Document VjMNyRkDVxq93Owjqk88monn8

nr. n. j. Kauai Laica Aibaitsa of ^oabao la & *1968 lotloa of Xataat" tha Anorleam Confaranaa of ladujtrial lyl*nljt Canmlttaa on Tbraaboid Limits aa&ouboai a banco la taa liatiac of tha limit far uWftM doit la tba air of rt plaoaa. 71m limit of 3 allllon pmrtlolaa par rut la foot of air will Vo tba ammo aa tafaro Wt a nota la tha Ippandti rill Nadi "A limit of 5 appaf buad on larlacar samplaa uantmi tf 14-flU taatnloa, la satlsfaatonr to antral aq Him am to moat forma of aabaatoa. Craaidollta, tuwm. tma team barm to praduaa la addition to ttM aabaatotla imflBnmatloa( alao aaaotballoam. Slnoa ao amfa limit omm te ntatllitad for tala farm at aiVfitoo at tbla tlma, until mara Hflmltlq data arm otuiaad, It la roo; imdad that rorteara mtaad to aroaldollta ba a^mlppad vita alr-ov^pllod halarta. Zt oana to ms tala iota doaa aa bo bam and paranja H*i L V. Kabaa | I mM* oat 9. X. Somtar X. A. rarmll CAPCO KIN 0000460 ; 4 ; : ; i : . . . ! I ;J . VMuMV'T'M A * r j:0'iNj j.v < .v;< CAPCO K/N 0000461 'O \T T \\st Hn / Manual of Recommended Practice LE ON INDUSTRIAL YLNT'LA'I ' -'"A 1 I-. O. BOX -LA SHSG, IvTiCHlGAN, 48902, U.S.A. rfNio<: oi uovernmeataj ?n<.;ustria! Uygienists Manual OotsicU U.S.A. ;'.C0 -- copy C-- 15 u: i*u>:a copies Calculation SMstn ?..(:9 -- 25 copies v.CO -- ICO copies CAPCO KIN 0000462 TAI.W.I-: Or COaTFNTS i < ).iK'VO:*n................................................................................................................................................................................................... V AGKNO-Vt-i'.PA li-^N IAS.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. \rIi ..........................................................................................................................................................................................ix nr.r:'C;TK'\.->.................................................................................................................................................................................. xi Aia-.'iL-v.r\no\'s.......................................................................................................................................................................... xm CiiNFGAU i*ilfN'CIPLF.S OF VSNTIDATTON-S^rtiuu 1.......................................................................................................................... 3-1 Principles of Air Flow Pro^-ic* Drop Through Ductwork Specific Gravity Air J lav.' (Ainracteristics J>f Blowup ar.d Exhausting MnUv-U;> Air D-AUriON ViA.'Ti LATIOX--Season 2................................................................................................................................................... 2-1 DiUui -l \V;Uii..rition for Health Dilution V-.-a:Ulon lor Fire awl plosion jAlai for Mixtures Vi'.IVD WIV-S FOK HEAT COMTV/U..--Section n............................................................................................................................................... 2.-1 Pl.'/si.A v A tl Principles ,;r,*l Me'hods li-.j-DM PI-mON-SoCfcio-i 4......................................................................................................................................................................... iucri'-u l'! i:S llooa Dejik.'H Or (Vs'.UlV V"i. >._ it it;S 4-1 <Xr - f Velocities for Sp-'ethe C-;>`i aV> i,**;. ijr.. 1`VCOCiAn'O for itaVIoaflivt- /.;.*to.!uls i i'.; WlONS--o.ic'.ioo .............................................................................................................................................................. fj-1 S '- i! . ; ' V Dos : S!.*tion i`>.................................................................................................................................................................................. G-l i hr in:' ' / ! `f-s . is }' (!; '..vuiation m ::;. -is r -.!.-...i .V- i"A*!n.oystt-jii: .'iV-o !' -WuX Gnte Sv~f'.um f'-.-t, F a (.i .i l '\ j >r 'i'f.'njr:in ir v omI KirvaUon -f'-sai'e V-Xr-nt:-; \i J p.- D-vo-n ?ata;t<,.i . -i. M- .:M' vLAVi O^Pf.AXAD A sit- .A-Aino 7.............................................................................................................................................................. 7_1 <; -Up A : i* : ' . .= ' ` s ,\i.iV1 -t io A i** .. 0 ; ' >-i .''.Jr irO>n I ro :* !:> 11-: -1 I-:nS:-i ilo-c \ s iC '! t .s r.'1 V AAO.\'i ;C .'i : --o i i' 'i !.......................................................................................................................*............................................. $_.] . ' V i M i. '-l* 'r i;r Is : : I - 1 ;:;T*;.ATX)'i a-'STV'o.'.-u.'ciio'i ft.............................................................................................................................................................. : < 0;' ,\i : f ilV.v ' i ; 'ros -iis; ^ *: tj.i : - mUs on 'usiAriv^v ; :; ` ",f'.............................................. ................................................................................................................ iii-i : . i Via i'iV'1 * aci- : :--.M : -a 1 : <1' A:S kmi ; ; . . , . . ' '! * iul* i'.-j'J i;. :> 1 : : . L V G.-A I- H VI ' '-a >f'. ] !-] I ] J --- 1 Iff CAPCO KIN 0000463 I'OUK'vVOun In iiii:; j-.--vfor IV.*.- Tw**lCth Ksiiticn, tl*f? Committee .v. Industrial Vemulation, Arar-rUmn Conference of r:.,-. -u amacl:.1 5:!.j'i;* 1 lly'.;ivnish., has jtlempted to abreast of r.-j-v ds-v vlopmfef;; and standards for in dustrial .i !: t; *:i ;*y.>lt!n:s. A critical ravimv has '!.?!: m :dr ol the prca-jr.us edition, i .o.ocii iy i;-.;:. and rewriting ( a:i portions for improved clarity and accuracy. Ti:o coxm.iileo continues its policy of presenting the material in a practical, concise, tasy-io-andershnul icarcisr. Theoretical discussions and complex equations are not given. The manual is sufficiently complete ..o that an industrial veutilacieu system can he designed without reference iu other lexis. Now mnir-ri.il and revisions include: iCTfO.M V Ventilation for Heal Control The iuU.'vm.iVor! relating to rmi'.inl heat as a factor >n calculating effective temperature has been revised to c! uri :.v the proc.sU: re. V:f: i,`f ; - li-.mil Design Data Ac.-** A ion i's.-bu-u 5T'V'W.' f, <:t format ion is given "xplainiag the proper selection of exhaust Capture Velocity. Sint hood cielimitations are di.ax;js"d. i Op*':-.':!:nil?: S:. . ;i:r d-vu y; data vita im.v :ir w:.v; is prcsenu-il for bo'.'v Volume-':: ;1: Votority o.:> msl systems. The ... l-.,s dosiya data ies beau np-bnted io cor. jsp-vncl to ihe <iew r'r .Vr:;l G.'C-'.pnLio-'jai Safely Rad P sen ether drawing-- <-' -jvV.aui.noci designs have bee:: r-:vi:...h. :Vf h!s\ I. - ). .ml. V-sign Procedure Tl, a.for craftin' ing duct velocity changes and the correspondin.; static pressure corrections lias 1 : -ii !.'.!!. tor I letter cojiiiiv-'h-nsi'.i'-i. A detailed or I.. ration of Pan '-'tatic Pressure =*:. Total Pres- |Air density ro"r ..tine cat.?, '.us been : ..tended. Dc-Mya d.il.a for duct c:.v.ir:sinns and t-vasS h:-.. b;vu revised. f.'.C iy i id ,... d a a? A bn:e and cu tcul-.d ions hare been extended p. ir.