Document Vj6q4m4kMyMN4Qgxz3MM1M5wo

Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. March 23, 1930. REFERENCES TO RECENT LITERATURE ON INDUSTRIAL DISEASES (A) News Items 165 OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, Supplement. International Labor Office, Geneva, 96 pp., (September, 1938). Obtainable from International Labor Office, 734 Jackson Place, Washington, D.C. Price $5.00 per 500 pages. Supplements to the two volumes "Occupation and Health" are issued biannually. The prosent work, the second supplement of 1933, contains eleven brochures on various subjects. Abstracts of nine of the important papors arc included in this Bulletin. 166 INCREASE IN NUMBER OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE CLAIMS IN OHIO DURING 1937. Anonymous. Ohio State Med. Journal, 35, 329, (March, 1939). The number of claims increased from 1,383 In 1956 to 1,694 in 1937. As usual, skin diseases wore -responsible for a large percentage of the claims filed. There was an increase of 95 claims for lead poisoning, largely from 3 plants manufacturing automobile bodies, where ground lead was used to fill cracks and seems in tho bodies. Sir claims for silicosis (made compensable on July 31, 1937) were considered as within the provisions of tho law; an unstated number were classed as ncn-conpcnsablo f..' various reasons. (B) Papers on Dust, Dust Diseases and General Industrial Hygiene. 167 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE SYMPOSIUM. Northwestern University Medical School, Department of Industrial Medicine, Chicago, 111., September 25-27, 1938. Proceedings published January, 1939, Price $3.00. The following items are abstracts of tho papers presented at the aymposium which ere published in one volume obtainable from the above address: THE PRESENT STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL EDUCATION. Carl M. Peterson. The number of industrial physicians has almost doubled in the past 10 years ana the number of graduates coning in contact with industrial phases of medicine is increasing annually. In reviewing the present status of occupational disease education in the medical schools, it is noted that thi3 type of instruction is on tho increase. THE SCOPS OF TIIE OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE RESEARCH PROBLEM. Philip Drinker. Research is needed as a guide towards regularly obtaining better statis tics and batter reporting of industrial disabilities of all kinds. Indus trial processes are not eliminated because a process is in soma way harm ful to the voritmen; prevention, bused on research, must bu practiced, .and this prevention always takes a little tino to catch up with toxicology. 004376 `References to Recent Literature - 2. TRAUMATIC NEUROSIS. Lewis J. Pollock. Trauaatic neuroses arc those forms of disability caused, not by any real injury, but by shocks or by certain repeated processes. It is a type of hysteria, not always imaginary, which has significance in industrial hygiene practice. Diagnosis, treatment and compensation of cases of this type aro discussed. TEE PLACE OP PHYSICAL EXZUINATIQN IN INDUSTRY AND TEE PLACBiEJI OP . THE EMPLOYEE IN RELATION TO HIS PHYSICAL STATU3. C. D. Selby. Physical examinations, if worth doing at all, are worth doing completely. The industrial physician should be Entirely familiar with ell processes in his plant so that he may be ablo to advise the employment department in placing men especially adapted, or particularly unfit, for certain positions. By doing his work well and completely the Industrial physician con be of great benefit to his employer and to the men in tho plant. INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL SURVEYS. J. G. Cunningham. A very good, general description i3 given of the procedure and methods usually followed in these surveys. They are the first essential step in an efficient program of Industrial health improvement. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AND THE PRACTICING PHYSICIAN. Stanley J. Seeger. The practicing physician should attempt to orient himself in the vast, comperatively new field of industrial medicine so that he understands tho viewpoint of those more closely connected with it. The industrial physician mist also admit his dependence upon tho practicing physician. PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE IN INDUSTRY. Edgar V. Allen. Peripheral vascular diseases ere defined as the diseases of tho blood vessels other thun those of tho heart itself. Most of the discussion is devoted to hypertension (high blood pressure) and its i-irominencc as a major cause of doath in this country. Very little has been done to study the particular causes or the significant incidence in the past and prosont. The discussion is more or less philosophical regarding its connect ion with industry and modem industrial life. CARDIAC DISEASE HI INDUSTRY.' James G. Carr. The degrees of disability of those persons afflicted with heart disease is difficult, to define. This paper, together with tho discussion which fellows, discusses the employment of those persons in industry. In cer tain cases their work usy be so changed that thc*y are able to continue without serious effect, to the benafit of both employeo and employer. 168 STUDIES ON THE 5CLUDILI7Y OF QUARTZ AND SILICATES. C.C. Lucas and M.E. Dolan. Can. Med. Assoc. Journal, 40, 126-34, (February, 1939) (Canadian). This paper deals only with the chemical side of the solubility problem of quartz and silicates. Y/ater, salt solutions, urine and blood serum all dis solve small amounts of silica from quartz. The "apparent solubility" of quartz is usually much greater than its real solubility, because of the pre sence in the native quartz ninorul of impurities which arc either more solublo in themselves or render the quarts more soluble. This vras the conclusion reached by resuspending some of the quart? dusts. Tho action cf water, and equeous solutions in general, upou silicates, is not one of simple solution but of differential loacaingj removal of the base, leaving a residue richor in silica is tho usual result. 004377 References to Recent Literature - 3. . 169 THE PREVENTION OP SILICOSIS BY METALLIC ALUMINUM. II. J .1. Denny, W.D. Robson and D.A. Irwin. Can. Med. Assoc. Journal, 40, 213-23, (March, 1939) (Canadian). The article will also be published in Industrial Medicine in April, 1939, issue. Reprints of the article are being obtained by Air Hygiene Foundation and will be enclosed with the Abstract Bulletin in the near future. In their first paper on the subject (see Abstract 390, 1937), the authors showed that tho addition of small quantities of aluminum almost completely inhibited the solubility of siliceous material in a beaker and that animals dustod with quartz plus 1 per cent aluminum powder did not develop silicosis, while those dusted with the same quartz alone did develop silicosis. Tho present paper reports on the further progress of this investigation. It has been found that the aluminum, on being converted to hydrated alumina in solution, reduces the toxicity of quartz in three trays, (a) by flocculation; (b) by adsorbing silica from solution; but (c) chiefly by coating the quartz particle with on Insoluble and impermeable coat ing. This coating is a gelatinous hydrated alumina and has been definitely identi fied as such. The amount of aluminum dust necessary to form this coating and to prevent fibrosis has been found to bo about 1 per cent of the total dust in sus pension. It may, in addition, be inhaled independently of the siliceous dust. Investigations as to the industrial application of aluminum dust in the prevent ion of silicosis are being carried out. 170 EFFECT OF CERTAIN IMPINGEMENT DUS? SAMPLING INSTRUMENTS ON THE DUST PARTICLES. E.L. Anderson. Journal Ind.' Hyg. & Tox., 21, 39-47, (February, 1939). It had been suggested in the past that the impingement of dust particles in cer tain dust counting methods fractured the larger particles giving higher counts than actually existed. Certain experiments had tended to prove that this was true. The author here reports on a series of carefully conducted tests which prove that thero is fracturing of particles by at least three common types of instruments -- the Greenburg-Smith inpinger, the Bausch and Lomb sampler and the Ov/ons jot counter. Simultaneous samples v/ere taken of an artificially generated dust and particle size distribution graphs made for each of tho three in addition to the original dust and a settled sample. Median sizes of tho three "counted" samples were significantly less than those of the dust or of the settled sample. 