: "The Annual Meeting of the American Society of Safety Engineers-Engineering Section of the National Safety Council has just heard with deepest regret of the death of Dr. Calvin Winsor Rice, well known engineer and for the past 28 years Secretary of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, in New York City, on Tuesday, Octoher 2, 1934. "Dr. Rice has always had a deep and sincere interest in organized safety en- gineering work and has been ever ready to lend his aid and that of the A.S.M.E. to the furtherance of our objectives. "Therefore, be it resolved, that we formally record our deep sympathy in the loss to us of Dr. Rice, and that this resolution he made a part of the record of thi, meeting, and that a copy he transmitted to the A.S.M.E. and to the family of Dr. Rice." The Science of Seeing and Safety By DR. M, LUCKIESH Director, Lighting Research Laboratory, General Electric Company, Nela Park, Cleveland, 0, The speaker said in part: In the course of civilized progress increased hurdens go hand in hand with increased convenience and comfort. Artificial conditions are substituted for natural ones without full knowledge of the consequences. Mankind came indoors and imposed new tasks and new environments. It was ohvious to human beings that they needed light, but unobvious penalties remained hidden. Modern civilization has imposed upon eyes and human seeing-machines unnaturally severe prolonged critical visual tasks' under greatly restricted light and altered lighting. Hours of close work are now the rule under meager light and unnatural lighting for ('yes and human ht'iugs that evolved under an ahundance of natural light outd(.,r~ whell rlose visual work was easual. Convergence of eyes n'quires errort and so dnes ('oll('clltratiou of attention. Ahnormal visual tasks under suh-normal conditions is a comhination of circumstances worthy of deep suspicion. This and many oth('r facts and analyses eventually led us to develop a new and extended viewpoint which, in turn, opened a new vista of res('arch. The chief result has been the development of the new science of seeing from which is heing horn a new science of lighting. The science of seeing was horn of radically new concepts. A science of vision has heen evolving for a long time hut it deals with the eyes or. more hroadly, the visual sense. The sriencp of vision is cOllcerned with the ahilities and limitations of t'yesight as a tool. Seein~ involves this tool and another tool-lighting. Rut seeing is much more than this. It is an activity of human heings operating as human .rerin.q-mac/,;,us. Seeing is work that a human "eing does. It requires light- ing and vision hut also human effort. It involves muscular activity, the nervous A. S. S.li.-lillgilleering Sectioll 161 system, and mental reactions. In other words, seeing is an activity of the human body and mind. It utilizes human energy and other resources just as any other task does. These new concepts have opened a vast new vista fur thought, research and analysis. They reveal the extreme narrowness and inadequacy of the older viewpoints and practices which were erroneously assumed to deal adequately with seeing. They have cleared the way for the development of a science of seeing which in turn is laying the foundation for a science of lighting. The major new concepts have given rise to many others. The human seeingmachine no longer need he merely satisfied to barely see but has a right to see easily. Studies of vision are concerned with thresholds, that is with limiting visibility. As long as study and consi,leration were confined to vision, practices were more or less anchored to the realm of barely seeing. However, when seeing is properly considered as work which human beings do we are immediately concerned with seeing easily. Therefore, the science of seeing is concerned with optimum conditions for easy seeing instead of being confined to minimum conditions of barely' seeing or threshold visibility. This human aspecl of seeing, firmly entrenched through the new conception of human seeing-machines, shows that old ideas must SUl'cumh to their own inadequacy. The efficiency of a worker is no longer measurahle hy the useful work he does per dollar or per hour. His welfare as a seeing-machine is determined by the useless work he dues-not merely externally in blundering due to poor seeing but internally through waste of energy and other hUlllan resources. The difficulty of a visual task assumes a new importance. It is obvious that it is more difficult to see a small object of low contrast than a large one of high contrast. But no longer is thi9 merely an external factor. 'rhe new viewpoint directs the attention to internal penalties paid by human seeing-machines. Research must relate the external visual tasks to the internal costs of seeing-and it is doing so. The science of seeing places lighting in the class of lahor-saving devices and also elevates it to the level of things which affect the entire human heing. The conc~ption of the /"IIIJaIl seeing-machine requires revision of old ideas of. visibility. A traffic sign or an advertisement on a hill-hoard may have high visibility to a person doing nothing else but looking at it. However, when that person is doing something else simultaneously, such as driving an automobile, his efficacy as a human seeing-machine is reduced. The science of seeing reveals that any other activity of a human being reduces his ability to see. Therefore, a new concept of visibility arises. A human seeing-machine, heing human, has a certain total sense capacity. His efficacy as a seeing-machine depends upon how much of his sensecapacity is devotable to seeing. Distractions of every kind must be taken into account in appraising seeing conditions. This applies to human beings in the workworld, in traffic or even when leisurely rearling in their own libraries. The science of seeing has emphatically introduced the human element into seeing and therefore into lighting. Not only the physiological aspects but the psychological aspects assume a decisive importance. The old ideas of visihility must be expanded to include seeing quickly, accurately and with certainty. The requirements should not he merely sufficient under ideal conditions. Factors of safety Illust he developed for seeing and for lighting just as they have been applied to inanimate things such as hridges, which are much less suhject to vagaries, sllhtle influen(','s and IIncertainties than human seeing-machines. An appreciation of the a,laptahility of the eyes to various conditions for seeing leads directly to the minimization or elimination of many ahuses imposed on the visual sense. The science of seeing intr()(luced experiments which proved that the ability to perform a visual task under certain conditions was not necessarily an indication that the conditions were satisfactory to the eyes. Thus, production of work, which has been a criterion for dictating the conditions under which exacting seeing was done, is no longer a logical or justifiahle criterion. These experiments clearly indicated that the eyes were frequently penalized hy their willingness and ability to function under handicaps. Experiments which seek to indicate the relative influence of 'various conditions for seeing hy measuring production are usually significant only when the subjects are expending the maximum energy and are near the point of exhaustion. This is a rare condition and unjustifiable excepting in emergencies. Statistical analyses of the prevalence of defective vision establish the fact that ''';~ 162 Twenty-third Anllual ,,)afety Congress-Natiollal Safety COllllcil the eyes become defective through age, use and abuse. It is apparent from these data that although the eyes have the ability to compensate for severe or unnatural visual conditions, they are eventually injured in doing so. That the eyes are slow to complain of abuse is a fundamental reason why a consciousness of the costs of seeing would be a valuable asset to a half-seeing world. In this sketch of the new science of lighting it is seen that human welfare is emphasized. In fact, the science of seeing is largely the extension of the older viewpoint of lighting and vision as tools into the psychophysiological realm of human beings; and, therefore, into the realm of end-products such as human efficiency, behavior, health, safety and welfare. Lighting for seeing aims to reduce the costs of seeing to human beings. These costs are not only in impaired eyesight and bodily disorders resulting from eyestrain. These have long been known but the recently extended viewpoint from vision as a tool, into seeing as an activity which affects the neural, muscular and mental processes of human organisms throws new light upon them. It reveals a goal which encompasses the unobvious as well as the obvious. To see most easily instead of to barely see is the new goal. This means the minimization of heretofore hidden wastes as well as eye-strain disorders. It means human welfare in an all-inclusive sense. The social scientist has heretofore ignored or inadequately considered the costs of poor seeing in his elaborate studies of work conditions, rest-periods, hygiene, and other welfare aspects of human beings. The new knowledge already added to those older aspects of the science of seeing, which have been developing for a long time, will not continue to be ignored. Seeing in its broader aspects is now shown to be a drain upon human resources in ways heretofore hidden or unobvious. As seeing in this new and more extensive sense is comprehended by the social scientist, light and lighting will receive the consideration they deserve. Thus lighting becomes a part of social science. There are powerful indications that civilization is entering an era in which social science will be very important. A new science of lighting calls for a new economics of lighting-an economics founded upon the welfare of human beings. Lighting should no longer be appraised by the useful output of the worker. This involves the welfare of the employer rather than that of the worker. Lighting must be appraised by the hidden costs or savings in human resources in homes and in schools, in traffic and in the work-world, and everywhere throughout civilized activity. Obviously the extended viewpoint of seeing reveals a widespread need for scrapping old ideas of cost of lighting and for revising lighting economics in terms of newly revealed values of light and lighting in the realm of human welfare. Report of Nominating Committee Mr. C. B. Aue! presented the report of the Nominating Committee, the personnel of which included C. B. Auel, Chairman, R. F. Thalner, and E. W. Beck. The following officers were elected for the coming year: General Chairman--A. S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York City. Via-Chairmall-E. F. Blank, Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh. PL . Vict-Chai"",,,,-C W. Smith, Standar<1 Oil Company (Indiana), Chicago, Ill. Srcretar}~W. Dean Keefer, National Safety Council, Chicago, III. Members of F..t'eCI/tiT'e Co",mittee for Three Years- Cyril Ainsworth. American Standards Association, New York City. C. E. Ralston, Pittshurgh Plate Glass Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. R. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Company, Hartford, Conn. Member of F..t'uutiT'e Committee for One YearD. L. Royer, The Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation, New York City. ADJOURNMENT T WEN T Y - T !lIIU> ANN l! A I. SAFF.TY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFHTY COUNCIL o Automotive and Machine Shop Section Officers 1933-34 Gl'IIeral Chairman-M. J. MCCARTHV, Fisher Body Corp., Detroit, Mich. Vice-Chairmall-K. A. CAI.LAM, Detroit, Mich. Secretary-G. E. SANFORO, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. News Lctter EditOl-E. C. W AI.KER, Dodge Brothers Corp., Detroit, Mich. Engillee"ing COlllmittee Chairmall-W. W. JANZER. Seaman Body Corp.. Milwaukee. . Health Committee Ch air III '1I/-1J R. A. F. I.F.CKLII>ER. Fisher Body Corp., Detroit. Membership Committee Cltai,.,nall-NII.s ]llELL, Hayes Body Corp., Grand Rapids. Poster, Slides and Safety Kinks Comlllittee Chai,.."ml-M. A. KROCER, Chevrolet Detroit Plants, General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Pro!lram COII/mittee Cltairman-M. A. CLARK, United States Ruhher Co., Detroit. Publicit}, Committee Chairmall-W. A. BECHILL. Chrysler Corporation, Detroit. Statistics Committee Cirairmllll-C. W. BISIIOI', I.ycoming Manufacturing Co., Williamsport, Pa. Members at Large- L. E. AVERILL, C. H. Dockson Co., Detroit, Mich. HOYT L. FRACIIF.R, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. R. F. TIIALNER, Buick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. R. A. SHAW, The Murray Corporation of America, Detroit, Mich. CARL L. STORCK, Delco Products Div., I.eneral Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. I 1 I J MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 1, 1934 The opening session of the Automotive and Machine Shop Section was called to order by General Chairman M. J. McCarthy, Fisher Body Corporation, Detroit, who presided. Chairman McCarthy introduced Mr. Charles H. Hazelton, Directing Manager, Foote-Burt Co., Cleveland, who made a hrief address of welcome on be- 163 ...r _ _ 172 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress-National Safety Council There is another angle in the 1-29-300 ratio that may be misleading. That is the part relating to the 29 cases where the victim is "hurt only a little bit." We used to talk about minor and major injuries. We have quit doing that. We havo learned that any and every injury may very quickly become a major injury re- lulting in serious disablement or death. The statistician of the Workmen's Compensation Board of Ontario called my attention to that fact very forcibly one day when he said: "Gus, you name any injury you want to and I'll guarantee to find, in compensation records somewhere, where that injury you name has already caused a death." He did not say-You name the injury and I'll prove that it may cause a death. He said, "You name the injury and I'll show you that it has already caused a death"-and probably many of them. Report of Nominating Committee At this point General Chairman McCarthy called for the report of the Nom- inating Committee, and officers for the ensuing year were elected as follows: Gmeral Chairman-Merle C. Hale, General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Vict-Chairman-C. T. Winegar, Dodge Brothers Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. SlCrtta,.y-M. A. Clark, United States Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. News Leite,. Editor-W. J. Denniston, Hyatt Bearings Div., General Motors Corp., Newark, N. J. Engirulering Committee Chairman-G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Health Committee Chai,.man-Dr. A. L. Brooks, Fisher Body Detroit Div., Gen- eral Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Membe,.ship Committee Chairman-C. W. Bishop, Lycoming Manufacturing Co., Williamsport, Pa. . Posters, Slides and Safety Kinks Committee ChairnulII-Nelson Kiser, Stude- baker Corporation, South Bend, Ind. . p,.og,.am Committee Chairman-Marvin A. Heidt, Budd Wheel Co., Detroit Mich. Publicity Committee Chairman-Co A. DeMonge, Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Corp., Detroit, Mich. Statistics Committee Chairman-R. F. Thalner, Buick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. Members Executive Committee at LargeL. E. Averill, C. H. Dockson Co., Detroit, Mich. C. M. Dotterrer, Revere Copper and Brass Inc., Detroit, Mich. H. L. Fracher, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. M. J. McCarthy, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. R. A. Shaw, The Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Carl L. Storck, Delco Products Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. The Safety Man's Responsibility in Industry By T. P. ARCHER President, Temdstedt Manufacturing Co., Detroit, and Vice President, Fisher Body Corporation The speaker said in part: I want to take, in discussing this suhject, what may appear to some of you as a somewhat unorthodox position. The Safety Man's responsibility in industry to me is one thing; safety supervision of responsibility for safety supervision in industry is another thing; and I have never believed that they could ever be successfully considered as one and the same thing. Let me define that a little. Safety supervision will not be successful safety supervision unless it includes all supervision. Safety supervision can never suc- AII/UIIlO/i7'C lIlId Machille ShuI' SI'Cfiull 173 cessfully be placed in the hands of one man or two men, or of three men. It cannot be the job of one little group. Safety supervision, to be successfully adequate and efficient, must be the responsibility ot all supervision. So when I talk to you about safety supervision, I am not speaking particularl:t of the man whose title is Safety Eugineer, Safety Man, or Safety Director, or Vice President in chargc of Salcty. When 1 speak of safety supervision, 1 am speaking of all supervision. \Vhcn 1 speak of a safety man, 1 speak of the man whom we consider should supervise safl"ly supervision. There is a real difference. I do not want to feel that a sound salety man can successfully supervise safety in a plant of any considerable size. He is not big enough; he cannot cover enough territory; he does not know enough, and he can never learn enough. But any safety man who has the right fundamentals and the proper understanding of what makes up a safety supervisor, can successfully supervise safety supervision, so long t aiss tthhee reensptiorensiobrigliatnyizoaftiothne reenatliirzeessuapnedrvuisnodreyrsbtaonadrds . the fact that safety supervision We did a little investigating a few weeks ago of just what this matter of t successful supervision could mean, and we came out with a definition which I am going to try to repeat to you. "Successful Safety Supervision will consist of an unique understanding of applied mechanics, combined with a sound appreciation ot the psychological factors, psychological forces, which motivate an operating per- sonnel." . Now, there is a mouthful of words for you to digest. Let us look at it in another way, like this: Sound safety supervision also must, to a degree at least, define a sound and successful safety supervisor; and if that defines a sound and successful safety supervisor according to our definition, it defines a safety supervisor of any operation and any industry; and it also defines the responsibility and the place of the safety man in industry, In plain language, it just means this: That a good safety man will be a "j ackof-all-trades," with an unholy gift of gab and the oily persuasiveness of the champagne salesman. It is my opinion that a safety man does not necessarily have to be a sound mechanic. He has to have an appreciation of applied mechanics, yes. I am almost \ certain that he won't he successful if he is an unsound mechanic. He must know mechanics. He must know and appreciate what operations are necessary and how those operations are applied and whatever processes are involved in the operation of an industry. Those things he must know, hut he must know the majority in a little different way than we would understand as sound mechanic~. We have in all our industries experts to develop process. We have mechanical engineers, die engineers, tool engineers, and all sorts of engineers to determine sound mechanical practice, sound mechanical results, and to assure ourselves that we are going to get a pre-determined production. But our safety engineer must approach his joh from a different angle. His job is not to determine before hand what a product will be. His job is to deter- + mine before hand what a problem might be. It is not his job to determine what will be the results when all mechanical movements and processes are going entirely right. His job is to determine what are going to he the reuslts when mechan- f ical movements and processes go entirely wrong. And thus, in my estimation, it is one of the prime places of the safety man in industry not to look upon our operations and the application of our pr"{"t'sses from the ordinary standing of an engineer, but to look at them from the Ilnordinary olltlnook of a man who is not looking for certainties at any time, but is always seatching for the uncertainties. But now I want to talk to you a little, not so much abollt the safety man's present place in industry as about his new place in industry. Everything we pick up nowadays is new; everything we read is new; everything we think ahout is new. So our whole thought, our whole set-up of conditions today revolves around something new. If we haven't already got something new we are searching' for something new every day. \Ve are in a state of flux, we are in a state of con- stant change, searching for a sound foundation on which we can again begin to build; and that has developed, it ~cems to me, an unique opportunity for the safety man if he realizes and appreciates the fact that he has a place in this new order of things and that he has a new responsibility in serving industry. - "-. . ,-....-.-~ .~.---.... ,....., .\l- ' ../. '\ 176 Twenty-third Anl/ltal Safety Congress-National Safety COlll/cil 1. That the cost element of safeguarding a machine at its source is not 01 TWENTY-TllINfJ ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL j' grt'at consequence. 1 2. That the manufacturer is conscious of the desirability of safeguarding ma- chinery when it is built. 3. That the manufacturer will appreciate suggestions as to methods of guarding 4. That the purchaser must aosume his share of the responsihility if he fails to specify safety devices on machines that he is purchasing. o S. That the safety engineers of machine purchasers be given authority to okey or reject machines and tools that do not meet reasonable safety standards. 6. That the high-grade manufacturer of machines is up against a state 01 competition, making it difficult to collect the slightest differential in price for safety features. 7. That there mllst be willingness on the part of the purchaser to pay these Cement Section differences. '\r ADJOURNMENT --1 Officers 1933-34 General Chairmall-]. II. ZOOK, Great I.akes Portland C~mcnt Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Vice-Chairmall-\V. W. HAMILTON, Alpha Portland Cement Co., Easton, Pa. Secretary-A. ]. R. CURTIS, Portland Cement Association, Chicago, Ill. News Leiter l!dilor-]AcK Ih:MI'STEll, Canada Cen1<'nt Co., I.td., Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada. Engineering Commillre Chllirllloll--FI!WEIHCK B. HUNT, Nazareth Portland Cement Co., Nazareth, Pa. Membership Commillre Chainll<lll-H. A. Ih:NINGER, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Allentown, Pa. r:, Poster Committee Clwirllloll-M. P. GREER. Marquette Cement Manufacturing Co., Cape Girardeau, Mo. Ci Program Commillee Chairmal/-D. B. COL~:MAN, Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Members at LargeR. B. FORTIJIN, Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pa. E. POSSEl,T, International Cement Corp., New York, N. Y. C. E. RALSTON, Pittshurgh Plate Glass Co., Pittshnrgh, Pa. F. E. TOWN, Manitowoc Portland l'cnwnt Co., Manitowoc, Wis. H. V ANIlERWERP, Medusa Portland Cement Co., Cleveland, Ohio. <1'1 TUESDAY MORNING SESSION '4 October 2, 1934 The op~ning session of the Ccnlt'nt S,'ct;on was called tn order by General Chairman ]. H. Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Buffalo, New York, who presided. Chairman Zook introduced Mr. Edward ]. Maguire, Vice President and Treasurer, Medusa Portland Cement Co., Cleveland, who made a brief address of welcome on behalf of the City of Cleveland. The General Chairman then pre- sented, under the heading, "Our Work-Today and Tomorrow," some brief thoughts on the future activities of the section and followed with brief reports from the chairmen of standing committees. He then called for the report of the Nom- inating Committee, a,nd new officers for the section were nominated and elected ,. as follows: 177 J I 178 Twenty-third Annllal Safety COllgress-Natiollal Safety COUllcil Report of the Nominating Committee General Chairman-J. B. Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Vire-Clwirman-W. W. Hamilton, Alpha Portland Cement Co., Easton, Pa. Secrelary-A. ]. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Association, Chieal(o, III. NN1JS Lrttrr Editor-Jack Dempster, Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Port Colhorn~, Ontario, Canada. EII.qillurin!l Committee Chairman-Frederick B. Hunt, Nazareth Portland Ce- m~nt Co., Nazareth, Pa. Member.flrip Committee Clrairmall-H. A. Reninl(er, Lehil(h Portland Cement Co., Allentown, Pa. Poster C"mmittee Chairman-M. P. Greer, Marquette Cement Manufacturinl( Co., Cape Girardeau, Mo. Program Committee Chairmml--D. B. Coleman, Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Members al LargeR. B. Fortuin, Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pa. E. Posselt, International Cement Corp., New York, N. Y. C. E. Ralston, Pittshurgh Plate Glass Co.. Pittshurgh, Pa. F. E. Town, Manitowoc Portland Cement Co., Manitowoc, Wis. H. Vanderwerp, Medusa Portland Cement Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Analysis of Accidents in the Cement Industry By A. J, R. CURTIS Assistant to General Manager, Portland Cement Association, Chicago The speaker said in part: Since 1924 lost time accidents in the Cement Industry steadily decreased through 193.1. In the first eight months of 1934, however, we find that all accidents have increased 55.5 per cent over the corresponding period of 1933. with an increase of 42.8 per cent in fatalities. In actual numher this is 154 accidents, including 10 fatal, in eight months of 1934. as against 99 accidents with 7 fatal for the same period of 1933. For the entire year of 1933 there were only 148 accidents, including 7 fatalities. It seems clear that good safety records in the past offer little protection for the present and poor safety records get much worse when nel(lected. You have all regularly rec~ived the monthly accident reports and those of you who took the pains to analyze them perhaps found some unpleasant implications. The statement that many of these accidents clearly point to lack of supervisory interest hears repeating. Eye injuries in packing departments show lack of interest in having men wear goggles. These injuries are inexcusable. Accident after accident to men of lonl( experience in the mill, but engaged in duties foreign to their training, indicate an assumption that is dangerous to the safety record. Accidents are occurring to new men blundering in a way that indicates no introduction to safety and no specific instruction in doing the job safely. Study the chart comparing cement production and accidents and you will fin,l that up to an(l includinl( 1931. the two were fairly constant except during the June No-Accident Campaign. In 1932 the accident line levels off and shows a ~potty variation. and in 19.14 there is apparently no relationship hetween the two It would seem that under operating conditions of the past three years we should find a direct relationship between accidents and production, hut it looks very much as though acci<lents were now going their own way, quite independent of production. What have we to do? In general. we must make an appraisal of our past activities and compare them with a complete. well rounded program to determine the weakness. if any. We must set up a definite schedule of safety activities and then follow through to see that each activity is carried out. The following outline may serve as a guide and check list. . . ~---- CCJllent Secticlll 179 I. Safety Commillrcs. Have they met regularly? Have the meetings become pure routine? Is every person asked to express himself? Have any company qfficials participated in the meetings? Has the committee personnel rotated? Are the P.C.A. accident reports discussed and acted upon? Are plant and departmental safety inspections made regularly. Ts a written report required and is it acted upon? Have any recommendations heen overlooked or neglected or does every suggestion receive careful consideration? 2. !'orrmrn. What effort has heen made to get action from foremen and supervisors? Have they heen called together as a I/:roup, irrespective of the safety committee, and charged with safety responsihility? Have they had individual meetings with the superintendent to discuss safety? Have they heen encouraged to discuss specific cases of safety rule violations? Arc all foremen requested to analyze accidents occurring in their department and the cause thereof? Is it common practice for foren1l'n to talk to new men ahout safety? Are they charged with the responsihility of instructing men on safe way of performing all duties? If so, is this procedure followed when men are shifted from one department to another? 3. Gmeral Plant Program. Have any I/:eneral safety meetings or gatherings been held during the past year? When plant is reopened following shut-down, are employees reminded of safety? Is it possible to call all employees together at time of reopening of plant for a brief safety meeting led hy superintendent? Have any contests been conducted? Are plant publications of any kind used r What general educational work is conducted? Are hulletin hoards kept interesting by frequent change? Has any disciplinary action been taken for rule violation? Is recognition given to good departmental accident records? How are accidents and near accidents and infections publicized? Are accurate records kept of minor in- juries? Are employees' families interested in the safety program? Are employees encouraged to report serious illness or other trouhle in their families? Do you make physical examinations of your employees? Have you a first aid team in your plant? Do you encourage safety suggestions from all employees? When we have answered all of these questions honestly, we are ready to set up an activity program for every month to include the following essentials: I. Regular plant inspections to uncover physical hazards. Foremen should participate and be charged with respousihility of following through on every rec- ommendation. . 2. Regular safety committee meetings. Rotate the memhership on these committees. Divide into suh-conllllittees to report on such things as good housekeeping, bulletin board puhlicity, fire prevention, first aid. sanitation, sickness. etc. See that company officials appear hcfore the committee frequently. 3. Heports and investigations. See that every accidental injury whether lost time or not, is reported fully and the real cause determined. Accept no reports that do not arrive at a definite conclusion as to cause. Puhlicize every report with photos or drawings. Hammer away at first aid reporting hy publicizing possibility of serious infections. 4. Safety education. Plan your hulletin hoard material far in advance. De- cide on a central theme for each month; for example, have a first aid month, a housekeeping month, etc. . Arrange interesting informal safety meetings without side speeches. Pep them lip with boxing or wrestling matches hetween plant employees. See that every new man is personally instructed in safety hy his foreman. Use contests which will allow participation of every man on an equal basis. 5. General. Conduct a series of foremen round table discussions for six weeks, one evening a week. Much foremanship training material is available. Make the final meeting a dinner and let the foreman do the talking. - See that the attitude of every employee toward safety is known to the foreman and the superintendent. At least twice a ycar, see that the plant safety program is hrought to the attention of employees' families. 186 Twenty-third AII/Ilral Safety COlIgrl'ss-Natiollal Safety Council wages of each employee in all departments that completed a month without a losttime accident. This plan has proved to he very effective in stimulating interest. It is especially effective in making each individual employee interested in seeing that his fellow employees work safely. 3. Our officials have always given their filII cooperation to anything of merit for preventing accidents, and have unstintingly appropriated money to provide adequate guards, good quality tools, properly fitted goggles, first aid equipment, etc. 4. We use, with very good results, the Judge and Jury system that has heen used in several other industries. We huilt an impressive judge's stand, jury hox, witness stand, etc. A judge, sheriff, prosecutor, and jurors were elected. The sheriff selected deputies in each department that were truly undercover men, as no one but the sheri ff knew who they were. It is the duty of every employee to turn in charges for violations of safety rules. These charges are filed and once a month court is convened. The defendants are advised of their charges several days before their trial, and they select anyone they choose to defend them, witnesses for both sides are picked and court is really in session. Various penalties are givt'n to those found guilty. 5. Good quality and properly designed tools, we helieve, rank second only to the operator's knowledge of the proper way to use them in preventing accidents. Much has been written about the hazards of using hand chisels, punches, etc., that have become mushroomed, and many suggestions have been made for reconditioning these tools. Our method is to make tools that will withstand severe use and even misuse without mushrooming. Round Table Discussion This general discussion was led hy General Chairman J. R Zook. He submitted as a subject the question "What Effect on Employees' Attitude Does the Present Necessary Economy Measures Have, Particularly Relating to Company Loyalty and Safety?" It was the general feeling that the employer's own attitude is of extreme importance and that sincerity and fairness in dealing with employees will always reAect hack in their attitude toward the management. It was also emphasized that proper individual training of the employee in the simplest details and the checking of every joh are of extreme importance in these times when many new employees are heing hired and also when older employees are returning to unfamiliar johs. This special training program must also he carried on to what would appear to be extreme, at least, for a considerahle time, if a satisfactory control of accidents is to he hoped for. ADJOURNMENT T W I'. N T Y - T II J N I) ANN [1 A L SA F E T yeO N G RES S NAT 1 () N .//1. SA F I~ T Y C () UN C I I. o Chemical Section Officers 1933-34 Genrral ClllIil'lI/all-JOlIN ]{OACII, Dcpllty COl11missioner of Lahor, TTellton, N. J. Vier-Chai,.,,,(,,, ill Charyc 0/ Proyralll-A. L. ARMSTRONG, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. Vicr-Chairman ill Char.'lC 0/ EH.<Jillccri"!I--G. H. MTI.LF.R, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. Secre/ar.\~RALPTl O. KEF:FER, Aluminulll Company of America, Massena, N. Y. Nr1I's I.cllr/' Edi/ol'-JoTlN M""ONIW. AlulIlinum Company of America, Massena, N. Y. OccllpatiO/w/ /lisrasr Cn1llll/ill('c Chainll/Ill-DR. LWNARIJ GREF.NRURG, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Conn. Melll/irrship a"d Publici/y C"1III11;lIe<' C/I11;)"IIIII-S. n. KIRKPATRICK, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, New York, N. Y. Statist irs C"mmillre C"airmall-IRA V. KEPNER. Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co., Menominee, Mich. MClIl/'crs at l.ar!lcDR. EuzARETH n. nRICKF.R, Lititz, Pa. F. E. CLANCV, JR .. Mathi"son. Alkali Works, Inc., Niagara Falls, N. Y. F. W. DENNIS, Hooker Electrochemical Co.. Niagara Falls, N. Y. E. F KING, Lever Brothers Co., Camhridge, Mass S. F. LARCHAR, Thomas A. Edison Industries, West Orange, N. J. H. L. MINER, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. E. L. ROOT, Celluloid Corporation, Newark, N. J. c. E. SEVRENS, Merrimac Chemical Co., IIlC., Roston, Mass. JOHN S. SHAW, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. R. C. STRATTON, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. PLI1MMF.R WnF.F.l.F.R, American Cyanamid Cn., Linden. N. J. s. E. WlIlTIN(;. Liherty Mutnal Insuranee ('0.. n,,,ton, Mass. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 1. 1934 The opening session of the Chcmical Section was called to order oy General Chairman John Hoarh, Deputy Commissioner of Lahor, State of New Jersey, Trenton, N. J. Chairman Roach introduced nr. W. R. Veazey, head of the Chemical lR7 198 Twellty-tliird Ammai Safety COllgress-Natiunal Safety COllllcil MemlJl'rs E.rCCllti7'C Cammillee at J_argeF. E. Clancy, Jr., Mathieson Alkali Works, Inc., Niagara Falls, N. F. W. Dennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Ira V. Kepner, Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co., Menominee, E. F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Camhridge, Mass. H. P. Lewis, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Trenton, N. J. c. E. Sevrens, Merrimac Chemical Co., Inc., Boston, Mass. John S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. Plummer \Vheeler, American Cyanamid Co., Linden, N. J. S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Y. Mich. Round Table Discussion The final f:ature of the Chemical Section program was a general Round Tahle Discussion of the suhject "Preventing Injuries to the Hands and Feet of Workers in the Chemical [II<lustry," which was led by A. L. Armstrong General Supervisor of Safety and Fire Protection, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y. This was an informal extemporaneous discussion, and although interesting and of value to those who took part, no record is availahle. AD}()URNMENT ~~ \ ' T IV n NT V - TIll RnA N N l! A 1_ SA" Ii T Y C () N G R n s s NATIONAl. SAFh'TV C () rT N C 11_ 0"I I ~ Construction Section Officers 1933-34 General CI",irJllall-JOII N RUSSELL, JR.', United 1':II~il1l'('rs & COllstructors, Newark, N. J. Via-CI",irn"'"-\V. (;. WIIEEI.ER, Iluildill~ Trad,'s Employers' Association, York, N. Y. IlIc., New Vice-CI",irmall for 1!II.'IiIICerill,l/ !'mjects-I'. H. MANETTA, JII., TholJ1pson Starrett Co., New York, N. Y. Vice-Chairmall for Utility COlIstrllclioll-C. H. BLACK, Stone & Wehster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass. Viu-Chairmall for U. S. Ellyillrrr JiepartJllrilt-CAPT. ELLIOTT VANDEVANTER, C. of E., Office of the Chief of Engineers, WashinJ(ton, D. C. Secretary-RoRERT McKINLEY, General Accident Fire & Life Assurance Corp., Detroit, Mich. News Letter EdiIOr-EIlGAR N. GOLIlSTINE, (State Compensation Insurance Fund of Calif.), San Francisco, Calif. Ellyinarillg Committee Chairlllall-J. C. FORESTER, The T" E. Myers Co., Chicago, Ill. Membership Committee Cilllil'll1llll-NoRMAN \VF.I.I.INGS, Booth & Flinn, Ltd., Pittsburgh, Pa. I'asler COlllmittee Cllllirlllall-JAMEs N. !JOYI.E, James N. Doyle Adjustment Bureau, Reg'd., Montreal, Quehec, Can. Progra", Committee ClraiYIIIlIll-R. J. RFJ(;EI.UTII, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. I'II/l/icily Cm/llllitter Clrlli"IIIOII-TIIOMAS \V. WALTON, Henry W. Horst Co., Phil- adelphia, Pa. . St<llislics Commit/a Cll<firmllll-W. A. SNOW, Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Washin~ton, D. C. M emhers at Large- W. F. AUSTIN, Detroit, Mit-h. MISS E. S. GIIEE, McLaury Marble Corp., New York. N. Y. \V. R. RICIIARIlS, Bureau of Contract Information, Inc.. \Vashington, D. C. GF.ORGE \VIDUA, Builders and Manufacturers Mutual Casualty Co., Chicago, III. 199 TWENTY-TllINJ) ANNUAL SAP I: T Y CON G RES S NATIONAL SAFh'TY COUNCIL o Marine Section Officers 1933-34 Grnl'ml Cllllirn"III-FHANK H. ('O"AN. Railroad Marine Service. New York. N. Y. Via-Cha;rmall (;11 Chal'.'/I' IIf l'osll'l's alld SI;dfS)--RoHEHT F. BANIl. Standard Ship- ping Co., New York, N. Y. Vice-Chairman (in CI1(/r.'/1' 0/ 1'"h1icily)-ARTIII1R M. TOilE. Consulting Marine Engineer, New York, N. Y. Via-Chairmall {for Ihe Pacific Coasl)-A. n. WOI.I.. (;eneral Petrolellm Corp. of Calif., Terminal Island, Calif. Secretary-E. C. HOI.IlEN. JR.. United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., New York, N. Y. Nr1'S rella ndi,llr-HENRY BLACKSTONE. United States P. & I. Agency. Inc., San Francisco, Calif. n"yinrer;II.l1 Conrmillre Cha;rmall-Il. C. EnwARos. Conslliting Engineer. New York. N. Y. Mem/lers"i" C01ll1llillN Chair1llall-\V. E. STEWARDSON. Colomhian Steamship Co., New York. N. Y. Prowam CommiffN Cha;rlllall-J. S. HUNTER. The Atlantic Refining Co. Philadelphia. Pa. Slatislics COlllmilla Cha;l'lIIall-Ih:NJAMIN II. SELF. Travelers Insurance Co., New York, N. Y. Sle1'rdorill.'/ COIIIIII;III'I' Cha;rmall-F. ('. (;REI;ORV. United States Elllployees' Compensation Commission, Washington, D. l'. !Jelll/las al LarflcFRANK E. AMES. Lykes. Bros.-Ripley Steamship Co.. New Orleans. La. n. c. W. P. BIGGS. Navy Department Safety Engineer. Washington. c. F. IkA(,KTON. Erie Railroad Co., Jersey City. N. J. A. R. BIISII. International Flare-Signal ('0. New York. N. Y. E. W. FISKE. JR.. Standard-VaCUUIll Transportation Co.. New York. N. Y. CnARI.ES H. FLATHERS. Eastern Steamship Lines. Inc .. Boston. Mass. F. P. ForsiF.. Shipping Federation of the State of Washington. Seattle. Wash. J. M. CRISlER. Alahallla Dry Dock & Shiphuilding ('0. Mooile, Ala. W~f. GROI1NIl\\'ArER. Union Oil Co. of Calif.. Los Angeles. Calif. WM. F. JONES. Gulf Refining Co.. New York. N. Y. W. P. KMN. Marine Surveyor. New York. N. Y. R. K. KELLY. Tide Water Oil Co., New York. N. Y. 227 ,I J \ " 228 Twenty-third Annual Safety COllgress-Natiollol Safety Council J. L. LUCKENBACH, American Bureau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. DANIEL J. Mt1RPl1v, Murphy, Cook & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. BVRON O. PICKARD, Pacific American Steamship Assn., San Francisco, Calif. E. J. ROnF.~ON, JR., Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry flock Co., Newport News, Va. J. K. ROBI~ON, Sinclair Navigation Co., New York, N. Y. J. C. ROIlI.FS, Standard Oil Company of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. H. L. SF.WARD, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. . ARTHUR R. SAVAGE, Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co., Port Tampa, Fla. A. J. SMlTII, Marine Office of Asnerica, New York, N. Y. J. H. TOMB, New York State Merchant Marine Academy, New York, N. Y. ELLIOTT VANIJEVANTER, Capt., Office of the Chief of Engineers, Munitions Bldg., Washington, D. C. JOHN WRWI1T, American Export Line, New York, N. Y. G. D. ZF.H, Associated Oil Co., San Francisco, Calif. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 2, 1934 The opening session of the Marine Section was called to order by Geueral Chairman Frank H. Cogan, the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., Hoboken, N. J., who presided. Chairman Cogan introduced Mr. Herhert C. Jack- son, of the Interlake Steamship Co., Cleveland, who cordially welcomed the delegates in the name of the City of Cleveland. Chairman Cogan then presented a brief review and preview of Marine Section activities during the past year, including the work of sectional officers aud chairmen of committees. The chairman then introduced tbe first speaker. The Economics of Accident Prevention in Handling Marine Cargo By H. W. HEINRICH AsstiBtant Superintendent, Engineering and Inspection Division, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. The speaker said in part: According to data provided by the U. S. Department of Commerce, 342,489 tons of cargo valued at $10,910,429,000 were handled for export amI import in the United States in 1932. This includes cargo handle,l nn the rivers and lakes as well as at ocean ports. The payroll require,l was $188,000,000. Estimated payml'nls for compensation and employers' liahility claims and for medical and hnspital services amounted to approximately $14,000,000. In addition to this, the indirect costs of accidents in stevedoring work is approximately four times as much as the direct costs, or $5Ii,OOO,O()O. From these data accident costs may he expressed in terms of tons and payrol1, as follows: Total cost per ton, 20e. Total cost per $100 of payrol1, $37. Part of total cost per ton not covered hy insurance, llic. Part of total cost per $100 of payroll not covered hy insurance, $29.60. It is fair to compare accident costs with other so-called overhead costs in handling cargo in order that a true picture of its relative importance may he had. Stevedoring operators in the Port of New York provide the following estimates: Overhead costs, .068; labor costs, .1i8; hid price, .90; profit, .13; accidents, .20. I M arillC Sectioll 229 Frol1l the ahove it appears that the cost of accidents is nearly twice the total protit and almost three times the amount of overhead, aud ahont one-third as mlllh as lahor. A re<illction of accident cost to the extent of 50 per cent, which, by the way, is wholly reasonahle and possible, would seem to be decidedly worth while. To tl", entire indtlstry the saving WOllld approximate $35,000,000 annually. A fnrther interesting fad rdated to al'cidcnt cost is that cOll1pcnsation insurance rates, which din'ctly reflect the frequency and severity of accidents, are getting- higher. From 1928 to 1932 the rates in the State of New York increased 22 per cent. The relation of incidental cost of al'l'i,lents to the direct cost is very well known; however, the following- cases will serve as examples: C/lSi' No.1. An unhnxed Lincoln alltol1lohile was being loaded into No. 2 hatch. The boom-head was not gllyed far enough outbnard al1<1 when the car was raised clear of the dock it swung against the ship's side with considerable force, smashing the front of the car. The car could not be shippell and had to he replaced from the factory in Detroit. AIso when the car suddenly swung toward the ship, a longshoreman, who was holding the guy lines, was thrown violently to the ground, inj tiring his ann. The direct injury cost to this man was $6, the merlical bill being pai,l hy the insurance company. Btlt the indirect cnst of the acci,lent included the following: Property damage to car, $2000; tonnage Inss $20; lahor loss $10: freight loss $vj3o0l01~. ly,T hheowt{o'vtaelr, indirect this is cost was, therefore, $2330, 11(,)t Clll avrra.L!"f' casf'. or a ratio of JRR to I. Oh- Crrsr No.2. Oil cake was heing loaded into a ship in nrooklyn. The injured man, a hatch tender, was standing by the ship's rail anrl had signaled the winch man to hoist the draft. He then walked from the rail to the halrh coaming and started giving instructions to elnployees in the holrl to stand clear of the draft. The job was heing worked with a low honl1l and the hatch tender was 1I0t stall,ling clear of the draft, for when it swung it struck him across the shoulders alld he was thrown into the hold. He stlstained a broken collar bOlle, two broken legs and various other injuries. The medical hills amounted to $800, and although the accident happened four years ago, the man is still receiving compensation for partial disahility. There was no property damage in this accident, but even so the employer found additional cost. Hefore the accident occurred. the hoat was being loaderl at the rate of 50 tons per hour, the men prodncing to capacity. The accident happened aud immediately 20 employees stoJlped work. It was necessary to secure a canned goods skid to lift the injured man out of the hold. There was more delay until the amhulance patrol arrived alld in all it was nearly nne hour hefore the job got under way again. The first hour after the accident the men moved 35 tons, the next hOllr 40 tons, and the final hour of the day 42 tons. Tlws. in the day's work there was incidental accidmt cost due to a production shortage of nearly 1i0 tons, and the loss of an hOllr's payroll for the twenty men on the joh, which was paid hy the employer. It has been estahlished hy careful research, therefore. that the cost of claims and medical and hospital care is hut one-fifth of the total cost of an average accident. The remaining four-fifths lJ1ust he pairl hy the employer and ahsorhed under other hearls. Th" fln'v"ntion of empl"yee accident s-~and inri,l,'ntally of: al'ci,lent costsis not difficnlt once the (Iements of al'ei,len! prevention are unrlerstoo,\. Most accidents, fortllnately, are of a preventahle nat lire. An accident can occur onlv hf'catts(' of the ('xistf'lwf' of Ol1r or hnth of two hasie condit ions: (a) The lIIisafe acts of some pt'rson, or (b) an unsafe physical or meehanical condition. These conditions mllst he fOllnd and correcte,l if accidents are to he