Document X7OBgLKQXnpXzjgmkqy6jKEKy

.1 i UNITED STATES DEPARTMEN HAROLD L. ICKES, BUREAU OF MI R. R. SAYERS, Dir MINERALS.AE ' X.HY 'W8K Hu . I iTVA rS'XLLiifliyw i J. HU . Prepared under tKe`'d E. W. PEHRSON, Economics apd Statist : . !, . C. E. NEEDHAM, . ------------ N49768 ,. 1 UNITED STATE - COVEKNMENT PRINTIN . WASHINGTON i . i. LEAD1 By A. L. Ra n s o ms a n d J. H. Sc h a u m ' SUMMARY OUTLINE , Page. doral summsry........,--.............................. Salient itatlatloa.--....... ........................... .War agency regulationa-.,-.-.------17U Post-war outlook......... ..........-........................... Domeatio production......................................... .}*? Btooks--Continued. Consumers' stocks.......... *........ -.................... J7 Government stocks........................................ i}7J Domeatio consumption..................................... J'J Prices......................................... -....................... \Z* Foreign trade................. -............. .............. il 1 Anttmonlal lead.........I-----------....... - -.Secondary lead.,......... ................. Lead pliroanti.. ........T........... :-- Mine production.!......... -----------------------'------ : Stoofa:..------........................ -..........--. (J; *2 }<| *} `' Importa......... .................................................. Exports------ ----------------------------- --- -- - 'World aspects of the lead Industry................... World production...,.-................................ Review by countries...............-.................... TM 181 182 18J !P(ddacen'titookf-.,!*,-1---........................... - . .Wf - '.j -ui :i GENERAL SUMMARY Lead,'although; an important member of the nonferrous metal group, essential to-the war program, did not show to advantage statis tically; during 1943 in comparison with the record-breaking levels at tained.by, Pther major metals. Consumption of all lead increased slightly,in 1943 owing to partial relaxation of Government conserva tion and limitation orders, but a marked decrease in refinery produce . tiQn .and decline in imports resulted in an excess of requirements : over supply. Consequently the large stock of lead bunt up by the Government in 1942 from heavy foreign purchases--which reached . .a maximum by the end of March 1943--was drawn upon to make up the deficitin In recognition of the altered situation, the Conservation Division ,of1 the War Production Board redassffied lead on the Ma- -terials, Substitution and Supply List from group III (available as a substitute)back! to group 11= (sufficient to meet wax demands plus controlled, essential industrial needs). The prospect for the duration ofithayrar foretells a decreasing supply, which, however, will no doubt, ` bb,.adequate under continued control., . . , " '.=Refined primarylead production from domestic,and foreign ores and 'base bullion decreased 21 percent in 1943; the total from both sources = : was 1116,998 tons less than the 1942 output. Year-end stocks at do ; , mestic' refineries (physical inventory) declined moderately, but con . sumers' inventories showed a 32-percent gain which reflects the receipts by consumers' of enough foreign lead to raise stocks, to a more f normal working level. , Total.imports of lead in all forms during 1943 declined 35 percent, largely in the category of refined lead, the principal source of which - was Mexico. - Receipts of load in baso bullion were markedly lower . owing to the cessation of shipments from Australia. 0 V The established price of 6.60 cents a pound for lead at New York remained unchanged throughout 1943. fe a?, ' This report deala primarily with tbo ameltlng, refining. of the ln<lu'tr>r- For foil detail* of mining operations, see separate reports Issued for tbe various BtaWS '' ' ` ' r ' ' '.Oj EXD; . ., ' - ,' a Salient etalistica oj the lead'industry in the United 1 - 19S9--4S, in short ions 1939 Production of refined primary lead: From domeatio ores andbase bullion ' From foreign ores and base bullion.... 660,626 123,104 1420, 067 4 63,068 ' 1 Recovery of secondary lead1.. i Imports:! ' ' ; .< > , 6 *2 Lead in pigs, bars, add old............ ; Lead In base buUionlj.`.u4..II : Lead in pres and matte___ Exports of reflnfedpfg Lead remaining In bonded warehousedat end of period......^......... .. Refined primary1 lead apparently shipped to domestic oonsumers...... .. Estimated oonsumption of primary"and' and secondary lead..Ua...i..'.............. Prices: , .. ; ( r New York: f .',((*- L. , `7,139 1 48,902' ` 30,842 1 ',74,392 > . "*79, 216' ` >2 416,031 ; 667,000. T Average for year..oenta per pound.. Quotation at end of year__do.. London average.___ _________ do.... Mine production of recoverable lead..--.. Worla smelter production of lead... :v ; "4`6 i- ! P4?sincW?J??^ ^or ^mediate consumption plus mat u.' a r5SS*SSt*S?<iSSS!S.*^d J Data not available. ' v. 1 < ^Ier.a?c_for ? months; London Metal Exohange deallno susoand in ' f 1 ; : !. 'C,~\ . 1 ( 1 United States (domestic) percentage ol worid prodoct Pfouax 1.--Trebds' In the lead industry In the United Statae^loo WW-ilhHi ' '5;?"" 170 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1943 .: WAR AGENCY REGULATIONS Lead remained under Government control throughout 1943, ac cording to General' Preference Order M-38, which provides for the regulation of shipments, deliveries, and a reserve pool for allocation. The'original Order M-38, announced m October 1941 and later extended beyond the March (1942) termination date, included sup-, plemental orders M-38-a through j; the last was revoked July 4 1942. Since the beginning of 1943 four amendments to Order M-38 have been issued, dated January 1, February 2 May 26, and December 24 -1943; all have progressively liberalized the restrictions on the use of !lead. 'Originally the uses of lead, under Conservation Order M-, 38-c were divided into three classes--a prohibited list, an unlimited list 'and all'other uses to be limited in 1942 to 90 percent of consump- tionfin the corresponding quarter of 1941. In the new Order M-38, as amended December 24, 1.943, the list of prohibited uses has been retained with'some changes, but the essential uses have been treed from allo'control. . . , , Limitation Order L-180, affecting storage batteries, was amended January 6, 1943, to allow, greater use of available antimonial lead and was again amended on January 22, 1944. Similarly Limitation Order L-64 -was amended on March 16, 1944, to permit the use of more lead'in the manufacture of caskets. ; ... , The premium-price plan, whereby producers (miners) of lead (copper and zinc were also included in the plan) receive additional increments above the ceiling price (through Metals Reserve Co.) for overquota production, was maintained throughout 1943. On rebru- ary 18 1943, the scope of the Metals Reserve Co. plan was broadened to incfude a B premium of 2.76 cents a pound in addition to the existing A premium of 2,75 cents, the effective time limit being ex- 'tended to July 31, 1945. Under this revised plan the highest pos sible'payment for excess production amounted to 12 cents a pound upon the basis of the ceiling price of 6.50 cents a pound. New York, depending on the quotas assigned to the particular mine. ,,ne Tri-State district a premium of $41.80 a ton for 80-percent lead sulfide concentrates was payable for production in excess of quotas for each of the assigned A and B levels. This was equivalent to the 2.75-cent premium,''allowing for metallurgical loss in treatment at the smelter. On October 27, 1943, the War Production Board issued a statement denying the premium price in the B range to mines not already .operating on that date. Subsequently this was clarified by considering a mine as "already operating" on October 27 if a quota was assigned, the inine shipped metal (lead in ore or concentrates), or expenditures for development, reconditioning, or on capital account were made on or before October 27 to bring the mine into production under the benefits of the quota plan. '. S POST-WAR OUTLOOK t The. United States has held, a commanding position in the lead . industry of-the world for many years, both as a producer and a con ' Burner, Owing to vast resources of relatively low grade ore made ^available largely by creating a domestic price based upon a tariff-- production.from1domestic sources supplied nearly the entire domestic- HpVhn.`nrj!for primary lead until the advent of the Second World War. ' Le a d late in'1939; The subsequent sharp metal and lead -in ore for pigments, < w completely overshadowed production . balance of necessity had to come fro largely in refined form from Mexico. lead, for the most part .held in .Gove made unnecessary anv greater demand u particularly when all possible supply o the mining of more critical metals. ' consumption, the incentive of premium increased output, and the expanded, f generally kept supply and requirements up consumer demand to be filled in the p will, result in an annual consumption' of least 600,000 tons---probably.more;--for quantity needed for possible Governme eidered and the. lead recovered from s The answers to the questions of the. and prices cannot be foretold. It is pqp control to bridge the gap of industrial peacetime .economy and probable ' that The domestic mines could conceivably) for a limited time, given adequate price reserves have been drawn upon heavily past partial dependence on foreign Iea mcreasing amounts as our resources arq , d o me s t ic ; p r o d Pig lead, is produced at' primary plant and small quantities of scrap and at' s scrap exclusively.- Both types of plants m monial lead. Because of the large qu batteiy scrap melted at. secondary, smelte antimonial lead j alloys. f Figures for th and alloys at secondary plants are given -Lead. , The: 16 smelters and"refiners in. m 1943 consumed 500,197 short tonspercent of which originated in ioreien cn -` r- - Trrnrrrr nriin ^-'urVaPd by labor shortages, scarcit imports iof ore* and base'-bulKon) the. '!0f only 47.1,476'tons of refined lead/19iper 679,696 tons;'!6bin .].(' ; Of. the- 449.841 'tons.of .primary. refine percent: Was derived from domestic: orea; ' cent from foreign. 1 'In 1942 the origin wh percent foreign.' - Virtually no refined,lead baso'bullion:m11943 -The raarkad. Hropy .. Mexican .base-bullion being rsfinad ian materidp i Austrahani out.putywfljiiln copper and zinc production, and' 172 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1943 were directed to Great Britain. The following table gives the pro duction'of refined lead by country of origin of the ore. Details of the sources of . lead from domestic ores are given in the section on Mine Production. - - : Refined lead produced ai primary refineries in the United States, by sources, 1939 43, " ' ' ' in short tons 1 , ,! , ' . Source 1030 1040 ' 1041 1042 1043 Refined lead: .. . From domestlo ores and base bullion.. From foreign ores.................................... -.. From fprelgn base bullion.................... 420,067 24,632 38,416 433,066 83,663 16,661 470, 617 74,166 26,284 467,367 - 81,486 17,087 - Total from primary sources................ From scrap__ `--.................................. 484,036 20,011 633,170 16,688 670,967 13,464 666,830 12,866 't' '. ' . Total refined lead................ ............... Average sales prloe per pound..'.................. 613,046 $0,047 640,767 $0,060 684,421 $0,067 679,696 $0,063 Total calculated values of primary refined lead*..../...-:-....... ............................ . 146, 409,000 $63,318,000 $65,000,000 $71,422,000 401,071 48,628 142 449,841 21,634 471,476 $0.064 $60,340,000 i Excludes value of refined lead produced from scrap at primary refineries. Refined primary lead produced in the United States, by country of origin, 1939-43, in short tons - Source 1939 1940 1041 1942 ' 1943 420.067 433,006 470, 617 467,367 401,071 Foreign ore: . Australia......................................... - -- , Europe....................................... Mexico.'........................................ i - South America............................ ; Other foreign............................... 7,680 4, 763 188 227 8,860 3,026 14,666 0,000 8,660 1,303 34,744 20,001 - 'l. ..