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ad `ad ial ing as lb. for ad be osiilt naes- ion is* rds ese ch, has Ing naoth ced his als deose ved >aread eat fu! and ing are nay ion nee The be best Vo l u me t w e l v e JULY, 1942 NUMBER FOU carrier to f"rnll York.N-^' Lead Intakes Association'ANY M.anjy rfif serres to raise aviation flan New 420 A've LIA 25 701 Washability of Pare White Paint Answers Pittsburgh's Painting Problem e rr-rrr ENOWNED for many years as a satisfactory answer to this problem in R steel center. Pittsburgh. Pa. is the long lasting decorative abilitv and today booming under a heavier-than-high washability of pure white lead ever schedule of industrial production paint. for war. Claiming the world's largest Although the standard specifications manufacturers of aluminum, air of the Pittsburgh municipal govern brakes and plate glass as well as many- ment allow- the use of alternate paint other firsts in heavy industry, this city ing materials, the Dept, of Lands and is of vital importance to the National Buildings under whose direction city war effort. As greatly as these indus buildings are maintained, uses pure tries contribute to the importance of white lead for practically all painting Pittsburgh, they have certain draw work. During their experience of many backs. Smoke and soot from countless years they have come to the positive stacks hasten the discoloration and conclusion that flat white lead paint dirtying of interior as well as exterior mixed from paste white lead and lead surfaces. Although Pittsburgh's smoke mixing or lead reducing oil produces a control is steadily being improved, more satisfactory job than any other interior paint decoration is still con type of interior paint. Not only the low- fronted with the problem either of initial cost but also the low average frequent repaintings or of equally fre yearly cost are strong contributing quent washings of interior surfaces. factors in this preference for pure It is the same problem that every city- white lead and oil paint. This com faces to a greater or lesser degree. bined with white lead's year-after-year The City of Pittsburgh--like many beauty and durability under repeated another progressive municipality with yvashings make it the recognized high a wide variety of buildings to maintain standard for public building main --has found the most economical and tenance. Located in the City-County Building k is this attractive office of the Mayor of Pittsburgh decorated throughout ivith pure white lead and od paint The walls of the City (.ouneil (dmmber in the City-County Building. Pitts burgh. Pu,, are styled in harmonizing sf tints with pure white lead paint The Carnegie Free Library, a munici pally maintained public building. Interior walls are decorated with white lead and oil T The Fast End Fire and Police Station at Broad and Euclid Streets, Pitts burgh, Pa. The interiors of this com bination building are decorated with pure white lead paint in accordance with standard city practice y 2-- -- Li*25 70^ Tetraethyl Lead Raises liasoliae Octane Rating Essential for Maximum Efficiency of Mobile Forces EAD plavs an essential role in the agent which causes the flame to burn L_ production of high octane gasoline smoothly all the way across the com which has been rightlv termed the life bustion chamber, thus exerting an blood of the war program. Our air even, powerful downward push on the arm would be paralyzed and the mo piston. torized and armored forces severely During the past 15 years the anti handicapped without an abundant sup knock quality of gasolines has risen ply of high test fuels, an important 'te..dily due in part to improved re ingredient of which is a minute fining methods, but in even larger quantity of a liquid lead compound-- measure to the increased use of tetra tetraethyl lead. The unique chemical ethyl lead. \\ ith engines designed to properties of tetraethyl lead serve to take advantage of these improved control the burning of the highly com fuels, the horsepower of the average pressed air-fuel mixture in the com automobile has increased approxi bustion chamber. mately lOO^c with scarcely any in To understand the function of tetra crease in the size of the engine. It has ethyl lead it is necessary to delve been estimated that the existence of briefly into the phenomenon of com leaded gasolines has added annually bustion. At the time of ignition the to American automobiles approxi combustion space is completely filled mately fifty times the 1.300.000 horse with a charge of gasoline and air which power of Boulder Dam. Among other has been compressed by the upward contributions tetraethyl lead has aided movement of the piston to top dead oil companies in the conservation of center. Burning is started by the spark petroleum in their gasoline refining plug and as it progresses across the processes and has made possible the cylinder the flame further compresses present peaks of performance in our and heats the unburned