171 DUST INVESTIGATIONS HI TEE CERAMIC INDUSTRY. PART I, EARTHENWARE POTTERS* SEDPS. W.A. Bloor, K.L, Goodoll and K.U. Webb. Trans. Brit. Cer. Soc., 23, 1-25, (January, 1939) (British). This paper describes a series of dust counts made in throe earthenware pottery shops selected to represent those in v/hich the cleanliness, ventilation, lay-out, etc., were respectively good, moderate, and poor. The method selected for count ing was the theasal precipitator, v/hich is briefly described. The concentrations found by this method ere expressed in particles per cc., and because of this, together with other differences, it is impossible to correlate the results with those of the Greenburg-Snith inpinger counts used almost exclusively in America. In the present survey the counts taken are those of tho general room air and not those in the immediate vicinity of the workers. The values found were: a maxi mum of 70 particles per cc. in the good shop; 99 particles por cc. in the aver age shop and about 2C0 por cc. in the poor shop. Particle size distribution was studied closely and was found to vary from 0.3 to 1.6 microns. During intervals for rest periods the median partlelo size tended to be less as the larger parti cles settled out more rapialy. It was found that the value of ventilation lies in reducing the concentrations, not in merely reducing the concentration of those particles below the dangerous size (5 to 10 microns). It is thought that a threshold limit of 100 particles per cc. con be reasonably attained in thl3 type of shop, but it is not known v.-hother or not this concentration is safe from a health point of view. , References to Recent Literature - 4. 172.DUST INVESTIGATIONS HI TEE CERAMIC INDUSlRr. PART II, EASlSEiiTARS ..HITS TILS MAKING SHDP3 AND DUST PREPARATION. K.L. Goodall, and W.A. Bloor. Trans. Brit. Car. Soc., 38, 26-65, (January, 1939) (British). The earthenware white tile shops present a greater dust problem than the shops where general earthenware pottory is made. (Soe preceding abstract). In tho latter, tho ware is made from a plastic body v/Mlo in the -white tile shops tho ware is made directly from a finely ground dust. The surrey described in Port II is similar to that in Part I in that three plants were studied, representing good,' moderate, and poor dust control. The nothod of counting was the sane. In this surrey, however, the concentrations shown aro those near the operators them selves, not those of the general room air. In the one shop which was classed as being good, the prossors and fettlers worked under well designed exhaust hoods and the concentrations in their vicinity, and even in the general room air, were comparatively low (51 to 77 particles per cc.). Similar concentrations in the other two shops were much higher and emphasized the necessity of working in pro perly designed hoods. Low general atmosphere concentrations in the "good" shop emphasize the value of good housekeeping, adequate space and general arrangement. All processes in the storage bins and crushing room areas were extremely dusty in all the plants visited. 173 DUST INVESTIGATIONS IN TEE CERAMIC INDUSTRY1. PART III, SOME CHEMICAL AMD PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN CERAMIC DUSTS. W.A. Bloor and H.W. Webb. Trans. Erit. Cer. Soc., 39, 66-74, (January, 1939) (British). Some dust from one of the plants described in Part II (preceding abstract) was collected on a filter bed of-finely crystallised salicylic acid for chemical and petrographic analyses. Chemically, the composition of the total dust was found to be approximately the same as that of the body of tho tile from which the dust arises, indicating that there was no preferential air flotation of silica. In an arrangement of two filters in series, tho first caught the larger particles plus a few of the smaller ones and the second caught only those below 2 microns in size. Chemical analyses of tho two samples disclosed less silica (free and combined) on the second filter, suggesting that a large part of the silica, probably the flint or quartz, is coarser than the other constituents (clays and feldspar). It was impossible, petrographically, to determine between free and combined silica in those particles less than 5 microns in size. The results suggest than the most dangerous dusts are those betvjecn 2 and 5 microns, and it is significant that some 70-80 per cent, by number, of the particles in the total dust, are below 2 microns. * 174 PROGRESS IN BUST CONTROL IN ONTARIO MINES. Clifford S. Gibson. Trans. Can. Inst. Min. & Metal., 42, 18-28, (1939) (Canadian). This paper reports on the progress of the work being done by the Technical Sili cosis Research Committee of the Ontario Mining Association (see Abstract 205, 1938). There is no doubt that the mining industry as a whole is becoming mere con scious of the necessity for controlling dust dispersal. Marked progress is evldent at both old and new mines, and the early consideration of the probias by tho latter will undoubtedly play an important part in future reductions in the inci dence of silicosl3. Many of the improvements which have been effected ore simple in nature and have entailed littlo expenditure, and companies ore beginning to got away from the idea that they cannot afford to control tho dust. Briof des criptions ore given of the methods In uso and those being investigated. Most notablo are: increase of wet drilling methods, restriction of all blasting until the end of an 8-hour shift, and the increase in tho use of artifical ventilation fans. Anotlar major activity of mine management is in thorough education of em ployees regarding significance of dust and its control. .................. . ... . 004373 j i i. References to Recent Literature - 5 175 ANTERACO-SILICOSIS 0? ANTHRACITE MINERS.'RIB-. Sayers/ Occupation. und. Hualtli, Supplement No. 2, 12 pp., International Labor Office, (September, 1938). This brochure contains most of the data published in U.S. Public Health Bulletin No. 221, of which Dr. Sayers is senior author. It describes the survey made among anthracite diners in Pennsylvania several years ago. The study included complete physical examinations, concentration and composition of the dust expos ure and' arcorrclation between exposure and pulmonary changes. Definite and distirr pulmonary changes were found among the various classes of anthracite miners. Pre vention is best accomplished by reduction of dust concentrations, the degree of reduction depending upon the percentage of free silica in the dust. 176 SIUCO-TUBERCULOSIS. H.C. Sweeny. 111. Med. Eburaal, 74, 520-5 (December, 1933). Silico-tuberculosis is treated in this paper not as a disease entity but as a "blend" of the two diseases. The author discusses the development of tuberculos is in silicotic individuals. Two types of cases, with case historios, are des cribed: one in which tuberculosis is contracted after exposure to silica, the other in which silicosis is superimposed upon tuberculosis. Clinically the former case was diagnosed as tuberculosis, pathologically it was found to be silicotuberculosis. A history of sufficient exposure to silica was questionable. In -the other cases, tuberculosis was supposedly present before the patient was ex posed to silica. 177 REPORT ON TUBERCULOSIS SURVEY OF 480 TEACHERS AND CAFETERIA WORKERS IN ROANOKE -CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS. K.D. Graves. Virginia Med. Monthly, 6^, 738-9 (December 1933). Tuberculin tests were positive in 51.7 per cent of the white workers and in .69.5 per cent of the colored. Three active tuberculosis cases wore found. An earlier test in 1937 of the school children showed 23 per cent as positive.. 178 INFLUENCE 0? BODILY V.'ORK ON TEE MINUTE VOLUME IN HEALTHY PERSONS AND IN SILICCTICS. A. Bohme. Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 22-42, (1938) (German). Healthy and silicotic persons performing certain standard types of work (knee bending, stair climbing, bicycle riding) show differences in the volume of air inspired per minute during and after work. Severe silicoti-cs 3how a highor minute volume during and after 1-2 minutes' knee-bending, but still higher values ore obtained from normal excited subjects with tachypnea, voluntary or otherwise. The differences between the normal and silicotic subjects arc variable and the number of subjects used is too to warrant employment of naans and deviations. Severe sillcotics sometimes require twice the volume of air while doing the seme work as a normal individual; mild cases of 3ilicotics sometimes shoxv no differ ences. The important source of error is the voluntary or involuntary tachypnea (extremely rapid breathing). 179 SLATE. E. Streignart. Occupation and Health, Supplement No. 2. International Labor Office, 8 pp., (September, 1938). Slate is a sedimentary rock formed of clay which has undergone considerable change duo to extreme heat and pressure. It is largely aluminum silicate. Underground mining is more common than open mining, now abandoned in most countries. The free silica content of slate varies greatly, most results being from 5 to 20 per cent, with an occasional value nearly 40 per cent. Clinical and x-ray examina tions have shown a high incidence of tuberculosis and silicosis, not as high, however, as in certain other trades. The tuberculosis of slate workers is of a silicotic type tending to occur at more advancod ages. It is pointed out that all slate has some free silica content and that dust control in slate industries is ossentlal. 