Document XR52x7aLg385xGGRw7Z865jBx

PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT Ql'byi.QCN I 85% MAGNESIA INSULATION MANUAL Published by THE MAGNESIA INSULATION MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION Washington, D. C. 1949 Permission to reproduce any portion of this publication, excepting material re. printed with the permission of. other pub lishers, is hereby authorized, provided credit is given to The Magnesia Insulation Manufacturers Association. Recognized publications desiring copies of the illus trations may obtain them on request. PREFACE The Magnesia Insulation Manufacturers Association comprises those companies which produce 85^ Magnesia insulation. It is concerned with the encouragement of research and education on heat insulating materials and their application, in order to aid industry to achieve greater production economy through the proper use of insula tion. As one step in the Association's program, this Manual has been prepared to provide designers and users of insulation with com prehensive information on the use of 85% Magnesia. While the newcomer to the field will probably find this Manual of particular value, it is hoped that those already engaged in the planning or maintenance of insulating installations will also find it helpful. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. 1. Introduction................................................ i 2. 85% Magnesia Insulation........................3 3. Determining the Correct Thickness . . 7 4. Application Procedures............................. 11 5. Maintenance............................................. 47 Appendix .......................................5` Heat Transmission and Industrial Insulation . 53 Definitions of Technical Terms................................. 57 Tables .............................................................59 Glossary of Trade Terms.......................................83 Trade Names of 85% Magnesia and Related Products............................................ 86 Selected Bibliography.............................................88 Index...............................................................89 Chapter i Introduction TThermal insulation is used in industry primarily to conserve heat. It has become increasingly important as the dollar-and-cents value of heat losses has climbed steadily, following the upward trend of fuel, labor, equipment and maintenance costs. Insulation also aids in the control of process temperatures. It makes working conditions more pleasant by keeping workroom temperatures within tolerable limits, and safer by protecting personnel from being burned by hot surfaces. Careful consideration in the selection of insulating materials, the specification of optimum insulation thicknesses, and the proper appli cation, protection and maintenance of insulation will result in the maximum economical and efficient utilization of heat energy and the maximum return on the insulation dollar. Although insulation is not generally a basic consideration in the design and layout of plant facilities, there are nevertheless certain fac tors which design engineers and draftsmen should keep in mind if construction and operating difficulties are to be avoided. Sufficient clearance should be provided for the required thickness of insulation between pipes running parallel or close to walls, ceilings or equipment, between pieces of equipment, and between equipment and plant walls. Equipment and line layout should be such that mechanics can apply and finish insulation with a minimum of difficulty. This will not only reduce application time, but will result in a better insulation installation. If possible, means should be provided for easy access to insulated equipment so that the insulation can be properly maintained. When design specifications permit, heated equipment should be located in the same area and away from sources of air currents, drafts, etc., since air velocity increases the rate of heat transmission. Also a better thermal balance is attained if surfaces at the same temperature are in the same vicinity. Where possible, insulated equipment should be located away from sources of possible damage, such as chain hoists, or traffic areas. When 1 insulated pipes pass such paints, they should be specially protected. When supports for piping are being designed, allowance should be made for the weight of the insulation on the lines. The insulation phase of a project calls for specialized knowledge which can be supplied by che insulation contractor. Insulation engi neers on the staff of the contractor handling 85JC Magnesia have years of experience in dealing with equipment of special design and with a wide variety of problems, such as harsh weather conditions, temperature control, corrosive atmospheres and the like. Insulation mechanics employed by authorized contractors are as highly skilled in their crafts as metal or wood workers. They go through four years of intensive training as apprentices under the tutelage of experienced mechanics on various jobs before becoming full-fledged mechanics. To take advantage of such skills and experience, arrangements may be made with the contractor to take care of maintenance work. These arrangements vary from periodic inspections and maintenance to permanent assignment of crews who remain on a particular job as part of the regular plant crew. In short, magnesia insulation contractors today in every large city and many industrial towns offer a complete service ranging from the drawing up of specifications to the application and maintenance of the insulation. Chapter 2 85% Magnesia Insulation 85%) /Magnesia derives its name from the fact that not less than 85% of the material consists of magnesium carbonate. Asbestos fiber is incor porated to act as a binding and reinforcing agent. This insulation was devel oped in the 1880's. It has survived the tests of time and the challenge of more recently developed materials to become the most widely used insulating material in its field today. 85% Magnesia is a molded insulation. For use on pipes, it is manufac tured in semi-cylindrical sections (called "sectional insulation") and in curved segments to fit various diameters (called "segmental insulation"). It is also made in the form of blocks, for fiat surfaces and large equipment, and in crushed form to be used as a cement where this form of insulating material is required. I. Sections and segments of 85% Magnesia are produced in a wide range oi thicknesses and in diameters to fit standard pipe sizes 3 In addition to an exceedingly low thermal conductivity, explained by its structure of minute dead air cells formed by the interlocking crystals of magnesium carbonate, 85% Magnesia possesses the other characteristics required of a satisfactory insulator. 85% Magnesia has the ability to withstand temperatures up to 600 F without loss of insulating value. When subjected to alternate heating and cooling, it does not crack, spall or undergo structural changes that would affect its insulating properties. It can withstand intermittent or continuous vibration and a reasonable amount of compression. Its insulating properties are not affected by alternate wetting and drying. Being entirely mineral in nature, it will not burn. The material can be shipped, stored and handled without any special precautions, and it can be fitted snugly to the contours of the surface covered without breaking apart. It can be applied with a minimum number of tools. The material is easily sawed or cut to meet the requirements of special fittings or equipment. 2. Blocks of 8>J0 Magnesia. Block insulation (including diatomaceous silica) is produced in two lengths, four widths, and a wide range of thicknesses 3. Combination sectional insulation, inner layer of diatomaceous silica, outer of 83% Magnesia (factory-applied canvas removed) 85% Magnesia is used on hot surfaces up to temperatures of approxi mately 600 F. Where surfaces are above this temperature, it is used with diatomaceous silica insulation. When used in this manner, the insulation is generally referred to as "combination insulation." Diatomaceous silica occurs naturally and consists of fossilized microscopic plants called diatoms. Mixed with asbestos fiber as a binding ingredient, it forms a high tempera ture insulation for use in the range 600 F 1900 F. The diatomaceous silica insulation, which is molded into the same shapes as 85% Magnesia insulation, is applied directly to the high temperature surface in a thickness sufficient to lower the temperature at the outer sur face of the insulation to 600 F or less. The 85% Magnesia insulation, which is more economical and has a lower thermal conductivity, is then applied over the diatomaceous silica insulation. 5 Chapter 3 Determining The Correct Thickness No one set of recommended thicknesses of insulation is valid for every industrial installation. Thickness specifications are governed both by the primary function of the insulation and the location of the insulated equipment. As an aid in making the first rough estimates of the required insu lation thicknesses for a particular installation, the following rule-of-thumb may be used: i/7-in. thickness of insulation for every 100 F operating tem perature. Obviously, figures obtained for such preliminary estimates should not be used in insulation specifications. Generally the basic consideration in specifying thicknesses is an eco nomical one. Under such conditions, the most economical thickness is the one at which the sum of the annual cost of the heat loss and the annual cost of the insulation is at a minimum. This is illustrated graphically below. As the thickness of insulation is increased, the cost of the heat loss per year (m) is decreased, but the cost per year of insulation (n, the first cost multiplied by per cent annual fixed charges) is increased. There fore, the thickness at which the sum of these two costs (y = m n) is at a minimum is the most economical. THICKNESS OF INSULATION 4. Economical thickness of insulation. From "Heat Transfer Through Insulation in the Moderate and High Temperature Fields," by L. B. McMillan 7 In calculating the economical thickness of insulation, the following fac tors need to be considered: Hours of operation Rate of insulation amortization Cost of heat production Rate of heat loss through the insulation Operating temperature Applied cost of insulation Pipe size, in the case of pipe insulation The example given below illustrates the calculations involved in deter mining the most economical thickness of pipe insulation. The procedure is the same for block insulation. EXAMPLE Determine the economical thickness of pipe insulation to be applied to a 31/2-in. pipe at 200 psi steam (388 F) with average air temperature at 75 F. The annual fixed charges are 15%, the annual hours of operation are 8,760 and the cost of steam is $0.40 per million Btu. The insulating material is 85% Magnesia. The following applied insulation costs are assumed: 1 3^ in. (standard)............................. ............. S0.482 IV2 .......................689 2 .......................982 2A in. (double standard)................. ............ 1.042 3 ............. 1.594 Unit heat losses for 85% Magnesia pipe insulation expressed in Btu per linear foot per hour for various temperature differences are listed in Table V'HI-A in the appendix. For l-S in. 85% Magnesia: Step A--Annual cost of insulation per linear foot of pipe = applied cost per linear foot of insulation X fixed charges per year = $0,482 X 15% = $0,072 per year. Step B -- Annual cost of heat loss per linear foot of insulated pipe = unit heat loss (by interpolating Table VII1-A, Page 70) X annual hours of operation X cost of heat per Btu = 144 X 8.760 hours per year X $0.40/108= $0,505 per year. Step C--Total yearly cost (y = m 4 n) = 0.072 (annual insulation cost--obtained in Step A) -f- 0.505 (annual heat loss cost-- obtained in Step B) = $0,577 per linear foot. Similar calculations for the other available thicknesses give the following results: Insulation Thickness (In.) 11/2 ....................... 2 ....................... If? (double standard) 3 ................................ Total Yearly Cost/Lin Ft ----- S0.496 ........ .473 ........ .466 ......... .493 The economical thickness in this example would, of course, be 2%2 in. insulation, the following fac- ion t insulation t insulation calculations involved in deceripe insulation. The procedure { *1 ipe insulation to be applied ;ith average air temperature a annual hours of operation million Btu. The insulating ipplied insulation costs are . . . S0.482 per lin ft .689 ................ 982 1.042 ___ 1.594 insulation expressed in Btu rarure differences are listed tar foot of pipe = applied K fixed charges per year = it foot of insulated pipe = Table VIII-A, Page 70) X : of heat per Btu = 144 X l= $0,505 per year, n 0.072 (annual insulation 05 (annual heat loss cost-- cr .linear foot. (Sable thicknesses give the Total Yearly CostI bin Ft ......... S0.496 ........ .473 ........ .466 ......... .493 *uld, of course, be 2%2 in. ( The terms "standard'' and "double standard" are, to some extent, mis nomers although they have been used extensively in the field of insulation for fifty years. These terms refer to a specific series of insulation thick nesses that vary with pipe size (see Glossary). When this nomenclature was developed, these thicknesses were the assumed economical thicknesses of insulation for the relatively low temperature conditions then prevalent. Today standard thick or double standard thick insulation may or may not be the economical thickness, depending upon the factors listed above. The only sure way to determine such a thickness is to make the calculations illustrated in the example. All other conditions being equal, insulation specified for outdoor equip ment is V^-in. thicker than for indoor equipment. This is necessary because wind velocities and inclement weather increase heat losses and make tem perature control difficult. When a long steam line is insulated, however, the thickness of insulation specified will depend upon the quantity of steam desired at the delivery end of the line. In many cases, instead of steam quantity', it is necessary to keep a certain amount of superheat in the steam to assure dry steam, and the permissible heat loss from the line will be the governing factor in drawing up the specifications. Similarly, when it is desired to keep workroom temperatures at a cer tain level or when a certain degree of temperature control is necessary, the thickness will be governed by the specific requirements of the installations. 