- ' -- 24,662 83,663 Foreign base bullion: ; / ^ Australia.................................... ., Mexico......................................... ; South America.......................... %... Other foreign.............................. ....... 37,"'463' ....... iefiei' 0 944 ............ 390' 38,416 16, 661 10,661 6,708 123 300 27,173 21,211 19,638 12,643 6,080 8,404 14 2,403 "V""'"i,"946 23,127 ' 7,294 .30,323 23,342 : 74,166 i 81,486 48,628 i ,. 831 26,368 . . 47 48 : 16, 902 111 ................67 .216 , 86 768 26,284 17,987 . 142 ` - Total foreign............................ 63, 068 100,114 ' 100,460 00,472 48,770 w Grand total.............................. 484,036 633,170 ' 670,067 666,839 ' 440,841 , ANTIMONIAL LEAD . , Antimonial lead production at primary refineries increased 23 per cent to 63,515 tons in 1943. The distribution of the lead, according to source, is shown in the following table. The antimony content continued to decrease, largely because of the increased quantity of low antimonial lead produced for bullet core rod. 'In addition to this antimonial lead produced as a byproduct in1 the refining of, base bullion, a much larger quantity was obtained from the smelting of antimonial lead scrap at secondary smelters. Production data from lead-smelting plants handling scrap materials, exclusively are sum , marized in the following section ana discussed.in detail in the chapter :'on. Secondary Metals--Nonferrous. . *' LEAD' Year Produotlon . (short tons) ' Antimony oontent' Short tons Percent 1939....... 1940....... .... ........... 1041....... 1942....... 1943....... :::::::::::::::: 21,006 20, 762 40, 237 61,762 63,616 2,031 2,044 3,610 3,624 3,371 0.2 . 0.0 8.7 6.8 6.3 SECONDARY .LE Although some scrap lead is treated a part is received at a large number of es ondary materials exclusively. Seconda form of refined'.lead, antimonial lead, a lead recovered in'1943 totaled 341,243 t 1942. The secondary refined-lead prod prised 11 percent of the total refined ou secondary recovered in antimonial lead r total. Further detail i appear in the cha Nonferrous. , : ' ' Secondary.lead recovered in the United St . _ . ., As refined metal: - " *. . At primary plants.-.............. ................................................ At other plants............ .......... ............................................ .... ' In antimonial lead: ' At primary plants.................................................................... At other plants....... .............. .............. ..................... ............. ' 1In other alloys.....___............................... Grand total: ' . '*.! .. r ,- Short tons....................... ............. ..4... .. Value...........:...1... ....................... ` ------- ' ' '-----------------i___-___ - LEAD PIGMEN The principal lead' sublimed lead,' ledded ucts ` are manufactured 'for the most' par Details of the` production of (lead pigin the ,chapter-on Lead and Zinc Pigments' a 1 ' min e 'PAODucm The mine production of recoverablelea lead pigments) iin.the"United: States and in-1943.1 - Of the 23 States and Alnska States^ and - Alaska showed al decline.^'j T was due to several reasons, including e 174" ' MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1943 LEAD reserves, manpower shortages, And inefficiency of available replace-, ments for miners taken into the armed forces and those who left for,higher-paying jobs in war plants. ' Mine production of recoverable lead in the\Un "1 ' 1,000 tons or more during any year fro ' : . il-'-i. ' 1 ' - - Dlstrlot State Mitie production of recoverable lead in the United Stales, 19S5'-B9 (average) and 1 1989-48, by Stales, in short ions State 1026-29 (average) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 Western States and Alaska: Alaska...,.-..-.-................................ ' Arizona................................................ California............................................ . , Oolorado......................... -.................. Idaho................................................. j Montana...................................... -- ,, Nevada...a......................................... 11 New Mexico....................................... i Oregon............................................... South Dakota:................................... 982 9,743 2,070 30,112 141,610 18,871 9,607 6,730 6 21 937 10,771 626 8,222 90,961 16, 666 4,236 6,392 15 779 13,266 1,772 11,476 104,834 23,036 7,499 3,822 35 , Texas............... Utah..................... Washington......... Wyoming............. 213 227 206 146,509 67, 634 76,688 1,323 3,718 2,665 ............ .......... .......... 370,997 209,214 244,974 662 15,638 - 3,464 12,674 104, 914 21,269 9,623 4,668 59 186 69,601 3,003 246,561 416 14,772 6,161 16,181 113, 909 20,050 5,376 4,608 23 86 181 71,930 4,861 3 256, 635 200 13, 727 5,820 18,032 96,467 16,324 4,790 6,723 4 41 13 05, 267 6,022 231,410 Central States: - Arkansas............................................. Illinois................................................. . Kansas................................................ Kentucky........................................... Missouri.............................................. Oklahoma........................................ Wisconsin........................................... 38 552 26,121 136 202, 240 68,306 1,746 289,137 308 13.697 87 156,281 27, 720 388 198,481 66 1,608 11,927 :360 172,062 21,240 446 11 2,376 14,638 282 166,909 26,021 1,226 207.687 209, 362 2 2, 344 0,419 335 199,648 22,806 776 236,229 i 2,043 9,213 240 184,910 19,733 920 217,060 ^Eastern States: New York........................................... '- Tennessee........................................... Virginia..............................-............... ............ 250* 3,846 2,387 617 3,380 1, 073 673 2,286 . 2, 100 23 3,390 2,434 238 1,803 2,366 200 2,288 4,096 6,284 4,831 6,613 4,475 4,843 v 664,230 413,979 467,392 461,426 496,239 453,313 Southeastern Missouri region. Missouri.... u Ooeur d'Alene region. Idaho........... ...................... Bingham..................... Utah...:. i Joplin region.-.___ .,--4----^. Kansas, Southwestern ,M Park City region:. Tlntio. sourJ, Oklahoma. V Utah LeadvIIIe.......___ Colorado____..`ICIII-.IIII |Metallne..-ii..;.-,.^f.->.'.v..v.. Washington.-.___ Warm Springs___....... . Central....:___j.___ -mi Idaho.......................... , New'Mexloo.-w.'.V... Bush Valley.^.t....a. , Utah...f.............. Harshaw-___ Arizona........ Montana.t*ii Old Hat................................... . ArUona......-_W4........... . Ploohe:.-.l...;...:..:u..i.L: Nevada...........;..1, . Resting Springs................ .. California............................. 'Animas......... Colorado........... Pioneer (Rico).............. ,,...... :___do....... ......... . Ooso................... ........ .............. California................ Smelter.......:.................. Montana.....i.,... St. Lawrence County............ New York-.............. Heddleston.if............. Montana..... ........................ Kentuoky, Southern Illinois.. Kentuoky, Southern Illinoi Upper San MlgU' Red Cliff. Oolorado. do. i Austlnvllle.......................... Virginia___-.................... . - Barker....;....'..;.;!........ Montana.............. ....... L. . Eagle...i .,.:.do.`-....... i.i-u* Bayhoree....................... ........ . Idaho.................................... Wallapal............... .................... isippi Valley..... Montana........................ ... Port Hill....................... ........... Cataract................... ................ Willow Creek........................... Hog Heaven*___:.................... Oro Blanco.......................... Arizona.......................... ...... New Mexico....................... . Arizona............................ ... Iowa, Northern ; Illinoi Wisconsin. ' : Montana...______________ Idaho--........................ . Montana.............................. New Mexico......................... Montana..;..........___ I. Arizona............. .............. .. Toted tor Virginia but almost entirely from-Austlnvllle . .. ' ^ Lead mining is, largely centered in three areas--Southeastern Mis . ......STOCKS ; -;:- souri, the Tri-State area, and the Western States (principally Idaho, Utah, Colorado, Montana, and Arizona). The Eastern States supply only a minor proportion of the total. Although output of lead from Southeastern Missouri decreased 18,279 tons in 1943, this district continued to be the largest lead-producing area in the United States and supplied 39 percent of the total domestic production. The Tri Producers' stocks.--Leaidd stocks, as rep ;of Metal [Statistics, are-e'howniftned and antimonial-lead include meta .,and b.V'-mpst. refinerei-iof-.secondarv' ma i spft load; as wpll as foreign lead refined im State area (Joplin region), the principal zinc-producing area in the United States, furnished 8 percent of tho total United States output and contributed 381 tons more than in 1942 despite the severe floods Lead,8tacki$l at \end,of, year.at sjnfUprt,and refi^ - ! - .v: :. late in May, which caused the temporary shut-down of:many mines . in that area. Idaho continued to be the leading producer among the Western States, notwithstanding a decline of 15 percent. Of Idaho's total lead output, the greater part came from zinc-lead ore and old tailings and the remainder largely from lead ore. Utah .-ranked second among the Western States and third in the United States in lead production, with an output of 65,257. tons of recover Refined pig lead. -i-A! I'iU'i-'1.i>.TO: Antlmoulal l`ead' ......... III...IIIIIIIIIIIIII'IIII II) 0 itl !,i MOr;-' 1,1 (")T ]<- 11 |* !MV <Lead;ln.b4&e buljlpn-r; **1 At smTltera ddd Refineries.......lliwJ 'J.'j ` /i 11 iln translt.to reflnenefl^44it-.vi..ij..H,wa:..Uyi;* able -lead, -which'was 9 percent less than in 1942. Other principal producing States1, in.order of productivity, were Colorado, Montana, Jy-/ i Lead lit ore and'matt, and In [irocess at kmeltkn'jjil and Arizona.i I ,- if*-' ti X'-uKj.'OJ.-^tr i. 6* ^1ipall1U1'-1'il'i1.-< iT1 - '1l1ll1 -jj IIV'mtft;:t ,,/1l1oi i tii,,:'*tni'.:fil'til/it /l<>i!; ..1 iv ,,* <| .oldnJ 'liruY.oiifiiifotj/'u -nlj in n vrtula.-aJfiW 176 min e r a l s y e ar b o o k , i&4S , for domestic consumption. Stocks of refined lead and antimonial lead fluctuated erratically from 34,937 tons at the begirining of the year to a high of 38,132 .tons at the end of February, and a low of 20,438 .tons at the end of June and closed 1943 with 27,996 tons on hand, a i net "decrease of .20 percent during the year. : - The Bureau of Mines survey of prunary smelters and refiners in :1943 asked for data on stocks at plants for the first time. The results .'of this survey- showed stocks of refined lead amounting to 39,265 'tons flead content) at plants on January 1, 1943, and 36,464 tons on December 31, 1943. At these same plants primary antimonial lead stocks dropped from 4,631 tons (lead content) to 3,682 tons during '1943.- In terms of lead content, stocks'of ore at the 16 oper ating -smelters and refineries increased 29 percent from 39,438 to ; 50,927 tons during the same period. The inventory of base bullion, iat smelters:only,"totaled 6,323 tons at the beginning of January 'and 8,096 tons at the end of December. No direct correlation can ! be blade between these data and the figures of the American Bureau .of Metal Statistics. Figures reported to the Bureau of Mines rep resent1 physical' inventory at the plants, irrespective of ownership, and do not.include material in process or "in transit." . Consumers' stocks.--Approximately 430 consumer plants reported stocks of 108,012 tons of domestic and foreign refined lead on hand ! December 31, 1943, 32 percent greater than the 81,660-ton inventory hold at the end of 1942. Consumers* stock* of refined soft lead at the end of .. . short tons and lBJtS, by grades, in -7----/, : .------------------- ' Domestlo and foreign Oorrod- Chem Ing ical Com mon Other . Total Foreign (all grades) Deo. 31, 1942 1 .................................. Deo. Zl, 1943................................................. 23,113 23,921 18,383 18,706 37,476 60,873 2,688 81,660 4,612 108,012 6,203 12,706 ' > Revised figures. ... , .. . _ , - > Government stocks.