prevented. The unsak phvsical conditions are usually ohvious. They can he readilv found an,l therefore shoilld he the first to he corrected. The unsafe acts of pers(lIls can he determined hy intelligent ollservation of the performance of men at work. Once it has heen determined that a man is rloing a joh in an unsafe manner, he must be made to understand the right and safe Way to do the joh, and then it 'J~ 234 TwclIty-third Allllual Safety COIli/rcss-Natill/lal Safety COUllcii wares have tremendous force and playa great part in hreaking down the pllhlic's resistance. These advertisers have not the least hit of doubt that these media render a material service in helping them to remove from their shelves the innumerable products which, as manufacturers and producers, they have to offer. It does not necessarily follow that advertising media need be pictorial in design. Some of the lettered posters are just a~ effective as those bearing illustrations. Color attracts the eye quicker, of course. Certain advertisers adopt slogans which are kept before the public constantly and these slogans frequently become part of the observers' colloquial vocabulary. In each respect, nevertheless, the public, whether cOnsumer or not of the articles advertised, is "visualizing" the prodllct which it sees advertised on the highways and by-ways. Now, if it is true that we human~ can visualize the news through mental images and can he made to dig down in our pockets because of the irre~istible power created hy attractive messages contained in advertising media, is it not equally trlle that safety-consciousness-the will tn do away with all accidentscan be instilled in our minll~ hy this same process? There i. no dOllht that the majority of us agree that this can he accntnplished. We believe that the employees of an industrial ..oncern are hOllnll to perform their work with a progressively lessening numher of mishaps to themselves if they receive the proper kind of education in the science of accident prevention. This same compelling power which causes men. women and children to hlly things which they see advertised will, in the opinion of every memlwr of the Marine Section Poster Committee of the National Safety Council, influence the workmen in the manner desired. They are certain in time to take notice of the timely messages and cultivate a habit of working safely. An individual will say to himself that this or that practice which he has been following for years is foolhardy. He will ponder inwardly, "I noticed somewhere, sometime, that some other man lost his leg hy taking a chance, or underwent some terrible suffering, or perhaps lost his life and his family underwent the suffering, simply because he took the same chance that I am about to take." He will be restrained from taking that chance; he will become a more efficient worker because the visualization of the suffering of another man will make him more safetyminded. An accident and inefficiency often are partners. The attribute of saletymindedness will el iminate the direct, as well as the indirect losses which follow all personnel accidents. In order to show our line of reasoning and how indisputable it is that safety can be visualized hy employees just as assuredly in the maritime field as in a factory, I am suhmitting for your inspection a sample hulletin hoard such as can he seen on each and everyone 01 the 70 vessels of the fleets of the Standard Shipping Company and Pan American Foreign Corporation, which are in operation today. These hoard~ are installed on the ships in places where they are ever conspicuons to members of the crew. A sailor would have to he hlind not to see these boards frequently during the course of a voyage. The boards are adequately illuminated. and the ships' Safety Committees are directed to keep them neat and clean looking. They must be always "newsy," to excite curiosity. Sailormen are naturally inquisitive; they are living in a small world, to themselves, so to speak, for weeks without anything save sparse radio news from out.,ide civilization. In this way, appreciating that they may miss something worth while if they ignore the hoards, they scrutinize them carefully. They arc attracted to the hoards almost involuntarily by their colorful appearance, and hy their news articles, and "catchy" items which the Ship's Safety Committee makes it a husiness to post thereon. These committees vie with one another to present the hest looking hu1\etin !.nanls. Now, what is heing experienced on the vessels of thesc fleets, IlIlIllIuht<'ll1y, can be repeated elsewhere in marine operations--{)n the docks where stevedores perform their duties. in the shipyards where vessels are under constrnction or unde'r repair, on harhor and inland water equipment. and in every other conceivahle marine activity. The theory is the same. Well illuminated hulletin hoards, colorful posters and items of interest attract the workmen. Anything at all pertinent which is placed where the workmen are hound to ohserve the appealing safety messages embodied in the posters will produce the effect which the employer wishes. ",,' ';"("""f'/~Y Alarilll' .\','(Iiol/ 235 Some lIlen's minds, of course, are l1lore sluggish than others in ahsorhing ideas of this nature; but safety can be visnalized and is being visualized every day in almost every shop, plant, dock, ship and quarry in the country. It is being "sold" to the workmen through the l1lediUIll of posters as certainly as by vernal instruction and every other means, such as the Safety Instruction Cards ohtainanle through the National Safety (ollncil. Tt I1lllst he horne in l1lind, however, that the posters should not he allowed to hecome comlllon-place. Report of the Nominating Committee At this point Chairman Cogan called for the report of the Nominating Comemleitctteeed, aasndfonlelowwso:fficers for the Section lor the ensuing year were nominated and General Chairmall-E. W. Fiske, Jr., ScolJy Vacuulll Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. ShipVpicineg-CChaoi.,rmNanew(ilYl oCrkh,ar.N'ir. oYf. Posters and SlidN)-Robert F. Hand, Standard EngViniceee-rC, hNaeirwm"Yn or(kin, NC.hmY..'le of I'"",/..ily)-Arthur M. Tode, COlISulting Marine of CVaiclief-.C, hTaeirrmmlilnllal (fIosrlanIdh,e CPalllicf/.fic Cnast)-A. O. Woll, (;eneral Petroleum Corp. Secretary-John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. SanNeFllr'aSncIi.sectole, r Cfailliifi.lor-He. nry Blackstone, Ullited States p. & I. Agency, Inc., YorJki.,lIgNin.eeYril.lg COII/millee Cltairmall-B. C. Edwards, Consulting Engineer, New AgeMnceym, beNreshwip YCorOkI,I/"N,/l.IceY. Clrairmall-E. C. Holden, Jr., United State P. & 1. shipPrCoog.r, amNewCoOmrmleiattnese, LCah. airman-Frank E. Allies, Lykes Bros.-Ripley Steam- panyS,tatNisetwics YCorok",'",Nifl.eeY. ChairlllllIl-Bcnjamin H. Self, Travelers Insurance Com- UniSotne,veSdaonrinFgran[c'i0s1c11o11,1 ilCleaelif.Chairmall-F. C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers Members at Lllrge- W. P. Biggs, Navy Department Safety Engineer, Washington, D. C. C. F. Blackton, Erie Railroad Co., Jersey City, N. J. FraHnkoboHk.en,CoNg.anJ,. The Delaware, l.ackawanna and Western Railroad Co., F. P. Foisie, Shipping Federation of the State of Washington, Seattle, Wash. J. M. Griser, Alahallla Dry Dock & Shipbuilding ('0., Mohile, Ala. Will. Groundwater, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. Henry J. Heidorn, Standard Shipping Company, New York, N. Y. Willard F. Jones, Gulf Refining Co., New York, N. Y. W. P. Kain, Marine Surveyor, New York, N. Y. T. F. Kavanagh, Grace Lines, Inc., New York, N. Y. R. K. Kelly, Tide Water Oil Co., New York, N. Y. Stewart Lee, Jr., New York Shipbuilding Co., Camden, N. J. J. L. Luckenhach, American Bureau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. Daniel J. Murphy, Murphy, Cook & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Carl E. Petersen, Newport News S. B. & D. D. Company, Newport News, Va. Byron O. Pickard, Pacific American Steamship Assn., San Francisco Calif. H. \V. Proom, Black Diamond Lines, New York, N. Y. ' J. K. Rohison. Sinclair Navigation Co., New York, N. Y. J. C. Rohlfs, Standard Oil Company of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. Arthur R. Savage, Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co., Port Tampa, Fla. H. L. Seward. Yale University, New Haven, Corm. A. J. Smith, Marine Office of America, New York, N. Y. J. HN.ewToYmonr,k,CaNp.t. YU. SN Rtd., New York State Merchant Marine Academy, E. Storm Trosdal, Jr., South Atlantic S. S. Line, Savannah, Ga. I I II: I , i I I j Ii '! I. 'I LI J. I n~~.lJ,. I":,; 1"'1 ,~~'il ,1/1 ~I ~ ,! .1 )",11 f"~'j :: I ). 254 Twenty-third Annual Safety COllgrcss-Nalional Safety COIt1/cil skin infection. Unnecessary roughness wi11 cause unnecessary pain and hoth of these the patient will resent even though the inj ury itself be successfully treated from a scientific viewpoint. In order that the proper confidential relationship may exist between the doctor and the injured employee, it is of the utmost importance that no suspicion of discrimination or unfair dealing arise in respect to the right to receive compensation and to have ample time for a proper recovery. Taking ordinary human nature into consideration, it follows that a certain amount of this suspicion is bound to occur. A few patients infer that because the doctor is paid a salary by the company he is going to seize every opportunity to discriminate against the employee and in favor of the company in compensation cases. There should be no just grounds for snspicions of this nature. The corporation rightfully expects the doctor to keep his eyes open for imposition and malingering, but is not looking for any unfair favors from the doctor to save a few ,lollars in compensation. If the corporation physician adopts an habitual hard-boiled and cynical attitude in these compensation cases, he will eventually be of no more use to his employers than to his patients, simply because he has cast away the human side of industrial medicine. True malingering is extremely rare, which adds to our optimism. Exaggeration is occasionally met with. Most of this is unintentional and due to the patient's hypersensitive reaction to injury. The lower percentage of intentional exaggeration of an injury for the purpose of obtaining excessive compensation or prolonging the return to duty has to be handled firmly. In discussing the human side of our work we consider next those patients 'who come to us for illness. In many respects this is possibly the most difficult and trying work that confronts us in the plant dispensary. Too much is expected of us in a large percentage of cases. We rarely have sufficient time for a thorough diagnostic examination, and we are often confronted with vague and obscure complaints which the private practitioner, who expects his fee, never sees. In many instances we see illness in a much earlier stage than does the family doctor, before some definite sign or symptom has developed, and it is difficult for us to tell the patient just what his complaints indicate or what they might develop. A few of our fellow employees are possibly rather too apprehensive about their various aches and pains, and I confe~~ that it takes a certain amount of patient resignation to listen to these oft repeated complaints. Our patients seek U~, however, in good faith; they want and expect something from us, and unless we cling tenaciously to the human side and cast away the temptation of indifference or carelessness, some embarrassing or even tragic mistake might happen sooner or later. Diagnosis, rather than treatment, must remain the essential part of our efforts for the sick employee. We mu~t try to separate those who are really ill or about to become ill, from those who onl,. suspect that they are ill. To an extent l1<'cessarily limited by our time and equipment, we must actually examine these patients. By taking advantage of an acquired judgment of human appearance and human nature, plus the use of eyes, hands, stethoscope and thermometer, we can be of some service in many of these cases. As might be expected, our fellow employees Quite often seek information and assistance concerning medkal matters entirely aside from the routine company husiness. They come to us with an infinite variety of questions concerning not only themselves but also any member of the immediate family, other relatives anrl friends. An employee whose child needs a tonsil operation and who cannot afford the necessary expense, seeks our assistance to secure admission of the cbild into the tonsil clinic. The young hushanrl asks us to recommend some physician to care for his wife in confinement. Someone else hurries down from his work and asks us to call the hospital and inquire ahout hi~ mother who has jUst been operated upon. The human side of our work demands that we he ready and willing at all time~ to act as a medical information hureau to the hest of our ahility. All this cOllles tn us because there is nothing formal about the plant doctor's office. It is usually not necessary to interview a secretary before the doctor can he seen. The door is open and the service is gratis. ADInURNMENT ti;";:('.~,, H,"~,~;", ....: ,".:il'':';~V.'~'W TWflNTY-TllINn ANNUAL SAT-liTY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL .'I I 0.~ Metals Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairlllrlll-E. F. BLANK, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa, Vice-Chairmall-J. A. Voss, Repuhlic Steel Corporation, Youngstown, Ohio. Vice-Chair1lla1r---H. W. IhRR, Bethlehem Steel Company, Johnstown, Pa. Secretary and News Letter Editor-A. BERQUIST, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, East Chicago, Ind. Ellginuri,,!! Committee Chairmall-J. E. CUl.LINf:V, Bethlehem Steel Company, Bethelehem, Pa. Health Committee Chairmall-])R. R C. ENGEL, The Corrigan, McKinney Steel Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Membership Committee ChairJlllllr---R A. CnAFFIN, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. Poster COII/mittee Chairmall-W. D. SPf:JGIlT, Keystone Steel & Wire Co., Peoria, III. Program Commi/ter Chairmall-C. M. ALLEN, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. Pu/JIicity CO"'IIIillre Chairmall-A. M. LVTJ.E, The Newton Sted Company, Newton Falls, O. Statistics COlllmittee Chair1llQ/r---C. E. RALSTON, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Slides allil Saldy Killb Commilll'e C/",inll{/II-J. A. OARTEL, Carnegie Steel Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. Foundry Comlllittl'r Chairmall-F. G. BF:NNETT, The Buckeye Steel Castings Company, Columbus, Ohio. Railway Car HI4ilders COllllllitler Chairmall-P. J. BRANn, Pullman Car & Manu- facturing Corporation, Pullman, Chicago, III. Members at Large- L. S. AllAM, Huhbard Steel Foundry, East Chicago, Ind. ]. A. COLTRIN, National Radiator Corporation, Johnstown, Pa. H. M. CROGHAN, Inland Steel Company, East Chicago, Ind. G. A. DAVIS, Illinois Steel Company. Chicago. III. JOliN P. EIB, Illinois Steel Company. Joliet. III. E. A. ELI.IS, Wheeling Steel Corp.. \\'h""lin/!, W. Va. \V. T. FII.MF.R. Tbe Youn/1stown Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. A. C. GIRSO:>l, Spang, Chalfant & Company, Inc.. Pitt.bur/!h. Pa. 255 256 Twenty-third Allnual Safety Congress-Natiollal StLfcty COllllcil CHARLES W. HANKO, Pittshurgh Steel Co., Monessen, Pa. O. F. HARVEY, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S. E. HAIVKF.S, Mac"Vhyte Company, Kenosha, "Vis. H ARH.V (;. II ~:NS~:L, The Youngstown Sheet and Tuhe Company, Chicago, III. W. J. hEI.ANII, Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis. W. A. JARVIS, The Chase Companies, Waterhury, Conn. F. A. LAUERMAN, Repuhlic Steel Corporation, South Chicago, III. T. H. McKF.NNF.V, Illinois Steel Company, South Chicago, Ill. D. V. MF.lIAI.IF., Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, III. W. E. MF.GRAW, H. H. Robertson Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. ROBF.RT L. SCHMITT, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Company, Louisville, Ky. J. K. STAFFORD, Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co., Decatur, III. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October I, 1934 The opening session of the Metals Section WaR called to order by General Chairman E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa., who presided. Chairman Blank introduced Mr. ])onald n. Gillie.s, President, Corrigan, McKinney Steel Co., Cleveland, who marie a hrief address of welcome on hehalf of the Conv..ntion City. I.eneral Chairman Blank then presented a hrief "Resume of the Year's Activities" of the MdaIs Section. giving in some detail the activities of officers and chairman of standing committee., whose work for the Section was highly valued. Chairman Blank then introduced the first speaker. Practical Safety from an Operating Standpoint By G. D. TRANTER General Superintendent, Middletown Division. The American Rolling Mill Co. Middletown. Ohio The speaker said in part: If we seek the solution of the accident problem by the same methods used for operating control, we will more quickly improve the plant safety record. For example, safety rules must be regarded in the same manner as operating rules and practice. Some years ago, safety gates had been installed in the rear of open hearth furnaces for the protection of men working on tap holes and runners in a certain plant. The safety appliance was not accepted wholeheartedly hy the furnace men until a helper fell off the hackstandillg and was fatally injured. But after this accident, the gate. were always in place. Here is another case. A gas maker was seriously injured during the hurn-oul of a gas producer. Investigation of the accident disclosed that the man had previously receive,1 a number of minor injuries while working on this particular joh. It further developed that he was unsuited to this type of work hecause of age and previous training. If this man's foreman had considered these minor injuries in the light of a danger signal and transferred the man to a less hazardous joh, this accident woul<l have heen prevented. Discipline in accident prevention as well as in operation should he resorted to only when other means fail. Men usually respond willingly to proper inspiration and leadership. In case of a violation of safety rules, a word from the superintendent to the person who committed the act goes a long way. In going ahout the if.. ~, Aleta!.\' Sectio/l 257 shop or department the superintendent may note a practice which has escaped the attention of the foreman. Unsafe practices should he handled at the moment and not allowed to continue. I t is an indication of lax supervision whel; an accident occurs due to nnsafe practice (If long standing. Acting on safety violations only ~fter an }ccident occurs is on a par with "locking the stahle door after the horse IS stolen. Industry is now confronted with the prohlem of ahsorhing many new and in- experienced workers. Many former employees, who were re-hired. had lost their skill through months, and even years, of inactivity in their particular line of work. On the other hand, Itlany young persons have heen employed who were without any previous manual or industrial exp(rience. Their desire to turn out a good day's work through fear of not rendering satisfactory service has often resulted in personal injury to themselves or their fellow workers. We cannot simply throw the new men into the rapidly moving stream of production and expect hi", to carryon hy sheer native ability. It is the job of the superintendent and the foreman to train these newcomers. The new ",an needs joh training, not only in the manual performance of his work, but also job training from the standpoint of how to do the work safely. Job training and safety training are closely related subjects that apply not only to the newcomer, but also to the more experienced worker. The question arises as to the best method for training the worker. (a) Individual instruction by the foreman, including a talk to the new man during which the hazards connected with his particular joh will he pointed out. (h) Additional instruction by the skilled fell,',w worhr. who will offer the new man the henefit of his long experience alHI conviction of the vallie of safety work. (c) The example set by the foreman himself. whose attitude amI condud with resped tn safety rules have a great influence on the n1('n. In addition, introductory meetings, in which groups of I1('W n1('U are cal1t-d towtlll'r, offer an excellent opportunity to impress the new elllployee with tl", illlportanc" of personal safety. Such IIIeetin((s IIIay he addressed hy the Personal Service Director, Safety Supervisor, and a plant executive. In addition to the safety discussion. a talk on company policies, opportunities for advancement, and general information pertaining to the company's products will give the new member a hroader perspective of his job. When the new man reports for the first time, he should he thoroughly instructed as to the hazards an<l safetv features of the work. As a reminder to the foreman, a printed slip or form may be given to the new man, stating that he has been properly instructed on safety. This slip should he signed hy the foreman and returned to the Safety Department after the man has received the necessary instruc- tions. Training an organization cannot he accomplished over night. Months and years are required to develop a highly trained and skilled group of workers. Neither can training he accomplished hy posting the works with a lot of printed "don'ts," in the expectation of stopping accidents. Effective safety training requires a more personal and direct appeal. Neither will hooks of puhlished rules stop accidents. Men must learn to work in a safe manner instinctively, just as they learn to operate a macliine or other piece of equipment. Small group meetings for the discussion of the various safety prohlems of the department, in which the new mall is encouraged to take part and ask questions, is usually an effective method. Safety campaigns are of douhtful value. \Vhile they serve to stimulate the safety movement. it is usually only telllporary and tlwre is a relapse shortly after the campaign is over. A consistent safety policy is the surest means to a satisfactory acci- dent record. First ai,l training should he a feature of the progralll. Resuscitation, handling of the patient after an accident occurs and how to stop severe hleeding should be taught to every employee. The various first aid lI1ethods should he reviewed fre- quently in order to keel' the organization in proper training. A well organized first aid training program arouses considerahle interest in all phases of safety activity. Health plays an illlportant role in the safety program. The man who is not u!) to par in this respect is a fitting suhject for an accident. Health examinations, which Can he marie a part of the cOllIpany hospital service. often disclose minor conditions which, if corrected in time, may prevent physical disability later. They '" 258 'i'7t'I'lIty-third Alllll/al Safety ('ollgrcss-Naliollal Safety COl/llcil are also invaluable in placing men having certain physical impairments on the proper job. Due consideration should he gi'ven to safety devices, apparel amI equipment. Equipment should be provided with safety guards where neccssary. Keeping guards in place has been a rather vexing problem. Machines will he repeat('rlly started after repairs with the guards left off. The only solution is to insist that replacing the guard is a feature of the repair, just the same as lubrication or giving bolts the final tum. The entire burden for accident prevention cannot be saddled on the shoulders of the Safety Director. Plant management, superintendents and foremen must hack the Safety Director up and act promptly on suggestions. The foreman's fl'sponsibility in accident prevention should be strongly emphasized. He should he held accountable for the personal safety of his men in the same proportion that he is accountable for the eqllipment and material within his charg('. The foreman is Aot only the shop executive, hut also the instructor. His effectiveness lies not only in his ahility to direct the operation, hut also his ahility to properly teach am! train his mell. Since accident prevention