Document XOQ3oaBM03mz9X7kRrLvd9bXK

MINER YEARB 19 Volume I of T METALS AND (EXCEPT Prepared by the staff of the BUREAU OF MINES DIVISION OF MINERALS Charles W. tAerrill, Chief Frank D. Lamb, Assistant C 690 MINERALS YEARBOOK, I 0.57 Sillimanite deposits occur in Assam. The minimum reserves were estimated at 250,000 tons. Sillimanite brick sold for US$50,30 per hundred. TABLE 3.--Production of sillimanite in India, 1952-56, in short tons 1 Year Short tons Year Short tons 1962................................................................ 1963................................................................ 1964................................................................ 6,686 fl, 150 3, 434 1956................................................................ 1960................................................................ 2,714 6,000 i Bureau of Mines, Mineral Trado Notes: Vol. 46, No. 4, April 1968, Spoc. Suppl. 62, p. 8. Kenya.--During the first part of 1957 reorganization of Kenya Kyanite, Ltd., was begun by tho new owner, G. F. K. Refractories, Ltd., a subsidiary of New Consolidated Goldfields, Ltd. Kenya Kyanite, Ltd., which had been in technical difficulties for several years, went into receivership in July 1955.*** Union of South Africa.--The Pella corundum-sillimanite, an impor tant reserve of refractory material with high alumina content, had been utilized since 1954 for manufacturing furnace linings in West Germany.6 The Pella West deposits lie between the Bushmanland Plateau in the south and the highly dissected valley of the Orange River, which passes about 8 miles to the north, on a flat, low-lying, partly sandcovered terrace in the southwestern comer of the Pella Mission Farm. The farm is in the Namaqualand district about 90 miles from Springbok and about 108 miles from the railroad at Kakamas, in the North western Cape Province of the Union of South Africa. The available reserves of the Pella deposits totaled approximately 400,000 short tons at tho end of June 1955, equivalent to 33 years' production, at the rate of 1,000 tons a month. The average chemical composition is: Si02, 19.68; AI203, 74.65; Fe203, 1.63; Ti02, 2.49; and ignition loss, 1.28 percent. TECHNOLOGY The new Willis Mountain plant of Kyanite Mining Corp. near Dillwyn, Buckingham County, Va., was completed and began oper ating full scale. Potential plant capacity may double the output of kyanite concentrate by the company. Mining was by open pit, and the ore was concentrated by froth flotation. Byproducts were sand and pyrites. Chas. Taylor Sons Co. rebuilt its batching and grinding system and its screening system, with installation of controlled batching, at the Taylor, Ky., plant. These new facilities made it possible to produce mullito brick and shapes and special mullite refractories, including high-temperature cements and ramming mixtures, using fused mullite, sintered bauxite (domesLic and imported), and calcined Indian kyanite in any desired proportions. The company was preparing to produce sintered mullito from Bayer alumina and other aluminous and siliceous raw materials.6 Bureau of Mines, Mineral Trade Notes: Vol. 46, Nu. l, July 1967, p. 29. Bureau of Minos, Mineral Trade Notes: Vol. 44, No. 2, February 1067, pp. 23-24. Ohas. Taylor Sons Co., Letter to the Bureau uf Mines, Apr. 7, 1968. Lead By O. M. Bishop 1 and Edith E 4. Page Legislation and Government pro DL/UoImUUes9vt grams------------- ---------- - - - - --- - Defense Minerals Exploration Administration-----------------------692 Government barter program-- 693 General Services Administra Consum tion-------------------------------------Domestic production........................... Mine production--------------------Smelter and refinery produc Stocks. PricesForeign World r tion--------------Refined lead -- primary 700 World r Techno and secondary-------------- '02 ONTINUED supply in excess of c C impending cutback in United State of Fead, and increasing industry stock both the United States and the foreign Lead supply in the United States was more thanPPin 1956. and 211,000 tons Domestic mine production and seconda clinTdabout 4 percent, but total import 14 percent from 459,000 to 522,000 tons. consumers' stocks of lead increased 54,0 tons of foreign lead acquired through ba term objective for lead (and zinc) would In late April the Commodity Credit Co that mi further lead and Jo barter con the program had been evaluated. L negotiations were again authorized, th restrictive terms that sharply delimited British Government announced it woul lead (and 27,000 tons of zinc) from its s of these announcements, growing stock consumption, the price of lead dropped 1 Commodity specialist. 1 Statistical assistant. 692 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1057 ft price that had prevailed since January 13, 1956--to 15.5 cents on May 9, 1957, 15.0 cents on May 10, 14.0 ccnLs on June 11, 13.5 cents on October 14, and 13.0 cents on December 2. Zinc prices between May 6 and July 1 were dropped from 13.0 to 10.0 cents a pound. Almost at once domestic mining companies began to curtail opera tions or shut down mines, and output of recoverable lead in the last quarter of 1957 was down 13 percent from that of the first quarter. Production of 534,000 tons refined lead from domestic, and foreign ores was the second greatest quantity refined since 1942. LEGISLATION AND GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS Government programs affecting lead chiefly related to stockpiling and mineral exploration or to mobilization plans. Under the Pro visions of the Defonse Production Act of 1950, as amended, explora tion continued to be carried out by the Defense Minerals Exploration Administration (DMEA), and the procurement for the national stockpile was continued by the General Services Administration (GSA) while the Office of Minerals Mobilization (OMM) continued evaluation of metal and mineral supply versus requirements and the development of mobilization programs. Lead was also acquired by the Federal Government through the barter program authorized under the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954. DEFENSE MINERALS EXPLORATION ADMINISTRATION The DMEA program to encourage exploration and increase domestic reserves of strategic and critical minerals and metals was continued throughout 1957. DMEA provided 50 percent of the approved cost of exploration contracts for lead and zinc. During 1957, 15 new contracts were executed for exploration, altogether costing $2,150,000. Amendments to existing lead-zinc TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead industry in the United States, 1948-52 (average) and 1958-57, in short tons 1648-62 1663 1654 1666 1056 1957 (average) Production of refined primary lead: From domestic ores and base bullion.. 377,734 From foreign ores and base bulllou___ 78,844 328,012 139, 876 322,271 164, 441 321, 132 158,025 340, IH8 103, 120 347,676 185,858 Total........................................................ 466,678 467,881 480,7J2 470, 167 642,308 533,633 Recovory of secondary lead........................... 476,787 Imports (general): Lead in nigs, bars, and old.................... 347,792 3, 143 Ijcud In ores and matte........................... 83.971 Exports of roflnod pig lead............................ 1, 432 Consumption of primary and secondary lead.................................................................. 1, 120,028 l'rlces (cents nor pound): New York: Average for period............................ 16.13 Quotation at end of period............. 16.72 London average for period..................... 16. 80 Mine production of recoverable lead 1........ 401,607 World smelter production oflcad................ 1,780,000 486,737 390,610 808 160.800 803 1,201,604 13. 48 13.60 11.48 342,644 2,000,000 480,025 281,041 41 161, 261 696 1,004,871 14.06 15. U0 12. 08 325,416 '2,200,000 602,051 284,720 177,479 403 1,212, 644 16. 14 15.54 13. 16 338,025 2, 220, 000 606,756 283, 392 31 196,452 4,628 1,200,717 10.01 16. 00 14.62 352.626 2, 370,000 486,226 333,626 84 197.831 4,339 1,138,115 T4.6U 13.00 12. 05 338,216 2, 490, 000 includes Alaska. * Revised figure. LEAD exploration contracts made during the y $1,095,000, or a total of $3,245,000 for the program in 1951, 257 contracts in executed, which authorized Governm million and combined Government and million. Ore discoveries were certified explored; discoveries ranged from sever lead ore to one of more than 35 million Tennessee. A list of DMEA contracts in 1957, as in previous years, is given volume. PCRCCNT 1 Unix d Stole* percent of world produ t ho usand sho r t t o ns FioonE 1.--Trends in the lead industry in th sumption includes primary refined, antimon in pigments made directly from ore. Impor cent of the lead content of ores, mattes, and jjigs, liars, base bullion, and scrap. GOVERNMENT BARTER Under authority of Public Law 480 (1 zation of May 1956, the Department of A the Commodity Credit Corporation, co surplus agricultural products for zinc and origin. In 1957 the CCC contracted for tons in 1956) to be added to the Governm 694 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1057 On April 30 the Department, of Agriculture ceased making new barter agreements, pending an evaluation of its program. On May 28 the program was resumed under restrictions to assure that agricultural commodities traded were in addition to marketings that would other wise have taken place. Relatively fow barter contracts were made after April 30 under the modified program. GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION The General Services Administration (GSA) continued to lie responsible for stockpile procurement and administration, procure ment under foreign-aid programs as agent of the International Co operation Administration (ICA), and for administration of Defense Production Act programs, including domestic purchase programs. Purchases of lead produced from domestic ores were made against the long-term stockpile objective for lead throughout 1957. The quan tities purchased were not made public. Foreign lead received at GSA warehouses under barter agreements during the year totaled 100,075 tons (29,899 tons in 1956). This lead was credited to the "supplemental" stockpile and cannot be released except by an act of Congress. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Lead output is compiled on both a mine and smelter-refinery basis. Mine output is the sum of the lead recovered from all domestic lead ores, concentrates, mill tailings, and smelter residues or slags. The recovery at smelters, refineries, and other processing plants in the United States in 1957 averaged 97.8 percent of the lead content of the lead-bearing primary material processed. Pig-lead output, as reported by smelters and refineries, represents actual lead recovered. Smelter and refinery output from domestic ores usually differs from the mine-production figure, because there is a lag between mine shipments and smelter treatment of ore and con centrate and because 3,000 to 6,000 tons of lead concentrate is used directly in manufacturing pigment. MINE PRODUCTION Mines in the United States produced 338,200 tons of recoverable lead in 1957'--4 percent less than in 1956. The average monthly pro duction rate through April, when lead sold at 16.0 cents a pound, was 4 percent above the monthly rate of 1956. Monthly production de clined thereafter in response to drops in price; by December output was 26,000 tons or only 82 percent of that in April.^ Missouri for the 51st year ranked first as a lead-producing State. For the same years Idaho ranked second and Utah third (except from 1925-27, when Utah was second and Idaho third). Together these 3 States pro duced 72 percent of the domestic mine production of lead in 1957 and 67 percent in 1956. Western States.--Mines of the Western States produced 56 percent of the total domestic mine output, the same proportion as in 1956. Sharp declines in Montana, California, New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada were not wholly offset by increases in Idaho, Washington, T A B IE 2.-- Ores y ie ld in g lead and zinc in the United States in 1957, in short tons < Z in c ore Total Zinc o j3 i* iNi.s o N3 aatjg, 8g ai 3 Sd. &o. 8.8 0,-0 08 mg.S2f O* o N3 3 l-s of w N3J -o s J m2 LEAD 33, 761 IiOabCtOO0O>QSC'N3Hr-l-O-isOf 3I S 00 g et* I sis? St-3 Sf"8';Jl''"rv'SfSf Nof <*,)C`4'4'>-4ao to 11 0)N 3" r--oo-icoC''5io a vT"do>o--wfo o<ffaVo e---Trc-o.ao--c>f i--" s tS3 11 SSfe 8SS a 1 S is i ! i j orf- r <*f ! 1 ' ! a m 3 i s- IiM i : !oo ! ! ' 8rerf IIII1 !'t- !i! h o> 3 igft is? i? CO is i i 8j is i 2 i I is i xiiSssSsliiSi 1 aj SooN il is j IJ SSsSssisi wN <0 I4H 2 NnOV^OONNOO V358S3SKS fssfgs i eo 3 2 iI itS-l tS- " iss ?i Nto IBS i 1 1 B| snss35 s 2O3SC4 31 u 3 " iS2S- of -" 8, ato 1 r- i <N tf<-svt>" B :&SS is "S' 8l II 8 Lead-zinc ore o 3 N X3 O3 og r CO 3 sgiiiiiiis otof 8 of cf 1 *88 -1 ii S1 oftoof 8" 1 State a aC9 . tv i <0 I j ! I ;8 id co ! ii o f 3 J M a J3 jdJfllS 13 c* *<io * T o ta l........................... W est C entral States: Kansas........................... M issouri........................ O k la h o m a ............... T o ta l................ 696 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 11)57 Colorado, and Arizona; the group as a whole produced 7,400 tons less than in 1956. Load output in Idaho increased to 71,600 tons, tiie highest level since 1953. Increased output was reported by most of the principal operators. The Bunker Hill mine of the Bunker Hill Co. and the Page mine owned by American Smelting & Refining Co., recorded the largest gains. However, the decline in lead prices during the latter half of the year caused production cutbacks and closures. Idaho mines shut down in 1957 included the Hull leaso on the Frisco mine, the Nabob Silver Lead mine, and the Triumph Mining Co. operation. In mid-December the Bunker Hill Co. announced curtailment of its production in the Coeur d'Alene region. Output of recoverable lead in Utah declined 10 percent, to 44,500 tons, because of the closing of the Eagle-Blue Bell, Chief No. 1, the Plutus mines in June, and the Mayfiower-Park Galena (Now Park) mines in September. The United States and Lark mine unit continued to be the largest producer in the State. Other important producers in 1957 were United Park City, Mayflowor-Park Galena, Calumet, Ophir, and Eagle-Blue Bell mines. _ , TABLE 3.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1948-52 (average) and 1953-57, by States, in short tons 1048-52 1063 1964 1956 1956 1057 (overage) Western States and Alaska: 110 24,753 12.085 27,881 83.600 19,721 8. 750 6,864 8 5 106 50.887 8,720 0 9. 428 8,664 21.764 74.610 10, 949 4.371 2,943 5 10 41.622 11,064 8,385 2.671 17. 823 69, 302 14,820 3,041 887 5 44.072 0.938 l 9,817 8.266 15. 805 64.1G3 17,028 3,291 3, 206 3 50. 452 10, 340 1 11.909 9. 296 19.856 64.321 18.642 6. 384 6,042 6 49, 555 11,657 Total........................................................ 242.669 West Central States: 14 8, 502 123.476 17.842 Total......................................................... 149,834 States cast of the Mississippi Hlvcr: Illinois.. . .......................................... Wisconsin.................................................... Total........................................................ 3. 634 127 1.331 80 3.314 1.128 0.614 401,907 104.329 3. 347 125,895 0,304 138. 646 3.391 52 1,435 9 2, 788 2. 004 9, 769 3-12, 644 171,844 182.461 4.033 125,2.50 14,204 143,487 5,498 125.412 14,126 145,030 3.232 80 1. 187 4,544 1,037 4,324 3 1.2G6 2. 999 1.948 10,088 10. 528 325,410 . 338,025 107.758 7, 635 123, 783 12,350 143,768 3,832 228 J, 608 5 3. 015 2. 682 11,300 852, 820 0 12,441 3.458 21,00.1 71,637 13, 300 6, 979 6, 204 5 44,471 12, 734 100, 331 4,257 126.345 7, 183 137, 785 2, 970 41! 1,607 3, 152 1. 900 10.100 338,216 i Includes 4 tons Iroin North Ctirollnn In 1054, 2 tons In 1055, 10 tons In 1056, and 0 tons In 1057. 