9 Chapter 4 Application Procedures jN/Iaximum heat conservation and durability depend upon the use of proper application procedures. Some contractors and large users of insulation have developed their own application tech niques which, though they may vary somewhat from those described here, may be entirely suitable for the circumstances involved. The application procedures discussed here represent more or less standard techniques which have proved satisfactory over a period of many years. INSULATION OF PIPES 85%. Magnesia and diatomaceous silica pipe insulations are furnished in semi-cylindrical sections or curved segments, 3 ft long, in diameters to fit standard steel or wrought iron pipe and copper tubing. Single layer sectional insulation is supplied with a factory-applied jacket of light weight pasted canvas. On double layer insulation, this canvas is supplied on the outer layer only. No factory-applied canvas is supplied on segmental insulation. The sections or segments of insulation are carefully fitted to the pipe with side and end joints butted tighdy together and side joints staggered. If two layers of insulation are used, side and end joints of the outer layer are staggered with respect to those of the inner layer. The insulation is secured by various means and finished, as discussed in the section on Finishes. In the case of exceptionally long vertical lines, where insulation weight is a factor, additional support may be given to the insulation by the use of adhesive, support angles or other means. SECTIONAL INSULATION Single Layer: When the sections of insulation have been fitted to the pipe, unless a different finish is to be used, the side and end laps of factoryapplied canvas are pasted down smoothly and metal bands may then be applied, if desired. 11 mssss& mmm. If the factory-applied canvas is removed, the insulation is wired in place with not less than three loops of annealed iron wire or with steel straps. Wire loops are twisted together, bent over, and carefully pressed into the insulation. Where necessary, joints are pointed up with cement of the same material as the insulation, either 8*5% Magnesia or diatomaceous silica. TIE WIRES, 'SECTIONAL INSULATION 5. Single-layer sectional insulation, with joints staggered, factory-applied canvas removed, and sections wired in place Double Layer: The inner layer (which has no canvas) is applied as described under Single Layer. The outer layer is then applied with all joints staggered and held in place with either the factory-applied canvas and metal bands, if desired, or with annealed iron wire or steel straps. OUTER SECTIONAL LAYER, BANOS INNER SECTIONAL LAYER, FACTORY APPLIED CANVAS SIDE LAP PASTED 'TIE WIRE 6. Double-layer sectional insulation, first layer wired in place, second layer held with factory-applied canvas and metal band; 12 tv SEGMENTAL INSULATION Vi hether single or double, each layer of segmental insulation is secured with not less than three loops of annealed iron wire, as described above, or with steel straps. Joints are pointed up, where necessary, with cement of the same material as the respective layer of insulation. 8. Pointing up joints of segmental insulation with cement PARALLEL PIPING A single laver of metal mesh is wrapped completely around the two pipes. The longitudinal edges of the mesh are lapped along one of the sides between the two pipes, and the mesh is then fastened securely with wire. P- Parallel piping with sectional and block insulation applied orer wire mesh wrapped around both lines Half-sections of pipe insulation are then fitted over the upper half of the large pipe and under the lower half of the small pipe, the two sections of insulation being of the same thickness. The lower half-section of insu lation may be held in place with adhesive. On the two sides, insulating blocks of the same thickness as the pipe insulation are carefully fitted between the edges of the upper and lower sections of pipe insulation. The entire assembly, consisting of the upper and lower pipe sections and the blocks connecting them, is then firmly, wrapped with loops of annealed iron wire, not less than four loops being used per insulation section. The ends of the loops are twisted tight, bent over, and pressed into the surface of the insulation. All joints a^e pointed up with insulating cement, where necessary. INSULATION OF FITTINGS AND VALVES For Piping in. in Diameter or Less: Fittings and valves are covered with asbestos cement in two or more layers, each 1/? in., thick, bringing the total thickness to that of the insulation on the adjacent piping. Each layer of cement is permitted to dry before the next one is applied. For Piping 4 in. in Diameter and Larger: The bodies of flanged fittings and valves, the entire surface of screwed fittings and the entire surface up to the bonnet of screwed valves are insulated with block or pipe insulation of the same material as the insulation on the adjacent piping but 1/? *nch thinner. The insulation is carefully fitted and firmly wired in place with fitted over the upper half of i small pipe, the two sections :e lower half-section of insuOn the two sides, insulating lsulation are carefully fitted .tions of pipe insulation. The low-er pipe sections and the ped with loops of annealed d per insulation section. The and pressed into the surface -ith insulating cement, where tings and valves are covered ich i/t in.. thick, bringing the 2 adjacent piping. Each layer one is applied. "he bodies of flanged fittings gs and the entire surface up vith block or pipe insulation adjacent piping but 1/7 inch ! firmly wired in place with 10. Flanged body of fitting on pipe of 4-in. diameter, insulation wired in place 11. Flanged valve body on piping of 4-in. diameter, insulation wired in place annealed iron wire, the w'ire being looped as many times as necessary to make the blocks secure. Two coats of asbestos cement are then applied over the insulation so as to make the total thickness equal to that of the insula tion on the adjacent piping. The first coat of cement is allowed to dry thoroughly before the second coat is applied. INSULATION OF FLANGES Permanent Type: Flanges are insulated in the manner described above for fittings and valves, under the heading "For Piping 4 in. in Diameter and Larger." The flange insulation should extend not less than 2 in. over the adjacent pipe insulation on each side of the flange. The annular space between pipe and flange insulation is filled with insulating material. Insulation on pipes is stopped short of flanges and beveled off, to permit removal of flange bolts when necessary. The flange insulation is applied in such a manner that it may be removed without damage to the adjacent pipe insulation. many times as necessary to cement are then applied over s equal to that of the insulasf cement is allowed to drv 13 Permanent type flange insulation tt ti ed in place. Flange insulation may be remoied. if necessary, without damage to pipe insulation 14. Block insulation, scored to permit shaping, applied on flange, space between flange and pipe insulation piled with blocks and pointed up with cement i the manner described above For Piping 4 in. in Diameter :tend not less than 2 in. over the flange. The annular space ed with insulating material, es and beveled off, to permit flange insulation is applied in hout damage to the adjacent i 1 17 Removable and Replaceable Type: Flange insulation of this type may be either sectional or block. The insulation is made to encircle the flange, Jong enough to overlap the pipe insulation by at least 2 in. at either side, and I/2 in. thinner than the pipe insulation. When sectional insulation is used, each half-section is wrapped with galvanized wire mesh and covered with a thin layer of asbestos cement. If block insulation is used, a galvanized wire mesh frame, in two halves, is shaped to fit the flange and covered with pieces of block. Wire mesh is then applied to the outside of each half and a layer of asbestos cement is applied over the inside and outside of both halves of the unit. The two halves are then wired in place on the flange. Pipe insulation is stopped short of flanges and beveled off, to permit removal of flange bolts when necessary. sectional INSULATION BROKEN BLOCK WIRE MESH ASBESTOS CEMENT PASTED CANVAS 'Removable and replaceable flange insulation may he made of sections wrapped with wire mesh or of broken block on previ ously shaped wire mesh frame. Detail shows flange insulation made of broken It //l y It 18 e insulation of this type may i made to encircle the flange, y at least 2 in. at either side. half-section is wrapped with hin layer of asbestos cement, mesh frame, in two halves, is .s of block. Wire mesh is then : of asbestos cement is applied the unit. >n the flange. Pipe insulation to permit removal of flange CEMENT Removable and replaceable flange insulation may be made of sections wrapped with wire mesh or 07 broken block on previ ously shaped wire mesh frame. Detail shows flange insulation made of broken block. INSULATION OF EQUIPMENT Equipment is generally insulated with block insulation. Small, irregularly shaped equipment is insulated with block and cement, in the same manner as salves and fittings. In some cases, as where the insulation is being applied on horizontal surfaces facing downward, adhesive recommended by the insulation manu facturer may be used to facilitate the installation and metal fasteners welded on for anchoring the bands or lacing wire. The insulation is then further secured with various types of metal strapping, cables or wires. Where vibration or other movement makes it difficult to hold insulation applied to metal surfaces in place by conventional means, additional support for the insulation may be provided, the method of securement depending upon the particular conditions. If two or more layers of block are required, the joints of each layer are staggered with those of the preceding layer. The blocks are butted tightly together and voids are filled with insulating cement of the same material as the respective layer of insulation. 16. Insulating blocks applied to equipment, those on steam drum being secured uith wire For small and irregular surfaces, insulating cement may be used. When the thickness required exceeds % in., more than one coat of cement is used, the first being allowed to dry before the next is applied. 19 ( WATER-COOLED FURNACE WALLS Where tubes, clamps, nuts, bolts or metal projections are exposed on the exterior side of the water tube wall, a filler coat of insulating cement, thick enough to cover the high points, is applied, and troweled to a level surface before the insulating blocks are applied. m mm *i: : -x WIRE MESH LACING WIRE-----------expanded metal lathfire BRICK---------------- INSULATING CEMENTASPHALTIC COMPOUNOINSULATINC BLOCK - 1 Detail of insu lation on uater-cooled furnace wall STUDS WITH PLATE NUTS If access to water tubes with minimum disturbance to the insulation is desired, the insulating blocks are placed with their longest dimension vertical. The blocks are pointed up with cement made of the same material as the block and fastened in place with light wire cables and annealed iron wire lacings. The insulation may be finished with asbestos cement or with removable panel finish. (See section on Finishes.) 20 cal projections are exposed on iller coat of insulating cement, pplied, and troweled to a level plied. lisrurbance to the insulation is with their longest dimension ent made of the same material wire cables and annealed iron with asbestos cement or with hes.) 18. Insulating blocks, with longest dimen sion vertical, being applied to water-cooled furnace wall and fastened in place with wire 21 STEAM DRUMS AND DRUM HEADS Blocks of insulation are carefully fitted and placed against the cylindri cal surface of the shell. They are held securely in place with annealed iron wire laced through steel straps, wire, or wire cables drawn tightly from previously installed anchorages. 19- Cylindrical surface of steam drum with double layer insulation. Blocks may he fastened in place with wires laced through steel straps, wire or cables Provision for securing the insulating blocks to drum heads should also be made, preferably before the equipment is installed. Two heavy wires or wire cables are wrapped around the surface of the shell, and hairpin wires are looped around the cables at frequent intervals and drawn outward to dear the brickwork. When the insulating blocks are being applied, annealed iron ladng wires are attached to the hairpin wires. The iron lacing wires are then drawn tightly to a wire cable looped around the manhole opening. Adhesive may be used to fadlitate application of the insuladag blocks. An asbestos cement finish is generally used. (See section on Finishes.) :nd placed against the'cylindri;ly in place with annealed iron ire cables drawn tightly from 20. Drum head with insulation wired in place. Lacing wires are fastened to cable around manhole and to hairpin wires looped through cables around drum shell drum with double: fastened in place 'aps. wire or cables cks to drum heads should also i installed. Two heavy wires or of the shell, and hairpin wires iervals and drawn outward to lied, annealed irotrladng wires t lacing wires are then drawn anhole opening.'Adhesive may ating blocks. sed. (See section on Finishes.) 