is largely a matter of training. it falls dirtly into the category of the foreman's n'spollsihility. Fllrthermore, the safety program lends itself to the daily routine of the foreman. In going ahout the shop, making his regular check on quality and Vroduction, he should display a like interest in the safety features of the work. Every means should he used to sell the idea of accident prevention to the organization. The superintendent must he sold on its value and through meetings anrl personal contact sell the foreman. Likewise, the foreman must pass the idea along to the men. An effective means for communication of ideas more rlir~ctly to the working- personnel is through the medium of the Employee Representative r.roup. Safety can he made one of the topics of the various meetings between employee representatives and management. Safety trophies presented to various groups, where a month is completed without a lost-time accident, are a good publicity plan. Plant order and clean-up play an important part in accident frequency. Scrap, rubbish and debris allowed to accumulate in aisleways and working areas present serious safety hazards. A clean and orderly plant is an inspiration to the personnel to turn out good workmanship. Occasional inspection of lockers and out-of-the-way places is effective in promoting good housekeeping in the shop. Periodic safety inspections serve a very good purpose. The personnel of the inspection committee (If group may vary according to local policies. An effective plan is to have a periodic inspection by a group consisting of the Safety Director, Company Physician, and the Works Police and Fire Chief. This grou~. is augmented hy a memher of each departmental safety committee during the IIlspeciion of his particular department. In addition to the usual safpty features, sanitary conditions and fire hazards are also included in the committee report. The Foreman's Part in Accident Prevention By M. p, GRADY Foreman, Pennsylvania Railway Shops, Canton, Ohio The speaker said in part: Any average foreman will agree that he must he qualified as a manager, a cost analyzer, a diplomat, a humanitarian, an educator, a leader, and a student, in order to successfully carryon the duties of his position. If he is properly qualified and functioning in all these different lines, then he would enjoy a perfect or nearly perfect record in accident prevention. That he fails in one of these essential qualifications is evident in almost every case where the cause of an acddent that happens in his department is thoroughly investigated. Many times I have heard foremen say, "What must I do? How must I carry on to keep down or eliminate the accidents in my department?" I f I - were to say what I consider the most ne('essary qualification a foreman must have to get that smooth warm cooperation that is so necessary from the workers in his department, Metals S('(tiol/ 259 I would say. first. "lie mmt he a square shooter." A square shooter is a man who is primarily hOliest, not only hOliest with those with whom he comes m contact, hut he must he hOliest with himself. And a second most importallt qualification for this foreman is that he shall he impartial. You lIlay have known a foreman who was not impartial ill the distrihutioll of work, or who favored this man or that in order to hoost the pa} check of olle mall over another. But heatillg a man out of his pay check is not the only way he can he defrauded of his hire. I firmly helieve that the foreman who wOllld not go the limit of his ahility to give a man a safe and comfortable place in which to earn his living is just as guilty as the one who would steal a man's pay check. Too many foremen hl'co,,1<' perfunctory in their work. They get in that well.worn groove of int'llici"ncy which permits them to overlook details, wink at the violations of safety rules. etc. This rccklessness on tht' part of foreml'n will roll tuhpe lcikoeunta. snowhall, comi"g down hill, ""d when it hits hi'n he will go down for A supecvisor who wi"ks at a violation of a safety rille is playing with dynamite. A man who violates a safety rul" is insnhorrlinate. He takes tl", law in his own hands. He kicks over the traces, he scCt'des frolll the union of safe workers. I helieve in discipline for rule violators. necause it is the means of saving men from heing maimed or killed. I am, in a measure. responsihle for one one-eyed man in this country. It happened hack ahout seven years ago. He was a fine. hill' six-foot Jrishman, at that time ahout twenty-three years old. He was a hoilermaker's helper and he didn't wear his goggles. I told him to wear them llIany times, and he'd wear them whrn I wa.< around, hilt then he'd remove thelll when I was SOllie other plac('. This was hack in tIl(> days when we said to men, "Please wear YOllr gOJ.(<(les." hack when onr hackhone was only a wish hone as to following sa fety rules. So oue day when they were clltting off SOllie five-eighths inch rivets. one carooned off alld .trllck this llIan a dir('e\ hit. His goggles were in his hack pocket and the rivet tore his eye out of his heart. In a few weeks he came hack to work eqllinperl with a hidt'olls glass eyt', and we gave him a nroolll to sweep "l' the shop. Rut had tilllt's came along, and one day when r was walking through the scrap vanl I found ]ilnmie sitting on a stool sorting scrap. He looked lip when I tanped him on the hack, aud he said to me: "Mike. why didn't vou fire Ille wll('n I woulrln't wear my goggles ?" I had no answer to make to him: hut he is the last man who will ever indict me for rermitting him to violate a safety rule. I am more I,,"nan now: I fire them off the joh and save their eyes and their lives when they won't ohey the safely rules. If I were to point out the "lace that mosl foremen are weak ill accident prevention work. without hesitation I would lay my finl(er on his teaching anility. \Vhv a sunervisor will llIiss this important fllnction of his husilless, I am at a loss to undersland. It has heen n,v eXllerience that 1lI0st l11en want to rio their work in 11 safe manner. hilt the philosophy of a safe operation has never heen Pllt across to th('m so they thoroll!!hly IInderstand whv. Safel(uards on machillery are e"cntial. hili they can't think. Safely posters and rule hooks are necessary, hut thel' can't feel. Foremen can leach, forem"'l ran find the IInsafc worker lind get him on Of "fT the i"h. The foreman shollld rio this firsl. hecalls" that is Oil" of the things he cis pairl for doi,w. and if he is ""t rloinl! what he is Io"ing pairl for, he is recei,-ing monev un<ler false pretenses. tSreacvoensdty. hone mis anaagpeomteenntti.al menace to life. and his term in o(lice is a monslrous Report of the Nominating Committee At this poinl the Chaironan called for the Report of the Nominaling COl11mittee. aanndd enleewcterolffaiscerfsollfoowr ,:the section to serve rlllring the ensltinl!' .vear were lIominated . Grllrraf CI"';I'II11I11- T. A. Voss. Replthlic Steel Corp.. YOIII,gslmvn, 'Ohio. T';rr-Clra;rllla,,_H. W. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Co., [ollllstown. Pa. cagoV.;cIrn-rCI.fl/l;,.II/rlll-A. Berqltisl. The YOltllgstown Shet,i and Tithe Co., East Chi. i!('.: , r rJ.:1 :I- ri, rf ;; .'.!" 260 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress-National Safety COllllcil Vice-Chairmm, ill Charge of Heallh-Dr. R. C. Engel, The Corrigan, McKinney Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary and News Letter Editor-C. M. Allen, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. Engineering Commitlre Chairlll<in-J. E. Culliney, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethle- hem, Pa. Foundry Commiltre Ch"irman-F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio. M,mbuship COI1"..ill" Chairman--E. C. Schultes, Jr., c. Hager and Sons Hinge Mfg. Co., 51. Louis, Mo. Past,r Committee Chairman-M. W. Dundore, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. Program Commillu Ciwirman-R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind, Publicity Commillee Clwirman-Mell E. Trammell, Gulf States Steel Co., Ala- bama City, Ala. Railway Car Rllildrrs C",mnilla Chairman-Po J. Brand, Pullman Cal' & Manu facturing Corp., Pullman, Chicago, Ill. Slidu and Safely Killks C"mmittee Chairma/I-J. A. Oartel, .Carnegie Steel Co" Pittsburgh, Pa. Statistics Commillu Chairman-Charles W. Hanko, Pittshurgh Steel Co., Monessen, Pa. Members a/ LargeE. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittshurgh, Pa. J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. Irvin A. Brinkman, Macintosh-Hemphill Co., Pittshurgh, Pa. H. M. Croghan, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. G. A. Davis, I11inois Steel Co., Chicago, III. John P. Eih' Illinois Steel Co., Joliet, Ill. E. A. Ellis, Wheeling Steel Corp" Wheeling, W. Va. W. T. Filmer, The Youngstown Sheet and Tulle Co., Youngstown, A. C. Gihson, Spang, Chalfant & Co., Inc., Pittshurgh, Pa. O. F. Harvey, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S. E. Hawkes, MacWhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. H. G. Hensel, The Youngstown Sheet and Tuhe Co., Chicau;o, Ill. Ohio. W. J. Ireland, Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis. W. A. Jarvis, The Chase Companies, Waterhury. Conn. F. A. Lauerman, Repuhlic Steel Corp., South Chicago, I11. T. H. McKenuey, I11inois Steel Co., South Chicago, Ill. D. V. Medalie, Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, Ill. W. E. Megraw, H. H. Rohertson Co., Pittshurgh, Pa. J. A. Northwood. Rethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point. Md. C. E. Ralston. Pittshuru;h Plate Glass Co., Pittshurgh, Pa. Rohert L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. ]. K. Stafforrl, Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co., Decatur, Ill. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3, 1934 Hazards of Wire Mill Operations By F. T. PULSE Accident and Safety Inspector, American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago The speaker said in part: The greatest single hazard in the wire hl1siness is the danger from the ends (If wire and from snarls and loops of wire, which endanger the workers as wire is heing made. Most wire is drawn from round rods, the most common size heing approximately Metals Sectioll 261 );.\ inch diameter. made from billets or hars. The wire rod when it leaves the finishing roll of a rod Illill, goes onto a revolving reel hot and is coiled into a round bundle with an eve, 'av 24 to 30 inches in diallleter. and the various strands are, of course, circlllar in si,ap,' and when cool have a certain amol1nt of set or spriug. TIH'se coils or hlllull('s of rods an' cleaned of scale hy suspending them in tanks of hot acid, an' washed with water, and coated hy dipping in tanks of hot lime w;tter, and hahd in "v('ns until dry. They are then delivered to the drawing room and placed on a reel that will revolve, the end pointed in a machine, passed through the hole in a die. fastened on a henrh. and attached to a firm cylindrkal flanged drulll call"d a hlork, a foot or so away frolll the die. The hlock revolves 011 a perpendicular spindle or shaft hy mcans of a jaw clutch; !l,e hlock is started or stopped hy mcans of a treadle connecterl to the clutch to throw it in or out. This revolving hlock wi",ls th" wire on itsclf, the nul unwinrling nn the reel. It is ,h'awn on successiv,' hlorks. through smaller holcs, until it reaches the size desired. During all of these processes frolll the rod down, the two ends of the hundle are afrpete, tnorflyIl.lav~sph('eccioalllll(y' free. and dne to the the last end coming curvature and from the reel. spring in the strands. are We estimate that on an 8-hollr turn in the Chicago District Mills there is a possible exposure to 400,000 enrls of wire, in the tonnage handled hy 1000 men involved. This makes necessary the cOlltinuous wearing of goggles hy 70 per cent of the 3000 men employed in these plants; 20 per cent of the employees must wear goggles part of the tillle; free from the danger of eayn~d this leaves only 10 per cent injuries. The goggle worn of the has an men practiclllly oxidize,l metal frame with side screen of IIi-inch wire, annealed or armor plate lenses, and is held on hy temples. wear goggles on We the ~ahpelioevr efotrheahteahde. adThheangdos ggalfefsordandtoonecgersesaatryaneyeopepxoarmtuinniattyiontos are paid for hy the company. The following results have heen ohtained hv the lise of goggles: During the six years, 1910 to 11)15 inclusive. when the use of goggles was largely optional with the elllploye('s. the vision of 42 eyes was .completely lost and 12 partly lost in the Chicago District Mills. During the six years, 11)16 to 1921. when gOludes wer" compulsor)' for part of the elllplo),ees. 20 eyes were lost and 12 rartially destroyed. some of the latter hecause of no side shields. For the fi\'e-year period, 1922 to 1926. during which the compulsory usc of goggles was further extenclerl, only eight eyes were lost, and there were no partially lost cases. During the seven years, 1927 to 1933, the continuous lISe of goggles was mafle compUlsory in all occupations where there was continual danger to eyes, and only eight eyes were completely lost, anlt the vision of one eye partially destroyed. The serious prohlem in this husiness is not the matter of providing mechanical safeguard, an(l the protection of dangerous conditiollS. hut the hazard that arises from the careless acts of the human element exposed, which has to he offset hy education and supervision. RrieRy. our organi'ation for this purpOse is headed hy the Department of Employment, Safety and \Velfare, connected with the office of the Vice-President in charge of operations. In the District it is represented hy the District Accident and Safety Inspector, connected with the District Manager's office; in the plants, hy the Plant Accident and Safety Inspector. under the ,lirection of the Superintendent, and reaching the rank and file through the various departlIlent foremen and their department safet" committeemen, composed of their assist. ants al1(l SOllle key men. In this wav the responsihility for safety is that of the operating executives, with the help of the safety assistants. As .'afetv must he a part of the operating routine. the ahove organization is hoth natural and logical. Safrly Pul>liril.1'. There is what we call an accident score hoard at each gate where employees enter the plant. which shows the numher of accidents. the days of lost time. and the average nllmher of men at each plant in the district for each month of the current year. and the total for the IlreviollS vear. There is also a hlllletin hoard at each gate. and in each department. on 'which safetv "ulletins. notices. and literature are !,osted. Ahove the !!ate is a hlue sheet metal pennant eight to ten feet long. hearing the words SA FETY in large white letters. If an accident occurs the pennant is taken down for a certain time. Over the aisles of the departments are hung printer! framed hanners eight feet i I i . , I Jr , It I \ l,: 'I'1 J: 1:: H ! ; I' ; /.: I I I' /., !: i fi iH I: 268 Twenty-tllird AIIIllIal Safety Collgress-Natiollal Safety COl/llcil C. Hager & Sons Hinge Mfg. Co. (lIrav), Machillc Shops J)it';silH.-Grollp U). Chase Companies, Inc. Noera Mfg. Co. (lIe(w), Machillc Shops ]);v;.,ioll- Group B). Emsco Derrick & Equipment Co., D. & B. Pump & Supply Co. (Ifeavy Ma- chillt Shops f)i1'isioll-Grollp /1). Pittsburgh Steel Co., National Steel Fahric ([[cavy Marl.;nc Shops /Ji7'isioll- G,.oup B). "Your Hour" The final feature of the program was the annual event entitled "Your Hour". led by T. H. McKenney, Supervisor of Labor & Safety, I11inois Steel Co., South Chicago, 111. Mr. McKenney presented a number of questions in his characteristic manner, and a general discussion ensued which was participated in hy all the delegates. The discussion was, of course, extemporaneous and no record of it is available. ADJOURNMENT T W F. N T V - TIll R /) ANN l T A I, SA F t: T V C () N G RES S NAT 1 () NA L SA F Ii T Y (. () lJ N elL o Mining Section f ~ Officers 1933-34 Gmeral ChoirIllOlI-p. M. ARTIIUR, American Zinc COl1lpany of Tennessee, Mascot, Tenn. Vice-Chairman i" Charyl' of Membership Coal Millrs-FRANK B. DUNBAR, Pickands, Mather & Co., Mather, Pa. Vier-Chairman in Charge of Membership Metal Millrs-J. W. ALT, Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co., Calun1<'t, Mich. /'ice-Chainllllll ill Charl/" ..I lill!lillrrrilll/-WM. G. METZGER, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, l'a. Saretary alld Nru's I.rlll'l" lidi!or-lhN'Er. HAURIN(;TON, United States Bureau ot !. Mines, Washington, D. C. II Elltata;IImell! Commiller Ch"in"all~J. T. RVAN, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittshurgh, Pa. Poster and Slide Commitlcc Cha;rmo"-J. J. FORBES, United States Bureau ot Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. I, Progralll Committre Chairlllatl-R. N. HOSLER, Coal Mine Section, Pennsylvania j: Compensation Rating & Inspection Bureau, Harrisburg, Pa. 1 Publicity COllimittee Chairmall-M. R. BUDD, Explosives Engineer, Wilmington, L Del. I Statistics C"mllliller Cha;rmull-W. W. ADAMS, Uniteil States Bureau of Mines, I r Washington, D. C. Members at l,(/rge- I W. H. COMINS, National Lead Co., St. Francois, Mo. ~ i M. F. FAIRI.IE, The Mining Corporation of Canada, Ltd., Toronto, Ont., Can- I" 1 ada. C. W. "Inns, Harwick Coal and Coke Co., Pittshurgh, Pa. H. C. HENIIIF., Phdps Dodge Corp., Bishee, Ariz. , TnoMAs E. LIGIITFOOT, Koppers Coal Co., Pittshurgh, Pa. LEF. LON(;, Clinchfield Coal Corp., Dante, Va. GWR(;F. MARTINSON, Pickands, Mather .'(, Co., Hihhing, Minn. n. D. MOFI'A'rT, Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. M. W. PRICr., Jeddo-Highland Coal Co., Jeddo, Pa. L. T. SrcKA, St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. HOWARD I. YOUNG, American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co., St. Louis, Mo. 269 ~'7,'~~~' ~~"'}t JR; ';\i~"'* .,,_~,.. , .'~f>.r'/i-~~~ .' 288 Twellty-third Anllllal Safet), COllfJress-Natiollal5'afl'ty Cuullcil atmosphere for 14 to 15 hours, during which they are thoroughly dried. After undressing the miner passes through a series of shower baths of temperatures varying from hot to cold. After drying he proceeds to his locker where he has placed his street clothes before the beginning of the shift. With a view to reducing the infection of silicotics with tuberculosis, a clinic has been established in Timmins. An experienced public health nurse is employied full time and it is her duty to visit all tuberculosis suspects and patients, all contacts with these cases and contacts with silicotics to arrange for their examination and supervision and if necessary for treatment. Weekly clinics are held at which such patients are examined clinically, radiologically and by bacteriological and biological tests. Since January of 1933, approximately 30 dangerous cases of tuberculosis have been removed frofl,J the district to a sanitarium and many more less severe cases placed on bed rest at home or on restricted activity. It is felt that hy removing these cases from contact with silicotics, that within a comparatively short time tuberuc10sis will he m()(lerately well controlled and since tuberculous infection is necessary to precipitate secondary silicosis, this movement, it will be appreciated, is an excellent one. ADJOURNMENT TIVENTV-'J'IIIRJ> ANNUAL SAFli'J'Y CONGRESS N A '/' I () N A '- S A I; I: T Y COUNCIL o Paper and Pulp Section Officers 1933-34 Ge"eral Chairmall-H. G. GILSON. Oxford Paper Co., Rumford, Maine. Vier-Chair mall in Charw of Membership-H. D. RANTA, Hoberg Paper and Fibre Co., Green Bay, Wis. Secretary allli Ncws I.efta Fditor-F. L. IRVIN, St. Croix Paper Co., vVoodland, Maine. Program Cmllll/iller C/rairIl/IlI/-E. E. Grant. The Crystal Tissne Co., Middletown, Ohio. Engineerillg COII/mittrr Chairll/{/II-C;EO~(;E ]. AIlAMS. International Paper Co., New York, N. Y. Statistics COli/miller C/rairlllall-R. 1. DH'KINSON, Cornell Wood Products Co., Cornell, Wis. Health COlllmitter Chairmall-DR. L H. FRF.CHTI.ING, The Champion Coated Paper Co., Hamilton, Ohio. Poster Committee CI!airmall-DoN C. HUNTER, Oxford Miami Paper. Co., West Carrollton, Ohio. COli test Commitfa C/rairmall-A. SCOTT Down, The Paper Industry, Chicago, III. M~III/)er.r crt l.(/rye- ERNE~T AUGUST1IS, '1'1](' 1\1,'ad Corp .. ('lIilli<,othe, Ohio. W. J. BRENNAN, State Ilcpartment of i.ahor and indll'try, Augusta, Maine. E. R BROWN, ()re.~on and Cohuuhia Basin Division, National Safety Council, Portla,nd, Oregon. WM. H. BRVDGES. Bellford Pilip & Paper Co., Big Island, Va. KEN NE'rff I.. FAIST, 'I'll" Cllampion ('oa1<'<1 Paper Co., Hamilton, Ollio. W. A. (;LEASON, lIammermill Paper Co., Erie, Pa. JOlIN LUNDRIGAN, International Paper Co., New York, N. Y. W. J. PEACOCK, Northern Paper Mills, Green Bay, Wis. J. J. PLZAK, Consolidated \Vater Power and Paper Co" Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. SAMUF.I. PRUYN, Finch-Pruyn and Co., Inc.. Glens Falls, N. Y. n. D. RI){;ERS, Bird & Sons, Jnc., East Walpole, Ma"". F. H. HosEnusII, Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. 2R9 : ,", . '- ';' '1"'W'''!!l''~']JI11II,~,~~~;:."'Yl~~!:~!JmtA';:~ ~, ; 1.c~.',~~ l"<~","~t 'eJi{"'_~~ 306 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress-National Safety Council ing for him. To accomplish this it is necessary that he impress his workers, both by example and conversation, with his sincere interest, and encourage them to aid him in the conduct of plant activities, unmarred by either personal injury or nonpersonal injury accidents. The appointment of certain employees on safety committ~s will undouhtedly aid the supervisor in meeting his responsibility, if the committ~e is organized with this purpose in mind. Too frequently in the past committees have heen organized wholly for the purpose of securing insurance premium reductions. In many instances, these committees have been effective on paper only, and in some cases they have resulted in a group of men authorized to criticize defects in safeguarding and in operating procedure. To be sure, there may still he conditions in industry where safeguarding is essential. On the other hand, there are many instanc~s where accidents can only he prevented hy the personal actions and practices of the employees. The effective safety committee is one which recognizes the entire situation amI serves as a means of securing employee cooperation with the lafety program. In summary, therdore, may we emphasize the fact that the safety engineer has, at the present l1Ioment, perhaps the most opportunity he has ever had to analyze the defects in past proce(lure and to develop hil1lself as an integral part of the operating procedure of his industry, and as a real assistant to the chief operating executive. ADJOURNMENT TWHNTY-THIRJ) ANNUAL SA F Ii T Y CON G RES S NAT I () N A I. SA F J: T Y CO U NC I I. O~a I , ~ Petroleum Section Officers 1933-34 Cmeral C!lainI/OII--R. W. BLACK, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizaheth, N. J. Vice-Chairman-A. W. BREELANIl, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. Chairman, Atlantic DivislOn-J. H. BROWN, Tide Water Oil Co., New York, N. Y. Chairmall, Great Lahes DivisiOl~-J. H. HERBERT, Standard Oil Co. (Ohio), Cleve- land, Ohio. C"ai"1I101~, Mid-Colltil/ent Ditlisim,-A. A. OIlKLL, Barnsdall Refineries, Jnc., Tulsa, Okla. C"airmall, Gulf J)ivisi01I-W. P. RF.YMONIl, JR., Standard Oil Co. of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, La. Chairmall, RacIlY MOIIII/aill IJivisioll-B. V. OSBORN, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Casper, Wyo. CI",i"'/I(m. Pacific lJiviJioll-J. K. HOBERTS, The Texas Co., Los Angeles, Calif. News Let/l'r Editor-G. O. LOCKWOOll, Tile Empire Companies, Bartlesville, Okla. I1llgilleerillg Committee Chairman-I{, H. ROAPER, Humhle Oil and Refining Co., HOllston, Texas. Hcalth Cammittee Chain/tall-DR. R. A. ]EWF:TT, General Petroleum Corporation of California, Los Angeles, Calif. /'o.(/er Committee Chairman-H. J. WILSON, Associate(1 Oil Co., San Francisco. l'1'l>I}rll1ll Comlllit/ee ClwirlllUlI--C. L. HIGHTOWER, United Gas Company, Houston, Texas. l'ulllicily Comlllittee Chai,.man-]. L. RISINGER, Magnolia Petroleum Co., Dallas, Texas. Sialislic.( Committee ChairIllUlI-J. W. MYERS, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. [>a.