3 Iucludcs 4 tons from Iowo. Colorado out pul. of lead increased 6 percent to 21,000 Lons in 1957. The Idarado Mining Co. mine group continued to be the largest pro- T.BlAn ducer in the State. Other important produc mine of the New Jersey Zinc Co. (Eagle Cou mine of the American Smelting & Refining'^C Mines closed after price declines includea*th Rico group of Rico Argentine Mining Co., and of Ressurrection Mining Co. ' Montana mine production of load totaled less than in 1956 and was the smallest since 19 closed several of its lead-zinc mines in the Bu County) in the second half of 1957 and postpo expansion program. Production from other cipally the Jack Waite and Hand (Maulden) m essentially the same rate as in 1956. Lead output in Washington increased 9 per largest production on record. The principal Pend Oreille Mines & Metals Co. lead-zinc County. Other mines that produced cons Eredominantly zinc producers were the Gran iead & Smelting Co.) in Pend Oreille Coun (American Smelting & Refining Co.). The V in early July 1957. Although several Arizona mines closed durin of lead increased 4 percent to 12,400 tons. Th Iron King mine, operated continuously. O producers, the San Xavier mine suspended o Head Center (Athletic) in July, and the Trenc California production dropped from 9,300 to in 1957. The Anaconda Co. Darwin and Sho State's only large lead producers, suspended o year zinc and lea<J price declines. In Nevada Combined Metals Reduction C Pioche in August, contributing to a 6-percent duction during 1957. New Mexico mines rec crease in lead output. The State's principal le the Ground Hog mine of American Smelting & July, pending higher metal prices. West Central States.--Kansas, Missouri, yielded 137,800 tons of recoverable lead in 1 United States domestic total. All productio States came from the southeast Missouri lead district of Kansas, Oklahoma, and southweste Mines in southeast Missouri produced 37 domestic mine output of lead in 1957--esse 1956. The St. Joseph Lead Co., the largest le in the Nation on a mine basis, maintained stea Terre, Desloge, Federal, and Leadwood mine-m County and the Indian Creek mine and mill i In Madison County the Mine La Motte Co Lead Co. each operated a mine group and m National Lead Co. also yielded byproduct copp Output of recoverable lead in the Tri-State zin from 20,400 tons in 1956 to 11,500 tons in 1957 t service was initiated in the 1870's. Nearly a 486221--58-------- 15 698 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1967 were closed, following the sharp declines in lead and zinc prices. The Nellio B mine of the American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co. was closed in May, and the Eagle-Pichor Co. operated its mines and central custom mill only intermittently. Tho National Lead Co., second largest producer in tho district, operated its Ballard-minc group and mill throughout the year. States East of the Mississippi River.--Lead was recovered from ores in Illinois, Wisconsin, Kentucky, New York, and Virginia in 1957; but production was 11 percent less than in 1956, owing to cutbacks and closures in the Illinois-Wisconsin district. American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co. closed its Vinegar Hill Division mines and mill in Wisconsin; Eagle-Picher Co. closed the Linden mine and mill and curtailed activity elsewhere in the district. Tri-State Zinc, Inc., 1 of the 3 leading producers, maintained a fairly high production. Lcaclbearing zinc ores of New York and Virginia yielded 4,800 tons of lead in 1957. St. Joseph Lead Co. operated its Balmat mine steadily TABLE 4.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1948-62 (average) and 1963-67, by districts or regions that produced 1,000 tons or more during any year, 1963-67, in short tons District or region State 1948--62 (aver 1953 1954 1055 1056 1957 age) Southeastern Missouri re- Missouri 121,173 glon. Ooeur d'Aleno roglon............. Idaho................................. 77, 807 Wost Mountain (Bingham). Utah................................... 30,838 Metallno.................................... Washington..................... 6,173 Tri-State (Joplin region)___ Kansas, southwestern 28, G41 Missouri, Oklahoma. Summit Valley (Butte)........ Montana............................ 14,034 Park City rc|lou..................... Utah.................................... 9,601 Upper Son Miguel.................. Colorado............................ 6, 607 Red QUIT................................... ____do.................................. California (Loadvllle)............ ____do.................................. Upper Mississippi Valley... Iowa, northern Illinois, ,2,617 6, 607 2 222 Wisconsin. Central....................................... New Mexico...................... 3,231 Austlnvllle................................ Virginia.............................. 3,314 Oreede........................................ Oolorado............................ 1,143 Rush Valley & Smelter Utah............. ..................... 2, 760 (Tooele County). Tlntlc......................................... ____do.................................. 6,800 St. Lawrence County............ New York......................... 1,330 Kentucky-Southern Illinois. Kentucky-southern Illi 2, 624 nois. Opblr.......................................... Utah.................................... 008 Bayhorse...................... -........... Idaho................................... 1,491 Warm Springs.......................... ....... do.................................. 2, 5G6 Magdalena................................ New Mexico............ ......... 1,393 Tyndall...................................... Arizona............................... 80 Las Vegas.................................. Nevado............................... Pima (Slorrltas, Papago, Arizona............................... 3,160 Twin Buttes). Northport (Aladdin).............. Washington....................... 837 Animas.................................... . Colorado............................ 3,063 Hansoubcrg.............................. Now Moxlco..................... 460 lirockonrldgo............................ Colorado............................. 300 lllg Bug 1.................................. Arizona............................... 3,707 Euroka....................................... Nevada.............................. 18 Ooso (Darwin)......................... California........................... 0,806 Harshaw.................................. Arizona............................... 1,813 Eagle...................................... Moutana............................ 819 Pioche........................................ Nevada............................... 6, 677 Elk Mountain......................... Colorado............................ 104 Resting Springs....................... California........................... (>) Pioneer (Rico)........................ Oolorado............................ 1.883 Snellela..................................... ____do.................................. 966 125,273 00,885 20,311 8, 604 13,273 16, 7G7 4,735 7,440 2, 600 3,072 3,688 1,460 2,788 1,606 2, 753 3, 600 1,436 1,849 1,167 1,484 2,683 234 2, 1G5 1,212 1,031 1,050 4,330 .8 200 2,104 1, 179 3,306 1,871 1,307 126, 173 64,812 20, 071 o 18,314 11,516 6,432 6, 674 2, 688 1,935 3, 229 6 4,320 2,178 2,464 6,926 1, 187 1,348 1, 169 1,372 2,415 47 202 1 1,276 800 1,000 4,330 W 2,136 (0 c) 2,177 1, 113 126, 367 59, 820 31,712 (0 19,679 14,331 9, 054 6,008 3,171 1,404 3, 800 2,604 2,097 1,192 1,607 5,017 1,037 2,683 o 1,367 2, 388 05 506 056 1,105 2,212 617 474 4,612 828 . [o 700 (>) e) 22 0) 634 123,306 CO, 221 32,801 9, 440 20,373 14,089 0,147 (l) (*) 1,660 4,300 4,682 3, 035 1,266 2,529 3,061 1,008 2, 335 o 1,007 1,804 088 894 2,698 1,810 2,085 413 653 6,770 S 1,207 (M0 <0 < ) 625 120, 323 67,125 20, 490 11,071 11,462 0,617 9, 421 7,721 4, 477 3,094 3,691 3,619 3,143 2,231 1,977 1,776 1,067 1,690 1, 418 1,351 1,293 1,214 1,162 858 760 722 456 272 (') (0 tMo 0) w () i Figure not shown to avoid disclosure of Individual oompony operations. 4 The following district* or regions are not listed In order of 1967 output. TABLE 5.-- Tw enty-five leading lead-producing mines in the United States in 1957, in order of output LEAD s ssassssa sssar 700 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1967 throughout 1957, and the New Jersey Zinc Co. operated its Austinvillo mine m Virginia continuously, except for a 3-week shutdown caused by a labor dispute in midyear. Mines in the western Kentucky fluor spar district produced 400 tons of recoverable lead from load-bearing fluorspar-zinc ores in 1957. The 25 leading lead-producing mines in the United States in 1957 yielded 79 percent of the total domestic output--the 10 leading mines, 59 percent, and the 4 largest mines, 43 porcont. THOUSANO SHORT TONS Fig u r e 2.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1949-57, by months. TABLE 6.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States,1 1956-57, by months, in short tons Month 1956 1967 Mouth 1950 1957 January........................................ February..................................... March_______________________ N^ay.............................................. July""".................................. 20,813 2*21 30.855 29, 640 29, 892 20,480 28, 242 30,218 29.061 30,962 31,700 80,104 27,306 27,300 August.......................................... September................................... October........................................ November.................................... December..................................... Total............................ . 30,727 /, /SI 31,603 20.277 30, 480 362,826 27,806 25,006 28, 663 24.042 25.082 338,216 < Includes Alaska. SMELTER AND REFINERY PRODUCTION Refined lead produced in the United States was derived from throe sources--domestic mine production, imports of foreign ore and base bullion, and scrap material (treated largely at secondary smelters). It was recovered at primary refineries that treat ore, base bullion, and small quantities of scrap and at secondary plants that process scrap exclusively. Refined lead and antimonial (hard) lead were produced by both primary and secondary plants. Because of the large quantity of hard lead (such as battery scrap) melted at secondary smelters, the output from this type of operation was principally antimonial lead. LEAD The 5 smelters, 6 combination smelters eries treating ore, base bullion, and other are listed below: Smellers: Arkansas Valley, American Smelting & Refin East Helena, American Smelting & Refining El Paso, American Smelting & Refining Co., Midvale, United States Smelting, Refining & Tooele, International Smelting & Refining Co Smeller-Refineries: Selby, American Smelting <fc Refining Co., Se Bunker Hill, Bunker Hill Co., Bradley, Idaho Federal, American Smelting & Refining Co., A Herculaneum, St. Joseph Lead Co., Herculane Galena, Eagle-Picher Co., Galena, Itans. Perth Amboy, American Smelting & Refining Refineries: East Chicago, U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc., E Omaha, American Smelting & Refining Co., In addition to primary plants operatin plants smelted lead scrap, and 58 foundries and cast or otherwise directly used lead scra lead. These firms variously produced soft alloys in pig or other commercial shapes o incomplete list of major secondary smelting follows: American Smelting & Refining Co. (including Plants: Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Selby, Nebr. Newark and Perth Amboy, N. J.; Hou Bers & Co., Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. The Bunker Hill Co., Seattle, Wash. Continental Smelting & Refining Co., McCook, 111 Detroit Lead Corp., Detroit Mich. Eastern Smelting & Refining Co., Los Angeles, Ca Electric Storage Battery Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Goldsmith Bros. Smelting & Refining Co., Chicago Gopher Smelting & Refining Co., St. Paul, Minn. Imperial Type Metals Co. Plants: Chicago, 111., Inland Metals Refining Co., Chicago, 111. Nassau Smelting & Refining Co., Inc., Tottenville, National Lead Co. (including Magnus Metal Divisio and Master Metals, Inc.). Plants: Los Angeles, Ga.; Chicago and Granite City, 111.; Indianapoli more, Md.; Boston and Fitchburg, Mass.; St. Mo.; Omaha, Nebr.; Perth Amboy, N. J.; Albany and Cleveland, Ohio; Portland, Oreg.; Philad Dallas and Houston, Tex.; Milwaukee, Wis. National Metal & Smelting Co., Fort Worth, Tex. North American Smelting Co., Wilmington, Del. Pennsylvania Smelting & Refining Co., Philadelph Price Battery Corp., Hamburg, Pa. Revere Smelting & Refining Co., Newark, N. J. Schuylkill Products Co., Baton Rouge, La. Thos. F. Seitzinger's Sons, Inc., Atlanta, Ga. Southern Lead Co., Dallas, Tex. U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc., East Chicago, Ind. Hyman Viener & Sons, Richmond, Va. Western Lead Products Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Willard Smelting Co., Inc.,Charlotte, N. C. 702 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1067 Refined Lead--Primary and Secondary The 13 primary lead emoltors and refineries operating in llio United States in 1957 consumed about 565,000 tons of lead in primary raw materials and 46,000 tons in secondary materials to produce 536,800 tons of refined lead and 64,700 tons of lead in 67,800 tons of antimonial lead. Standard specifications for pig lead (ASTM Standard Specifica tion B 29-55) were published in the Lead chapter of Volume 1, 1956, Minerals Yearbook. Of the 536,800 tons of refined lead, 3,300 tons was from scrap and the remainder from ores and bullion, of which 65 percent was domestic TABLE 7.--Refined lead produced at primary refineries in the United States, 1948-62 (average) and 1953-67, by source material, in short tons Source 1948-62 1953 1954 1955 1956 1067 (avorago) Refined lead: From domestic ores and From foreign base bullion. 377,734 75,912 2,932 328,012 139,711 168 322,271 104,353 88 321, 132 167,863 , 102 349,188 193,084 36 347,675 186,798 60 Total from primary 456,678 8,120 467,891 4,211 486,712 6,060 479,167 4,079 642.308 4,069 633, 633 3,263 464,698 472,102 401,778 483,23G 540,377 630,796 Average sales price per pound. 80.161 $0.131 $0.137 $0.149 $0.167 $0.143 Total calculated value of primary refined lead. $147,018,000 $122,687,000 $133,360,000 $142,780,000 $170,286,000 $162, 600,000 1 Excludes valuo of refined lead produced from scrap at primary refineries. TABLE 8.--Refined primary lead produced in the United States, 1948-62 (average) and 1963-67, by source material and country of origin, in short tons Source 1948-52 1063 1054 1955 1956 1957 (average) Foreign ore: Forelgu base bullion: Qrond total.................... .................... . 377, 736 328,012 322, 271 321,132 349, 188 7,024 6,983 109 4, 972 35. 690 22, 224 75, on 10, 880 20, 073 199 6,870 60, 828 36. 249 139,711 17,311 47,150 865 16, 790 68. 341 23,890 164,363 26, 701 39,910 109 10,123 44,855 30,160 157,803 23,811 20, 558 11,183 76,073 66, 459 103,084 1, 418 1,241 163 120 2, 932 78, 843 450, 678 42 120 168 130, 870 467, 801 88 88 16-1,441 480, 71.2 162 162 168,026 479, 167 30 30 193,120 642, 308 347, 676 38, 679 20, 694 23, 462 76, 190 27, 867 185, 798 60 00 185, 858 633, 533 LEAD and 35 percent foreign. South America oro, followed by Australia, Mexico, an Refined lead recovered from scrap a additional 123,300 tons. Antimonial Lead--Primary Antimonial lead produced at primary and refineries in 1957 totaled 278,400 to lead--about 2 percent less than the 269 1956. The output of 67,800 tons from highest since 1948; about two-thirds wa tery lead plates. Production of antimon totaled 210,600 tons containing 195,300 TABLE 9,--Antimonial lead produced at prim States, 1948-62 (average) Year tlon (short tons) Antimony conten Short tons Perce 1053................................................... 1054 ..................... ............................ 1050....................... ............................ 