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Dust Handbook Produced by B. K. Belle, Tel: +27 12 544 0150 Fax: +27 12 544 0181 E-mail: bbelle@csir.co.za Version Draft Date April 2001 DRAFT 2 1. BIBLIOGRAPHY American Thoracic Society (ATS), 1982, "Surveillance for Respiratory Hazards in the Occupational Setting," American Review ofRespiratory Disease, Vol. 126, pp 952-956. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 1994, "Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices," American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, USA. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 1998, "1998 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices," American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, USA. BSI, 1996. "Workplace Atmospheres - Guidance for the Assessment of Exposure by Inhalation to Chemical Agents for Comparison with Limit Values and Measurement Strategy," BS EN 689:1996; BS 6069: Section 3.7: 1996. Busch, K. A. and Taylor, D. G., 1981, Statistical Protocol for the NIOSH Validation Tests, In: Choudhary, G, ed. "Chemical Hazards in the Workplace - Measurement and Control", Washington DC: American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series 149. CEN (Comite European de Normalisation), 1993, "Workplace Atmospheres - Size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles," Brussels, Belgium: Comite European de Normalisation, Central Secretariat, European pre-standard EN/232. Cinkotai, F. F., Gibbs, A. C. C., Sharpe, T. C., 1984, "A Comparison of Exposure to Airborne Dust in Cotton Processing Plants Estimated From Personal and Workzone Samples," Ann. Occup. Hyg. 28(3): 347-352. Ferris, B. G., 1978, "Recommended Respiratory Disease Questionnaires for use with Adults and Children in Epidemiological Research: Epidemiology Standardization Project, Vol II," American Review Respirable Disease, 118 (6, Part II): 7-53. Halperin, W., Baker, E. L. and Monson, R. R., 1992, "Public Health Surveillance," USA. ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 1993, "Air Quality - Particle Size Fraction Definitions for Health-Related Sampling," Geneva, Switzerland: ISO Report No. ISO 7708. Jacobsen, M., Rae, S., Walton, W. H. and Rogan, J. M., 1970, "New Dust Standards for British Coal Mines," Nature, Vol. 227, pp 445-447. Jacobsen, M., Rae, S., Walton, W. H. and Rogan, J. M., 1971, The Relationship between Pneumoconiosis and Dust Exposure in British Coal Mines, In: Walton W.H., ed, "Inhaled Particles III", Vol. 2, Surrey, UK, Unwin Brothers Ltd, Gresham Press, pp 903-919. Jacobsen, M., 1973, Progression of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis in Britain in Relation to Environmental Conditions Underground, In: "Proceedings of Conference on Technical Measures of Dust Prevention and Suppression in Mines", Luxembourg, October 11-13, Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, pp 77-93. Document presentation DRAFT 3 Jacobsen, M., 1979, "Effect of Further Dust Exposure among Men with Early and More Advanced Signs of Simple Pneumoconiosis," Edinburgh Institute of Occupational Medicine, Final Report on CEC Contract 6244-00/8/107, Report No. TM/79/16. Linch, A. L., Wiest, E. G., Carter, M. D., 1970, "Evaluation of Tetraalkyl Lead Exposure by Personnel Monitor Surveys," Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. Journal, 31: 170-179. Linch, A. L., Pfaff, H. V., 1971, "Carbon Monoxide-Evaluation of Exposure Potential by Personnel Monitor Surveys," Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. Journal, 32: 745-752. Kenny, L. C., and Maynard, A. D., 1995, " Performance Assessment of Three Personal Cyclone Models using an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer," Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp 671 684. McPherson, M. J., 1995, "Subsurface Ventilation and Environmental Engineering," Chapman and Hall, USA. NIOSH, 1995, "Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Respirable Coal Mine Dust," NIOSH, USA, pp 336. NIOSH, 1987a, "NIOSH guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection," NIOSH Publication No. 87 116. NIOSH, 1987b, "NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic," NIOSH Publication No. 87-108. Niven R. M., Fishwick, D., Pickering, C. A. C., Fletcher, A. M., Warburton, C. J., Crank P., 1992, "A Study of the Performance and Comparability of the Sampling response to Cotton Dust of Work Area and Personal Sampling Techniques," Ann. Occup. Hyg. 36(4): 349-362. Proceedings of Third International Conference of Experts on Pneumoconiosis, Sydney, March 1950 Soderholm, S. 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Yoshida, M., Yamauchi, H., Yamaura, Y., 1980, "a Study of Mercury Exposure MonitoringComparison of Environmental and Personal Monitoring," Jpn J Hyg 35 (3):543-549. Walli, R. A., 1982, "Mine Dusts," In Mine Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Chapter 5, (Ed. Hartman), pp. 84-130 Document presentation DRAFT 4 Gurtunca, R. G.: Identification of safety and health hazards and quantification of risks in the South African mining industry with time. Final project report, SIMRISK 401, SIMRAC, October 1997. Kielblock, A.J., Franz, R.M., Unsted, A.D., van der Linde, A., Ashworth, S.G.E.: Quantification of occupational health risks in the South African mining industry and assessment of the sources of uncertainty in the estimates. Final project report, SIMRISK 401, SIMRAC, October 1997. NCOH/SORDSA: Crystalline silica: Health hazards and precautions. SORDSA Alert, February 1999. Orenstein, A. J., Editor: Proceedings of the pneumoconiosis conference. J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London, 1960. Beadle, D. G: An epidemiological study of the relationship between the amount of dust breathed and the incidence of silicosis in South African Gold Mines. Proceedings of an International Symposium organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society. Cambridge, 28 September - 01 October 1965. Pergammon Press, C. N. Davies Editor, 1967. Advances in air sampling, ACGIH, 1990. Lewis publishers. pp 17-24 and pp 337-352. Atherley, G. A critical review of Time-Weighted Average as an Index of exposure and dose, and of its key elements. Am Ind. Hyg Assoc. J (46) September 1995 pp 481-487 Attfield, M.D., Seixas, N.S., (1995): Prevalence of pneumoconiosis and its relationship to dust exposure in a cohort of U.S. bituminous coal miners and examiners. Am. Journal Ind. Med 27:137 151. Attfield, M.D., Morring, K., (1992): An investigation into the relationship between CWP and dust exposure in US coal miners. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc J 53(8):486-492. Attfield et al. (1995): The Prevalence of Pneumoconiosis and its Relationship to Dust Exposure in a Cohort of U.S. Bituminous Coal Miners and Ex-miners, Journal of American studies. Althouse, R.B., Bang, K.M., Castellan, R.M., (1995): Tuberculosis Comortality with SilicosisUnited States, 1979-1991. Appl. Occup Environ Hyg 10(12): 1037-1041. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), (1998): 1998 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, USA. ASTM Standard E1156-87, (1987): Health Requirements for Occupational Exposure to Synthetic Amorphous Silica. