Document XOGOx2bq10EKyQnb74bxdr6Rd

LEAD Volume 2 MARCH, 1932 Number 2 Painting Steel Cables of the Manhattan Bridge with Pure Lead Paint EWING CALLOW LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION Graybar Building 420 Lexington Avenue New York Lead-Asbestos Anti-Vibration Pads for Rubber Mills UBBER mills are no exception to the general run R of machinery in that they set up considerable vibration transmitted through the machine founda tions to other parts of the building, particularly when mounted on an upper tloor. Engineers are agreed that preventing transmission of such vibra tion is highly desirable both from the standpoint of the workers' efficiency and comfort, and to decrease wear and tear on equipment and buildings. Recog nizing this fact, one of the country's largest and most progressive rubber companies now installs its rub ber mills over lead-asbestos anti-vibration pads with highly satisfactory results. Rubber mill line installed on lead-asbestos anti-vibration pads. The first pads used by this company were installed nearly two years ago and were given a thorough test. envelope are ''burned" so that nothing but lead is As a result more pads were ordered for another plant exposed. Moles are provided at points to be pene of the same company and additional pads are being trated by bolts. The center illustration shows the used under new mills now being installed at the orig pads placed upon the concrete floor with bolts pass inal plant. Prior ing completely to the use of through the floor these pads, a and the pads to person standing receive the bed anywhere near plate. In the the mills or even background is on an upper floor shown the bed was distinctly plate and frame conscious of the which will be tremor or vibra placed on top of tion imparted to the pads and the structure. bolted down. With the pads, The photograph this is negligible, at the bottom of vibration having the page shows been practically eliminated. Lead-asbestos pads in place, ready to receive rubber null setting shown in background. the frame in place on the These leadasbestos pads are substantially the same as those pads, the edges just visible under the bed plate. In the other picture used under presses in many modern printing estab the mill line has been installed on its vibration- lishments, as described in the March. 1931, issue of insulated foundation. Lead . They consist of an envelope of 8 lb. lead with in which is contained J4 in. of asbestos, making the These pads are subjected to a hydraulic pressure of 100 lbs. per square in. when manufactured, to total over-all thickness in. Seams in the lead give them a firm and even set. The pads were made by John F. Abernethy & Co., of Brooklyn, N. Y. Lead-asbestos pads have several advantages for this service other than just their vibration insulat ing characteristics. They can sustain high unit loads, evidenced by the fact that similar pads are used under building columns, and they are practically imperishable. The lead envelope is unaffected by grease, moisture or other agents present in most fac Setting in place on pads shown in illustration above. Edges of pads are visible under the bed plate. tories, and time and continued shock seem to have no bad effects. LIA25169 Lead Paints Give Lasting Protection to N. Y. Bridges EWING CALLOWAY Network of steel cables on Manhattan Bridge being painted with red lead and white lead and (left) the odd-shaped long-handled brushes used on this job. HE four great bridges over the East River be Ttween Manhattan and Long Island are protected against rust and corrosion by red lead and white lead paint. These bridges--the Brooklyn, Manhattan, Williamsburg, and Oueensboro--are under the su pervision of the Department of Plant and Structures of the City of New York, in whose care are fortyeight other bridges and many other public struc tures, worth millions of dollars. Such vast invest ments must be given the best protection. Pictured on this page are painters at work on the cables and other steel work of the Manhattan Bridge. The unusual shape of the long-handled brushes is clearly seen. Sheepskin wrapped around flat steel bars is also used to get paint into inaccessible places. Subjected to wide temperature variations and the salt air of the Atlantic, lead paints, with their great adherence to steel and tenacious, elastic films, stand up. Undercoats are of red lead paint while the top coat is white lead tinted with small amounts of burnt umber and blue. White Lead in Lubricating Compound HOME-MADE mixture of A lb. white lead, gal. cylinder oil and l/z lb, flake graphite makes an especially ef ficient lubricant for open gears, according to Link-Belt Shovel News. This mixture adheres well to the gears and can be painted on with a brush as required at intervals of about five hours. Cup grease may be substituted for the oil and the graphite maybe omit ted. Omission of the graphite is not advisable in warm weather. Some of the standard com pounds may give good results, but have a tendency to run off, getting into the frictions and re sulting in a dirty machine. The .