portion of the military and civilian airplanes. charge ahead of it until when the last Tetraethyl lead lPb(C,H-l4i is an part of the charge is burned it is sub organo-metallic compound produced jected to tremendously high pressures by the action of ethyl chloride on a and temperatures. If the pressures and powdered alloy of lead and sodium. temperatures to which the last part of It is combined with ethylene di the charge is subjected are too high for bromide, ethylene dichloride and a dye the fuel to withstand, an explosion for identification purposes. The ethy occurs at this point. This results in lene dibromide and ethylene dichloride an audible knock or ping and loss of supply the halogen for converting the energy into heat which otherwise lead to a volatile form which will be would have been converted into power. blown from the engine combustion Tetraethyl lead acts as a controlling chamber. The famous PT boats are but an example of the many branches of the armed forces on land, sea and In the air which are dependent on the abundant supply of high octane fuel made possible by tetraethyl lead A Many thousands of tons of pig lead are required annually to meet the military as well as Chilian demands for high octane gasoline The Ethyl Corporation is the sole manufacturer and supplier of tetra ethyl lead and anti-knock fluid contain ing tetraethyl lead in this hemisphere. Two fluids are sold to oil refiners--one called "aviation fluid" for use in air craft fuels and one called "motor fluid" for use in automobiles. Although only a very small quantity of these anti-knock fluids is commonly added to a gallon of gasoline, the total amount of pig lead required to pro duce high octane fuel runs into many thousands of tons annually. While Ethyl fluid naturally holds the spotlight, there are other indispen sable functions which lead performs in the petroleum industry. Lead pipes and tank linings are featured in refin ing apparatus to resist the corrosive action of the sulphuric acid which serves to remove the tar substances inherent in petroleum products. In addition, a solution of litharge-- lead oxide--in caustic soda produces sodium-plumbite which, when added to the petroleum tank, neutralizes whatever sulphuric acid may remain following the acid treatment, the sulphur precipitating out as lead sul phide. V. S. OFFICIAL NAVY PHOTO 3-- -- BUY WAR SAVINGS BONDS AND STAMPS .4t all Banks, Post Offices, and Savings and Loan Associations LIA 25 703 The Wentwonh-Gardner House built at Ports mouth, N. H. in 1760 by Madame Mark Hunk* ning Wentworth as a gift to her son Thomas. Later in 1796, it was pur chased bv Major Wil No. 14 liam Gardner. Protected with pure white lead paint, this home is con Historic Homes Reveal sidered to be the perfect Georgian type erected at the height of the colonial Early Architectural period Trends HE widespread existence today of Tbuildings which have seen useful service in their communities for a cen tury or more is strong evidence of the stability of our American institutions Colonial Jonathan Mur and a form of guarantee that the dock House at New Le American way of life will continue in banon, N. Y. Colonel Murdock, an officer in force for centuries to come. These the American Forces landmarks have stood firmly through- during the Revolution and one of the first Orton Mansion, the plantation house at Orton located on the old river road between IFilmington and Southport, Sorth Carolina. This plantation was started in 1725 as a rice field and today wild rice still grows in the marshes on the bank of the Cape Fear settlers in this locality, built this home for him self in 1800. The gleam-~ ing freshness of thi*J landmark is maintaincSfi with pure white lead^ paint River in front of the mansion. Pure white lead paint protects this land mark from the hot sun and high humidity of this locality out our history, many of them having been built before the Revolution. Every threat to American freedom has only served to heighten their historical interest and to point them out as guide posts to our early culture. Man-made threats are not the only dangers facing these treasured land marks. Climatic and environmental conditions of varying severity are con tinuously at work threatening their destruction. However, the quality of the original materials and workman ship that went into their construction as well as a wise maintenance program featuring white lead paint--mixed on the job from the pure ingredients-- assure their preservation for future generations to enjoy. DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT, N. C. _____ THIS IS NO. 14 OF A SERIES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MANY AMERICAN LANDMARKS IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE COUNTRY THAT ARE PRESERVED FOR THE FUTURE WITH PURE WHITE LEAD AND OIL PAINT. MANY OF THEM HAVE ALWAYS BEEN PROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE RECORDS. 