21. Insulated drum heads 2} STEAM HEADERS AND DOWN-TAKE TUBES Steam headers are insulated with sectional or segmental insulation, each layer being secured to the header with either annealed iron wire or soft steel bands which are attached to angle sections welded to the header for that purpose. The insulation may be finished with asbestos cement or cov ered with a steel casing. (See section on Finishes.) When down-take tubes are widely spaced, they are insulated individually with sectional insulation. Each layer of insulation is bound in place with annealed wire. Closely spaced tubes, such as the exposed portion of division wall cubes, are enclosed in one or more layers of insulating block, which is then cov ered with hexagonal mesh wire or, where greater protection of the insula tion is desired, with expanded metal lath and asbestos cement. A removable section of insulation can be provided to allow for periodic inspection of the tube seats without causing damage to the insulation. DUCTS, BREECHINGS AND FLUES When the surface of the duct, breeching or flue has no stifleners or other projections, and if no provision for expansion and contraction is required, the insulation may be applied directly to the surface, wire cables or metal scraps being used to fasten the insulation in place. Beading may be used on the corners to prevent the bindings from cutting into the insulation and to guard against later mechanical damage. If there are widely spaced stiffeners or other projections, and if expan sion and contraction need not be considered, insulation blocks are applied directly to the surface between the stifleners. If the stiffeners do not project beyond the insulation, the blocks are cut, if necessary, and fitted so that a tight joint between blocks will be made over the stiffener. If the stiffeners protrude beyond the insulation, pipe or block insulation is built up around the projections and wired in place. Where the stiffeners or other projections are closely spaced or where provision for expansion and contraction is desired, metal strips or heavy iron wire fabric is stretched over the projections to form a foundation for the insulation. V-rib metal lath, fitted and fastened over the surface by means of cables or wires, is sometimes used for the purpose. The insulating blocks are fastened over this foundation with wire cables or metal straps. An asbestos cement finish is generally used. (See section on Finishes.) 23. Insulation applied on duct with stiffeners. Welded tiire fabric stretched over stiffeners provides foun dation for the insulating blocks 26. Blocks being applied to duct surface between stiffeners ore closely spaced or where sired, metal strips or heavy to form a foundation for the d over the surface by means irpose. The insulating blocks ibles or metal straps. (See section on Finishes.) 2.5. Insulation applied on duct uitb stiffeners. W'elded wire fabric stretched over stiffeners provides foun dation ior the insulating blocks INSULATED 27a. Method of insulating stiffeners which project beyond the duct insulation Where it is necessary to insulate the interior of a duct, breeching or flue in order to protect the metal surface, the particular problem must be studied and the procedure engineered to suit the operating conditions involved. TURBINES Steel anchors are welded to the casing of the turbine on approximately 18-in. centers. All irregularities of the turbine surface are filled and leveled over with either 85% Magnesia or diatomaceous silica cement, depending upon the temperature involved. The insulating blocks are applied over the dry cement surface, and secured with wire cables and annealed iron wire lacings, which are tied to the welded anchors. All crevices and joints are filled and pointed up with cement made of the same material as the block. For a finish, cement, asbestos cloth or sheet metal casings may be used. (See section on Finishes.) HEATERS AND EXCHANGERS Insulation on the cover plate or heads of equipment such as heaters and exchangers is cut back so that the bolts can be removed without disturbing the insulation. The heads of shell and tube bundles which must be opened frequently for cleaning are provided with removable insulation-lined sheet metal covers. 28 TANKS AND VESSELS Horizontal Tanks and Vessels: On the cylindrical body of tanks or ves sels, the insulation blocks in each layer, if more than one layer is used, are held in place with metal bands or straps, three being used per 3-ft section of block. If greater support is desired for insulation on the under side of the tank, two angle irons of the same length as the tank may be welded .longi tudinally to ics under side and spaced 120 deg apart, equally distant from the bottom center. The blocks are then applied and held in place by means of bands anchored to the angle irons. Six bands to the block are usually used on the bottom third, and three bands for the rest of the circumference. On tank ends, the insulation blocks are applied with adhesive cement of a type recommended by the insulation manufacturer and held in place 29 with wire Laced over the blocks and fastened to a wire cable looped around the circumference of the tank behind rivet heads, piping, or other projec tions or behind or through angle iron clips welded to the circumference of the tank. The tvpe of finish depends primarily on whether the tank is located indoors or outdoors. (See section on Finishes.) 30. Horizontal tank end, insulation wired to cable looped behind rivet heads on tank shell and to floating ring at tank center 31. Horizontal tank insulation affixed with metal straps anchored to angle irons i to a wire cable looped around heads, piping, or other projecwelded to the circumference of a whether the tank is located s) t J. wf tNSULATING BLOCK <ed to cable looped behind ding ring at tank center i : 1 I ; i I T I I 31 32. Insulating blocks on horizontal tank held in place with metal straps / Vertical Tanks, Towers, etc.: The sides of vertical tanks, towers and vessels are insulated with one or more layers of blocks secured in place with metal bands or strapping, three being used per 3-ft section of block. On large vertical tanks, to provide anchorage for the metal strapping or bands, vertical angle irons are welded to the tank at intervals of approximately 20 ft. The blocks are supported on circumferential angle irons welded to the tank at regular intervals of approximately 12 ft. 33 Vertical tank with horizontal angle iron supporting insu lation, straps over blocks anchored to vertical angle irons 32 of vertical tanks, towers and of blocks secured in place with . per 3-ft section of block. On r the metal strapping or bands, ; at intervals of approximately erential angle irons welded to :ly 12 ft. He iron supporting insuto vertical angle irons The tops or roofs of vertical tanks are insulated with blocks set in a layer of adhesive cement of a type recommended by the insulation manu facturer. The blocks may be further held in place with metal bands or strapping. As in the case of horizontal tanks, the type of finish depends primarily on whether location is indoors or outdoors. Conical and Convex Bottom Tanks and Vessels: The cylindrical portions of such tanks and vessels are insulated in the same manner as the cylindrical portion of any other tank. In the case of tanks with a cylindrical portion more than $ ft high, an angle iron shelf which serves as a support for the insulation on the cylindrical portion is welded to the tank at the juncture of the cylindrical and conical or convex bottom surfaces. The projecting leg of the angle iron extends outward and the welded leg extends upward. 35. Pattern of clips, studs, nuts, etc., welded to conical or convex tank bottom as anchors for insulation bindings On the conical or convex section, metal anchors such as punched angle clips, nuts, etc., are welded to the surface and spaced in a pattern of concen tric rings, with equal spacing between the anchors in each ring and between the rings. The rings start a few inches below the juncture of the cylindrical and convex or conical sections and extend to the tip of the cone or the end 34 insulated with blocks set in a ended by the insulation manuin place with metal bands or rpe of finish depends primarily assets: The cylindrical portions : same manner as the cylindrical portion more than 5 ft high, sort for the insulation on the : the juncture of the cylindrical -srojecting leg of the angle iron is upward. j, nuts, etc., convex tank gion bindings anchors such as punched angle 1 spaced in a pattern of concenchors in each ring and between < the juncture of the cylindrical : the tip of the cone or the end 36. Insulated conical bottom tanks 35 of the convex section. Hairpin wires are attached to each anchor, with the wires projecting outward. The insulation blocks are applied and held in place with wire drawn through the holes in the anchors. The projecting ends of the hairpin wires are used for anchoring cross-lacing wire and metal mesh wire. Cracks and joints between blocks are pointed up, where necessary, with insulating cement. ROTATING EQUIPMENT AND EQUIPMENT SUBJECT TO SUBSTANTIAL EXPANSION Each case of equipment of this type must be studied and the application procedure designed by an insulation engineer to suit the operating condi tions involved. 36 .ched to each anchor, with the locks are applied and held in p the anchors. The projecting ing cross-lacing wire and metal pted up, where necessary, with r SUBJECT be studied and the application ;r to suit the operating condi- INSULATION FINISHES Insulation is generally covered with a finishing material or jacket when it is installed. The major purpose of this finishing material is protection of the insulation against injury from severe weather conditions, moisture, chemicals or mechanical damage. In addition, a number of accessories are used to improve appearance, aid application, produce the best possible fit. or help to protect the insulation, thus providing a more satisfactory and durable insulating installation. PASTED CANVAS JACKET The light weight factory-applied canvas jacket on sectional insulation, with metal bands, if desired, may be used as a finish for many indoor instal lations. Where greater protection is desired, the light weight factory-applied canvas may be removed and a heavier canvas used instead. 37. Sectional insulation finished with factory-applied pasted cantas jacket 37 38. Equipment insulation finished with pasted canvas jacket Pasted canvas jackets may also be employed on segmental insulation and on insulation applied to bent piping and small equipment With small equipment, however, asbestos cement is usually applied before the canvas jacket is pasted on. Adhesive is used to seal the canvas laps, the flap being turned, wherever possible, to the least visible side of the pipe or equipment On flanges, valves and fittings, the canvas is cut to lap without wrinkles before it is pasted down over the cement coating. If uninsulated metal is adjacent to the insulation, it is necessary to protect the canvas finish from burning. The canvas is stopped a few inches short of the end of the insulation and the exposed length of insulation is finished with cement. 38 SEWED CANVAS JACKET Sewed canvas jackets give a better appearance and, because of the man ner of application, greater protection than pasted canvas. A layer of rosin-sized or sheathing paper is applied over the insulation (where sectional insulation is used, the factory-applied canvas is removed) and 8-oz canvas is stretched over the paper and sewed in place. The canvas is given a coat of glue sizing and painted as desired. To prevent burning of the canvas finish, where there is adjacent uninsu lated metal, the canvas and rosin-sized paper or sheathing are stopped a few inches short of the end of the insulation, and the exposed length of insu lation is finished with cement. joyed on segmental insulation 1 small equipment. With small illy applied before the canvas he flap being turned, wherever or equipment. , is cut to lap without wrinkles eting. : insulation, it is -necessary to canvas is stopped a few inches ; exposed length, of insulation 59 Sewed canvas jacket on double layer pipe insulation 40. Sewed canvas jacket on pipe insulation 39 ASBESTOS CEMENT FINISH Where an asbestos cement finish is required, as on small equipment, the cement is applied in two layers to a total thickness of 1/2 in. The first layer is allowed to dry before the second layer is applied. The second layer is troweled to a smooth finish. For a hard finish, portland cement is mixed with the asbestos cement for the final layer. On large equipment, including ducts and breechings, hexagonal wire mesh is drawn tightly over the insulation to provide the base for the cement finish, which is then applied in two layers, as described above. U-. 41. Asbestos cement being applied over hexagonal mesh on block insulation St- t 42. Heaters finished with asbestos cement 40 \ 1 ASPHALT-SATURATED ASBESTOS (ROOFING) FELT ed, as on small equipment, the Pipe insulation which requires protection against weathering may be :kness of 1/2 in. The first layer finished with asphalt-saturated asbestos felt. i applied. The second layer is ish, portland cement is mixed After the insulation has been wired on, a jacket of heavy asphalt-satu rated asbestos felt is applied. Laps of not less than 3 in. are provided at all 4 edges and are sealed with asphalt cement. AH horizontal joints in the felt id breechings, hexagonal wire jacket are lapped downward so as to shed water. irovide the base for the cement is described above. 