64, 727 62, 373 60, 873 04,044 00,826 07,786 4, 401 4, 637 3, 621 3, 666 3,348 3,064 7 7 6 6 6 4 Other Secondary In addition to 126,600 tons of refined monial lead containing 240,200 tons of le lead scrap also produced 114,900 tons o cable lead, miscellaneous alloys, and f lead. Considerable lead (35,900 tons) was re base scrap at secondary copper smelters a makers. In summation, secondary lead recov 1957 totaled 489,000 short tons, a dec 507,000 tons reclaimed in 1956. The lea tic mine production (338,000 tons) for t was considerably less than the 598,000 antimonial lead produced at primary sm ported primary materials. The more th ers and remelters recovered 405,200 ton ary lead recovered; primary lead smelt percent), and secondary copper plants 3 704 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 195 7 TABLE 10.--Stocks and consumption of new and old lead scrap in the United States in 1967, gross weight in short tons Glass of consumers and type of scrap Stocks begin- nine of year1 Recolpts Consumption New scrap Old scrap Total Stocks end of year Smelters and refiners: Total......................................................... Foundries and othor manufacturers: Total ..................................................... Grand total: 8. 448 2, 344 3,781 26, 142 1,183 '300 898 21,825 00,017 48. SlJ' 10,821 20,402 370,604 10,222 22,888 74,049 500. 238 74,402 74,402 232 2 00 12 281 98 307 1,088 087 281 4GG 9, 202 976 11,071 0 2 071 3 982 3,680 2. 340 3.877 20, 164 1,404 404 898 22,102 61,105 40,769 20.102 20. 058 370,604 19,812 II, 107 22,888 74, 049 602,209 0 2 971 74, 405 76,384 40,307 20, 250 27,000 385,140 10,083 10.303 22,226 624,410 I, 118 174 619 9, 431 47 11,280 60,515 20,433 27,519 386, 140 19,614 10,350 22, 225 535,705 40,307 20,250 27,000 385, 140 10,083 10,303 22,225 74,402 608,818 1, 124 17G 619 0,431 1,018 3 12, 271 50,621 20, 435 27,510 386, 140 10.6H 11.321 22, 226 74,405 611,089 2,803 1, 006 3, 273 ] 7, 497 1,660 315 1,661 22, 372 61,437 06 107 43 12 112 56 304 788 2,958 2,013 3,3!9 17, 609 1,702 370 1,601 22,736 62,225 > Revlsod. TABLE 11.--Secondary metal recovered 1 from lead and tin scrap in the United States in 1967, by type of products, gross weight in short tons Products Lead Tin Anti Other To till mony Total............................................................................. 100,480 10,880 103 120,671 Lead aud tin alloys: Antlrnonlol lead................................................................ Common babbitt............................ ............................... Gonulne babbitt................................................................ Solder...... ....................................... ..................................... Tyno metals....................................................................... Gable lead........................................................................... Miscellaneous alloys................... .............. ..................... Total................. ........................................................... 240,151 18,212 06 23,010 20, 002 25,600 1,716 330,300 401 Grand total................................................................. 403,338 3,010 350 -- 3, 000 649 1,200 311 5.703 1,904 11 788 10,016 160 627 15,363 15, 722 2, 005 35 372 4, 110 256 35 22, 635 30 22,6G5 210 340 15 721 68 4 136 1,400 1,409 100,480 10,889 193 120,571 3, 010 350 3,900 25(1, 038 21,700 457 30,406 33, 004 25, 831 2,674 370,060 641 027 602,755 * Most of tbo figures borclo roprcsent actual reported recovery of metal frou scrap ratber than secondary metal content of shipments as in yoars before i960. HEAD TABLE 12.--Secondary lead recovered in the and 1953-67, in sho 1048-62 (average) 1063 19 As rofined metal: At primary plants.-.......... At othor plants.................... 8,120 136, 452 4,211 122,303 Total................................... 144,672 120,674 In antlmonlal lead: At primary plants.............. At other plants.................... 38,012 180,968 36.749 199,806 Total................................... In other alloys............................. 218,070 113,246 236,666 123,608 2 Grand totnl: Short tons.................. 476,787 480,737 4 Value........................... $164,102,446 $127,626,094 $131, 7 TABLE 13.--Lead recovered from scrap prooes of scrap and form of reoovery, 19 Kind of scrap 1956 1967 F Now; Load-base................ Coppor-base............ Tin-base................... Total..................... . Old: * Battery-lead plates. All other leau-baae. Copper-base............ Tln-bape.____ ______ Total..................... . Grand total.......... 64,436 6, 206 699 61.239 260. 767 161,439 23,313 7 446.616 606, 766 61,636 6,487 323 57,346 266.208 146.266 30,404 6 43t, 883 480,229 As soft At At T In antlm In othe In copp In tin-b T G > Included 49.821 tons of lead recovered In antlmonlal lead f I960 and 44,862 tons In 1067. Lead Pigments The principal lead pigments markete red lead, basic lead sulfate, and leaded were manufactured chiefly from metal, in ore and concentrate was converted di pigments production is reviewed in the L Zinc Salts chapter of this volume. CONSUMPTION AN Domestic consumers used 1.14 million t less than in 1956. Of the total consume was soft lead, both secondary and prima was in antimonial lead; 50,900 tons (4 18,400 tons (2 percent) in copper-base sc which went directly from scrap to a finis (1 percent) recovered from ore in prod other pigments. 706 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1057 Approximately 71 percent of all lead was consumed in metal products (including storage batteries), 10 percent in pigments, 16 percent in chemicals, and 3 percent in miscellaneous and unclassified uses, including lead used for molding rubber, making lead powder, supplying AEO requirements, and that added to steel. Storages batteries alone took 32 percent of all lead consumed in 1957, tetra ethyl fluid 10 percent, and cablo covering 10 percent--a Lotal of 58 percent and about 51,000 tons less than was required for these 3 products in 1.956. October was the month of highest consumption (105,300 tons) and December the lowest (79,300 tons). The Association of American Battery Manufacturers, Inc.,3 reported shipments of 25.9 million units of replacement batteries in 1957, compared with 25 million (revised) in 1956 and 25.4 million in 1955. New Jersey was again the largest lead-consuming State with 15 percent of total consumption (excluding that going directly from scrap TABLE 14.--Consumption of lead in the United States in 1956-57, by products, in short tons I960 1067 1060 1067 Metal products: Ammunition....................... Bearing metals.................... 13mss and bronze............... Cable covorlng.................... Calking lead........................ Costing metals.................... Collapsible tubos............... Foil........................................ Pipes, traps, and bonds... Sheot load............................ Bolder.................................... Terne inotnl........................ Type rnotal.......................... 44,438 28,321 27, 003 134, 330 64,070 12, 032 10.046 4,603 28. 028 30, 240 76, 200 1,709 26,700 Totol.................................. 489.686 Storage batteries: Anttmonlal lead................. Lead oxides......................... 191,668 179, 203 Total.................................. 370, 77 J 42, 500 26,097 24,401 108, 225 65.034 12, 672 10,316 4,839 24,739 27,474 70,GS4 1,042 28,720 448,048 185,617 176,308 301,016 Plgmonts: White lend........................... Red lead and litharge....... lMgmout colors................... Other `.................................. 10, 051 70,100 13, Hfili 10, 354 15. 701 78, 323 12, 440 8, 888 Total.................................. 120,370 115. 301 Chemicals: Tctrnothyl lead................... Miscellaneous chemicals.. 101, 000 3,140 177, 001 3,656 Total.................................. 106, 130 180,667 Miscellaneous uses: Annealing............................. Galvanizing......................... Lead plating........................ Weights and ballast.......... 6, 809 1,058 01G 7,250 5,317 1,354 670 7, 626 Total................................. Othor, unclassified usos........... 16,723 18, 131 14,807 17,307 Grand total...................... *1,200,717 11,138,116 1 Includes lead content of loadod zinc oxide and other nonspcclfled pigments. * Includes lead which wont directly from scrap to fabricated products. TABLE 15.--Consumption of lead in the United States, 1956-67, by months, in short tons 1 Mouth 1050 1057 Mouth 1050 1057 January...................................... February............... ...................... March............................. ............. April............................................. May............................................. Juno.............................................. July............................................... 110,502 100.201 07,756 07, 830 101, 418 100, 571 88, 325 102,062 06. 788 08, 822 00.180 Wl, 443 02, 100 86, 600 August ..................... .................. October........................................ November... ............................ December.................................... 107,711 00, 670 112, 170 1U2, 408 01, 176 Total.................................. 1,209,717 103. 442 05, 700 106, 337 80, 386 70, 208 1,138,116 1 Includes load content of leadod zinc oxhlo and other nunspcclflod pigments and load which wont diroctly from scrap to fabricated products. 1 American Motal Merkel, vol. 06, No. 26, Feb. 6, 1968, p. 6. LEAD and ore to end products). Illinois follow 9 percent, Indiana 7, Pennsylvania 6, M and Louisiana and Texas together 13 p consumed in the 9 States. TABLE 16.--Consumption of lead in the Un product and types of mater L Soft lead ant Metal products.................................................... Total........................................................... 228, 503 176,308 106,805 180,624 0,802 14,266 716, 288 > Excludes 42,060 tons of lead that went directly from scra contained In leaded-zinc oxide and other nonspeclfled pigme TABLE 17.--Lead consumption, by Sta Stato Refin sof lea Florida.................................................................................... Ohio .................................................................................... 00,2 1,6 14,6 1,9 87,8 46,3 6,0 16,4 6,7 10.0 40, 10,0 114,9 31,4 21,0 38,0 4,9 1, 8,4 14,4 22,8 8.2 2,3 2,0 131,4 716,2 i Excludes 42.050 tons of lead, which went directly from s load contained in leodcd-zlnc oxides and other nonspcclfled p 1 The following States are grouped to avoid disclosure of In 708 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1957 STOCKS National Stockpile.4--Under authority of tho Strategic and Critical Materials Stockpiling Act of 1946 and supplemental legislation and in accord with directives from ODM monthly purchases of domostic lead and zinc continued to bo made throughout 1957. All domestic lead was acquired to meet the long-term objective, since the minimum stockpile objective for lead and the procurement priority level had boen equaled or exceeded. In addition to domestic lead, there also were deliveries of lead to the stockpile in repayment of ICA advances under several contracts. On August 1 Director Gray of ODM stated that at the current rate of procurement the long-term stockpile objective for lead and zinc would soon be met. During 1957 GSA 6 received 100,075 tons of foreign lead (29,899 in 1956), which was acquired under barter contracts authorized under the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 aud amendments. Lead acquired under this program was placed in the supplemental stockpile and was in addition to quantities acquired under the minimum and long-term-stockpile lead objectives. Producers' Stocks.--Stocks at the end of 1957 at primary producing plants had reached the highest level since tho survey was begun in 1943. Lead in bullion declined almost 2,300 tons but increased 3 percent in antimonial lead and 11 percent in ore, and stocks of refined lead more than doubled during the year. The overall increase over 1956 was 48 percent, and the total (143,900 tons) was 4 percent higher than at any time in tho past 10 years. These data represent physical inventories at the plants, irrespective of ownership, and do not include material in process or in transit. However, data from the American Bureau of Metal Statistics show an additional 2,800 tons of bullion in transit to refineries, 23,200 tons of bullion in process at refineries, and approximately 30,000 tons of ore in process at smelting plants-- a grand total of primary material at these plants of 205,000 tons. TABLE 18.--Stocks of lead at primary smelters and refineries in the United States at end of year, 1948-52 (average) and 1953-67, in short tons 10-18-62 (average) 1653 1054 Refined p Ir lead........ ................ Lead In antimonial lead.................. Leod In bnso bullion................... Lead In ore and matte.................................... 33,738 8,190 10, GOO 45, 290 07,020 66,035 14,414 13, 545 43,734 130,728 78,928 13,253 14,034 20,924 137,030 1056 21,871 0,031 15.585 42,903 89,443 1060 30,237 10,740 11,141 44,025 07, 043 1957 74,164 11,070 8,855 48, 788 143,910 Consumers' Stocks.--Consumers' stocks of lead (including those secondary smelter plants that also are consumers of lead) increased 4 percent during the year. Lead in antimonial lead, in alloys, and in copper-base scrap all decreased, but stocks of soft lead increased by about 7,000 tons. MotUHziUIon ^oporl- 10 tl10 CongrcS3. liinunry-Jane 1067 nod July-Decembcr 1067, by Office of Dofcnso * United States Tariff Commission, Lead and Zlno--lloport to tho Prcsldont on Escano-Oluuso Invest!April 1068, tabid 0. l^ Provisions of See. 7 of the 'Prado Agreements Extension Act of iq g j . os amended LEAD TABLE 19.--Consumer stocks of lead in the Un by type of material, in short Year Roflned soft lead Antimonial Unmeltod lead white scrap Le a 1955......................... 76,801 82,030 73,480 73,673 80,708 14,867 17,573 23,081 40,226 39,376 3, 607 3,169 2,914 1 Beginning 1056, consumer stocks of scrap were added to se smelter metal stocks were Included with consumer metal sto pr ic es The quoted New York price for com cents per pound through most of 1956 months of 1957. However, reduced ventories, and announced cutbacks in G a downward movement in May, which the end of the year. The first reduction followed by an additional J4 cent on M cent on October 14, and another K cen 13.0 cents, held through the remainder The London Metal Exchange quota 118M per long ton on January 3 (equi U. S. currency, computed on the avera to a low of 69 on December 12 (8.6 price on December 31 was 73 per long the average for 1957 was 96.7 (12.1 c TABLE 20.--Average monthly and yearly quo York, and London, 1966-67, i Month 1665 fit. New Lon** S Louis York don * Lou April........................................... July............................................ Docombor................................. 14.80 14.80 14.80 14.80 14.80 14.80 14.80 14.80 14.02 16.30 16.30 16. 34 14.94 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 15.00 16.00 16.12 15.60 16.60 16. 64 15.14 12.94 12.88 12.06 13.04 12.88 12.80 13.17 13.25 13.38 13.32 13.63 14.18 13.10 16 16 15 16 16 16 16 15 16 16 16 16 15 I St. Louis: Metal Statistics, 1068, p. 613. New York: M Metal and Mineral Markets. * Conversion of English quotations Into American money Federal Reserve Board. \ 710 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1957 FOREIGN TRADE 9 Imports.--General imports of primary load totaled 522,200 tons in 1957--an increase of 14 percent over imports in 1950 and the largest quantity of primary lead imported sinco 1953. Load in pigs and bars was 62 percent of the total and lead in ore and concentrate 38 percent. Of the pigjs and bars, Mexico supplied 32 percent, Australia 29 percent, Yugoslavia 12 percent, Peru 11 percent, Canada 9 percent, and all other countries 7 percent. Of tho lead in ore and concentrate, 28 percent came from Peru, 22 percent from Union of South Africa, 19 percent from Australia, 13 percent from Canada, 9 percent from Bolivia, and the remaining 9 percent from all other countries. Exports.