-d-jr'. - ..as 'xiumi iiy Pic : ra-.es j.i.` w: ."irm.n.r.e in series a net parallel m. *raU<;:i. H hvjse.d ('.!** uss ton of fan .-1.! ii. a n.i r. < "n! ah v-siiuid V i .n ' t Vi i ; s lor A.i rb. iry Co do minuets are p.'js-f.ifed. t r. w Vo: ! tat. mri :~y a am "1 V:i* c*v Cun in dust- Aims the standuru T?;!' us'-th- d for iasid-w an Industrial \ : u .;, on v;n amt :an!ud'- I e - aec ss-ci y ran ids, tain -'S, data si-jets and form..hie. ' i da put.-, i, .it r.o'Tlv'.; j-jv-i. of fsbles. cro*:ii:S mid cha.rf.s :ti metric uni is '.idiich can be used l'r l o s:s ;,i 1': fu-s .'.is! ventils.tirin rv.a.pnsil !o c'b'nu'.'.- its use vn.Toa.v tde. ! ' ' rha ; id a.o;., i.lu V-puag i:.Siis;ri.',i exhaust ry Arms xi j : VMil.dit:/. CO.MxUTTflV'. CM IMDKPTnf Ai. 'dpMTlbATION f.t. M. tic human, f.'ichiTaa, C::n.irman .!. C. Parrjft, i b.rhig.m .1. b. Vouch, U.S.P.ii.G. K. T'i. Venuessee P. V. iii'obard, V/asiiingnm 1.. ihic'Ce, Conso.lfant C. hi. llama, Coumifant V CAPCO KIN 0000464 DSFINmONS Aero.'o': An assemblage of small particles, solid or Liquid, suspended in air. The diameter of tire partiel rnTranv vary from 100 microns down :o 0.01 micron or less, c.g., dust, fog, smoke. Air Cleaner: A device designed for the purpose of removing atmospheric air-borne impurities such as dusts, gases, vapors, fumes mid smokes. (Air cleaners include air washers, air filters, electrostatic pre cipitator:, a,id. charcoal filters.) Air Pilfer; An air cleaning (levies to remove light particulate loadings from normal atmospheric air before introduction ini-j the building. Usual range; Loadings up to 3 grains per thousand cubic feet (0.003 grains per cnirc fr v). Mole: Atmospheric air in heavy industrial areas and in-plant air in many industries have higher ln.'-din,.:.; Mini this and dust collectors are then indicated for proper air cleaning. Air il.vr. .power: The the,nu-tical horsepower required to drive a fan if there were no looses in the fan, lmu is. i: it-, efficiency Were l.UO'-.h. Air, fty.tr.chrd: Dry air- at 7i) K ;u:d 29.02 in (tfg) barometer. This is substantially equivalent to (1.075 I t</f i ft. AThe ratio of (!- width to the length. AH - ~ A .a,-.-! I'.'Uo of an Hlbow: The- width (V.'t a long the a>.;s of the bend divided by depth (O) iap'nnv bend. ..." a" P,Tiding damper. libi ( : In air distribution, tlm distance an air .stream travels from an outlet to a position at which ir - ;> ihu axis reduces io a velocity of 50 fpm. For unit heaters, the distance an air stream trav- I ; i.. I;-- .'.At .vithout a perceptible r i s - due to teiapirafure difference and Joss of velocity. p. . ^ Tie ;'or*-*yo .s- a actaailv required to drive a. fait. This includes die rmurgy losses in i . hi .mh be da!ermined : by actual test of the fan. (This dees not include th-, d:r!ve losses between . : ' : m.i i i,i; v; Tim air v-bi- d . at uay poia' in front of the hood or at the 'rmc! opening necessary to , ...I,.-,::-.-; .dr lurrcn!., and nap,are the ro-thuirmcrd air at that point by causing if to flow into ; dairy: T!ie ertuai rate of flow caused 'oy a given boric! static rr - van';.hired to 'he a v a vcou'.ii n--i.il; if c--- sditic prrsonro conk: be converted to velocity pr.-j.--i.ro with IOOi'o i; ' he r:ui:> n; o'real ;o thuiivvtical tiow. ' ' h d'h- cmeiiectivu ce.apvrnfvrus over v'ltch the : v.iorcv (pfl :>.: cent or ' : i. i . d i , ,;' cm id jri.ibl e. ; ' u h re n-.i.dmu m-nihr.; in a 'laid from ;b:e differences ir. density an,.1. ;'r.j action of gravity, in ' '"i 'his meaning .has U>--ii .mi ended to :nvludo boih forced a.r.d jr.iurul 'notion or circulation. 1 -' : ."a'i;i = C the mass d a ....fcimen of a .substance to the volume of tee specimen. The nviss of 'o'- ' -- ;!- :1 'iu'.'stance, wo.-:, .veiyhi "an be ''.set without confusion, as synonymous with mass, density : ' -* : -- d -1 ink wl ia;- a teih.Nt.anc:. : ! ............... . r.v r -'io i-I at ai r .feu-by ;n ;;u.of standard :iir. The produC. of the density . 'r.-dr' si -haa, t..i a-r y) a.,i i ill ni ft i ,vilL give tin- actual air density in it's |:-i' cu ft. : :.ii d'-naiiy -.II air. Ids ;;-r i a ft. .............. .- irtivd s , d-d -w the hre-iking up of 'larger parucias !\v nrooess-.-, sm-.h as crushing, d:-.', a.ali'si.is, a. ; i':.-1 par:-vies -Ure-'dy in emsimice in a mi'tvre of materials may usvaoe ; ..a.-a ha-.i i i.- -drng. evaveyiag, screeninc, mveepii-g. etc. .. ... Aii air rhe 'i-r.i- In veniuve hv.v.-y ; art icuiule loadings from :-ahau-.i Kystem? fwiaro 1 !...>-((iiugs 0.PO3 grains per cubic foot and higher. XI CAPCO KIN 0000465 Entry Foss: Loss in iH'-ssuro caused by air flowing into a duct or hoed. (Inches H->0). Fu':*>:s: Small solid particles formed by (h..* comli-ii:.-lic.n of i-.n.f.r:: cl r.oIiU materials. Oasn.;: For.iue~-s fluids which icn:! to occupy an entire space iv.ii'orn.iy at ordinary toinuerntures and pressures. Gravity, Specific: The ratio of the mass of a unit volume of a substance to the mass of the same volume cf a M.v-d.ir.i substance at a standard temperature. Water at bC'.2 7 is the standard substance usually re fer.i-:! hi. For gasus, clay air, at the sc-'.ic temperature and yresse re as the gas, is often taken as the .'Hand nub siiiisuiace. lh iod: A shaped inlet designed to capture contaminated air and conduct it into the exhaust duct pys'em. Humidity, Absolute: The weight of water vapor per unit volume, pounds per cubic foot or grams per cum centimeter. Humidity,_Relajh-e: The ratio of the actual partial pressure of the wace.r vapor in a space to the satura tion pressure oi pure water at the same temperature. Iimh of Water: A unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a column of liquid water one inch higi. at a standard temperature. I .ower Krpiosive Limic: The lower limit of flam nubility or c-xplcsibility of a gas or vapor at ordinary andne-*: temperatures expressed in per cent of the gas or vapor in air by volume. This limit is assumed constant for temperatures up !o 250 F. Above thes= temperatures, it should be decreased by a factor cl 0.7 since vNji'.n; .hi'.iry increases with lngher temperatures. Mnunmeter: An instrument for measuring pressure; essentially a o-'o-be partially filled with a liquid, use.i-ly water, mercury or a light oil, so constructed that the a-uirvr.t of shsplucom-nt of the liquid indicates the p~-s-mre being oxer ted o:i the instrument. luicrca: A unit of length, the thousandth part of ii >m;; or the n.-illir-iuh of a metre, (upprcx'm.ilely 1/2S.0 cf an inch). Hints: ;.h::ali droplets of mn.er'jis teat rru ordinarily liquid at norms! temperature anti pressure. Fjenum: Pressure aqualizisg chamber. ILfci^'ihll* .Atmospheric: The pressure due to the weight oi the a! mosphers. It is ths pressure indicated by a b-ir.'.imu ar. Standard Atmospheric Pressure cr ctandard Afr.'tisphnre is the pressure of 29.02 inches of mercury. Pri'.j.-a.ire, 'Untie: The poteuUnl pressure exert-ad in all di reel Lons by a fluid at rest. For a fluid in mo tion it is red in a direction normal to the direction of flow. Vsv.'uly expressed :u inches water gauge vhe** be.'* *; i :h air i VP ^ ie.-vb.nry i n pirn,. - en-vr r.- cd1 ".p 'V the pipe.) Ib --s.-.