(t Gl!llcral Chainl1el1- R. S. nON SIB, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. V. R. CURRIE, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. R. E. DONOVAN, Standard Oil Company of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. "EO.C. L. HIGHTOWER, United Gas Company, Houston, Texas. F. PRIISSINr., Union Oil Company of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. E. J. SF.NNF., Socony-Vacuum Corp., New York, N. Y. C. W. SMITH, Standard Oil Co. (Jml.) , Chicago, III. D. J. W ALLACF., Petroleum Safety Council, Tulsa, Okla. Secretary-H. N. nLAKESLEF~ American Petrolellm Institllte, Dallas, Texas. 307 '. , j,.t'lIly,I,i,.,I",""".lI SaId." COII!/r,ss-.'IIaliullal Solei)' CUI/llcil The' Dust Hazards in IndustrY 8y DR. N. R: SA YENS Mcdic.11 omen in Chuge. Orfice 0' 1...I"slrial HYlleno Ind Sanitation. lIlIi,,:.1 Slal\:1i Puhlic 1I00ahh Service. WuhlncIon. D. C. n'l: 'I~ I.a ;.;oi.1 ill 1';111: 1:.:.li/i"l: II,, illll.llrl;"I\1: ..i Ih. .h,,1 1"..1,1.,,, ill ,.Ir,., II., l'lIil..1 SI;'h'" 1'"loIi. 1I.;.lIh :-;.I\i... ill "'''....rali..'1 lIilh II,, II"n'a" \Ii",. I...~.III iI. Iihi .",.1, .., II.. I"'allh ..r \\'''''L''r" ill .h..I) .....I.s ill I'II~, Iho: ,"i"l: ..I J"I,li..: ~I i"..uri; :"..1 I.,,, ,', ill II!.I. II,, I,,,...i, 11";ollh ~,rd...: \lIll.,,,,I. ,..... i.. ,,' .h1 .1".li,.. ........... I:,h'r .",di,. \\'I:ro: ;.11 ,'III1,Io"'h',1 i'l Ihl: ,. 111.'1110.'" i.. ,...I.r I.. I"'nllil ;,1,I.,il..1 ;, '...I1I0:0ri"' ..' ;,. lot.".ilol, 1..1"..." II,,' '"'""u' 'In ,'.1 i.~;.1 iu~. Ilri.II). II~"O: ""'11,...1...r "....1, ""')' I,, ,lid,I..1 ;,~ r..I1",,_: (I, '":IIlIillali.... I" rII,i"o: Iho:' t:.II, r;.1 I.h, .i,al ,'l1l11lili,," I"~ Iho: 1I'''''k''n IIlIckr ""~I:n;"illll; U) i;,1 I"', .1.:;,1 ,lI.;,,"illali...1 h........."'ill. Ih, l,r,Ial.1"1: ..r ~I"'\'ifio: diSt.a~,s .., Ih. .ir;'.....) >pll'l" :11\,1 110... I,,"/: 1000Ihlll"l:)' fl."lIilll: rroNn 'xl....llro: I" 1111: I.arlkltl;'r I 1001I;.r.l: 1.1 J ro'l'....1 r II,, ,\;,h,ro: :\11,1 .., ....il' ..I Ih, .Iis:,hlilll: iII,1<=5.'_; (H I, .i, :",.1 ,loIail...1 .111.1,' IIi Ihl: , :n'I,:,li"II:,1 "II\'irllll",vlIl: (5) ,,,:,III.:,li..II:,1 1.,lil, .1:'li)li.~ nI;'lill~ I.. Iho: 'I.. i'ie .111,1; :t1l,1 (ei) :\llIi'll>i':l. 1'111: lir,l .is ill"'II~h'O: i"',,liJ;:"illlls ..arri....1 11111 loy Iht Srfl'iee d"all \\'ilh Ihe hh ..I IIlIrl.u. ,. lI. I" "".1 I.. ,ht-ls ill .. ",'1110:111 1,1:1111, I: r:1IIil, rllllill" illll1l5'ry. .1:,,,:. ,r;.dl... ;\11.1 I,i\lllllill','b c,o;,l ",illill)!il",:r\\"are 1II:,""r;,d"rilllf 1,1:11,1. ,,,1 hili etllih ",b.wrill':. ;",,1 ill ",lIl1ifil,al slr.,1 ~W''I,i"lf. Jlricl >IIIJic. wcre 1:.Itr (,""llIel",1 ,'n,;,ill I:r:lllile. ",arl.I, ;,11.1 laic 'IlIarri.:s. while more rc(clIll)' rotlhl:r ,".he .",.1)' "i Ihl' 1,,:.lIh .., :II\II,r:,,:ile "'~11 lIIillru w:u eUIIII.ltll'd. . . fhnt .is 1111.' ~III,li..." ,.hulIt,1 Ihat Ihl: wr.rkl:n ill Ihe Grallile ellllilll( 1,1:0111, ",.,. 'I.. "'.... I" Ihl: hiJlhe.I .11I.t c''''(l:llr;"i,,", wo:rc ,.,ulld Iu suffer rroll' all . ,i 1,"III1,II:ar,' 11I11I.'1"f1l1sis :ail"r 15 )C:lU .,r lIIore 01 eXIICI.ure alld ,lc\t111IH.-d osi~ rr'"11 1 10 III )'eau. III Ihe &: ...1111 1:"IIO)ed 10 a leller allluulII ,.( dllsl. "','.0: II,i. 011: n-I".".1 ,,,II)' ;,'I"r I.r.,IIN'\ll'd eSI",.ure. \\'ilh 'iO Clecess .., IlIlltrCIII"sil. :,. ,..111111 Ihl" I nl:ui.....hip txi.lcd belwl:clI Ihe dt~ree of dll~I expc:osure. II,, ,,It1I1 .1,"1 >\'\'\'rilr ,,' Iho: 1II,III",":.r) ,Ialllage. Alllhr:.cile eu,,1 ",illcrs h,1 Ir"", '" '1.llfOl':' :111.1 ulhcr .il!lI~ ,,' 1"l<=lIl11l1c,,"ir,.i. III" CXIK'ricII(cll I hi.:h ,,' n>I,ir:'l"r,. >icl...c~~ i in :a....ili..lI. all I:Xc\'s5h'C: ",..rl:llily Cr..m illnllO:llza' '''"N: '"II,"ia :111,1 IH,,,,il,l)' hlhl:rclllo.il W:lS '''"l1d. Cil"minuu. e&oal lIIill"" t,,!,ui .I a I:l'lIullind (,hro.i. "f Ihe hlll~. allll an ex(c.. IIInrlalily 'rolll illnut,u, ,S1("I":''I~II.","fliadi.~,'C:"t&ll'l"0:1{I.1, ",.rhrs showed Ihe 1I1'locr rt:'I,irll,.r, .i&:1I1 Irael. 0' carly 011 Ihe III'CIIIIICIC,",iu,il wilh .,ther hallli. w..rken 'C ("lh..1 dlllh 1",1 ~il\'C:rwlrc n1allluaeluri,,1t 1,1:11111 and IIIl1l1icil,al slrecl S\I'l:fflCrs ! 1I1't::,lh'e 'ur ro:~I,ir:lltor)' cnllllilio"l a1111 ulhcr iIInc~)CI \\ hCII eOllllllred wilh I:cn...r:ll i".lmlri;,1 1"'I,lIllIliun. :ocl: Ihilli,,,,. Fllr rh'e )t:trs. Ihe Uniled $lall:l Ullrclu 0' ~Ii'llt.l sllIdi('d. lea" lillr IIIill('n' ill Ihe Tri,Slale Oi~\ricl. Oklal\ll",... The ore here is hi&:h ill Cree 1. 0' Iht 7.i:!.! lIIell I:xa",illed. a I:rollll' "I 1.6"7. or 21.3 Iocr crill. lUI delinil"',. no\('d :.s !tnill': "ilic".i~. 11,,1 illclullill:: Ilm~c ,Iial:llo\\'d .. hl\'illf IlIlltrelllosi. Ihe lIIell ,li:.;;n,,,c,1 ;" hll\'inj!" finl'~la::1: lilio:,,~il ha,l ",,,r"cd :UI a\'l:r:ll:(' 0' ,'. :u . III tI"",: 1""11 ~1:,.. inl: ill Ihe lIIilltS :.iler ..U ~t:ln 0' lJt:O: \I'''rl:,~1 all ~':I: hi' ,~,I, IS ) ,;,n. fhe "";" "f rllck drillille i'l .ulma)" and IUlllle! c!u...lrneliun ill Ne\\' York il ill s~.",e re51,,'(11 similar 10 11,111 0' $C.me V' Iht: aClh'ilitl in Ihe It:.r,1 rock 0' ,'1, a' It ul ill .u f:ar :II Ihe n!:lllller ill \\'Illdl dll.1 is 1:\"',....1. Ihe: Inoc: 0' I a"d Iho: ro:)"lIani haurd. R('cclIlI, Ihe result :a ~illd, oj ruck drill(',., hU :11111 fx(;,,alo,. was reIH ...,d L)' Ihe New \'"rk Tul,Helll...i, all,1 I"'allh 'lC'i3Ii(lll. .'\n u:IIlIilllllinll of 208 r",k .Irilleri, LI:t~h:n lIlId e"o\':lI''''1 .h"wo;.1 11K. ur 57 Iocr' ctlll .., Ihe 111('" had siliwsil in nric,ul '1:a1l~1 "j l,rn.:rl:iIlCl. nl....ure .., 1111..1 u, Ihcst: mtll (75 Iocr c..."I) had hetll fur 20 )CI,. Cof' IIII.re. .'",,,/I,:,.,i,,.,. Xo ~Iud)' "~I Ihe h,';,hh (" ,,,"II,lalleu h:al hC"1I r"mrled ill Ihe t'd SIal,', i ho,,...'o:r. I ~Iud' ,,' Ihe dll.1 e"I",.lIre: ,,' 1III,I"':..lerl ":II r('cllltl, ,,1.10:,1 I., Ihe lllliled SI.'es ruLlie Ifnill. Service In euollcrali"'l wilh Ihe .' OllClrr)' Sa/ioll 351 Nliliullal Sard), ('",,"cil. Thi. il\l.:sIi~:tlioll i"dinlc," II;a', jll,ll;('d I.,. Ih, nalure "r Ihe dllSI ;\IId 11l:J;r.(' ,,' Ihe cXI""'''(" a ,..:11 h:lZard exists ill Ihil 'O(CIII,alioll. Thi, ,hili)' :,.... Ior",,!!101 lIlIl llot lill'l lhal II is IM,~>iJ.lo: '" rll,"I\1el 5;o1l.1101;,,lilll: "il" ,,,,,I. sahlr. l'rlld.....1 I"",,al, ,1",i':"",1 :",,1 \\dl ,":,illlailll:J t""il'III,,,1 is ""'1. lJi..' III" .....IIJ Sili(ol /I'", M...I ..r II,,: .1"la C," "ili...,~il h:I\'e I,,... I::oII"r,,.1 rr..", .1 ...Ii.~ 111:,,1. 1lh ill ill.I,,>u) a...1 '\I,,dll"III:,II) "" ,1.. ,1.; ","I:oillillt: ino: .iIi,a ill II,, r..nll "I .,11:1111. .:-;!,d, .III,li,". ~,al"t I.... 1I00"le i.. II... .':r:II,il,. i,"lobl'1" 1~'I"'r)' "a.I,~. Io:orol ,.,..... tlnlhll':. ...... II,,',. arl: 11110.., fU'1: ~,I"'a " ..",..als '" ,."'i,Ie...... ,I .tl :U',' "," "I" ~Iallill" in u;., ...., lu.l III au ;......, I'..........llIlt.... iti..11. I.. ,'u"III,. S:IIII;I It''''.;,ri' 'i.hill,lIi... 11"'11' 1',i,I'" .1.. 1:1'':,':0-1 alltl I....'.., .lia......:I1....., !.ilio-a .1'I...iI ill II,, """1.1./ This ,,,1,,1:""" ......,i.I, ..i :,IM."I II~ Iwr ,,"1 i,,'" !'oili.... 1:.....11., .11' ,,:\:tll.iu: iu.. \,as ..,a'I. .., IU:i " ... Io.,r:- :-.-1.......1 il""'U).! 11.....' "'"1,1""",1 10' lloall I }"ar, I I" ! ,T:II,. ! I" ;; ,";11',. :"..1 '"11"" 11"," !i ".;".,. .\11 ..I II,, W':I"'~'h ,........ )1.!Iolo-all laIN'r'... :111,1 II,, "salllill:"i,,"~ ....",i.".1 "i xr:,) ,I. It I"IlIill:oli"II,..ial :,1111 "" t!;,.:.1 Ioi" ..ri.s. :11..1 ,lilli":,1 ''.:II"ill:oli",,, ..I II,, ,I,nh. 1111.1 .1. It,,,,i,"'~'''' \IIr, :,)." ,":,,1,' 1,,,1 II,,,' ",...,. "..1 "I~'''h.I. '1'1... ""I,I:,,,,li"l: 1.:,1111'" rl'\,:,I.:;]Io,. Ih,' "s:lIlIillali,," ".;,. 110. ~" ......li.1 1.I".iral II,lili.'" ..i ,h. '""11. EiJ;IoI,.r,,"r I"'r ,'",,1 ..r Ih... w"r""h '''''re ...I'..r...1 ill "scdl"nl "Io,.iral &,,".Iili,,". ,\I'u: II w:,s I"IIIIII"~'1 .~I 11"'11 ~11I"\"l',I .iJ:lIs ,.1 ,ad,. 1'"'IIIII'IC'.:"i,:.is: I.; ill Ih. 1III"r:,...I, :..ldll...,1 .laJ;e :111,1 (0 III 110... :"".:"" ".1 ,,1:0,:,. 11"$ lalln 1i'''''''J: \\a\ :IIII,II'J: WII"""rs \\'ilh :1 hi,Ir), IIr '!IoIH.,I". i ""'1'0: 110:111 :; , ,:or~. 0"",,,,\, 11111' 11,.:.,...1 ill II,, (;,....;Ir 11I,'"lIn. II i~ a ellllll""11 "did Ihat J!r;lIIil.: '11I:lnyill\: is 11111 ii' ,1:l1IJ:"rlllls :111 i",III'If'y :'s J:r:Ollilc (1IIIill;: ill ",cI",,.1 "'''Y ~h...,I~; 'I,,:,rr)' w..rk i~ ,....". '''I..I'M'r~ :111,1 1"IIf'. 11..1 I", allr".I,,1 wilh \"Cry 11111..11 .h,,,I. ,xllt'~lIn. II11\\'"\..r, ""rl:till '1":11"')1 "1"'r;,li",1> r."Illifl' Ihe "',: ,.1 11II(,1I1Il:tlic IlInls. wloidl :.re u~II:lII" aSMlt:iall:,1 wilh lloe I"rlll:lli"l1 ..i c..n~i.kralol.: '1IIalllilio:~ "' ,III~I. It \\'a~ Ih""l:hl Ihal :, >11I.ly ,":111.: ill :1 r....,...III:oIII" /:r:",ilo: 'I":.rr). lIIi,:hl ,':'~I ~"lIIr lit:IoI 11,1 ,,"r l,uol,I'III. .\CIrolillJ:I,.. 1I .....1, i :, dillk,, r:"li"Jlr:'I,hic 1I:,Inr.. "I (,.1 '11I:trri...n \\;,~ ",:,,1, :Ulli '''I'I'I':lli..II:l1 ,111,1 'XI'''''or.~ \\'l'fl' abu ..I,I:,il\.~d. Th(' clll,' cll:h:rlllillalilllls ~h..1\' 110:11 "":orl~' .111 I"'r (rlll, ..1 11,1: wc'r...,. (.Irillcrs) ",...r(' rXI'''~''c1 In III:.ny ti",(':! Ihe :1111",,"1 ..r 0111,1 ((,II,i.I..,,,1 ~:.ic al Ih" l're~clIl lilllt:. Drillers "'ere Ihe (1111, IlCUllns ~hCl\\'ill': 1':llh"lflJlil' 11I1I1l d':lIIJ:l'S. 11:,11 I" IhtJl: "c,rko:" \\'ilh all t!q,,,~"ro: or 5 10 19 ,1::lrl h:1I1 ~ilic""i ... :11111 .. or Ihe 5 IIICII "ilh 1II",.e Ih:lll 20 )'r:lu "' ,,,(h Ir:III,' lilt ~h"I"",1 Ihi~ , .....lili'lII. Thi:! Jllld)' JIIJ:Jle.l- Ihlll 'I":,rr)' ,Irilltu ilia), (~q'o:rit-lI('c u hillh :, d.:.lh rllle rrulll 11II11I1t1l1:lf) h,h,r.:"I".i. as .1" 1'""lIl11ali('I'lt",1 \l'lIr""rl ill I:fllllile n"lill!! ,h,,". 1:1','''' "/ 1../11,/,'" .l/....,." VIIJI. Tho: 1II,IIIIIIlIar)' lil,rllik ('h:IIIJl':~ ,10,, III lI,c illh:.I:lli.." ..I lIIarltle &111,1 al'rcar I.) ItC ~lil.thl ill ("IIII'ari>,," \l'hh 110""... ,':1\1,.,1 I,,' n,,"e .11I"t ((."I:li"i"l: II hillh rercr"I;'lle 01 ~iliCii ill Ihe I..,rlll or 'I":orll. :\ h:("111 ~I".I,. 1";,,le II)' II~ all\l'", 1113rltlc w..r"en "h",,'c,1 Ihal ahh""llh lII:lrI,l~ d",I. \\ 1t(,11 illh;,I..I ill ('"'''''IIlrllli''"1 1\"rraJ:illl: :.1,,\111 :!5 \IIilli.," I'arlid,,~ I....r c"I.;" r,.,1 .,' air. l,rc~I".:,:o1 I lIIilol l,ilal'13I. li"ur f,hru~il ill ;t (crl:li'l 1I111"lorr "i 110. Il(l ""'11 ""h "0 rx:""i"'... "" s('ri,,"s 111111: .Ihr .111>1. l:"l:II ail"r 111:111)' ~("h'l:lOlrlsl:("'II liTre; ... "I.... II"Irr! 31\11 Ih"rc I",,'re 110:111 \l'3S III' ,Ii;al.ili,, y.:au ill ,..",;. cdal~le.:'I)... Tho: ",:.rlole ,h'''1 1II\l1"r crH,~i.lc:r:tl inll c..lI"i.......I 'Ilt I'l'r f,l'1I1 olcil.. :",,1 ! I,,:r r.:1I1 ,1..lrlllil.... \l'ilh 110 ~ili(ll lorC:\('III. /,11',,'. . I).." II.,:/IIJ ill .11.......;'r 1... \rtilicial ahrashcs :ue "i.l. It mrd ill ;'11111"lr,' :11111 r"r Ihis r""."" Ihe "'l"d "r 1101' i"hal~li,," "I tllI.1S I'rucJ11((,,1 ill Ihe (I' 1II:lIl11i;,(I...." IIr I,rflo;,r:.lillll Ihl:~e I'ro,III"I~ i\ hi ,:rUI illll.'rI:lllce. III. I'I!;. I"!'I :tIl,1 :I'::lill ill I"JI. Ilr. Cl:ork cor II,, :\IIrl,," Cr'II'I'3I1r ;11 \\urcn,,r. ,\,:t~. 1II1I.le illl't'>lill:llillll\ lor lI ..r"l:h e~q,,,>..1 III allllllillillll' ""i,lc 111.1 ~,li("1\ ,;"I,i,I. ,1",1 l,r...lllc('.1 ill Ihe 111:1IIl1rllrlII', IIr J;rill.lill': 1\ ",,1,. ,",ich ~lou'IC,1 Ihal ,I"ri,,;! a I" ti...1 eo' 1.1 ~ 0::"" Ih"rt" wert Itr"I".rtillll:lld, hdcc :I, lI,a"r n.t. III I" ,I1II11"l( l" 1,,1,,r clIl",i. all\lll'l: II",,\, \\o,"i".: ill II,,' al'l"a,i,,' ,1",1 ,lq'3r!1II0:Ilh :I' ill .1....:lrllI..III\ "I"'rl: II" :.I.r:,,,i,,, ,1".1 r'Hllrrc.1. I" 1".iI. ",..Irr, i ~..\\' Jl'fsc:~. ,tl,I..1 Il'e "(':lIrn'ike IIi ,,",'r lItO C:l"~ "I :,llq:...1 ."li(lI,i. ill Ih(' :l1'rllsil"C flnll,I,,' i",III,lr). ill "hi.... Ihl: ,h.>1 rt..,~i.l('d ,,' 99 I" r ...111 i..(' .ilica. ",t: 1:.,'/""(" ,., Si/i.."" I)"". II has 1...11 1,,lid Ihal Ihe illl,.,I.,lill" r "",I; .....111.....:.1 101 .iI;":,It'1 t cnlllltjllrli ~ilir:' \. ill tClI1lI,)ris,'" "ilh .ilin (f,,'c ~ili(a i'l II..' iorm "' '111:11'11 \. ,,:11 illll.I(IIIIII'. 01 r(((',,1 ~"'au 111:111)' i,It .. ,li'::lIO' I Iii" " I",,,ollle '''l:lIilll"I "I Iho: h:llar,l. ui .ilic:," ,I,,;t '~I".mr... .hh., .."i . 3 r,I,,,.,;. : . ..""...... ...~ :: ... " E ~. E o U '~E b.O .~~ - .C... ;:,,, "os .-- cco ~~ o E Z --. ....."..c... o -... oc.. ~ " -1 :: ''"''. 364 Twenty-third A1lIlUlIl Safety COIl{Jress-Natiotial Safety COUllcil more study, not only to the causes and the placing of responsihility, but at the same time analyze the effects of accidents. In order that our past experience may be a guide for future activities, let me call attention to those types of accidents most common to our industry. According to experience and averages over a period of years, it is found that more than 90 per cent of all types of accidents in the refrigeration industry can be brought under seven classifications: 1. Handling objects, 35 per cent; 2. Falls, 21 per cent; 3. Machinery, 9 per cent; 4. Using hand tools, 4 per cent; 5. Falling objects, 6 per cent; 6. Stepping on or striking against objects,S per cent; and 7. Electricity, explosives, heat, etc., 9 per cent. It will be seen that 56 per cent of all our accidents occur on account of the handling of objects and falls. Let me discuss the specific causes of a few of these accidents. 1. Employee was dismantling the vat and coils no longer in use. In removing the coils from the vat, the coils slipped and the sharp edge of the agitator blade caught the employee's hand between the coil and the top of the vat, severing two fingers and cutting the third. Result, 350 days of lost time. This accident could have been avoided had the blades on the agitator been removed first and the coils taken out later. 2. Employee slipped on steps inside office leading to rear door, falling from second or third step to office floor, and hreaking left arm twice and bruising left thigh badly, also spraining left thigh. The steps were wet as a result of men passing in and Ollt of the office after a heavy rain. Result, 307 days of lost time. This accident could have been avoided had the treads heen kept dry, or had some kind of anti-slip plates been placed over them. Safe Practices Pamphlet No.2 of the National Safety Council on "Stairs and Stairways" gives complete information as to how steps, stairs and stairways are to be kept safe. 3. Employee was trying to pull loose a cake of ice which was hung in an ice scoring machine. His foot slipped, and the side of his leg hit the saw while running. Result, 56 days of lost time. The guard had been removed from this saw to make an adjustment and had not been replaced. The employee, rather than go around on side of scoring machine and open guard gate to loosen block of ice, squeezed in between wall and scoring machine where he did not have room to work. He should have shut off the current on the machine and pried the ice loose with a bar, instead of trying to get it loose with hooks while the machine was running. He had been cautioned about this practice not more than two weeks before. 4. Employee was putting the purger in operation and when he tried to open the valve and let the foul gas escape, the valve stuck. When it did release, of course, it opened a little too wide, letting a large amount of gas out at one time. This gas is buhhled off in a vessel of water to absorh the fumes of ammonia, but the vessel of water had been in use for some time and the water had hecome heavily saturated with ammonia. The sudden gust of gas caused water to he blown into the face of employee, striking his eye, nose and mouth; the most serious injury being to his left eye. A small spot was burned on the eyeball and under the lid. An employee should use a large mouth vessel for purging, having it located so that he will not he over it when adj usting valves; and the water should he changed regularly so that it will nnt hecome saturated with ammonia. 5. A vault door closed ahruptly as an employee was coming out of thl" vault with ice for a customer. The door struck him, causing a near rupture. Re",lt,.15 days of lost time. This accident occurred, no douht, because of a spring being attached to the door. The cause of the accident would, therefore, be ascribed to "haste." 6. Employee was repairing leak in boiler holding SO, gas, and in order to repair the boiler was pumping gas from boiler into receiver. He was standing over the liquid line valve when receiver at valve end exploded, and a full charge of the gas hit him in the face, severely burning him about face and eyes and all over the upper region of his body. Result. 25 days of lost time. In this instance the employee had a gas mask but had failed to put it on. ADJOURNMENT J T IV /:' N T V - Till N IJ ANN {! /1 I, SA fi I! T V C () N G R fl S S N A 'f'I () N A j, SA l' ]{ l' Y C () UN elL 0":J~ I ."1' I Rubber Section Officers 1933-34 GC1lcrai CllIlinl/all-H. W. Low, Milll'r Huhber Products Co" Inc., Akron, Ohio. Vicc-L7.airmal! ill CII,,/',I/I' of l'r0.'lralll-B. F. GF.RPHF.IllE, The Goodyear Tire & Huhher Co., Akron, (lhio. Secrctary-A. M. D,ETZ, Pennsylvania Ruhher Co., Jeanette, Pa. News Leflcr F.ditllr_I~. A. IlI'LI.I>CK, Corduroy Ruhher Co., Gran,l Hapids, Mich. li1l1lilleerillll C"mmittee Cluli/,mol/--\V. J.. SCHNI':TI>ER, The B. 1". Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio. lIea/til Committee- DR. W. S. ASH, Unih-d Stales Tire Co., Tnc., Detroit, Mich. DR. J. NI':WTON SIIIRLEY, Hood Ruhher Co., Inc., Watertown, Mass. Membership Committee Ch"irmall-E. \'1'. BECK, United States Rubher Co., New York, N. Y. Poster Committee Chairmall-OLlvER HOPKINS, National India Ruhber Co., Providence, R. I. Publirit,v Committer Chair111all-R W. MORSI':, The Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Statistics Co"'millfe Chairmall-JolIN J. LOGE, The General Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Slides alld SafrlV Kilt!.,f Committer Cftainltall--H. A. WALKER, The Goodyear Tire an(l Ruhher ('0., Akron, Ohio. Menrhers at Lar.'leC. F. HORAN, Hood Ruhher Co.. Watertown, Mass. ]. T. KWNF.V, The Goodyear Tire and Huhher ('0,. Akron, Ohio. M. A. Q.IIRK. Samson Tire and Huhlwr Co., Los Angeles, Calif. CHARI.ES F. S~IITII. U. S. Huhher Heclaiming Co.. Inr., nufl'alo. N. Y. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 2, 1934 The opening St..ion of the Ruhher S,'ction was called tn order hy (;eneral Chairman H. W. Low, Miller Huhhcr Pro,lucts Co., Tnc., Akron, Ohio, who presided. The chairman gave a hrief resume of the Ruhher Section activities during the past 365 366 Twenty-third Ali/lila! Saf{'ty COIIgrcss--Natiolla!,""-afcty Cmlllci! year, outlining the work of officers and especially prals1l1g the work of chairmen 01 standing committees. He then introduced the first speaker. Safety Progress in the Rubber Industry By J. J. LOGE Employment Manager, The General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, O. The speaker said in part: The Huhher Industry had an unsatisfactory accident record <luring 1933. The frequency of disabling injuries rose II per cent and severity was up 42 per cent over 1932, according to records from 46 companies reporting to the National Safety Council for hnth years. The entire industry averaged 11.71 for f"''1uel''-Y and 1.09 for severity in 19.1.1, on the hasis of records from Ihese 46 planls that workc<1 over 116 million man-houTS during Ihe year. The frequenry of earh type of injury rose over 1'132, and the only Iype 10 show improvement in severily was lemporary disabilities. Fatalities were up 75 per cenl in frequency and permanenl partial ,Iisahililies rose 25 per cenl in frequency and 75 per cent in severity. While the 1933 rates of the Huhher Industry compare favorahly with rates in other industries, the changes in rates from 1932 to 1933 were worse than average. Ruhber companies, in comparison with 2f) other major classifications, ranked 12th in frequency and 10th in severity. The industry's frequency rate is 20 per cent below the average of 14.56 for all industries and the severity rate is .11 per cent below the general average of 1.59. The increases of 11 per cent in frequency and 42 per cent in severity rIo not compare favorably with the rise of 7 per cent in frequency and a decrease of 6 per cent in severity for all industries. The improvement in the all-industries severity rate is due entirely to better experienec with fatalities, in contrast to adverse experience with this type of injury in the rubber industry. Plants manufacturing ruhher footwear had the best safety records dming 1933, averaging 1i.56 for fre'luerlj:y and 0.90 for severity, in comparison with rates for the entire industry of 11.71 and 1.09. Manufacturers of mechanical ruhher goods excellerl tire plants slightly in frequency, hut averaged 1.6$ for severity against 0.98 for the tire plants. Large units made the best records during the year 19,1.1. Small units, hy averaging 1.13, were only slightly worse in sev('rity, hut their frequency rate is 26 per c('nt ahove large units. Unsettled working conditions during the year were prohahly instrumental in r('tarcling our progre... These statistics disclose that han,lIing ohj,'cts an<l machinery caused a lotal (If (,0 I)('r ("t'nt of our aceirlents. Verv prohahly the influx of rww men during the rush season contrihnted largely to these accidents. Safety in Rubber Mill and Calender Operations By W, W, STEPHENS General Foreman, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, O. The speaker said in part: Recent statistics indicate that approximately 90 per cent of accidents in industry today are due to three causes: first, unsafe practices; second, violation of safety rules; and third, chance-taking and indifference on the part of the workmen. These statistics also emphasize the n('cessity of education and discipline, and our efforts therefore must he concentrated on the educational training and instruction of the employee. This can hest he accomplished in three ways: first, hy a study of the safety requirements of the joh itself; second, hy a plan wherehy the man is taught how to fulfill the joh with the greatest safety and efficiency; third, hy ahsolute ,Iisdpline, so that in the course of his training the best and safest way of performing the job becomes a habit with him. I , Rubber Seclioll 367 To insure success in a mO\'cment of this kind there must be instilled in the employee a feeling of self-interest and self-protection. This is possible only through his own efforts-explaining to him that it may he his own person or that of a I fellow worker who may he inj ured. If he can he made to understand that it is I his individual duty to report dangerous practices and conditions, the greatest in- c,'ntive for the continnation of safdy will he rerognil"'l. The supervision should he made to realize that it is their resp<lII,ihility to prevent accidents and that it is an important part of their duty to sce to it that all unsafe practices and violations of safety rules are avoided. Discipline has an important place in the saf('ty program. Supervision should never allow an unsafe practice or a violation of safety mles to get their approval hy ignoring it. The attention of the ,'mployee should he called immediately to the violation of any safe practice and he should he adequately warned against doing so in future. To pass up a violation of this kind alway, give, the stamp of ap- ~ proval. Suitable penalti,'s should hc provided for continuous violatiOn<. . We at Coodyear have attaek..d the accirlent prnhlml from thi, angle. We have appointed sakty ,"Olfllllitt,'es. TIH'se committ" .., ar" composed of nrembers of the supervi,ion, stafT, anrl an inrlustrial assemhlyman. These committees meet monthly. In addition to this, we have weekly in'lwetinn conllnittees, comp"'ed of piece work- ers, assemblymen anrl one nH'ln!.er of supervision. It i, hy constantly keeping the subject of safety in front of the men that we have prevented a lot of serious in- juries, as well as a multitude of minor ones. We make a special effort to see that all of the machinery is guarderl as well as it call be guarded and that our mell are familiar with all of the safety rules. Changing Industry and Its Problems This address hy Mr. J. T. Kidney, Employees' Service Division, The Goodyear Tire and Ruhber Company, Akron, 0 .. discussed some of the changes industry may expect; emphasized the importance of management learning something about compensation