--Industry-owned stocks were augmented by large'quantities-of lead bought by the Metals Reserve Co.' (official ' Government"purchasing agency) and stock-piled for'emergency Uses. . According to reports submitted to the Tih-Lead Division of the War Production Board, Government stocks totaled 173,875 tons of refined ' lead and'3,267 tons of lead in ore and concentrates on December 31, .1943, compared with 248,361 tons of refined lead and no ore and con- citrates,held on January 1, 1943. , r . ' , , DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION . ......... A survey , of approximately 430 plants in 1943 representing 90 ^percent of the consumers of refined lead showed a total consumption of :. ,676,46-5--short ..tons of- ref-ined* lead- , a ga'in of 11 p, erce. nt .over 1942. ^ Secondary as well a? primary refined lead is included in-this figure. Antimonial lead, unrefined scrap lead, and lead in allovs are excluded. -5';.b*Of itfie':total,consumed, 18 percent was used ,to. make, red lead and ^ lithargie,-17 percent for cable covering, 10 percent for storage batteries, ^t-l^Percient'fQr tbtraethylj 9, percent for ammunition, and the remaining i>'38nwftM forYftriftty ftf Hrflrtiwfa elwwR in ths ftPwmRmifig LEM) Consumption of refined lead in the United Sta Ammunition......................... Bearing metals..................... Brass and bronte.................. Cable covering...................... Calking lead.....................\. Casting metals.................. i.. Collapsible tubes.................. FdL...................................... Pipe, traps, and bends..___ Sheet lead............................ . Solder................................... Storage batteries................... Teme platel..... ................ Type metals*^.................. .. white lead................'.......... Red lead and litharge.;.^.-'. Tetraethyl lead..................... Chemicals and insecticides.. Annealing.............. .............. Galvanitlng........................... Lead plating...................... Weights ana ballast............ . Other___i.j....................... . ---- Total..................................... '............ ............................. 1 Revised figures. * Included A distribution by related uses shows 61- products; 25 percent for pigments,1111. p and 3 percent in miscellaneous uses, su lead'pla ting, weights, and ballast. ' Ow istics of the war, major gains were made tion, red lead and litharge, tetraethyl/ increases for bearing metals, brass' an solder, storage batteries, chemicals and' Reports to the Tin-Lead Division ,o indicate that the consumption of primar lead totaled 1,113,000 tons in 1943 com m2. . _ The following table has been const Apparent shipments of refined primary pig lea ' .,. , in short tons 1939 Supply: . Stocks at primary refineries on Jan. 1.. a ................ Oovernment-owned stooks on Jan. 1 f Production................... .................. . Imports....................... x................... Total available.. Withdrawn: ; Stocks at primary refineries on Deo. 31..'..:....... . Government-owned stooks on Deo. 31 *.____ . Exports........................................ ....................... Total withdrawn.'........................ ..................... Apparent shipments to domestlo consumers........... .. 489,42 1 Official figures not available. "' \ Estimate oased upon American Bureau of Metal Statistics * Aooordlng to reports submitted to the Tin-Lead Division m 178' . MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 3 - shipments to domestic consumers.by adding primary production, net changes in stocks, and excess of imports over exports. The apparent shipments of 767,890 tons are probably more nearly correct than the .actual receipts of 701,817 tons reported by the consumer plants, .because of incomplete coverage in the survey. :; . PRICES ' The-two major markets for lead in the United States are New York and St. Louis; much of the lead produced in this country is sold at prices normally based upon quotations in these markets. Since sus pension of the London Metal Exchange dealings in September 1939 iqr the duration of the war the London market has had no actual . influence on New York quotations, and the differential between St. Louis and New York prices has remained at 0.15 cent a pound, an amount approximating the freight charges between the two points. - The ceiling price for common lead--6.35 cents a pound, St. Louis, and 6.50 cents, New York--remained unchanged throughout 1943. For comparison it is interesting to note that the-average price received by the primary producers for all grades of lead sold in 1943 was 6.4 cents a pound, f!-o. b. plant (6.3 cents in 1942). The 1943 price of 7.5 cents for lead, which appears in the separate State chapters, represents the above weighted average price received for refined lead plus the increment--in terms of cents per pound based upon the total recoverable lead output--of $10,200,000 in overquota premiums paid by the Metals Reserve Co. A brief outline of`the 1943 develop ments of the premium-price plan is given in this chapter under the /heading, War Agency Regulations. The official London maximum price of 25 per long ton, duty paid, for Empire and foreign lead, remained unchanged during 1943. Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of lead at Si. Louis, New York, and London, 191)1-1)8, in cents per pound 1 Month 1941 St. New Lon Louis Yorlc don 1942 St. New Louis York Lon don 1943 St. New Louts York Lon don January................................. 6.36 February:............................. 6.46 March....... ..........I................. 6.61 6. 70 6. 70 June................... .................... 6. 70 July........................................ 6. 70 August.............. ................... 6.70 September........................... 6.70 October...-..-...................... 6. 70 November_________ ........... 6.70 December.......................-- 6.70 ; Average.'..................... 6.64 6.60 6.60 6. 77 6.86 6.86 6.86 6.86 ' 6.86 6.86 6.66 6.86 6.86 6. 70 / 6.12 6.27 ' / 6.35 6.60 6.36 6.60 6.36 6.60 6.36 6.60 6.35 6.60 6.36 6.60 6.35 . 6.60 6.36 6k 60 6.35 6.60 6. 36 \ 6.36 6.60 6.60 ( > 6.36 6.60 6.35 6.60 6.35 6.60 6.35 6.60 6.35 6.60 6.35 6.60 6.36 6.60 6.36 6.60 6.35 6.60 6.36 6.50 l 0.36 6.60 \ 6.36 6.60 () 6.33 6.48 0.35 8.60 <*) (>) i 8t: Louis: Metal Statistics, IM4, p. <77. New York: Metal Statistics, 1844, p. 471. ' t London Metal Exchange dealings suspended for duration of war. Ou ic IbI maximum price fixed by British Ministry of Supply at 26 In December 1939. LEAD- . ? . t FOREIGN TRA Durini ' 1943 imports of lead continue extent o: the record receipts of 1942. A pig lead imported in 1942 came from Metals Reserve Co. contracts. rTn'- resulted in cessation of imports _ able from these countries. The signifi total imports---the first break in the u the resultant lowering of the available necessary to meet requirements, with c Government stocks of refined lead. T wartime program on imported lead is d lowered imports to a large extent were to group II of the Materials Substituti 'group III position it held in 1942; when . needs and as a substitute metal. Imports.--Total-imports of lead in 19 in 1942,1 .rgely because of a decline in i to 34 percent. Receipts of lead in ore 22 percent of the'total, were 12 percen lead in base bullion were only about on In the refined-lead category, Mexico f percent, Australia between 3 and 4 per percent, compared with 52, 6, 23, and 1942. Nearly all imports of base bul Australia (98 percent in 1942) during Jan the entire amount remains in stock and metal from this source. As in 1942, lead numerous sources,`.the principal Countr Africa, and Newfoundland, which toge the total imports of this material. Total lead imported into the United Slates, 1989 [_____________ '. .Year Lead In ore and matte Le ' 1939................. :......................... 1940........................................... ........ ... 1941................................... ;;...................... 1942....................................................... 1043..................... .............. .................. . '30,842 ' 111,300 .. 82,116 ` 79,362 , 70,023. Total lead imported into (he.United States, in ore ~ by c Year ' . Canada Mexico New* foundien 1939.......................... .......... 5,641 1940............................................... 1941..i............... ......... ...... ... 96,686 1942......... j............... ,,:..L . 78,109 1943.......................................... 6,337 ' 62,059 149,493 > 129, 440 194,468 217,294 ' :. 27,66 .17,669 .. 23,95 w 13,473 ! Data include lead Imported for Immediate consumption nlm * Includes Imports from Argentina as follows--2038: 4 tons: 1 tons; and 1942; 4,633 tons. .None reported In 1943. , : , l {^ 1 Figures on Imports and exports compiled by M. B. Prioe/ U....8.. Department of O o.mvAmiear'o.we,.-. . , . '.-..,.r d't-v. .180 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1943 Total lead imported into the United States in ore, matte, base bullion, pigs, bars, and r -U inon / U*, Vn mhnrt tnTLft 1 " - , ; ,] ' Country 1--------1939 < 1940 1941 1942 1643 In ore and matte: - - 7 ' . Argentina.................... ........................... 3,362 7,612 . Bolivia..................................................... 71 6,624 Chile.........-........... -....................... ----' Mexico........................................... ... -- 1,844 3,846 . . Newfoundland........................................ { Peru........... :........ .................................... , United Kingdom1.................................. ' Qther oountrlea.................................... ......... 7,174* 1,068 308 l ' ' ; | " ' '' ; - ' 30,842 7, 686 16, 469 17, 472 2,707 8,606 6,271 1,804 27,603 18,383 "'iil 111,300 676 22,634 7,314 6,726 1,384 6,770 17, 669 6,666 176 . 930 82,116 3,870 4, 682 20,997 7,487 3,160 2,368 23,961 11,168 392 79, 362 16,438 . 19,743 6) 828 2,631 13, 473 3,436 172 70,023 */" ' ' i :.y . v - in base bullion: , ; r Australia.................................................. '/.- Meitco............................. ..................... `-Peru......................................................... ' other countries...................................... ......47," 916" 84 903 ......ig'ooo" 179 . 436 48,902 19,624 836 23,726 68 86 24,704 42,600 66 16 883 ' .43,866 ` 3, 846 639 94 4 4,683 ' `. J I.v. >. In pigs, bars, and old: , Australia..................................... ........ . Peru..................... -........................... .. Other.countries.................................. . 2,727 17 4,051 46 4,286 66 18^ 452 115 , 43,631 89,887 . 99,960 40)868 69 7,139 161,508 274,395 86,883 " 282,492 ' * 381, 214 84, 748 70, 602 192,044 21,948 ' 12 369, 254 492,471 8,694 1,506 213,724 20,158 129 244, 510 aioriie i DAta lnoludo lead Imported tor Immediate consumption ppllliu material entering the country under bond. : ' United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. . . Lead 1 imported for consumption in the United States, 1939-43, by forms in which *,, . imported ~r~ V iM;=,. .. , Year 'r . Lead In ores, flue dust; aad mattes n. 8. p. f. Lead In base bullion Pigs and bars Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value 8heeta , pipe, and shot Short tons VbIu q Not other wise speci fied (val ue) Total value ...` .. 1/'. ' *!' ... (f-, ' v 1939..................... 1940................... 1941..................... v 1942.*................. / , -1 94> 3, .-1**' .............. - 12,317 $1,063,612 70,027 4,659,446 82,345 6,343,677 87,377 5,716, 261 82, 212 6,467,211 1,764 $166,298 4, 772 $176,437 9, 992 629,946 36,882 2,269,076 17, 570 48,689 1,743,360 4,286,426 326,999 387,693 23,403,260 32,328,330 4, 611 M7,646 244,033 20,900,607 170 $28,296 $11,611 $1,440,641 201 36, 444 12,046 7,910,873 47 15,812 19,389 30, 682, 741 20 7,009 4,690 42,478,098 20,208 6,216 27,006,948 In stock piles. " ` Miscellaneous products, containing lead, imported for consumption in the United ' Stales, 1939-43 fl- fc. 1.. ' . t , - y. v;' /' mT'V* Year - .. s ;' Babbitt metal, solder, white metal, and other combinations contain ing lead Type metal and antlmonlal lead ; Gross - Lead weight content (short tons) (short tons) Value Gross Lead weight content (short tons) (short tons) Value * . i939.^.J....... ...................... .1942.....--.-.-..f------------- 136 1,368 702 971 236 46 429 $96,402 380 1.026,432 . , - 1,482 241 274 711.888 66,006 1,667 246 69 330,824 f 3,703 - 321 1,291 1,454 210 3,422 $38,491 108,286 112,120 19,631 447,019 LEAD Exports.