*:r::, i'oial.: The algebraic sum of the v.-locliy pressure ,.;.* the static pressure (with due regard, to sigyl. Fres.-iuv.v:<.*r: The pressura exerted hy a vapor. If a van*;.* is Kept in confinement over its liquid so Uiai ln<* v.ipor cun accurnu!:!'. * shove me liquid, the temperature being held constant, the vapor pressure approach-'. a fly.btf Hrr.it uuKeb. the marirauin or saturated, vapor ycussmv, dependent only on the tampn.ratv. ai'.i the licud'l. 'Cl'.e tern vapor pressure is sorueliro.es used as spT.ocym.ons with, saturated vapor pressure. I'f.-es'.me, _/'iocUv; IV ho pressure a: -he cii." edids Of ilo-.- .anve.ssary to Cause a fluid at rust to flow nr givvn v ".'ocity. Usually expressed in inches water gauge. P unaiif.*;. Thermal (rtenO Radiation: Tin; trar-.srr.isste.n c-f energy by menus cf electrornagnetic waves of vary ;.,!*.* o'-/*? Jsnath. Radiant energy of any wave length may, v!i`t absorbed, become thermal energy and rc.-ub in an. busvana in the temperature of fit- absorbing bury. FIT. i'i;!*i.:IU'; Linear flow rate of contaminated air through .slot, fpsn. fi-'-.ive: An air suspension (aerosol) of particles, usually hut "*>f n-'C.ossarily solid, often origiratin.y ir. a coli'l .lui-b'us, formed from combustion or sublimation. Effective: An arbitrary i.v'.evc which combines into a single value the offset of tern aerator hawna-v cr, i air movement or. the sensation of warmth or cold felt by the human body. The numerical vaiu*is F*.,t er the t.-'.-aper iturr; o: sriii, saturated air which v.-oulct ir.da.ct: ar* identical sensation. CXPCO KIN 0000466 'i\ tviwfititiro, Wct-Meib: ''"(-.-jr/nodynnifiic wet-bulb temperature is the temperature at v/hich liquid or .:ier. by evnporji .up. rir, can bring Ihc sir to scturuiiun vikibatlcally nt the name temperature. V..-L *1'!!) ti'trtp^raiuia {v.ithji.'t quaUilcaiiou) is {?> temperature indicated by a `.vet-li-lb ppychroriislei: coa- .'.ic.-c.iu and use*! according io t.p-eiticatiorto. Thrc-..Limit Valuer (TLV): The values for air borne toxic materials v/hich arc- to b- used as [aides in tho control of hrni.U hurards nod represent time weighted concentrations to \/!>icii nearly nil workers may be o:.p mod 3 !ic-jvs per day over t->:t*.-nded periods of time without adverse effects. (See Appendix) T '.wort (Onr.rvim;) '"Tocitv: Vdnivmna r.ir velaoliy require <1 *o move the [..>rUcul:>.tes in the air id* j.-.r.--., ip;n. V~ii'v: The gaseous form of substances v/hich are normally in the solid or liquid str.ie and which car* be c.br.o:-,-'o iy these states either by ir.crnasing the pressure or decreasing the te/nperaturv. Vapors dit:u:=e. CAPCO KIN 0000467 ABBREVIATION'S AHP . . . . . Air horsepower iidn'i . . . AR .... . . Anpeci ratio n............ . . barometric nre.ssure blip . . . . . . Brake horsfeomver 1HU . . . . . . Britisli thermal unit btuli . . . . . . btu/hr ce............ . . Coefficient of entry ofm . . . . . . Cubic feet per minute cu It . . . . . Cubic foot (1 ............ . . Density factor 0............ . . Diameter NT . . . . . . V............ . . /r*>;n . . . . . . ip.-i .... . . i: ............ . . fl!'r-l . . . IT............ . . K............. . . iiJJ............ . . Effective temperature Decree, Fahrenheit Fsof oer ninuia Feet per second Gravitational fr.rr ft/sue./sec Gallons per minute Crains Hoc/. entry loss fiorsepov.br hi*............ . . flour HI............ . . Inch f/E L . . . . . J.ov.-er exclusive limit MR . . . . . . Meehamral efficiency m,r< . . . . J.IRT . . . . . Muau riuUani. tern :nn . . . . . . Mi Hun.-: ter min . . . . . . Minnie MW . . . . . . Molecular Weivcht Pi'm . . . . . Farts per mil! mo 1 D............ . . P.'iurl p-i . . . . . . Pound-c. or Q............ . . Quantity of air, cl'm n>: . . . . . . Relative huirinity p.............. 1 ptii . . . . . Revolutions per minute S PH! . . . . . Surface feet per minuie frC, U . . . . . Square loot ?*.a i:\ . . . . . Square inch SM. . . . C> ).1} . . . 11 cocl static cru'i-jure . . . . . CTm at standard air conditions .'?]) '.S' . . . . Specific gravity SIP . . . - St-imlard temperature >.ac! pres' TI.V. . . . . . Threshold Limit Values TP . . . . Total pressure V .... . . Velocity, fpn Vi' . . . . v 'iocity pressure v*- . . Water pauue CAPCO KIN 0000468 Suction 1 YtaACtPiP::! op v;-.\Tlf..ATiCS t*I Air 1-Tow Tii': fi(r. of : ii- efv.veu tv--'; pc.ii>l3 i.'i due to the occurrface of pressure dlfferonce bclween the 'wo l-.iii:-rh- ai.vsutv cii isvr.ds:: results in a on the air, I'uusity r.ir r'o'v fro;.! th? hi-lt pressure :'Oau to mu !' r.r zone. The our.lily vi air fke.v (Q) arc; lire vl\cify of flow ('.') cue rotated accordi<i;; to id. aquation Q = AV Q - blume, cubic feet per minute A - cross sectional area through which the air flows in square feat V - velocity in lineal feet per minute Tins hnujc relationship describes the flow of air under nil conditions. Air ireveii.'-s at a specific velocity will create definite pressure which is known as the Velocity Prsssc-o. Tr:-:v a definite rzU'.io-rskip between the velocity of air and the Velocity Pressure. The basic stafei:: mL / t'.id is- aflofiship iri v = V^tfph v her- ; v ,vr....;ily, feet per .: 'COu.l r .. pr.i'. itntiofial arr-i n ration, feet per second per second h - :..'; of air, -Vt r. '. p. ; r/sci;^ and air density is 0.075 pounds per cubic In':;, this fov.v.ula converi j to V -- -too 5 /y? n.ic velocity, tef. per minute 'v V .- v .docj tv pressure, inches of water P . i-. .fir>|...:,V.'.eii that V-iecily Pressure is always everted in the. direction of c.-dr flow. :'. tor.i'a-yl within an euelo-sure, whether in mo':-.-. or not, create a another type of pressure which everts .T:!-<iT:r'r'y to the* walls of the enclosure. This pressure is known as Static Yressnre and it is : . ; .d. pvnideiif of the v-`-hu.'ity of the air. -.A-. ; dr lir .V-.as.i'.i.re r; beh. v atmospheric pressure u is i!oyativs;. V/iior. it is above atmospheric pres- . . ^.r',rlC` V I <. . n ' ' * 'Vl ''l.1 r.*Oci1 1 . r on a;.n rf bcYc V" moire n-ni Velocity Yrcssuru is Total Press.:; a. This rcay also he vriicen h: ... .. o: a.:;- tioc -- -he vad'nis are :!:ose used ;hrdi\~!-oo- th- > berk: TP - + V? 0: i-7 i1'. . . ..' r-r.:-! '.if th-s- pc vires c.!;> he d-unoasi rated tinier actual cordidiors. For e:.-ample, assume a r ed-.; (.rod ail nrbrirs air pressure of 0.05 pounds ;;;:r square inch. This 0.05 psi pressure o steiii' rrvss!.:- :{ a s i. d.l hole is vrilied inr.n this ch.'iubac red a ld-luo-- is used. a rending i-I aar w;: 1 ; :sji(.1 psi - 07.7 inches ci 'enter.) Since h".e is m .a; r ft" v, tr.e vaiocify ,,,,d the i.nT.sl ijr issure -.vill be x.Z'l inches of water. This la above in Tigure i-i. V. / t; )\:td Pr?s.i-'jrj; /. d /' / T' a . !! i '! V1 V--- ! !J3U \ ! \__ __ 1 i IS\ ' Vslnci"r, / `tP.-sts^ar-? U \( i-a- Pi;;, l-l 1-1 CAPCO KIN 0000469 1-2 Jf the o.kis . lb. i.in;;i; tl'.i'j ill 'b`ybr.!io Liu: ci'JCt, tili: p. IN DUST'I? TA L VE .'ITT I,AT ION rhumb.;;' onouaTi, it beeonivs a dart tiirouu'h v.hlou air may 1);;'/,'. \Vlth air ru :.co lv.v distinct pressures, namely, stair: pressure and velocity pressure. The t.vn pressures i_- called total pressure. II a Ian is placed so that air is blown through ..iu.wn j:s Figure 1-2 could result. j'Ci'iV r'".?5 ~iv.? iu p ; j LStS 'i a----'i--r-- U:u,s i1_in_j_s:l_'?