004380 References to Recent Literature - 6 180 SILICOSIS FROM DIAT0MAC20US EARTH. SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE. W. Estler. Arbeitsschutz, pp. 229-31 (193S) (German). Tho author gives a survey of the use of diatonacoous earth in industry. Research shows that this du3t has many particles under 10 microns and some under 5 nicrons. Some authors report that they do not find silicosis in exposed >vorkers, but Adler-Herzmark, Legge and Rosencrantz have found serious casos of silicosis. 181 INDUSTRIAL HYGIEKE PROGRAM IN A STATS HEALTH DEPARTMENT. Carl A. Nau. Journal Amer. Public Health Assoc., 29, 151-7, (February, 1939). Tho author discusses tho general aspects of a program for an Industrial Hygiene Division of a Stato Health Department. Eo considers it not only from tho aspect of the prevontion of the well-known occupational diseases, but also 7/ith the idea in mind of improving the health of industrial' workers generally. Ee favors regu lar medical examinations and use of the collcctod data ir. outlining a broad pub lic health program. 182 A REVIEW OF TEE MEDICAL SUPERVISION OF INDUSTRY BY TEE STATE. J.C. Bridge. Journal Royal Inst. Public Health 4c Eyg., 1_, 911-22, (December, 1938) (British). In this 3hort interesting paper the author"tells the story of factory legislation in Greet Britain. Starting with the first Factory Act of 1833 he traces the de velopment of State supervision of working conditions and concludes by giving a short summary of the Factories Act of 1937. The paper cannot be adequately ab stracted; those interested in tho history of industrial' hygiene should read the originals- 183 REHABILITATION OF TEE PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED. H.H. dossier. Arch. Phys.Therap., 19, 753-6, (December, 1938). Cripploa and handicapped persons cm be made useful and happy by intelligent treatment. VJhcre surgery is necessary, the ultimate object must always be kept in mind -- restoration of employability. Wherever it is possible, every effort should be made to return a nan to his usual trade; new work usually involves a lowor economic status and in every way puts a severe strain on tho worker* z morale. , 184 CONSTITUTIONAL FACTOR AND OCCUPATION. G. Pieraccini. Occupation and Health, Supplement No. 2. International Labor Office, 9 pp., (September, 1938). The paper is a theoretical discussion of vocational selection of workers on the basis of morphological, humoral, physiological, and mental criteria, that would direct thorn to work in traces which would not be harmful to their health. Tho author has in mind an extensive application of the theory but admits that it is impossible under present conditions. It may be applied, however, in certain special cases that are more prominent in industrial hygiene work. An evidence of this is the increasing application of physical examinations in industry. 185 TO VJEAT EXTENT IS THE HEALTH OF INDUSTRIAL YORKERS DEPENDENT ON OCCUPATION? H.M. Vernon. Occupational Physcology, 1, 10-24, (January, 1939) (3ritish). The recently published Registrar General's Occupational Mortality Supplement for England and Wales shows that the mortality rate3 of men employed in different occupations differ widely. Y/hile the figures suggest that occupation ha3 much in fluence on health, tho Registrar Cencral considers that this may be noro indirect than direct, that it is "influenced moro by the conditions of life implied by various occupations than by tho direct occupational risks entailed". Taking into account all cases of silicosis, asbestosis, lead poisoning, accidents, and othor occupational hazards, he attempts to evaluate tho relative importance of heredity, direct occupational effects, and the social environment (including nutrition) as 004381 References to Recent Literature - 7. regards their effect on health. 'Assuming that everyone possesses one average degree of intelligence he puts the importance of heredity at 10$, occupation at 20# to 30#, and social environment at 60# to 70#; while when he takes into ac count the indirect effects of intelligence he puts heredity at 40#, occupation at 10# to 20#, and social environment at 40# to 50#. 186 EVALUATION OF TEE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PROBLEM IN THE STATE OF TEXAS. Division of Industrial Hygiene, Texas State Department of Health, Austin, 46 pp., (1939). This Bulletin presents the results of a preliminary investigation, similar to those made in other states, to determine what hazards, if any, exist in indus trial plants in the Stato of Texas. The survey included the study of 1700 plants selected at random from a list of 12,000 companies employing 5 or more persons. It was found that large numbers of employees were exposed to organic dusts, silica dust, lead, acids and alkalies end other potentially dangerous substances. The results indicate that compensation for occupational diseases is anticipated. Although most of the large companies had full time or part time medical service, the physicians treat only cases of traumatic surgery and do not practice indus trial hygiene in a broad senso. 187 PHYSICIANS DOTIES AND RELATIONSHIPS III INDUSTRY. A.J. Tronstein. Ohio State - Medical Journal, 35, 281-7, (March, 1939). The physicians duties and relationships in industry are discussed under the fol lowing headings: pre-employment examinations, ambulatory illness, accidents, sanitation and hygiene, group insurance, and patients common to private and indus trial practice. The major problems of the doctor ore pointed out. These doctors should not allow their medical judgment to be subjugated by economic, political, social or legal pressure, nor should they attempt to extend their fields of ac tivity to such a point that they conpeto with private practice. 188 MAN AND LABOR. P. Gorens. Ztschr. d. Ver. deutsch. Ingen., 82_, 1037-42, (1938) (German). The author voltes of the interactions between work and workers, stresses the necessity of adapting the work to the man, also, the man to the work. He em phasizes the importance of the right vocation and good professional instruction, which can be best given in the workshop. 189 INFLUENCE OF DUST ON THE TEETH OF GEI POLISHERS. H. Schmittner. Arch, f. Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 123-40, (1938) (German). The study covered 243 men engaged in the grinding of precious and semi-precious stones, and 250 men of the same age groups, not engaged in this work, all living in the seme community. The grinders showed a greater wearing down of the front teeth but fewer paradental changes in that region; also less wearing dorm of the side teeth and fewer paradental changes in that region. The seme incidence of dental caries vk3 seen in both groups. 190 MEASUREMENT OF QUARTZ BY DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS. F.M. Trcnbe. Coapte. rend, do l*Acad. des Sci., 207, 1111-3 (December 5, 1933) (French). A method is described for determining percentages of quartz in mixtures of quartz and vitreous silica by measuring the temperature differentials when the mixture is heated to the conversion temperature for quartz (5730). 191 SOME BASIC ASPECTS IN THE RECOGNITION OF FLOW A2!D DEPOSIT OF DUSTS. 0. Ernndt. Kolloil Ztsch., 85,, 24-32, (October, 1933) .(German). It is claimed that dust particles do not have an adherent air layer and that this fact is demonstrated by actual experiment. The author sets up tho conditions gov erning the suspension, settling, and flow of dust. The bohavior of dust is repro duced by simple experiments, and gas pressure is shown not to affect its charac- 004 3S 2. References to Recent Literature - 8 teristics. The article is highly theoretical. The real relationship of particle size to the behavior of the particles in a gas is not mentioned. 192 COLLECTING MB 23CMSIHH5 DANGEROUS DUST KITE SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SILICOSIS. J.W. Matthews. Oster. Chea.-Ztg., 41, 174-9, (1938) (German). Two instruments for collecting dust are described: in one, salicylic acid is used as tho filtering medium, the other is tho labyrinth. Both are probably less suitable than either the Ov;cns jet counter or the impinger. Methods for chemi cal analysis are then described. Tho author concludes that "dust is dangerous when it liberates silicic acid and that tho simultaneous presence of alkali intensifies the.damage done to the lung." 193 NET; REGISTERING KONBETER FOR CONTINUOUS COLLECTION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF INDUS TRIAL DUST. F. Lov:o. Chem.