-1 Link-Belt shovel, showing some gears which, among others not visible, may be lubricated as described in the article. [3] white lead mixture may be made heavier for warm weather by de creasing the proportion of oil or grease to graphite. This sugges tion is a result of the extensive experimental work of the LinkBelt Company of Chicago direct ed towards the most effective lu brication of its shovels, cranes and other products. White lead has also been used in combination with mutton tal low to coat the control wires of airplanes. This mixture provides both a protection from the ele ments for the wires and a means of lubricating them. It is a halfand-half mixture made by boil ing paste w'hite lead with the tallow. LIA25170 Lead Pressure Relieving Joints Save the Faces*7 of Modern Buildings RESSURE relieving joints are used in modern Pbuildings faced with stone, terra cotta, marble or granite to prevent cracking or spalling of facina the weight of the struc ture itself. This causes cracking or breaking of blocks, which not only mars beautiful facades but the facing blocks. Pres causes future expense for patching or tuckpointing. sure relieving joints, be There are few prominent buildings today, large or ing semi-plastic, com small, faced with stone or terra cotta that do not press slightly under this employ these joints, and most leading architects superimposed load, have given their approval by specifying them. One causing the shelf angles of the best recommendations is that such companies to function as intended as the Indiana Limestone Co. include pressure re- and relieving the facing material of excessive pressure. Wind stresses, settlement, vibration and other causes also subject the facing mate rial to destructive loads which are relieved by the pressure relieving joints. In wall-bearing WURTS BROS. 'I!- types of buildings they provide the necessary No. One Wall Street, New York, has Cowing lead joints in its limestone facade. resilience in the walls VOORHEES, CMELIN AND WALKER, ARCH. 1 and act as cushions for the stone to rest upon. In this type of building they should be installed on bed at intervals of 12 or 15 ft. in height. Being made of lead, these joints are permanent and non-staining. Not being unsightly, they may be installed flush with the stone face or may be recessed WURTS BROS. slightly and tuckpointed. Church of the Heavenly Rest, New York, a wall bearing structure using lead pressure relieving joints. MAYERS, MURRAY AND PHILLIP, ARCHITECTS The list of buildings using this joint is almost endless. It includes tall structures like the Empire State, which used about 2J4 miles of pressure reliev lieving joints in their specifications as a protection for their material. They are desirable in the con struction of both steel skeleton and wall bearing ing joints, and the eight-storv Lee, Higginson & Co. building. The Church of the Heavenly Rest in New York is an example of the wall-bearing type of types of structures. Pressure relieving joints consist of corrugated sheet lead wrapped in a fold of sheet lead. They are the thickness of the bed joint and are installed across piers and intermediate pilasters in place of one mor tar joint, usually at the first course above the sill level. Normally they carry the load of the facing material from this point to the shelf angle. As build ing steel compresses as it takes the load of the struc ture and expands or contracts more than the walls with changes in temperature, the facing material is often required to carry not only the weight of the facing between shelf angles, as intended, but often the weight to the top of the building and some of [4] Detail of lead pressure-relieving joints, shoving how they are constructed. LIA25171 L building employing these joints. In addition count less tall and small structures the country over, such as Tower of Memories, Minneapolis, Koppers Build ing, Pittsburgh, Penobscot Building, Detroit, Trib une Tower, Chicago, and the Nebraska State Capitol are examples. These joints are a product of the Cowing Pressure Relieving Joint Co., Chicago. Lead-Caulked Water Mains in Wilmington, Delaware N doing its share to relieve the unemployment sit I uation, the Water Department of Wilmington, Del., has laid several miles of water mains recently that would not otherwise have been put