_iT,, \\ Jr :`,o* tji ac. v-3rJo</-//ic' .b-" //V THIS P!PE ABOVE A TT/OSPHS Tier. 1_9 PESOS Fi; l-e c/nichi .-boa: i::.t vvbo:ty nra.aauvs Wii in a l.vnv, ion of exhaust duct equipped /.-/'"O'er.? f-'r'SSO^ ILfrji'll ( il i* ! ; lU9">! :i i > ' i ' | j i __ i i - ~ rj), i,' i J-r,`vE "r>?~>.)rs ! fti4-A i fT 1i o! u: i lr A-A?/,? /"'At--- 11 \~ -1i -2.0' i :j i ...) 0. y*fl)ify T/.'E j i.C^ fr\ t.o" ~x-- .1 ____ i p CAPC0 KIN 0000470 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VENTILATION 1-3 ,\i.C' i,"1 iio:i of Air :ti .! P-cnd ilnhauce L- ssvs qpressure ctii.Eer".:u rivs^cl to move .dr into as; opoiiin.c must bo fiTdent: tv both nccol-i uix- the air i.v,..! >! *1 to :t voiofit;,- to o/oi'CotGO the Umoulonce to.-.sos ;-.t t'u? opt-iii:'.;;. r-or :: cr-le rat It in, the oi.t'rpy toquiretl is equal to the Velocity Pressure corrb.vponEUng to the velocity. Turl>ulucc losses :,v? co-wed by ihe opfcnitiK itr.d vary vith the shape ol opening. The coefficient ot entry (r. 1 indicates tiiv extent i.f inrb-.iler.ce losses. In a thf-oretlcauv pee -ioci Ural v/ii'i no turb'tleflce loss, =- i.o. trend .`Italic Pres jure ('dl-'ij) is a direct nie.s..->Ufrmant, in inches of v/r.ter, ol hot h the accelsralina anes-gy r-nd ierijiilenCB losses, i'or :t perfect hood v/itli no iiu-fcaiei'.ce loss, Ce - 1.0 and ?j, - VP (SeeSection 4). I i it'.ir- case: V = 4C05 Ce VSl^ = 4005 '/SpfT /'or the hood shown tn Finer.* 1-4 where Ce - 0.88 this becomes: V - 4005' Ce y/SP^ - 4005 x 0.36 '/3P^ = 3444 T.< i 1:1...i:i the desire.! veil rdy, 4305 fpm, the required .OP^ cun be calculated from the above formula: nr^-____v_ _ 4005 vh`h " 34 " 3444 GPj( = - 1-33 inches of water .4 = j.,-fvi:icsiy si:.;; d. -dm '.nod static pressure iuciinater. both the ro-ceier.vtiou (''P) :\::d 'ii:!.. -lance losse-- KlD v Tv :Vi: US ?Pj; VP e h, dr-.purposes Is;- curry loss (hj.) !s often dosicnulwd :>.:; a e! o o i ran! i ,-r- ...it `.i {;' p). In this jo/m it applies to ml velovitie;:. (r;,) oi the velocity tic = E.1'. VP (tic-: 'ciitm 4, Figur- 4 -5; KceMnn 5; .Section G, I-hrcre 6-10.) :ere .Mr.-p Throe .-,!-. -'hurt work I. n:; thror-i' dues oiv-fienters resistance tr> flow 'Je !u (1) triclion Io.-.sa:. a-u; (3) dy-. ;rnic (Ui'.bu- 1 } ).-. -.= . l i icli;.-i :t> caused by the n< tu.u ri'bhirg of The air nyub-.-t ti-? .'-urfacas oi the duct. dr l..s:>t-s .-..'Snh ho-: |o ;S,- .'u.lenoe which take.-. place whenever uiv flow through a duct changes rti- : " fi-j;; chcnycs direction or varies in ciuss tiowa' au--, Ti:e result 'r'.-.,-.-in a:::; iy.j.;'o~s;-s is to cause a pressure drop to occur ns da- n = r lion's ;j:ron,;h a duct. ' I ,b 'u.ovr ro..u)U'.i 'i-corsm frequently n.-.e'i in flow of :luii!s is /-su t-iy a :d do.-ije;:L ''i the !;\'vs of ' : : jm oi er- ?-y. . 'iiieoram as applleci'ctj air is: . :a:lo .;r.?.:S.:.-e plus rnbi-uty pw-ssure ; t .! ... Sr ---., u i i -Jir --:1.1- '! >4 nir bow is sqm! to tae static pressure ulus velocity pressure at a point -.- . 1 - -at m di.-nctttui o', ui r :!..w puts the friction ard dynamic losses: SP, + VPl - 3:*^ + VP^ + losses . .- atfaw-. ihe amount of Ir:c:ic::i taroi:gh ary roev' due: va. iss directly o.s the length, -. -:r. s the t!in.::i .`or of J!'v duct ar..i di rwctlv as the square of ihe v.-:l-.-:ity o? air itov/injt through thf; duct. ;--.< r rtr.'.i l-hr'iouh :< duct oystom due r-yramic losses :'.:netKis upon (l) nurnt"r and type of olbo.vs 1 r ud {'ij the fr.'*.>-< cy with vnic.h trie velocity of air charges as it ,`It.vs thnv.igh the duct :'.ystern. T i-!..! f.v/ercor,-' ? T.t- r;-:ds! .tnc.es ci a dec: system, it is necessary to expend energy in mai.'.Lunin?-; a ,.. . ; ... .'iq.r-r.tki! !.-".>.*.' ine two e-.rls of the system. Tltis is usually :u:e:unpUshed by the use cl a fan. : - d ! - .. I -; n; u .u ..- si ii- pressure great cnr.ngh in ovei-come -he rec isc mue of the system. Figaro i-5 ... .iiiic.O dt of ;..-.;u.il pressure- changes i:i a simple- ex'-aus1- .system. ' ' 1',if in Gravitv i : i.f ..rh ,l-.nods i-5 mistakenly based or. a supposition licit the contan'.ir. mt is air-' or '.-'tier than air." In most 'nealth iiaxard uppllcations, this criterion is of litrla vatua. ; :!-i'!, i::.-:.-,- , *-"i:.*ri.-'.i gases are truly r ir-i.'orne, fc-tlo.vine air currents anti are not subieef. in : -...in-!! rci nr dnwv.v:..;' 1 reesuse cf their own density. For ex.iuu.de, .consider the: CAPCO KIN 0000471 I i INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION ;. t r.. v.., Ui-- v tv .; si r vent, pso'ohl-iroaihyle.ie Itotr MaorosthylsnE'). Ajauinire; the > ;r\: AI. op-. i b yI ; i vapor -ye" j:'-. inn iolluvi r>:_; ea'.cin.Uion;; ;r) c ; t.ha .-i-UCtivs specific gravity M a iv!,obii ppm Sciehioru- '..r: v!t:n" -air .'iP.'ctiire. Specific gra/ity of air - 1 I'pecinc gravity of C-.CI. --- 5.7 > ..j!jOO pu-.u - 1 part C2C1., : ;S9 parts of air C.Ca >: 5.7 0.057 0 0 ) :: 1.0 - 0.000 l.tK'7 - affective specific gravity of rnbdurs I .... M'y.T"! oiu;i M lnl> he TLV value of pernalovovi Ira .i:'a Ishs than ' .!.Co>1 ppm. Zy Ssiail ir calculation i 100 .-,.s-st ;c uv Ay (1.0005. lor - no. maily eacooatarvd pvver n-oei'n.y]ene - .ur mixture : > o 0 - i ia -.! i. I., r: = y.erchlurr<-inylane-alr mixtures oo-.iparfrd to clean air v-uVJ a tendon.;? to novs down- i ;iy ;--t!0 of IP-a jluO j;-, tf.v c-r.se os the 10,000 ppm mianum or 10003/10000 jo the rasa of r-1 .. a.iic; a-.it ;.y l he ;v.i co of 5.7/1 as is freqc-mtU- irnpu-ui. Thus fh- e ~ t;.; of v'av'cv Iraai.- a;-. ; 3-0 cars nr. r: irfa i'^iarificaao- the offo-A of gravity. A v;y:c.r of /rarity ujs b>:n chn-.oii for iilastrHti-.'n; ab'-tously the influence oi sy-a file gravity '.vili be even ni rhc'sc p'-isa-, :.rii r>;.iuro who so ;;<>:?cKic gravity is closer to toe specific gravity of air. 0 -o f . u r-cistor;: oc -p-v- jry ard ynhausirp ... !t t sojuil : etams its directional effect for a considerable cii3tar.ce beyond the plane -. i- fi rh* Po-v of air through the sa:ne &p-.-!;ir.g were reversed so that it operated .is an i- >.; ala ' l..i. ><; in/ the .oorme of air, 11 *> flow would bec<>me alcr.ost csiaploteiv nor!-directional a. i : - . im inijoenr.e 'v--uii vfr-i:iUy red'iced. Tor this reason, local e.-coaust hoods must not be con- i*--:-.-5-i >>r .. i/ process whir!: c.-nnof be cor.dacced in the irntnedi lie vicinity of the iiood. Filters 1-3 illuo- l: :o . .v - i;<J;t --i-r,tt.'-.l difference between likwii-i and exhausting. a -.viM :u //iec-'.:il system of s'u'pli^-; air to offs-a the air exhaasred. For '3 -1 '':"7' a - ..u. f'/t't c-1 Se-.'i'.ioa 7, "Make-lip and F.ei-irr.alater. Air." f- l- . r- = ^; fr IZ." r.v . f; CAPCO KIN 0000472 _I I v i i <--=] i CICNKUAL Prt:NCI?I,ES Or VENTII.AT/Otf ------------------------------------ 30 d---------------------------- BLOWING 1-0 /;co j J_1L V 4000 F?:> A?3 VcLocrry at r.ACc Or 'jOTH /-.APAG A KvF-u--LY i'> jn Ur r. Cv. Yc-WU'^i f \ AT 30 DiA. AWAY FROM PRcS3UR JZ.7 OrAiTiiNG. \ V -I I \ v _/ S ' \ S* JX! \ l / EXHAUSTING ATAROX 1MATMLY 50 * C.