-Ztg., 62 , 537, (1938) (German). The author describes very briefly a new apparatus which withdraws dust continu ously from tho intake air and precipitates it on the ordinary Konineter disc. It can be used in any position and is independent of a source of electricity or compressed air. 194 DRAGER FINE DUST RESPIRATOR K2B AND THE QUESTION OF RESISTANCE TO AIRFLOV'. E. Ncujoks and E. Thiel. Dragerheft, 197 , 3892-3, (1933) (German). A recently improved German respirator is described, the filtering efficiency of v/hich is stated to be 99 per cent for dust bclov; 3 microns. Its resistance to 150 l.p.m. is less than 50 mm of water and resistance to expiration is less. The mask can be fitted closely to tho face. The authors point out that' resistance to expiration must be less than resistance to inhalation and should, of course, bo as low as possible. (Note: tho maximum resistance as allowed by tho U.S. Bureau of Mines for 85 l.p.m. is 50 cm. water on inspiration, 25 mm. on expiration). 195 THE FLO?.' OF AIR AND ITS DISTRIBUTION THROUGH DUCTS. Part 1. Frictionless Flow and Velocity Head. J.R. Sv.dckl. Heating & Ventilating, 36, 15-17, (February 1939;The first of a series of six articles by the author which are to appecr in Heat ing and Ventilating. In the first paper the equation of flo*.v is developed and certain elements of it discussed. Then the thoory and. development of required air horsepower is followed through. The equations discussed are basic in the hydraulics of air and c thorOYjgh knowledge of them is essential in understanding the theory of pipe design. 196 MAIN FAN INSTALLATIONS AT COAL MUTES. Mine Safety Eoard Recommendations. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Inf. Circ. No. 7050 , 2 pp., (January, 1939). It is recommended that all active underground coal mines, whether working or idle, have one or more fans in continuous operation. The capacity and the in stallation should be such that the entire mine workings are adequately ventilated at all times. They should be located at the surface in fireproof buildings offset - from tho lino of tho main opening. For mino3 that liberate gas, the fen should * have two independent sources of power immediately applicable. In the absence of continuous attendanco, automatic warning devices that operate when tho air flow is reduced should be installed. In goncral, it is preferable to operate the fan exhausting, although reversing fan3 oro recommended. 197 MINE VHTTILATION. D. Harrington. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Information Circ'alar No. 7047, 16 pp. (January, 1939). Obtainable free from Supt. of Documento.V/ashington. Ventilation in mines is the most important factor in fire protection and prevent ion, health, safety, and efficiency. Fifteen to twenty years ago much was learn ed about mine ventilation, but tcndencios in tho recent past have indicated that 3ome of the lessons loomed have been forgotten. One dangerous trend is tho plac ing of tho main fans underground in coal mines, or in placing- them on the surface 8642>$2 'References to Recent Literature - 9 in direct line with the opening* They should be placed on the surface, but off set at least 25 feet in a fireproof housing, to prevent damage in case of cn ex plosion. Another trend is to use the working shafts as the return air shafts, a practice that would be extremely hazardous in caso of a fire or explosion. 198 DEAD ENDS. Robert B. Northrup. Ind. Bull., 18, 16-7, (January, 1939). Indus trial Bulletin is a monthly publication of the New York State Department of Labor, Albany, Price $1.00 per year. In designing an exhaust system for dust control, it is not good practice to connect two branches at the end of a system into a main pipe of uniform diameter. A balanced system, with changes in tho size of tho main for every brand: connect ion, on the other hand, insures a uniform high velocity with a minimum of eddies and turbulence. This means less danger of clogging, less friction, lower pewor cost and better operating efficiency generally. # (C> Papers on Industrial Poisons. Cancer, Dermatitis, etc. 199 FLUORINE COMPOUNDS. K. Roholm. Occupation and Health, Supplement No. 2. International Labor Office, 7 pp. (September, 1933). Free fluorine seldom plays a part in toxicology, because the element immediately reacts with water forming hydrogen fluoride. From a practical toxicological point of view fluorine compounds are divided into four groups: (1) gaseous fl uorine compounds, very toxic; (2) solutions of hydrofluoric acid and hydiofluosilicic acid, extremely toxic; (3) relatively easily soluble fluorides and flucsiiicntes, fairly toxic; and (4) almost insoluble fluorine compounds, as cryolite and cal cium fluoride which aro only moderately toxic'. Thero are throe forms of poison ing: (a) local corrosion of the skin or mucous membranes; (b) acute poisoning through ingestion of the easily soluble compounds: and (c) chronic poisoning as demonstrated by degenerative changes in teeth and bones. Fluorine compounds occur quite extensively in industry: in the mining of fluorspar and cryolite; in the manufacture of aluminum and copper; in the iron and steel industries, as a fxux; in certain brick works, in glass end enemel works: and in certain chemical plants. Fluorine compounds arc used extensively in the preservation of food. Damage to vegetation in the vicinity of certain industrial plants has been reported. Extreme care should be exercised in tho use of any of the compounds of fluorine. 200 SELENIUM. A. Stas sens. Occupation and Health, Supplement No. 2. International Labor Office, 6 pp. (September, 1938). The author presents a good review of the properties and pathology of selenium and its compounds. The degree of toxicity is one of controversy. Certain of 'ts com pounds, particularly those of organic origin, are highly toxic. Meat cases of death from selenium or selenium compounds ere probably accidental- Its presence has been detected In urino (where it Is normally absent) in workers with no ex treme symptoms. The use of any of the compounds, however, requires extreme care. 201 NICKEL CARBONYL. A.J. Amor. Occupation and Health, Supplement No. 2. Inter national Labor Office, 5 pp., (September, 1938). Nickel carbonyl is formed by. passing cold carbon monoxide over the finely divided metal in the process of its extraction from ores. Investigctions as to its tox icity are rendered difficult because of Its tendency to be decomposed readily into tho metal and cerbon monoxide and under conditions of its manufacture carbon monoxide is always present. Nickel carbonyl has been shown to bo five times as toxic as carbon monoxide. Pathologically, nickel carbonyl when inhaled as a gas. passes into the blood stream unchanged, with little or no dissociation in the lungs. Microscopic examination of tho lungs in fatal casos discloses an acute vascular congestion with marked capillary engorgement. In non-fatal cases the 004384 References to Recent Literature - 10 symptoms are divided into two groups -- immediate and renote, separated t>7 a period of 12-18 hours when recovery seens complete. Symptoms ore dyspnoea, cyanosis, and severe soreness in the chest. Complete recover'/ is possible in all but the most severe exposures. 202 PNEUMATIC TOOLS. L.. Tclcky.. Occupation and Health, Supplement No. 2. International Labor Office, 12 pp., (Septcmbor, 1938). The author presents a reviov/ of the literature on the hazards in the uso of pneu matic tools. Tho nost noticeable sympton is a vascular disturbance in the blood vessels where the tool is held, causing a restriction of the blood flow at that point. Injuries to the cone joints are common and are demonstrable by x-ray. ..Other more minor injuries havo been denoustrated. In certain Europoan countries injuries from the uso of compressed air tools are compensable. 9 203 TOXIC GAS: INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION AGAINST. L. Dautrebaude. Occupation and Health, Supplement No. 2. International Labor Office, 12 pp., (Septenher, 1938). This article is devoted to an account, of the principles which should be observed ia the construction of gas masts. Most masks are efficient neutralizers of any gas that nay bo encountered, but their characteristics from a respiration and physiological aspect ure generally inadoquatc. The three nain elements of the disadvantages to overcome are: discomfort, doad space within the mask where carbon dioxide may accumulate, and resistance to respiration. Most manufacturers of nasks have standardized on methods for removing each gas. Tho difficult problem is to procure efficient chemical removal and still maintain low resistance to breathing. * 204 INDUSTRIAL NOISE. R. Causse. Occupation and Heulth, Supplement No. 2. International Labor Office, 10 pp., (September, 1938). Tho influence of noise on the system, is discussed. It has been shown that effi ciency of employees has been increased greatly by noise reduction. The incidence of occupational deafness in certain industries is extremely high, and is com pensable in some countries. The simplest typo of prophylaxis is the use of vaselined cotton v;ool or some plastic substance in tho ears. Other elements of noise reduction, most of them recent developments, are discussed. 