down for some time, according to Mr. S. N. Van Trump, Chief Engineer. One of these runs is a two-mile stretch to the state-owned Industrial School for Bovs and an other a mile and a quarter to the Rose Hill Public School. Both of these mains are 12 in. cast iron bell and spigot pipe, the joints caulked with pure lead. lar is fitted about the pipe with an opening at the top. At this opening a clay gate is built, into which the lead is poured. After the joint has been cast the clay gate and the collar are removed and the lead caulked to insure close contact with the pipe. The whole operation requires only a few minutes. Lead has several advantages for this service and is consequently the standard material. Its pouring temperature does not have to be very carefully con trolled. Once made, lead joints are flexible enough (Le f t ) Joint ready to pour, with collar and clay gate in place. (Rig h t ) Pouring mol ten lead into a joint of a cast iron water main. About 20 lb. of lead is used per joint. The pipe is in 18 ft. lengths. Another project now being installed is about a mile of 16 in. pipe, also caulked with lead. This pipe is in 16 ft. lengths and requires about 25 lb. of lead per joint. Accompanying illustrations depict the pouring of a joint on this line. The Wilmington Water Department uses lead for caulking all its pipe joints. Where the pipe is laid under wet conditions and molten lead cannot be used, it has resorted to lead wool. To cauik with lead, oakum is first driven well into the joint, leaving about 2 in. for lead. This prevents molten lead running through the joint. Then a col- to allow settling or other uncontrolled movement of the pipe without cracking either joint material or pipe. This is not true of more brittle substances sometimes used as substitutes. Likewise, should un usual conditions make repairs necessary the plastic ity of lead permits simple caulking as a remedy, whereas non-caulking materials must be completely removed and the entire joint remade, often with costly interruption of service. There are often failures of cast iron pipe that are blamed on the pipe itself when the joint is un doubtedly the real cause because there is no flexibil ity. Lead joints are flexible and eliminate this difficulty. [5] LIA25172 Lead Sidewalk Flashing OVERING the entire block bounded by William, C Beaver and Hanover Streets and Exchange Place, New York, the new building of the City Bank Farmers Trust Co. rises 5 5 stones into the air. But the super structure of such a building is not its only important part. Great care must be taken to see that moisture does not seep into the basements from the sidewalk level. To pre Conors it;.'. vent this. 16.000 lb. of 8-lb. sheet lead were used as flash ing entirely around this new building at the sidewalk joints. The selection of lead for this pur pose was based on two factors: it is a permanent water-proof material and it is strong enough to carry the load placed upon it by the building walls. Likewise it is soft and pliable, taking up irregularities easily. The manner in which the lead is in tailed is shown in the accompanying sketch. The archi tects for the City Bank Farmers Trust Building are Cross and Cross, Moran and Proctor are consulting engineers, and the George A. Fuller Co. are the general contractors. J. Ringle & Son Detail of lead side walk flashing on the City Bank Farmers Trust Co. building, and (left) the build ing itself. of Jersey City did the sheet metal work. In installations of this type where lead is in contact with concrete or WURTS BROS. mortar containing free lime in the presence of mois an added precaution against lime corrosion Li n 11 ture, the lead should be coated with asphaltum as the cement has become carbonated. Hard Lead Spandrels and Cresting on a School WURTS BROS. Center fapade. showing hard lead cresting and lead spandrels and grilles. HE Essex County Boys' Vocational School at TBloomfield, N. J., is a fine example of public funds well spent. It w'as designed by the well-known firm of Newark architects, Guilbert and Betelle, who, among many other fine projects, have designed a number of the outstanding educational buildings in the East. This firm has taken advantage of the many desirable features of hard lead for architectural pur poses--its pleasing color, great durability, and non staining--on a number of its prominent buildings. They have again turned to hard lead on this new' school building. The exquisite roof cresting on the center portion of the building is stamped from hard lead. Likewise the simply designed spandrels are formed from hard I [6] LIA25173 lead sheet, and the grilles in some of the spandrels shown in the photograph are cast hard lead. Hard