- FAC3 VELCCiTY AT C?5 CIA. AWAY FROM L/IHAU5T CHiiNiHC. A00 vP:.i FiS. 1-2 t CAPCO KIN 0000473 >/ o 1 A Poor air idor mi/JT/OM VSXTTL-VnON .......... .-C >. Fair air in.ci 2-3 Poor air />:/--/ (; $ Pair air irPi CD FAV LiPPPaPF v, . /` ' / Car On ' ;G- Fair dr inp; .':r 2V/ /? n?ifHr L r'p'iH' /'? -jAy,' car :Cpt i FOOD FAV LOOATiCP: CDv? exhaust \iocc!) Calculate air uahnna <?;. ijooth iOO:7.s;7i/a(J.f* aeon area. Dost cir in'd } ?' \ \ Cir ,':i'J!iP'Fe A'A'1'-? '/Jpir^r . - v' p en F iC:7F.Fis;nr} PddP.Ph r-rpy-:t)pie.i of acppaP-prci ^Mournuu HY^rEM^n FFINC/PLFS OF DILUTION VENTILA7?CA . i t ; ;; !! p> rM'vT" /~0O riZ!- 2-1 CAPCO KIN 0000474 1 i Section 4 HOOD DESIGN DAO.'A c::i i^ A 1 ..J Introduction Proper design of exhaust hoods is necessary if a local exhaust system is to effectively control atmospher ic contamination at its source with a minimum air flow and power consumption. The theory of capture veloc ity deprwnis on the creation of air flow past the source of contaminant sufficient to remove the highly contami nated air around the source or issuing from that source and to draw the air into an exhaust hood. It cm t>a shown that dust particles in the small micron sizes, even if impelled at extremely high original vrlorluos, travel a very short, distance in air--n matter of a few inches at the most (Uaxerencas 7, 10). Thus the dust particles of health s'gnificanco follow trie air currents and are often referred to as "air-boi.ie dust." Thu same considerations apply to mists and femes. Vapors and gases, of course, .mix intimately with air and follow the air currents. I.rc ccr dust particles i/ei.-a md at high velocities (example, the larger particles from grinding) do Stave an ::p;;:vci..l;ie trajectory or "thro.A' in air. These larger particles cannot he captured unless directed into the hand. if. A term ; can also bo prevented by properly placed barriers. A is desirable to collect this dust as v.ei: ns the truly air-bore* dust and thus utilize the exhaust ventilation to improve be hoimtu.aepi ;g and mai:il-\r..nri; situation in the plan.. i :-- : 1 i i J i { i ! "'j it Trineiples cf liocci Design Tow. hood design rvnchvs sufficient 'mowledyt of a process or operation mu the most effective hood oj cuiircr.:.a cir. be inshdie.l to provide minimum exhaust volumes for effective con! ouma.m: control. The mure i. : the end usur v, tiiu more economical ar.d effective the installation wdi !.?. Many designers i c \ 1 u. hoods by mem illy x-n'dnsbry the operatic:, completely, fr-u:: tear;- proc; ping access and wi.r'.-ting op viu.gs s hidicated. from this 'em phi a enclose:.! coorrpt, familiar ho.\i shapes libs bcolhs, side or d .b with wuhoi'i side rhrieUis arc develc-ped. All openings are hep. to a minimum and local : :. <iff upi.rrui outh ..i me cuniarr ina..f travel iw.-w ''visible. Iu;;u.:et:r and maintenance ope::- u o. p`a.dneil '.vita doors ' k.-never praciicubi''. b.ir.-g. P its. nnrb .m' or dibit.e the conte.ninmt urn rscommerd,;.-: O'dv ,;p j,.;-.: resort bec-'use < ' ' : vo1,are ho-ge and n. .utrol can be so easily upset by cross drafts in rim area. ' PI ',!>.;*! are :','.f.-!C'iv.e the control of hot processes and for these operatAans vhlr.b release sudden f Urn !!'.l vac-or.^. (imepies should net be used where ran must t-'ork directly ever the cp'ra- i .he lit pi-ai nv hi ned cf inanfixg tables since the flow of air ; a.- Tie v,a-rh.:r'c b;v.cd.ir;- a .u-r-uji;.. ips 'O.j'S'jr'! to toxic materials. ! . ' ' huh. tnaumfs -..-in !> i :::'i>u.`p, when possible, tr, bo in the line cf normal contamiiicnt travel and a; re.; cd so oesjred'd i:ribu:u.K. of exhaust air o,r>\v is attained. {tithe wse of largo shallow ho,eels. ' us .at Tends r-u Ce. '-crlrnto in iron of the duct opening. Sabsfirtory air distribution can be afc i.iinbpi? insrub-'; or by installing Interior baffles or filter banks. v .. ;,u ' ,uo ' ivle, iiaut es d.ibn provided to eliminate air up1/ from ineffective r.o.ias where no con- : Jacrcisir. r ti e lau. ..; (Effectiveness in ihir. manner will usually reduce air requiren:r.ts by ! . 4-?., 4-t! ant! 1-4.) Tor most anolications the ilangv width can be equal to the hood diameter f si ;u.t .:vvv 5 M. ' . a " -r tie ho- d d"s;--: ha.: '.car gotownir.-d lliar ..dviust volume regr.jrr-rneuts car: be calc.i;,'.;p- ..t. : . vc111. .u .: fr.u.m Lim ):n-:-v.n uper: area of dm la.od and the m-T-mirm t':x; caotcr.' pc-- uni out.1. .;ai ocicapemuth. V-'here euci.isv".' of the proep-s is :c,u,'tlcn- ` vdet -a .cue- La-j must be sue:: chat splccfe;! caprur ` vcloci: i es will i.e !V.air.tai".ed. m ca'ioa. c<vac'.uag u.a ccaitaniinartl to the hood opening. 4-1 CAPCO KIN 0000475 5A?/ A.-d. ico'rjre i'tdociiy -- Air vdr.city of cry point aporing nsr1 ssary is o; e capture the confcrrincrec info the head. oss Velocity -- A;r velocity at too heed c. 7;./ Vdnr.iiy - //V velocity itenugc fhr an u: primo'iiy as c - caress the to no cr thy been ':r-u/n Vnioafty -- Air yeionh'y in / en-_ ni'er -fyc e. m*. r\ -7-' : ........................... eh aici b i f/p c-f rny Velocity - Ah/ yedcity inroug- n e.ulerici is present A, me c-` e-coo! to tee minArum ~-- - 'Sport (tjin'r. A '.'doe/; part cu:~r=s * thy head or c-V thy hood 'oshp air current- end to point by ceasing it to flow dcf-type hood, ipni. h' is 'v Uniterm air disirlhuf'on '-nr pf od dr disrrihdion ' cn: gAenyrr, vole citJy nr fess. section, ipm. When yciid 73 duct velocity must he city. squired to move the - stream, torn. ~n\ CQNF**sNC< C? iNO'jmUL ~ir tdXHAUST HCCDi rlq. 4-i CAPCO KIN 0000476 a ] i .._-it i H J 1 1 i noon ukstgj: data ! i" i.* Op Air will wove in nil du< r:i\,a! veUrity ill front of a : i U> a streMnlina at air f(o'.v in A on! of a circa inn toward upeniiv i:.:dnr suction. F>y definition, flow contours are linos of ;i!. Similarly, sire r-dia.'S are lines perpendicular to velocity contours. (The point indicates th.n direction of air flow a! that point.) Figure 4-2 illustrates '1 oqu.V'on of flow !._! os .:e;.l ially square, is: five hanging hoo-d (itefaronr.e '-) for round hoods, unci rer.iu.uplr-.r hoods which V Q 10 2 + A Where: V = Cento . line velocity at X distance from itood, fpm X - Distance outward along axis in ft. (Note: equation is accurate only for limited dis tance of X, where X is within 1-1/2 D) Q =; Air fOv.v, cfm. A - Area of hmid opening irt square feet. 1) - Duunet sr of round hoods or side of tissentially square hoods. As t.iu 1..s&.-;n from lips lI.iom and f-:'0:n Figure A ?., there is a rapid velocity deers; ise v. ith <1 ii. VS fro.a the hood, v;3 -yi-:.: a.h:irot in verse'y v. it!; the square of the distance. ** Vi*c* ui <i..ii'K:fiS of X n:>: i.I'-r \ -1/20, tic- veloc iiv decrease? 'van rapidly with rUotar.c- liif)'! irKiiCClU-'^ i *' lr''.cii'CMces M u and f. 4). V/ r.> f t. c`( i iie w. in y a of oneninv vei- f;;] n.p,cl s!r:::'oi:n''n> Co r circular Gn-er.iritn. , ;:> iOr. vr f!-jw condition? in front of freely :ut<isnd,-d plain openings. Figure fioi.-r li.jufl tv;.--.-. and a .vs air volume formulae which apply. 4 CAPCO KIN 0000477 INDUS iTtl V X- . L'i i io.; Fu:. '-! C iptum v :t'- ncl b> the velocity at :-ny point in frO"t of the hood psc -usury to overcome opposim; he oui'.'