205 ACTION OF INDUSTRIAL POISONS ON THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS. E. Gonzalez. Rev. del Trabajo, J5, 55-70, (September, 1938) (Mexico) (Spanish). This is a review article, dealing chiefly ..1th the detoxifying ability of the suprarenals. Effects of fatigue and of various poisons such a3 lead, arsenic, mer cury, phosphorus, etc., ere described. Much of the work already done givos such contradictory results that the author plead s* that basic experiments be made to clarify the complex problems involved. 206 DERMATITIS -- A GUIDE HI REPORTING. Occupational Disease Prevention Division, Dept, of Labor and Industry, Pennsylvania, Safe Practice Bulletin No. 12, 12 pp., (January, 1939). This bulletin comprises the text of an address before one of the "Safe Practices" conferences held for safety engineers of Pennsylvania industries. Dermatitis cases comprise a very large percentage of all occupational diseases and it is im portant that en accurate knowledge be obtained of their incidence. Much of the reporting of cases is done by safety engineers or other non-medical persons and this bulletin wa3 devised to aid them in providing more accurate descriptions. A brief discussion is given of tho various agents causing dermatitis and the princi pal items used in diagnosis. A standard form for uso in reporting is suggested. 004385* References to Recent Literature - 11 207 FUNGUS INFECTION OF LUNGS SIMULATES TUBERCULOSIS CLOSELY. Adelaide R. Smith. Industrial Bulletin, IS, 15-6, (January, 1939). Tho molds, including fungi end yeasts, are simple filamentous plants of simple structure, which, having no chlorophyl, cannot synthesize food from carbon dioxido, must obtain it from other organisms, living or dead. They have wide dis tribution and are found largely in decayed or slightly decayed vegetable matter nnd in the dust from such material; certain susceptible individuals working in these dusts may become infected with them in various parts cf the body. A des cription is given of a few cases of proved pulmonary infection from fungus, which is this form produces changes cuch the sane as those in tuberculosis, detectable only by cultural methods. The inference is drawn that infections of this type may be much more common than is generally suspected. 208 REPORT OF THE USE OF BIOPEDTQJEPE?. AND VTTAiilN A THERAPY ITT INDUSTRY. O.H. Sehettlcr, R.F. Bisbco and B.H. Goodenough. Jounal Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 21, 53-5, {February, 1939). For many years v/orkers matching whiteness of porcelain were unable to do 30 with reasonable accuracy. After many experiments to improve results had failed it was found possible by the use of a biophotemeter to measure the patient's ability to see light and his response to dark adaptation. Therapy with vitamin A, known to be essential for good vision, was begun and the result has been a decrease of 75 per cent in number of rejections of matched white porcelain over a period of a few months. 209`THE FEET OF THE INDUSTRIAL WORZZR. SEKPOSIULI. E.P. Cat heart, C. Lembrinudi, W.S. Creer, Yf, Blood and H. Bradley. Lancet, pp. 1460-6, (Dec.24,1933) (British) Flat-foot is one of the troubles that most concern industrial workers. Footwear worn at work is much more important than that worn in leisure hours. Some of the defects of modern shoos are pointed out by the authors and remedies to correct them arc suggested. It is true that the shoo manufacturers are becoming more alert to tho problem and are beginning to givo more cooperation to industrial medical officers. 210 OCCUPATIONAL CANCER. L. Telcky. Acta d. intern. Yer.f.Krebs., 253-75, (1938) (Gorman). The author discusses the main industries in which lung cancer is found or expect ed. The silicosis literature points to tho fact that lung cancer is seldom found among silicotics. The high incidence of lung cancer omoag Schneeberg miners (radioactive minos) is no basis for assuming that other miners ore similarly en dangered. Among metal grinders carcinoma is two and one half times as great as in. the general population. Exposure to asbestos, perhaps bccauso it irritates the lungs, nay be conducive to lung cancer -- at least tho incidence is fairly high. Exposure to chromate dust seems to favor lung, cancer as well as cancor in other organs. There are isolotcd cases of lung cancer cnong generator workers, among workers exposed to coal dust, tar end tor distillates, nickel workers, but tho numbers are not large. Exposure to radium emanations and radioactive substances is very dangerous. 211 DOSS '.VUES WITH COMPRESSED AIR TOOLS RESULT IN ENDANGITIS OBLITERANS? A. Fikentsch- er. Arch.f.Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 9_, 65-79 (1933) (German.) The study described covered 250 workers in tho iron industry who had used pneu matic tools from 2 to 40 years. Tho chief signs and syaptor.3 of endangitis ob literans (threatened or actual gangrene, absent pulses, intermittent claudication, trophic disturbances, alarming pains, piozontation of limbs) could not be demon strated in any of the subjects. Tho circulator'' disturbances so often observed in workors with compressed air riveters, hammers, otc., aro therefore of other origin than on endangitis obliterans. 0043S6 References to Recent Literature - 12 212 JAUNDICE IN THE TIN WORKS OF WILHEIMD3URG, AN EPIDEMIC HEPATITIS. K. Holm. Arbeitsschutz., pp. 257-3, (1938) (Goman). Seventy-four cases of jaundice were found among 512 cmployce3 of a certain plant during the sunacr of 1937. Further investigations to determine tho occupational origin showed that 20 per cent of a group of school children were affected and that in certain other schools about 10 per cent were afflicted. Tho disease occurred in all groups at about the same tine, end it was concluded that tho causo of the jaundice was not occupational. 213 INFECTION. M.R. Mayers. Industrial Bulletin, 17, 577-3 (December, 1938). The author points out tho possible oxtremo danger of snail cuts, abrasivee or puncture wounds and cites a fev,* cases of workers who suffered partial incapacity because of snail cuts* Workers should be taught the value of prompt treatment for even tho mo3t. minor wounds. # 214 A NEW SURGICAL MASK: A BACTESIOLOGIC AIR FILTER. L. Arnold. Arch, of Surg., 37, 1008-16, (December, 1938). . Tho study of bacterial respirators ha3 attracted tho attention of many investiga tors but is still in an undeveloped stata. Tho author has tested with the Wells centrifuge various materials and thicknesses of material for the transmission of bacteria. It was found that a suitable mask must contain the proper filtering material and must fit tightly against the face, since bacteria escape above the mesh on each side of tho nose. The material suggested is cellucotton. It was also stated that a moist matorial is loss efficient than a dry ono, which seems erron eous because a moi3t material generally has greater resistance. This article is the first of a series on bacterial masks. 215 MASON'S ECZEMA. W. Burckhardt. Arch. f. Dernat. u. Syphil., 178, 1-44, (1938) (German). This i3 a very complete work based on numerous cases, experiments, and clinical experiences. Patients suffering from mason's eczema showed a diminished skin re sistance to lye which paralleled the Lypersensivity to the alkaline substances. Calcium oxide is considered as the chief toxic agent in ordinary line, and it acts also in cement whore tho calcium and aluminum oxides offer most damage to tho skin. The diminished resistance to the alkalies seemed to be the predisposing factor in all coses, based on the retarded neutralization of these substancos. The disease arises usually after contact with large quantities of tho. materials and after re peated exposures a chronic eczema sometimes prevails. 216 OBSERVATIONS OH WEIL'S DISEASE IN SAAR MINES. E. Krauss. Dt3ch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 183, 39-53, (1938) (German). Weil's disease Is an acute infectious disease characterized by jaundice, fever, muscular pain and enlargement of tho liver and spleen. It is usually of 10 days to two weeks duration, although fatal cases are quite cosoon. It is well known that miners in Scotland, Japan and elsewhere have hocomo infected. Description is given hero of tho contraction of oight cases of the disoaso in the Saar mines in Germany whore the disease is recognized as a compensable accident. No other mines in Germany wore effected during this period except the Saar mines. The method of contraction is not known. 