--Lead exported in 1957 consisted of 4,300 tons of pigs and bars, 900 tons in ore, matte, and bullion, and 900 tons in scrap, a total of 6,100 tons. TABLE 21.--Total lead imported into the United States in ore, matte, base bullion, pigs, bars, and reclaimed, by countries, 1948-52 (average) and 1953-67, in short tons, in terms of lead content1 (Bureau of tbe Census) Country 1048-62 1053 1964 1955 1956 (average) Oro, fluo dust, and matte: North Araorica: Canada-Newfoundland and Lab- 9.473 2,213 383 3, 792 360 10,221 South America: Ohlle..................................................... 0 18.205 3,102 25 10,938 289 Total..................... ........ 38,028 109 Asia: 165 896 172 Total................................................. 1,233 Africa: Morocco............................................... 1,837 17,043 " 32 Total................................................. 18,012 Oceania: 8,835 33 8,808 Total ore, flue dust, and matto.. 83, 971 39.242 5,391 1,090 3,443 49,100 18,984 3,341 255 32,842 90 65,612 2,080 92 3,072 < 2,633 29,777 03 32. 473 20, 670 20,670 ICO, 899 40. 693 2,680 1,636 2,1C7 <>) 47,082 14,946 173 356 38,734 110 54,319 096 2,166 2. 160 35, 507 10 35. 620 21,478 21,478 161,201 33.090 6, 208 2, 757 2, 201 3 43,250 13,812 409 546 44,223 82 69, 072 2,635 2, 635 41,575 41, 575 30, 938 30, 938 177,479 30, 692 0,904 2,960 3,860 8 44,430 6 17,177 118 1,440 65,174 178 74,003 24 422 2,222 2,644 44,208 44, 208 31,044 31,044 190,452 See footnotes at end of lablo. 1957 26.103 8, 023 2,065 3,835 113 40,710 974 18,310 36 (') 55,450 106 74,883 264 246 783 1,029 43,916 26 43. 941 30, 995 30, 905 197,831 Figures on Imports and oxnorls compiled by Muo II. J'rlco and idlslo D. Jackson, Division of Foreign Activities, Bureau of Mines, from records of the U. 6. Dcpurlincut of Comrncrco, Bureau of tho Cousus, i LEAD TABLE 21.--Total lead imported into the Unite pigs, bars, and reclaimed, by countries, 1 short tons, in terms of lead content 1--Con Country 1948-62 (average) 106 Boso bullion: North America: Pigs and bars: North America: Canada-Newfoundland and LabTotaJ................................................ South America: Europo: Total.................................................. Asia: Africa: Total.................................................. Reclaimed, scrap, eto.: North America: Canada-Newfoundland and Lab- Soutli America: 100 1,200 1,390 192 (*) 200 6 1,349 3, 143 75,914 136,297 18 212,229 127 32,774 (') 32,901 2,281 4,763 4,964 1,066 1,620 1,066 32,098 202 47,929 762 1,664 299 2,615 * 1,790 101 1,891 33,214 330,779 4,627 1,277 1,202 7,006 01 106 44 331 49, 140, 189, 52, 62, 2,0 4,0 1,9 1, 61,8 1.4 62,4 <9,2 9,7 70,3 386,0 1, Hen footnotofl at end of table. 712 MINERALS TEARBOOK, 1967 TABLE 21.--Total lead imported into the United States in ore, matte, base bullion, pigs, bars, and reclaimed, by countries, 1948-52 (average) and 1953-57, in short tons, in terms of lead content1--Continued Country 1948-52 1053 1054 1955 1950 1057 (averago) Reclaimed, scrap, oto.-- Continued Europe: Total................................................. Asia: Total................................................. Oceania: 266 21 191 630 707 190 417 2,331 3.670 1,259 4.029 105 2,104 87 2, 251 17,013 434,900 202 14 602 103 442 1,263 21 21 17 2,006 97 2, 703 6.439 552.278 60 no 103 260 13 47 60 6, 056 443, 243 670 282 3 112 431 136 1.540 20 26 2,009 2,090 20,680 462.208 117 1,000 348 167 179 1.801 4 1 6 1,255 1,255 20.738 479,875 84 108 32 284 3,079 3,079 0, 247 531,441 1 Data are "general Imports/' that Is, includo lead Imported for lramcdluto consumption plus material ontorlng the country under bond. 1 Less than 1 ton. * Ropubllo of Korea, effective Jan. 1, 1952. 4 Morocco. * West Germany, effective Jan. 1, 1952. TABLE 22.--Lead imported for consumption in the United States, 1948-52 (aver age) and 1953-67, by classes 1 (Bureau of the Census] Year Lead In ores, ffuo dust or fume, and mattes, n. s. p. f. Lead In base bullion Pigs and bars Short tons Value 8hort Value Short tons to us Valuo Shoots, plpo, and shot Short Value to us Not other wise speci fied (value) Total value 1948-62 (average). 77,008 $20,085,480 3,231 $989,052 1053............. 07,030 15,214,084 742 294.008 1954............. 196,054 *47, 007, 200 41 10,149 1955............. 150,433 *38.142, 74! 1950............. 101,302 60, 021,209 '"'3i "ii,'3ii 1957 228,783 60,459,319 25 7, 657 328, 250 370,119 274, 280 203, 077 202, 204 327, 230 $08,822, 610 95, 285, 223 *68.419,007 73,032,055 *77,718,020 80, 937,198 100 $82, 307 $108,024 178 68. 291 242, 925 397 *128.812 *149, 208 2,048 631,031 *103,010 7.054 2,017, 030 *184, 107 6,917 1,377, 249 *300,109 $125,304,085 111,019, 688 * 118,125,081 * 115, 804,005 * 135, 820, 762 * 160, 787,201 1 In addition to quantities shown (vnluo includod In total valuo), "roclulmod, scrap, otc.," linportod as follows--1948-62 (avorago): 10,075 tons, $1,310,607; 11)63: 3,1100 tons, $321,907; IDS4: 7.217 tons, $1,450,036; 1965: 18,044 tons, * $3,030,008; 1060: 20,401 tons, * $5,208,423; 1057: 7,010 tons, * $1,046,700. * Owing to changes In tabulating procodurcs by tbe lluroau of tho Oonsus, data uro uot compurable with years bofore 1954. (LEAD TABLE 23.--Miscellaneous products contain in the United States, 1948-52 (Bureau of tbe C Year Babbitt metal, soldor, wh and other combinations lng lead Gross wolght (short tons) Lead contont (short tons) 1048-52 (average)........................ 1953................................................. 1954................................................. 1955................................................. 1056................................................. 1967................................................. 1,592 2,376 2,309 2,280 4,100 3,602 1,008 1,343 1,672 1,283 2,626 2,100 < > 1 < ) Owing to changes In tabulating procedures by tbe Bur years before 1954. Tariff.--The duties on pig lead and centrate remained at 1)U cents and % throughout 1957. In May Secretary Seaton, United Sta presented to Congress a program for support to the domestic mining industr a graduated excise tax on entries of for scale adjustment was designed to dis to permit unhampered entry of the qu to supplement the domestic supply. adjourned without decisive action on In September the Emergency Lea , son ting domestic mining groups, petitio regulation of imports, claiming that c States under the Trade Agreements A the domestic industry. Formal hea Commission in November, and a study the end of the year. 486221--IQ 714 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1957 TABLE 24.--Total lead exported from the United States in ore, matte, base bullion, pigs, bars, anodes and scrap, by destination, 1943-52 (average) and 1963-67, in short tons 1 , [Buroan of tho Consu.i] > Destination 1948-52 1053 1054 1956 1056 1967 (avorage) Ore, matte, base bullion (lead content); North America: Canada............................................... 030 1,038 18 12 0 1,322 1,049 64 861 Total........................................ 030 1,038 18 1,334 1,066 906 84 1 Total ore, matte, base bullion... 630 1,038 102 1,334 1,055 906 Pigs, bars, anodes: North Amerioa: 101 32 18 13 38 64 28 23 30 44 62 0 8 34 10 2 18 88 136 89 26 63 130 Total........................................ 240 203 164 137 601 101 202 167 300 104 Europe: 23 2,128 6G0 49 2 2 13 Total................................................. 72 2 2 13 2,128 6G0 Asia: 28 16 12 61 406 192 280 13 34 6 044 1,170 90 180 27 46 2, 305 330 Totol.......................................... 413 430 220 133 2,051 3,102 762 61 c) 1 1,432 803 690 403 4,628 4,339 Sorap: North America: Total................................................. Europo: Asia: (*) (*) cl (*> (I) (0 (1) C) C) c> C) 27 27 < 30 2,000 2,030 040 370 370 C) 103 < 26 1,000 318 1,610 2,014 1 11 11 764 4 406 148 880 219 2,490 20 788 14 * 1,039 486 180 66 748 137 C) 640 2,014 480 180 137 C) 2. 700 3, 894 2, 083 2, 136 886 Grand totnl..................................... 4. 647 4, 692 4. 720 7.819 0, 130 In addition, foreign lead was rooxportcd us follows: Ore, matte, baso bullion, 1948-52 (average): loss than 1 ton: 1953-64: nono: 1056, 3 tons; 195t5: 6 tons; 1057: 4 tons. Pigs, bars, anodos, 1918-52 (average): 28 tons; 1063 ; 709 tons; 1064-66: none; 1050: 60 tons; 1957: 300 tons. 8crap; 1048-52 (avorage): less then 1 ton; 1053: Done; 1054: 121 tons; 1965-67: none, > Less than 1 ton. 1048 oot separately classified--1940--Bolglum-J.uiombourg, 302 tons; Canada, 05 tons; Pobunon, ll tons; United Kingdom, 270 tons; total 6crnp, 747 tons. I960--Canada. 41 tons; United Kingdom, 1,271 tons; Gormany, 204 tons: total scrap. 1,670 tons. 1061 --Canada, 203 tons; lleiglum-Tnuoinhourg, 31 tons; Gorinany 146 tons; United Kingdom, 20 tons; Japan, 106 tons; total scrap, 604 tons. 1062--Canada, 20 tons; United Kingdom, 6,6. tons;Jtotal scrap, 76 tons. West^Germaoy. LEAD WORLD REV World mine production of lead in successive year to 2.54 million tons c 195G. Of the larger producers, Au U. S. S. R., Morocco, Mexico, and Pe Canada and the United States each dro 8 countries produced more than 100,00 plied 71 percent of total world producti Smelter production also increased fro tons in 1957. In Canada, United Sta less by 4, 2, and 3 percent, respective Mexico, U. S. S. R., and West German substantial 18 percent. Smelter produ 71 percent of total output. Total world consumption of lead is n based on available information, estimat that consumer requirements were of th tons less than supply. In the United imports of lead exceeded consumption a TABLE 26.--World mine production of lead and 1963-67 in sho (Compiled by Augusta W. Junn and Country 1948-62 196 (averago) North America: 103,969 103, 22 Guatemala................................................... 3,386 411 Mexico.......................................................... 247,723 7, 244, United States *........................................... 401,007 342, Total........................................ ........ 817,807 789, South America: Argentina..................................................... Bolivia (exports)4.................................... Brazil........................................................... Chile............................................................. Peru............................................................... 21,821 31,073 3,241 5,811 226 78,073 17, 26, 3, * 3, 126, Total-............................................. 140,844 * 177, Austria......................................................... Bulgaria *..................................................... Czechoslovakia *........................................ Finland........................................................ France........................................................... Germany: East *..................................................... West...................................................... Greece *........................................................ Ireland.......................................................... Italy.............................................................. Norway........................................................ Poland ....................................................... Portugal....................................................... Rumania * ........................................ SpAin............................................................. 8wodon......................................................... U. 8. 8. R.................................................. 4,844 10, 400 1,100 171 11,785 2,690 46,640 3,080 t 940 40,741 368 20,000 1,375 8,600 39, 430 24,348 1 123,200 See footnotes at end of table. 6, 11, 1, 13, 3, 69, 6, 1, 44, 23, 1, 11, 60, 28, * 202, Lead and Zinc Pigments By Arnold M. Lansche 1 and E $* RODUCTION of lead and zinc pigme Pwas adequate for all demands, and th zinc, their ores and scrap--were in sur pigments declined despite increased ac were the major consumers, but shipme increased. TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead 1 and zinc States, 1848-62 (average) a 1948-62 (average) 1063 1964 Sblpmont of principal pig- ments: White lead (dry and in oil)................ short tons.. Red lead.............. Litharge.................. do.... Black oxide ____ do____ Zinc oxldo..................do___ Loaded line oxide..do.... Lithopone................. do___ 36,136 31,401 149,807 71,306 142,369 60,074 97,737 26, 217 31.333 164, 618 81,831 148.627 39, 712 62,439 26, 27, 139, 79, 140, 33, 44, Value of products: All lead pigments........ . All lino pigments 878,168,000 $64.303,000 $61,766, 63,714,000 66, 476,000 60, 438, Total................................... 141,882.000 120, 778,000 112, 104, Valuo por ton rooolvod by producers: Whlto lead (dry)........... . Rod lead............................... Litharge.................. Zinc oxide............................ Leaded ilno oxide........... .. Lithopone............................. 373 364 346 266 272 126 378 312 286 264 260 132 Forolgn trade: Lead pigments: Value of exports........... Value of Imports ____ Zinc pigments: Value of exports........... Value of Imports.......... 998,800 073,600 4,397, 200 470,800 790,000 16,000 1,468,000 287,000 872. 140. 1.351,0 616,0 Export balance......... 4,261.600 1,064,000 1, 660,0 i Excludes basic lead sulfate; figure withheld to avoid disclosin * Production by battery manufacturers. * Figure withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company conf * Excludes Uthopone valuo; figuro withhold to avoid disclosing 1 Revised figure. 1 Includes ``other load pigments." i Commodity specialist. V: Statistical assistant. 480221--58- 730 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 195 7 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION The value of reported shipments of lead and zimi pigments in 1057 excluding basic lead sulfate and zinc sulfide was $102 million. Of the total value, lead pigments comprised 54 percent and zinc pigments, 46 percent. Lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts manufacturers, their plants and products, were listed in Minerals Yearbook, volume 1, 1953, and subsequent changes have been noted annually in the Yearbooks. LEAD PIGMENTS Total shipments of lead pigments in 1957 declined about 13 percent to 161,000 tons worth $55.4 million. The quantity of dry white lead shipped was down 15 percent from that of 1966. but tho "in oil" varioty increased 5 percent. The total 1957 white lead shipments declined 8 percent below those in 1950 and were 15 percent of the total lead pigments shipped compared with 14 percent in 1956. Shipments of red lead and litharge declined 34 and 10 percent, respectively. In addition to these pigments (production and shipments are shown in table 2), 128,000 tons of black or gray suboxide of lead was manufactured by battery makers for their own use in 1957. The suboxide, sometimes called a leady litharge, is used in place of litharge. Suboxide production reauired 124,000 tons of j>ig lead in 1957. White lead, red lead, litharge, and the suboxide were made directly or indirectly from refined lead and constituted 98 percent of all lead used in pigments. The lead content of leaded zinc oxide made up the remaining 2 percent. Basic lead sulfate is not reported herein, except as it enters leaded zinc oxide; lead silicate is included with white lead. TABLE 2.--Production and shipments of lead pigments 1 in the United States, 1950-67 1060 1067 Pigment Produc tion (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value * Total Averogo Troduc* tlon (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value * Total Average V bite lead: In oil........... Ned lead.............. 1 Itbarge............... 17,248 7.203 28,612 132,660 106, 066 17,448 $7.206. 068 8.250 4.133, 500 27, 076 *10. 105. 102 131, 626 46,671,080 $413 601 304 340 15, 280 7. 404 27, 004 110,303 127. 683 14,808 8, 676 26, 098 110, 770 $6,103. 671 4.072. 920 9, 666.000 35, 607,816 $416 460 354 321 < Exoept for baste load sulfate and orange niliicrul; Itgin cs withhold to avoid disclosing ludlvldual eointmny confidential data. * At plant, exclusive o(container. 