4-- -- L IA 25 70 4 laving ution. m has orical guide only landtental e contheir itv of <maniction igram ed on nts-- future NTRY BEEN Sheet Lead Lining for X-Ray Rooms Host Effective Protection for Operators EHIND the scenes in the many continuous. Therefore all joints in lead B industries now devoted wholly or x-ray room linings are usually lead largely to war work, as well as inwelded or "burned." thus introducing government factories producing ex no other metal into the joints. This plosives and other munitions, lead method also saves strategic tin used in plavs a role than can not be over solder. Doors must be so constructed estimated. Industrial x-rays, for in that their lead coverings overlap the stance. used to examine many products lead covering on the jambs all around. for hidden flaws and for other pur Where the wall must be perforated to poses. are a great aid in speeding pro permit the passage of wires or other duction and assuring the soundness of things, the holes must be shielded in the items produced. X-rays, however, such a way that there is no direct route are injurious to humans exposed to by which the rays might pass through. them indiscriminately, so operators All straps, bolts or other supports for and others in industrial plants where the lead must be covered with lead they are used must be protected against welded in place. them. The National Bureau of Standards. Therefore, x-ray rooms are com U. S. Department of Commerce, has pletely lined with sheet lead, which is issued a complete booklet entitled the most economical material capable "X-Ray Protection" (National Bureau of confining the rays to the room itself of Standards Handbook HB20). This and preventing 'hem from reaching booklet states, "All x-ray rooms (ex people outside the room. Even win cept for dental radiography) or booths dows in these rooms are made of glass with a high lead content so that opera tors may look into the rooms without SPECIFY MATERIAL the rays reaching them. To be effective the lining must be shall be lined throughout with sheet lead or equivalent material of assured quality, uniformity, and permanency, care being taken that there be complete overlapping of all joints. 'Protective plasters' and lead-rubber wall board are considered to be unsatisfactory for providing protection exceeding 1-mm lead equivalent." It also gives the fol lowing thicknesses of lead necessarv for adequate protection against x-rays generated by various voltages: THICKNESS OF LEAD FOR VARIOUS VOLTAGES X-ray* generated Minimum equivalent by peak voltages thickness of lead not in excess of-- JS.\ rnrn i J i1 .un 100 1.5 125 2.0 150 2.5 175 3.0 200 4.0 225 5.0 300 9.0 400 500 600 15.0 22.0 34.0 --5-- aaa X-ray room of Wellman Engineering Company, which is engaged in war work throughout the country,completely lined with sheet lead. Note welded joints and lead coverings over hinges, bolts and other places where rays might escape. The x-ray procedure is viewed by the operator through glass with a high lead content which provides clear vision plus adequate protection <---------------- L IA 2 5 705 Pure White Lead Paint on Shingles Solves a Defense Housing Problem HE established position of white Weathering Eliminates Tlead paint as the variable, eco "Bleeding" nomical medium for imparting dis Red cedar shingles--which after all tinction to low-cost homes is reflectedcomprise the majority used today-- in the resurgence of shingles in the should be allowed to weather thor defense housing program. As the ideal oughly before painting. This precau surface for paint styling--in contrast tion permits the dark colored soluble to the comparative difficulties encoun substances in cedar to deposit out, tered in decorating composition ma eliminating any possibility of these terials substitute for wood -- cedar excretions from "bleeding" through to shingles are naturally gaining momen discolor the paint. tum where individuality must of necessity be created following con struction by variated color treatments on siding, sash and trim due to the architectural limitations enforced by the speed and cost ceilings of the de fense program. Abetting this trend is the scientific recognition of wood as an insulating material second to none which when protected with white lead paint will literally prove as durable as time itself. White Lead Traditional Traditional as the use of shingles in America is the pure white lead and oil which is so largely responsible for the excellent preservation of so many of our most treasured colonial land marks. The pliability and even wear ing properties of the film formed by the chemical reaction of white lead in linseed oil is the secret of the un surpassed durability of white lead Beware Creosote Stains Shingles which have been previously stained should be thoroughly tested to determine the type of stain used; since it is inadvisable to style with paint areas impregnated with creosote. Creo sote stains penetrate so deeply into the wood pores that they tend to "bleed" through to spoil the decorative finish regardless of