41. Asbestos cement being applied over hexagonal mesh on block insulation t * As the felt is applied and the laps are sealed, corrosion-resistant straps or wires are fastened around the felt jacket at equal spacings of not more than 6 in. If wire is used, the ends of the wire loops are twisted tight and turned over to avoid projections, care being taken not to puncture the felt. 41 PLASTIC WEATHERPROOFING For "weatherproofing an uneven surface for which a felt finish is imprac tical, such as insulation on bends, flanges, valves and fittings, a plastic finish consisting of asbestos fiber and an asphalt compound is used. The plastic weatherproofing should be used in the form supplied by the insulation manufacturer, without additives, unless the manufacturer recommends otherwise. When large equipment is to be finished with plastic weatherproofing, the insulation is given a base coat of asbestos and portland cement and a light-gauge galvanized 1-in. wire mesh is applied over the cement and drawn taut, with all the edges thoroughly tied and wired in place. The weatherproofing plastic is then applied to a thickness of 1/4 in. when wet and troweled to a smooth, even surface. On equipment subject to expansion such as fractionating towers, stills, etc., it is preferable to apply the base coat of asbestos and portland cement and the finish coat of weatherproofing plastic while the vessel is hot. Where there are expansion joints in the insulation, the finishing procedure must be specially planned by the insulation engineers. 44. Valve being finished with plastic weather proofing. Note felt jacket on pipe line 42 ;e for which a felt finish is imprac. valves and fittings, a plastic finish alt compound is used. The plastic : form supplied by the insulation s the manufacturer recommends ihed with plastic weatherproofing, isbestos and portland cement and h is applied over the cement and faly tied and wired in place. The to a thickness of % in. when wet Rich as fractionating towers, stills, it of asbestos and portland cement astic while the vessel is hot. Where don, the finishing procedure must ogineers. vith plastic weatherket on pipe line 45. Plastic weatherproofing on insulated tower 43 REMOVABLE PANEL FINISH It is sometimes desirable to have easy access to equipment, such as the water tubes in furnace walls. A removable panel finish may be used in such cases. Panels of asbestos-cement board or sheet steel are applied over the blocks. The panels are held in place by a combination of vertical and hori zontal strip steel battens. 46. Removable panels over water wall insulation held in place with steel battens 47. Removable pane! finish on water tube furnace wall. Panels are asbestos-cement board, held in place by strip steel battens ccess to equipment, such as the anel finish may be used in such heet steel are applied over the mbination of vertical and hori- n held in place u ith steel battens METAL JACKETS Where there is danger of mechanical damage, sheer steel jackets de signed to fit the equipment may be applied. Where required, expansion joints with spring-loaded bolts may be pro vided in the steel jacket to compensate for circumferential expansion. Longi tudinal expansion of the jacket is permitted by lap seams at intervals of approximately 12 ft. 48. Metal jacket on insulated turbine ASBESTOS CLOTH FINISH Where a fire-resistant or heat-resistant finish is required, asbestos cloth may be used. The cloth is drawn snugly over the insulation and is held in place by cementing all laps. Or the doth may be sewed with copper or brass wire. Asbestos doth is also applied over adjacent flanges. It may be painted with fire-retardant paint. 46 Chapter 5 Maintenance To provide maximum insulating value, all insulation requires regular inspection and routine maintenance. An adequate inspection and mainte nance program may be outlined as follows: 1. All equipment is inspected regularly to see that all sources of heat loss are insulated (for example, new sections of piping, etc.). 2. Insulation thickness is periodically evaluated. Changes in operations or costs of fuel may warrant an increase in insulation thickness. 3. Protective jacketing on insulation is regularly surveyed to check for signs of mechanical damage, weathering, chemical damage, etc. There may be indications that a different type of jacket--;-one providing more protection--is required. 49. Checking insulation for tight fit on piping, before new finish is applied to replace worn jacket 4. Scorched spots on the jacket are thoroughly investigated since they may indicate a crack or structural damage in the insulation under neath. 5. Weather-resistant jackets are given periodic inspection for holes, torn and loose laps, loose or broken wiring, and deterioration of the jacket due to weathering or mechanical damage. 6. Weather-resistant plastic finish on outdoor fittings, tanks and other equipment is inspected carefully to locate any mechanical damage or cracks which may permit water to seep into the insulation. It is desir able to cover this type of finish with a plastic coating every five years or oftener, both to lengthen the life of the protective coating and to seal small, hairline cracks. 7. The insulation is checked for loosening. This may be due to excessive vibration of the insulated equipment. The vibration is eliminated, if possible, and the insulation re-applied and tightened. The joints are pointed up with insulating cement and the canvas or other jacket ing replaced and securely sealed. 8. The insulation is examined for dents and cracks. Dents may be caused by mechanical abuse of insulation, such as erection of scaf folding, etc. Since dents or cracks indicate a source of heat loss, the 50. Small cracks in finish being pointed up with cement 51. Inspection, prior to refinishing, of 85 Magnesia . insulation installed in 1902 damaged section is cut out and a new one of the same size and shape is wired on securely. The cracks are filled with insulating cement and the protective jacketing is replaced. 9- The insulation is checked after any change in operations. Operating difficulties, such as leaks, water hammer, etc., may also cause damage to insulation so that a prompt check-up follows such occurrences. 10. If insulation has been saturated with water, as a result of fire fight ing or flood, the insulation should be brought up to temperature slowly to prevent damage due to generation of steam within the insulation. 49 APPENDIX 51 Heat Transmission and Industrial Insulation As is well-known, heat can be transmitted by radiation, by conduction and by convection. Except in the semi-refractory and refractory fields, where radiation is of great importance, the chief concern in the design of insula tion for industrial equipment is with the means of reducing convection and conduction to negligible quantities. If it were practical, the perfect insulation for industrial equipment would be a vacuum, since there would be no material to convect or conduct heat. The next best thing to a vacuum is dead or noncirculating air. In the manu facture of insulating materials, a great number of tiny air spaces or pockets are trapped between the fibers or crystals that make up the body of the insulation. The effectiveness of the insulation results from this great num ber of small air spaces which reduce the cross-sectional area of the solid material and provide a multitude of surface resistances at the boundaries of the air spaces. In order to measure their ability to resist the flow of heat, insulating materials are subjected to conductivity tests. This is done with 85% Magnesia and diatomaceous silica insulation by attaching these materials to a steel surface, applying heat with an electrical heater, and measuring the rate at which electrical energy must be supplied 53 in order to maintain a uniform temperature gradient. The power input is an accurate measure of the total rate of heat transfer through the insulation. The tests are carried out in a room kept at constant temperature. Pipe insulation is applied on a standard steel pipe equipped with internal heater. Windings of the heater are spaced so as to assure uniform distribution of heat to all points on the surface of the apparatus, and auxiliary windings provide for heat loss from the ends of the insulation. A uniform rate of energy input is provided by an automatic voltage regulator. Temperatures at both boundaries of the insulation are determined by copper-constantan thermocouples at the center of each foot of length and 53- Guarded hot plate thermal conductivity apparatus 34. Apparatus for determining thermal conductivity of pipe insulation gradient. The power input is ransfer through the insulation. at constant temperature. Pipe equipped with internal heater, issure uniform distribution of iratus, and auxiliary windings insulation. A uniform rate of itage regulator. insulation are determined by x of each foot of length and distributed around the circumference. Thermocouple potentials are measured with a potentiometer to the nearest one hundredth of a millivolt. Blocks are tested in a similar manner, except that they are placed against a fiat steel or a refractory surface. These testing procedures have been standardized and approved by the American Society for Testing Materials. iuctivity apparatus 55. Other types of equipment for determining thermal conductivity of insulating materials Certain commonly held ideas concerning insulation, when considered on the basis of heat transmission, prove to be fallacious. They are as follows: a) "Surface temperature is an accurate method of determining heat loss from insulation." Surface temperature alone, measured either by placing the hand on the surface or by means of thermocouples and thermometers, is not a measure of heat loss. Surface temperature depends upon the temperature of the surrounding air, the proximity of other hot and cold objects, the nature of the surface, whether dull, polished, etc, and die velocity of the ambient air. Air modon lowers surface resistance to heat transfer; stated another way, it increases the rate of heat transfer from the surface. This cools the surface to a lower temperature than it would have under still air condiuons, so that more heat may actually be lost with the lower than with the higher surface temperature. While the variables mendoned, such as air velocity and type of surface, have little effect on the total heat 55 transmitted by the insulation, they may have marked effects on the surface temperature. b) "Air space between a hot surface and the insulation provides effective insulation." A series of tests was conducted at an industrial labo ratory to determine the value of such air spaces. The results indi cated that an air space is of little value as insulation, because circulat ing air carries heat from the hot surface to the inner surface of the insulation with but little drop in temperature. Also the air space proved to be of no value as protection against high temperature deterioration of either the equipment surface or the insulation. It should be understood that air, other than in microscopic pockets such as are present in insulating materials, is never "dead," and will always convect heat. c) "Insulation affects the pressure drop in a steam line." Regardless of the fluid, there is always a pressure drop in a line, due to the friction between the fluid and the pipe wall. With superheated steam, as heat is lost the temperature will drop. The pressure remains constant, and no condensation takes place until the saturation tem perature is reached for the particular pressure involved. If the tem perature drops any further, the pressure will drop as well and a certain amount of condensation will take place. Insulation, by keep ing heat losses at a minimum, keeps the superheat in the steam. Under such conditions, any' pressure drop is of a frictional nature only and does not reduce the temperature of the steam. Regardless of the thickness of insulation used, a surprisingly large loss of steam superheat may occur if the piping system is not designed properly. For instance, if a pipe size is too large for the flow conditions involved or, conversely, if the flow rate is too low for the pipe size used, the cost of insulating such a line to prevent large heat losses would be prohibitive. The table which follows, giving reasonable velocities for steam flow based on average practice, can be used to advantage in designing steam lines. As a general rule, velocities in the lower end of the range given are used for pipe sizes 12 in. and smaller. TREASONABLE VELOCITIES FOR FLOW OF STEAM THROUGH PIPE CONDITION OF STEAM Saturated Saturated Superheated PRESSURE Lb per Sq In. 0 to 15 50 and up 200 and up SERVICE Heating (short lines) 'Miscellaneous 'Miscellaneous REASONABLE VELOCITY F* Per Min 4.000 to 6,000 6.000 to 10,000 7.000 to 20,000 t Crane Company Technical Paper No. 409, Flow of Fluids. * The velocity of steam, in the case of boiler leads, should be lower than in large turbine leads because of the stop-check valves which arc necessarily installed in these lines. A high velocity through the stop-check valve would cause an.excessive pressure drop which may be detrimencai to efficient operation. 56 ay have marked effects on the be insulation provides effective oducted at an industrial labo*1 air spaces. The results indi: as insulation, because circulatace to the inner surface of the mperature. Also the air space don against high temperature C surface or the insulation. It r than in microscopic pockets rials, is never "dead," and will in a steam line." Regardless ire drop in a line, due to the pipe wall. With superheated | will drop. The pressure remains place until the saturation tem pressure involved. If the temtsure will drop as well and a lake place. Insulation, by keeps the superheat in the steam, drop is of a frictional nature rature of the steam. i used, a surprisingly large loss ystem is not designed properly. je flow conditions involved or, die pipe size used, the cost of asses would be prohibitive. table velocities for steam flow antage in designing steam lines. d of the range given are used OF STEAM THROUGH PIPE RVICE ((short lines) celloneous relioneous IEASONABIE VELOCITY Ft Per Min 4,000 to 6,000 6.000 to 10,000 7,000 to 20.000 aids. aid be lower than ia Urge turbine leads installed in these lines, A high velocity pressure drop which may be detrimental j , , ' v j Definitions of Technical Terms ABSOLUTE PRESSURE: The pressure of a system referred to that of a perfect vacuum. It is the sum of the gauge pressure and barometric pressure. ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE: A reading on the absolute temperature scale. Absolute temperature is obtained by adding 459.70 degrees to the Fahrenheit temperature. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: The pressure indicated by a barometer. Standard atmospheric pressure is a pressure of 76 cm mercury, equiva lent to 14.69 lb per sq in. or 29.92 in. of mercury at 32 F. BOILER EFFICIENCY: As ordinarily stated, this means the efficiency of boiler furnace and grate. It is the ratio of the heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of fuel fired to the heat of perfect combustion per pound of fuel. The efficiency of the boiler alone is figured on a slightly different basis, namely, as the ratio of the heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of fuel fired to the heat actually developed in the furnace per pound of fuel. The latter efficiency is difficult to obtain with accu racy and is seldom used. Btu: The abbreviation for British Thermal Unit, a unit of energy. It is approximately the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of liquid water from 63 to 64 F. CALORIE: For practical purposes it may be considered as 1/100 of the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 0 to 100 C. The kilocalorie or large calorie is 1000 calories. CONDUCTANCE: The amount of heat (Btu) transmitted from sur face to surface in one hour through 1 sq ft of a material, whatever its thickness, when the temperature difference is 1 F between the two surfaces. CONDUCTION: The transmission of heat through and by means of matter unaccompanied by any obvious motion of the matter. CONDUCTIVITY: The amount of heat (Btu) transmitted in one hour through 1 sq ft of a homogeneous material 1 in. thick for a difference in temperature of 1 F between the two surfaces of the material. CONDUCTOR (HEAT): A material capable of readily conducting heat, the opposite of an insulator or insulation. CONVECTION: The transmission of heat by the circulation of a liquid or gas such as air. Convection may be natural or forced. DENSITY: Mass per unit volume, generally expressed as weight per unit volume, i.e., lbs per cu ft. 57 EMISSIVITY (TOTAL) The ratio of the total heat radiating power of a surface to that of a black body (ideal or perfect radiator) of the same area and at the same temperature. GAUGE PRESSURE: Pressure measured from atmospheric pressure as a base, such as steam pressure expressed in lb per sq in. gauge, or psig. HEAT: A form of energy which transfers from one system to a second system at lower temperature by virtue of the temperature difference when the two are brought into communication. INSULATION (HEAT): A material having a relatively high resistance to the flow of heat per unit of thickness. LATENT HEAT: The heat absorbed or rejected by a substance in chang ing its state without changing its temperature. Mb, Mbh: Symbols which represent 1000 Btu and 1000 Btu per hour, respectively. POTENTIOMETER: An instrument for measuring or comparing small electromotive forces. PYROMETER: An instrument for measuring high temperatures, gen erally above 900 F. RADIATION: The transmission, of heat through space by wave motion. SATURATION: The condition of coexistence in stable equilibrium of two or more distinct phases such as steam over water from which it is being generated. SATURATION PRESSURE: The pressure at which vapor and liquid or vapor and solid can coexist in stable equilibrium. SENSIBLE HEAT: Heat which manifests itself by temperature change. SPECIFIC HEAT: The number of units of energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance through 1 degree, under specified conditions, such as constant pressure, constant volume, etc STEAM: Water in the vapor phase. Dry Saturated Steam is steam at the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure, and contain ing no water in suspension. Wet Saturated Steam is the same as above except that it contains water particles in suspension. Superheated Steam is steam at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature corre sponding to the pressure. SURFACE CONDUCTANCE: The amount of heat (Btu) transmitted by radiation, conduction and convection from a surface to the air or liquid surrounding it, or vice versa, in one hour per sq ft of surface for a difference in temperature of 1 degree between the surface and the surrounding air or liquid. THERM: 100,000 Btu. Used in the gas industry. THERMAL RESISTANCE: The reciprocal of conductance. THERMAL RESISTIVITY: The reciprocal of conductivity. 58 >tal heat radiating power of a perfect radiator) of the same from atmospheric pressure as in lb per sq in. gauge, or psig. s from one system to a second of the temperature difference cation. ig a relatively high resistance 'jected by a substance in changrature. 0 Btu and 1000 Btu per hour, measuring or comparing small uring high temperatures, gen- . through space by wave motion. stence in stable equilibrium of ram over water from which it at which vapor and liquid or uilibrium. 1 itself by temperature change. of energy required to raise the lance through 1 degree, under pressure, constant volume, etc y Saturated Steam is steam at tg to the pressure, and containced Steam is the same as above suspension. Superheated Steam ie saturation temperature corre- nint of heat (Btu) transmitted n from a surface to the air or i one hour per sq ft of surface ;ree between the surface and the industry. seal of conductance, il of conductivity. TABLE I FAHRENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE CONVERSION TABLE Deg C Deg F Deg C Deg F C Deg F Deg C Dg F Deg C Deg F D*a c D>F 0 5 10 IS 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 SO B5 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 32 41 SO 59 68 77 86 95 104 113 122 131 140 149 158 167 176 185 194 203 212 221 . 230 239 248 257 266 275 284 293 302 311 320 329 338 347 356 365 374 383 392 401 410 419 428 437 446 455 464 473 482 491 500 . 509 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 350 355 360 365 370 375 380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465 470 475 480 485 490 495 500 505 510 515 520 525 530 535 518 527 534 545 554 563 572 581 590 599 608 617 626 635 644 653 662 671 680 689 698 707 716 725 .7 34 743 752 761 770 779 788 797 806 815 824 833 842 851 860 869 878 887 896 905 914 923 932 941 950 959 968 977 986 995 540 545 550 555 560 565 570 575 580 585 590 595 600 605 610 615 620 625 630 635 640 645 650 655 660 665 670 675 680 685 690 695 700 705 710 715 720 725 730 735 740 745 750 755 760 765 770 775 780 785 790 795 800 805 1004 1013 1022 1031 1040 1049 1056 1067 1076 1085 1094 1103 1112 1121 1130 1139 1148 1157 1166 1175 1184 1193 1202 1211 1220 1229 1238 1247 1256 1265 1274 1283 1292 1301 1310 1319 1328 1337 1346 1355 1364 1373 1382 1391 1400 1409 1418 1427 1436 1445 1454 1463 1472 1481 810 815 620 825 830 835 840 845 850 855 860 865 870 875 880 885 890 895 900 905 910 915 920 925 930 935 940 945 950 955 960 965 970 975 980 985 990 995 1000 1005 1010 1015 1020 1025 1030 1035 1040 1045 1050 1055 1060 1065 1070 1075 1490 1499 1508 1517 1526 1535 1544 1553 1562 1571 1580 1569 1598 1607 1616 1625 1634 1643 1652 1661 1670 1679 1668 1697 1706 1715 1724 1733 1742 1751 1760 1769 1778 1787 1796 1805 1814 1823 1832 1841 1850 1859 1868 1877 1886 1895 1904 1913 1922 1931 1940 1949 1958 1967 1080 1085 1090 1095 1100 1105 1110 1115 1120 1125 1130 1135 1140 1145 1150 1155 1160 1165 1170 1175 1180 1185 1190 1195 1200 1205 1210 1215 1220 1225 1230 1235 1240 1245 1250 1255 1260 1265 1270 1275 1280 1285 1290 1295 1300 1305 1310 1315 1320 1325 1330 1335 1340 1345 1976 1985 1994 2003 2012 2021 2030 2039 2048 2057 2066 2075 2084 2093 2102 2111 2120 2129 2138 2147 2156 2165 2174 2183 2192 2201 2210 2219 2228 2237 2246 2255 2264 2273 2282 2291 2300 2309 2318 2327 2336 2345 2354 2363 2372 2381 2390 2399 2408 2417 2426 2435 2444 2453 1350 1355 1360 1365 1370 1375 1380 1385 1390 1395 1400 1405 1410 MIS 1420 1425 1430 1435 1440 1445 1450 1455 1460 1465 1470 1475 1480 1485 1490 1495 1500 1505 1510 1515 1520 1525 1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565 1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1700 1800 2000 2462 2471 2480 2489 2498 2507 2516 2525 2534 2543 2552 2561 2570 2579 2588 2597 2606 2615 2624 2633 2642 2651 2660 2569 2678 2687 2696 2705 2714 2723 2732 2741 2750 2759 2768 2777 2786 2795 2804 2813 2822 2831 2840 2849 2858 2867 2876 2885 2894 2903 2912 3092 3272 3632 CONVERSION FORMULAE To convert Cenfiarade to Fahrenheit: `-32 C-- 1.8 To Convert Fahrenheit to Ceirtioradei F-UX C+32 59 1 TABLE II TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE OF SATURATED STEAM* Gov9 Absolute Pressure in Pressure in Lb/Sq In. Lb/Sq In. - -s-f 1 8| - a. o i 2 3 4 5 5 c- S S- o ft 5 ^ C -3< 6 9 .0 .3 5.3 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 14.696 15 20 10.3 15.3 20.3 25.3 30.3 25 30 35 40 45 35.3 40.3 45.3 50.3 55.3 50 55 60 65 70 60.3 65.3 70.3 75.3 80.3 75 80 85 90 95 85.3 90.3 95.3 100.3 105.3 100 105 110 115 120 110.3 115.3 120.3 125.3 130.3 125 130 135 140 145 135.3 145.3 155.3 165.3 150 160 170 180 Temp In Deg F 101.74 126.08 141.48 152.97 162.24 170.06 176.85 182.86 188.28 193.21 201.96 209.56 212.00 213.03 227.96 240.07 250.33 259.28 267.25 274.44 281.01 287.07 292.71 297.97 302.92 307.60 312.03 316.25 320.27 324.12 327.81 331.36 33477 338.07 341.25 344.33 347.32 350.21 353.02 35576 358.42 363.53 368.41 373.06 Gauge Pressure in Lb/Sq In. 175.3 185.3 195.3 205.3 215.3 Absolute Pressure in Lb/Sq In. 190 200 210 220 230 225.3 235.3 245.3 255.3 265.3 240 250 260 270 280 275.3 285.3 305.3 325.3 345.3 290 300 320 340 360 365.3 385.3 405.3 ' 425.3 445.3 380 400 420 440 460 465.3 485.3 585.3 685.3 785.3 480 500 600 700 800 885.3 985.3 1085.3 1185.3 1285.3 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1385.3 1485J 1585.3 1685.3 1785.3 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1885.3 1985.3 2185.3 2385.3 2585.3 1900 2000 2200 2400 2600 2785.3 2985.3 3185.3 3191.5 2800 3000 3200 32067 Temp in Deg F 377.51 38179 385.90 389.86 393.68 397.37 400.95 404.42 40778 411.05 414.23 417.33 423.29 428.97 434.40 439.60 444.59 449.39 454.02 458.50 462.82 467.01 486.21 503.10 518.23 531.98 544.61 556.31 567.22 577.46 587.10 596.23 604.90 613.15 621.03 628.58 635.82 649.46 662.12 673.94 684.99 695.36 705.11 705.40 Abstracted by permission from "THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF STEAM" By j. H. Keenan and F. G. Keyes, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. SATURATED STEAM f Absolut* . in Pressure in n. Lb/Sq In. 190 i i 200 | 210 220 j 230 Tsflip In D*g F 377.51 381.79 385.90 389.86 393.68 240 250 260 270 280 397J7 400.95 404.42 407.78 411.05 290 414.23 |l 300 417.33 320 42339 340 428.97 360 434.40 j- 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 600 700 800 439.60 444.59 449.39 454.02 458.50 462.82 467.01 486.21 503.10 518.23 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 531.98 544.61 556.31 567.22 577.46 1400 1500 1600 1700 3 . 1800 587.10 596.23 604.90 613.15 621.03 3 1900 628.58 3 2000 635.82 3 2200 649.46 3 2400 662.12 3 2600 673.94 3 2800 684.99 3 3000 69536 3 3200 705.11 5 3206.2 705.40 AIC PROPERTIES OF STEAM" By Viley & Sons, Inc. 11 0. g On * On - n < o <<><> on ocnno od o o- *n O cn *o cd -- w k kk a d onnO'O k -- O r> 0;nt n oooool nnwn o> K -- -- rs o- cn o o -- oddd^ on^on 04 -- fv o ^-- w --' ^ cm <n k -w n c* W ro u g h t Iro n P ip * i knoko rs. rs -o *o cocoon V V V UT *n nooKO > -o *o -o <> <v q o n o *> to 0 *0 -- a- * rs o- o -- < d <0 K Ps km o n o n k o - q K K K 0 onoon <n <o o w o co o n n ' O** d o k. n d 1i ^OKOO-- N. N K - O o* m in n o o w cv co <nonv)*o -- si o* o ts. w cn cm n cn o n n t O'O-ocoo. -- -w *o k. 04 cn 'W 'O 04 *w o co o 04 w <q cd 04 w -o co o n q n o> - -q M # V V V d id d to td d dcccrsi rs rs rs k d co cd d cd d d * V) Q. *u** e ei- -- a. T* a. 0 u soon^ O -- n o oi d d d d to t 04 04 (N0>0<0 t \aootr w W > n n otco'ooo* 04000 <o o cs n ddddd N. o o -o *-o nknn n n o n d d d rs rs ono>o<o K O 0O O v rs o- <n w k rs is! d cb K -- o co Z5 o- a"Ea t- a ooo on^<o n *0 *0 *0 0 o on^'O O'O'O'O'O ooooo 04 -w -o NNNNK o cn t < ooooo o 04 w * 0 0*0*0*0*0 o 2 8 Bi <a. X 11 w 04 io ^O to o Own O nN o O v> O O O o> nowc <n to O to (H O O ^ O oa>C4 C4N IT) - *o to O M tt <4 q n- n q K O 04 q N. -- "W p 0 p <> 0 o o. OOOO ^ ^ J oi o 04 04 04 rd d n n t? w d wi d d u 04 *0 to o _ *o o *o 04 O.qwq 0 0 0*0 O* to K nnaxon ^ ^ nq * d ` --* K O* o>Kn-\ q \ p, - f4 --' - --' 04* 04 lO o to <onoN w q o> -a oi oi 04* 04* d -- O 0 n o o o p q N o* O d d dd V m w W ro u g h t Iro n P lp o si Si a. winn ^.^0*09 ^ 04 q q odd v> to o> 04 0 to "O rs. 0 p p o 6 dd d -von 04 o. *0 04 0 q q O *, d d d 04* 04' oo>on *0 -- O- <0 04 pqqqo 04 oi 04 oi cd -ncoo ^ N -O ^ 04 p q N O; ddddd q d C a ll Iron P ip * rs. to o o* k -o -- o _ 04 in o> ^ ^ 0 04 to 0 0^ n 0 q * rs o <n odd .doodd o> n n n qq n o> dd^ J J toooo 0 - -w qqq\ 04 04 04 04 04 o 0 04 w> -- o 0 -e -- 0 --^ p oidddd n q d a.u Eo i- a 0 04 C4 -w *c | OOOO 0 04 t <c ------ OOOO oo4r -- 04 04 04 04 ooooo a 0 o< tr < otnonn ooooo a 0 o< w 0 ** "W "W -w ) 61 t o obtain the omount o f o*pani(on between ony tw o tem perature*, toko the proportionate difference between the voluei given fo r th o ie temperature*. From PIPING HANDBOOK, 4th Edition by Sobln Crocher, 1945. Cdurteiy o f M cGraw-Hill Booh Co. TABLE IV-A DIMENSIONS OF WELDED AND SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE* Nominal Pipe Size '/ % '/j % i 1 '/* 1 'A 2 2'A 3 3 'A 4 5 6' 8 10 12 14 OD 16 OD 18 OD 20 OD 24 OD 30 OD Nominal Wall Thicknesses for Schedule Numbers OD Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0.405 0.540 0.675 0.068 0.088 0.091 0.095 0.119 0.126 .. 