lead flashing was also used. The trend of architecture towards the use of metals, and particularly of lead, is pronounced. In the case of lead this is nothing new hut merely a renaissance of the wide use of this pleasing metal in earlier times, mainly in Europe. Wider use of building materials like Indiana limestone, with which lead blends admirably, also adds impetus to the use of lead, and these light-colored materials must not accumulate stains from the metal, which may hap pen when some other metals are used. Bloomfield, N. /. Lead Faced Building Blocks Economical and Attractive ACOTTA is the name of a new metal-coated ety and decorative effect. But the qualities of lead M building unit that is finding wide acceptance which make it so suitable for certain building pur among architects and builders. It is a cast stoneposes--its color, non-staining qualities, and greater made of Haydite concrete which is light in weight durability than any other common metal--make lead one of the most popular metals for this coating. Also the dull sheen of lead is particularly adaptable to combination with bright metals such as tin, yielding interesting contrasts for ornamental work, Macotta is used for spandrels, ornamental trim and may be used effectively for entire building sur faces. It is erected in exactly the same manner as any natural or cut stone. It is made by The Maul Co. of Chicago and Detroit, and the George Rackle Sons Co. of Cleveland. A Chicago building in which macotta lead spandrels have been used. i LEICHENKO & ES5ER, ARCHITECTS and has good insulating properties. The outer surface of this material, after it has been cured, is spraved with a coating of a metal. In this way the usual disadvantages of concrete and stone, porosity and weight, are overcome, for Macotta weighs but 100 lb. k to the cubic foot and presents a solid metal surface to the atmosphere. Of course, any metal may be used for the coating and more than one metal may be used to obtain vari Macotta spandrels and lintels. The background of the spandrels is lead. r7] LIA25174 A New Standard for Lead Pipe Sizes HE Lead industries Association has approved a Tnew standard of lead pipe sizes which is being adopted by the principal manufacturers as an aid to consumers. In addition to eliminating numerous variations in pipe sizes now found among lead pipe manufacturers, an outstanding feature of the new standard is that all sizes of lead pipe in the A, AA and AAA classifications ("Strong," "Extra Strong" and "Double Extra Strong") will safely withstand constant cold water pressures of 50, 75 and 100 lb. per square inch, respectively. Heretofore the safe working pressure of these classes of lead pipe has decreased as the diameter of the pipe has increased. The principal changes occur in the wall thicknesses of the sizes from 1 in. to 2 in. Alterations made in sizes below 1 in. are of minor importance and small in number, but have been made to introduce a uni formity which does not now exist among the lead pipe sizes of various manufacturers. The new stand ard is as follows: LEAD PIPE SIZES Lead Industries Association Standard Siz e Inside Diam. Cl a s s if ic a t io n Ea s t We s t Ou t s id e Dia m. In c h e s We ig h t p e r Fo o t Po u n d s Ou n c e s iSiz e Cl a s s if ic a t io n Inside Diam. Ea s t We s t Ou t s id e Dia m. In c h e s We ig h t p e r Fo o t Po u n d s Ou n c e s /y8j' 7\/2n" 5T" 7V4 " 1" WA74i" E D C B A AA AAA E D C B A AA AAA E D C B A AA AAA E D C B A AA AAA E D C B A AA AAA E D C AQ XL L M S xs xxs AQ XL L M S XS xxs AQ XL L M S XS xxs AQ XL L M S XS xxs AQ XL L M s xs xxs AQ XL L .520 .549 .577 .631 .725 .811 .888 .628 .666 .712 .756 .798 .876 1.012 .765 .803 .881 .953 1.019 1.082 1.137 .906 .940 1.006 1.068 1.156 1.212 1.336 1.192 1.232 1.284 1.356 1.428 1.492 1.596 1.442 1.486 1.528 i i a 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 1 2 2 3 4 4 6 -2 2 3 8 10 12 8 8 9 12 4 8 12 8 8 8 4 12 4 8 12 10 8 4 12 8 2" 27" 3" 4" 5" 6" B l AI A| s AA XS AAA xxs E D C B A AA AAA AQ XL L M S XS xxs D C B A AA AAA XL L M s XS XXS 1.592 1.670 1.765 1.889 1.740 1.776 1.830 1.882 1.984 2.076 2.272 2.024 2.086 2.146 2.193 2.404 2.624 I j 1 1 1 E D c B A AA AAA AQ XL L M S XS xxs 2.185 2.284 2.354 2.410 2.503 2.751 3.008 2.75 3.00 ! 3.25 | 3.50 i 4.25 ; 4.50 5.25 5.50 6.25 i 6.50 3 4 6 7 3 3 4 5 6 8 11 4 5 6 6 10 14 3. 4 6 7 8 13 19 5 10 0 12 71 16 1 9 20 a 24 1 i 12 12 12 8 4 8 4 12 8- 12 12 12 12 8 10 8 W 6 14 4 13 2 Lead pipe in sizes and weights per running foot other than indicated made to specification. Tbe Lead Industries Association invites inquiries on any subject relating fto lead and will be glad to cooperate in the solution of your lead problems. LIA25175