the vigorous use of the wire brush or sandpaper which obvi ously can affect the surface only. As a result, paint styling following creo sote stains should be confined to the darker colors, so that the discoloration will be as inconspicuous as possible. To test for creosote, apply a single coat of white lead to a small, inconspicuous area. If discoloration results within two or three weeks, creosote is in dicated. paint, because paints forming hard, inelastic films inevitably fail by crack ing and scaling as climatic conditions BUY cause shingles to expand and contract. Likewise those composed largely of inert and transparent extender pig WAR SAVINGS BONDS AND STAMPS ments lack "backbone" and adhesion, wearing or washing away after but At all Banks, Post Offices, limited exposure. In either case the and Savings and Loan necessity for costly surface prepara tion and a new priming coat multiply Associations maintenance costs. Priming Coat Important As the first or priming coat a mix ture of 3 parts I by volume i soft paste w hite lead. -1 parts raw linseed oil to 2 parts of pure gum spirits of turpen tine must be brushed in well to saturate and seal the edges as well as the faces of the shingles to form a firm founda tion for the topcoats to follow. Due to the exceptional porosity of shingles, but 200 square feet per gallon can be expected on the initial coat as com pared to the 600 square feet commonh achieved on clapboards. Flat or "Glossy" Finish The coverage to be expected from the body and finish coats is likewise less on shingles than on less porous siding areas. As a result, the standard body coat of 2 parts soft paste white lead to 1 each of linseed oil and tur pentine as well as the gloss finish for mula of equal parts of soft paste w hitp lead and linseed oil spread approxi mately 400 and 600 square feet per gallon respectively. To obtain a flat finish merely substitute lead mixing oil or lead reducing oil for the raw linseed oil in the gloss finish coat. Naturally, an endless variety of colors are readily produced by the simple addition of small quantities of colors-in-oil. Drier Expedites Oxidation To expedite the oxidation--drying --of the paint, add 14 pint f liquid drier per gallon of raw linseed oil in all coats. Drier is unnecessary with the use of lead mixing oil or lead reducing oil. Ready-Mixed White Lead Paint Ready mixed pure white lead paint for two coat application is now readily available. However, in shifting over to the two-coat system, it is essential to remember that the paint varies con siderably in opacity and brushing properties from that specified for three coat work. This necessitates shorter brush strokes and extra care all around to assure a smooth, satisfactory finish. 6-- -- LIA 25706 nixaste 1 to penrate aces ulaDue :Ies. i be om>111 v rom -v ise ous lard hite turforhite oxiper Hat : oil eed ill v. dily i of ving [uid oil sary lead int aint dily iver itial co ti ling liree >rter und lish. Ceiling Panels ol Clinton State Prison Chapel Receive Colorful White Lead Stencil Treatment T HE Ghurch of the Good Thief-- recently completed within the walls of (Hinton Prison. Dannemora. .New York--is the culmination of three vears of arduous labor by the inmates themselves. L nder the careful super vision of The Reverend A. R. Hyland, the impressive, cathedral-like edifice was built to serve generations to come being constructed of native stone from the old prison wall and the most dura ble materials obtainable throughout. With the paramount emphasis on quality and an eye to the future, white lead paint was the logical selection for the panel decorations. Over the regular priming and body coats, a blue-green Hat finish serves as the background for a glazed stencil theme resulting in a most effective ceiling treatment. The blue-green base was prepared by re ducing paste white lead and colors-in oil to painting consistency with flatting oil. while for the stencil glaze whiting was added to the tinted paste thinned only with turpentine. Since the highly adhesive, pliable white lead film will not chip or crack and exhibits as well unsurpassed re tention of color values, the utmost in service and maintenance economy is assured. The durability of white lead paint is such that the decorative treat ment will mellow with age. actuallyappearing to improve as the years roll by. making repainting necessary onlyshould redecoration be desired. Rough hewn walls of notice >tone lend charm and permanence to the beauti ful Gothic edihce The Sanctuary of the Church of the Good Thief with white lead featured in ceiling panels and alter decorations Talented inmate craftsmen at Clinton Prison applying finishing touches to church interior under white lead sten cilled roof iWfSTTTrgasa 7-- (iovernment Orders Permit the Use of Lead for Water Services as Well as Caulking HE water works engineer's prob As water distribution is classed as Tlem of providing adequate water an essential civilian need, the War distribution facilities in