for accidents since industry must hear its burrlen; and pointed out the important part education plays in the prevention of accidents. Mr. Kidney, however, ,poke extemporaneously, and there is no record availahle for these Transactions. Dust Problems in the Rubber Industry By DR. J. NEWTON SHIRLEY Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Watertown, Mass. The speaker said in part: It might he assumed that workers in the ruhber industry are exposed to the dusts of dangerous materials in large amounts; but this is scarcely true. A very ,mall number of employees are exposed to materials which are dangeronsly toxic. In the following paragraphs the term dust will be applied to the finely dil'ided particles of material, which arise when a snbstance is handled or when machinery or air cllrn'nts may ,tir it III'. The first place we encounter dllst is in the receiving department,. The materials come in various types of containers and arrive in freight cars or trucks. The containers are sllbject to damage with loss of materials and the opportunity is present for the handlers to inhale the dllst from such materials. If these materials are at all toxic, the employees may develop symptoms. Exposure i, variable, usually sporadic, and is of importallce only in a casllal way. In some plants considerable filler materials, such as Fullers Earth-Stoughton Earth--clays-infnsorial earthrotten stone, etc., are IIsed in large qllantities. Most of these materials contain a fair amount of free silica and cannot he overlookerl as a source of silicosis. Such workers should he pr'ltected hy the proper use of re,pirators. Silicosis is a condition rarely considered as an occurrence in the ruhher industry but one case is on record in Massachusetts as a compensahle condition. To be sure tuherculosis was 368 Twenty-third A1mual Safety COllgress-Natiollal.';afety COltllcil a predominant picture in that one casco Ordinarily lahor turnover in thesc dcpartments is sufficient to prevent such a condition developing. There has hC"n in my experience cases of marked dermatitis of these laborers when exposed to the dust from coal tar pitch while unloading this material from a box car when shipped in hulk. This material is hrittle and chips readily when shoveled. The dust produced causes a marked erythema of the skin which incredses in intensity for some twelve hours after the exposure. Along with this erythema, the men develop a marked conjunctivitis which causes intense pain in the eyes with loss of sleep. Such employees have frequeutly heen unahle to work the next day. In 24 hours the reactioll has fairly well suhsided. In an attempt to prevent such a condition, the work was done at night and some success has been noted. The use of goggles and respirators has not entirely prevented such reactions. It has hecome a practice, where this is done, to work the men only half a shift on this work and distribute the work over a larger group of men. Previous to starting the work, the men cover all areas of eXJlosed skin, other than the hands, with a cloth hood which is fastened about the neck. They are required to thoroughly wash up after completing the job. The eye reaction is only equaled, in my experience, by the reaction noted in eyes where a man has been improperly protected from the electric arc used in electric welding. The next place noted in exposure to dust is in the compound room. Here the various materials are weighed out for use. The highly toxic materials are usually found among the accelerators, coloring materials and anti-oxidants. Usually these materials are weighed out in small quantities under very satisfactory working conditions and placed in individual paper bags so that there will be no loss. The type of workman on this job is usually above that of the ordinary laborer. He is told to use care in weighing out his material and appreciates the dangers if he is slack. The materials here are primarily organic compounds and dermatitis is the condition found. Since the use of hexamethylene-tetramine, safex an,1 aniline or aniline oil has been largdy discontinued: toxic conditions in the weighing out of accderaton have largely disappeared. There is one material, formerly used in large quantities, whid. has always given the industry a had name-litharge. Lead symptoms among men weighing out litharge have always been common. Use of respirator~, adequate ventilation and rotation of workmen have become accepted practices. Adequate wasbing facilities should be provided and the men made to us.e them previous to lunch hour and previous to going home from work. Periodic checkup of compound room men exposed to lead or its salts should be made for physical signs or symptoms of lead absorption. The remaining work in the compound room consists of weighing out the more hulky materials. These materials are stored in bins and weighed out. as a rule. into batch cans or pans. The amount of dust prorluced depe",ls upon the technique of the operator. These dusts are practically non-toxic but dirty and annoying to the workman. Long time service in this work does not appear to have any effect on the health of the men exposed. Note should be made of certain fillers which contain small amounts of silica and some day we may find evidence of exposure in this work which has produced symptoms of silicosis. An impoved method used at times is to deliver the material to the mixing machine or mill in its original container, if a heavy paper bag. thus requiring onlv the one opening operation. This is a very common practice in handling lamp hlack. We should not forget the sweeper in the compound room. His job is particularly dirty and dusty. He i. exposed to all materials used. I was very llIud. interestt'd last SUlllnler while helping in the silicosis study ma,le in Massachusl'lts. to note that two janitors showed more evidence of dust changes in the chest than many of the workmen X-rayed. In the mill room we finrl a very much improved condition over what we saw ten years ago. Formerly. the various compoun,ls were clumpe,l unceremoniously onto the mixing mill with a get'at cloud of dust arising anel no adequate ventilating hood to remove it. This dust contained all types of materials heing compounded. Today most mills are equipped with eRicient exhaust hood.. which remove the dust raised and the various materials are added somewhat apart. Masticators have replaced mixing mills in most III ants and in feNlini!" these masticators. laq(e amounts of dust are crl'ated at times. Exhaust hoods should he installed close to the openings of these masticators to remove this dust which usually is noted when the hursting Rubber Sa/ion 369 gum raises this dust. This is not the easiest task when one realizes how little space there is for sllch a hood. The mill room has been further improved by the elimination of the old dusting bal(s used to prevent sticks or cuts of stock from sticking together. The present method of dipping the cut into a tallk of supersaturakd chalk solution or spraying with sl1ch a sol lit ion has c1iminah'd praetically all dust. This has hem the cause 01 good improvcmmt in the working conditions in the mill room. The credit belongs to the chemists, as the use of the faster accelerators has required quicker cooling of compounded rubher when removed from the mixing mill. I Stock or storage hins for storing compounded ruhber require the free use of cloths or dusting powders, whiting, talc or chalk. The employees in this work are exposed ttl large amounts of dust, usually harmless in nature. There is a chance that this dust may he sufliciently contaminated with toxic materials to constitute a hazard. This was once claimed to be the source of a case of lead poisoning. Dermatitis from this dust in davs of hexa was not unusual. In the cutting roc;m, numerous spots are found where considerahle dusting- powder is used. "Vell can I rememher what I thought when I first saw the operator of the Parsons Cutter dieing out parts of filler materials and reinforcement stays; he was covered from head to foot with dust. Jmproved processes have reduced the dust in this part of the work. Such dust is only toxic from contamination but a man with chronic rhinitis is uncomfortable and he may have to give up such work. The only control is by local exhaust located on the head of the culler and care on the part of the lay-out man in not using an excess of dusting- powder. The use of wax paper between layers of stock has eliminated this dust in stock wherever such could be dOlle to advantage. Passing on to the manufacturing process. we invariably find cloth hooks or liners usc-d to storr atld transport cut stock fro1ll 011(' pro('{'s~ to the n{'xt. These books or liners may h('('olll(' dusty frolll the dusting' p()wdrrs l1St~<1 or the SUlphuring out of the stock in th" hook. I'rolr'ction of thl' stock hooked generally requires freqUt"nt cleaning (If these" hooks I)y cOl11pn'ss('d air "o.st~. Dermatitis t1St"ft to he a frequent occurrence among the (,Inplo),,,,'s handling these books or liners. One of the most stubhorn cases of dermatitis I ever saw occurred in a lIIan repairing these liners. There is a last place where dermatitis can show up-the packing room. Here the finished product may have dusting powder which drops off or a slig-ht sulphuring out reaction which gives rise to a toxic dust. Thi. incidence is rare today hecause of the elimination of the toxic accelerators. One of my prize patch testers on dermatitis was once so sensitive to a certain accelerator that he could not sit at a desk having a small desk pad of this material withont hreaking out with a rash in the sensitizeel area. This to a large extent covers the elust situations peculiar to the rubber indus- . try, as I know them. Several other processes may occur. For some work, hard rubber dust is a necessary ingreelient. This elust is explosive and where handled in large quantities, special precautions must he taken. The manufacturing process requires the use of carbon elioxide fumes to prevent fires or explosions. Several processes are found where ahrasive wheels or belts arc useel in the manufacturing processes. This dust may he toxic or non-toxic hut is very objectionable and gooel practice requires its removal. \Ve find such processes as btl~ng canvas shoes h"fore c('menting-Illlffing o"ernnw from tire heads and similar llIolded proelucts--hnfling hard ....J,J,('r prnclnds--hnfling air hags nsed in curing tires, etc. All these "roersses should he provide,l with local exha1lSt ventilation and dust collectors. Perhaps the more CfllnnlOn danger is the fire hazard when a spark or over-heateel piece of material ignites such clust when it lanels in a pocket in the duct. The air-current lllakes a force,1 draft h11rner. For a while san,l-hlasting was used for cleaning metal hases on which rubber was to he vulcani7.eel. I refer to the process of san,l-hlasting- the solid tire rims. Such work requires enclosure in a sand hlast chamher such as is found in any sand-blasting operation. The introduction of steel grit and the improvement of the sand hlast chamher have rellloved most of the chance of silicosis. Good health supervision required perio,tic examination and X-rays of all men operating- or working around sand blast machines. ------~ 370 Twenty-third A IIllual Safl'ly COllgrcss-Naliollal Safely eOlll1cil There is one further dust situation which comes to my mind, lead oxi'le fumes found over the lead pot which some manufacturers have used to clean iron or steel molds. These lead pots are fre'juently heated to 650-750 degrees F. at which tem- peratures the lead is volatilized ann the fumes are a ready means of acquiring lead poisoning. Such lead pots should he adequately exhaust ventilated. . In this connection, the use of lead in rubber hose manufacturing is not without danger. Cases of lead poisoning have occurred from the dust producen hy the conveyor which returns the scrap lead to the melting pot. The ruhhing of the lead fragments against the side of the conveyor produces a fine dust which falls through the cracks of the conveyor an.1 may be circulated around in the air breathed by the operators. These men should be subject to periodic checkups. Dust Problems in the Rubber Industry By DR. W. S. ASH Plant Physician, United States Tire Co., Detroit, Mich. The speaker said in part: I am going to take the position of heing a bit of a skeptic about all this alarm over the dust 'luestion. The health petHhthun in indus try swings to tlw extremes, like so many other things. At one time in.lustry di,ln't care a rap ahout tbe health of the worker: he was ,'asily replaced. Now sometimes we go so far as to exercise a kind of paternal jurisdiction over him until he sits back and expects us to make out his entire health program. Industry should not be permitted to sidestep any real responsihilities in health matters; a healthy and sanitary workshop should be maintained according to accepted standards; but beyond that it should still be an individual matter-the worker should be sufficiently interested in his livelihood to want to preserve his health without our cramming too much "do this," or "do that" down his throat. You can easily see that I want to be the optimist of the party. I want to go on record as saying that, as far as I have been able to observe, we have no serious dust prohlem or hazard on our hands. Take it or leave it; that is my conviction. Opinion is certainly not unanimous one way or the other. This can be easily verified by getting together a half dozen safety engineers and some public health men and then mention dust. Bitt the more research work that is being 'done, the more definite expressions of opinion are we getting. I am looking at it from the health standpoint only. Dust has been a prohlem ever since Adam and Eve shook the dust of the Garden from their feet. Explosive dusts can make quite a mess of a human heing and spoil his health pennanently. Dltsts are harmful to equipment and to stocks, and they are eyesores just tn look at when you have a nice accumulation. Dust storms have taken their toll, and I believe that ~omewhere in the hibliography on dust someone has brought forth the theory that the cliff dwellers of our southwest vanishen from the earth because of rampant .ilicosis. In this complex life that we live today I sometimes wonder just how we are to determitH' the l'xact part that dust plays in the industrial life of the worker. He work. thirty or forty hours a week in thp shop and the remainder of his time is put in e1sewhere-allll don't tell me he isn't eXI)osed to ,lust elsewhere I If" is surrounded with !Iust and fumes. In traffic, on the street Cll.f, at home, in the parks, everywhere he goes the dust particles are after him. You may say that after he leaves his work he is not exposed to sufficient dust concentration to do him any harm; hut how are we to determine whether even this mild but continued expo.ure predisposes him to dust disease if these diseases are so prevalent? On the other hand, if light eXliosure develops an immunity, why should we assume that every tuberculosis or pneumonia case has its inception in a dusty job? And if vou think that fumes play no part in the health picture, let me mention an article hy Dr. Mortland in a recent issue of the Journal of the A. M. A. uncler the heading "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning." In Connecticut and Massachusetts 250,000 cars were .topped at random and checks made on the gas content inside the car. Sixty per Rubber SalimI 371 cent had measurable 'Iuantities of carbon mono"id,' present and 7 per cent had it in sufficient quantities to cause collapse in four hours or more. Again, if you think you are not exposed to plenty of dust and dirt when away from the shop, listen to this: The city in which our plant is located certainly is not classed as the dirtiest city in the country, but here is what careful measurements hrought out. Sev,'ral years ago the dust and dirt precipitation was 140 tons per square mile per year. That is a lot of dirt, whether it is harmful or not. The I city Safety Engineer got busy and they reduced it finally to 62 tons per year. Then, along came the era for economizing in everything, and as a result, the estimated precipitation is now twice what it was at its worst; in other words, we have about 280 tons per square mile now. 1 Now, let us look at it from the disease standpoint, if it means anything-and it must mean something because dust is almost always mentioned in the same breath with tuh,'rculosis allll I>lwulllonia. The average death rate in our city is around eight per thousand, although the gcneral urhan death rate for the state is over ninc. On this hasis, we should havt' had at It'ast 360 deaths in our plant in ten years. Actually we had ISo. The average death rate from pncuIIH>nia over this period was 1.04 for the city at large. vVe should have had at least 45 deaths; actually we had 20. The average death rate fro III tuberculosis ovcr this period was .85. W" should have had around 38 deaths; we actually had 13. \Ve have had only one death from tuberculosis in the last three years, and only two cases on hand now, hoth being rated as Htnaking satidactory Jlr~r{'ss." In our state females have a higher death rate fro11t tuherculosis than males in the age hrackets from 20 to 30, hut from there on the males increase ann the females decrease. We have about 15 per cent females in our employ, hut have had only three dellths in the ten years and all three were office employees. During this period in which we wen' losing J3 from tuherculosis, we were losing 15 from automohile accidents and 25 from 11t'art trouhle. In that time we ha,l only 4 compensable deaths, one of which occurred while giving an anesthetic for the removal of a simple ganglion on the wrist. \Ve had only one other lung death and that was classed a cancer. Of the pneumonia and tuberculosis deaths combined, nine were in the mill and calender department, hut there were five in the offices. Of the males, 30 were white and 6 colored, showing the higher rate among the negroes. Our greatest number of deaths was in the 20 to 40 age bracket, which corresponds with the general picture of the state at large where about 40 per cent of the deaths occur in this age limit. Now, if I have seemed to draw the herring across the trail of dust in our in- dustry, I don't want you to get the impression that we are so pnre and undefiled that we can sit hack and make faces at other industries. If T have seemed to deal lightly with the subject, I don't want you to feel that my slogan is "Let the Dust Fly." Not hy a long shot. If for no other reason than good housekeeping, we must be after dust and dirt like the figure on a nationally known cleanser. A clean working place means a better worker and a better product, just as the well-groomed man gets an easier hearing when he sets out for an interview. . Instead of taking a random pot shot at our dltst, h,t us go at it in an orderly manner. Sit down alld follow your manufacturing ,through from raw material to finished product. You may Il,' surpri"'d at the places you filld dust and dirt a factor. Is your reeciving room a dark, cohwehhy, dirty place? Are your dusty substances stored in such a way that every time some of it is requisitioned there is a cloud of dust stirred? Are these substances package!1 in such a way as to lessen dust in the handling? When they are used in the manufacturing process, are they handled in such as way as to keep dust at a lIIinillll11Il, or are they just dnmped helterskelter? Do you continue to use dusty processes whell an emulsion, or solution, or tank conveyor might he used? If you dust a tire, for instance, do you scatter the dust all around and cover everything within dusting distance, or have you figured just about how l11uch powder you need and use it accordingly? If YOIl l11ust use a powder, even though it is not rated as dangerous, do you ventilate, or use sucHon or provide your worker with a respirator? Do you place an employee with a dusty 372 Twetlty-third Annual Safety Congress-Natjollai Safety Council job right in front of an open window where all the dust will blow back on him? Is your general housekeeping as good as it might be in dusty sections of your plant? Have you places where you avoid escorting visitors because the place is untidy and unsightly? Do your windows get so dirty and dusty that the cost of extra illumi- nation becomes a factor? Do your window si11s slant, or are they Rat to catch more dust? Take a look at everything from this dust point of view. What kind of dust is it? Is it dangerous to health? Is it a constant feature of the manufac- turing process, or an occasional one? Is one worker at it all the time, or are they rotated? Whatever its nature, plan some means of elimination or lessening its con- centration. I have said nothing about silicosis, ashestosis, anthracosis, etc. I am not denying that they are definite entities in the disease picture. They certainly are, hut the picture is not yd complete enough for me to feel that they present a hazard in our particular inclustry. Let me quote two investigators who 5('('m to voice the majority opinion that a ddinite material an(1 a definite concentratiun must be present to nlake a dallRcrotlS comhination. Public Health Report, VO\. 4R, PI'. t.WR-1400, Nov. 1933: "The physical examination and X-ray findings in this series of studies clearly indicate an association hetween the amount and character of dust in the working atmosphere ancl the effect on the health of the exposed worker. Serious physical impairment was noted only where the workers were exposed to large amounts of dust containing a high percentage of quartz. Where the dust concentration and the quartz percentage were relatively low there was found only a mild fIbrosis which could not in most cases be regarded as due to the particular dust." Dr. Leroy Gardner, Journal of the A. M. A., Vol. 103, No. 10, pp. 743-748, Sept. 8, 1933: "It is no longer reasonable to maintain that all kinds of du~t are equally danger- ous to the lungs. A very convincing array of clinical, statistical and experimental observations has demonstrated that dusts composed, in whole or in part, of silica are capahle of exciting a characteri~tic, progressive, nodular flllrosis of the lungs ano that at the ~ame time these ()rgal1~ h('col11e ahnormally susc('ptihl(' to the tuherde bacillus. All the other types of dust that have tllUs far heen il1v(,~tigated can apparently be inhaled almost with impunity for long periods of time." "Nonsiliceous dusts localize about the lymphatic trunks and some of them excite the proliferation of sl11alt amounts of loose celtular connective tissue. They ap- parently do not illcrease susceptibility to tuherculosis." "Nonsiliceous <lusts inhaled in comhination with silica modify the actions of the latter, altering the anatomic characteristics of the le~ion all(1 apparently decrea~ing the susceptibility to tuherclllo~i~." TUESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 2, 1934 This session, after a pleasant luncheon, was devoted to the bestowal of trophies to winning companies in the 1934 Safety Contest of the Rubber Section. The data on the Contest was given by Chairman H. W. Low, as follows: The Rubber Section Safety Contest extended from January 1st to June 30, 1?34. Twenty-eight unit companies registered in the contest and 52,492 persons worked a total of 47,276,101 man-hours. The average frequency rate for the contest was 6.430, which is a 33 per cent decrease from the 1933 contest rate of 9.636. Fifteen of the competing units completed the contest with a frequency rate below the average, and fIve unit companies went through the contest period with perfect safety records. During the contest there were 304 disabling injuries. The handsome trophies awarded to the winning companies by the National Safety Council were presented by G. T. Hellmuth, General Claims Attorney, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee Railroad Co., and Vice President for Finance of the National Safety Council. Mr. Hetlmuth, representing the Executive Committee of the Council, presented trophies to the fotlowillg companies: I I j I J ! l l ~ Rubber S ectioll 373 GrollI' A and B (nlolllhly exposllre 0/ more than 125,000 man-hollrs). The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., New Toronto, Canada; two disabling injuries while working 1,251,290 man-hours, frequency rate of .598. Group C mId]) (nlollthly exposure of less tlral! Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y.; no d1i2~$a,b0l0i0ng,nianijlu-rhioeusrsw)h. ile working 660,000 man-hours. The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Bowmanville, Canada; no disabling injuries while working 337,754 man-hours. Van Cleef Brothers, Chicago, III., no disabling injuries while working 137,273 man-hours. The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Reclaim Plant, Akron, Ohio; no disabling injuries while working 111,928 men-hours. Fabric Fire Ho~e Co., Sandy Hook, Conn.; 110 ciisahling injurie~ while working 411,512 man-hours. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3, 1934 The Hazards of Rubber Cement Churns and Storage Rooms By E. W. BECK Supervisor of Safety, United States Rubber Co., New York City The speaker .aid in part: Let us asstlme that we have a well-de~igned cement churn room, and I will confine my reminders to what goes on within the room. A dc~iRnated per~on with a proper kno.vlerlge of all the hazards involved should be in charge of each shift and be held responsible for the safe practices of all employees working under his supervision, as well as proper inspection and main- tenance of all equipment. He should not be allowed to leave his quarters for any great length of time. Definite instructions regarding safe practices should be posted within the room. Each employee should know all the hazards and just what to do in case of emergency. where the ~tTehamey vsahlvoeusldarhee posted locatecl as to where for /loOfling the the proper room shutoff valves are and with steam. It should he a rule that the employees shall not carry matches in their working clothes. Lockers should he of the fireproof type placed outsid" of the cement churn and cement sturage rooll1~. No person should be permitted to take any material from the cement room without permission from the person in charge. The use of gaso- line, naphtha or benzene to clean clothing, such as overalls, aprons, gloves, etc., should not be allowed. Cnains, pulleys, belt~ and churns operating in these rooms should be grounded and it should be the duty of the electrical department to test periodically-at least once a month-the grounds on all shafting and churns, submitting written reports to be fIled in the office of the safety supervisor. The electrician should inspect monthly all lighting and wiring equipment. switches with ample capacity should Only properly installed be IIsed. Switches and vapor-proof fuses should lbieghltosc~atnedd outside the building or room and solvents should he handled through permanently installed pipe lines. - The cement house should he inspected daily hy foremen and a rigid monthly inspection should he set up by the safety supervisor and the superintendent. Rigid machinery inspections shOUld be made hy the mechanical department and frequent inspections should he tions properly. It is madavdi~eaholfe t hale~o,e xhaust system periorlically, t in o this invite room the to see t local fire hat de it par fun tme cnt to make an inspection of the plant, 1I10re particularly the cement churn room. Every fIre and accident within the department should be reported to the sUl>er- visor of safety without delay, so that the proper investigation can be made and ~-~-~ 382 Twellty-third Allllual Safely COIIgrl'ss-Natiolla/ Safety COllllcil National Safety ('ouncil's annual proceedings: "When the sample had heen allowed to stand frolll 24 to 48 hours we had a little reaction. Safex itself was very satisfactory but its compounded condition, with a little age, caused dermatitis." Memhers of thi.s Committee personally saw Dr. Shirley with a sample of Safl'x on his arm under a piece of adhesive. It had been there for 4 days. He showed the naked arm and it had only a little rash, as stated by him. The test (as made hy Dr. Shirley) of fastening samples of Safex and Safex compounds to the flesh for days at a time would not he a parallel condition to employees working with any such compounds. Reference is made in Mr. Nolan's brief on page 19, to the hazard of x-rays. This hazard might take place in any industry and is not peculiar to the Rubher Industry. In fact there are very few rubher industries equipped with an x-ray machine. The Committee knows of no rubber company where x-rays are used other than in the Medical Department and under the operation of skilled technicians only. Therefore, this illustration, as mentioned by Mr. Nolan, is far-fetched and should carry no weight in this brief as applying to the rubber industry. Signed: W. L. SCIlNF.IDF.R, B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio. J. T. KIDNEY, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. R. R. MORSF., Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. E. W. BF.C'K. United States Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. P AIll. V A;-.r CLF.F.F, Van Cleef Bros. Co., Chicago, III. October I, 1934. ADJOURNMENT T W Ii N T Y - T H I N j) ANN lJ A L SA F Ii T Y CON G RES S NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 0.'t I .~--- Safety Section, A R A - Steam Ij Railroad Section, N S C Chairmall-C. I.. LAFOUNTAINE. Great Northern I~ailway Co., St. Paul, Minn. First Vicr-Cllllirlllo/I-H. A. PARISH, Chicago & North Western Hailway, Chicago. Sr[{Jlld Virr-Chlli/'lI/{Ul-\V. H. FAILING. Central Railroad of New Jersey. Secrrtary-J. C. CA\ISTON. American Railway A"ociation, New York City. A cOfllp/de .'eport of lilrse sessions is plI/JIislrrd I,y tl,r American Railway As.rocilltioll ill II "oa/del e.jtitled, .. Procredinlls of tire POllrtulllh AII,,"al Meeling of the Safety Sectio/>, Cleveland, Ohio, October 24, 1934." Copies of Ihe booklet are m'oilable from the Associlltioll of Ame"ican Railroads, N. Y. C. The following is a cOlldfllsed record. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 2, 1934 The opening session of the Safety Section, American Railway AssociationSteam Railroad Section, National Safety Council was called to order by Chairman C. L. LaFountaine, Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minnesota, who presided. The invocation was delivered hy L. G. Bentley, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. The report of the Secretary, J. c. Cavistoll, New York City, in which he outlined hriefly the activities of officers alld standing committees during the last year, was read and approved. The Chairman then presented his annual report. Annual Report of the Chairman By C. L. LA FOUNTAINE Great Northern Railway. St. Paul, Minn. The speaker said in part: Let us go hack for a moment to the resolution adopted at our annual meeting in 1924, which set a goal calling for reduction, based 011 the 1923 record. of 35 per cent in l'asualties to employees on duty, Class I railroads, by 383 __ _---- . ...... 444 Twenty-third AIlIlI/al Safety COl/gress-Natiollal Safety COUllcil It is no simple remedy to cure this ever-increasing cost, and the solution of it lies with the individual companies and their efficient handling of very fundamental facts. There seems no immediate possibility of any material change. in this trend toward the super-liberalization of compensation laws and compensation benefits a\l down the line. Rut the return of prosperity, with higher wages, more definite employment, a greater numher of regular working days, a\l should have a tendency to make a more favorahle ratio between the payments made hy industry and manhours of work produced by lahor. Men will be more anxious to return to their employment and stay on their johs, and with the return of more regular employment, there will be less reopening of old cases on rather exaggerated claims of injury. But this lies far in the future. The only immediate answer to the employer's prohlem seems to be diligence, intelligence and persistence in the work in which your people are so vitally interested-accident prevention. If the accident can be prevented, then all of these other prohlems will never need he solved. We realize, of course, that the elysium will never arise, hut certainly the very remarkable work that is heing (lone in accident prevention must be keeping the ocmpensation and medical prohlems from hecoming an unhearable cost to industry. When we find individual plants, over a short period of years, reducing accidents from 75 to 90 per cent, many of them with several million man-hours without lost time accidents, when we find steam railroads cutting accidents among their employees 60 per cent during the past eighteen years-when a group of leading steel concerns have a 90 per cent reduction in plant accidents during the same period -when forty-five large cement plants finish a recent year without a single lost-time accident among their thousands of employees-when we find the plant of an electric company with 28,000 employees reducing accidents in 1925 by 92 per cent-WI; realize what you men and women have accomplished, and feel that perhaps it is possible for accident prevention work to actually solve some of the most distressing problems that arise in the administration of the workmen's compensation law. However, in connection with your accident prevention work, you can accomplish much in ohtaining a (!roper administration of the Act and in correcting some of the glaring evils that exist. For one thing, you can keep constantly in your own mind and impress upon those about you the fact that this law is not an unemployment insurance law-that it is not designed for that purpose and should not be prostituted to obtain that end. You can also spread the gospel to those about you that there are health and sickness insurance policies designed to cover the illnesses that one may be subject to, outside of accidents, and that the compensation law was designed only as a compensation for actual loss of wages due to actual injuries arising out of the employment itself. ADJOURNMENT INDEX A Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' NominatinR Committee Report, 14q150. Offil'ers, 149. Adams, I)r. j. M.: The Indul'trial Physician's Place in the Accident I'revelltioll Program, 309313. Aeronautical Section: Minutes, 15.~ t.~R. Officers, 1S.t Aeronautics: Safety in Aviation (Doolittle), IS.HS4. Safety Problems of Airships (Arustein), l.~S ISH. All Ohio Day Se.. sion: 127 BO. A. R. A. Safety Section: See Steam Hailroad Sa'tioll. A. S. S. E. Enginee-rilll( Sectin1l: Minutes, 159102. Nominating ('omlllittee Ueport, )(,2. AUIlllal MeetinK of Meillher~, 1120. An.'her, T. 1',: The Safet} Man'!,> Respoll:-.ilJility in Industry, 172174. Armstrong, A. L.: KeepillJ{ Higher Supervision Jnterestejl in An'ijlent awl Fire Prevell' tion, ti.l.t'}S. Arnstein, Dr. K.: Safety Problems of Airships, IS.IISR. Ash, ])r. W. S,: Dust l'roblem .. in the Rub- ber Intlustry, ~70,n2, Augustus, E.: Repnrt or Al'citlent t:xperiel1ce ExchanRe. 29,~-294. Automobile Driving: An Industrial Safety Pro gram that Inl'iudes Vehicle Drivers (~Tel ker). \3\\, How Fleets Can Cnoperate in Community Safety (Smith), 21421(,. Safety on th~ Street~ A Majnr Problem fnr Industry (Orr), SlS3. Sette-ting Drivers for COlllmercial Vehicle!' (Cornell). ISSR. Automobiles: How the Automotive 11l(iustry Can Help in Re1lucing Street Acddellts (Smith), 166167. Maintenance fOT Sarety's Sake (~Teaver), 201211. Mechanical Devices ror the Safety of Com mercial Vehicles (Haven), 2162tR. Automotive and Machine Shop Section: Joint Session with Power Press Section, 330332. Minutes, ](.3176. Nominating COllllllittee Report, 172. Officers, 11\.1. B Raker, J.: Safe Practice in Maintaining and UsinJ( "Electric We1c1inJ( Equipment, 41. ]laker. R. T.: PuttillK the SaFety Mau's Joh {Tnder the Minns('ol'e. (J.l.I),', Banquet, 21 U, Harr, Dr. F. (;.: Phvsical Examinations and Platt"IlH"nt of \Vorker .... 7.'7S. Barth, C. (;.: I'revl"HtillJ{ An'illelll .. ill the- Meat Pal'kin", Inl!u .. tIY. 24X2S0. llatelll8n, C. (;.: Silitosio.; fmm the Operatnrs' Stauclpnint, 2JB2M~. Baurhenn, L. 1'.: Applied Safety in Transit Operations, 426427. l1eck. E. \\t.: Hazards of Rubher Cement ChUflUi and Stnrage Rooms, 37.1375. flender. H. n.: Development and Research and Their Relation to Accident Prevention, ~44 ne 347. Dennett, C. n,: Cause ami Control of Employee Accident,. in the \\'ay and Structures partment. 4.nH4. He-ntley. L. (;.: Report of Committee on Edu cation, ~~5386. Berman, 0.: \Vhat the Seamen Think of Safety and the Safety Moveme-nt, 231-232. ne~'er, n. S. and C;urney, S, \V.: Using Ex- haust Systems and Hesplratory Equipment to Prote<."t \\'orkers Exposed to ])ust, 262~. Bixler, H. R.: Protecting the Feet and Legs, Hands and Arms, Face and Head of In dustrial \Vorkers, R6RQ. Bonus Systems: In Hand Tool Accidents and Their Prevention (C;roner), lRSlR6. Houlet. C. B.: How to Sustain the Safety In- terest of the Man on the Joh, 65()6. Bradford, O. n.: How Can the Industrial Nurse Help to Prevent Accitients? 4547. Brennan, W. J.: Let's Teach Safety's Teacher, 291;m. Bri:l.1e;~e ~~~lty F~!~~.i~~s l:~~.tll~ri~~~.:trn~~ilrl~ still(,,), 207 .2f)X. Bristol. L. D.: Vi"itillg NUI'!'e-!" -Their Value to tlle Safetv Movement, 47"4R. Huckley. l-L ).: Sellin,K the Safety Iclea, 13.~ 140. lhu(hee, P.: MOflern Method", of Teaching Fire Prf"vention. 3234. Bullock, R. A.: A Serious A('cilient and the Lesson Learned, 377~7ft Buses: Qualificatiolls for Trainmen and flu", Operator... (Emer."o11), 4234211. Ryers, (:,: Controlling the Fire a1111 Explosion Ha73nls in Refineries, ,11R,'\22, Byler, A. n.: Supervi<;iol1 amI Tts Relation to . Accident"" ~31-3~2. c Cahill, Maj. C. T.: Point of Operation Acci- dents allil Theil' Elimination n the Shoe Industry, 2~12S,t C3n~r~I~'eti~' :Pr~!~~tiio~;QR.~!~~~ent..-a Factor in Carey, L. J.: Compensation and Medical "rob lenu., 442444. Carrow, T. H,: Progress anjl Possibilities in the Prevention of Injuries to Railroad Em p l o y e e s .'R7~R9. Cen~~~t C!~e'!~trllrlu~~:lrC~:rti~f). 178c.ir79~ts in Hand Tool Accidents ann Their Prevention ;rooer), IRSIM. . How to Investigate and Capitalize nn Our Accidents <Wish man). tRt" lR2. How to In'\'e"tigate Our Accidents ;reer), 11lIRI. Preventitlf{ Falls of Persons in the Cement Industry (Rice), lR.l. lR.~, Safetyizing Transportatinn in Cement Mills ('en~~::! ~!~ati~)~~~ (~\;;:~\~~? '1~~~i~:" NominatinR COl11mittee Report, 17R. Ofl-Il'ers, 177. (,hell1kal III.tustry: Helpil1){ New Employees to Avoi,1 Injnries iJi the ('hemil"a1 Industr~ (Kirkpatrick), lRR-1QO. Propel Protective J<:quipIHPtlt for the Chemi cal Indu",try ( )'('Ol1llor), 1f'21'14. Using Our Statistics to Advantage (Lewis), 1q()191. See al<;o Health Hazards. Chemical Spctiotl: Minutes, 1R719R. Nominating Committee Report, 197198. Officers, tR7. Chemicals in ltHlustrv Session: 99102, Christie, N, J.: Safe' Practices in Maintainitl~ and Using (;a<; \Velding Equipment, 42-43. 445 --'. ,~- ...__ .F- 446 Twellty-third AI/Ilual Safety Congress-Natiollal Safety COl/llcil C. W. A. Operation: Four Million (;reen Men (Williams); 76-7R_ Safety Organization (Murphey), 313-314_ Claims: Marine l'rohiems-<Jaim }'revention in Connection with Accident Prevention (Holden), 243-244_ Clothing: "Eye Prntedinn au.1 Safe Clothing (Miller), 407-401<- Col~e~!~r}f:Il~;!~ll!~~ ~he\\~:~I:f S~~:~a:!hacl~~~:; (Toomb.), 35R-3W. Cole. W. G.: Putting Safdy Engineers Under the M ierm,cope, .10.1-JOfl, Commercial Vehicles: See Automobile T>riving; Automobiles. . Committee,,: HevelopiuK Safety ('on~ciousness and Cooperation in the Supervisory Force (Ilarr), 167-169. Construction Industry: ('nfl~trltction Safety on the New Jersey Emergency State Relief Projecb (J)nrfOey), 2(H2().~. Effect of Safety Activitirs nn Cnmp~nsatinn Insurance Rates (\\'right), 201-202. Explo'liv~s in th~ ("ltI'\trllcti(JIl Jllflu .. try (I~tls ell), 2f1t;-207_ Saf~ty-a (,hallellli{e to Management (Howe), 202-203. Safety Mea"ur~s in the ('on"truction of the San Francis('"o Hay BriilR'e" (( ;nl<\stine), 'ltl7- 20ft Statistics of the Construction Section (Snow), 200_ Construction Section: Minutes, 199-2ClJ. Nominating Committee Report, 203-204. Officers, 199_ Contesu: Award of Delivery, Taxicab and RUA Section Trophies, 212. f.ra;:;;~\inlle~~es~i:~;yC~~~:~t, (~\2~~l::)' 139. Presentation of Metals Sectiolls Troflhie~, 267-2IiI!_ Pre.entation of PRoper IlUlustry ane! Cnundl Trophie", 2tYl. Presentation of f'etroleum Section Trnphie!il, 323-324. Pre!4entation of Ruhber Section Trophies, 37237_1_ l ' rellentRtion IIf Saff"tv Cnntc~qt Trophies to Marine Se<'tinn, 2.Ut2.'C). Public Utilities Sel'linfl Safety Contest, ~4734R_ Railroad Eml)loyees National Safety Cnntest, 389-390. Unveiling o( Council Trophies, 20. Conveyon: Portable Cnnveyor~-Hazard~ and Their Elimination (PrushinR"), 71-72. Cooke, M_ W.: Municipal Traffic l)roblems from a Tran!lfN)rtation Viewpoint, 429-4.1l. Cooperation: Management's Opportunities and ltupolUlibiJities for \\tinning Employee Co(~':~~t2l'~2Q~cddent Prevention Work Co~, E. W.: Af'ci(lent Prevention and the New Industrial Jo:cnnomy, 290-291. Cornell, H_ W.: Selecting Driverl'l for Lommen'ial Vehicle~, .~.~~8. Cotton Mills: See Textile Industry. Cou~:bhJ~ti~~ or~h:icl~1IjU;~de,r~r;r_l;6. the Re- Cramer, F. W.: Maintenance of Cranes, 2t)J265_ Cran('h, A. (;.: Tr~nd of Occupational Disease!' and Compenntion, 300.10.1- Crane, C. H.: Saf~ly in the Lead Minu, 1:74lilt. Cranu: Maintenance of Crane!4 (Cramer), 26.1265_ n.: S.fe Operatinn of Locomotive Cranes (Griflith), 67-69_ Criswell, R. 31-.12_ Hnw Home Fires Are Cau"ed, CUi:~n~~~r~ti!~, ~~~~].ust Problem in Min. Curtis, A. J. R.: Analysis of Accidents in the Cement Industry, 178-179_ D Darr, H. \\t.: Developing Safety Con!lciousne!iS and Cooperation in the Supervisory Force, 167-169_ Delivery, Taxicab and Bus Section: Minutes, 209-218. Nominating Committee Report, 211-212. Officers, 209-210_ Dietz. A. M.: Lesson~ Learned from Serious c.: Accidents, 377. 1)onovan, J. D.: Safe Maintenance Work on Jndu~triat Electrical Equipment, 104-106. Doolittle, J. H.: Safety in Aviation, lS3.1~4_ Dnrrance, Acci<Ient Prevention at the Harry Taylor Mine, 275-279. Dorsey, J. N.: Constructinn Safety on tlH~ New J~rsey Emergency State Relief Proj- ects, 204-205. ])U.'It in Industry Ses~ion: 2.1-30. ])usts: I>Ut Hazards in Indu~try (Sayers), 350-353_ The J)u~t Problem in Mining Operations (Cummings), 2R1-2Rl. Dust Problems in the Rubber Industry (Shir- M~i~aI36J~~?~~vision of Workers Exposed to Dust (McConnen), 29-30_ Silicosis from the Operators' Standpoint (Bateman), 283-285_ Some Aspects of the Si1icm;is Problem (Moore and Kelley), 285-288_ Types of Dust That Cause Occupational Dis- eases ;ardner), 23-26. lTsing Exhaust Systems and Respiratory lliluipment to Protect Worker" Expo~ed to 1lust ;urney and Heyer), 2f'i-2R. ])ye Imlustry: Safe Hamllinli{ of IlYf'''Ituff.; (Warzala), 101 -102. E Econnmics: Economics of Ac<'i,lent Prevention . in Handling Marine Cargo (Heinrich), 22H- 230_ In an Idustrial Safety Program That JnC'imles Vehicle Drivers (\Velker), ~3. In Four Million Green Men (\Villiams), 78. 1n Safety Activities Which He(luce A('cident~ R!rat~~~il~rgA~~~I~~lt(IJ~~~~~~:ion to Production (Spencer), 414-415_ Education o( Workmen: How Should the Foreman Train the Workers (Hantelmann), 375-376_ Teaching Safety to the Industrial Wm'ker (Sain), 43R-440. E~~:;i~in~aW:a~~w ~::Ii~:r J!~~:I;i~~e'+rl~~it Operations (Baurhenn), 421)-427. Cau~e and Control of Employee Accidents in the Transportation J)epartment (Matthews), 432-431. Cause and Control of Employee Accidents in the Way and Structures Hepartment (nennett), 433-434_ P~~i~h~lr)~x::ro_t~3~ion in Accident I-revention Qualifications for Trainmen and UtHI Operators (Emerson), 423-426. Report of Employee AcC"idents--Electric Rai'- way (K..h), 431-412. Sarety Trends in Design of Public Tran!lllpor- Electatrtiicointy:VehEicI~lecstri(cHecSkheorc)k 427-428_ (Kouwenhoven), _13R-340_ illdl'.t" 447 Hazards of Low Voltage Circuits (Whiting and Tonks), 106-112_ Miniature Voitage!oO for Portable Electric Equipment (Stewart). tm-l04. Saf~ Maintenance \-Vurk on Industrial Elec- trical F..tluiJ,ment (I )ollovan), 104-106. See also ~wttl'hes Elertric. Electridty in IlIclllstry Ses~iol1: 100'112. Electroplating: See 1latilll(. Emersol1, I~. W.: Uualitil'ations for Trailllllell anrl nu.~ Operators, 42.'426. Em~~~;~~~ (~~:,tl~::'~:' ~:(~~J. Teach Safety'" Employees' Trail1inJ(: See Edllcation ot \Vork- 'fY:i. men. Engineers- Safety: Putting Safety ":l1gin~~rs Under the MIl'rus('ope (Colt'), ]O.l .. Puttin~ the Safety MRoTl'S Jol. lll1c1er the Micro!'col'e (Baker), fHf}5. The Safety Mall's HesJlHtlsibilitv in !tulustn (Archer), 172-174. - . Executives: See ManaM'elllent. Exhaust Systems: See Ventilation aw1 Ex- haust System!'. Exhihits: Exhihitors at the 2.\nl Anu11al :-;afety Congre~~, 15011)2. Explosion,,: (ontrolling the Fire and ExplosIon Hazards in Refineries (Hyers), 3tR-l22. EXl'lo~ives: EXJ,losives in the (',mstruction In- dustry (I{ussell), 2Ofi207. Eye Protection: Eye Injuries in ltuinstry and Their Treatment (Moore), 164-1{,6. Eye Protection and Safety ClolhinR' (Miller), 407 -400. F Falls-Materials: I'alls of Persons <l.nd Ohjects (Granger), 400-410. Falls-People: Falls of Persons and Handlin~ Materials Rnd Tools (Miller), 4O~.406, Falls of Persons awl Ohjects ;ranJ(er), 4OR 410. Preventing :Fall" and Strains ill the Tanning 1ndustry (White). 250-25l. llreventinJ{ Fall" of Persons in the Cement Industry (Rice), lR11RS. \\'hat Can Management J)n tn Lessen Cas- ualties from Slippery Floors (Mow~ry), 125- 126. What the Worker Can 1>0 to Prevent Falls U;uilhort), 124-125_ \Vhy 1)0 People Fall? no They Slip. Trip or Stumble? ;ernnn), 121-12:\. Farlow, (;. R.: Falls of Objects; Motor Can:- Car~ and Operatioll, 4M-407, Farra. E. R.: Relatiou of Home Safety to In- dustrial Safety, 4.1f1-4:\R. F. E. R. A. Safety Conference: t.H-B4. Fenton, Hr. \V. T.: Value of Competent First Aid, 355-356. Fire Extinguishen,: Value of Various Type... nf Fire ExtinJluishers (Harte), :\44()' Fire Prevention: C(lll1pen~ator Fires, ~)C"). Controllinli{ the Fire anel Explo"joll Hazanfs in Refineries (Bver"), .'1A--'22. Fire Prevention iii the Public Utility lIulustry (FleminK), -'42-.144. How Home Fires Are Causecl (Criswell), :\1- 32_ Modern Methods o( TeachillK Fire P"evention (lJughoo), _12-34. Fire PreVelltiol1 Session: .11-40. Fir~t Aid: Emergency First AI!! to the In- Jured \\'mker (1~e,!llen). 11(,1 P'. Value nf Competent Fir"t Ailt (l'entnn), V\S- 356. Fisher, H. F..: PhysiC'al EX<l.1l1ination in Acci tlent Prevention, 420-42."\. FleminK' T. A.: Fire Prevention in the Public Utility 11Hlustry, .'12344. F(Hld Industry: Know Your Fumigants (O'Kane), 221-222. Selling Safety to Food Store Personnel (Rider), 222-223. Some Facts About \Vomen in th~ Food In.llIstry (McClaskey), 22_1-225_ 1'1:14")(1 Section: Minutes, 21l122~. Nominating COlllmittee I~ei'ort, 220221. ()Oicers, 219-220. Foremen: The Foreman's Ihlties and Responsibilities in I'reventing Accidents ;ardi ner), 3\4-315. The Foreman's Part in Accident Prevention (Crady), 2S~,259. How Sh(luh1 the Foreman Tra1l1 tlle Wor1<er? (H antelmann), .175-:\711. Supervision 31111 Its Relation to Accidents (Byler), 331-.1.12. Forge Shop"': Safety in Forl{e Shop Operations (\Vallman), .H2.l.B. Forsaith, (~.: A New Safety Corle (or C(\tton Mill., 411-41(,. Fumes: See (1a'les. Fumigants: Know Your FumlKants (O'Kane), 221-22l. Fl1f11iture Itlflt1!"tI"Y: See- \V()()(lwnrking Indus- try. Fusion \\'eMil1~ a 11<1 Cutting Ses~ion: 41 -43. G (;andy, H. Jr.: \\That of the Cause or Safety? 271-272Gardiner, G.: The Foreman's Dut1es and Re- spollsihilities in Preventing Acddents, 354355_ Cardner, L. 0.: Types of Dust That Cause Occupational Diseases, 2.126. (;ases: Hecreasiufi( the Hazards of J'oisonous Fumes and Vapors by Respiratory l"rotec tive F.(juil'mellt (Ihlssell), R2Jltl. {)ccll)1Htiottal Poisoning from Toxic GaIJes, Vapors and Fumes (Ke~sler), 79-A2. Gernon. J. L.! \Vh~' 1>0 People Fall? Do They Slip, Trip or Stumhle? 121- 12.l. (;il1ie~, 1>. B.: Safety from An Rxecutiv' St<l.lldpoiut, lA-20. Gilpin. I>r. G. S.: The Human Side or Indus- trial Medicine, 25.l-254. Goggles: Use in Paper Industry, Z9'9-300. See .also Eye Protection. Goldstine, E. N.: Safety Measures in the Con~ structiotl of the San Francisco Hay Bridges, 207-201!