Document VwpKvq19pDD1ZOvBvdnqnEyj

LEAD In Modern Industry MANUFACTURE, APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF LEAD, LEAD ALLOYS, AND LEAD COMPOUNDS *'M Cvor,*,r 'Av'.'Lh; r. Joyce fourth C^0v6# TV.hr-i.:nl Information Sareicjs tECHflCM-'"wtakGUt'KOfSW . Sfrafuc Road j, I ^RONGSVlUi. WlS7 1 Strongsville, Ohio 4i]3f I STRONG CLEVELAND, OHIO Y Pu b l is h e d b y LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 420 Le x in g t o n Av e n u e Ne w Yo r k 17, N. Y. / : J s- ./ Table of Contents 1. Th e His t o r y o f Le a d .............................................................................. 1 2. Fr o m Min e t o Fin is h ed Me t a l ............................................................ 4 Concentrating the Ore................................................................ ... 5 Smelting the Concentrates.............................................................. 8 Refining Processes .......................................................................... 9 Secondary Lead................................................... .......................... 11 Lead Consumption ........................................................ `................ 11 3. Lead in Mo d er n Liv in g .......................................................................... 14 4. Fo r ms a n d Fa b r ic a t in g Pr o c es s es ...................................................... 18 Extruded Products....................................................... 19 Rolled Products................................................................ Castings ....................................................................... 5. Lead St o r ag e Bat t er ies .......................................................................... 27 How the Battery Operates................. 29 Where Batteries Are Used............................................... <5. Lead Co v er ed Ca b l e................................................................................. 3G Manufacture of Lead Covered Cable............................................... 38 Telephone and Television Cable........................................................ 39 Power Cable........................................................................................ 41 7. Le a d in Mo d er n Ch e mic a l Co n s t r u c t io n ........................................... 43 Composition .................................................... Methods of Joining.............................................................................. 44 Methods of Construction...................................................... Lead Pipe in Chemical Equipment................................................... 48 8. Co r r o s io n Re s is t an c e o f Lead a n d Lead Al l o y s .............................. 51 Corrosion Rate Interpretation............................................... Fatigue and Stress Corrosion........................................................... 52 Galvanic Corrosion............................................................................ 54 Atmospheric and Sea Water Exposure........................................... 54 Soil Corrosion .......................................................................... Soil, Waste and Vent Exposure......................................................... 57 Chemical Corrosion resistance......................................................... 58 9. Co mp o s it io n o f Co mme r c ia l Pig Le a d ................................................. 70 10. Th e So l d er in g a n d We l d in g o f Le a d ................................................... 71 Soldering................................................................ Welding............................................................. 11. Lead in Mo d er n Pl u mb in g ..................................................................... 75 Lead Water Service Pipe.................................................................. 75 Calking Lead...................................................................................... 79 Lead in the Plumbing System........................................ 12. Le a mn Mo d er n Ar c h it e c t u r e .............................................................. 87 Vibration Isolation ............................................................................ 92 Ornamental Lead ................................................ iii 22 25 32 44 5157 43 71 72 81 94 13. Ra d ia t io n Pr o t ec t io n ........................................................................... 97 X-Ray Protection ............................................................................. 103 Lead Shielding Construction........ ,................................................ 105 14. Lead a n d Lead Al l o y Co a t in g s ........................................................... 109 Terne Plate................................... 109 Hot Dip Lead Alloy Coatings............... 110 Electroplating............................................ Ill Sprayed Coatings............................................................................ 113 35. So f t So l d e r s ........................................................................................... 115 16. Bear in g Me t a l s ..................................................................................... 118 Lead-Base Bearing Alloys............................................................... 119 37. Ammu n it io n ........................................................................................... 122 18. Ot h e r Me t a l l ic Le a d Pr o d u c t s a n d Al l o y s ........................................127 Type Metal........................................... 127 Powdered Lead...................................................................................128 Lead Wool ........................................................................................ 129 Molds and Dies.................................................................................. 130 Packaging ........................................................................... 131 Lead Foil ............................................................................................ 132 Low Melting Alloys.............................................................................132 Lead Heat Treating Baths.................................................................183 Miscellaneous Alloys......................................................................... 136 Lead Weights ................................................ 137 19. Wh it e Le a d .............................................................................................. 138 Basic Lead Sulphate....................... 139 White Lead-Varnish Cement........................................................... 140 20. Lead Ox id es ............................................................................................ 1<1 Litharge .................................................................. 141 Litharge-Glycerin Cement............................................................... 142 Red Lead............................................................................................ 143 Other Oxides.........................................................*......................... 144 21. Te t r a e t h y l Le a d .......................................................................................145 22. Ot h e r In d u s t r ial Lead Co mp o u n d s ..................................................... 147 Lead Chromates ............................................................................... 347 Blue Lead, Lead Azide, Lead Arsenate......................................... 148 Lead Silicates, Basic Silicate White Lead, Basic Lead Silicate, Lead Stabilizers .............................................................................149 Miscellaneous Lead Chemicals....................................................... 350 23. Wh it e Lead Pa in t s ...................................................................................151 Primers.............................................................................................. 155 House Paints.................................................................................... 157 24. Me t a l Pr o t ec t iv e Lead Pa in t s ............................................................ 160 Red Lead Paints........................... 160 Atmospheric Exposure ...................................................... *......... 163 Marine Atmosphere and Intermittent Sea Water Immersion... 365 Continuous Sea Water Immersion................................................. 167 Continuous Fresh Water Immersion............................................. 189 Blue Lead Paints.............................................................................. 171 Atmospheric Exposure .....................................................................172 Fresh Water Immersion...................................................................172 Intermittent Sea Water Immersion............................................... 178 iv 25. Th e Sa f e Ha n d l in g o f Le a d a n d It s Pr o d u c t s . ... ............................174 26^ Sp e c if ic at io n s f o r Le a d , Le a d Al ix iy s a n d Le a d Pr o d u c t s ......... 177 27. Pr o per t ies o f Lead a n d Lead Al l o y s ....................................................183 General Properties.......................................................................... 183 Weight and Density......................... 184 Thermal Properties ...........................................................................184 Low Temperature Properties.................................................... 190 Mechanical Properties.......................................................................190 Electrical Properties ........................................................................ 194 Miscellaneous Properties ................................................................. 196 Comparative Data .......................................................................... 196 28. Ph y s ic al Co n s t a n t s o f Le a d Co mpo u n d s .............................. 203 Inorganic Lead Compounds............................................................... 204 Organic Lead Compounds................................................................. 217 In d e x ........................................... *.......................................................... 225