1 Weight of white lead only, but value of puslo. * Corrected figure. .... LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS TABLE 3.--Lead pigments 1 shipped by ma 1948-62 (average) and 1963 Yoar Dry White lead In oil T 1048-62 (average)......................... 1063................................................. 1954................................................. 1055................................................. 1066................................................. 1057................................................. 21.083 10, 784 17.236 17.868 17, 448 14, 808 14,163 9. 433 8. 336 7, 717 8r 260 8,076 i Excludes basic lead sulfate and orango mineral; figures wi confidential data. * Production by battery manufacturers. TABLE 4.--Lead content of lead and zinc p manufacturers, by sources, 19 1066 Plgmont Lead in pigments produced from-- Ore Domestic Foreign Pig lead Tota load I pig* ment Leaded eino oxide... Total................. 4,332 4,332 2,063 2.063 19,660 26,037 123,373 102, 494 271,364 19,6 26,0 123,3 102.4 6,3 277, 7 i Excludes lead In basic load sulfate and orange mlnoral; f company confidential data. THOUSAND SHORT TONS 732 MINERALS TEARBOOK, 1967 ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Combined shipments of the reported zinc pigments totaled about 175,000 pounds in 1957. Shipments of zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide declined 2 and 11 percent, respectively. Shipments of zinc chloride and zinc sulfate increased 10 and 4 percent, respectively. A mixed trend was displayed in the average values of the zinc pigments and salts as reported by producers in 1957 compared with the general advance in values in 1956 over those of 1955. Compared with 1956 values, zinc oxide remained unchanged at $271 per ton, leaded zinc oxide declined $33 to $249, zinc chloride (50 B.) was up $3 to $127, and zinc sulfate increased $7 to $160. Zinc ore, refined metal, and secondary materials--scrap metal, residues, drosses, shimmings, and zinc ashes--serve as source materials for manufacturing zinc pigments and salts. Lead-free zinc oxide was made by several processes; 24 percent was produced from metal by the French process, 67 percent from ores and residues by the American process, and 9 percent by "Other" processes from scrap residues and scrap materials. Zinc sulfate was made from ores and scrap; leaded zinc oxide was made from ores only. Zinc oxide production derived from metal and scrap was 34 percent in 1957 compared with 31 percent in 1956. Zinc Oxide.--About 151,000 tons of lead-free zinc oxide was shipped-- 2 percent less than in 1956. Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Four grades of leaded zinc oxide classified according to lead content were produced in the United States. The 5- to 35-percent grade constituted the bulk of production; smaller quantities were produced as less than 5-percent grade, over 35- to 50-percent grade, and over 50-percent gradfe. Total shipments of leaded zinc oxide were 24,000 tons, down 11 percent from 1956. Out put in 1957 (comparison with 1956 in parentheses) for the 35-percent LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS lead and under was 24,800 (24,100) ton over 35-percont lead. Lithopone.--Both ordinary lithopone a were made in 1957. TABLE 6.--Production and shipments of zinc States, 1956-6 1060 Plguiont or salt Produc tion (short tons) Shipments Short t0D8 Value 1 Total Averag Zinc oxide 1................. Lcodod zinc oxide Lithopone................... Zinc chloride, 60 B.. Zinc sulfate................. 168,982 20,219 30,039 64,603 32,861 154,956 $41. 960,863 27,164 7,647,169 38,434 6. 030,991 63,201 6,600,816 32,200 4,917,073 $27 23 14 12 16 1 Value at plant, exclusive of container. 1 Zinc oxldo containing 6 percent or more load Is classed as lea zinc oxldo Include a small quantity containing less tnan 6 perc Figure withhold to avoid disclosing Individual company co TABLE 6.- -Zinc pigments and salts 1 shipped States, 1948-62 (average) and 1 Year Lea ZId o oxide zinc 1943-62 (average). 1063.......................... 1064.......................... 1066......................... 19,66......................... 1067.......................... 142,369 148,627 140,285 108,541 154,956 161,267 6 3 3 3 2 2 Excludes zlno sulfide, figures withheld io avoid disclosing I 1 Figure withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company co TABLE 7.--Zinc content of zinc pigments 1 a manufacturers, by sources, 196 1956 Pigment or salt Zinc in plgmeDts and salts produced from-- Ore Do Formestio elgn Slab Second sine ary ma terial * Total zinc In pig ments and salts Zinc oxldo................. 67,320 20,831 18,804 21,083 127,128 Loaded zlno oxide.. 9,635 6,802 14,897 Llthopono................. (*) (*) m * 18,839 .......Total pig ments.......... .............. 18,804 160,804 Zinc chloride.......... *i2*i33' 12,133 Zinc sulfate.............. <) c) .............. io () > Excludes zinc sulfide; figures withheld to avoid disclosing I > These figures are higher than those shown la the report on S Include zlno recovered from byproduct sludges, residues, etc., n * FIguro withheld to avoid disclosing individual company co Includes zlno sulfate production. * Included w 734 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1967 CONSUMPTION AND USES Shipments of all lead and zinc pigments to `consumers declined despite greater activity in the industries that uso large quantities of pigments. This divergence of pigment shipments from the upward trend in activity of the consuming industries was attributed to reduc tion in consumer stocks and to increasing use of substitutes. Among the major pigment-consuming industries thero were increases in the production of automobiles, trucks, and paint; the consumption of natural and synthetic rubber; and in the value of public and private construction. The paint industry, the principal consumer received 82, 59, and 99 percent of white lead, red lead, and leaded zinc oxide, respectively; it ranked second in quantity (22 percent) of zinc oxide used and received only 6 percent of litharge (chrome pigments and in varnish) shipments. Of the total quantity of lead and zinc pigments shipped, the paint industry received 99,000 tons in 1957 compared with 101,000 tons in 1956, a decline of 2 percent (for comparability lithopone ship ments are not included in tho 1950 figure, which totaled 129,000 tons with it). Titanium pigments continued to furnish the chief competition to lead and zinc pigments in paintmaking. Production and shipments of titanium pigments, based on the titanium dioxide content, decreased about 7 and 10 percent, respectively, from the high in 1956. The use of titanium pigments in paint has about doubled over the past 12 years. Shipments of replacement automotive batteries increased 4 percent to 25.9 million units. The rubber industry was in first place for shipments of lead-free zinc oxide, taking 54 percent of the total. The rubber industry also took about 1,900 tons of litharge and a small quantity of leaded zinc oxide. The quantity of natural and synthetic rubber consumed for all purposes increased 2 percent. The ceramics industry received 3 percent of the white lead, 16 percent of the litharge, and 6 percent of the lead-free zinc oxide shipped. A small quantity of red lead went to the ceramics industry. LEAD PIGMENTS White Lead.--Paintmaking required 82 percent of the white lead shipments in 1957 compared with 79 percent of the total in 1956. Shipments to ceramics makers furnished 3 percent of total distribution TABLE 8.--Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) shipments,1 by industries, 1948-62 (average) and 1953-57, in short tons Iudustry 1948-52 (average) Palms.............................................................. Ceramics......................................................... Other............................................................... Total..................................................... 30, 808 1.341 3,987 30,130 1053 21,030 785 1 4, 402 20, 217 1954 20, U29 487 >4,155 26,671 1956 1956 10, 825 484 * 6. 200 26, 676 20, 288 f>33 * 4, 777 26, 698 1957 10, 253 607 J 3,054 23, 674 > Excludes baslo lead sulfate; figures withheld to ovoid disclosing Individual company confidential daiu. 1 Includes the following tonnages for plasticizers und slablllxcrs: 1062--980; 1963--1,080; 1964--1,133; 1066-- * Figure* for plasticizers and stabilizers withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential data. LEAD AND ZINC PIGME in 1957. Other uses for the pigmen base for dry colors, and unspecified the unspecified category belongs pro Basic Lead Sulfate.--Substantia used as an intermediate product in m Red Lead.--The paint industry re shipped in 1957 compared with 5 The "Other" classification, consisti rubber, and unspecified uses, compo TABLE 9.--Distribution of red-lead shipm and 1953-67, i Industry 1948-62 (average) Paints................ _............ ................................ Storage batteries...... ................................7.. Ceramics.................................................. ....... Other..................................................... -......... Total..................... ................................ 12,408 16, 003 816 3,084 31,401 * Included with "Other." Orange Mineral.--This pigment w ink. Litharge.--Battery makers contin shipped to industry. The ceramic chrome pigment manufacturers 4 p rubber obtained 3, 3, and 2 perc classification, composed of storage b ings, driers, friction materials, lead received 72 percent. Total shipme percent. Battery makers produced 128,000 termed black or gray suboxide, for m interstices of battery plates. TABLE 10.--Distribution of litharge shipm and 1963-67, i Industry 1048-62 (averago) Storage batteries............................................ Ceramics....................................... ................. Varnish............................................................ Chrome pigments......................................... Oil refining...................................................... Insecticides...................................................... Rubber............................................................. Floor coverings.............................................. Other................................................................ Total................ ..................................... 96,017 19, 964 4, 843 9,106 6, 621 6,000 2, 406 699 6, 872 149, 807 i Included with "Other." ZINC PIGMENTS Zinc Oxide.--The zinc oxide requ the leading user of this pigment, inc 736 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1067 to 82,000 tons. The rubber industry took 54 percent of the total zinc oxide shipped. The quantity of zinc oxide shipped to the paint industry rose less than 1 percent in 1957. Shipments to the ceramic, coated-fabric, and floor-covering indus tries declined 17, 57, and 13 percent, respectively, in 1957. Ship ments to the petroleum, agriculture, chemical, and printing industries and to dealers, who resell and export, increased 7 percent above 1956; this category received 16 percent of the zinc oxide shipped. Tho total zinc oxide distributed was 2 percent less than in 1956. TABLE 11.--Distribution of zinc oxide shipments, by industries, 1848-62 (average) and 1863-67, in short tons Industry 1948-62 1963 1954 1956 1066 1967 (average) Rnbbor............................................................ Paints.............................................................. Ceramics......................................................... Coated fabrics and toxiUes 1...................... Floor coverings.............................................. Other................................................................ Total..................................................... 73,723 31,408 10,016 0,001 3, 300 10,002 142,369 78, 430 31,020 8, 802 8,718 2, 234 18,464 148,027 71,068 31,167 8, 990 0, 322 1,740 21,000 140,286 86. 677 33,032 10, 817 11,203 1,281 23,771 168,641 80, 460 32, 486 10.160 8, 447 1, 430 21,008 164,966 81,746 32, 606 8,469 3, 623 1,240 23,680 161,207 * Includos the following tonnages for rayon: 1953--7,388; 1064--6,003; 1966--4,684; 1050--7,721; 1057--2,838 Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Paint manufacturing used 99 percent of the leaded zinc oxide. Rubber and miscellaneous minor uses required the remainder. TABLE 12.--Distribution of leaded zinc oxide shipments, by industries, 1948-52 (average) and 1953-67, in short tons Industry 1948-62 1963 1964 1966 1960 1967 (average) 49,027 136 912 60,074 39, 276 41 395 30,712 33,600. } 32,178 7 276 483 33,972 32, 001 26,826 330 27,104 23,904 209 24, 203 TABLE 13.--Distribution of lithopone shipments, by industries, 1948-52 (average) and 1963-57, in short tons Iudustry 1048-62 1963 1964 1966 1966 1067 (average) Paint, varnish, ond lacquers 1................... Coated fabrics ond textiles........................ Floor coverings............................................. Rubber............................................................ Papor............................................................... Printing Ink................................................... } Other................... ........................................... Total.................................... -.............. 72,129 37,462 0, 009 6,806 6,340 2, 676 3,200 1,723 4,112 2,096 5,182 / 1 716 2,071 97,737 ' 62,439 32,177 30, 622 3,096 4,242 2,351 2, 378 1,701 2,163 1,841 1,970 196 } 1,670 1,761 44,011 42,846 28,238 (') 1,600 8 8, 606 38, 434 w 1 Includes a small quantity, not separable, used for printing Ink, except in 1950, 1961, and 1962. 1 Included with "Other." Figure withhold to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential data. . LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENT Lithopone.--Lithopone was used in industry and in coated fabrics, rub printing inks. Zinc Chloride.--Statistics on end-u are not available. Tho principal use and tinning fluxes, battery making, preserving wood, refining oil, and fun Zinc Sulfate.--Rayon and agricultu the zinc sulfate, receiving 60 and 28 basis), respectively. The remainde vanizing, dyeing and printing, paint cellaneous uses. TABLE 14.--Distribution of zinc sulfate (average) and 1963-6 Industry 1948-62 (aver- 0*6) 1963 1964 Gross Gross Dry Gross Dr weight weight basis weight bas Rayon............................ Agriculture................... Chemicals__________ Qluo............................... Electrogal vanltlng___ Flotation reagents___ Paint and varnish processing____ _____ Textile dyeing and printing...................... Other............................. 9,993 6,236 1,871 476 278 1,087 236 406 2,139 9,008 6,773 2, 639 601 337 736 106 166 1,966 7,612 6,894 2,106 601 226 648 70 138 1,219 6,615 7,067 2,300 648 464 367 130 4 1,462 6, 7 6,1 1,9 6 3 3 1 1,0 Total................... 21,720 22,220 18, 412 19,027 16,16 1 Included -with "Other." pr ic es Total and average values received pigments and zinc salts are shown in t value of dry white lead increased $3 pe and the in-oil variety of white lead dec respectively. The average quoted p York declined from 16 cents per pou weighted sales price of lead was 14.3 15.7 cents in 1956 and 14.9 cents in 1 The average value of zinc oxide did n of 1956. Leaded zinc oxide per ton w 1956. The average price per ton of sulfate increased $3 and $7, respec quoted price of Prime Western zinc de to 10 cents. The average weighted s was 11.6 cents a pound compared with MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1967 ,)LE 15.--Range of quotations on lead pigments, and zinc pigments and salts at New York (or delivered in the East), 1963-67, in cents per pound [Oil, Paint and Drug ReporlorJ . Product 1963 1954 1965 1966 1957 d e lead (basic lead carbonate), dry, r lots, bags............................................. A-? lead sulfate (sublimed lead), less m carlots, bags................................... lead, dry, 95 percent or less, less m carlots, barrels............................... ige mineral, American, less than Tots, barrels......................................... urge, commercial, powdered, less m carlots, banels............................... ' oxide: American process, load-free, bogs, carlots................................................ American process, 5 to 36 percont lead, bags, carlots............................ Kronen process, red seal, bags, carlots................................................ French process, green soal, bags, French process, white seal, bogs, carlots................................................ npono, ordinary, loss than carlots, ; sulfide, less than carlots, bogs, rrels........................................................ * chloride, works: Fused, arums...................................... : sulfate, crystals,1 loss Iban carlots, trrels........................................................ 16. 26-17. 26 16.00-16.76 Ifi. 76-18. 60 18.10-20.86 14.76-17. 60 13. 60-14.26 14.00-14.40 14.76-16. 60 15. 25-10. 00 16.75-10. 60 8. 26- 8. 60 26.30-20. 30 4.10- 4.85 9.85-10.86 8.10-10. 30 16.00-17.60 16.76-16.75 16.60-18. 00 17.86-20.00 14.50-17.00 13. 60 14.00-14.25 14.76 15.25 15. 76 8.25- 8.60 25. 30 4.86 10. 10 -10. 86 7.90- 8.60 17. 50-18.00 10.76-17.25 18.00-18.60 20. 36-21.10 17. 00-17.60 13. 50-14.00 14.25-14.63 14. 75-15. 25 15. 25-16. 76 16. 76-10.26 8. 26- 8. 60 25.30 4.85 10.10 8.60-10.60 18. 00-19. 00 17.25-18.50 18. 50-20. 00 21. 10-22. 36 17. 60-19.00 14.00-14.60 14.63-16.60 16. 26 15. 76 10. 26 8. 60- 8. 76 25.30 4.85- 5.15 10.10-10, 70 8.00- 0.75 17. 60-19. 50 18.25 16. 25-20. 00 18.G0-22. 36 15. 76-19.00 M. All 16.5(1 16. 26 15. 75 10. 26 8.76- 0. l`J 25. 30 5.15 10. 70 9.75 icludes granulated. FOREIGN TRADE3 Imports of lead and zinc pigments and salts in 1957 increased in due and quantity 21 and 33 porccnt, respectively, over 195G. The duo of imports was $3.2 million compared with $2.7 million in 1956. he value of major classes of exports was $2.8 million, an increase less than 1 percent over 1956. Imports of litharge rose to 8,000 tons, about 51 percent over 1956. 1957 litharge suppliod 95 porccnt of the load pigments and salts eived. Lead products imported in 1957 increased 46 percent above 56. About 5,000 tons of zinc oxide was imported in 1957, a 43-percent reaso over 1956. Total imports of all tho zinc pigments and salts orted was about 7,000 Lons, a 20-porcent increase over 1956. uer components of the total wero about 60 tons of lithopone, 340 is of zinc sulfide, 600 tons of zinc chloride, and 700 tons of zinc sulfate. i) total value of these imports increased almost 17 percent. i_,itharge exports advanced to 2,500 tons, rising 25 percent over 1956. otal exports of tho lead pigments and salts wore nearly 4,600 tons, an icrease of 6 percont. 1 figures on Imports uud oxpnrUs compiled by Mu g U. Price and Klslo D. Jackson, Division of Foreign divides, Bureau of Minos, from records of tho U. H. Dc.parimcnl of f'ommerco, Bureau of tho Census. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN Exports of zinc oxide increased nearly about 3,000 tons. Those of lithopone de percent) to almost 1,000 tons. Tho qua ported was the same as in 1956, but the va TABLE 16.--Value of foreign trade of the United S and salts, 1955-57 [Bureau of the Census] Imports for consum 1965 I960 Loud plgmonts: whllo lead............................................... Red load................................................... Litharge.................................................... Othorfoad pigments............................. $923 174,896 18, 708 $6,080 30, 700 > 1,388,733 39,241 Total...................................................... Zinc plgmonts; Zinc oxide.......................................... ..... Zinc sulfido............................................ Lithopone................................................ 194,526 685,186 83,733 4,366 I 1,464,660 1 770,166 1 160,675 I 19,931 Total............................. ....................... 773,273 i 946, 762 1 Lead And zinc salts; Other lead compounds......................... Zinc arsenate........................................... Zinc chloride........................................... Zluc sulfate.............................................. 72,089 1,760 72,309 66,301 65,610 2,670 112,702 84,068 Total...................................................... 202,619 264,940 Grand total.......................................... 1,170,318 * 2,676,362 3 > Owing to changes In tabulating procedures by the Bureau of parable to earlier years. 1 Revised figure. Data not available. TABLE 17.--Lead pigments and salts imported States, 1948-52 (average) an ( Bureau of tho Census) Short tons Year White lead (basic carbon ate) Rod lead Lead L Litharge suboxide pig n. 1948-52 (average)....... 1053............................... 1054............................... 1955............................... 1050............................... 1057............................... 856 0) 20 02 ill () 2 3 113 268 730 60 596 751 5,371 8,118 44 1 28 34 78 33 1 Less than 1 Lon. 1 Owing to changes In tabulating procedures by the Bureau of parable with earlier years. 740 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 196 7 TABLE 18.--Zinc pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1948-62 (average) and 1963-67 [Buroau of tho Census] Year Short tons Zlno oxide Dry In oil Llthopone Zlno Zino Zinc Zinc sulfido cblorldo arsenato 8ulfato Total value 1948-62 (average).... 1,461 2 404 7 243 ( ) 146 $643, 401 1963............................... 1,167 29 30 23 179 c) 40 310.604 2,348 66 106 260 399 3, 320 30 266 600 (0 034 I960............................... 3,667 143 610 632 17 824 1 1,146,092 1967............................... 6,246 67 342 601 722 i; 336; 801 1 Less than 1 ton. i 0wine to changes In tabulating procedures by tbe Bureau of the Census, data known to be not comparabl with earlier years. TABLE 19.--Lead pigments and salts exported from the United States, 1948-62 (average) and 1963-67 [Bureau of tbo Census] Year White lead 8hort tons Red lead Lend Other Litharge arsenate lead com* pounds Total valuo 1948-62 (average)............................................... 1963....................................................................... 1954....................................................................... 1956....................................................................... 1966....................................................................... 1967....................................................................... 724 713 1,177 482 C) > $1,227,488 818 417 1,238 162 12 892,904 951 336 1,284 355 31 1,056,764 957 325 1,459 540 33 1,212,731 654 352 > 2,000 1,282 28 1,704,742 812 622 2,602 008 17 1,663,942 > Classification established 1040; quantity and value not included In averages. 1 In addition, lead acetate and sugar or lead exported as follows: 1040--108,633 pounds, $30,606; 1660-- 64.136 pounds, $10,073; 1061--140,427 pounds, $46,101. Revlsod figure. TABLE 20.--Zino pigments exported from the United States, 1948-62 (average) and 1963-67 (Bureau of tbe Census] Year Short tons Zinc Lltbooxide pone Total value Year Short tons Zlno Llthooxide pone Total value 6,667 16,058 $4,397,271 1953................................... 2,971 3,927 1,468,100 1954................... . 3,111 3,013 1,351,626 1955 ................................ 1956................................... 1957................................... 2,049 2,748 3,144 1,892 $1,072, 681 1,387 1,086,775 991 1.163,216 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMEN TECHNO In 1957 tho E. & E. Maier Solu Nuremberg, West Germany, was rep red-lead plant with a capacity of 1,2 used an electrothermal process ana red lead directly from metallic lead high temperature required for evapo with oxygen to form red lead. Preci sation produced the desired flaky for Japanese scientists tested various find which types protect metal again and can be easily stripped for decon dry film of oil paint pigmented with was higher on scratch hardness, was displayed considerable flaking. The to give the metal good protection. A ing white lead subjected to the sam increased in the scratch hardness test or bending test; vinyl chloride pain both pigmented with white lead, de test; there was some tendency tow chlorinated rubber paint, and neith bending test. * Toral, Ichiro, Damage to Various Films by Gamma No. 2, Jan. 23, 1058, pp. 6, 7, 0. Titanium By John W. Stamper1 HE RAPID growth since 1948 of the Tindustry in the United States halted abru to sharp cutbacks in military requireme metal industry, as a whole, was operating estimated 28,000-ton-per-year capacity by t spite of this, sponge production for the entire peak of 17,000 short tons. Ingot production the preceding year, and producers increa civilian applications of the metal. Other segments of the domestic titanium Rutile production was slightly lower than and shipments of titanium pigments decre respectively. Ilmenite production increased 11 percon titanium pigments, the principal market fo The United States continued to be the w and consumer of ilmenite and was also th rutilo. Australia, Canada, and India still titanium concentrates imported into the U LEGISLATION AND GOVERNME In September 1957 the Business and Defe tion (BDSA), United States Department Amendment 2 to BDSA Order M-107. T the required acceptance of defense-rated or 90 percent of scheduled production to 75 September titanium sponge was designated Mobilization as a Group II material in the C and Critical Materials for Stockpiling. Ma acquired principally through transfer of G pluses, pursuant to section 6 (a) of Public L and were not under procurement. DOMESTIC PRODUCTI Concentrates.--Ilmenite production increas to a new peak of 757,000 short tons, but s 5 percent. Production came from the followi Cyanamid Co., Piney River, Va.; E. I. d Inc., Starke and Lawtey, Fla.; Marino Mine National Lead Co., Tahawus, N. Y.; Rutilo 1 Commodity specialist. 1186 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1957 THOUSANO SHORT TONS-6ST 1MAT60 TIO*CONTENT F.OUH* 2. Domestic producUon^-> ---pUon of rlc, 19.1-57, TITANIUM S. C.; Metal & Thermit Corp, Beaver Da Co. of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla. TABLE 1.--Production and mine shipments o domestio ores in the United States, 1948-52 (a tons Year Produc tion (gross weight ILMENITE 1963___ 1.................................................................................................. 1964........................................................................................................... 1066....................................................................................................... 1066......................................................................................................... 1067......................................................................................................... RUTILE 1963........................................................................................................... 1964........................................................................................................... 1056........................................................................................................... 1956........................................................................................................... 1957........................................................................................................... 464,7 513.6 647, 7 683,0 084, 9 757, 1 7,2 6, 8 7.4 8,6 11,9 10, 7 * Includes a mixed product containing rutilo, loucoxene, and alt Metal & Thermit Corp. began mining ilmenito at its plant at Beaver Dam, Va., at the plant, scheduled to be 5,000 tons scribed.2 In April, Union Carbide & Carbon Cor Electro Metallurgical Co., a titanium-spo plans to mine a deposit of titanium minera northeast coast of Florida. The company the island and planned to begin mining by of 1958.8 Discovery of ilmenite-containing sand i central New Jersey was reported by geo Geological Survey.4 Several firms enga manufacturing have reportedly conducted Metal.--The United States continued to producer of titanium sponge, with a new short tons in 1957. Sponge consumption preceding year. Much of the excess spon General Services Administration (GSA) u ment contracts. In 1957 deliveries to GS for a cumulative total of 19,821 short tons Commercial producers of titanium spon Cramot, Inc., Chattanooga, Tenn.; Dow Mich.; Electro Metallurgical Co., Ashtabu 1 Engineering and Mining Journal, Virginia Heavy Minerals P pp. 94-96. * Mining Congress Journal, Union Carbide to Mine Titanium: * Markowlcz, r. J., Parrlllo, D. Q., and Johnson, M. E., Tho T Prcpr. 68I8A6, Soc. Min. EDg., AIME, 13 pp. (pros, at the annua 10-20, 1968). * Engineering and Mining Journal, Ilmonlte in New Jersey: Vo 1188 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1957 Nemours & Co., Inc., Newport, Del.; and Titanium Metals Corp. of America, Henderson, Nov. .? The Electro Metallurgical Co., a division of Union Carbide & Car bon Corp., was the only producer using the sodium process in reducing titanium tetrachloride to titanium metal. All other domestic pro ducers used a magnesium-reduction process. The following data represent activity in various branches of the titanium-metal industry in 1950 and 1957 in short tons: Titanium tetrachloride consumption 1------------------- ___________ __ ________ Sponge consumption______________________________ ___________ ................ .. . Ingot production 1------ ------------------------------------------- .. _______ Ingot consumption________________________________ ___________ Mill product production___________________________ ___________ i Estimated. * Includes alloying constituents. 1966 GG, 500 14, 595 10, 936 2, 033 11, 088 10, 800 5, 100 10.57 79, 000 17, 249 8, 221 1, 743 10, 009 10, 428 6, 658 TABLE 2.--Salient statistics of the titanium-metal industry, 1948-57, in short tons Year Spongemetal produc tion Sponge In revolvingfund stock pile De cember 31 MIUshape produc tion Year Spongemetal produc tion Sponge In rcvolvlngfnnd stock pile De cember 31 Millshape produc tion 1952........................ > 10 125 *75 495 1,075 ( ) ( ) ( ) >70 1953........................ 1954........................ 1065........................ 1956........................ 2, 241 6, 370 7,308 14,595 303 > 200 1967........................ 17,249 30 2, 804 6,047 9,289 10,821 1 1.114 1,299 1,898 6,166 6,653 i Estimate. > Data not avallablo. i Shipments. Plant expansions proposed and in progress in nnd-1957 were either suspended or activity greatly reduced as military orders for titanium metal decreased, Titanium producers laid off workers toward tho end of 1957, and in December the industry as a whole was operating at less than one-fifth its estimated yearly capacity of 28,000 tons. Late in 1957 Mallory-Sharon Titanium Corp. combined with U. S. Industrial Chemical Co. (U. S. I.) a division of National Distillers & Chemical Corp., to form Mallory-Sharon Metals Corp. The Mallory-Sharon Titanium Corp. has for many years melted titanium sponge and produced mill products at Niles, Ohio. During 1957 U. S. I. was constructing a 5,000-ton-per-ycar titanium-sponge plant in the same building wiUi its zirconium plant at Ashtabula, Ohio. On November 12, 1957, Crucible Steel Co. of America announced that, subject to Securities and Exchange Commission approval, it had acquired full ownership of Ilem-Cru Titanium, Inc. The transfer was reportedly accomplished through exchange of 150,000 shares of Crucible common stock for the entire half interest owned by Rem ington Arms Co.4 * American MetallMarket, Crucible Steol Now Full Owner of Itcm-Cru Firm; Vol. 04, No. 218, Nov, 13, 1957, pp. 1, 3. TITANIUM Titanium Metals Corp. of America (T. at its Toronto, Ohio, rolling plant in T. M. C. A., this is tho first fully integr voted to rolling and forging titanium. have been shipped, and rolling facilities fo ready early in 1958. The six titanium melters in 1957 w Torrance, Calif.; Mallory-Sharon Metals Metallurgical Corp., Albany, Orcg.; Rem land, Pa.; Republic Steel Corp., Massill Titanium Metals Corp. of America, Hend Oregon Metallurgical Corp. produced i other companies produced and processe such as sheet, strip, plate, forging billets, Pigments. In 1957 production and s pigments decreased 7 and 10 percent, This was the first decrease in titanium pi when production and shipments were 4 a below 1951. Titanium pigments were produced in th lowing companies: American Cyanamid C Savannah, Ga.; E. I. duPont de Nemour Del., and Baltimore, Md.; Glidden Co Point, Md.; National Lead Co., St. Louis, and New Jersey Zinc Co., Gloucester City Early in 1957 E. I. duPont de Nemours it would build a 125-ton-per-day titanium a 1,500 acre site near New Johnsonville produced by the chloride route whereby converted to titanium dioxide rather than by all the other domestic producers. The operation by early 1959. Welding-Rod Coatings.