217 THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL SPRAY BOOTES. Carletoa Cleveland. Metal Industry, 37, 63-7, (February, 1939). The author presents an interesting account of the development of spray tooths from tho small wooden cabinets to tho efficient wator wash booths of the present day. The new spray booths are highly efficient, reduce firo hazards, permit reclaiming of pigments, and remove objcctionablo and somotimes poisonous fumes. 004387 References to Recent Literature - 13 218 MEANING OF BLOOD CHANGES HT SPRAY PAINTERS. G. Lind. Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u. Gev/erbehyg. 9., 141-66, (1938) (Gorman). In a surrey to" study the blood changes in paint sprayers, blood samples from 230 paint sprayers and 200 controls from other industries were tokon. In both groups the seme incidence of relati7oly low hemoglobin levels, leucopenia, lcucocytosis, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis and shift to tho left was seen. More than 35 per cent lymphocytes were present in 48 per cent of the control group. The substances to v/hich the sprayers were exposed, according to the supply firms, are ethyl, butyl, and cayl acetates; ethyl and butyl alcohols; ethylene glycol; acetone; toluene; xyleno; benzine; solvent naphtha and mineral turpentine. Benzene is no longer uscc 219 INFLUENCE ON BLOOD ALCCHJL CONTENT OF INHALING VOLATILE SUBSTANCES IN SPRAY PAINT-_ ING. B. Siegnund. Doutsch. ztschr. f. d. ges. ger. Med., 30, 151-5 (1938) German) After an automobile accident, tho driver's blood showed 1.79 per cont alcohol. He was a spray painter by trade and said he had taken no alcohol, but blamed the blood change on tho volatilo substances he inhaled during work. Tests wero made at his place of work and at other spray painting establishments (without ventila tion) , but no increase of reducing substances cculd bo detected in the blood by Widnark* s method. 220 INDUSTRIAL ARSENIC POISONING IN VINEYARD WORKERS. W. Frohn. Much. med. Wchaschr., -95, 1630,5,(1938) (German). Some cases of arsenic dermatosis in a clinic gave rise to on inquiry in certain villages near tho vineyards and 23 caso3 of poisoning were found. Uranium green, silesia green and arsenic carbonate are the most commonly used arsenic compounds. The greatest danger cone3 in May and Juno and in the autumn when the vines are sprayed. Absorption through tho respiratory tract seems the most iraportemt mothod of entry. The first symptoms arc nausea, throat pains, smarting of the eyes, melanosis. The leuccfhychia arsenicalis on fingers and toes is important for diagnosis. Prevention consists in substitution of a non-toxic spray, instruction of tho workers and good medical supervision. 221 ARSENIC PARALYSIS OF ARMS AID LEGS WITH A RARE LATE SYMPTOM. Duncker. Ztschr. f. Orthop. u. Crenzgeb., 63, 300-8, (1938) (German). In a suicide attempt with 5 g. of arsenious oxide the following symptoms were noted: flaccid paralysis with shrinkage of the muscles of legs and aims, hyper algesia of soles and pala3, and gastrointestinal symptoms (which soon disappeared). Symmetrical whitish stripes on fingernails were striking. 222 A CASS OF FATAL GAS POISONING IK WELDING IN A CLOSED TANK. R.J. Wright-Smith. Journal Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 21, 24-26, (January, 1939). Description is given of a case of fatal poisoning which occurred following weld ing in a closed tank. After one day's work in tho tank the man complained of sickness, about an hour later ho began to cough, vomit and gasp for breath. He was token to the hospital and died tho next morning. Postmortem showed death by a poisonous gas, the nature of v/hich was not exactly determined, although tho symptoms indicated that it was most likely nitrous fumes. The tank had formerly contained salt water and the decomposition of the sodium chloride together 7/ith any carbon monoxide present might cause the formation of phosgene and the possi bility of death from this substance cannot be excluded. 004326 References to Rocent Literature - 14 223 SMOKE, FUMES, AND OASIS WHICH OCCUR IN ELECTRIC 7.TLDHIG, ESPECIALLY I? MANTLED ILECTRCDE3 ARE USED. H.J.. V/eber ana 0. Jende. Arbeitsschutz, pp. 224-9, (1933) (German). The German government has instituted investigations into the profclen of gases, fumes, and smoke from electric -elding processes, and this is the first report. Plain and mantled cloctrodes were analyzed, wire and mantle separately. While electrodes were welded, the ensuing fumes v/ore caught end analyzed by especially developed methods. The Greater part of tho fumo was iron oxide (69-753), and most of the rest wus free silica (13-213). Thero were also small amounts of nangancse end calcium oxides. Statements in the literature that oxides of nitrogen are not formed were found to be false. Further research vail follow. # 224 PENUMGNITIS CAUSED BY GASEOUS KCTROGIN OXIDES. G. Crrmer. Arch. f. Gev/erbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 9_, 1-2, (1938) (German). The breathing of nitrogen oxides results in a pneumonitis which in severe cases goes on "to pulmonary edema end death. In othors, a miliary broneio-pnevaonin develops, characterized by varying quantities of fibrin, red and white cells in the alveoli, as well as by large syncytial cells which ore regeneration forms of the alvcolnr epithelium. This miliary pneumonitis may, but not always, end fatal ly. It is detoctablo by x-ray at any stage. The euthor considers it possible that these gases may give rice to lobar pneumonia as well. The pneumonitis is due chiefly to nitrogen dioxide. 225 INJURY TO THE LIVE? AND THYROID FJNCTIOIT AS A SIGN 07 WELDERS' DISEASE. H. Wanick. Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 9_, 113-22, (1938) (German). Tho materiel studied includes tho observation of 80 subjects, examined for the first time in 1936, again in 1937-3, with tho addition of 23 new subjects. The men were engaged in autogenous or electro welding or both. The examinations were on tho basis of urinary excretion of galactose o7cr a 4 hour period following galac- tose ingestion. On the basis of the results, no significant relation bexween "welders" diseas'eTuid liver and thyroid function exists. 226 THE SY3TEJIC EFFECTS RESULTING FROM EXPOSURE TO CERTAIN CHLORINATED KYDE0CAF30NS. L. Greenburg, M.R. Mayers, and A.P.. Smith. Journal Industrial Hygiene -x Toxicelogy, 21, 29-38, (February, 1939). Chlorinated naphthalenes raid diphenyls, because of their electrical,heat and moisture-resisting properties, and because they ore non-inflammable, are U3ed ex tensively for insulating v/iro and in the manufacture of electrical ccndonsers. On the whole their toxicity increases tho higher the chlorination. Tho action of tho materials is usually on the llrer, with skin eruptions usually preceding ser ious involvement. Throe fatal cases oro doscribod and it is hoped that they will holp acquaint physicians with tho symptoms so that proper diagnosis and handling of the cases may be accomplished. 227 METAL DEGREASING 3Y SOLVENT PROCESSES. A.L. Brooks. National Safety News, 39, 34-6, (February, 1939). The author discusses the hazards in connection with the extensive use of degreasers in industry. Extreme care should be practiced in their use and the properties of each should be knovm. In recent years the use of more powerful degreasors as benzol, carbon tetrachloride and other chlorinated hydrocarbons has increased the dangers in connection v.lth these processes. 004389 fceforenc03 to Recent Literature - 15 228 FATAL POISONING FROM TRICEL0KITHYLI2IZ. A.M. Marx and K. Langecker. Sana. v. Vcrgift., 9_, 49-56, (1938) (German). A worker was employed nuking a paint v.lth rubber dissolved in trichlorethylene in a cylindrical tank. lie was found dead after having been clone in the tank for between 30 and 60 minutes. The autopsy excluded illness of any other kind. Although chenic:il analysis of lungs and blood did not dotoct trichlorethylene,the export nevertheless assuaes death from, that substance. Ke regrets that tho brain was not sent for analysis since trichlorethylene would bo more likely to be found in the brain than in the lungs or blood. 229 A MODIFIED METI30D FCR THE DETERMINATION OF BENZOL III ATE. J. Siegel and Y.b. J. Burke. Industrial Bulletin 18, 17, (January, 1939). Industrial Bulletin is a monthly publication of the Hew York State Department of Labor, Albany. Price $1.00 per year. A modification is described of the microcolorimotric method of benzol determina tion developed at tho Bureau of Mines by Schrenk, Peareo and Yant. The modifica tion was found necessary in permitting larger numbers of samples to be taken in one day and experience with it has proved satisfactory. Instead of bubbling tho sample through nitrating mixtures at tho point of sampling or in the laboratory, the samples are collected in separatory funnels of varying size3 depending on the oxpected concentration, then token to tho laboratory for analyses. All subsequent operations with each sample are conducted in the funnel and the chance for errors is then rcducod. The nitrating mixture la introduced into tho funnel, nixed well, left overnight, and analyzed the following morning by the seme method as that followed by Schrenk end his colleagues. By this improvement it was possible to analyze simultaneously 15 to 20 samples. 