--Under the restrictions of th exports of pig lead in 1943 (excluding lead) continued to be minor. Of the;2 was destined for the United;; Kingdom a, Lead exported from the Unite Year Pigs and bars Short tons Value Foreign load exported In manufactures - with benefit of draw-back (short tons) ' 1939...... . . 74,302 1940........... .... 23,765 1941.............. .14,359 * Data not available.. $4,647,219 1,794,590 . 1,169,148 , 10,379. ' 16,604 21,063 _____________l_ 1942 1943 . Pig lead exported from the United States,' 193 ___ ____ ______ 1 Destination 1030 Countries: ,. Belgium.'................. Brazil....................... Canada...^........ . Chile......................... China....... .............. Denmark................. Finland...*............. France...................... ` Germany................. Hungary....*........... Japan...................... Kwantung............ Mexico............ ....... Netherlands............ Norway-............... . Panama................... Philippine Islands.. Sweden.................. . United Kingdom Uruguay.................. Other countries........ Continents: North America........ South America..... Europe..................... Asia.......................... Africa and Ooeania. ;C6m V 3 , ,2 . 1*6 \6 6 8,3 i. 6 84,7 2,9 2,1 . 2,0 '2 0 . 7,3 9,4 74,8 3,3 ` 1,3 33,1 38,1 w In addition, 26,324 tons of foreign lead were reeiported, aoo officialI figures not available. - ' ' 1 ' * In addition, 3,874 tons of foreign lead,were reexported in records of the Department of Commeroe. . * ", * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. * . V . WORLD,ASPECTS OFTHK Although considerable information is' to Wartime !deyplopments in-lead," thes confined to countries in the WPstern dearth of pertinent irdormatioh'froin producing centers makes any estimates sumption unwarranted. ' The 'last- $Bti indicated aJ wpi^d-' mine p^rpduotip^ 0^1 l e a d a n d z in c p ig me n t s a n d z in c s a l t s By H; M. Me y e r a n d A. W. Mit c h e l l General summary.................. Ballent statistics................ Post-war prospects................ Production-----;................... Lead pigments..... - - - - Zlno pigments and salts... Consumption by Industries. White lead....-................ Baslo lead sulfate.............. Red lead.............. Orange tolneral................. Litharge............................. SUMMARY OUTLINE Page Page 210 212 213 213 214 214 Consumption by Industrics-Contlnued. Zlno oxtde....... .............................................. Leaded tino oxide.......................................... Litbopone........................................................ Zinc sulfide................................................. Zinc chloride.................................................. 218 218 219 220 520 220 216 216 216 210 217 I Raw'ma'teAala usedTii manufacture oYload and line pigments and tine salts............... ^ Prices......-........................................... .. Foreign trade................. -......................... 221 221 222 217 ' There waa g e n e r a l s u mma r y hish As in 1942, bj h.hampered bytL rretr.c- ment requirements Urodueerswer B and Qf slab zinC) tions on supplies of linseed and other arming^ Curtailment in the and by the limitations ^ ^^PP tor oil and oiticica oU was easfd use of linseed oil, dehydrated ca > atin forced to make late in 1943 and early in 1944 but producer w jQ order t0 considerable changes in d civiliangcustomers as nearly as . accommodate their Governme roblem of maintaining ade- possible. As the year progressed ^J^^dustry became more quate experienced workme l t ade Sported that anticipated gams in 3i`"re,^"TM `"reaten/d bj nn increasing shortage I for sale*iby a narrowjargmm 1943. aiflf0 e3tablishments that States Department of Commer.ce J ^ valu0 of the industry accounted for approximateely P , , for 1939. The value of as reported n the Census of Manuiacturesiu SleaTn 1943 - *6V?. 3M s" L ,, and the previous record of $555,398,819 , wer0 again able to In the first half of the year pigment* pro.ef" tor tended to obtain pig lead more readily than slab z ^ _ As demands for improve the competitive positio B French process grade zinc oxide rose, however, and enough slabs to fill their increased, manufactuiers we P tbe petals themselves, tho 210 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS ment during the year, which led to rec at tho year end. Supplies of lead from on the other hand, receded from the: q and failed, by a substantial margin, t result, total inventories declined. The largely to the'stricter Government con greater possibility of emergency war ne lead. The production of titanium pigments and in the peak year 1941, despite heavy in 1943 than in 1942 . but were below th 1941; they exceeded production in 1943, reduced during-the year. ' The situation supplies reversed itself in' 1943. In th increased, and the1 restrictions on titan December. In-1943, on the other han creasingly critical, and Conservation-O 1943/ again imposed limitations on the Tho largest tonnage gain for pigments in the quantity of zinc oxide used- for followed by the increase in the quantity o rubber manufacture. Litharge 'consum turo also rose in 1943. Consumption of manufacture was higher than ever before. also reached new heights in 1943 and th to have been exceeded only in 1942. C the manufacture of paint, the largest disappointing despite the increase in s previous peak for 1942 and the rise in purpose. Sales of white lead to paint below 1942 and were 32 percent less tha 5-year period, 1935-39. Sales of lithopo for this purpose also declined in 1943.' F ceramics industry took pigments at the re An outstanding event of the war perio growth in the use of zinc yellow as a non articles, published during the year, ma said of this pigment "* * * In its co zinc chromate stands as the most impo * * *" Only, one company covered (those that use ore, metal, and scrap) chromate as a final product. As other p from zinc oxide, it would duplicate the q in this report. The development, on a substantial sc paint finishes is worthy of note although reported by only one company, figures f be shown. The principal use of zinc compositions to impart fire-retardant nettrng and duck for military purposes. On December 16, 1)943, Simplified R144-43, for paints, varnishes, ana relate 1 Callahan, John K,, Modernizing Chemical Color Manufac me 1M3, pp. 106--111. Chemical Industries, Paint Progress: Vol. 63, No. 6, Novem 212 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1943 Its purpose was to enable the industry to cooperate even more effec tively in the war by further reducing the variety of colors. It had been accepted by a substantial percentage of the manufacturers and others concerned and was approved for promulgation by the United States Department of Commerce, through the National Bureau of Standards. The simplification program for limiting the variety of colors of paints, varnishes, and similar products to be manufactured and eliminating superfluous sizes of containers originally became effective in 1924, and the present revision is the fifth. The container situation was rocontly described by Callahan. Three articles presenting several aspects of the paint situation were released in June 1943.3 . __ Figures on pigments production in Canada indicate that on the whole 1942 marked a continuation of the advances noted m 1941 and that the industry operated at new record levels in that year; data for 1943 are not yet available. Zinc oxide and lithopone, however, dropped in 1942, leaded zinc and zinc leads making a particularly poor showing The following statistics cover the quantities (in short tons) used in manufacturing in 1942 (1941 in parentheses) White ead (drv) 2 955 (2,164), white lead in oil 822 (714), basic sulfate white lead 74 (111) red lead 679 (648), litharge 809 (729), zinc oxide (pure) 1,211 (1,589), zinc oxide (leaded) and zino leads 910 (2,255), lithopone Salient statistics of the lead and zinc pigments industry of the United States, 1925-99 (average) and 1939--4* 1925-29 (average) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 Production (sales) of principal pigment*: ^, White lead (dry and In oil).............. short tons.. Litharge...................do-- Hed load.................. do -- Zino oxide................do-- Leaded tine oxide..do-- Lithopone................do-- 154, 483 84,846 41.302 154, 208 26,600 177, 746 98,429 89,618 39,976 114, 652 42,684 142,769 80.662 89, 841 42,200 113,213 45,362 161.802 113,000 122,280 63,838 148,833 68.920 176,642 83,639 91,613 48,369 99,077 48,126 137,320 70, 107 113,091 63,378 143, 402 43,828 135,723 Value of products: AH lead pigments.............. All tine pigments.............. 160,092,000 41,314,000 $36, 485,000 28,794,000 $32, 828,000 28,747,000 $46,572,000 39, 210,000 $30,393,000 30, 786,000 Total............................... 101.406,000 64, 279,000 01,375,000 86,782,000 70,178,000 $41,897,000 36, 200,000 78, 167,000 Valuo per ton reoelved by producers: 178 176 103 133 J24 98 138 123 140 117 1J4 73 137 147 126 141 J61 118 125 114 118 67 71 1 GO 150 136 163 Foreign trade: 1 Lead pigments: Value of exports......... Zino pigments: Value of exports........ Value of Imports....... Export balance___ 1,340,000 30,000 2,150,000 931,000 2,635,000 716. (XO 10,000 925, 000 280,000 1,360,000 694,000 14,000 1,585,000 40.000 2,119.000 1, 228, 000 12.000 3,625,000 ' 22,000 4,719.000 957,000 4,000 2. 741,000 8.000 3, 686, 000 1,439,000 3,000 2, 737,000 6, 000 4,168.000 CBllBhMi. T, Pat, What the War baa Taught Ua About Contalnera: Chom. Industries, vol. 63, No. 6, m*?- a Material o( War- Paint Industry Mag., vol. 63, No. n, June 1043. pp. ICO, 102, 104. Lutz,'John a !! Suggestions lor Conserving OHs ln Civilian Paint Products: Pp. 104, 10(1, 108. Aldrloh, Lt. H. L., New Navy Paint Specifications: Pp. 198-100. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS 9,911 (10 538), titanium white (pure) 2,08 (reduced) 3,617 (2,948).. Late m 1943 the Zinc Pigment De formed by the leading British producers o purpose of the organization is to encoura and potential) of zinc pigments by all app by making their properties and applicati appreciated. POST-WAR PROSP .. _ Ihe pigments industry will undoubte markets that mark reconversion of indust in the rehabilitation of the United States An article by Trigg ^ on the return to estimate of $16,070,000,000 per year of po of the United States Departtiient of Com ind istry could have a $740,000,000 year a 61-percent increase over 1940 total sale poration estimated that total construction mg the war will average approximately volume of the 1930-39 decade, which was slow recovery. This would be an increase prosperous 1920-29 decade, expressed i company stated. Trade estimates indicat ture after the war will average 50 percen least until the pent-up demand has been sa indicated above and those in the rubber a large pigment consumers point to a highe tion in the post-war period. The gains f this report may not be distributed evenly that all or virtually all will contribute to war years lead pigments have had a rela total market than zinc pigments owing to of pig lead than of zinc slabs available for u " PRODUCTION .. Sales in this report are taken as a bett pigments industry than production beca available on stocks and because materials one item are sometimes sold under anoth pigments produced under one classificatio employed at a plant of another company pigment in the lead and zinc group.. The to eliminate all possible duplication and to the form in which they enter final use as p titles of basic lead sulfate and zinc oxide leaded zinc oxide are omitted, except as cation caused by other blending, which is scale, is also avoided insofar as possible. sumed by the producmg companies, ho . -' 214 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1943 beyond the ones covered by this report--that is, paint, storage bat teries, and other articles--are considered as sales. The total value of lead and zinc pigments in 1943 amounted to $78,157,000, a gain of 11 percent over 1942; except for 1941 it was the largest since 1929. ', . Lead pigments.