the face oPf roduction Board. Army and Navy all mounting material shortages is a dif permit the use of lead for this purpose. ficult one. Fortunately, however, he can still rely on lead for both water service pipe and calking. There are The following letter from the Lead Branch of the War Production Board illustrates this point: A completed service pipe weld. After tile initial weld, loading of the joint is carried well over onto both pieces of pipe at present no government orders of any kind prohibiting the use of lead for these purposes, w hether it be to supply war housing, war factories or other kinds of construction. Lead is in suf ficient supply to take care of all mili tary requirements as well as essential civilian needs. "Supplies of lead at present are such that all military requirements are being promptly met and enough lead remains for essential civilian use. Since water distribution is essential, there seems to be no reason why lead water service pipe and calking lead should not be used. In fact, conserva- tion measures which have been taken in lead have been with the intent of making enough lead available for military and such essential civilian purposes. It seems that lead, therefore, should be employed, particularly for water works extensions to war housing projects and other construction con nected with the war effort. "I would like to remind you. how ever. of the fact that while lead at the present time is in ample supply anv unforeseen military or naval occur The following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry. They are available, free of charge, upon request to the Lead Industries Association. 420 Lexington Avenue. New York City. rences or demands not at present anticipated might change the entire picture." WHAT TO EXPECT FROM WHITE LEAD PAINT An attractive 28-page booklet with charts, formulas, and mixing instructions cover ing some of the problems of painting and how white lead meets these problems. PAINTING YOUR HOUSE by Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Products Laboratory, Madison, Wise. A discussion of house painting reprinted from American Forests, May, 1939. SOME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS By Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Products Labora tory, Madison, Wise. Reprinted from the National Real Estate Journal, Sept., 1939. STAMFORD'S DOUBLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analysis of hard lead flashing, white lead paint, lead plumbing, plywood and red cedar Certigrade shingle details and installation methods. Reprinted from the American Builder, July, 1939. SHEET LEAD INSTALLATION DE TAILS A detailed analysis of the principles and application of lead flashing and sheet lead work for small homes. Reprinted from Sheet Metal Worker, June, 1939. DON'T GAMBLE WITH PAINT An instructive article on the selection of paint for farm use reprinted from the March 1942 issue of Country Gentleman. BRUSH UP ON YOUR PAINTING A practical article on the selection and application of paint reprinted from House Beautiful, June, 1941. HOW LUMBER AND PAINT KEEP YOUR HOME ALWAYS IN STYLE A brief digest of the advantages of painted lumber homes with color-styling suggestions and other interesting information. LASTING LEADWORK IN MODERN PLUMBING By T. N. Thompson, Technical Editor, Plumbing and Heating Journal. Reprinted from Plumbing and Heating Journal, Feb., 1939. COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calking Lead, CS94-41 Lead Pipe, CS95-41 Lead Traps and Bends, CS96-41 Official publications by the Government Printing Office of the above Commercial Standards as promulgated by the U. S. Department of Commerce through the National Bureau of Standards, effective June 25, 1941. The solder shortage, resulting from our loss of Far Eastern tin producing areas, need not interfere with the use of lead water services. Although wip ing solder is still available to water utilities, it is desirable to conserve it as much as possible. Joints may be made by lead welding instead of sol dering where practical. Such joints, properly made, have been tested with out failure beyond the bursting point of the pipes they connect. There are already many mechanics able to make this type of joint, and a number of classes have been started to instruct others in the art which can be learned quickly by capable mechanics. It must again be emphasized that the use of lead for water services and calking is in accordance with govern ment orders and, while the lead supply situation remains so favorable, saves more critical materials. NEW SIMPLIFIED STANDARD FOR LEAD TRAPS AND BENDS File size leaflet with new standards for lead traps and bends as well as existing standards for lead pipe and calking lead, and other informative data. SPECIFY MATERIAL UPON REQUEST. THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE. TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS paixTPn iv u. x. a . BY PUBLISHERS PRINTING COUPAVV NEW YORK CITY i 1^5 708