230 DIAGNOSIS AND PATHOLOGY OF EARLY STAGES OF CHRONIC INDUSTRIAL BENZENE POISONING. K. Fellinger. Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 9., 88-96, (1938) (German). Early detection of chronic mild benzene poisoning is Fest accomplished by depend ing upon the granulopenia which has regularly been found to appear as the first sign. Bone narrow biopsies on 5 patients v.lth benzene poisoning showed a decrease in total white cells, a groat increase in early forms of tho myelcytie series, a decrease in the mature granulocytes, no change in mono- and lymphocytes, no or alight changes in the erythropoietic series. Cell3 of the myelocytic series often showed degenerative changes, the "toxic granulations", as well as vaculization of the protoplasm and disproportions botwoca the stages of development of the nucleus and the cytoplasm. 231 CLINICAL EVALUATION OF MARROW AND BLOOD CONDITIONS. IV. TEE MARR07/ AND EL-COD PICTURE IN CHRONIC OCCUPATIONAL BENZENE POISONING. R. Stodtmoister. Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 182. 459-66, (1938) (German). A man, now 38 yoars old, contracted chronic benzone poisoning in 1935 when work ing in benzene-containing dyes. The blood changes are still serious at the* pres ent time and in 1937 there was a relapse. The blood shows: 25 per cent hemoglobin, erythrocytes 760,000, leucocytes 2600, bleeding timo 7 minutes. The patient is not supposed to have worked with benzene 3ince 1935, but the relapse might have been duo to minor exposures from other processes near his. 232 BENZENE AND GONADS. I. Eett and H. Maak. Klin, '.`/chaschr. 17, 1376, (1938)(German In mice to which the authors have given injections and inhalations of benzene in relatively large emounts, they have seen degeneration of the germinal epithelium in the testicle end greatly au/paeated atresia, especially of the larger follicles of the ovary. These changes were seen bofore any alteration in body weight or general well-being were noticed. 004390 References to Recent Literature - 16 233 ACUTE B3IZENE POISONING AND ITS PETITION. H. Symonski. Mac. Welt., 12, 1248-9, (1933) (German). The author describes 3 cases of benzene poisoning which occurred in cleaning out boilers in an iron v;orks. Ho emphasizes tho fact that the drunkenness and euphoria can deludo tho endangered person and that vcpor3 can escape from the fulling crusts for several dnj'3 after a boiler has boen blown out by compressed air. Abundant fresh air must bo introduced during, the work and other precaution ary measures taken. 234 TEE OCCURRENCE OF /II EPITHELIOMA HI HAN AFTER EXPERPEaiTAL '.YORE WITH VSSSYSSSZ. E. Elan. din. Wchnschr. 17, 1279-80 (193S) (German). On the dorsal side of the left forearm of the author, there developed an epithel ioma 3 nonths after he performed animal experiments with benzpyrene. Although this experience may be accidental, it should'serve as a warning to others. 235 CRIMINAL THALLIUM POISONING. K. Bohmer. Deutach. Etschr. f. d. ges. ger. Med., 30, 146-50, (1938) (Gorman). A man died after having been given (homicide) small amounts of thallium (1.241 g. altogether) in his food over a period of 4 weeks.. Arsenic poisoning was sus pected but arsenic was not found in the tests and the final diagnosis was brain tumor. His early symptoms were vomiting, severe stomach aches and pain in the legs. Joint pains and toothache developed, along with numb fingers, loss of heir and dull kidney pains* The fatal course as it developed in 4 weeks' hospitaliza tion, is described. 236 THE EFFECT OF SOLIUM FLUORIDE OK ZvPERIMEJTAL OSTEODISTROPHT AND ATROPHT FROM INACTIVITY. I. Marx. Bruns. Beitrage z. klin. Chir., 168, 261-6,(1938) (German) The author, as a result of experience with cryolite workers, attempted to find out if skeletal changes could be produced by administering sodium fluoride and if development of atrophy from inactivity could be prevented. The rosults were en tirely negative and produced only serious ulcerative gastritis. 237 AN UNUSUAL CASE OF CYANIDE POISONING DURING FUMIGATION. C.L. Williams. U.S. Public Health Reports, S3, 2094-5, (November 25, 1938). In most cases of cyanide poisoning by inhalation, the individual dies promptly or recovers rapidly and completely. The case described is unusual because of its prolonged duration and treatment. The fumigator was overcome in tho usual manner and given artificial respiration and oxygon. At the hospital, the antidotes ad vised by Chen were administered: 20 ca. of solution containing 0.6 g. sodium nitrite, followed immediately by 100 cc. of solution containing 50 g. sodium thio sulfate. Tho patient remained unconscious for 3 days and over this period oxygen was administered. During treatment tho patient was irrational and sometimes violent. He was reported 25 days after the accident as much improved but still showing mental symptoms. A still more recent report tells that he is now fully rc covered and has resumed his full-timo duties. 238 DANGERS IN THE ELECTROLYTIC. PRODUCTION OF CHLORINE BY THE AMALGAM PROCESS. 1. Brachmann. Arbeltsschutz, pp. 255-7, (1938) (German). The electrolytic method of producing chlorine i3 based on the decomposition of sodium chloride by means of an electric current. Mercury is used for the cath ode, where it conbino3 with tho sodium, liberating chlorine. The author investi gated two plants, and in one, in which every precaution against poisoning was taken, there were no signs of mercury poisoning or chior acne. In the other plaat nearly all workers showed signs of mercury poisoning as well as the skin trouble. 004391 R&ferencus to Recunt Litoraturo - 17 239 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION AGAINST MERCURY. K. Grosskopf. Dragsrheft, 197, 389S-6, (1933) (Geman). In testing different gc.3 masks for their efficiency against mercury it was found that one gas filter which is U3cd on v;ar cases, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, olso gircs complete protoction from mercury. 240 THE BASOPHILIC AGGREGATION TEST APPLIED TO CEMENT WORKERS. F.K. Holden and C.E. Ralston. Journal Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 21^, 5-6, (February, 1933). Claims hare been mado in the past by foreign authors that exposure to cement dust caused an increase in the stippled blood cell count, similar to that produced in lead poisoning. Tho interpretation may bo made also that tho basophilic aggregation test of McCord, used widoly in tho estimation of load absorption, would be similarly affected, thus reducing the value of those tests in the diagnosis of load poisoning. Tho authors hero report on a series of examinations of 63 men who were exposed for an average of 10 years to cement, limestone and shalo dust. As controls they also examined 73 men who had had no record of dust exposures. They found no evidence to indicate that the increased 3tipplcd cell counts obtained by the foreign authors is paralleled by a similar increase in basophilic aggregation counts made on cement workers in the United States. ITo cell pathology suggestive of the picture obtained in lead poisoning was found; tho average basophilic ag gregation of the cement workers was the same as that of tho workers in non-dusty ares3. 241 THE METABOLISM AND RETENTION OF LEAD IN GROV.TNG AND ADULT RATS. J.3. Shi.*clIs,. H.H. Mitchell, and W.A. Ruth. Journal Industrial Hyg. k Tox., 21, 7-23, (Jan. ,1935 An extensive series of experiments was conducted with albino rats to determine rates of absorption and retention of lead at different stages of maturity. During periods of rapid growth, lead is absorbed readily at very low levels of intake and increases about proportionally with increased intake. It is retained largely, in the skeleton. Mature animals will not accumulate lead in the body until cer tain critical concentration of lead in tho food is reached (between 32 and 48 mg. per kg. of dry food). Tho concentration of lead in the body cf mature rats could not bo raised above 9.0 or 9.5 p.p.a., while that in young animals could be raised to two or three tines thi3 value, ana tho latter is in a much more stafclo condi tion than that of the nature animals. Lead is not absorbed from the stomach, but largely through tho small intestines, cccun and colon. Excretion is 90 per cent through tho faces, 10 per cent through the urine. 