--Rod lead and litharge made the best showings of the pigments covered by this report, sales of red lead failing by a narrow margin to equal the peak rate for 1941 and those for litharge also being second only to those for 1941, dropping 8 per cent below that year. The poor record for white lead in recent years caused the lead pigments as a whole to fall below the zinc pigments in relation to the pre-war period, 1935-39. In 1943 the value of lead pigments was 29 percent higher than the average for the period 1935-39, compared with 35 percent for the zinc group. If white lead values were omitted from the totals, the gain in the lead pigments value for 1943 over the earlier period1 changes to 75 percent. The average values received by producers in 1943 showed slight gains, on the whole, over those for 1942. The advances were due to the somewhat higher prices that prevailed after the first month or two of 1942, which held throughout 1943. The average quotation for basic lead sulfate, on the other hand, was reduced in midyear 1942, and the revised quotation continued throughout 1943. ' Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1942-43 11)42 1943 . Figment Short tons Value (at plant, ex clusive of container) Total Average Short tons Value (at plant, ex clusive of container) Total Average BasJo Jead sui/ate or sublimed lead: White.j.................................... Red lead.......................................... White lead: In oil *....................................... 7.229 1. 181 48,309 128 91,613 35, 805 47, 774 $1,107.157 191,811 8. 234. 230 30. 043 13,760, 868 6, 743, 717 10. 308. 863 $163 162 171 230 160 160 - 216 4,762 S45 63, 378 79 113,091 39, 525 36,642 $700, 502 120,102 9,136.016 10, 736 17, 146. 072 0. 441.008 8, 328. 458 $147 149 171 250 162 163 227 . > Weight of white lead only but value of paste. Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1939-43, in '1 ; short tons ' ' Year 1939 ___I........ 1043................ White lead Dry In oil ' Baslo lead sulfate or sublimed lead White Blue Bed lead ' Oran go mineral Litharge 30,600 30,116 ,64,680 85,8.56 39, 626 67,020 60.447 68.311 47, 774 36,642 4, <138 6,403 8,739 7. 229 4, 762 S60 707 1,631 1,181 846 39, 976 42,200 63,838 48, 369 .63,378 131 89,618 137 89,841 246 122, 280 128 91,613 79 113,091 Zinc pigments and salts.--In the lead and zinc pigment groups zinc oxide had the largest tonnage and percentage gains in relation to 1942, surpassing the earlier year by 44 percent. In relation to other earlier LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS years, however, red lead and litharge'ma Demands for zinc oxide gained rapidly d ber it was placed under allocation, the in more detail under Zinc Oxide. Lead to decline from the 1941 peak record, bu before 1-940. Lithopone sales were virt 1942, having fallen 1 percent. The av ducers for zinc oxide dropped $1.00 a change in the price quotations for th beginning of 1942 throughout 1943. Pri after the first quarter of 1942, continu the producers' average value to rise. unchanged from the beginning of 1942 producers were identical. Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufact . 1942 Pigment or salt Short tons Value (at pl elusive of co Total' A Zinc oxide..................................... Leaded ilno oxide 1.................... * LlthoDone.............................. Zlno chloride, 60 B.............. Zinc sulfate....................................... 99,677, $13,746, 699 48,128 . 6,209,658 137,320 10,828,924 62, 374 2, 780,430 14,331 1, 179, 281 i zino oxide containing 6 percent or more lead Is classed as le 1 Includes a small quantity containing less than 6 percent lea Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufact in short tons Year Zlno oxide Leaded tine oxide 1939........:........... .......................... 1940.......................................... 1941 .............. 1942..................................... . . 114, 552 113,213 148,833 99,677 143,402 42,684 68,920 48,128 43,828 i Data not available. Includes a small q u'ant.i.ty containing less than fi percent lea Sales of zinc chloride totaled 53,707 increase of nearly 3 percent over the figures include the equivalent zinc chlo zinc chloride and zinc ammonium chlori in 1943 were second only to those for 1 1942. . .. CONSUMPTION BY IND White lead.--Total white lead sales (dr percent below 1942; they were the sma for 1933 and 1932 the smallest, since 189 over 1942 and actually wa,s larger than in and 5 years in the 1920's. The decreas 210 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 3 therefore, was responsible for the poor showing for total white lead sales, both in relation to the record for 1942 and to that for many eai\VM^elead is used mainly as a component of paint, 87 percent having been reported as sold for this purpose in 1943. A break down of the Other item would undoubtedly add to the paint classi fication. : Production of white lead totaled 61,129 tons. Distribution of white lead. (dry and in oil) sales, 19SB-4S, by industries, in short tons Industry Cri'iioics......................................................... 1939 92,380 1,767 4,282 98,429 1940 73,137 3.029 4, 396 80,662 1941 100,601 3,704 8.631 113,000 1942 76, 837 1,812 4.990 83,630 1943 66,441 1,444 8,282 76,167 Basic lead sulfate.--Basic lead sulfate also is consumed mainly in paints, either directly as a pigment or indirectly through its use as an intermediate product in the manufacture of leaded zinc oxide, lhe totals shown for basic lead sulfate exclude the product used in blend ing. In 1943, 5,600 tons were sold for use in the manufacture of leaded zinc oxide. ^ , . lf,,Q Production of basic lead sulfate totaled 7,121 tons in 1943. Distribution of basic lead sulfate sales, 1939-43, by industries, in short tons Industry Storage batteries............................................ 1939 6,170 140 4 224 5, 538 1940 6,663 128 476 6, 200 1941 9,286 200 8 877 10, 370 1942 7, 733 588 8,410 1943 4. 802 661 5.607 Red lead.--Sales of red lead failed by a narrow margin to equal the peak rate established in 1941. In virtually duplicating the 1941 rate ft made the best showing of the pigments covered by this report. As in 1942 and 1941, the high rate of consumption of red lead is due to its application as a construction paint, its use for paints having reached new heights in 1943, but its uso in storage batteries (the principal out let) was below that in 1940 and 1941. In 1943, 42 percent of the red lead sold was for paint, whereas in the 5-year period 1935-39 only 30 percent was destined for this purpose. . ., Production of rod lead amounted to 53,495 tons in 1943 or to almost precisely the quantity of sales. Distribution of red lead sales, 1939-43, by industries, in short tons Industry Storage batteries............................................ Ceramics........................................................ 1939 24,709 11,421 1,123 2,723 39, 076 1040 26,718 11, 949 1, 117 2,416 42,200 1041 27,406 20,130 1,603 4,710 63,838 1942 23,545 21,017 939 2, 868 48,369 1943 20,616 22,271 622 3, 869 63, 378 LEAD AND. ZINC PIGMENTS. .A'ND Orang.e mineral--This is,the,smallest item the lead and zinc pigments,-canvass... Its pri lias been in the manufacture of ink.Sales i on record since statistics for this product; wer in, 1889.- , ....... . . , . I .. , , . i Only 3 tons of orange mineral were reporte inf .1943..,. : i ... ,. .. ...i .. ' :: ` ' ' ! 11 1 . 'Distribution*/ orange mineral sales,1939^43,by " Industry ' '! , :i1 1 1939- 1640- Ink manufactured.............. Color'pigments______ ' Other.:..4.;...........Ij._- - .-,.64, ........ .. 46 i.-.- '27' 68 1 131' 137 --'Ll-- ' -LI-h-` 1 ! ' litharge id jI943 were.24 second only tp.the Record,ifor:1041, being,8. This favorable showing was,surpassed,only by the pigments covered by this, report., The q batteries are^well,,above, double, those, for th class, and in 194^ the .quantity. sqmse.d w^s; g ous year. In . addition tq the litharge t used storage-battery man\da;(?^iirers themselves, pro ofdead winch ,they qse ,a?.ra,substitute (for lit tons of black .oxide,.fyere prod,uced,. ori only, record of 61,000 tons, .These quantities,.'req and 58,000 .tons, respectively,! piglead.l Bl included in t-hq.Bureau.p/ Mines..totals forijt ,tion of litharge fpr, insecticides in. 19,42 was amounts so used.in .severgl previous years; I passed the former., peakj ^e,cord.for -.19-41,,b coramics,,chroma,pigments,..oil,refining, and thetMeyi9Mryear(;ib^..all,lp3q<j6p.t.rubber we Sal""r pigments .manufacture, gaine and those for rubber were up 24 percent and fromlfl;^1 ' va4ms^, makers were at a re Production of litharge (112,037 tons in 194 by roughly 1,000 tons. " ' Distribution of litharge sales, 1939-43, by indu Industry: . Storage bfltterlos..................... Insoctlcides............................... .................. Ceramics.......................... " Chrome pigments......... Oil reflnlng.i(.L.l:.L.-...^___j Varnish!., .it.. .`.0.!. J ! ' I' * *"']' ~~ Other............... ..IT 024185--45 -15 - 1939 1940 ' 36,764 33, 303 16,436 16,041 8,679 12. 072 ,9, 416 i ,8,466 -i- 7.-616 ` 1 6,876 11 , 1 d'a-, d42048 --1 1 ` ' 003 i , ,1 -. 225 3,668 : r'i'IS- *18 218 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1943 Zinc oxide.--This pigment mado the largest gain in 1943 of any of the products covered by this report. The increase was partly a reaotion from the severe drop in 1942, which had been dictated in part by stringent supplies of zinc metal and scrap and by the uncer tainties in connection with the prospective consumption of zinc oxide by the synthetic rubber industry. The main part of the rise in zinc oxide. sales was the quantity of pigment used for making smoke mixtures for chemical warfare. Consumption of zinc oxide in tho manufacture of rubber--the largest use--increased 29 percent in 1943 and that in paints--second in importance--was 19 percent' higher than in 1942. Floor coverings and textiles took 27 percent more zinc oxide in 1943 than in 1942, but the quantity so taken did not show up to advantage in comparison with several years beforo 1938. The ceramic industry's use of zinc oxide rose in 1943 against tho trend for other pigments consumed for this purpose. Zinc oxide makers were hampered in the first half of the year by their inability to obtain adequate supplies of slab zinc for the manu facture of French-process grades. As the year progressed, however, and demands for zinc oxide increased, the War Production Board released all required metal to the producers. Production of lead-free zinc oxide amounted to only 123,913 tons, or over 19,000 below sales. Of the total, 101,898 tons were produood by the American process almost entirely from ores or primary residues, 17,844 tons by the French process from metal or scrap, and 4,171 tons by other processes--largely from scrap materials. On September 13, General Preference Order M-ll-A was amended to prevent producers of lead-free zinc oxide from shipping any of their product not previously set aside, as ordered, except (1) to fill orders rated AA-5 or higher, (2) to a person certifying that his stocks and supplies from all sources would be less than 1 ton, or (3) exoept as otherwise specifically authorized in writing by the War Production Board. On December 29 lead-free zinc oxide was placed under aliocation control in a rewriting of Order M-ll-A, which listed 26 per mitted uses. Deliveries of 2 tons or less could be accepted, under provisions of the order, without obtaining specific authorization of the Board, but only for the uses listed in the revised order. Distribution of zinc oxide sales, 1939-43, by industries, in short tons Industry Rubber........................................................... Floor coverings and textiles......................... Ceramics.. J................................................... 1939 70.187 26,334 6.641 6. 672 6,818 114,662 1940 70, 979 23,268 4,762 6. 362 7,802 113,213 1941 , 1942 90,429 30,304 6,991 8,696 12,613 148,833 62,717 26,122 6, 224 2,934 13, 680 99, 677 1943 67,898 29,862 21,801 6,633 3, 203 14,016 143, 402 . Leaded zinc oxide.--Sales of leaded zinc oxide declined 9 percent in 1943 following the more severe drop of 30 percent in 1942 from the peak rate for 1941. Despite the decreases mentioned, leaded zinc oxide sales for 1943 had not been exceeded before 1940. It is used almost exclusively in the manufacture of paint. The figures for LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS leaded zinc oxide include basic lead sulf cated under Basic Lead Sulfate. Leaded zinc oxide sales in 1943 were tion of 39,515 tons. Of the output, 19, percent lead, 16,611 tons 36-50 percent more than 50 percent. Distribution of leaded zinc oxide sales, 1939 Industry 1939 41,619 1 ; 1,164 42,684 1 Lithopone.