.nrT'ind'Po sir by causing it to fio'.v into th-J ntiiaust hood, vo)mme Imods (osunple, lor:;:: rUce-imo t r; i;:o ) require less air volume N jiiun; velocity values recorjrnenOvc! tor smalt !>.o is. 'Fills ;.'i:t'r'uir.enon is use ViSis 'i 1 1.' ' 'i'll-' f.ii't i.1 ; 1 i la.-ye air !nn.f ::nrointo l':e hood. 2 ooiittur.iiia.il is under i he inf'uanrc: or the hoof! i l;ice- Air v online :>< fords considerable dilution ; r^.-b'Cvibf'U (iC ci T.'bj-' ? 1 1 li if':; ui'tiir-o velocity tiair.. Ad\iitsop:il info: ;n::iion id I- .ml in Section 5, Table fi -f- CAPCO KIN 0000478 HOOD l.UCidGN EATA TALL'-: 4-1 HANOK OFCAPTliitE VELOCITIES (7,24) 4-5 Co :d>lUui (if Dispersion of Ccciuinlciiit -a.:.. priiclical.'y no vc-iocitj la!o riiirl air. ;pe:l at low velocity into moderately still air. \ra.i. generation inlo zone of i apici air niuiion soiaa-.t*.:1 at high initial ylr>cii.y into <-r very raynd air mot: an. Examples Jbv;no'.*;itlon fror;j i v.tk-s; otc. Spray booths; intermittent container filling; low spe^d conveyor transfers; welding: plating; pickling Spray painting in shallo w booths; barrel filling: conveyor loading; c.i ushers Grinding; abrasive blasting, tumbling Cfplurc Velocity, fpjn f'U-KiO 1C0-200 200-500 000-2000 !u {.;.,*ji e rLf.oi'Y ab'ivn, a vaiisfe <1 capture velocity is shown. The proper choice of values depends p,-. a-..'.. : ; i.e. iiirs: I Lower laid vCni>. Upper End of Kaanre !|. ig <- - currents minima! or f tv/irable to capture. i" .. aants <>:' !mv to.;ic.ii v or of raiioanco value j" .id,.' h. pc viiii!1 a , l.'i.v production. V ..,> la: ye aiv ccv;i ia :ao(i.a;. 1. Disturtijn:; room f.ir currents, 2. Contacauacra i.-f ia:.;ii toxicity, 3. High proacct' .a:, heavy ;;xe. 4. Smali hi'oa*-Ic::.'i ccalrcl o::!y. l!oi:rlJAes; gr. Tracedure i i ce.itrol of a coiiSa.'iiinniii producing process is brovghl about bv first eli'.iiinuti;-.* or minimizing :i> :(!,i about H> pr(`>.!.ss .a -hni enpturir 4 . >.r c<inin!mn*ued air by causing ii in flow into the exhaust !'!,.;>rd sn.ciio'i opr-ni'iT 'S'...st be .vj.`.c: r;f 1 y bi-.h t;> maintain ire rdo'.':..'.ary capture velocity p. ; V . li;i;)n..-..l!g CAV CMT'-oOs. -.,. ,. ..uccr'. ias h first :;b-;t in hn.i.-i cirt'U'.n is nn i mpurta.v factor in cutting tosn . , .-:.] lj V! - '.ed r-m'-irs. :>v,','sr sump bon. r'-.;;.-.-fr'd courc.or. of .air motion are. I. :.' : *.. i ! V V . 1 in cerr-olio, ..pa.i,-;ity from licit processes or i-gene;-cling oper:/ c >i. ! sviiiceiy, as "/a ; : iiu.y wheel, !,-it conveyor. etc. im. .o iii bur'a.i .; ro.itainer filling. Ivo .'.pr.-roio.'. nr.-v'itc (.-nli'li nri- : -n.t;i!y 'oknn at Ofl fpm ;r.ini;r:uoi and n'c.y I n ;rio.:h higher). >1. '.1 d lii-.'th' g o-pn,-it. i..- rvi Vii' and r;il'j of air .'lev fro irnp.;..;n:G vvsl pi fvjTijit'or.'iticms. 7 i ' . . .id .-'f' i.v :h- iiij-vd'i.a :*..-: ; reach ns pi.ssh.ne. 1C sn'dosin'a is not pr.-i-tidble, the hots' should i . a : v. ("a:-: mIn m.:s;y.v end skated to control ch- area ef cuniciirjinaboiu ' . ... d I lie iisetl whenever poni-ibin to eliminate. exhausting air from icrfiectivn areas (sop rag- 4-1) ' r: . d ; . apse Irv hood iIn.is. ; r ..1 -it .a i' Ida1:i- .-; a. re t ;i; ir r:!-ri a.-, op-sning, a typical lio'v pattern resalts an shown in Figure 4-2. l.t-iximiim ........... I !: air stn ain o- i at a short disranee ilf.vr'streura .it the p'!:nvi of the vena contract! where '' :h> Vi.' j-d is sri)..!r'i v Li:e '!ia:n?ter of the dact. " r: ' ' ' in1' "an:! n'-tni.M.. a is acoortewnied by a cmversiois of static, pressure to velocity pressure ' 1 : ;; ; :,.. s sit*c. : .. Sa1.;..- ire-. A loss of about a',?, in sta.lic pre;-?'.irc rc-S'.'\:s from the " to '.v1' ly ; r.-ssi,.-- ;s;d n much greater io:;s in static, pressure rf.-scics frotr thn cora.er- - : i . y-as'C- ai `.'-.-iia rrctn. to iitaf'c p.*"ss"r? hs 'he air fills ihe dec:. Tec area of the ... 1 c-. : n-, !r.:.i:. ...-ii . ry th ;he shape .; I ! h `j i:cod or duct r.pcn'.r.a a f,..l for most Iio. n;i -ri.e-s ' .1 . cl Vo ' i:.i ii'.i/o or i:ie rinci /rcj. CAPCO KIN 0000479 ] 4-0 i i ) A ] 1 j 4 .i ! \ .1 < :! 1 0 ,) Ji 1 i l i rr4DU~rm: i. VI* .. (i Vi* CAPCO KIN 0000480 4-G INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION The lyswos duo to (sces.-aviv com-a.-aion result i;i a dscrcassd rats.* t.f flow t\s indicated by the cneliicutiit o or.hy, C\,. Tlu? coellicie.-it oi entry is defined as the act; d rote of flow cr>v'.:->`d by a yi-.-'jn stall-;: pre.si;re ti the i hfcoretinal flow which woo id result if th *; static i-Tes/nu-^ coo id be cf.flvsrt.si! to vsioc'.iy ore. sort; v. ifb J00!,? !-!`icisrt<:y. It is the vai;o cl r.cloai to tncvreHcal Rav/. Figure 4-8 previses Cf. valce-> 4or many Jiyod C citiI ;)f mUy' On I the yrrrcnr;;^/. shat v/lt! i.-ncrr into a "iv* \ In i,i-' Ii.-.-ncb. CFiVi Sor nay hc-vd can :. written eith.-r in Th? t>s:>a5 (-*SOn (,'yp; ' f- a c: > T; P > ;_r lh.- S. Q * < DOS A - -K.05 A Ce '/ItV ,r C'p- :/ h -. ; r y is ;-av h-'r c-w -shacl n; 1 nr cl levrrlni:';-: ::j ; ii_v,v dirotwh ,i hoc:: and cm :.iu-' !t>s:. in y ure canscd by air into a hurt. _-b Ill- a: - Vf* :a the hret - h... rcdat* onshio Iv-tv-e-i: C~ c.ri i:-. e-:ri he derived oviov.';;: <-e v ..., 1 *U Vt` i: VP c"fc- V V p - vp '-o' 0 - m-O Tr[, :r CAPCO KIN 0000481 Pc >! 1100!) design data 4-7 It in, therefore, desirable to inlisimb-.o 11k.' air stream contraction which occur:; hL the vena contracts zone by suitable hood brsipn. Fiy.uru 4-ti illustrates the effect. of hoof! design on the entry coefficient and on ihe entry loss in terms of velocity heat! in the connecting duct, the latter being another tray ol expressing hood crlry loss. Consilient:;' the prinking Vvlieel hood r'u.wi: in Figure 4-3, soma typical calculations are`as follows; i Example i'mbleaM GIVEN TO FIND 1 C - 0.711 e .SP, - 2.50 inches water li ! -.j Duct Diameter - 5 incites a. Air Volume h. Duct Velocity c. Per Cent Loss in Velocity Head Duct Area = 0.136 sfjoarn feet a. Q = 4005 Cc_A t'SP.h 4005 x- 0.73 : x 0.136 /27.0 = C72 cfm G7|c - 4050 fpm b' V A 0.136 50" H20 (GFj.) = vr> " -- (iS)? " ^ SP,it = VP * ho VP = Z.50 0.03 j v.-imm Sl'j static pressure, inches water Fh 15 i:S 15 -f,4r' VP - velocity pressure, incises water k Loss = F 100 - 0.6*5 x 100 - oi.5~, - i It --= bond entry loss, inches water ic l'l - liootl entry loss factor An :s ventilation slan.'a-v!, static pressure alone without reference to the duct diameter is meaningless. I iccr.'asir.y; the branch d- e` six.- resclr; m hiyher rolfti.icy, grcatei resistance neb a. lovcroil rate of flcr.v al- x.xw me static pm.-sure value is inure-, Tba vnn'ulation perferm-mee of hoods should i-.e based pri- i.:.. ii." uii Volume.:-: PC or V-is; Vi, d: <\ i -aod;- m.-st :;"X a-r.ly imwl !o p-v.-ic,; unlfor:-' h-.n 4. air fl-o.- at xkoouate capture velocity Cs-or a 'd uf l. -rda :\i ,t x'.'a.-up. tie.:- jwrh s-= an open Sunk --or over me free of a la rye buoc! such as a side : . ' Tim rmoirn: -V _fh- *sI, c Jside!;/ io uhLti;: j,--' air diyiribm ia i.- Mot velocity does not ccu- i 1,11 d r jpi . v.-kooky: a l;i.;h sP-t velocity simp';- pfoxeraiy-s I:ie,11 pressure 1-i.shks, Note that the cap 's.- v.-k-t j y i-on dm t (Fiyuro 4-4) ra:.