--A total of 266 rods containing titaniferous material in t in 1957. This was a 6-percent decrease ing rods similarly coated in tho preceding Of the total welding rods produced, 4 only; 28 percent, ilmenite only; 13 perce manufactured titanium dioxide only; titanium dioxide only; and 5 percent, slag CONSUMPTION AND Concentrates.--During 1957 the cons titanium slag for making titanium pigme cent, respectively. This was reflected by production of 7 percent. Consumption 14 percent over 1956, owing partly to the metal production. Of tho 53,000 short United States in 1957, 66 percent was u 27 percent was used in welding-rod coa into alloys, carbides, ceramics, fiberglass, a 1190 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1957 TABLE 3--Consumption of titanium concentrates in the United States, 1943-62 (average), 1953-55 total, and 1953-57, by products, in short tons Ilmenite 1 Titanium slag Rut lie Product Gross wotgbt Estimat ed TlOj content Oross Estimat weight ed TIO, content Gross weight Estimat ed T10 content 630,068 687,076 679,003 741,460 328,072 354,470 363,146 401,140 24,230 73,628 100, 825 134,053 * 10,740 62,611 71, 102 94,622 13,432 20,170 20,063 28, 702 12. 881 19,033 19,431 27,102 1956 854,874 Ceramics.......... ................ ................................. <*) 907 9,204 27 Fiberglass........................................................... ............10 468,814 () 680 4,670 17 ............io* 160.228 () 1.307 A ..........800* 113.638 (fl) 1,010 <) .......... 594* 805,211 404,009 1G2, 434 116,148 20,800 13,110 1,106 381 1,100 1,258 * 46,853 28, 407 12,303 1,138 * 357 1.066 * 1,183 > 44, 463 1967 Total............................................... 832, 350 <4) 1.051 7, 280 22 429,019 <4) 014 4,423 12 114, 108 () 1,460 <*> 840,710 434,077 110, 465 80,806 ( ) 1,006 () 82,645 36,048 14,400 604 353 1,122 770 63,303 34,488 13,054 578 330 1,091 729 60,870 1 includes a mixed product conlalnlnR rutile, leucoxcno. and altered llmenltc used to make plemonts and metal. * Revised Ggures. > Includes consumption lor chemicals and experimental purposes. TABLE 4,--Distribution of titanium-pigment shipments, by industries, 1948-52 (average) and 1953-57, percent of total Industry 10-18-62 1063 1064 1066 1050 1067 (average) Distribution by gross weight: Coated fabrics and textiles (oilcloth, shade cloth, 73.0 6.2 4.5 2.8 1.8 1.0 0.8 07. 1 9.7 4.8 3.4 2.0 1.2 61.3 3.1 2. 4 -100.0 100.0 100.0 ------ ------------ -- -------------- Distribution by titanium dioxide content: Coated fabrics and (oxides (oilcloth, simile 66. 4 9. 1 6.0 3.0 2. 4 1. r 11.4 68.8 11. 1 6. 4 4.6 2.0 1.6 66. 4 4.0 3.2 1. 0 100.0 100.0 j 100.0 05. 3 10.1 3.4 2.7 65.3 3.4 2.8 100.0 100.0 68.4 68.3 4. 4 3.4 3.0 1.7 j 100.0 100.0 64.9 3.6 3.2 100.0 67.7 4.6 4. 1 100.0 TITANIUM Metal.--The consumption of titaniu ments as a gage, was 5,700 short tons short tons reported in 1956. Most of t went into defense applications, partic Titanium compressor rotors for jet engine to be used 7 and other titanium aircraft slat tracks,9 gained wider acceptance by Civilian applications of titanium me 1957 owing to increasing familiarity wit and development of titanium alloys wi heat-treating properties. Cast-titanium were tested for use in the chemical indu an order for nearly 7 miles of titanium tub in process equipment for treating cobal Two experimental high-speed centrifug an alloy of titanium containing 6__perc vanadium. The machines can >"7rjjerate less-steel machines for the sar j . workin owing to titanium's low density, which is of steel.11 Titanium mill shapes were used in wo num workracks in the chromic acid ano Titanium was used by one firm facin highly corrosive acid solution of ferric titanium pump reportedly paid for itse operation.13 STOCKS Stocks of ilmenite, rutile, and titaniu 1957. The largest increase was noted in 120 percent over the 1956 total. Ilme cent, and stocks of titanium slag increa rate of consumption the stocks of ilmen titanium dioxide content), represented a Year-end stocks of titanium spongo h totaled 2,800 short tons, a slight dccrcas tho beginning of the year. An addition revolving-fund stockpile. Industry stoc supply at 1957 consumption rates. Stocks of- titanium scrap held by melte tons at the beginning of the year to 3,6 ? 8AE Journal, Alloy Titanium In J-57 Turbojet Engine: V American Metal Market, Beea Major Rise for Titanium B p. 7. Materials and Methods, Titanium Used In Jet SJat Truc May 1957, pp. 172-173. 9 American Metal Markot, T. M. O. Book* Large Order fo Bcpt. 4, )9.r)7, pp. 1, 7. " Chemical Engineering, You Can Capitalize on TPs Stren >* Light Metal Age, Titanium Work Holders Speed Anodi 1957, p. 37. 11 American Metal Market, Titanium Aids Processing o 1958, p. 7. 1192 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1957 TABLE 6.--Stocks of titanium concentrates in the United States at the end of the year, 1966-57, in short tons Stocks Ilmenite Titanium slag Ituttlo Cross weight Estimated TIOi content Gross weight Estimated TIOi content Ornss weight Estimated TIOi content I960 Consumers................................... Total stocks..................... 19(7 Consumers................................... Si, 663 134 634,940 699.027 29, 730 79 ' 281,395 ' 311,210 34,768 196 095,794 734, 747 16.002 110 301.476 379, 053 112,047 112, 047 180,314 180,314 79,307 79. 307 127, 020 127, 620 25 1,673 26,048 26, 746 83 3,080 66. 206 8, 908 24 1,698 23,875 25, 497 78 3,612 62, 690 60, 189 i Revised figure. PRICES Concentrates.--Oversupply of rutile in 1957 was reflected in price reductions during the year. Nominal prices for rutile (94 percent TiOj, f. o. b. Atlantic seaboard), as quoted by E&MJ Metal and Min eral Markets, decreased from $190 to $230 per short ton in January 1957 to $120 to $125 per short ton at the end of the year. Prices of ilmenite remained unchanged throughout the year at $20.25 to $30 per gross ton (59.5 percent TiOj, f. o. b. Atlantic seaboard), according to E&MJ Metal and Mineral Markets. Manufactured Titanium Dioxide.--On February 18, 1957, the prices of rutile and anataso grades of manufactured titanium dioxide were advanced $0.01 per pound. The following prices were quoted in the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter throughout the remainder of the year: Per pound Anatnse, chalk-resistant, regular and ceramic, carlots, delivered.-............. $0.251 Less than carlotR, delivered-------- _----------- -------------------- ------------- -.................... 2G% Rutile, nonchalking, bags, carlots, delivered East------------------------ ----------------------- 27% Less than carlots, delivered East--------- --------- ----------- --------- --------- --------- -28% Titanium pigment, calcium-rutile base, bags, carlots, delivered------------------------ 09% Less than carlots, delivered________________________________________ _____ .09% Metal--In 1957 only one price change occurred for titaniumsponge metal and mill products. On June 3, 1957, sponge-metal producers lowered the price of Grade A-l sponge 18 percent and Grade A-2 sponge 20 percent. Price of titanium mill products was reduced about 10 percent at tho same time. Prices per pound quoted for titanium sponge and mill products in 1957 were as follows: TITANIU Titanium sponge, Grade A-I Titanium spoDge, Grade A-2. Sheet_________________________ Strip_________________________ Plate_________________________ Wire__________________________ Forging billets_______________ Hot-rolled bare.______________ i Maximum IroD content o10.20 percent, with a BrlnoN 1 Maximum Iron content of CM5 percent, with a Brinell ' F. o. b. mill, commercially pure grades, In lots of 10,0 Ferrotitanium.--In 1957 the pric quoted in E&MJ Metal and Minera The price of high-carbon and medium on April 4,1957. Nominal prices quo Markets in 1957 were as follows: Y ,, Low-carbon:1 Titanium, 40 percent; carbon, 0.10 perce Titanium, 25 percent; carbon, 0.10 perce Medium-carbon:* Titanium, 17 to 21 perc to 5 percent. High-carbon:* Titanium, 15 to 19 percent; 8 percent. ` f>rl?e,,Pef Pund k* l-to lot* or more, lump ()i inch, United States. Price per net ton, carload lots, lump, packed; f. o. b. d FOREIGN TR Imports.--The 460,000 short tons o for consumption in 1957 was a new over 1956. Over 99 percent of imp India. Material from Canada was m an average of 70 percent TiOj. Ilmen TiOj concentrate from sand deposits of ilmenite from Malaya were less tha Imports of rutile concentrate increa new peak of 84,800 short tons, almost Imports for consumption of titaniu 3,532 short tons, valued at $17 million 3,418 short tons (this includes the 77 the barter contract with Japan and lis The United Kingdom supplied 67 tons " Figuresi ou Imports and exports compiled by Moo B. P Activities, Bureau of Mines, from records of the U. S. Dep 480221--58------- TO 1194 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1957 TABLE 6.--Titanium concentrates 1 imported for consumption in the United States, 1948-62 (average) and 1053-67, by countries, in short tons [Bureau of the Cons|,s) Country of origin 1048-62 (avorngo) 1053 1054 1055 1950 1057 ILMENITE North Amerioa: Canada............. * 0. 720 1,742 139.685 * 107, 521 106,307 100,000 217. 702 Europe: (0 20,312 33 40 20,312 40 33 Asia: India.......................................... (*) 198,618 678 147,005 167.484 187,044 133,620 28,864 240, 279 2,279 Total...................................... 199,106 144 42 147,005 64 167, 484 187,044 162, 384 107 242, 658 Grand total.......................... 231. 165 280. 044 275. 005 353, 351 350,281 400, 353 Value...................................... $1,847,500 $5, 403, 520 $4,003,402 $7,031,000 $9, 107,835 $10,310, 853 RUTILE 50 Europe; <> 11 Oceania: Australia........................ <*> 9,140 16, 098 14,905 19. 626 11 48, 845 94 84,743 Total as reported................ Australia: In "zirconium ore"*. 9,140 619 16,098 84 14, 905 05 19,526 48,906 84, 837 Grand totol...................... 9, 659 16,182 15,000 10, 520 48.906 84,837 Valuo of "as reported"___ $627, 676 $1,701,494 $1,323,183 $1,084,431 $7, 147, 827 $11,843,295 Classified ns "ore" by Bureau of tlic Census Includes titanium slag. Cblcfly all titanium slag averaging about 70 percent TIOj. < Less than 1 ton. Owing to changos in tabulating procodurcs by the Bureau of tho Census, data known to bo not com* parable with other years. Rutllo content of zirconium oro as reported to the Bureau of Mines by Importers. Exports.--In 1957 the United States exported 53,000 short tons of titanium dioxide and pigments, a decline of 18 percent below 1956. Canada, as in the past, the destination for most of the titaniumpigment exports, received 22,800 short tons in 1957. Other countries that received 1,000 tons or more were as follows: Argentina, 1,300; Australia, 1,600; Belgium and Luxembourg, 1,300; Colombia, 1,400; Cuba, 1,600; France, 4,100; Italy, 1,800; Mexico, 3,300; Netherlands, 3,900; Philippines, 2,100; and Venezuela, 1,600. Of tlic 2,000 short tons of titanium concentrates shipped in 1057, 1,300 tons went to Canada. The remainder was exported as follows: Argentina, 11 tons; Chile, 3 tons; Hong Kong, 11 tons; Mexico, 25 tons; Philippines, 42 tons; United Kingdom, 56 tons; and West Germany, 112 tons. Exports of titanium sponge and scrap increased considerably over 1956 but were still less than 100 tons. Canada and West Germany TITANIUM received about 26 tons each, the Unite and tho remainder went to Sweden, N land, and Portugal. Exports of titan to 779 short tons in 1957, a 25-pcrcen received 774 tons, mostly as ingots. T 3 tons of mill shapes and about 1 ton of products went to France, Sweden, Neth bourg, West Germany, Japan, and Italy Canada received 266 short tons of t ported in 1957. Italy received 90 tons Brazil, Sweden, Turkey, Thailand, and TABLE 7.--Exports of titanium products from and 1963-67, by (Bureau of the Cen Yoar Ore and con centrates Metal and alloys In crude form and scrap > Primary n. e Short Value Short tons tons Value Short tons 1948-52 (average). 1953............. 1064............. 1956............. 1060.............. 1967.............. 1.016 1,368 603 1,143 1,838 2,019 $112, 435 109, 878 85. 896 103.762 312, 285 276.472 (') 2 48 10 14 71 (>) $11,858 1,107, 682 30, 353 60.002 77,629 (0 31 171 as 669 779 3 1 8 9 1 Beginning Jan. 1, 1956, classified as sponge and scrap. Beginning Jan. 1. 1955, classified as Intermediate mill sha * Not separately classified before 1952. 1952: 752 tons ($3 commercially pure titanium metal. , * Not separately classified before 1962. 1962; 3 tons ($38,97 WORLD REV Declining United States requiremen titanium metal resulted in an oversup increased 30 percent over 1956 to a ne World ilmenite production continued t peak of 1.9 million short tons. The Un ing producer of ilmenite, supplying 39 p the leading producer of rutile, supplied tailment of tin production in Malaya ilmenite concentrate available for shipm The United States was the leading m metal; its output was 17,200 short ton production of 3,400 short tons. An Kingdom was 1.700 short tons. Australia.--Tue estimated 147,000 s produced in Australia was a 36-percen from sand deposits in Queensland and companies, Crescent Rutile N. L. at South Wales, and Silver Valley Uraniu South Wales, began production in 1957 1196 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1957 TABLE 8.--World production of titanium concentrates (ilmenite and rutile), by countries, 1948-62 (average) and 1963-67, in short tons 1 (Compllod by IVarl J. Thompson and BorooJco B. MitchellJ Country 1948-52 (avorago) 1053 1954 1066 1956 1067 ELUENITB Australia (sales) *....................... Brazil............................................ Canada....................................... Egypt............................................ Finland........................................ India.............................................. Japan .......................................... Malaya (exports)....................... Norway...................................... Portugal........................................ Senegal.......................................... Spain............................................. Union of South Africa.............. United States ........................... World total Utnonlto (ostlmate)................... RUTJLE Australia...................................... Brazil............................................ French Cameroon..................... India............................................. Norway........................................ United States.............................. World total rutile (esti mate) 1........................... 