--The lithopone statistics in the basis of ordinary, lithopone sold as suc content of the high-strength product. . T used to conceal the operations of one c nates the output of the high-strength p ducer in some years. Three plants and in high-strength lithopone production change in the rate of sales of lithopone in however, were 33 and 34 percent, respec in 1929. By far the largest part of sales facture of paints, 77 percent of the total in 1943 and 80 percent in 1942. Sales, f compared with 1 percent for total sales. take the second largest amounts, but th percent of the totals for the 2 years, i T 1943 but was 14 percent lower than t period ended 1941. Based upon somew separation of the 1943 quantities show floor coverings and textiles indicates tha linoleum ana felt-base floor coverings a fabrics and textiles (oilcloth, shade c similar products). Other sales in 1943 i and 1,437 tons (incomplete) for printing in in 1943 and ink 105 percent. Figures f printing ink cannpt be separated from principal item under Other uses covers least, has classified part-of its exports that the Other class is too small to cove Plant capacity for the production of total 157,000 tons, a d'rop from 1--8-2--,-0- drop is explained'chiefly by the closing the plant of the United^Color & Pigmen oompnanyv reported that the plant'was bei Production of h"thopone totaled 132,62 < . . 220 " MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 3 ' Distribution of lilhopone sales, 1939-43, by industries, in short tons . < '{ 'Industry. .. 1639 ' J 940 1941 1942 1943 Floor coverings and textiles'......................... Rubber................................... 113,906 17,429 3. 189 8, HO H2,760 117,075 18,738 3.387 12.602 161,802 * Includes a quantity, not separable, used lor printing Ink. ' 132,601 21.114 8,647 10,200 176,042 1 100.216 16,775 1,047 11,262 137,320 ' 103,800 16. 000 1,078 14,786 136,723 The consumption of ordinary-strength lithopone in the manufac ture of titanated lithopone (which usually contains about 15 percent Ti02) amounted to only 8,400 tons in 1943 or to considerably less than half of the record tonnage of 19,400 tons for 1937. This use of litho pone has trended downward almost continuously since the peak was reached. Lower, production by the United Color .& Pigment Co., mehtipn^d in' the preceding paragraph, was chiefly responsible for the drtb:in'l?43.; The! lithopone figures in the following table are in cluded in the totals for ordinary lithopone in the preceding table.' 7\tanatid lithopone produced in the United States and 'ordinary lilhopone used in h' ' its manufacture, 1939-43, in short tons :. Titanated Ordinary' ;. .. , Year , . . lltbopone lltbopone. produced used -- ;_____ Tltanatod Ordinary > Year . . lithopone lithopone, produced used ' 1040............. ....................... 194}........ ........................... 16,100 ' *13,700 1942............................ ... t 1 "11.700' 16,200 1943 .. ,,, '16,800 . 14.100 9,900 8,400 i j" Zinc sulfide.--rOply one company produced zinc sulfide in 1943 and m 1942, therefore it is not possible to publish totals for this product. .! Zinc chloride.---Sales of zinc chloride, in terms of 50 B. solution* totaled. 53,707 tons in 1943 compared with 52,374 tons,in 1942-r-a gain1 of 3 percent. : These figures include the zinc chloride equivalent W'zino ammonium chloride and of chromated zinc 'chloride produced. Comparable data for recent earlier years And complete figures showing distribution of sales by iuses are not available. : ; < Zincs sulfate.'--Sales of zinc sulfate: gained .0! percent in 1943' and were second'only to'those for 1941, being 18 percent below that record total, however.: Rayon resumed its place: as the leading use in 1943/having been supplanted by agriculture in 1942 and by chemi-r cals, in 1941. !: Ai further - break-down of the chemical classification; however, probably;would add. tonnage to several: ofthe groups; Rayon.sales increased 44 percent in 1943 and have been .exceeded only by those in 1941. r The agricultural use has been,taking increasmg quantities of zinc.1 sulfate, reaching a peak in1 1942. from which.it dropped 19 percent' in 1943j , The feature. of1 sales,'in 1943 was the gain iin: the quantity- for paint and varnish' processing.. This class gained 27 percent'-in. 1943 to its second successive!peak and'repre sented 16 percent of total sales; in 1936 and 1937 it accounted for only 1 ana 2 percent, respectively. The chemical class dropped 37 LEAD AND ZINC 'PIGMENTS AND percent in 1943, following a'severe'decline in probably indicate: that' a more precise break mation has been1 possible.. ., ..I; | i .; I i '' -i Distribution of zinc sulfate sales, 1939-43, by in . .. . . ' ____ .1_____!I___..^1, - . : i Industry ' " " ` i ------- Tt-r----------- ----------------------r-~r- Agriculture...................-............... ................ Paints and varnish processing-.................... Chemicals...................................... i............... Flotation reagent..*....................................... Textile dyeing and printing'....................... Electrogalvanlilng...:...;....... ................... Other............................................................... , 1939 - , 2,168 ! > 683 1,309 260 172 ' 666 1,206 . 1940 ` .,, ,,8,049. ' 2,306 1,609 2, 161 241 320 54 i 348 1,299 10,167 11.937 RAW MATERIALS'USED IN MANUFACTUR . . " PIGMENTS AND ZINC S ' -. . i The schedules for compiling statistics on l zinc pigments and-salts in 1943 were change years to obtain more precise information1 reg materials used and more data on end produ the figures ordinarily presented in; this secti and zinc pigments wilf, be no longer available Figures covering lead and zinc in ore and m making total pigments! should be available la be released to the public at"that time. I , The. total apd, average. values, reported, .by zinc pigments,are-giyeniip.fbe .tables in, the Except fopbasip lepd sulfqte, average valqes, ( were.either,the same as in 1042. (asm,the .qase $?.,to. $11.q, ton., i In,'the main,.the gains wrp in. prices, fpr lead.pigmppts during.,tbe.jfirst which quotations ,w,ero unchanged tmouglRm year,,and .through .all of ,193^ Tib..rise. .irx came later,.inil942 .than ,the,otiiers,1,',1The wh sqlfate; was, quoted, nt,;7%.cepts,a, pound,fpj; did not.gQ.aljpya ,7.cents,iq 1943;; the .averag declined, in', 19^=3,,contrary. tP. tRe record fpcq Trices,'/or pig lep,d wqrq .unchanged throug established, ,by..the, Offico of, Price,administra in January 1942. The coiling price, for, copim York, was 6.50 cents a pound. Corroding a allowed-premium^ of 0*10 ceut a pound.- .i-T over, was quoted throughout 1943 at 0.05 cet at New York and at St. Louis. Ordinarily le closely the price movements in pig lead. 222 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 3 Except for the grades of zinc oxide containing 35 percent or more lead, there were no changes in zinc pigment quotations from the first of 1942 throughout 1943. Leaded zinc oxide values received by producers gained an average of $3 a ton in 1943, whereas the lead-free grade dropped $1 and lithopone was unchanged. As a rule the relationship between zinc pigment quotations and those for slab zinc are not as close as that among the lead classes. This situation iB due largely to the fact that much ore is used directly in the manufacture of zinc pigments, whereas pig lead is the source of most of the lead pigments produced. Range of quotation> on lead pigments and zinc pigment> and eallt at New York (or delivered in the Eaet), 1940-43, in cents per pound Product 1940 1941 1942 1943 Basic lead sulfate, or sublimed lead, less than carlots, White lead, or baslo lead carbonate, dry, carlots, bar* rl>........ ...................................... ............................... Litharge, commercial, powdered, barrels................... Bed lead, dry, 96 percent or less, less than carlots, Orange mineral, American, small lots, barrels........... Zlno oxide: American process, lead-free, bags, cartots............ <' American process, 6 to 36 peroent lead, barrels, French process, white seal, barrels, carlots.......... Zinc sulfide, less than carlots, bags, barrels................ Zlno chloride, works: ' 6.26- 6. 76 7.00- 7.60 6. 26- 8.26 7.76- 9.28 10.26-11.76 6. 26- 7. 60 6. 26- 6. 76 7.66- 7.76 8.06- 8.26 8.76- 9.00 3.86- 4.00 7. 76- 8.00 2.26 4. 26- 6. 76 2.96- 8.90 0.66- 7.00 7.60 7.00- 8. 26 8.66- 9. 26 11.00-11. 76 6.60 6. 26- 6. 76 7. 76 6.26 9.00 4.10 8.06- 8. 26 2. 26- 2. 60 4.26- 6.60 3.16- 4.40 7.00- 7. 76 7.60- 8. 26 7. 36- 9.00 8.76-10.00 11.26-12.60 7.28 7.06- 7.33 8.60 9.00 0. 76 4.60 8.66- 8.76 2.60 6.00- 6.60 3.66- 4.60 7. 66- 7.76 8.26 8.00-9.00 9.60-10.00 12.00-12.60 7. 26 7.26- 7.38 8.60 9.00 0.78 4.60 8. 60- 8.76 2.60 6.00- 6.60 3.86- 4.60 FOREIGN TRADE' As usual, all of the important items in foreign trade in lead and zinc, pigments and salts were in the export classification in 1943. The chief value in imports covered zinc sulfate, and its value repre sented well over half of the import total. Even for this item the balance Was strongly in favor of exports, and all other items covered showed export excesses. Lithopone, as usual, was the chief export class in point of tonnage in 1943, and it was followed by zinc oxide, white lead, litharge, and red lead. The exports of no item other than.lithopone represented as much as 10 percent of domestic sales and of'only white lead as much as 5 percent of domestic sales. Except for' the items specified, foreign trade in lead and zinc pigments and zinc-salts has little significance. The total value of lead pigments exported rose 50 percent in 1943, but that for the zinc group was relatively unchanged. Value of the two classes plus that for lead and zinc salts gained 19 percent in 1943. * Figures on Imports end exports compiled by M. B. Price, or the Bureau of Mines, from reoords of the United States Department of Commerce. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS Value of foreign trade of the United Slates i 1942-45 Imports Lead pigments: White lead........................................................ $ Zlno pigments: Lead and tine salts: 3,2 3,8 6,1 1,6 7,8 2,0 18,6 (') 20,6 32,2 1 Data not available. Lead pigments and sails'imported for consum Year S Baslo carbonate Rod lead white lead L 1939............................................. 1940............ ............................... 1941............................................. 1942............................................. 1943............................................. 11 2 3 2 3 2 4 *1ncludes also--1639: Lead pigments, n. s, p. f., $690 (6 $6,620 (40,446 pounds); 1940-43: Suboxide 6r lead, n. s. p 1941: $11,694 (66.268 pounds); 1942: $3,221 (13,228 pounds); * Leu than 1 ton. * Lead pigments and salts exported from Year Short to White lead Bed lead Litharge m 1939....................... 1940....................... 1041....................... 1942....................... 1943....................... 2,024 1, 360 2,901 2. 249 4,602 1,324 1,336 2,966 1,301 1,636 2,077 1,686 2,892 1.999 1,610 1 Not oompUed on an axmual basis before 1942. 224 ' 1 min e r a l s y e a r b o o k , 1943 ' Zinc pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United Slates, 1939-4$ Year ZIno oxide Dry In oil Short tons LIlbopoDd Zinc sulfide Zinc chloride Zinc sulfate Total value 1939..i................. 1941...................... 1942 . . 1,486 273 122 13 10 66 2,641 7 300 326 $317,719 46 11 c) 0) 1 10 246 64. 923 16* 20,835 I 302 28, 390 11 646 34,033 Less than 1 ton. Zinc pigments and salts 1 exported from the United States, 1989-43 -Year 8hort toils Total value Zinc oxide Lltbopone Year Short tons .. Total value Zinc oxide Llthopone 1040. - ... 1941............... . 3,485 : a, 239 8. 264 4,845 14. 208 21,527 $025. 468 1042................ 1, 684, 667 1943................ 3,625, 386 6.013 6,010 17,036 >$2,913, 695 17, 320 * 2,808,253 1 ZId o salts not separately recorded on an annual basis before 1942. 