0.840 1.050 1.315 0.109 0.113 0.133 0.147 0.154 0.179 0.187 0.218 0.250 1.660 1.900 2.375 0.140 0.191 0.250 0.145 0.200 .. . 0.281 0.154 0.218 0.343 2.875 3.5 4.0 ,0.203 0.216 0.226 0.276 0.300 0.318 0.375 0.437 4.5 5.563 6.625 0.237 0.258 0.280 0.337 0.375 0.432 0.437 0.500 0.562 0.531 0.625 0.718 8.625 10.75 12.75 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.277 0.322 0.307 0.365 0.330 0.406 0.406 0.500 0.562 0.500 0.593 0.687 0-593 0.718 0.843 0.718 0.843 1.000 0.812 1.000 1.125 0.906 1.125 1.312 14.0 16.0 18.0 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.312 0.312 0.312 0.375 0.375 0.437 0.437 0.500 0.562 0.593 0.656 0.718 0.750 0.843 0.937 0.937 1.031 1.156 1.062 1.218 1.343 1.250 1.437 1.562 1.406 1-562 1.750 20.0 24.0 30.0 0.250 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.375 0.500 0.500 0.562 0.625 0.593 0.687 0.812 0.937 1.031 1.218 1.250 1.500 1.500 1.750 1.750 2.062 1.937 2.312 %ASA--B36.10--1939. All dimensions are given In inches. The decimal thicknesses listed for the respective pipe sizes represent their nominal or average wall dimensions. Thicknesses shown in bold face type in Schedules 30 and 40 are identical with thidcnesses for "standard weight" pipe; those in Schedules 60 and 80 are identical with thidcnesses for "extra strong" pipe. The Schedule Numbers indicate approximate values of the expression 1000 X P/S. TABLE IV-B EAMLESS STEEL PIPE* mi for Schedule Numbers ed Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched 3 80 100 130 140 160 0.09S 0.119 0.126 ... .. 0.147 0.154 0.179 0.187 0.218 0.250 0.191 0.200 0.218 0.250 0.281 0.343 0.276 .. . 0.375 0.300 .. . 0.437 0.318 0.337 0.375 0.432 0.437 0.500 0.562 0.531 0.625 0718 36 0.500 0.593 0.718 0.812 0.906 00 0.593 0.718 0.843 1.000 1.125 62 0.687 0.843 1.000 1.125 1.312 93 0.750 0.937 1.062 1.250 1.406 56 0.843 1.031 1.218 1.437 1.562 IS 0.937 1.156 1.343 1.562 1750 12 1.031 1.250 1.500 1750 1.937 37 1.218 1.500 1750 2.062 2.312 .. NOMINAL WEIGHTS OF WELDED AND SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE1 * 1 '. Sched Sched Schedule Schedule Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nominal pip* Six* Threads2 Threads3 i i (In.) Plain Plain Plain and Plain and Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Ends Ends Ends Couplings Ends Couplings Ends Ends Ends Ends Ends Ends ; '/. i Vi y. ... . 0.25 0.43 0.57 0.25 0.43 0.57 0.32 0.54 0.74 'h i% \i 0.86 0.86 1.09 ... 1.14 1.14 ... 1.43 1.68 1.69 ... 2.18 ... 1.31 1.94 2.85 i 1 Vi ... ... 2.28 2.29 3.00 p/i ________ ( 2 ... ... 2.72 2.74 ... 3.64 3.66 3.68 . . . 5.03 1 i 2'/i 5.80 5.82 7.67 i3 1 3'/j 1 .. 7.58 7.62 9.11 9.21 10.3 12.5 377 4.86 7.45 10.0 14.3 i4 10.8 10.9 15.0 19.0 22.6 ii 5 6 14.7 19.0 14.9 19.2 20.8 28.6 27.1 36.4 33.0 45.3 i j8 1 10 1 j 12 22.4 28.1 33.4 24.7 34.3 43.8 25.0 35.0 45.0 28.6 40.5 53.6 28.8 41.2 55.0 357 54.8 73.2 43.4 64.4 88.6 50.9 607 67.8 747 77.0 897 105 116 108 126 140 161 i i 14 OO 36.8 457 54.6 . 63.3 i 16 OD 42.1 52.3 62.6 ... 82.8 I 18 OD 47.4 59.0 8210 105 85.0 107 108 137 133 171 131 165 208 147 193 239 171 224 275 190 241 304 ) i 20 OD 52J3 78.6 105 ____________ 123 1 jj 24 OD 63j 947 141 171 30 OD 99JO 158 197 167 231 209 297 251 297 342 374 361 416 484 536 ... j *ASA--B36.10--1939. j 1 Weights are given in pounds per linear foot and are for pipe with plain ends except for sizes which es represent their nominal or overage waif ore commercially available with threads and couplings for which both weights ore listed. I T 2 The weights for line pipe with couplings are slightly greater than shown in Schedules 30 and 40 and I are identical with thicknesses for "standard | may be found in A.P.I. Specification 5-L th thidtnesses for "extra strong*' pipe. ! Weights shown in bold face type in Schedules 30 and 40 ore identical with weights for "standard ! expression 1000 X P/S. j weight" pipe; those in Schedules 60 and 80 are identical with weights for "extra strong" pipe. The Schedule Numbers indicate approximate values of the expression 1000 X P/S. NN'KTCK.Tr>'O`OOK'O`0N0`*0* W or V *o v> w> m> <1 o ir O ^ ^ 4 <4 K CD 0> 0> -* NK CO OO K. n aO Od ttana<oKo At At nt -- -- ot to t t i N s' 6 n n < (A z - o z ill * i J ? s iUCL1 ^ - f- r-j2 milUl < > --ca ---^C *o 5a 3 Olu i:- s o7< :>2 !- l3o> ozKft <5=' *s a m o cl rio o 00 o cx CO o 40 rs 40 o> 40 to o O 04 cx 04 to <o >o v> * o fM to ri 40 * ** O' >o o- a> O to CD N. -- 04 MO < Is rs m z 0 o >- z _o v> o0 to 04 00 00 o 04 <oo 00 O' ** K 00 CO IS to o 00 -- K 04 <o CO CX to o o04 CO 40 *o * <> K o 40 MO P K -- 04 04 to 0<S. uMou o2 2 sz d OfQ3 9 TJ c C(*Xoi oV 04 oo 04* cox 04 oCD 40 40 04 40 40 * to 40* nCO 40 4*0* 40* MoOr to <oKx 40 cx IS 40 (oV4 o to w qo V K MO tao> M IOS o z md z55 Mbl- < a 00 a> o* <0 MO 00 *n rx ~ O o o0c4x K o n,-to 04 40 04 o 4*4 m 04 40 -o 40 40 ooto cCxx to o CD M-) o MO to 04 MO to <o IS 04 04 MO -. 000*00 -- K <> 0 O* O -- 04 S Oj ci cinrtnrririo u. - -5 lb lb * s>noconio^ toKco -- aacooON. -- <o -- o 04 n ot* o 4*4* o ,Oj to'to ^^--0--'0c-dxiso-- n>cdom-> o-- n4> o o<p>i o w- 4"V No. N-o o> OO-- TAMLE V (Conc'd.) OfOfsOt- M04*4''*O4 NfflKNttNtNK-Ort-0*0. n n 'D -o o - r> ^ -o -4 O ^ ^ o -- -- -- -- -- oio44ori'*MO*d S- X n S n Sn t s. oa oa ao t<0>S0>OCIt<0'0 64 1/1 0 Z a. Z umUi < > 5 o c 111 o u 'zO < -I a < M oz H auj oz < o 1/1 <Ul at < 65 TABLE VI-A STANDARD PIPE SIZES OF RED-BRASS AND COPPER PIPE* Nominal Size, In. Actual Dimensions, In. OD 10 Wall Vi Vi % Vi % 1 lVi va 2 2 Vi 3 3 Vi 4 4 Vi 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 .405 .540 .675 .840 1.050 1.315 1.660 1.900 2.375 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.563 6.625 7.625 8.625 9.625 10.750 11.750 12^50 .281 .376 .495 .626 .822 1.063 1.368 r.600 2.063 2.501 3.063 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.063 6.125 7.063 8.001 8.937 10.020 11.000 12.000 .062 .082 .090 .107 .114 .126 .146 f' .ISO .156 .187 .219 .250 .250 .250 .250 .250 .281 .312 .344 .365 .375 .375 * From "Rever Tube and Pipe** 1949. Lb per Ft Red*8rass Copper .253 .447 .627 .934 1.27 1.78 2.63 3.13 4.12 5.99 8.56 11.2 12.7 14.1 15.8 19.0 24.6 30.9 38.0 45.2 50.8 55.3 .259 .457 .641 .955 1.30 1.82 2.69 3.20 4.22 6.12 8.75 11.4 12.9 14.5 16.2 19.4 25.1 31.6 38.9 46.2 51.9 56.5 66 AND COPPER PIPE* ! Lb per Ft II Red*Brast Copper 2 .253 .259 2 .447 .457 0 .627 .641 7 .934 .955 4 1.27 1.30 178 1.82 A 2.63 2.69 SO 3.13 ! 3.20 6 4.12 4.22 >7 5.99 6.12 9 8.56 875 >0 11.2 11.4 0 127 12.9 SO 14.1 14.5 S3 15.8 16.2 SO 19.0 31 24.6 12 30.9 14 38.0 i5 45.2 rs 50.8 *5 55.3 19.4 25.1 31.6 38.9 46.2 51.9 56.5 TABLE VI-B DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF COPPER WATER TUBES'1 TYPE Scxe In. Nominal Sire Actual OD j VK ^ "A 1 .500 .625 750 .875 1.125 ; 1 '* 1 'T 2 ; 2\~. ;3 1.375 1.625 2.125 2.625 3.125 | 3 Vi i4 |5 6 8 3.625 4.125 5.125 6.125 8.125 10 10.125 12 12.125 Wall Thick nets In. .049 .049 .049 .065 .065 .065 .072 .083 .095 .109 .120 .134 .160 .192 .271 .338 .405 ID, In. .402 .527 .652 745 .995 1745 1.481 1.959 2.435 2.907 3.385 3.857 4.805 5741 7.583 9.449 11.315 ID Area Sq In. .127 .218 .333 .436 778 1717 1723 3.014 4.657 6.637 8.999 11.684 18.133 25.886 45.162 70.123 100.554 Weight Lb per Ft .269 .344 .418 .641 .839 1.04 1.36 2.06 2.93 4.00 5.12 6.51 9.67 13.9 25.9 40.3 57.8 1L i ^ *A 1 1 'i 1 2 2- 3 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 .500 .625 750 .875 1.125 1.375 1.625 2.125 2.625 3.125 3.625 4.125 5.125 6.125 8.125 10.125 12.125 .035 .040 .042 .045 .050 .055 .060 .070 .080 .090 .100 .110 .125 .140 700 .250 .280 .430 .545 .666 785 1.025 1765 1.505 1.985 2.465 2.945 3.425 3.905 4.875 5.845 7725 9.625 11.565 .145 733 ,348 .484 .825 1.257 1779 3.095 4772 6.812 9.213 11.977 18.666 26.832 46.869 72760 105.047 .198 .285 .362 .455 .655 .884 1.14 175 2.48 3.33 4.29 5.38 7.61 10.2 19.3 30.1 40.4 mM ! 2 Vi 3 3':~ 4 5 6 8 10 12 2.625 3.125 3.625 4.125 5.125 6.125 8.125 10.125 12.125 From "Revere Tuie cod Pipe'* 1949. .065 .072 .083 .095 .109 .122 .170 ' .212 754 2.495 2.981 3.459 3.935 4.907 5.881 7785 9701 11.617 4.889 6.979 9.397 12.161 18.911 27.164 47.600 73.914 105.993 2.03 2.68 3.58 4.66 6.66 8.92 16.5 25.6 367 mi W uv>i =a. -o o. h- H 22 33313 3S333 H|g55555 335 3 3 3 S5555 SSS22 nnnno nnnnn =SSSS2SSSS SSfc nnnnnc r* cn c< r ctctcN 2S nn 3 w gTM <?!<?! 55! 2 3 5~ sgs^ sfcss; ---------- ---------- ssssaas?^= =2$ 5 s -- -- -- -- --- -- -- -- ~o -- -- - s' Hill mi! 111!!mil 111! I ! 5SS== 552SS SSgggg525 D;5 2 S ooooo ooo>o> o> * ot^o* 0-0 s" 0- S255SS o.o>o>o>0* o>o>o>o>o> ""-.SSSSS2S S2S >o.d<d aaa 25 o* a- ff SSSSS 52S25 33255 55S25 5=3 I TT 2SS2S aoa = "SK2 KKKKK SSSSSS ttKKK SSSSS KKKKK SSggggSSSS SSS KNNNKKrs.rs.pKK KKK fes^fc==25SS 8SS KKKKKKKKKK K ^ "O Ss K S5 KK 2 K s" *C 3253! 52555 55353 53232 322 S :TT 55355 25235 53513 55555 533 5 3 2 Sj^feoS SSggg >o -o <o -c o rio*o*o<n SfeSSft SSStiS to w> m to *o oov><o'n g vnv> n 3 < ft n g:sss2 *n to o o *o Sj!2<{ qgsag to o to n n 852== ssss tnv)m*ftv n o o to o gggjj? 35333 sss s o ^s 5 ss to = s ^ 7 22523 2533! 5335! 25232 =-25 a TT !J2SSS 2SSSS iSSSS SSSgfc ggg 8 z x^ t ^nnnn rmnno nn f ^ q 35233 35222 32533 53353 355 3 "TT 52522 25555 3355355533 sss s s 5 nnnnn 2S2SS nnrtMrt ggssft CN CN fK (N CH 22SS5 otonftn S=t:gK ctNNfttt S5555 t'tWrtPtN S2SSS&SS2S ggg rrtrtrMrt(Nnfi rtrtrt Sg gSSSS SSSqS g fe dftrtctct <sfsrt rtrtis cs c gggoS fcggag ^ s i <N CN Cl CN C* (IMNNM CSPtfl K C4 ^g=2 = = 233 33j?5 333 = 2 3 w g" i" C4 5 ill 11 rpSiS; S2SSS S=ggg ggqgS 333 S S Mtsnrs- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- t----^ ^n sail sag m m, i, ii ' 5-- .s=a ; ] jf jj 68 emlaslvity of surface (A value o f 0.9 can be assumed os the emlisMty o f most industrial surfaces, such as brick, stone, glass, canvas, asphalt roofing and vorious colored fiat points at temp below 400 deg F. For highly "polished metals e " may be at low as 0.02.) TABLE VIII-A HEAT LOSS FOR 85% MAGNESIA PIPE INSULATION FOR NOMINAL PIPE SIZES 'A INCH THROUGH 24 INCH HEAT LOSS EXPRESSED IN BTU PER LINEAR FOOT PER HOUR FOR INDICATED TEMPERATURE DIFFERBSCES. 75 F INDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE Nominal Pipa Size, In. Insulation Thickness, In. Tomp Difference (Pipe-Air) Dog F 100 200 300 400 500 'A V* (Std.) 15.8 33.2 51.9 72.0 93.5 l'A 12.6 26.2 40.8 56.4 73.0 1% (Dbl. Sid.) 11.4 237 36.9 51.0 66.1 2 11.2 23.2 36.2 50.0 64.6 2 Vi 10.2 21.2 33.0 457 59.2 3 9.5 19.8 30.9 42.6 55.2 % V* (Std.) 18.1 37.8 59.1 82.4 107 l'A 14.1 29.4 457 63.3 82.0 1 nM (Dbl. Std.) 12.7 26.4 41.1 56.9 73.5 2 12.4 25.8 40.2 557 72.0 2'A 11.3 . 23.5 36.5 50.5 65.4 3 10.5 * 21.8 33.9 46.8 60.5 1 % (Std.) 20.6 43.2 67.8 94.4 122 l'A 15.9 33.1 517 71.6 92.8 1 "Aj (Dbl. Std.) 2 14.2 13.9 29.5 28.9 46.0 45.0 i 63.6 62.3 82.4 80.6 2'A 12.6 26.2 407 56.3 72.8 3 11.7 24.1 37.5 51.8 67.0 114 ft (Std.) 24.2 50.6 79.5 110 143 l'A 18.2 38.0 59.2 82.0 106.3 1"A (Dbl. Std.) 16.1 33.6 52.4 72.5 93.9 2 15.8 32.9 51.1 707 91.5 2'A 14.1 29.4 457 63.2 82.0 3 13.0 27.0 42.0 58.0 75.0 l'A % (Std.) 26.4 55.3 867 121 157 l'A 19.7 41.1 64.2 88.8 115 1% (Dbl. Std.) 17.4 36.3 56.6 78.3 101 2 16.9 35.3 55.1 76.4 99.0 2'A 15.2 31.6 49.2 68.0 88.0 3 13.9 28.9 45.0 627 80.5 2 1 Va (Std.) 28.2 59.0 92.4 128 167 l'A 22.7 47.4 74.0 102 133 2 19.4 40.4 63.0 87.2 113 2Va (Dbl. Std.) 18.6 38.8 60.5 83.5 108 2'A 17.2 35.8 55.8 77.2 100 3 15.6 32.5 50.6 70.0 90-5 E INSULATION FOR HROUGH 24 INCH HOUR FOR INDICATED TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE PtrtiK* (Pip-Air) Dg F 300 400 500 51.9 40.8 36.9 ! 36.2 33.0 30.9 59.1 45.7 41.1 40.2 36.5 33.9 67.8 51.7 j 46.0 45.0 ! 40j j 37.5 79 J 59.2 52.4 51.1 457 42.0 86.7 64.2 56.6 55.1 49.2 45.0 92.4 74.0 i 63.0 | 60J j 55.8 j 50.6 72.0 56.4 51.0 50.0 45.7 42.6 82.4 63.3 56.9 55.7 50.5 46.8 94.4 71.6 63.6 62.3 56.3 51.8 110 82.0 72.5 70.7 63.2 58.0 121 88.8 78.3 76.4 68.0 62.2 128 102 87.2 83.5 77.2 70.0 93.5 73.0 66.1 64.6 59.2 55.2 107 82.0 73.5 72.0 65.4 60.5 122 92.6 82.4 80.6 72.8 67.0 143 106.3 93.9 915 82.0 75.0 157 115 101 99.0 88.0 80.5 167 133 113 108 100 90.5 TABLE VIII-A (Coat'd) HEAT LOSS FOR 85% MAGNESIA PIPE INSULATION Nominal Pipa Sit*, In. 2 Vi 3 3'/i 4 5 6 Insulation Thickness, In. i ! ifeistd.i ! i '/i 2 2a (Dbl. Sid.) 2 Zi 3 1 Vd (Std.) 1 '/i 2 2a (Dbl. Std.) 2Vi 3 1 He (Std.) l'/j 2 2n (Dbl. Std.) 2Vi 3 ` 1'/. (Std.) m 2 2 V* (Dbl. Std.) 2Vi 3 1 >/> (Std.) 1 VS 2 2ttt (Dbl. Std.) 2'h 3 1'/. (Std.) 1 'A 2 2fu (Dbl. Std.) 2'h 3 Tomp Difference (Pipe-Air) Dog F 100 ' 200 32.3 25.9 21.9 20.9 19.2 17.5 i 1 i 67.6 54.0 45.6 43.6 40.0 36.4 377 297 24.9 23.8 217 19.6 78.8 62.0 52.0 49.6 45.4 40.8 41.6 32.6 27.2 26.1 23.8 21.4 87.3 68.1 567 54.2 49.5 44.5 ' 43.0 35.8 297 27J 257 23.1 90.2 74.6 61.8 57.2 53.6 48.0 515 42.2 34.5 31.6 30.0 26.6 108 88.2 72.0 65.8 62.5 55.4 59.6 48.5 39.6 35.9 34.0 30.2 125 101 82.6 74.8 70.9 62.8 300 106 84.3 71.1 67.8 62.4 56.6 123 96.9 81.0 77.4 70.8 63.6 137 107 88.5 847 77.3 69.4 141 116 96.5 89.4 83.6 747 170 138 113 103 97.5 86.4 195 158 129 117 111 97.8 400 147 117 98.4 94.0 86.4 78.1 171 134 112 107 98.0 88.0 191 148 123 117 107 96.0 197 162 134 124 116 103 236 191 156 142 135 120 271 220 179 162 153 135 500 192 152 128 122 112 101 222 174 145 139 127 1.4 249 192 159 152 139 124 256 210 173 160 150 134 307 248 202 184 175 155 352 286 232 210 198 175 71 TABLE VIII-A (Cont'd) HEAT LOSS FOR 85% MAGNESIA PIPE INSULATION Nominal Pip* Six*, In. Insolation Thickn**i. In. 8 1 <A (Sid.) lVi 2 2 Vi (Obi. Std.) 3 10 1 Vi (Sid.) 1 vi 2 2 Vi (Dbl. Sid.) 3 12 1 'h (Sid.) 2 2 Vi 3 (Obi. Std.) 14 1 Vi (Sid.) 2 2 Vi 3 (Dbl. Sid.) 16 1 Vi (Std.) 2 2 Vi 3 (Dbl. Std.) 18 1 Vi (Std.) 2 2 Vi 3 (Dbl. Std.) 20 1 Vi (Std.) 2 2 Vi 3 (Dbl. Sid.) 24 1 Vi (Std.) 2 2 Vi 3 (Dbl. Std.) Tomp Diff*r*nc* (Pip*-Alr) Dog F 100 200 300 400 68.6 60.2 49.0 41.8 36.8 82.9 72.6 58.9 50.0 43.4 84.3 677 57.A . 