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. Bell S. L., and Lynch, P.J., (1997): A Respirable Dust Survey of Various Metalliferous Mine Sites in Queensland, Australia, Sampling and Control of Mine Dust, pp 1019-1024. Belle, B.K., (1999): Personal Communications, CSIR, South Africa. Bedford, T. and Warner, C. G., (1943): Chronic Pulmonary Disease in South Wales Coal Miners, II. Environmental Studies. Spec. Rep. Ser. Med. Res. Coun. pp 244. Document presentation DRAFT 5 Berg, P., Jaakmees, V., and Bodin, L., (1999): Comparison of Dust Sampling Methods in Estonia and Sweden-A Field Study, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Volume 14 (9): 592 597. Bowie, D., St. J., (1978): Ferro Alloy Workers Disease. Cent. Afr. J. Med. 24:81-86. Breslin, J.A., Page, S.J., Jankowski, R.A., (1983): Precision of Personal Sampling of Respirable Dust in Coal Mines, USBM RI 8740. British Medical Research Council (1952): Recommendations of the M.R.C. Panels Relating to Selective Sampling, Extracted from the Minutes of a Joint Meeting of Panels 1, 2 and 3 held on 4th March 1952, quoted by Hamilton, R. J., and W. H. Walton in Inhaled Particles and Vapours, p. 475. C. N. Davies, Ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1961). Burling, Eltjo and Lanting, Exposure variability in the workplace: its implications for the assessment of compliance. AM Ind Hyg Assoc J (52) March 1991 pp 6-13 Busch, K. A. and Taylor, D. G., (1981): Statistical Protocol for the NIOSH Validation Tests, In: Choudhary, G, ed. "Chemical Hazards in the Workplace - Measurement and Control, Washington DC: American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series 149. Caplan, A., (1960): Rheumatoid disease and pneumoconiosis. In: (Ed. King and Fletcher), Industrial Pulmonary Diseases. Casswell, C., Bergman, I., and Rossiter, C.E., (1971): The Relation of Radiological Appearance of CWSP to the Content and Composition of the Lung. In: Inhaled Particles III (Ed. W. H. Walton), Unwin Bros. 713-724. Castronova et al. Enhanced pulmonary response to the inhalation of freshly fractured silica compared with aged dust exposure. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 11(7) July 1996 Chen, G.X., Burnett, C.A., Cameron, L.L., et al., (1997): Tuberculosis Mortality and Silica Exposure: A Case-Control Study Based on a National Mortality Database for the Years 1983-1992. Int. Journal of Occupational Health 3:163-170. Cherrie, J., W. (1998): Particulate size and health". Croner's Occupational Hygiene Magazine, pp 15-19. Cherry, N.M., Burgess, G.L., Turner, S., et al., (1998): Crystalline Silica and Risk of Lung Cancer in the Potteries. Occup Environ Med 55779-55785. Corn, Morton. Sampling strategies for prospective surveillance; overview and future directions. Advances in air sampling, ACGIH, 1990. Lewis publishers. pp 17-24. Costello, J., Castellan, R.M., Sweeker, G.S., et al., (1995): Mortality of Cohort of US workers Employed in the Crushed Stone Industry. A J Ind Med 27 (5):625-640. CEN (Comite European de Normalisation), (1992): Workplace Atmospheres - Size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles, Brussels, Belgium: Comite European de Normalisation, Central Secretariat, European pre-standard EN/232. Cinkotai, F. F., Gibbs, A. C. C., Sharpe, T. C., (1984): A Comparison of Exposure to Airborne Dust in Cotton Processing Plants Estimated From Personal and Workzone Samples, Ann. Occup. Hyg. 28(3): 347-352. Document presentation DRAFT 9 National Resource Council, (1980): Measurement and Control of Respirable Dust in Mines, USA. NIOSH, (1976): Statistical Analysis of (Mining Enforcement Safety Administration) Respirable Dust Data, USA. NIOSH, (1993): 0500 NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed., USA. NIOSH, (1995): Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Respirable Coal Mine Dust, NIOSH, USA, pp 336. Niven R. M., Fishwick, D., Pickering, C. A. C., Fletcher, A. M., Warburton, C. J., Crank P., (1992): A Study of the Performance and Comparability of the Sampling response to Cotton Dust of Work Area and Personal Sampling Techniques, Ann. Occup. Hyg. 36(4): 349-362. Particle size-selective sampling for airborne particulate matter. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 1997 TLVs and BEIs. pp 47- 50. Organiscak, J.A., and Page, S.J., (1998): Investigation of coal properties and airborne respirable dust generation, RI 9645, NIOSH, USA. Oudiz, J., (1986): Silica Exposure Levels in United States Foundries. Silica, Silicosis and Cancer. Edited by Goldsmith, D.F., Winn, D.M., Shy, C.M., pp. 21-28. Page, S., Jankowski, R., (1984): Correlations Between Measurements with RAM-1 and Gravimetric Samplers on Longwall Shearer Faces. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 45(9): 610-616. Parkes, W.R. (1982): Occupational Lung Disorders, 2nd Edition, pp. 138 and 158-159. Parobeck, P., Ainsworth, S. and Tomb, T., (1997): Analysis of Respirable Coal Mine Dust Samples by Infrared Spectroscopy, Strategies for Mine Dust Measurement, pp 1142-1147. Pearson, G. (1813): Phil. Trans. Royal Society, London, pp. 103. Phalen, Robert F. Rationale for and implications of particle size-selective sampling. Proceedings of Third International Conference of Experts on Pneumoconiosis, Sydney, March 1950. Prinz, B., Stolz, R., and Ruhrkohle, A.G., Essen, (1998): Effect of the Measuring Strategy on the Determination of the Respirable Dust Concentration in the Breathable Air at Underground Workplaces, Strategies for Mine Dust Measurement, pp 1148-1151. Rappaport, S M. Assessment of long term exposures to toxic substances in air. Ann. Occup. Hyg. Vol. 35 No 1 pp 61-121, 1991. Rappaport, Stephen M. Biological considerations for designing sampling strategies. Ratney, R. S., (1997): The Threshold Limit Value for Various Forms of Amorphous Silica, Strategies for Mine Dust Measurement, pp 1134-1135. Ratney, R. S. The development of workplace exposure limits for toxic substances. Applied Industrial Hygiene. 12/89 pp 48-49. Document presentation DRAFT 11 Soderholm, S. C., (1995): Particle and gas phase interactions in air sampling, Chapter 4, "Air sampling instruments for the evaluation of atmospheric contaminants". ACGIH, 8th edition, 1995. Stopford, W., Bundy, S. D., Goldwater, L. J., Bittikofer, J. A., (1978): Micro-environmental Exposure to Mercury Vapor, Am. Ind. Hyg. Ass. Jour., 39: 378-384. Soviet Union Standard Committee (SUSC), (1988): General Sanitary Requirements for Working Zone Air, No. 12.1.005-88, Soviet Union. Schepers, G.W., Durkan, T.M., Delahant, A.B., Credon, F.T., Redlin, A.J., (1957): The Biological Action of Degussa Submicron Amorphous Silica Dust. AMA Arch. Ind. Health 16:125-46, 203-244, 280-301. Tickner, J., (1997): Dust Control and occupational Exposure to Silica in the United Kingdom, Sampling and Control of Mineral Dust, pp 1008-1010. Tomb, T. F., Ondrey, R. S., (1976): Determining the Feasibility of Area Sampling to Enforce the Respirable Dust Standard in Underground Coal Mines, Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh Technical Support Center, MSHA, IR 1037. Tomb, T., (1997): Measurement strategies in US Underground coal mines, Strategies for Dust Measurement, 1124-1133 Trapido, A., (1999): Unpublished Report, Personal Communications, South Africa. Ulfvarson, U. Limitations to the use of employee exposure data on air contaminants in epidemiological studies. Int. Arch Occup. Environ. Health (1983) 52: pp 285-300. US Federal Register, (1995): Vol. 60, No. 20, Notices 1995, USA. Unsted, A.D., (1998): Gravimetric dust sampling for control purposes and occupational dust sampling, Journal of Mine Ventilation Society of South Africa, Volume 51, Number 1, pp 24-27. Unsted, A