_ Goode, N. E.: Safety in Rayon Manu1actur ing. 417-418_ (;ra~~n~t:si~rs:H ~ht;~~ o(C~~~~~teA~cid~~~; (Rowe), 395-3%. (;rarly, M. P.: The Foreman's Part tn ACCI- dent Prevention, 25R-259. (;rallJ(er, L. M.: Falls of Persons and ObJects, 40R-4W. (ireellheril", S. S.: Safety Promotion Through the Efforts of Operators, 214. (;reer, M. P.: How to Jnvestig<l.te Our Acci- donts, 180- 1Rl. (;riffith, H . .T.: Safe Operation of Locomotive Cranes, 67-6(1. (;rotter, \\'. T.: Hand Tool Accidents and Their l'reventiol1, 1AS-t86. (;uards: Safeguarding Machinery at Its Source (;underk), U4- 176. Cuilbert, H.: ,,'hat the \\'nrker Can ])0 to Prevt'nt Falh, 12412~. (;uJl(lef'k, \\'. S.: Saf~Kuarding MachInery at Its Snllrce~, 174-176. Curlley, S. \V. and Beyer, 1l. S.: Using Ex- haust Sy!'Otems and Respiratnry Equipment to Profert Workers Exposed to DU!ilt, 26-2ft ....... ~-.-- _ 1- '.;'t'!'".I"!' ----r-- , 44X Twenty-third AIIIIHat Saidy COllgress-Natiollllt Safety COllllcit H K Ham, W. 0.: Refrigeration Industry Accidents and Their Prevention, 3h.lJM. Handling Materials: Ftlils or Persons and Han- dling Materials and Tools (Miller), 401;,, Kelley, Hr. M. J. and Moore, Dr. H. H.: Some Aspects of the Silico~is Problem, 2RS-288. Ke.;sler, H. H.: Occupational Poisoning from Toxic (;af;es, Vap()r~, and Fumes, 79-82. 4()6. Handling and Pi linK Sheet Metal (Thomp' oon), 32113.10. Handling Materials Session: 6712. Hanlon, H. J.: Recomiitinning Oil Pipe Lines, 315318. Hantelmann, G. C. A.: How Should the Fore- man Train the \\'orker? 375376. Harrington, D.: Annual Report of Secretary of Mining Section, 270271. Harte, }. A.: Value of Various Types of Fire Exttnguishers, 3440. Kuechenmeister, G. A.: The (;ame of Life, 170172. Kirkpatrick, S. n.: Helping Jlqew Emp10yees to Avoid lnjuries in the Chemical Industry, 188190. Klumph. D. A.: Coupling anrl Uncoupling Cars and Engines and Air and Steam Ho~e, 401. Kouwenhoven. \\'. E.: Electric Shock, 3.1R340. Kreh, E. J.; Report of Em"loyee Accidents- Electric Railway, 4.l\-432. HavSeanle~>R: . C'.: Mechanical Devices for of Commercial Vehicles, 216218. the L Health Hazard: Occupational Poisoning trom Trude Gases, Vapors and Fumes (Kessler), 79~. Trend of Occupational J)i~ea!iie!ol and Com()en. c.: ation (t:ranch), .100-303. Hecleer, (j. Safety Trends in J)e~ign of Hec~:~bVf. t~~nAn'~:~;7~.a~~~if~:~'ar!l:;:2Rrrn_ Hei~~:I~: :rr {'~e t:~!;~li~:~~11~'afety, 2J.1-2.1S. Heinrich, H. \V.: E<,'ollflmi("~ of Acddent Pre- c.: vention in Handling Marine Cargo. 22R-2.10. Hoffman, A. turing, 4Ut Safety in (;arment Manufac- Hoi::d~ra~~~~ ~M~r~~n)~~69~71~'ew Safety Con- Hohlen, ('apt. K (', Jr.: Marine Prohtems-- (,d'''''1I1' Claim Prevention in Connectlotl with Acci- dent Prevention, 243-244. Home Safe! y: How Home Fire~ Are Caused 3132. Relation 0 Home Safetlo to hHlustrial Safety La Fountaine, C. L.: Annual Report of Chairman, ~3-JR4. LanKley, M. P.: The Nurse's Part in Reducing Hisability and Wage Ln~ses, 48-50. Larson, C. F.: Report of Committee on NonTrain Accidents, 405, 411. Leather Industries: See al...o Shoe Indu~try. Leather Inclustrie~ S~ctifln: See Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather huiu!oltries Section. Lee, S. Jr.: Safety Activities \\-'hich R~cluce Accidents in Building Ship~, 2J2-23,l, Lewis, H. P.: Using Our Statistics to Advan- tafle, 190191. Lightmg: The Science of Seeing and Salety Lo!(~~uJ.kt~h)Sal~/6~rogr... in the Rubber I....on~~dJ~t:: 36f;resident'f; Address. 11.15. Longman, C. H,: Preventing Collisions and Herailments Due to Negligence of Em- L()V~~oJ~eli. :3q~~1~2\VeldinK in a Shipyard, 2.10- (Farra), 4.164.1R. Honle, C. k.: Management'.q Opportunities and Re!'lponsibitities for \\'inninr;{ Employee Co- olleration in Acci(tent Prevention \\'orl.. 127129. HouMekeeping: In Hf'av}' and Light Press Op- 231. Luckiesh, Dr. M.: The Science of Seeing and Safety, IfiOI~2. M K~g~W~l1tH~~~eFir~uf.~~~~~!~i~n Ir~~~:~~nf{i;~ erations (Oliver). ,'33-3.14. Human Element: See Personal Factor~. McClaskey, 11. R.: Some Fach About Women in the Food Industry. 223225. I McConnell, \V. J.: Medical Supervision or Workers Expo~ed to Dust, 29-30. '* Ice Industry: See Refrilleration Industry. Indu8trial Medicine: The Human Side of In- MaiS!1~~;nf'r~~~~~~t:( p~y~:~l),ai~~~~~tl.nterest in dUl'trial Medicine ;ilpin), 25.1254_ Maintaining Interest in Safety Session: ~9-66. Industrial Nursing Session: 45-50. Maintenance and Repair: Importance of Main- Indu"trial Safety Lechlres: 135-148. tenance in Industries (Vak.dal), 191192. Industry and Its Motor Vehicle Accident Prab Management: ])eveloping Safety ConsciousnesR I.m Stion: 51-58. (D~r~~r,;r~~;n In the Supervisory },'orce Th. Injured Work.. Session: 113.119. In.pectlon: Safety Inspections-Who, Where and How? (Sutton), 95-91t Inv~~ti\f~~il:leof If~~~~If'~~:~e~ E(V~~~(I:i~f~~'4t~)~ 24224.1. Huw to Inve"tiKate Ami ('apitlllil!e on Our Acddent!l ('Wi!lhman), 1~1tR2. Hnw to lItVe"liN"ale Our Al'l'idents U:reer), 111OIRI. IntioHnand;roTnoeorl). A1cMc_illents and Their Preven. Irvin, R. \\'_: Safety in (;rand Rapid!l lnllu!'trieR, 44().441. 6365. K(\I~~~~ ~hnetl ~fea~~~:):n591_~]. Sold on Safety Managemeut's ()III'flrtunitie~ and H.e~ponsi hilities for \Vinl1ltlJ( Employees Cuopention in A<"chlent Prevention ""'ork (Hnok), 12712'J. Safety-a Challenge to Management (Rowe), 202203. Safety from an Executive Standpoint (;iIlies), IR20. Marine Industry: Acci<lent Abatement in Iron J Jacnh.., G. \V.: Safety in Ice llelivery, 362363. Johnstone, H. M.: Coal Mine Ventilation, 272274. Jone", V+l. F.: Oil Tankers-Safety Observation", 2.\9241. Ore Unload11lg on the (;reat Lake!! (Proctnr), 2372.IR. CHa~ll:IW~~ ~~r~::i.inw;t,h2~.lee<t in llulk Cargo Economics of Acci~ent Preventiop in Han- dling Madne Carl10 (Heinrich), 22112.10. E(Ve;~de"iitY:~:),s 2~~.2N.arine Jnjury Ca~e~ .-~~." I- ~ I I fur/ex 449 Marine I'rnblems-('Iaim "revelltitll1 ill ('1111nection with Accitlent Prevention (Holden), 243244. Oil Tankers-Safety O!Jservatiot1~ (Jones), 239241. Safe \\-'elding in a Shipyard (Love), 2JO-2.'1. Safety. Activities \Vhic.'h Redm'e Accidents III BUilding Ship!4 (Lee). 2J2-2.13. Some Notes on Safet) in Navigation (~ew ard), 241242. What the Seamen Think of Safety and the Safety Movement (Berman), 2.11-2J2. Marine Section: Minutes, 227-244. Nominating Committee Report. 2J1-236. Uffice.., 227228. Presentation 01 Safety ('ontest Trophies, 2]R239. MaJiks: Decreasing the Hazard!' or Poisf)nou~ Fumes and Vapor~ by Respiratory Protective Equipment (Rt1~1"ell), R2-8J. In Proper Protective Equipment for the Chemical Indu~try (O'Connor), 19J-194. Requirements for Re~pirators and Cas Masks, RRR9. Matthews, S, A.: Calise and Control of Employee Accidents in the Transportation De partment, 4,124~.l. Meat Pack inK 11ldl1~try: Preventing Accidents in the Meat Packing Industry (Barth), 24K250. Meat Packing, Tanning and Lea,ther Jnclustries Section: Minute!!!, 24S254. Nominating Coml11itt~e Reports, 24R. Officers, 24.1. Mechanical Methods of Handling Materials Session: 67 -72. Melrose, ')r. J. A.: Psychology of tht' Satety Mov~f11ent in Chanllinll Times, 140-141( MeMJ Industries: Facts alld FiJ{ures from the Experience of the Metals Industry (l~alq ton), 26(1-2ft7. Metals Sect inn : Minutes, 2SS.2tlR. Nominating Committee Report, 2S9-260. Officers, 255-256. Presentation of Trophies, 267 -26R. Meyer. E. A,: (;etting on or Off Cars ami Engine~ alI(I Operating Haml Orakes. 400401. Miller, A, A.: Faits of Persons and Handling Materials and Tools, 40.,-406. Miller, J. C; Eye rrotection and Safe Cloth- ing, 407408. Mines and Mining: Accident Prevention at the Harry Taylor Mine (Dorrance), 27S.279. Coal Mine Ventilation (Johnstone), 272-274. The Dust Problem in Mining (1)erati('lIs (Cummings), 2111.283. Safety in the Lead Mill~s (Crane), 279.2RI. Silico~is from the Operators' Standpoint (Bat.man), 2113285. Some Aspects of th~ Sili('(lqi!'! Prohlem (Moore and Kelley), 2H.;-2fil~. W2~2.t Ilf the Cau!'Oe of Safet y? ((;alHly). 271- Mining Sectioll: Minutes, 2m-2RR. Nominating Cnnnnittee Report, 27~. Officers, 2m. c.: Secretary'" report (HarriuKtnn). 270-271. Mixon, J. Jfttere.qtin,l{ Employees In Look- ing After Their Own Safety, 40.1.404. Moir. \\t. n.: rreventing Failure!'! of C:tr Jour- nals, Wheel~, Tru("k~ and Couplers, .1'12-."\Q\. Moore, Hr. H. H. and KeJI~y, Or. ~1. J.: Some A!'pects of nle Silico"l~ l'rohlem, 2R~-2kFl Moor~, Hr. P. C;.: Eye Injuries ill Industry and Their Treatment, 1M-1M. Morgan, A. J,: ""ire Rope Slings-~a Few Safety Consideratiolls, m-71. Morse, R. \V.: Serious A('cidellt in a Mill Room, J7R .l7Q. Mowery, H. \V.: \\'hat ('an Management Do to I..ef:~en ('asualties frolll Slippery Floors, 12.112(,. Murphey, F.. n.: Organizitlg Federal Rehef Project~ lor Accident Prevention, 313-314. M>'er~, J, \\'.: The Statistit'al Picture, 3OR-3()q. N National Fleet Safety ('ontest: Award of Trophi, 212214. Natif)l1al Safety Council: Directors, 5-8. Executive Committee, 4-5, Honorary Members, 4. Nominating Committee Report, Hi. Officers, 4. Purposes and Policies, 9-10. Resolutions Committee Report, 16-18. New Employees: I'our Milli(~n <';reen Men (Williams), 7678. Helping New E11Iplnyee~ to Avoid Injuries in the Chemical Industry (KirKpatrick), IRA 190 . PI,~i~k~rs ~IJa;~1:)',tl}~(~7~. and Placement or Training the New Power Press Opel'ator (Sain), n7 nR. New \Vorker~ Session: 7.1-7R. Nurses: How Can the Imlustrial Nurse Help to Prevent Ac('iclents? (Bradford), 4.~-47. The Nurse's Part in Retlucing Tlisability and 'Wage f...()~ .. es (Langley), 4R-.':;O. Visiting Nur~e ..---Theil' Value to the Safety Movement (Hristol), 47-4A. o Occupational I )i<;ea~es: See Health Hazards. ()'(t~~171~'e ~':h{~1\i<.-~[OI:~(ll1~}tr(~t,e<'I~;_~9~quipment O'Kane, Prof. \V. c.: Know YOllr Fumigants. 221222. Oliver, C;. F,! Heavy and Light Press Opera- tionI';, J33-335. Org:hl~:a:!~~1~de~Ve~i~~st{)ir~~e~:f(tvel~;~~r53~ 5.1. p Palmer. L. R.: The "Green nook." 389-390. Paper & Pulp Section: Minutes, 2R9-306. Nominating Committee Report, 297-298. Officers, 2R9. Presentation of Paper Industry and Council Trophies, 297. Safety Exchange Round Table, 29R-300. Parer Industry: ('leaning Drier Pits, 29A-2Q9. Compensator Fires, 299. (;oggles, 2Q9-300. Hf'Jlfltt of Accielent Experience "':xchange (Au- gustus), 2IIJ2(j4. Safety MethOfls Adopted hy the Consolidated m. Paper Corporatioll (Tul'fler), 2%-297. Safety Swit('he~, Trimmer A<'l'ielents, 29~, P~tterqfln, \V. J.: Summa.y of Conditions and Practices Involved in Certain Accident!;, .19(,.198. Payne, R. S.: Mailltaining Interest in Satety J'rnRrATll~, 416417. Persollal Factors: The Per<;nnal Equation (Robinson), 129-00. Phy~ical and Mental Qualifi('ations of a Safe \\'orker (\Villhite), 246-24R. Psvchology of the Safety Movement in (:hallging Timeq (Melro~t-), 140-14~. (ltla!ilications fflr Trainmen and nus Operators (Emtr~on), 42~-426. S.lling the Saf.ty Ide. (lluckl.y), 13.1140. 450 Twellty-tilird Am/l/al Safety Congress-Natiollal Safdy COllllcil I'et!non, A. H.: Pre-venting Derailments Due to J)efects in Track, Rridges and Roadway. 39.1395. Petroleum Industry: Controlling the Fire and Explosion Hazanl!'> in Refinerie!ll. (Byer~). 318322. Eliminating Accitlent!il in the Marketing Department (Risitlfi{tr), 322-323. The Industrial Phvsician's Place in the Accident Preventinll Program .(Adams), 309313. Reconditioning Oil Pipe Line!'l (Hanlon), 31S 31R. Safe Protective Equipment 3'1 Related to Ac- Th~dSt~tl:r::tl~:~~:lr~R(M~e:~~)~~l::309. Petroleum Sectinn: Minutes, 307-324. Nominating ('onllllittee Rell()rt, 31S. Offic.rs. :107. rhyi~~:1 :?;~~~l~ati()l1s: Presentation of Trol'hie!i, 32.1324. Phillir''', n. (;.: '~f'pnrt or Committee on Train Servke A('cillellt ".l9R400. Struck or Run ()vt"'-Not at Public ('ro~s In thf' Industrial Phy",idan',; Place ill the Accid~nt Prevention llrngrant (A,lams), .lft'L.lI1. Medical Surervio;ioll of \\'orkers Exposed to J)ust (Mc\onnell), ;N ..ln. P~~~:~n ~Ji~;:.)',:ttJ31~7;. and Placement of P~fi~h~lr)~x423~iJ2~1~inl1 in Accident Prevention Physical ThenlPY: Physical Therapy in the Uehabilitatinn 01 the Injured (Coulter), 11.1. 116. Physidan~: The llHlustrial Ph~qician's Place in the Acciflellt Prevention Program (Adam.l. :\0<1313. Jtili'a'et~ a(t~t~\lS(~:1):l(11~~.llO~(1 I'iling Sheet Plating: Safety in Electroplating Oreration .. (Smith). '19101. I'lays: nellillt' the Scenes, 342. K(V~~~R ~~~d fif~~:~~):H.~~1_~3.Sold on Safety Poilionou", h1lnt'1i. ~1I1f1 Va'~Hrs Session: 79.Rl PORters: Vi",uaJi1'11I1o{ Safety (Heidf)rn), 2.13- 2.1~. Power Press Stiflll: Joint Session with Automotive aml ~hdllne Shop Sectinn, .130-.1.12. Minutes, 325-:Uc;. Nominatin~ ("lllIlIlitlee Heport, .l2fi. Officers, 325. Prellidf'tlt'R Ad,l ..e~!'I C1.1l11Ji{). 111 C;. Prel8eR-Power: Heavy al1(1 Light Press Oil- ne- erationa (Oliver), .U3-335, Method. Other Than Commercial Safety vice. for Prevellting Power Pres~ ACCidents (Shaw). 3:10331. Traininlt the Nt'w Power Press Opentnr (Sain). 327.12R. rr(j;;' (/,;'o~~iing~~~~i(:~~t (;~e~~t~~~t~~, i2~l7~I,~ Pru5hing, R. n.: Portable Conveyors--Hazards and Their Jo]imillatioll, 71-72. P.ychology Lectur.s: UII4R. }'lycholoJ(Y: See Personal Factors. Public Utilities: Development and Research and Their Relation to Accident Prevention (B.nder). 344.147. Fire Prevention in the Public Utility Indus try (Fleming). 342344. Public Utilities Section: Conte~t, 347-3411. Minut... 337 341!. Nominating Committee Repnrt, 341. Offic.... 3373JR. Pull.e, F. T.: Hazan!'" of \\,ire Mill Operation~. 2M>-2fi..l. Q Quarry Section: Minutes. 349-356. . Nominating Committee Report, 35.l354. Offic.rs. 349. R r~ailroads: ('oupling and Uncoupling Cars and Engines and Air and Steam Hose (Klumph), 401. Eye Protection and Safe Clothing (Miller), 4074aI. Falls of Persons alut Handling Materials and Tool. (Mill.r). 405406. . Falls of Persons and Objects (C;ranger), 4~- 410. Falls of Objects; Motor L'ar... ~-Care and Op- eration (farlow), 406407. (;etting on or Off Lar", and Engines and Operating Hand BrakeM (Meyer), 400-401. The "(;reen B,)Ok" (Palmer), 3R"-3'J(). Intere"ting Employee" in Looking After Their Own Safety (Mixon), 403-404. Preventing Collisions and Derailments Due to Negligence of Employees (Longman), 391392. Preventing Derailments Due tf) Defects in Track, Bridge", ami Roadway (Peter",on), 393395. l'reventing Failure" of L:ar Journals, \,'heels, Trucks, and Coupler (Moir), 392-393. Progress and Possibilities in the Prevention of Injuries to Railroad Employee!" (Car- row). 3H7 .'H9. Station and Warehou",e Accidents and Their Causes (Romanoff), 410. Struck or Run Over-Not at Public Cro!"s ings (Phillips). 402403. Summary of Condition.... and Practice!' In. volvetl in Lertain Accidents (Patterson), 396398. Ralston, C. E.: Facts and Figures from the Experience of the Metals Industry, 266-267. Rayon Manufacture: See Textile Industry. Hedden, W. R.: Emergency FirMt Aid to the Injured Worker, IUi-U9. Refrigeration Industry: Refrigentinn Indu!<I- try Accidents and Their Prevention (Ham), .163364Safety in Tee Delivery Oacob~), .lfi2-.1ti3_ A Study of Experience ill the Jce Induc;try (Sprs) .V,o ..162. \\'here amI How AccicJent!ll Happen in the 1{erS;;~aJ~~lra~:ctLI:I~;stMin~!;::I1:is7)_36~:C;R.~tlO. Nominating <':ommittee Report.lSR. OfficerR, ,3.~7. Regula, A. S. and Young, A. H.: Keeping the Management SoM on Safety, 5qti3. Rehabilitation: PhYMical Therap~r in the Re habilitation of the Injurell 'oultrr), tl3116. Resolutions: A. S. S. E. J<:ngineering Section, 160. ~:r:;~t S:ct~:f71~I.ln~i.tt~~, A~"S~a~"Rl:Jii~~'ad S~c- tion, 412. Respirators: Decreasing the Hazards of Poison- ous Fumes and ValK1rs by Respiratory Pro- tectiv. Equil.m.nt (Ru.II). R2R3. Requirements for RespiratorR and GaR Mask~, RR89. Using ExhauRt Systems and ReRpiratory Equipment to Protect \\'orkers Exposed to Dust ;urney and Heyer). 26-21t Responsibility for Accidents: The Forema.n's Duties and ReRponsibilities in Preventllll{ Accidents (;anltner), 354-355. The Safety Man's Responsihility in Industry (Arch.r). 172174. Index 451 Rice, W. 1'.: Preventilll{ Fans flf Persons III the Cement Industry, lR.l-1R5. Rider, C. A.: Sellilllo{ Safety to Food Store Personnel, 222-22.l. Risinger, J. L.: Elilllillatinlo{ A('('illents in the Marketing J)epartment, 322-323. Roaper, R. B.: Safe Protective Equirment as Related tn Accident Prevention, 89-92_ Robinson. H. M.: The Personal fo:quatioll, 129- 1.10. Rohweder. A. V.: Trailling the New \\'orker, 75. Romanoff, J.: Station anfl \Varehou"e ACCI- dents alUl Their ('allses, 410. Rope: \\'ire Rope Slil1lo{s-~A Few Safety ('011- sideration~ (Morf(al1), 69-71. Rowe, F. J.: Safety -A Chal1enJ{e to M ;luage- ment, 20220~. Rowe, H. A.: Report flf COll1l11ittee Oil Pre- vention of Jlighwa}' CroS ... iUK Accidents, 395396. Ruhber lncillstry: Description of a Seriolls Accidellt (I~eelilllo{ \\,ire) il1ul the l.eSS1J1l Learned (\Vekh), ~79-.lRO. Hust I'rnhlems in the Ruhber Industry (Ash), 370-372. Dust Problems in the Rubher ll1dustry (Shir' ley).167 J70. Hazants of l~t1hher Cement Chums and Stor- age Rfloms (Be(:k), .l7.l-~7S. Safety in Hllhher M ill and Calefillar Opera tions (Stephens), J6fJ-3ft7. Safety ProJ{u'ss in the Rubher Indll .. try (Log.), .Wi. A Serious Accidef1t (Cale1lflar) and the Les- son Learned (Bullf)ck), .l77 -.l7R. Serious Al"C'idellt in a Mill Hflfl1Jl (Morse), J78379. Rubber Section: M inutes, ~fiS-~R2. Nominating COlilmittee Report, ~7(j-~77. Officers. 36~. Presentation of Contf'st Trophies, 372-.l7.l Special Report on At'Ciflent Hazanl .. in the Rubber Jntlu~try. 3RO-.lR2. Russell, A. E.: Decreasing the HaT-anls of Poisonous Fumes and Vapors hy Respira- tory Protective Equipment, R2-R.l. EXlllnsives iu the ('Ot1stntC'tiot1 l1Hlllstrv, 20ti- 207. . s Safe lIse of Chemicals ill Industry Sessioll: '19102. . Safe Use of Electricity in Inclustry Session: 10.1112. Safety J:o:Quiptnrnt: Prntet,ting the ""eet ami Legs, Hands an,l Arm~, Face and Head ot Industrial \\'ork~rs (Bixler), Rfi-R'I. Safe Protective Equipment as I~elated to At'- dclent Prevention (i{o:tper), Rf}-Q2. Safety Equill1l1ent - A Factor in Aniilent Prf'ventinn 'aml'hell), RS-Rfi. Safety Equillll1t'llt Sessifll1: Rli -1'2. Safety Movement: The (;allle of Lifr (Ketlch- enmeister), 170172. Safety from all Executive Stawlpoillt ;il- Ii.,). lR20. Saft'tv Orfj(anization and I'roJ{ram Sessioll: 9:l- 98. Sain. H. L.: Teachinfj( Safety to the Industrial Work.r. 43R440. Training the New Power Press Operator, 327328. Salesmanship: Selling the Safety Tdea (Rm'k- I.y). 13.1.140. Sayers, 1>r. R. R.: Dust Ha1,anis in Industry, .15035.1. ~:~i~:!t, t~l~ ~~!et~OI~~ee~H;t~~ll~~!e~~fe~'~c; -i~:ONa vi- gation. 241242. Shaw, R. A.: Methods Other Than Commercial Safetv I )evices for Preventing Power Pres!'! Acddents, .l.lO-331. Ship Building: Safety Activities Which Reduce Accidents in Builclil1g Ships (Lee). 2.122.1.1. Shirley, Dr. J. N.: nust Prohlems in the Rub her Industry, :lfi7-370. Shoe Imlustry: Point of Operatinn Accidents anti Their Elimination in the Shoe Jndll~ try (Cahill), 2512IJ. Silicosis: See Dusts. SlinKs: St'e Hoists. Smith, D.: How the Automotive lnclustry Can Help in Reducing Street Accident.... 166167. Smith, E. J.: Safety in Electroplating Opera- tions, 99101. Smith, J. T.: How Fleets Can Cooperate in Community Safety. 21421fi. Snow, \\t.. A.: Statistics of the ConstrtlctlOn Section, 200. Speers. J. L.: A Stu,ly of ":xl'erience in the lee fndu .. try, 360-~62. Spencer, II. 11.: Helation of Anident Preven. tion tn Production, 414-4IS. Steam Railroad Section: Chairman's Heport (La Fountaine). ~R1-3R4. Minute", 3R.1412. NominatiliK Committee Hepnrt, 412. Officers, 3R~. Railroad Employees' National Safety Contest. JR93'X). Report of ('nmmiltee on Education (Bentley). .1R.I3R1i. Heport of COlllmittee 011 Non-Train Acl'i- fJents (Larson), 40.1, 411. Report of COlllmittee on Prevention IIf High- way ('rossing Accidents (Rowe), ,W5-J%. Report of C0I111l1ittee on Train Acciflenh (Warfel), 31j()391. Heport of COll1lllittee on Train Service Ac- cidents (Phillips), :lrJR400. Report of Resolutions Committee, 412. Stephens, W. W.: Safety in Ruhber Mill anet Calendar Operations, 366-367. Stewart, J. M.: Miniature Voltages for Port- able Electrical Equipment, 103-104_ Stout, W. 1l.: Addres!'. 3AA.1R7. Strains: Preventinlo{ F:\1Js and Strains in the Tanning Industry (White), 2S0-2S1. Supervision: See Foremen; Management. Sutton, V, l).: Safety In"pections:\\'ho. Where and How? q5 -9R. SwitcheM--~Electric: Safety Switches, 299. T Tank ('arM: Saf~ty in the Unloading of Tank Cat, (Whit_). 1'14197. Tanks: Oil Tankers-Safety Observations (Jones), 2.lQ-241. Tanuing hl(l\1~try: Prevt'Hting Falls an,l Straiuli. ill the Tanning Industry (White), 2102.11. Tanning Section: See Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Ind\J~tries St'ctioll. Textile Jndustry: Maintainin~ Interest in Safety Prnl{rams (Payne), 41fi-417_ A New Safety Code for Cotton Mills (For'Rith). 415416. Safety in (;arment Manufacturing (Hoffman), 41H. Safety in Rayon Manufacturing ,node), 41741H. Textile Srction: Minutes, 413.41R. Nominating ('ommittee Rf."{lOrt, 415. OA1cers. 40. Thompson, (;. S.: HalHlliug anel Piling Sbeet Metal, J2RJ30. ......1. "--......_._- ~. "",,.to-' ; v, \1:J.,:~'t . ~~."~---- ,.J. ~ r 452 Ti('l'llty-third Allllllal Satl''.\' COlIgrl'ss-NatiOlIllI ,\'atl''.\' COllllcil TonkM, (;. F. 311f1 \Vhiting, S. E.: Hazards of Low Vohal(l" (,irl'\lit~. 1())112. Tools: Hand T01l1 An-jelents and Their Pre- vention ( ;roner). lR). H16. Toombs, H. M.: \\'here :\IHI How Accifients Happen ill the ('011' Stof<l.Kt: Jnlltlstry, 3SH WI. Traffic: Munil'jpal TralTl(' I'rohlellls from a Transportation Vu~wJ!nint (Cooke), 42'J4.H. Transit Sectiol!: MilJute~, 4tfJ.4.H. Nominatinfo( ('OIlllllittee Report, 42N-429. Ofiil'ers, 419--120. Tranter, (;. fl.: I'ractkal Safety from an Op' eratinl{ Standpoint, 2.ifl2SR. Turner, 1. II.: Safety Method,; Adopt('fl hy tllC~ ('onsolirlatefl I'aper ('orpnratiol1, 2'JS2'J7. Tt1rh!nfiuf~' Z~,/J(n('fIT~~!l~~:::. ~~\~~ty with Speed v Vaksflal, A.: IIlIJtOTtauc(" of Maintenance in Industries, 191.1 'J2. Vamter Clute, ('. F.: Expert \Vitnesses in Marine Injury Case..., 242-24.l. Vapors: See (;ases. Ventilation ami J<:xhau ... t Systems: Usi1lg :Ex- haust System ... awl Re"piratory Equipment to Protect "'orkers Expose(1 to ])ust (Gurney and Heyer), 2fi-2R. w "'allman, E. J,: Safety ill For~e Shop Opera tions, :i.U.tH. ""a del, (;. II.: H.eport IIf COl11mittee on Train Accillent .....1IK) ..N1. \\'aO'ala. S.: Safe Hanlllill,t.C of J)ye .. tllfh, 101. 102. "'eaver. (;. E.: l\I aintt-lialler" for Safet)'s Sake. 210211. \\' eokh. I). (;.: nf""nil'l inn of a Seriou", ACl'j de1lt allcl the Le""lIft Learnecl. 379-.1MO. \\'eMiIlJC In Ret.'fln(litioninK Oil Pipe Litles (Hanlon). :i163IM, Safe Practil'es in Maintaining and llsitlR' Electric \\'eldillJ{ Equipment (naker). 41. Safe Practi{'es in Maintaillin,t.C anel l1sin~ Gas \Vehling Equipment (Christie), 42-4.'- \\'Safe \\'ehling in a Shipyard (Love), 230231. d'~h~t ~TI~C~~I:esA~e~lli~\I~st{)ir~~;r~~e~~ ..~~~()gram \Vhitt", A. C.: Safely in the l Tnln:ulillg IIf Tank Cars, 194197. \\,hit~, E. "V.: Prevt"nlillg Falls :0\(1 Straills in the Tanning lutlustry. 2S()2~1. \\'hitin",. S. E. alltl Tonks, (;. F.: Hazanl~ of Low Voltage Circuit .... 106-112. \\,hy People Fall Session: 121126. \\,illhite, H. F.: Physic,,1 anti 'Mental Qualifi- cations of a Safe \\orker. 24fi-24R. \Vi11i"Ill s, S. J.: Fottr Minion c;reel1 Men, 76- 78. '''ishman, O. E.: How tn Investigate and Capil"li7.e on (htf Accit\ents, lRl1R2. "'ire Manufacture: Hazards of \\:ire Mill Op- erations (Pulse), 200-26-'. \\'omen in Industry: Some Facts Ahout '\\-'omen in the Fond Industry (McClaskey), 22.'- 22,. . \\-'nod Prrwillcts Section: Minutes. 43S-444. NominatinR Committee Report, 441442. Officers, 43~. Woodworking Industry: Safety in (;rall11 Uapicis Inrlustries (Irwin), 440-441. \Vorkmen-In;ure<l: Emergency First Airl to the Injured \\'nrker (Redden), 111)-119. Phy sical Examinations alld Placement 01 Workers (lIarr), 7.171. Physical Therapy in the Rehalnlitatinn 01 the Injurer} (C(Julter). tolIfl. ".orkmen's Compensati01I: Cnmpen",atioll 31HI Metlit.'al Prohlems (Carey), 442-444. Efiet.-t of Safety Activities nn CnmllPIH;alion Insurance H.ale... (\\'riJ.(ht), 24)1202, \Vorthy, 'V. J.: Safelyizil1l{ rlanc;portatioll in Cement Mills and (Juarries, IM2-1R3. \\'rixht, (', \\,,: Effed of Safetv Activitie.. (olllflelHHltioll 11I"t1r:lIu'e Itaft"'1, 201202. y Y!Jun"" A. H. and Regula, A. S.: Keeping the Manal{ement Sold on Safety, S!J-fl3. 1