50.0' 92.0 73.5 62.0 54.0 104 62.7 69.5 60.4 116 91.9 77J> 66.5 126 100 84.3 72.8 149 119 98.7 85.5 144 126 102 87.0 76.5 174 152 123 104 90.4 176 141 120 104 192 153 129 112 217 173 145 126 241 192 160 138 265 210 176 152 313 248 206 178 225 197 160 136 119 272 238 192 162 141 276 221 186 162 301 239 201 175 339 270 236 196 378 300 250 216 414 327 274 236 490 387 322 278 313 273 221 187 165 379 330 265 224 195 383 306 257 224 418 332 279 242 471 374 313 271 524 416 347 299 576 455 380 327 682 536 446 334 500 407 355 286 242 213 493 429 344 290 253 499 398 334 290 543 431 362 314 611 485 406 351 681 540 450 388 749 590 492 424 888 696 579 497 Jfd) V PIPE INSULATION 300 225 197 160 136 119 ! 272 1 238 192 162 141 276 221 186 162 301 239 201 175 339 270 236 196 378 300 250 216 414 327 274 236 490 387 322 278 400 313 273 221 187 165 379 330 265 224 195 383 306 257 224 418 332 279 242 471 374 313 271 524 416 347 299 576 455 380 327 682 536 446 334 500 407 355 286 242 213 493 429 344 290 253 499 398 334 290 543 431 362 314 611 485 406 351 681 540 450 388 749 590 492 424 688 696 579 497 TABLE VIII-B HEAT LOSS FOR DIATOMACEOUS SILICA PIPE INSULATION FOR NOMINAL PIPE SIZES 16 INCH THROUGH VA INCH HEAT LOSS EXPRESSED IN BTU PER LINEAR FOOT PER HOUR AT INDICATED TEMPERATURE DIFFERBJCES. 75 F INDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE Nominal Pip* Sizo. In. * % i 114 m Insulation In. | l'A ^ I i i l'A 2! l'A I 2j 11 Vi 2 Itt 2! ! 525 105 94 117 104 132 116 152 132 164 142 Tomp Difforonco (Pipo-Alr) Dog F 625 725 825 128 152 114 135 143 : 169 126 149 161 191 141 167 185 219 160 190 200 238 173 205 176 156 197 173 223 194 254 221 277 238 925 201 178 226 198 255 222 290 252 317 272 TABLE VIII-C HEAT LOSS FOR 85% MAGNESIA AND DIATOMACEOUS SILICA COMBINATION PIPE INSULATION FOR NOMINAL PIPE SIZES 2 INCH THROUGH 24 INCH HEAT LOSS EXPRESSED IN BTU PER LINEAR FOOT PER HOUR AT INDICATE) TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES. 75 F INDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE Nominal Insulation Thickn*** Tamp Dlff* Pip* Six*, In. lnnr Layer, Outer Layer, 525 625 725 25 925 In. In. 2 i'/. 2'A j i'h 1H j 1 i I : i i 3 | i ! 2Vfa i i ' VAk r 1'/. 131 160 190 221 254 \'h 119 145 173 201 231 2 108 131 156 182 2'A 99 121 144 ... 3 93 113 134 1'/. 169 196 224 1J4 . . 157 183 209 2 145 169 193 2Vi ... . . . 135 158 181 3-. 128 149 171 1V4 145 177 210 244 280 I'/i 131 160 190 221 253 2 118 144 171 199 ... 2 Vi 108 132 157 3 100 123 146 IK 194 225 257 1 VS 179 208 238 2 163 190 218 2 Vi 151 176 202 3 142 166 ... T'/ 155 190 226 263 301 1 Vi Ml 172 205 239 274 2 128 156 185 216 . . 2K 117 143 170 198 3 109 134 159 ... 1 Vi 202 235 269 VA . .... 192 224 256 2 176 205 235 2Vi ... ... 163 190 218 3 153 179 2'/i ... ... 184 211 3 ... ... 173 199 D DIATOMACEOUS SILICA R NOMINAL PIPE SIZES 14 INCH R HOUR AT INDICATED TEMPERATURE R TEMPERATURE p Diff*r*nc (Pipo-Air) Dog F *25 725 25 925 160 145 131 121 1,3 177 160 144 132 123 1 r* 190 172 156 143 134 190 221 173 201 156 182 144 134 . 169 196 157 183 145 169 135 158 128 149 210 244 190 221 171 199 157 . . . 146 194 225 179 208 163 190 151 176 142 166 226 263 205 239 185 216 170 198 159 202 235 192 224 176 205 163 190 153 179 184 173 i 254 231 224 209 193 181 171 280 253 ... ... 257 238 218 202 ... 301 274 ... ... 269 256 235 218 ... 211 199 ( I I TABLE VI1I-C (Contd) I ! HEAT LOSS FOR 85% MAGNESIA AND DIATOMACEOUS SILICA . Nominal Initiation ThicVnost limp Difforanco (Pip^Atr) Dog F Pip# Silt, In. Innor Layar, Outer Loyor, 525 625 725 25 925 In. In. 3'A 1M* l'A 177 216 257 299 342 1'A 159 194 231 270 2 141 173 206 2'A 129 158 188 3 119 146 174 I'M* 1!A 1 'A 2 2'A 3 226 264 302 214 250 286 194 227 260 179 209 167 195 2VU 2`A 3 198 228 186 214 4 . 1H* 1!4 175 214 254 295 338 1 >A 165 201 238 277 317 2 148 181 215 250 2'A 136 166 197 229 3 125 153 182 2K, VA l'A 2 2'A 3 . . . 236 274 314 223 260 298 203 237 272 188 219 250 176 205 2'A 2'A 3 211 242 198 237 5 1'A 1 Vi 205 251 298 347 398 iy. 192 234 278 324 2 171 208 248 290 2'A 156 190 226 3 143 175 209 2 1V4 1 Yi 2 2'A 3 274 318 364 258 300 344 234 272 312 214 249 199 232 2'A 2'A 3 239 274 224 257 i i TABLE VIII-C (Corn'd) HEAT LOSS FOR 85% MAGNESIA AND DIATOMACEOUS SILICA Nominal Insolation Thickness Pip* Six*. 1 In. Inner layer. 1 Outer layer. 525 625 725 825 925 In. In. 6 1 1 VI 232 283 336 392 451 1 56 215 263 313 366 2 192 234 278 324 256 173 212 252 3 160 196 233 2Vu 1 54 156 2 2 56 3 304 354 406 287 334 383 260 302 346 238 276 221 257 256 256 228 265 304 3 213 248 . . . 8 156 i 156 263 321 282 445 2 232 283 337 256 ' 208 254 303 3 190 233 278 2 156 2 256 3 2 56 2 256 3 350 407 467 314 365 286 332 . . . 264 294 342 393 . . 270 314 361 211 251 293 10 life 156 307 376 447 520 2 270 330 392 2Vj 243 297 353 ... 3 221 27, 322 256 156 2 256 3 338 402 468 537 303 360 420 275 327 381 256 302 256 | 156 2 256 3 380 442 505 ... 343 399 457 264 314 365 245 291 339 TABLE VIII-C (Cont'd) HEAT LOSS FOR 85% MAGNESIA AND DIATOMACEOUS SILICA Nominal Insolation Thicknoss Tamp Difftrtnct (Pipa-Air) Dog F Pip* Six*, In. Innor loyor. Owtor Loyor, 525 625 725 825 925 In. In. 12 lVi* IV, 2 V, 14 l'/i 2 1 2'/j 14 l'/i 2 2 Vi l'/i 351 430 512 596 2 308 376 448 '' 2'/i 276 337 401 3 250 306 ... l'/i 386 458 535 613 2 344 409 177 2 Vi 312 371 433 3 288 342 1 '/i 432 502 575 2 . . . 389 453 520 2'/i 299 356 415 3 276 330 385 1'/. 382 467 556 650 2 333 407 485 2'A 298 363 434 3 269 329 1*4 425 505 588 675 2 376 448 521 2*4 340 405 472 ... 3 312 371 .. 1*4 464 540 619 2 417 486 559 2*4 321 381 445 3 295 352 411 1*4 427 523 621 724 2 372 455 540 . . 2*4 331 405 482 3 299 366 ... 1*4 473 562 655 752 2 419 498 580 2*4 378 449 ' . . . 3 345 411 ... ' 1*4 515 600 689 2 462 540 620 2'/x 354 421 492 3 326 388 453 TABLE VIII-C (Conr'd) HEAT LOSS FOR 85% MAGNESIA AND DIATOMACEOUS SILICA Nominal Pip* Six#, In. Insulation Thkknats Innor Layar, Outer Layor, In. In. Tamp Dlffaranc# (Pipa-Atr) Dag F S2S 625 723 825 925 18 1 '/x i'/i 472 576 685 801 2 409 501 596 2 A 363 445 530 3 328 40! 2 1A 2 2'A 3 522 620 723 828 460 547 640 414 492 378 450 2A 1 A 2 2'A 3 567 660 757 508 592 679 389 462 539 358 425 496 20 I'/x *A , 316 630 750 2 447 547 650 2A 396 485 576 3 356 436 2 1% 569 677 789 905 2 502 597 696 2'A 369 451 537 3 336 411 489 3 1A 2 2A 3 619 721 827 553 645 740 422 303 587 388 462 539 24 l'/x 1 A 606 740 881 1029 2 522 639 761 2'A 460 564 3 415 507 2 1 A 664 790 920 1056 2 384 695 811 2 A 429 523 622 3 389 475 566 2'/i 1 A 2 2A 3 720 839 964 642 749 860 490 582 679 449 535 d) DIATOMACEOUS SILICA liffnranca (Pipn-AIr) Dag F 725 823 925 b i 685 801 596 i 530 \ 620 p 547 i 492 3 450 367 508 462 j 425 3 750 7 650 5 576 3 ? 677 2 597 1 537 1 489 619 353 2 503 8 462 0 881 9 761 4 ... 7 . ... 4 4 3 5 790 695 622 566 720 642 o 582 9 535 723 640 660 592 539 496 828 757 679 789 696 ... ... 721 645 587 539 1029 ... .. 920 811 905 ... ... 827 740 1056 --, 839 749 679 964 860 I TABLE IX-A HEAT LOSS FOR 85% MAGNESIA INSULATION BLOCK WITH Vi INCH ASBESTOS CEMENT FINISH. VERTICAL POSITION HEAT loss EXPRESSED IN BTU PER SQUARE FOOT PER HOUR AT INDICATED TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES. 75 F INDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE IftSVlotlM TkickAto, In. Timp Diffinnu (Hot Surfoce-Air) Dog F 100 200 300 400 500 i 297 61.8 96.2 133. 172. 1*4 2\7 45.0 69.9 96.5 125. I 2 17.0 35.3 54.9 75.8 98.1 2'h 14.0 297 45.2 62.4 80.8 3 11.9 247 38.4 53.0 68.6 3 *4 10.3 21.5 33.4 46.2 597 4 9.2 19.0 29.5 40.8 52.8 I TABLE IX-B HEAT LOSS FOR 85% MAGNESIA AND DIATOMACEOUS SILICA COMBINATION BLOCK INSULATION WITH % INCH ASBESTOS CEMENT FINISH. VERTICAL POSITION I HEAT IOSS EXPRESSED IN BTU PER SQUARE FOOT PER HOUR AT INDICATED TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES. 75 F INDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE Insulation Thickness j Temp Difference (Hot Surface-Air) Deg F Inner layer. Outer Layer, i In. In. j 525 625 . 725 825 925 i 1 | 117. 142. 169. 1*4 93.8 115. 2 78.5 96.0 2*4 67.5 82.6 3 59.2 72.5 1*4 1 98.9 121. 144. 167. 1 *4 82.0 100. 119. ... 2 70.1 85.6 102. 2'/i 613. 74.8 3 ; 54.2 66.4 2 1 | 86.1 105. 125. 145. 166. 1 *4 72.9 88.9 106. 123. i 2 i 63.3 77.3 91.9 2*4 ! 55.9 68.3 81.2 3 50.1 61.2 2*4 1 76.2 92.7 110. 128. 147. 1 '/i 65.7 80.0 95.0 111. 127. I 2 577 70.4 837 97.4 1 2*4 51.6 3 ! 46.5 63.0 56.8 74.9 67.6 3 1 68.4 83.2 98.6 115. 131. 1*4 59.8 72.8 86.3 100. 115. 2 53.1 647 76.8 89.4 103. 2*4 47.8 58.3 69.2 60.6 3 43.5 53.1 63.0 ( 79 ^Maximum weights Including normal accessories and finishes lo b e used lo r equipment design purposes only. }See ''Double Standord" In Glossory for thicknesses. I i i L 1 i i' s Si oO li *2 ll SO ij? i c xa ml U. s H5 o Z o 3 n Z < V VI 3 Oui u < 2 Oh- < <uzi /> az 3 o z o o JE 3 mS C l* i0f z r* r* s. s 08 -C ` ' - 08 O ^wn 1.9 2.1 3.1 3.3 n 3 '/i 2.6 2.8 2.6 3.0 4.3 3.8 5.2 4.5 3.8 4.0 4.3 5.2 4.5 6.7 5.7 7.4 6.7 8.3 8.3 8.0 9.6 10.2 11.0 14.0 a; +Mo>tmvm wplghta Including normal a c c a ito rU i ond flnliti lo b o uiod fo r oqulpmont doilgn p u rp o io i only. *Moalmum w o lg h ti Including normal o c c o n o rU i ond fln lih o t lo bo u io d fo r oqulpmont doilgn p u rp o to t Only. K CD O O no n O-* <ON -N <wN <4 K (S O *Maitmwm weight i Inducing normal a cco u o rle i and fln lih o i lo bo utod for oqulpmont dotlgn p u rp o io i only, Glossary of Trade Terms ASBESTOS: Asbestos products such as asbestos cloth jackets, asbestos tape, asbestos paper, and asbestos cement, all made of mined asbestos fiber, are used as finishing materials where high heat resistance combined with nonflamma bility is desired. BANDS: Metal strips, sometimes called strapping, made of steel finished in black or gold lacquer, aluminum, brass, galvanized steel, stainless steel, zinc, bronze and monel metal. They are used as fastening on insulation finished with pasted canvas jackets and for securing block insulation to equipment such as tanks, etc., the particular material of which the bands are made depending upon the requirements of the installation. BEADING: Strips of fluted metal used for protecting insulation at square cor-, ners of equipment such as ducts. BENCH WORKER: Insulation mechanic who specializes in constructing removable insulation. BLOCKING IN: The process of applying insulation blocks to irregular sur- j. faces such as fittings, valves, ribbed equipment, etc. it BREAKING THE JOINT, BROKEN JOINT: Staggering joints in a layer, or, in double layer construction, staggering the joints in the outer layer with respect to the joints in the inner layer. Broken joint construction, therefore, refers to an installation where the blocks and pipe insulation sections are applied j with the joints staggered. v. CABLE: Steel cable, usually ys in. in diameter, used to fasten insulation to equipment surfaces. CANVAS: Cotton cloth used as jacketing for pipe and equipment insulation. Canvas jacketing is used in weights ranging from 2 to 8 oz per square yard. Sewed * canvas jacketing is generally an 8-oz canvas. CEAIENT: Finish Cement (soft). . This is a fibered asbestos cement mixed with a heat-resistant binder. It may be given a hard surface by troweling and is used where there is little likelihood of wetting. Finish Cement (hard). This is a mixture of soft cement and portland < cement, generally in the ratio of 1 of portland to 2 or 3 of asbestos by weight, r. It produces a harder finish and is resistant to occasional wetting. Insulating Cement. 85% Magnesia and diatomaceous silica in crushed form. It is mixed with water and troweled in place. Lagging Cement. Prepared from a polyvinyl acetate plastic emulsion and used to cement jacketing material such as canvas to insulation. *' ~ Asphalt (lop) Cement. An asphaltic sealing compound used to cement i or seal asphalt-saturated weatherproof jackets. CUPS: Small pieces of metal which are welded to a surface prior to insula- j tion application, to secure wires or bands holding the insulation. 83 DOUBLE STANDARD (THICKNESS): This term and the term "Standard Thickness" refer to a series of insulation thicknesses that vary with pipe size. The thicknesses are approximately as follows: Nominal Pipe Size, In. % > 1% 2 to 3'/, 4 5 and 6 8 to 10 12 and over Standard, In. % i'/ >'/. 1'/. 1% 1% Double Standard, In. 1 *%z 25/ i'U 2*/it 2% 3 FIBROUS ADHESIVE: A thick, gummy, silicate-cement base material, having some asbestos fiber mixed with it, and used where necessary to aid in apply ing insulation. HELPER: Apprentice insulation mechanic. LAGGING: Any type of jacketing material such as canvas, asbestos, etc. Insu lation blocks used on steam locomotive boilers are sometimes called lagging. MESH WIRE NETTING: Also called netting, chicken wire, hex mesh, etc. It is zinc-coated iron or steel hexagonal mesh wire, mesh size used depending upon the particular installation involved. Most commonly used are 1-in. and 2-in. mesh. METAL LATH: Plasterer's lath either with or without V-rib projections. It is used where insulation must be applied on surfaces which have ribs or other projections to create a flat surface to which the insulation may be laced. MITERING: Cutting insulation blocks and sections to fit pipe bends and other sharply curved surfaces. Mitering can be done with either a knife or a saw, or simply by shaping the molded insulation by hand. MUD: Any cement that is wetted is often called "mud." Generally refers to insulating or asbestos cement. MXJDDING OVER: Insulating a surface with cement or applying a layer of cement over insulation. PASTE: A cold water paste made from organic materials and furnished in dry powder form. Also used in reference to a liquid silicate of soda paste, which is heat-resistant. PLASTIC WEATHERPROOFING: An asphalt emulsion mixed with asbes tos fiber of troweling consistency that is resistant to fire and weather. POINTING UP: Sealing of joints and filling in of voids, depressions, etc., in insulation with cement. PIPE PROTECTOR: Metal cap, made of 20-gauge aluminum, and fastened with a tongue clasp. Applied over exposed ends of pipe insulation. his term and the term "Standard nesses that vary with pipe size. Double Standard, In. i"/ 2V32 i'U 2 s/.