'Includes also--1942: Zino sulfide $0,328 (37,091 pounds); zinc chloride, $42,674 (648,343 pounds); zinc sulfate, $53,624 (1.026,664 pounds); other zinc salts and compounds, $70,023 (619,468 pounds); 1043: Zinc sulfide, $29,623 (78,387 pounds); zinc chloride $57,390 (751.861 pounds); zinc sulfate $81,760 (1,830,508 pounds); ether lino salts and compounds, $22,087 (139,940 pounds). 1 . ' ' ' i , '' . ! 1 1 ' : : .' : ' ' n ' -1 ' ' GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, , i : i-i (MINB. RE - ' < ........ .. '' By Ch a s . W. He n d e r s o ' . 1 ' ,! --------------------- 1 ! ................ SUMMARY .O ';Su;Cmamlcualrayt.io..n..o..f .v.a..l.u.c..o.l.m..o.'.L.a.i..p.! r.o..d.u..c1.t.io..n.'... Pa22n225.8 I I -' > ' .1 1 ' ' SUMM ... Iii.i . ... -I The production of gold in Alask The gold recovered; from otes. and ounces valued ;at $3,486,405,: a decr production and the lowest quantity The value, of the! gold in H943, was. 9 of the gold, silver, copper, and lead for this marked, decrease: in gold' Board Gold Mining' Limitation Ord full effect of which was not felt in A 47i. available. floating 1 connected-bu during the year. These dredges we reprieves granted with the provision not qualified for any type .of war w dredge was in operation in 1943; n was disposed ol to contractors on Out of the 38 lode mines.in operati 1943, but these 8 mines supplied 68 of the silver produced in . the Terr ^lining Co. at Juneau was by far th One other important reason for t Alaska in 1943 was the serious short by the high wages offered laborers o construction projects throughout th of the mining in 1943 was carried on could not work in essential war acti The regulations on gold mining Production Board during 1943 to lacer gold-mine, operators-, in the imitation Order lr-208, :as origin "closed down all "nonessential" l min produced11,200 tons .or less of com rate.of production' of such mines'did 806 - MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 3 _ WOULD PRODUCTION -Because of restriction on the publication of statistics by certain governments, figures, for many countries have not been available since 1939. World production of platinum and allied metals, 1937-4$, in troy ounces [Compiled by B. B. Waldbauer] Country and product 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 Australia: * New South WbIo s : Placer platinum.. Tasmania: Placer osmlrldlum............ Belgian Congo: From refineries: Palladium............................................. Platinum........... ................................... Canada: , Placer platinum................................... From refineries: * 1 Platinum....................................... Other platinum metals............ . .Colombia; Placer platinum (exports)... Ethiopia: Placer platinum..................... Italy: From refineries: Platinum....... . Japan: Placer platinum.......................... Netherlands Indies (probably placer 46 686 12,607 2*123 22 139*366 119,829 29,316 3,376 1.286 <f`) New Zealand: Placer platinum............. Panama: Plaoer platinum...................... Papua: . *' Plaoer platinum..'................................ Placer osmlrldlum................................ Sierra Leone: Placer platinum............... Union of South Africa: Platinum (content of platinum metals) `............................................ Concentrates (content of platinum metals) *........................................... Osmlrldlum .................. ..................... U. 8. 8. R.: Placer platinum'................ United States: . Placer platinum................................ .. Ore (content of platinum metals)....... From refineries; * Platinum.......................................... -. Other platinum metals..................... 66 207 20 8 308 17,776 21,849 6,790 100,000 10,803 124 4,761 6,817 Total i............................................. 476,000 8 (0 191. 283 1,675 226 3,312 868 16 &6 161,310 130,893 34,649 3.637 1,029 if') 148,877 136,402 39,070 S'! ! 1 ) * 21 28 1 13 41 4 180 2 4 83 18, 266 18,068 36,124 41,243 6,364 7,031 100,000 100,000 40,932 32,460 90 66 3.701 6,270 3,486 ' 3, 364 641,000 640,000 S'! S`l 24 108,464 91,622 35,869 S'! i'S'! 34 136 20,140 61,836 100,000 33,800 4,470 3,304 466,000 . Sw'! S`> ( ) 60 124,267 97,432 37,349 S'! (') (0 36 0) < > 0) 16,680 69,160 (o 100,000 26,221 16 1,806 4,689 483,000 S'! SW'! (l! (0 Si'S'! 30 0) 298,400 220,600 49,163 (') !' ) ' S'! (.'> 30.001 S'! '! (0 (') 21 (') 0) 8 SI! m (*) c) (') 20,1)60 13,328 63,160 30,033 oo 100,000 100,000 23, 213 27,162 26 4,333 6,472 6,205 5,186 790,000 o i Data cot available. * Reoovered from nlokel-copper mattes. * Year ended June 30 of year stated. Produced from platinum ores. - January to September* Inclusive. * Produced from treatment of gold ores on the Hand. * Estimate. ' * Subjeot to revision. * New platinum metals reoovered In gold and copper refining of domestlo materials. Canalla.--Although the Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to publish figures on the recovery of platinum metals from the nickel-copper ores of the Sudbury district, Ontario, in 1943, it can be stated that the output was substantially less than the all-time high in 1942, which was 298,400 ounces pf platmum and 226,600 ounces of other platinum- group metals. Colombia.--Colombia exported 39,961 ounces of crude platinum in 1943 (49,163 in 1942). The South American Gold & Platinum Co. produced! 23,946 ounces of crude platinum metals in 1943 (25,786 in ' 1942) and 56,446 ounces of gold (51,974 ;n 1942). The figures for other operators are not available. . ' ' . TITANIU By Al l a n F. Ma SUMMARY OU . Pago General statement............................................... 807 Domestic production................................. ' 80B Foreign trade....................................................... 809 Stocks.................................................................... 811 GENERAL STAT development of. titanium mining o United States.diming 1943 nearly trip fully two-thirds of the domestic ilmeni the rutile. Imports of ilmenite did no gap, so stocks were reduced one-fourth hand, were.ample to maintain stocks; consumption. Titanium; prices were u Post-war. demand is expected to be principally because titanium provides. partly because it is the most abunda standard requirement of the expande United States probably will achieve se the latter half of 1944. < Largely .respo New York, ilmenite mine, - which' is ex after the war, although possibly at a re more economical to import ore from In Creation of a titanium pigment carte British, Italian, Japanese, and other1 fo the Antitrust Act was charged by: the Federal grand jury indictment in Ne and before:the War Mobilization Su Affairs Committee, November 4. E. I. Inc., the National Lead Co., and seve with division 'of; the world, market into national patent transfers to avoid seizure prices, and monopolistic control of the Replying - to the charges, -Fletcher.-.W National .Lead * Co.> stated that . .they. sidered legal, and proper at I the;,time , th the Government, to formulate a.policy o business.;-., v .. /...v ;* 808 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 104 3 . , DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Ilmenite production in the United States nearly tripled in 1943 compared with 1942, and rutile output increased 51 percent. Ilmenite concentrates shipped in 1943 contained 44 to 6Q percent Ti02, and rutile concentrates ranged from -90 to 94 percent Ti02. Production and mine shipments of titanium concentrates from domestic ores in the United States, 1939-43 Ilmenite - Rutile 1j ^*Year '> Produc tion (short tons) Shipments Gross weight (short tons) T10* content (short tons) Value Produc tion (short tons) Shipments Gross woight (short . tons) TlO content (short tons) Value 1939......................... 1940......................... 1941....................... 1942*...... ................ 1943!..1--....... J .^, : ' 14,602 20,668 23.297 . 77,208 203,561 16,872 20,702 21,620 03,397 211,716 7,668 9,606 9,930 41,328 94,283 1137,042 183,686 196,622 1,806,823 3,738,970 0) 2,888 3,130 2,648 8,987 0) 2.067 3,431 2,049 3,941 C2,)475 3,192 2,406 3,039 0) $303,243 403,782 410,960 610,879 'Bureau df Mines not'at liberty to publish flguros. . ! jr'i uiu M t i' Arkansas.--The Titanium Alloy Co. of Arkansas, Inc., subsidiary of'Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co., sold its rutile property at Malvern; Magnet Cove, district, Hot Spring County, to the Magnet Gove Rutile Co/early in December 1943. During 21 months of opera tion the1 former owner produced 680 short tons of rutile (largely from a atodk pile of crude concentrates averaging 52 .percent Ti02 purchased with thtf property) and shipped 625 tons (45 from stock) averaging 90 percent TiOj and valued at $79,500. ! I'Florida.-^Riz Mineral Co. operates a concentrator at Melbourne, Brevard'County, for the production of rutile, ilmenite, and zircon. The 'ore feed is sand--formerly from stretches of beaches in'the vdcinity of Melbourne but now from dunes some 3 miles inland from Yero Beaoh? Indian River County. In August 1943 Rutile Mining Co, of Florida,(subsidiary of Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co., began to produce futile and ilmenite from sand dunes about midway between Jacksonville}' Duval County, and the Atlantic coast. This company signed'a contract with Government-owned Metals Reserve Co. to deliver 2,900 short tons of; rutile between June 1943 and April 1944. St.-1 Johns ! River 'Lumber & Development Co., St. Augustine, St. Johns County, shipped a small quantity of mixed ilmenite-rutile- zircon' concentrate in 1943. In Duval and St. Johns County near Ponte Vedra (is-a 17-mile beach property which was worked for ilmenite;/rutile}/zircon,' and monazite in 1916-27 by Buckmah' & Pritchard, "'Ino.,1 a subsidiary of the National'Lead Co. after 1922. Depletion , of', the best'ore and availability of larger and cheaper Quantities of ilmenite from abroad led to discontinuance of mining; and the subsidiary (renamed the Ponte Vedra Co.) developed the property-residentially and sold it in December 1942.1 Beach deposits in Santa Rosa, Escambia, and Okaloosa Counties near Pensacola are ' National Lead Co., Slit Annual Report tor Flecal Year Ended December 31,1042, pp. 4-6. TITA estimated to! contain. 750,000 ton kyanite, 1-.0 percent ilmenite, '0. rutile. ; ! ,! ' ' . New York,--The National Dea 1943 mined 985,261 short tons of o Fe) and concentrated 983,759 t ilmenite (165,198 tons .were shipp 398,713 tons of magnetite averagin and a bottleneck in the crushing p 900 short tons, of ilmenite daily, Five months operation in 1942 yi tons of ilmenite'and shipments of 4 at the property was described.3 million tons* ; ' North Carolina.--Ilmenite conc aree pDrroodduuoed aatt: Finlevy., Caldwive Ilmenite Co., suubsiuditaury ooi.f twhxee vGj about 40 . tons daailiyl;i.s..;..u..t..il..iz...e..d....b' y` tion, St. .Helena,, Baltimore, Md. titanium pigmenits. It is planned to expand the Yadkin Valley oper ilmenite, some of which would be a Oregon.--Although chromite Wa black sands of Coos County, the .e materialize., : ........ Texas. --A deposit in' Jeff. Davis .rutile' disseminated 'in'hard? siRciffe 87 percent;Ti^with.a recoye Vvrgmia.--The American ;R.utjl Metal & . Thermit CorporationV'i Roseland, Nelson County! Southe subsidiary of the .Vanadium Corpo property, in! the' same district' to subsidiary .of Intqrchemical Corpp FOREIGN ? ;! ! ''' " Imports:--Ilmenite imports in'1 1942, largely as a result of substanti Receipts from India continued, t shortage' of barges''to' move the c point of export.. Rutile imports con supplied most of the increase! ,bu was maintained at its 1942 level. C source of rutile. Titanium is imp form of mixed zircon-rutile-ilmenite into their component minerals by *- Haaewrrioeao ., Owkttwo, acunirdl ust&affl., MMnaocTInltVyir-eo Development Met., vol. 24, No, 443, November 1943, pp.'609-616;.* * Balsley, James R,, Jr., Vanadium-Bearlng Maip County, N. Y.; Geol. purvey Bull? 940-OD, 1943, pfeftt _ ??