601 1,885 H, 375 1,063 209.030 061 27,039 114,157 394 4,706 700 404,700 161,170 2,787 3,405 241,091 3,199 20, 758 141,220 740 C, 358 1,632 10 613,696 620 124, 602 2,000 65, 765 1,216 200,375 2,638 50,114 104, 448 603 13,770 1,397 647,711 ooo 164,2*0 2, 694 93,008 280,807 5,007 GO. 3*0 173, 981 806 30,424 7,388 1,017 683,044 4,787 220,885 4,647 113,444 376,321 9,634 136,837 209,090 079 21,710 6,962 385 1,855 684,056 800,500 1,005,100 1,234,900 1,406, 100 1,702,000 20,704 4 310 *2 70 24 i ]7 7,247 42,604 58 117 3 (1, 825 50,018 140 117 7,411 00, 767 174 110 1G0 10 8,613 107,880 338 1G8 COO 20 650 11, 007 34,500 40,000 57, 700 75,7CO 121,700 1 49,600 269, 406 4 4,400 116,568 331,521 9,056 102,742 231, 693 335 4 40,200 8,929 4 385 3,118 757,180 1,025,100 4 140,600 4 330 * flo 530 28 4 116 10,702 158,400 1 This table Incorporates a number of revisions of data published In previous Titanium chapters. do not add to totals shown owing to rounding wlicro estimated flguros are Included In the dotall. I Owing to high chromium content In tho ore, sales are shown. * Average for 1960-62 only; previous years are not available on sales basis. 4 Estimate. * Beginning 1960, Includes T! slag containing approximately 70 percent TIOi. * Represents titanium slag. * Average for 1 year only, as 1952 was tho first year of commercial production. Includes a mixed product containing Uinouito, leucoxeno, and rutllo for 1049-57. * Average for 1050-62. II Average for 1961-62. Data TABLE 9.--Exports of rutile concentrate from Australia, 1953-67, by countries of destination, in short tons 1 [Complied by Corra A. UarryJ Country Belgium............... . Fronco................... Germany, West.. Italy..................... . Japan..................... Netherlands......... Sweden................... . United Kingdom United Stales___ Olhor countries.. Total......... . 1 Compiled from Customs Returns of Australia. * January through September only. 1 Data not separately recorded. 1953 621 2,100 2, 144 1,681 450 3. 504 2, H24 9,701 15, 020 2, J48 40, 405 1954 1,619 3, 852 4,307 2, 2S9 1,370 6.100 1,742 11,078 10. 148 2, 102 49, 747 1966 1950 2,700 3,486 4.673 2, 154 2, 118 8,687 3, 093 13, 702 23,768 2, 539 60,849 4,797 4,509 4,042 3, 433 2,335 0,008 3, 561 13,093 61,754 2, 101 100, G73 1057 * 1 si 10,214 02, 690 33,887 106,700 TITANIUM Ilmenite mining activity in Australia was reported that many companies h Australia's beaches, where sand is rich The combined estimated annual c N. L., Capel, and Cable, Ltd., Bunb ilmenite concentrate.16 Westralian Oil, a plant with a capacity of 100,000 ton year in the Capel and Yoganup distric Canada.--The Quebec Iron & Titaniu tinued to increase its output of titanium of 258,900 short tons in 1957. The com and began production from a new furn the total number of furnaces to 6; 2 mo by the end of 1958.17 TABLE 10.--Quebec Iron & Titanium Corp short tons Item 1963 Ore crushed............................................................. Ore smelted............................................................. Titanium slag produced...................................... Titanium slag shipped......................................... Estimated T10> content of slag produced___ Value of slag produced......................................... Desulfurized iron producod................................ Desulfurized Iron shipped................................... 168,218 () 141,883 146, 402 99,318 $4, 200,490 100,875 94,687 1 Data not available. A total of 10,500 short tons of ilmenite in 1957 from the St. Urbain area, Que Iron Co., Ltd., and Continental Iron use as heavy aggregate for concrete i United States and for manufacturing short tons valued at $37,100 was ship uses.18 The first titanium-pigment plant in C nium Pigments, subsidiary of National L was officially opened at Varennes, Qu Plant capacity was rated at 18,000 ton a year. Titanium dioxide slag, crushe about 70 percent titanium dioxide, w Iron & Titanium Corp. smelter about 2 River from Varennes.18 Ceylon.--It was reported that the G to develop the ilmenite sands at Pulmod were reportedly obtained by the Gover plant and lend technologic assistance.80 Finland.--Further details on the titan maki, owned and operated by the Gov J* Mice and Quarry Engineering, Western Australia Ilmo h Industrial and Mining Standard, Tailings From the W Konnecott Copper Corporation, Forty-Third Annual R i iJanes, T. H., Titanium in Canada, 1967: Canadian Dop Janes, T. H., Titanium In Canada--1967: Canodlan M > Chemical Age (London), Ceylon Ilmenite Project; Vol. 1198 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1957 lished during 1957.21 Through improved ore-dressing .techniques, the Otanmaki Company was ablo to produce tonnages of ilme.nite m excess of designed capacity. Tho mill began producing in 1954 after the processes involved had been extensively studied at the Mineral Dress ing Laboratory of tho State Institute for Technical Research in Helsinki. Japan.--The output of titanium slag used for making titanium metal decreased slightly in 1957 from 9,600 short tons in 1956 to 9,000 tons. Output of the 4 major producers was as follows: Hokuetsu Electric Chemical Industrial Co., 2,716 short tons; Morioka Electric Chemical Co., 1,743 short tons; Nisso Steel Manufacturing Co., 2,622 short tons; and Osaka Titanium Co., Ltd., 1,916 short tons. The Tokyo Iron & Steel Co. produced 57 short tons in March and September. The Nisso Steel Manufacturing Co. announced in July that produc tion of titanium slag in its plant was halted because Osaka Titanium Co., its chief customer, was not accepting any moro titanium slag or other titanium raw materials.22 The titanium-spongc-mctal industry increased output, but produc tion rates at the end of 1957 were somewhat below capacity. Out put during the year was 3,393 short tons--22.6 percent above the 1956 production. TABLE 11.--Titanium-sponge production in Japan, 1952-57, in short tons Company 1952 1053 1054 1955 1956 1967 Osaka Titanium Co., Ltd............................. Tobo Titanium Industry Co., Ltd............. Nippon Soda Co., Ltd.................................... Nippon Electric Metallurgical Co., Ltd... Total......................................................... 9 06 6 6 8 9 77 336 639 1,146 263 608 1.439 37 115 183 28 9 77 673 1,378 2,768 1,004 1, 659 170 3, 393 i Less tbso 1 ton. Exports of titanium sponge in 1957 totaled 2,734 short tons, of which 9,689 short tons went to tho United States and 45 tons to countries i Europe. Production of titanium dioxide continued upward to 33,700 short ms, 33 percent over 1956. In July the Ishihara Industrial Co., iLd., the leading titanium dioxide producer in Japan, completed an expansion program, which doubled its capacity from 1,000 tons to 'ABLE 12.--Titanium dioxide production, exports, and stocks in Japan, 1953-57, in short tons Year Produc Exports 6tocks tion Year Produc Exports Stocks tion 3....................................... 0,703 1................................. 13.820 8....................................... 19.068 530 6.218 8,677 692 882 638 25. 200 10.208 30.811 10. 890 1.174 2,400 Minins: World, How Otanmakl Floats Ilmenite From Flnloud's Tltaulferous Magnetite: Vol. 19, >. 4. April 1967, pp. 49-68. * Mela) llullotln (London), Japnnoae Slag Output Stops: No. 4212, July 19, 1067, p. 26. TITANIUM 2,000 tom; monthly.23 The plant is at Yo southern Honshu and is designed to proce Malay*, Ilmenite exports from Mal percent compared with 1956. Ilmenitc of tin dredging. Curtailment of tin ope pected to reduce the quantity of ilmenite TABLE 13,--Exports of ilmenite from Malaya, 19 in short tons 1 [Compiled by Corra A. B Country 1953 3, 007 2, 670 10.627 1,456 11,692 20,768 i Complied from Customs Returns of Malaya. Union of South Africa.--Tho Anglo Am Africa) announced that Umgababa M company, would begin to produce titan trates by mid-1958 from a mine at Umga This mine was formerly operated on a s Corp. of South Africa. Umgababa Min additional facilities to raise capacity to year and to recover zircon and rutile at t tons per year, respectively.24 Part of th be utilized by a titanium dioxide-pigm planned by tne British Titan Products Explosives & Chemical Industries, Ltd. United Kingdom.--Imperial Chemical I Wilton, Yorkshire, continued to be the o titanium-sponge metal in the United K annual capacity in 1957 of the Wilton short tons. The company melting and compressed titanium granules produce titanium tetrachloride into pellets or ba tho metal was to bo melted in a furnac nonconsumable electrodes. Construction rolling plant at Waunarlwydd, near S expected to bo completed by mid-1958. Witton were expected to cease as the W n Mining World, Asia: Vol. 19, No. 8. July 1967, p. 100. n American Metal Market, Umgababa WUI Start Umenlto 1957, pp. I, 7. 1200 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1967 pleted." A 2,000-ton double-melting vacuum furnace, equipped with fully automatic, electronically controlled electrode feeder gears, and operated remotely, was being built in Hanau, West Germany, for the I. C. I. melting plant at Witton.28 TECHNOLOGY One of the most significant advances in titanium-metal technology in recent years was reported by the Federal Bureau of Mines in 1957.T A laboratory process was developed for preparing high-purity titanium from scrap and offgrade sponge. By electrorefining the metal in a fused-salt bath, titanium containing relatively large amounts of non, nitrogen, and oxygon and having a Brinell hardness of 314 was refined to a metal with a Brinell hardness of 78. An arc-melting technique was reported 28 for preparing 25- to 30- pound ingots of uncontaminatcd titanium, binary titanium-aluminum alloys, and various ternary additions to the titanium-aluminum base. Extensive chemical and mechanical tests showed a high degree of uniformity in the ingots prepared and confirmed reports by other investigators of the high impact-strength potential of certain titanium- aluminum alloys. _ A constitution diagram for the system titanium-germanium up to 30 percent germanium was proposed.20 Metallographic, X-ray, and resistivity studies indicated a eutectic composition of 19 percent germanium at 1,360 C. and a pcritectic reaction at 905 C. with 4 percent germanium. Formation of a single compound, Ti6Ge3 was reported in the part of the system studied. Corrosion rates of titanium and a variety of titanium alloys with manganese, chromium, iron, vanadium, and zirconium were studied in mineral acids, nitric acid, and chloride solutions by L. B. Golden and others.30 Comparative tests were conducted on samples from arc-melted ingots and ingots prepared by powder-metallurgy tech niques. . Thermodynamic values at 298.15 and 1,600 K. for several ti tanium-oxygen interstitial compounds were determined in a coopera tive undertaking between the Federal Bureau of Mines and the Office of Naval Research.31 Theoretical considerations were reported and calculated partial molal free energy-composition isotherms for 800 and 1,600 C. are presented for the composition range 0 to 2 weight-percent oxygen. Submarginal deposits of titanium minerals were investigated and a method proposed for separating columbium and iron from these ores by a fractional distillation process following chlorination.82 Metal Bulletin (London). Titanium Progress At Waunarlwydd: No. 4195, May 17, 1967, p. 23. * Melailurgla Tllanluni-Mcltlng-Plaut Ordor: Vol. 56, No. 331, May 1067, n. 247. Nettle, J. a., Baker, D. II., Jr., nnd Wartman, F. B., EloctrorcBnlng Titanium Metal: Bureau of Mines Root, of Investigations 6316, 11)57, 43 pp. * Huber, R. W., and Lane, I. U., Jr., Consumable-Electrode Arc Melting oi Tltaulum and Its Alloys: Bureau of Mines Ropt. of Investigations 6311. 1067. 30 pp. j i Peterson, V. O.. and Huber, K. W., Tho Tltanlum-Oerinanluin System FromO to 30 Percent derma* nlum: Bureau of Mines Kept, of Investigations 6305, 1667. 20 pp. Golden, L. B.. Ackerman, \V. and Schloln, D., The Relative Oorroslon Resistance of Titanium and Some of Its Alloys: Tlurcou of Mines Rcpt. of Investigations 5200. 1067,26 pp. ii Mah. A. D., and othors, Thnrmodynamtc Properties of Titanium-Oxygen Solutions and Compounds: Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 5310, 10fi7.33pj>. ,, ,, i Nleberleln, V. A., Low-Tompcroturo Chlorination or Oolumhliim-Douring TJtnnlura Mlnorals: Bureau of Mines Kept, of Investigations 6340,1057, 16 pp. TITANIUM A comprehensive study of the titanium to semifinished product was published.33 geologic occurrence, prospecting, mining titanium minerals as well as descriptions manufacturing titanium metal, pigments other miscellaneous products containing A field method using simple, inexpe evaluation of heavy-mincral-bearing san found application in expediting the wor sand deposits.31 Gamma rays from radioactive cobalt research laboratory to determine tho lev arc melting furnace.35 According to this melting was maintained automatically through the furnace walls and the ingot Comparative physical-property data f metals and a table of mediums in which corrosion resistance were made availabl production engineers interested in using Chemical and physical data for a nu alloys were reported.37 A literature survey was conducted 38 cation, and mechanical and corrosion pro Development of the iodido process o conium was reviewed.38 Sodium reduction of titanium tetrachlo A laboratory process using ilmenite as a potassium chlorotitanate product, whic posed at 300 to 500 C. to titanium t chloride, was reported in 1957.11 Produc chloride is claimed. Mellgren and Opie studied equilibriu valent titanium in a fused sodium chlo at various temperatures and concentratio A method was patented for direct red by aluminum motal, followed by a leac metal to remove excess aluminum.13 !! toiler, J. A., Titanium, A Materials Survey: Bureau of M .Clemmons, t. H Btaoy, R. H., and Browning, 7. 8,, Heov of Bonds by Prospedtora and Plant Operators: Bureau of Mines " Metal Market, Titanium Furnace Is Controlle Apr. it), ivo7, pp. 1, 7. " {"d^trla! and Engineering Chemistry. Part I, Titanium: 186-188 194N' P'' TU1 Re5e0rch mid Dovelopmont: Mol !! ?,.7.nnrg '' AH-TB-+hitnlU7': Ind' .E,)fL Cl1 ; P1' ol. lurch., vol55Vo'. aiLMa?1im^p p^zs -M L "" May^M?1 pp0lI2IW22lum I>roco3s *Ilroct8 Titanium In Comm 11 PJiemlca) Engineering: Progress. New Process for Titanium: 1 Mellgren, 8., nlum Trichloride IanndMMooOllptteeJenn, SSWooddiiuuEmmquCCilhhiblloorrriuiiddmee----BSSetttrrwooennettniiuummTitCCahhnlloiour ary 1957, pp. 206-209. toJHtools Institute of Technolog High-Meltlng-Polnt Metals and Their Alloys: U, 8. Patont 2,80 1202 MINERALS YEARBOOK, l'J5 7 In another patented method for producing titanium titamumbearing material is reacted with calcium chloride and an alkali metal SUA method "of forming a porous titanium-metal diaphragm on a nickel-wire cloth placed between the anode and cathodo in !-ed salt bath was patented.45 ,, Whaley, T. r. (assigned to Ethyl Corp.), Method ol Producing Titanium: U. S. Patent .',..7,703, ,a<1 KliSger, W. W. (assigned to New Jersey Zinc Co.), Production o( Titanium: U. S. Patent 2,780,043, Apr. 23, 1957. Tungs By R. W. Holliday 1 an 4* HE TUNGSTEN-MINING indu Tin December 1956 when the Go concentrate from domestic produc and prices declined. From a domestic output of 2,896,0 in 1949, production had increased ea pounds in 1955 and nearly as much in tion during the same period increase pounds to an estimated 77,520,000 po in 1956. Much of the increase, bot United States Government stockpile sumption was relatively stable, ave years 1949-56. Virtually all Governm at above-market prices. Therefore, after suspension of Gov sources, the available supply greatly United States were capable of prod required by industry; by the end of producers and consumers; additiona for import; and large Government sto market, were available for emergenc TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of tungsten ore 1949-62 (average) and 1953-57, in thou 1948-52 (avorago) Mine production.............................................. Mine shipments................................................ General Imports 1.............................................. Consumption..................................................... Stocks: Producers.................................................... Consumers and dealers............................ Total......................................................... 4, 808 4.855 89,,090005 410 4,297 4, 707 > Includes Alaska. i Oro and concentrate received to tbo United States; tbe remainder entered bondod warehouses or Qovernme * Commodity specialist, s Statistical clerk.