* 2% 3 ite-cement base material, having here necessary to aid in apply- ch as canvas, asbestos, etc. Insuare sometimes called lagging. g, chicken wire, hex mesh, etc. vire, mesh size used depending commonly used are 1-in. and or without V-rib projections, irfaces which have ribs or other nsuladon may be laced. sections to fit pipe bends and me with either a knife or a saw, and. led "mud." Generally refers to th cement or applying a layer : materials and furnished in dry id silicate of soda paste, which alt emulsion mixed with asbes: to fire and. weather. in of voids, depressions, etc., in gauge aluminum, and fastened of pipe insulation. REMOVABLE INSULATION: Sometimes called "portable insulation." Consists of molded insulation, either block or pipe insulation, and a wire form con structed so that it can be removed and replaced quickly and easily, as often as necessary, with minimum damage to itself or to the adjacent insulation. ROSIN PAPER: Sometimes called building paper. A rosin-sized sheathing paper weighing about 40 lbs per roll of 300 sq ft. ROUGHING IN: Application of cement and odd-shaped pieces of insulation block to irregular surfaces such as valve and fitting surfaces. The cement is daubed on first, and the insulation pieces are set in the cement. A coating of cement is then applied over the entire area. SEAM: Longitudinal joint of sectional pipe insulation. SHEET METAL JACKET: A jacket made of galvanized iron, equipped with circumferential and longitudinal expansion joints, when necessary. Light metals are also used in some cases. STANDARD (THICKNESS): See DOUBLE STANDARD (THICKNESS). STAPLES: Short iron staples applied with a stapling machine or hammered in with a hammer. t STRAPPING: Signode, Acme or similar metal strapping that can be pulled tight with tensioning tools. WEATHERPROOFING FELT: An asbestos felt jacketing, impregnated or "saturated" with asphalt. Also available coated with asphalt, in addition to being impregnated. Another type consists of an impregnated felt layer with an outer unsaturated layer, for greater fire resistance. ' WIRE: Annealed iron, copper, galvanized steel, copperweld, and monel wire, the gauge used depending upon the requirements of the particular installation. 85 v> C TO >. >. e S. 0I --t u ftu ltirin d u rin g tio n o LU " g C> r> * c. r- e ,,- o 2 a < LL iH U _ c a 5 - r> s-^6 S 2 s ,c < 2 fe -2 <-> t w V) a* " S g .c > . c *! -- 2SS >> i G* ^ i e.' si vt n t o _c hwA * P >* a j>*. a E Q. 6I u i.r sj 3 2 J c. * E 3 6-! III g SE *r o S .2 W USE 2E C> c c. U c s e --e e 3 S S >* ft* a i Si ft- s ac HE^ *P > c CL c E : : : %. o U c* 6C 0 tt. h> c s ha u R . : : c _ 3 C wea : * C c 5 c o ai_ . ` =g a G. E wT 3w Uc _ CL >N 5 C SE u *r o ha - : ; <8 * <r. u. 1) 5 W Sg c: .9* u e c rt *3 * : : s 2S . n o <haj - jj Jl : : c ` H U. -G ftft o j: H vW$'s OCA -* * c o -C V= I Ui gillsZ H V) _ C. Ov ?* S3 o S VSirr': 86 :3... a- -'ir E5 o U Act o.. 6: 9 u AS bc 9 u ,,: e* eCl 1 o . .'a 2S : 0 E w it<3 '<3 Cl is s = 's s CL X XUL s= c X o s c sfS >* Jo tSfl CB U uX H oo X^ Oc 2P - *2 *3 It 11 c S E u> -- scu-8~ *a9 VgcC |AEk 14es 2 b aaa ^3 ^fc* m 5 V.55i *^wU es .? 1 <3* *3: . a ao - i *- 2 s* l-S* X 5 c. <5 r\ 5 Q < * v*. < o n 2 1 ChaB *n a *3 AC C VC II F^S5! f <31 Mu .5 5E *CcS --w. es .2* Sg ZS *s 1s C I* u<3 CB u a -- lcec o -- = w 4 e := CB 2Z2 a- - J- Bu t> C & E : a. E: c U 60 t9 C c. E2 :6 SE >s : u a. CJC CB x2 CL e c. < c $E U U S * : e.. 5 s s >s X u* l> O ^ o o oS & 9 to %G E E V 60 v Ue AC tt tt r i .5 . .5 S x - AC xe AC w xc- x =1 s I.E c -=AC _=_ =n S eo C cc *u Cos C c aC fe 2 f*>: = w C *c,, X U J2 Xc *AcaC*i29s ec .= ~AcC .EAcC ^^ < or E *^ N N S .s ;s x -s2c x.2 ^ U ^SS 'Cc MG9 J9MG JV9G) XZo o < io'^ c X o C M KA# Z -c (J 8 -- "- zo Sd, zo* ^22 06 cLZZ On c z 'r o. 2 nn o. z xit -E < Z* id "3 g Cn X c a. 2| v) C fr < 87 Selected Bibliography I. W. H, McAdams: HEAT TRANSMISSION. McGrawHill Book Company. 2nd edition, 1942. 3. Alfred Schack: INDUSTRIAL HEAT TRANSFER. John Wiley Sons, Inc., 1933, New York. 3. Keenan and Keyes-. THERMODYNAMIC PROPER TIES OF STEAM. John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York. 4. HEATING. VENTILATING, AIR CONDITIONING GUIDE. '37th edition. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. 1949. 5. L. B. McMillan: HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH INSULATION IN THE MODtRATE AND HIGH TEMPERATURE FIELDS--A STATEMENT OF THE EXISTING DATA. ASME Transactions. Vol. 48,1936, p. 1369. 6. R.H. Heilman: SURFACE HEAT TRANSMISSION. ASME Transactions. Fuels and Steam Power, Vol. 51. 1939. p. 257. 88 Index Adbesivt (fibrous), description of, p. 84 Air space as insulation, p. 56 Ait velocity and surface resistance, p. 55 Application procedures, see insulation applica tion procedures Asbestos cement finish, application of, p. 40 insulation of fittings and valves, p. 14-16 Asbestos doth finish, application of, p. 46 Asbestos products, description of, p. 83 Asphalt Up cement, description of, p. 83 Asphalt-saturated asbestos felt, application of. p. 41 Fahrenheit and Centigrade conversion tab'e. p. 59 Felt, weatherproofing, see Weatherproofiog felt, p. 85 SLsphalc-sarurated, application of, p. -t 1 Finish cement, description of, p. 83 Finishes application of, p. 37-46 asbestos cement, p. 40 asbestos cloth, p. 46 asphalt-saturated asbestos felt, p. 41 factory-applied canvas, p. 37 metal jacket, p. 46, 85 pasted canvas, p. 37-38 Bands, description of, p. 83 plastic weatherproofing, p. 42 Beading removable paoel, p. 44 application of, p. 25 sewed canvas, p. 39 description of. p. 83 Bench worker, definition of, p 83 Fire-resiscant finish, see Asbestos cloth, p. 46 Fittings Block insulation flanged, area of, p. 64-6$ application of, p. 19 insulation of, p. 14-16 combination 85% Magnesia-diatomaceous silica, table of hear losses of, p. 79 pasted canvas finish for, p. 38 Flange insulation description of, p. 3-4 application of, p. 16-18 85% Magnesia, cable of beat losses of, p. 79 asbestos cloth finish for. p. 46 dimensions of. p. 16. 16 Blocking io, definition -of, p. 83 pasted canvas jacket for, p. 38 Boiler efficiency, definition of. p. 57 Flues, insulation of, p. 25*27 Bolts, insulation to allow for removal of. Furaace wall insulation from flanges, p. 16 . application of. p. 20 from heaters and exchangers, p. 28 finish of, p. 44 Breaking the joint, broken joint, description of, p. 83 Gauge pressure, definition of, p. 58 Breeching, insulation of, p. 25-27 Btu, definition of, p. 57 Headers, steam. insuUtion of, p. 24 Heads of heaters and exchangers, insuUtion of. Cable, description of, p. 83 p. 28 Calorie, definition of, p. 57 of drums, insuUtion of, p. 22 Canvas, description of. p. 83 of shell and tube bundles, insuUtion of, Canvas finish (jacket), p, 37-39 p. 28 factory-applied, p. 11 Heat, definition of, p. 58 Cement, description of various types, p. 83 Hear loss, from over-sized piping. P- 56 Cement insulation, p. 3 annual cost of. graph of, p. 7 on finings aod valves, p. 14 Centigrade and Fahrenheit conversion cable, p. 59 sources of, p. 47 Heat loss tables Chicken wire, see Mesh wire netting, p. 84 combination block insulation, p. 79 Clips, description of. p. 83 combination pipe insuUtion. p. 74-**8 Combination insulation diatomaceous silica pipe insulation, p. 73 description of, o. 5 85% Magnesia block iruuUrion, p. *9 beat losses, tables of, p. 74-78, ?9 85% Magnesia pipe insulation, p. 70-72 weight, table of. p. 82 horizontal bare steel pipe and flat surfaces, Conductance, definition of, p. 57 p. 66-69 Conduction, definition of, p. 57 Heat-resistant finish.see Asbestos cloth finish, p. 46 Conductivity, definition of.p. 57 Heat transfer, rate of, method of calcuUrion. p. 69 Conductivity test for 85% Magnesia aod diatoma* Heat transmission theory, p. 53*56 ceous silica, p. 53 Heaters, insuUtion of, p. 28 Conductor, definition of, p- 5" Helper, definition of, p. 84 Conical bottom vessels, insulation of, p. 34-36 Hex snesb, see Mesh wire netting, p. 84 Contractors handling 85% Magnesia, services and facilities of, p. 2 High temperature insuUtion, sec Diatomaceous silica Convection, definition of, p. 57 Convex bottom vessels, insulation of, p. 34-36 Cover pUte, insulation of, p. 28 fasulacing cement, description of, p. 83 InsuUtioo air space, value of, p. 56 Density, definition of, p. 57 definition of, p. 58 Diatomaceous silica insuUtion, description of, P- 5 Division wall tubes. insuUtion of, p. 25 Double standard thickness drying of water-saturated, p. 49 economical thickness of, p. 7 effect on pressure drop, p. 56 falUcies, p. 59-56 . definition and table of, p. 84 functions of, p. 1 discussion of, p. 9 maintenance of, p. 47 Dowo-take tubes. insuUtion of, p. 24-25 Drum beads, insuUrioo of, p. 22-23 Drying water-saturated insulation, p. 49 Ducts, insuUtion of, p. 25-27 planning plant layout for, p. 1 repair of, p. 49 structure of, p. 53 support, p. 11, 34 Economical tbickoess of insuUtioo, p. 7 Emissivitv definition of. p. 58 of industrial surfaces, value of. p. 69 Equipment, insuUtion of, see Insulation applica tion Exchangers. insuUtion of, p. 28 Expansion joints for metal jackets, p. 46 Expansion, thermal, of pipes, p. 61 InsuUtion application on breechings, p. 25*27 cover pUtes, p. 28 division wall tubes, p. 25 down-take tubes, p. 24-25 drum heads, p. 22-23 ducts, p. 25-27 equipment, general discussion of. p. 19 equipment subject to expansion, p. 36 exchangers, p. 28 89 tttup, p. 14*16 flanges, p. 16-18 beaten, p. 26 borizoocat surfaces facias downward, p. 19 irregular surfaces, p. 19 parallel piping, p. 14 pipes, p. 11 rocaaof equipment, p 36 steam drums and drum beads, p. 22 steam headers, p. 24 tanks and cowen, p. 29*34 turbines, p. 28 nlm, p. 14*16 vessels, p. 29*34 water-cooled furnace walls, p. 20 acket, metal, see Finishes oiot, broken, descripdon of. p. 83 expansion, for metal jackeo, p. 46 Lagging, description of, p. 84 Latent beat, definition of, p. 58 Lath, octal, description or, p. 84 Layout of plant to provide for insulation, p. 1 Magnesia, 859c, general discussion of, p. 3*5 application procedures, p. 11*36 economical thickness of, p. 7 hear losses, tables of, p. 70-72, 79 Maintenance of insulation, p. 47-49 contract arrangements for, p. 2 Mb. Mbh, definition of, p. 56 Mitering, description of, p. 84 Mud, mudding over, explanation of, p. 84 Paste, descripdon of, p. 84 Pipe horizontal bare steel, beat losses from. p. 68 standard size of copper and red-brass, table of, p. 66 thermal expansion, cable of. p. 61 welded ana seamless steel, dimensions, table of, p. 62 weights, table of, p. 63 Pipe insutadoo application of. p. 11*14 dimensions of, p. 11 beat loss, tables of combination insulation, p. 74*78 diatomaceous silica, p. 73 85% Magnesia, p. 7CL72 weight, tables of combination insulation, p. 82 diatomaceous silica, p. 81 . 85% Magnesia, p. 80 Pipe protector, descriptioo of, P. 84 Piping, bent, pasted canvas jacket for, p. 38 parallel, insulatioo of, p. 14 Plastic weatherproofing application of, p. 42 description of, P- 84 maintenance or, p. 48 Pointing Qp, definition of, p. 84 Potentiometer, p. 58 Pressure absolute, definition of, p. 57 aonosphtfic, definition of, p. 57 drop tn superheated steam line, p. 56 gauge, definition of, p. 56 of saturated steam, p. 60 saturation, definition of. p* 58 Pyrometer, definition of, p. 58 Radiation, definition of, p. 58 Removable insulation definition of, p. 85 for flanges, p. 18 for inspecting tube seats, P. 25 for wall tube of water wall, p. 20 with sheet metal covers, for shell and tube bundle beads, p. 28 Resistance, thermal, definition of, p. 58 Resistivity, thermal, definition of, p. 58 Roofing felt, application of, p. 41 Rosin-sized paper application of, p. 39 description of, p. 85 Rotating equipment, insulation of, p. 36 Roughing in. description of, p. 65 Sanitation, definition of, p. 56 Sectional insulatioo application of, p. 11*12 description of, p. 3, 11 Segmental insulation application of, p; 13 description of. p. 3, 11 Sensible beat, definition of, p. 56 Sheathing paper, application of. p. 39 Shell, of swam drum, insulation of, p. 22 Shell and cube bundle beads, insulation of, p. 28 Specific heat, definition of, p. 38 Standard thickness, p. 9; see also Double standard thickness Staples, description of, p. 85 Sream definition of, p. 56 flow velocity data, p. 56 temperature and pressure, table of, p. 60 temperature drop, discussion of, p. 56 Steam drums, insulation of, p. 22 Steam headers, insulation of, p. 24 Stiffeners, insulatioo of, P. 25-27 Scrapping, description of, p. 85 Superheat loss due to over-sired piping, p. 56 Surface conductance, definition of, p. 58 Surface resistance, air velocity effect on, p. 55 Surface temperature and determination of beat loss, p. 55 Tanks, insulatioo of conical and convex bottom, p. 34 horizontal, p. 29 vertical, p. 32 Temperature absolute, definition of, p. 57 conversion, formula and table of, p. $9 drop in superheated steam, p 56 of saturated steam, table of, p. 60 Therm, defioitioo of, p. 58 Thermal conductivity, tests for, p. 53*55 Thickness of insulation determination of, p. 7*9 economical, p. 7 on flanges, p. 18 on irregular surfaces, p. 19 for outdoor equipment, p. 9 standard, p. 9; see also Double standard Towers, insulation of, p. 32 Tubes copper water tubes, dimensions and weighs, cable of, p. 67 division wall, insulation of, p. 2$ dowo-take, insulatioo of, p. 24*23 of water-cooled furnace walls, insulatioo of, p. 20 Turbines, insulation of, p. 28 Valves insulatioo of, p. 14-16 pasted canvas jacket for, p. 38 Velocity, air, effect oo surface resistance of, p. 55 Vibration, anchoring insulation against, p. 19 Water-cooled furnace walls finish for, p. 44 insulation of, p. 20 Water-saturated insulation, drying of, p. 49 Weatherproofing, see Plastic weatherproofing Weatherproofing felt, description of, P- 85 Weight, cables of combination pipe insulation, p- 82 copper water cubes, p. 67 diatomaceous silica pipe insulation, p. 81 85% Magnesia pipe insulation, p. 80 reo*brass and copper pipe, p. 66 welded and seamless steel pipe, P* 63 Wire description of, p. 85 loops, application of, p. 12 Wire mesh netting, description of, p. 84 90