D. Gravimetric dust sampling and risk assessment. SIMRAC research report GAP046, Johannesburg, 1995. Unsted, A D. Occupational dust sampling and sampling for control purposes. SIMRAC research report GAP 326. Johannesburg, 1996. Villnave J, M; Corn M; Francis, M. and Hall, T.A. Regulatory implications of airborne respirable free silica variability in underground coal mines. AM Ind Hyg Assoc J (52) March 1991 pp 107-112. Vincent, J. H., (1994): Measurement of Coarse Aerosols in Workplaces: a review, Analyst 119:13 18. Vincent, J. H., (1997): Joint European Investigations of New Generations of Dust Sampling Instrument, Instrumentation for Dust Measurement, pp 618-624. Walton, W.H., (1966): The airborne dust problems in coal mines in Great Britain, Mining Engineer, Vol 126, No 73-84, pp. 97-117. Watts, W. F Jr., and Parker, D. R. Mine inspection data analysis system. Appl. Occup. Environ Hyg. April 1995. pp 323-330. Document presentation DRAFT 12 Weill, H.; Jones, R. N. and Parkes, W. R. Silicosis and related diseases. Occupational lung disorders. Third edition. W R Parkes (Editor) Chapter 16. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Oxford, England. 1994. Willams B., (1999): Epidemiologist, Personal Communications, CSIR-Miningtek, South Africa. Wilson, R. K., Stevens, P. M., Lovejoy, H. B., Bell, Z. G., Richie, R. C., (1979): Effects of Chronic Amorphous Silica Exposure on Sequential Pulmonary Function, J. Occupational Medicine, v. 21, pp. 399-402. Wright, B. M., (1953): Br. J. Ind. Med., v. 10, p. 235. Yoshida, M., Yamauchi, H., Yamaura, Y., (1980): A Study of Mercury Exposure MonitoringComparison of Environmental and Personal Monitoring, Jpn J Hyg 35 (3): 543-549. Zaidi, S. H., King, E. J., Harrison, C. V., and Nagelschmidt, G., (1956): Fibrogenic Activity of Free Silica of Different Particle Sizes, A. M. A., Arcs. Ind. Health, v. 13, pp. 122-132. Zitter, M., Mahieu, B., De Surgy, D., Auburtin, G., Mas, A., (1998): Assessment of Personal Dust Exposure with the CIP 10 for a better medical Management of the Pneumoconiosis Risk in Coal Workers, HBL, France Instrumentation for Dust Measurement. Bauer, H. D. and Heimann, M. (1974) "Protection of Mobile Dust Sources Underground," Gluckauf Forschungshefte, December 1974, pp 211-218. Bauer, H. D. (1977) "`Versuche mit Luftschranken zur Abschirmung von Staubquellen," Der Kompass, Vol. 87, No. 9. Bauer, M. J. and Engeldinger, A. (1995) "Dust Control in the Coal Industry," Gluckauf 131, No. 6, pp 293-300. Belle, B. K. and Du Plessis, J. J. L. (1998) "The Dust Levels in a Voest Alpine-AM85 Bord-andpillar Section," CSIR-Miningtek Confidential Report, ESH 98-0141, South Africa. Belle, B. K. and Du Plessis, J. J. L. (1998) "Summary Report on Underground Mechanical Miner Environmental Control," CSIR-Miningtek, SIMRAC Research Report, ESH 98-0249, South Africa. BCC (1989) "Notes for Guidance on the Control of Frictional Ignitions and Dust on Heading Machines," British Coal Corporation, Headquarters Technical Department, June 1989 (Revised January 1990) Browning, E.J. and Warwick, J.S. (1993) "Ignition Prevention," Mining Engineer, No. 376, January 1993, pp 204-212. Vol. 152, Daft, S. P. (1980) "Controlling Dust and Gas in the Face Area: Operating Experience under Ultra Low Seam Conditions," Balgary Colliery, Amcoal Collieries Ltd, South Africa. Du Plessis, J. J. L., Belle, B. K. and Vassard, P. (1998) "Evaluation of Ventilation and Dust Control Systems in a Ventilation Simulation Tunnel at Kloppersbos," CSIR-Miningtek, SIMRAC Research Report, South Africa. Du Plessis, J. J. L. and Belle, B. K. (1998) " Underground Mechanical Miner Environmental Control - Integrated Hood System," CSIR-Miningtek, SIMRAC Report, South Africa. Document presentation