*!x A., Jr.; Preliminary' Report on toe R Jeff Davie County. Tex.: W. p, A. Statewide Minera Resources Burr. Olro. 68, August 1M3,>8 pp., 4 maps. * L.. and Shelton, S. M., Progress Repor ol the Ore-Dressing Seotlon, Fiscal Year 1941: Bureau * Figures on imports tod exr*-`-------* of Mines, from records of the l aaUQB--4fr-- 810 ' ' MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 3 Eoration (subeidiaiy of the American Rutile Corporation and Ventures, ltd.),' Carteret, N. J.; Orefraction, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.; and Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. There wero no imports of ferrotitanium in 1941-43. Titanium concentrates 1 imported for consumption in the United Slates, 1939-4$, by 1 :. countries, in short tons Country of origin 1939 . 1040 1041 1942 1043 V ILUSNITK Australia1.................... .............................................. Canada........................................................................ India and Dependencies............................................. Portugal-......,........................................................... 28 2 2 286,*648 * 221,637 Total as reported............................................. Australia: In "ziroo.nluin ore"1................................ 286,676 221,641 616 2,260 .. Grand total....................................................... 287,191 223,891 Value ot "As reported"............................... . $1,126,200 $760,600 ` , ' B UTILS Australia1.................................................................... Brazil............................................................................ Oameroun (French)1.................................................. India and Dependencies....... ......... .......................... Portugal........................... ................. ........................ 343 22 09 .128 ....... *6* Total as reported......................................... *... 442 Australia; In "sfrodnlum ore" *................................ 346 .'Vfl - 1! ' Grand total-............. ......... ....... :.................. 787 : Value of "As reported"................... ................. $23.170 166 ' 2,008 2,161 $14,840 364 3, 709 6,726 166.079 969 160,846 3.843 170, 689 $629,940 060 2, 448 3,114 3,177 6,291 $300.176 235 1,287 4, 640 1,165 7, 227 3,180 10, 407 $60, 490 1,311 4,006 146 6, 423 4,102 10,626 $023,9.17 300 05,437 8.960 74, 787 3.306 78, 003 $380,161 2. 802 4,920 1,096 818 9, 636 4,703 14, 838 $823, 624 ! I Classified as "ore" by the United States Department of Commerce. . ; * All Imports of titanium from Australia In 1039-43 were In mixed r.lroon-rutlle-IInnenlte concentrates. Totals of mixed concentrates are derived by addition of the United States Department of Commerce, figures for Imports of llmenlte, rutile, and "zirconium ore" from Australia. These totals are divided by the' Bureau of Mines (on the basis of surveys of Importers) into the three component minerals. The excess quantities of llmenlte and rutile over the quantities reported by the United States Department of Com* meroe In thpse specific oatogories are entered as "In 'ziroonlum ore/ " Includes quantities reported by the United States Department of Commerce as originating In French Equatorial Africa, from which no rutile production has been recorded. `. Exports.--Titanium products valued at 2K million dollars were exported in 1943. Most of the concentrates (probably rutile)'and alloys went to Canada. Of the pigments, 86 percent went to Canada, and 7 percent was divided about equally between Argentina and Brazil. The quantity of tetrachloride exported was 694 tons--43 percqnt: to United Kingdom, 27 percent to Egypt, 18 percent to India, 11 percent.to Algeria, and 1 percent to other countries.. Exports of titanium products from the United States, J0S9-43, by classes Concentrates Metal and alloys (Including ferro alloys) Dioxide aDd pigments Tetrachlorldo and other compounds. , ', ' ! Year ;< Bbort tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tODS Value ' 1030.W.W.................. 1940..,................... : 1941.W--................. 1942................ 1943.,.................. M (') *432 618 676 (') 1 $70,618 117,886 103,947 wM 1160 * $36,687 461 60,938 700 117,402 4.319 4,962 . 7,821 8,870 9,766 $698,063 867,636 1,609,071 1,707, 433 1,830,344 SM') 1 17 24 728 !') ($ 5),792 13,666 442,601 i Data not available. / * Data cover last 6 months only, . * Pata cover last 4 months only. - .. i: . '' TITA . ST Umenite stocks continued to d stituted a 6 months' supply, ev stocks were little changed'. , ' . t ' " ' 1943 ' .. Stocks . Umenite ' . . R . i Gross weight Estimated TIOi . content Gross weight Mine................ ....... 11,917 Distributors ......... 11,641 Consumers......... . 149,163 Government.............. Total stocks.... 172,611 5,142 8,371 81,735 92,218 54 1,778 1,906 2; 194 6,932 1 Includes llmenlte and rutUe oontent of mixed xlr ' . ' ' . CONSUMP.T Consumption of ilmemte adYa wlitt,Vhl 11Q94422, hbuiltt tt.hlieA iinnpcrreoaosaefl QsAePrvva/e1 . use Of. lower-grade domestic 'ore in pigments (96 percent) and alloy spurted 66 percent, .and the appl (70 .percent) and alloys (over ,2Q Consuviplion of Umenite and rutile in. ---------------- :------------------------------ '------ Product Gross wei ' , 1943 : Pigments (manufaotured titanium di< oxide)1 ...........j,...................... Welding-rod ooatlngs *................'........ Alloys and oarblde-..:..___ Ceramics................................ ............ Miscellaneous *........................... ............ Total cons1umption......`.........f...... . ' ' 1943 ' " Pigments, (manufactured titanium dioxide)1................ ............................ . Weldlng-rod ooatlngs ____ Alloys and oarblde.................... Ceramics................. ..................,,........ . M laoellaneous ....... Total consumption____................ 344, . 11, ""i,* 1' J.290, It1 "'3,9 ' 302, "Pigments" Include all manufaotured titaniuum d wa11sPC4oa,9nr0tsl0iystteossnotsifmlIlnpaot1ee9dp4.l2t.eaunsded6,a7;s0a0 In 1943. *.' steel flux and x :V ryttle 812 . . MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1043 . Titanium, figments--Production of titanium pigments in 1943 was somewhat less than in 1941--42, but sales were greater than in any year except the 1941 peak. The output was approximately three- quarters of' capacity, largely because of reductions in the quantity and grade of ilmenite procured. On the other hand, demand greatly exceeded capacity. Government control of distribution was strength ened December 6, 1943 (Order M-353), amended December 24 to include extended pigments containing over 12 percent TiOa. Titanium dioxide production technology, a comparison of anatase- and rutile- type pigments,- and the causes of chalking were described compre- hensivefy.7 Rutile-type pigments (made from ilmenite but possessing the crystal structure of rutile) have been commercially available only about 3 years and the chalk-resistant type for only 2 years, but already their use is mandatory in a number of Government speci- fications.8 Titanium paints such as Ti-Pure and Titanox are noted for coVering power, whiteness, and durability and enjoy a greater volume of business than any other white paint. Paper manufacturers have greatly increased their demands for titanium dioxide, a pulp extender that enables reductions as great as 50 percent in paper weight with no loss in opacity. Welding-rod coatings.--About 481,000 short tons of titanium- coated, welding rods were produced in the United States in 1943 compared with 321,000 tons in 1942 and 152,000 tons in 1941. Ti tanium shields the arc from oxidation during welding and produces a brittle slag,that protects the cooling weld deposit. Welding has replaced riveting in much military construction; for example, a Liberty 'ship uses some 250,000 linear feet of welding in place of 1,000,000 ;riyets,| " ' - .. ' ;;i 'Titanium alloys.--Ferrocarbontitanium (15--20 percent Ti,1 3-8 'percent C) improves the rimming action of steel to be rolled and acts ras a deoxidizer in killed steel. Ferrotitanium (18-45 percent Ti, 0.1 percent C max.) prevents intercrystalline embrittlement and weld decay, in.stainless steel,'inhibits brittleness of 5-percent chromium steel, and increases the hardenability of forging steel.11 Additions of 0.1-0.3 percent Ti to aluminum alloys refine the grain.12 A titanium . predip before phosphoric treatfnent of surfaces to be zinc plated has been recommended.18 Titanium-'zinc alloys were investigated.11 Pure titanium metal is used in radio tubes. Titanium carbide is a constituent of hard cutting alloys for machine tools. Other uses of titanium.--Some steel companies are using 1 part of . ilrhenite to replace 1 to 4 parts of fluorspar as a flux in making titanium- 'bearing stainless steel.18 Titanium tetrachloride, ordinarily made ';from rutile, is used by the United States Navy to produce smoke screens. - ., t jjenett, A. N. C., and Woodhall, W., Progress and Development In Titanium Oxide and Titanium Pigments: Oil and Colour Trades Jour., vol. 104, November 20, 1043, pp. 738-806; Paint Ind. Mag., voi. 68, No. 3, March 1044. pp. 84, 88, 88, 90, 92, 94. Dawson, D. El ., and Troutman, It. E., Rutile Titanium Dioxide in Specification Points: Paint Ind. . Mag., vol. 68, No. 10, October 1943. pp. 336,338, 3' 40. 342,344. . w&tenderp, H. O., Jr., A Welding Electrodes--How They Are Made: Iron Age, vol. 161, No. 17, .' `April 29, 1943. pp. 39-41. Science News' Letter, vol. 43, No. 21, May 22,1943, p. 322. v,* u Comstock, George F.. Boron Plus Titanium in Heat-Treated Steels: Metals and Alloys, vol. 17, No. 18, May 1943, pp. 978-983. . u.Bonsaok,W Effects of Minor Alloying Elements on Aluminum Casting Alloys. Part II--AluminumBilioon Alloys: Bull. Am. Soo. Testing Materials, No. 124, October 1943, pp. 41-61; discussion, No. 126, January 1944, pp. 27-30. J* Iron Age, Titanium Predip Process Increases Life of Zlno Coatings: Vol. 163, No. 6, February 3, 1944, Jp. 66. ' " . ' ` ' Anderson, E. A., Boyle, E. J., and Ramsey, P. W., Rolled Zinc-Titanium Alloys: Am; Inst. Min. and .Met. Eng. Metals Technol., vol. 11, No. 2. February 1M4, Tech. Pub. 1687, 9 pp. &Jill Htf iHfliii Mi! PfS fqf flWffFsr H liiNo' ***** p' "- TIT_A__N_ I[U r ic e No price changes affected any form and rutile prices were'fixed by the February 22, 1943 (Regulation 327) 1942. Ilmenite, 60 percent TiOa,'wa a long ton, f. o. b. Atlantic seaboa at 8-10 cents a pound. , Steel quo $1.23 per pound of contained Ti for 4 for 20- to 25-percent grade; and fqrr Ti, at $142.50 a short ton for 6- to 8 3- to 5-percent carbon. Titanium m at $5-$5.50 a pound.' The base p dioxide remained fixed at 14K-.16K ce TECHNOL Types.of dynamite stronger and fa are necessary in blasting the dense, t N. Y.18 A feature of the mill at that fier which provides accurate hydra The grinding characteristics of rut those of other minerals.18 Concentration of a Caldwell County nearly 70 percent ilmenite, no! rutile: sericite talc was undertaken on a labo 41 percent TiO} and 33 percent Fe concentrated by froth flotation to a TiOa and 39 percent FeO. Method or amine acid reagents appear equa recovery of ilmenite was 80 percent,-w by re-treatment of middling products at not over 12 cents per ton of ore tre Titanium ores can be reduced by furnace with ordinary- olay'and 6ff-gra magnetite isrreduced to sponge'irpnf reduction'of- titanium' compounds/the additions of lime and'carbon to: yield slag.,21. Titanium tetrachloride (a^s produced 'by: 'treating1 titanium-bearih at 350-400 0' C;,1 according to a Germ the most hazardous of 14 metal pow Inc., Beverly, Mass., has established a for research on the properties;and:uti ---------------- f ,.j, :'ir| ii Johnson, N. G.r How New and Better Industrial Exp en1dU MI'lOetl.,, vVoUlI., 2AU6, Nilow. 414V6.| Jj ma1n11uihairjyf 1lt9n4v4>. ppjT. 18-19.' ',r , ir Oounselman, T. B., Ore Oonoentraflon an^ Mffljlng: _______ii Ooe,; Glen Dale, and .< Bu>reM1aUuoVMUof.aUMr1riIanBye/ t,s' LW- R;IeLjp.t),_.'-4oF# IfrVoInUthvIe4Fsr IltVoigMtaaHttiiiHooInnUsVo3If7Aa044N1,1vo9;f4tl3bl.,VfC1M-1apVropUl Mining Technol., vol. 8, No. I, January 1944, Teob. Pub. *i Steel, Deoxidising and ReductionAgent: Vol. 114,;N Brassert, Herman A. fto Metals and MlneraW-Oorpo centrated Titanium Slag from.'Ores and*8anda vol. 87, No. 17, September 10,1943, p. 6000. . m . iv.'i At u Walter, Noll (to I. G. Farbenlnaqstrle, A. G.), (Tita 726,429, September 8.1942: Ohem. Abs., vol. 87, No. 21. N Hartmann, Irving. Nagy, John, and Brown, Hylton Powders: Bureau of Mines Kept, or Investigations 8722,1 ** Chemical and Engineering News, vol. 21, No, 6, Augu ,* , . 7w