>.; ihat the capture velocity is related to the exhaust volume and the : kw. si, i -.'he so? Vrkcidty. i. wP - u.-aui!;.'cm-.i-t of a .orrav ox';;? m-ren / wx ; plenum k- -. Vr.bmrr:' 'xrraxsi- rsr ci Xiv-.i do .!:'! ; ; ..'k-ni-;! by ixussi m-sign. dpi k m -.-axes may ha u ivd i:i the plenum; however, in i:.'m -r i-i:1 -? syMums vol.'s .we subject ex cu 'Osi.,<i a.y.d/or crcshm cud provide kivXu'Cos for i ; : ii Id-e;j. d bmphtbl- soots ran bo i;i-O'/i;!;'! }> ;* rmro- are :-;uhi?et to t:;;r-orI.i- .-ux r,v.'x .kp.u.tn'c-ot. 'i ii-. a j i.-'k is iim 's'o: a; -? L:rio!:;krucre;i pienam ly,;e. 7'i o- orsio.u of ihe sir.! a.ir! pic.-.ni,i ;; in d km pros.mn: l;.;,s ?hrfiv;:!' fho slut is !m;h omr;: ix-d the )u cssure lots through the plenum. ?' 'i i ?.xi os of urn sobjacto-! to cssantiuSly orrrl <n:ctif-.i nud the slot velocity will be os??atir.llv : ...x i i i) rui v'-;-i-u-..-:!.; d omiho'l calculatip.'j ihe pressure divup from firm ar.d to the other cf a slot- : ' >' 'xuo.:1 ifi k xjf fui p-x/io;.;'.:;!.'.1 ion, applicable fo most hiaxls, is to dosiffn for a m;iximum ' c.xuiy i-.pj'il la l .'i.' o; <!.-; siut '.'eixeity. Far most slot hos-.is a 2,C'j*> fyni slot velocity '.'.ml 1,000 frnr. xr:; . !-vx: ie x : i vi.uie ctu.icu fi.r uniformity r,C fkrv and mokorntf- r.rcf-'S'.ire drop. Foiirr.v'inx am I.- o. ..i.i d 'Siyi; .yid,:'xuv;: ` " ... '. iy ? d--,:;..; .s s.xy. in t!hi sI'uni.?"a oractira1 plouum iso si:' r c:>a air in;-o->chos i -:!i ': o.-i x:xx. ik ! . r1i'.ryv, d ;n/i'x;X urn possible, rs v;i?h :;h:ik^ciut hoods, the slni 1 " :x, :torn '.V;*r - ? -'?j rpri p?-...u velf'C'ty. ! : .'.i/'j r.Oon.-kfi!!' r.eiei :> i:x;;o plenum sires w'runie all of the air must pass in one diro'-rion. CAPCO KIN 0000482 4-C INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION Note Uv.it where- slot-plenum hoods are used for clast control, plenum velocities music be 3,000 fpm or higher to transport particulate matter throe;;!! the hood. Otherwise, settling su'd plugging will occur. Calculation of StaticJN-.-ssure Losses in Iixhaust Hoods Simple Hoods: Plain c!act openings, flanged duet openings, canopies and similar hoods have only one .-bqnilicaut energy loss, at the point where the air enters the duct. At this location .1 pronounced vena contracts in fornic-d and nil energy loss occurs first in the conversion of static pressure to velocity pressure. Ah lim air passes through (he vena contracts, the flow area enlarges to till Pie duct and velocity pressure convert's to static pressure, again with some energy loss. The more pronounced the vena contracts, the greater will be die energy loss and hood static pressure. The hood entry loss (hL.) can lie :;pres.c-`-d therefore in terms ot a single factor (r) which, when multiplied by the duct velocity pressm r (VP), will give the entry loss (he) in inches of water. Knam:]? Problem 11 In a simple houd (Figure 4-(;) the hood static pressure is equal to the velocity pressure in the duct plus the hood entry loss. (See page 1-3, "Acceleration of Air and flood Hr.trance Losses".) The velocity pressurerepress-nta {he pressure nt*ces,->ry to accelerate tits air from rest to the duct velocity; the hoed .try loss svpro.senU the c-nergy iieeeviary to overcome (he loss as the air enters the duct. This may be expressed as. SI'h = `ed r VPc,l when f ine velocity is ie-s than 1000 fpm (when ace veloci.y is nigher f::.'. ICiV) ip'Vi, iha hnod tre.Pnci a? a ia>mno:em he-'d. tree [olluvin/;.). id be \.l:e:e: i; c ci = entry loss of transition (Ses rijpsre G-JO) V(] - Duet Velocity Pressure \ typical cblr.ulfirion is as follows: Civs:': Face Velocity = ---- - ?.D0 fpm * iCieo Dei Velocity = = 2000 fpm * chi ,:t 0.25" y c>.:>'5 v!?( Sr'>J. i '\:i *- v^j /!,, * r.;-, a.f; LC./o-` !c,r, -.'Jiof vskti.y F>;:. 1 ' ' r.-: hf'-- i of horn!- have two or reo:v y-rhs of n:gni::e'`V i-r-ryy b-ss n.cci most be 1 i b e: - :' C cvn.nples era lumas having double en-.ry ii'S's Slot type hoims are - ih ;. .; - :. .,,0; cm m-.mly used on rubiny. c'lypiay and deyreiisii';; tares rnci - c na1.;...,a v _.m a . j->-,. CAPCO KIN 0000483 ~-3 HOOD DrlSKlN DATA 4-9 Figure '1-7 illustrates a double entry has hood; this is a single slot hood vith a. plenum and a transition from the plenum to the duct. The purpose. of ins plenum is to give uniform velocity across thn slot opening. Air enters the slot, in tins case a sharp-edged orifice, and loses energy doe to the vena contracts at Ir.ir. point. The air then continues through the plenum where the greater portion of the slot velocity is retained because the air stream projects itself across tee plenum in a manner simvlrr to the "blowing" supply strfe'n.i Shew;: in Figure 1-6. (Th*' retention of velocity in the planum is characteristic ol most local exhaust hoods because o; the short planum length, in the case uf very large hoods or cr.Tuut.'ed ncui'-rl rooms, however, the velocity loss must be taken into account.) The air then converge.-, into th- duct throtg,'.: the transition where (he second significant energy loss occurs. Example Problem lit hi Figure }-" the air enters the slot, a slot entry loss occurs ar.d the air in ^ccleratml to the slot vnlocity. It then crosses the plenum a re! enters the duct through the hood transition where another entry loss occurs P.nd the air i" accelerated further from its initial velocity i:i the slot to the higher duct velocity, in most cases, the slot velocity is n-nua! to or lower than the duct velocity; ir. all cases, however, the air must be accelerated to thu higher velocity. Tim hood static pressure to'- a double entry hoc-:' cm bv expressed as the equation: thus: Si',h - hes + VPu + hcd. + VPd. - VPi; (!) h h(is -> heci + .'.P., -.--'o-n duct velocity is greater than a let veloohy (.I) SP.a = ht,-.o. hvd, + VPr v!se:i siot velocity is -yrr .ter than duct velocity entry loss through slot (:>ee Figure 6-10) slot velocity pressure "C'J VP, entry I'.vj : ' Iran.sit ion (iT-; Sign re 0-lb) duct velocity pressure It-.:,;r typical calculation'-:, 1111s;v " Knuuti'Vi I/'. re a.: futlov. s; PI;.tin. O 'b-lot i : vi i. 7' ' J! s ' j u;. ),. i" y'c.ccfry ba.iku.a't Hood velocity - i OeO pi, VP(, - 0.07" ti el: .-.lot = 1.73 VP rVic.t >. ity ` 3 .'.'.'U ';: ' Vi'd CV/ii" h , h I'-isithia id v:V. ;; :) -, ( * b.V.v KP, h 1.78 VP + 0.2 5 VP. + VP. B U <1 f'.2a) > 0.25 PP -- ( !.Vcl 0.07) -i PP, * - 1.07 CAPCO KIN 0000484 4-10 TNDUSTHIAL VE-NTILATION Tiie use of `'/.'qurtti'jn 2" is illustrated in the case of a hood where: Slot velocity 4000 tp;:i Duct velocity = 2000 fp.m VPs ^ 1.C0" VPc,l = 0.25" Sl>h = h os + hcd, + VPs = (1.78 x 1.00") + (0.25 x 0.25") + 1.00' SP,il - 2.8425" = 2.84" 4 La an actual insinuation there may be some regain of the higher VP as the air passes through the hnrvh n ;s ru'l. possible to predict this, however, ami it is better to assume that the energy requirement is as shewn. Certain hoods may ba constructed v;:th internal baffles and/or slots and can hava more char, two significant eneiyy losses. In such cases, a simple step-by-step calculation of ail iosr.es will result in an accurate .. ibyrruinulicn of SP;j. Ventilation of Pad inactive r,.il High I'isairity Operations Vcr.ti'.iitii.n of radio'.'..:Liv-.> ar.aiiigh toxicity prccc-ss:..-; requires a know', edge of the hav.r.rtls, the use of prori-a control met ho. Is and ail.siuatt* rnuinfeti ir.ee, i-.iciudinj: .cnaitoriny. While the drier?.- ::: air or gin. clv.'u": itu-ss required will vary with the ..pe-.v-tioa. in most cus.-a the order of clean: '!/ bu.scrr. discharge to aivnosphrim will be const.''.f-rahly b-yc.iid rh" mo re usual industrial clean air sra.ncar.ds. The chemical laboratory exhaust hoc.-d (VS-203) illustrates typical *ga ecvtpriod. The i.'.iluence of ot'.dy currents from air supply sy.-tems, the rare in sizing ere locating exhaust coda'-uti.'.ns, the k?:-.*./ of air fim.v i'.'.i.-.Trs within the boo:! and .he cleaning oi cr.h-ust gases arc- much more involved thp.n the -"'lie of ini.rnb ri-"!. ;:t flioi'ts ior usual lubor.v.ory hoods '. 'here dilution ventilation grr.-uly contributes; la s;tii~`"Ctory control. Vio,- ::.-.:tv care is rm-ird'Htory for air supply ra.I oxhaus! s/stvms and the selection ol air cleaning equipment. A*r c.Vaalr.:: of supply air is normally of a high order of efficiency .and the e:a:;; v-:t air cacanir.g is often a rmr.bu'.aliori of h tub -efficiency collectors or filters bached up by r.bsoli.'ty or ultra hig'-i-effioermy designs. E .. sure of service pur.'-i'-'.'ir) mid contamination !man!.s fn~i servicing or ."lacing collector or filter . ...s j"S'.fv til..' 'rxpvi'. Avoeaiprir.it ;,o often ?nc:..u.ifvrvd.. VT: caio. co'U'ctc ug.is in iictcv of insxpfi- r litters inn;' .-:'ry ..trriyi :ri..-e xn.leiy and may i'.iaV: aya'aninaiUni ot an are.! lass lihe'y. Zlovorc0 - i!.ric a r.-A /.. oh. i.-e as-d ii; glace oI LrSS cyrsasivt: vo.-a/enlioiial fabric because f'wre r- .: fewer f.-i'f . . .-if i-'.-a-e to I yak and fi'.vcr <.'ienw.:fs to lie repivoyd. ;b:;iipiag o- preiiUcr.s in.dsllrr: series v/ik: rs- : ji-.v idoTs S.i.i i ebac..' ;'y,.il-a vui-ud cycle, reduc.-. far:i.itire;, vy isti? hi.ypos: 1 and possible cor.;.''ii.alien uroh- i".n-:. .:1 *.. viny g-s I .'i bn; : .ilr.s niamici '. foil-ul in ilia of l.ot-.'ls for rad a1 -ciivc and bub city ran - 1. .'... a!: - i a ,vhic> radio;, ftivu urh ria?^ a re lu.aiib-.f i ho'Td be cnclor ' us ranch a s posoihb; ivi pre- vi'; t ! : jcii-iarry :". air va! ..ru-s. (7ii-; .-sr; of giove t:o;r--s irdmu'iivrs uir : i -i :n rat . i.1 v, n.) o> .i.v; ;br-ydifics . . a ". ""' .'i r-: c. '. a -h'uifc: uircuir .. avoi anyi-y- yyay fo'.-L b.cai ss ':._, may iln'rya.-e un.bac::;! raid dust S. via v,' a i > v ii f. : -n fro n tiie ;yycd ;a cut be y ya t f ;:.in the voki a of coafamicated gasas, o'.i:'- 5 ':. ic.i ;:i ia.c hood. '.' : ;.,. I! 1'U tim ' j';*i'a..i..11rcriuirivo I'l.-ge rmounts of ivci dig. s'iun and vt-addia-id acid or solvent troai''.. at 1 a1-a.'a I,... i n.djaav ia ou.c ,'rv"p a; homiy and lh-' iaO'bi ing cu dry mv b-.aa! in others. a. ' 'a :a-"l i'W ; shouid im : e;..ov-id fiy filtr.vti'.m* as close io the hood ,i.s practi- y d ia .:<. v'a -y voill: ;uina:.ian ..{ nom.pmf::i ducfwu'di. ' ....... bio or -oin";;u.ah'by ,-,f ;h_- rrai^-iy; may rccair,: a drsinc so ihsi o'.o-n !he smallest chips red t'a. n'U.'.b C.'C ' "'ia ' n aai qa sun.x'r ..' a it. in dun th y 'icod may 1,-j necessary, depone: inn on the pyreiioric nature of a. Ama uni.i ty :. r ko- inalioa nl hi- ir od urd <ivy: sysfan' raus; im rraii1-' ss easy ns possible mid M,:; ba "ii 7 is ns. d f.. lb,- mat a! | "-.rfs i the la; yd for this raasori. ' i a i:;: a-.-yr .a .'.au'vork ivithin the tic! !ing :s i :']"; a ueyaiiiv pr-'-sure. ' : ia. :v 1.:"" ' ';. "V i;'p" floods, ;: c vn .vge f .1C;: Vid icdry ;yf 1.25-200 !rm and V minillu.Tl fafa VF.l--.ciiy a.o- ;/ r.> msu ra ir a no '.uintn :n ifvr.t vou ui i scapa inte the room. i axlditio.'i, fsc-'i CfkPCO KIN 0000485 HOOD DESIGN' DATA 4-11 i i-loritiys of laboratory lw!s with adjustable fronts `should be controlled within reasonabV lira lls in order to reduce the disturbance.-. of air-borne materials within the hood. Tins velocity i.oeWvl cun bv accomplished by e'itimr proportional bypass (constant volume) or controlled luce velocity (variable volume). Hoods with high heat loads should hare a major portion of the air exhausted through the slot at the top. In lhf> laboratory handling of high alpha or b.-ln emitters, enclosed glove boxes, should be used. Vflth the r.ecr-sr.ary tight cer.sirvcth'.n, an exhaust volume of from 2s to CO chi: is usually sufficient for these erxlysure.-;. The a.ir locks lw-.-decl with these hoods should be eahauslc-d if they open directly to ike room. Adequate quantities of makeup air must be furnished by mechanical supply systems and ietelligenUy ctistiihuted with relation to exhaust points. Supply air distribution must \jr ujv.i.-yid to provide general air flow from clean areas toward more contaminated areas. Filtration of supply air i 3 necessary to reduce air-borne dvr.c concentrations, thus prolonging the life ot ultrahigh efficiency exhaust filters. The use of prefilters in laboratory type hoods for radioactive materials prevents contamination of the ex haust piping. A gauge should be ins trilled indicating pressure drop across the filter, so that the filter will be replaced when pressure drop exceeds design value. Filtration of room supply air v.111 pcolore-; the life of ultra high efficiency hood exhuc-o. filters. W ere there is a pon.-.UulUy of spontaneous or continuous re:u.\:;e of toxic materials, or .hero severe.! h.k-. ere connected io : ; mjcU* exhaust re.sU-m the o.J.aust hi,. should l;s operated continuouilv. S'-imir-y fan capacity should lie nvxutable for breakdown.-. c/i,pCO KIN 0000486 INDUSTRIAL VLMTILATiON CAPCO KIN 0000487 HOOD DESIGN DATA 4-13 CAPCO KIN 0000488 INDUSTRIAI, VEHTILATION Enc'osfi the operation as much os por.rTh'e. The mere oompreb'y c curat, fee ieoo air required for control . ip i} y h I (O- ^ //-S* ' X'nn 'V / 9,7 rr (` i 9-<s /7\ \v \ /*. / - / .-Vf.'/ Av--s DiOF.GTiON 0 - Tib EL Ob ,Lead c-.< b confr.rnioon'r to romcre-j o:-ry iron; the TraObny ryf fp d/OOppr A.'v.-ii^CAH COtf?S?.SNCE 0" GOV^ifv-DiTAL i/D/ST^'AL ilYG^Noro HbtNOiPLES OP EXHAUST HCCOS Ji-i : / ~ S4 Pia. 4-/0 CAPCO KIN 0000489 i~ ` :...... i HOOD DESIGN DATA IS CAPCO KIN 0000490 m INDUSTRIAL VfiNTi'LATIO.M CAPCO KIN 0000491 ij l i ---i -- w-l --:1 'Ji j i id; dksk;n data 4-1' FREELY SUSPENDED SLOY Q=3.7LVX Jl .0 t. I :) Q-- n. X- Di3:'CfiCO> S'CUJf vcNrns, arm liOO'J fees to fori; point of scores fuiv.ojII/ an centerline or hcuD. V-Ceptan vabci L-LQ/i!7/l),fSf!l. Of *V' fzWrir,'. , n* si f ' ,' ; - ... /. I CAPCO KIN 0000492 SPECIFIC o; 0, 5- S'f. CAPCO KIN 0000493  i\ i i j CCDiioTHL' V-'K-m.ATKW { (i. ! i CAPCO KIN 0000494 j:n (-.-/ w `.'j-j.' i/t 10 vrrn-jLATiOM iokjo-f cotton:;! } ... /- -V. -* % r .`.A < r i i > CAPCO KIN 0000495 7- * V - ! :: r ii SPKCIFJC OPKfiATiONS cp-n-ng should b; minimum, n umimum is rissirabie. Cf-Hi ; I>-o7 \ i: ? i. Ii l ii: i- !' n i! H ii , //''y:'V;!yr? (. iPcnrfpujrp i.-pupr /;.y i:000 fi'u: l;cod cn;?s pgcbivn. f--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ! 7^M:77'<U7 ; r/s:,i.",S3;TS ; pymT-1 a/.') //*'*/ c;'-? OLiSH&G MACHriJE i; 5r r !: s r CAPCO KIN 0000496