242 CORRELATION STUDIES 0? BASOPHILIC AGGREGATION AND RETICULOCYTES IN VARIOUS CLINI CAL CONDITIONS. M.D. Pearlman and L.R. Linars!. An. J. Clin. Path. , 608-17, (November, 1938). A study of tho basophilic aggregation test (used in tho diagnosis of lead poison ing) resulted in the following conclusions: (1) tho basophilic aggregation test is unreliable as a routine laboratory procedure; (a) it is apparently another method for staining reticulocytes and shows a strong correlation with counts made according to a "vital" staining method; (3) the basophilic aggregation test is not uniquely diagnostic of load absorption or intoxication. It is tho index of marrov response; end (4) tho basophilic aggregation test should be abandoned in favor of tho "vital" method for staining reticulocytes. 243 TEE LEAD HAZARD OF SOLDERING AND GRINDING IN AUTOMOBILE BODY PLANTS. K.Humperdinck Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 9_, 13-21,(1933) (German). 6f 400 cnployees in an automobile body plunt who were engaged in soldering and grinding off solder, 20 were suspected of lead poisoning and were studied in de tail. Two Led a typical subacute load poisoning, eight had a high blood load con tent and low hemoglobin and red cell count. Lead fumes were not a factor,in aaz/sq(a. Inferences to Recent Literature - 13 these poisonings sinco tlio solder is never heated beyond the consistency of dough Dust 5copies taken near tho v/ork showed high lead contents, but theso were duo to coarse particles rather than fine lead dust. Intnka of lead in these cases ap peared, however, to bo chiefly through tho respirator:/- tract, socondarily by in gestion from dirty hands. Cases were more numerous where sanitary arrangements wore poor. 244 LEAD HAZARDS AMONG AUTOMOBILE BOFf HOUSERS /ID ITS PREVENTION. E. Truby. Arbeitsschuts. pp. 253-4, (1938) (Geinan). Tho solder used on sheet metal and joints in automobile bodies contains 73 per cent lead. After it hardens, it is polished by hand or by power driven wheels. Hand filing produces coarse dust, tho machine grinding produces a dangerous fino dust. The solder should be heated only until it has a paste-liko consistency, not to the point where it becomes volatile, and grinding wheels should not be used. The danger could bo avoided by replacing tho solder by a coat of ccncnt-like material. 245 THE RELATION OF LEAD POISONING AID PARATHYROID. K. Reinhart. Arch. f. Gewerbcpath. u. Geworbohyg., 9., 80-7, (1938) (German). The changes in the blood in chronic lead poisoning, as exhibited by 15 patients exposed to lead for from 2 months to 12 years, resemble those resulting froa adenomata of tho parathyroid: the serum shows increased calcium and decreased inorganic phosphate levels. Tho nost severe case of lead poisoning did not show any altoration in mineral metabolism. The author thinks that in this case the prcscnco of a groat amount of lead checked the parathyroid's action. 246 LEAD GOUT. L. Remond. Presse aed., pp. 1231-2, (1938) (French). An Italian, 37 years old, worked for 12 years at boiler cleaning. He has had 3 attacks similar to lead colic and for some years lias suffered from typical gout attacks in tho joints of the big toes. He does nos shovr other signs of lead poisoning or lead absorption. The author states in a long but not convincing ex planation that this is a caso of load gout. 247 MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECT OF CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING 7/ITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS EFFECT ON TIE HEART. H.G. Beck. An. Journal Med. Jurisprudence 1., 177-81, (November, 1938). Tho author maintains that there is such a condition as chronic carbon monoxide poisoning and that its non-recognition gives rise to many injustices. Vascular changes ore listed. Encephalitic symptoms are caused by brain lesions and fre quently develop into a chronic Parkinsonian type. Persons who survive an acute poisoning develop secondary symptoms and eventually may die of cerebral or cardiac trouble. Literature on chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, especially tho effoots on tho heart, is discussed and a few cases are described. 248 VASCULAR REFLEXES HI CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. K.W. Kayser. Arch, f. exp. Path u. Pharm., 190, 219-20, (1923) (German). ,, By squeezing tho carotids, pressure in tho sinuses falls and as a reflex the blood pressure and pulso rate rise. Thi3 reflex did not occur in cats poisoned with carbon monoxide. The author, supported by additional experiments, supposed that this lack of reflex is caused by an aurjaented irritability of tho vagus center. Squeezing the carotid lessens tho blood supply to the brain and this loss can, in control animals, be compensated by rise of blood pressure* and pulso Increase. 004393 \ ' Reforeaces to Recent Literature - 19. I 249 PAHS3H30SISI FROM CARBON MGNOXIDE POISONING. IFEATMENT VTriH H1\L'UKG 00. W. Plath. Deutsch. med. Y/chnschr., 64, 1543-4, (1938) (Gernam). Description is given of a case report of a fire brigade captain, age 53, who was frcouently expose! to carbon monoxide in tho course of his work. Slight symptoms began in 1920 with a pain on the ulnar sido of tho forearm, sensations of anxiety, disturbances of sensitivity. Improvement took piece gradually except for short intervals when the symptoms increased slightly l'a 1937, after an acute exposure very severe disturbances of will, thinking* and speaking, and fever wora noticed. Treatment with Hamburg 680 was successful. The author beliove3 the disease to be a "chronic carbon monoxide poisoning interrupted Mid aggravated by an acute accident". 250 SYM?TOMS OF POISONING IN BUS DRIVERS. G. Castrovilli. Med. del lav., 29, 235-46, 265-83, (1939) (Italian). Casos of the poisoning are quite frequent among workers in the bus garages, but are rare among the men in other services. The general characteristics of the poisonings are: genornl indisposition, weakness, los3 of appetite, headache, pallor, light cyanosis, hyperacidity, slight irritation of the respiratory tract, slight increase of blood sugar and hyperglobulia. Carbon nonoxide is the chief cause of these symptoms but carbon dioxide may also play a part. 251 MASS POISONING WITH CARBON MONOXIDE. H. Ottel. Scmn. v. Vergift., , 77-80, (1938) (German). Fourteen persons were poisoned by illuminating gas on entering q house. On their arrival at tho hospital, four, of whom threo were children, wero dead. No red cclcr of the skin or mucous membranes was seen and diagnosis was made by blood analysis. Since the amount of oxygen available was insufficient, treatment con sisted chiefly in giving injoctions of cardiazol and lobeline. Speed of recovery varied widely end did not depend upon the blood carbon monoxide concentration. Two patients with more than 20 per cent carbon monoxide hemoglobin could be dis missed, while others with 11--16 per cent lay in deep coma. The speed of recov ery seemed to depend chiefly on tho duration of the preceding anoxemia. 252 THE EFFECT 0? THE DIHALATIOH OF GASZ3 WITH A LOW OXYGHT AND AN INCREASED CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION ON THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW IN MAN. E. Gellhorn and I.E. Steck. Am. J. Physiol., 124. 735-41, (December 1, 1938). Tho authors studied the effects of inhaling excessive carbon dioxide or oxygenpoor air mixtures on tho central norvous system, by observing blood flow changes in tho human hand kept at constant tcaprature in a water bath. Rich carbon dioxide mixtures (4-15.4$) decreased the blood flow through tho hand by as much as 50 per cent in some instances and there was no compensatory increase of flow on reverting to air inhalation. With oxygon-poor mixtures the results wore variable and were usually followed by c compensatory phase on reverting to normal air. It is concluded that a study of peripheral blood flov; undor the influence of a high carbon dioxide tension in the blood Is a more suitable test for the presence or absence of sympathetic impulses, than studies involving oxygen lack. 253 TIE IK3EHSIVITY OF DIVING ANIMALS TO CARBON DIOXIDE. L. Irving. American Jour. Physiol., 121* 729-34, (December 1, 1938). In contrast to mammals, tlio respiration, heart action end peripheral blood circu lation in the beaver and muskrat arc shown to bo relatively unaffected by inhala tion of air containing 10 per cent carbon dioxide. Yet tho respiratory adjust ments of these diving animals to sudden asphyxia are prompt and effective. On these premises, the role of carbon dioxide as tho most important stimulus of respiration is questioned, and the mechanism of action in response to sudden asphyxia is discussed by comparison of diving animals end land animals. 004394 References to Recont Literature - 2Q. 254 INCREASE OF RESISTANCE TO OXYGEN WA2?T HI ANIMALS ON CERTAIN DIETS. J.A. Campbell. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol., 29, 231-41, (1938). Coapared with the normal diet, a pure carrot diet gives definite protection agoins oxygen want, in the case of the animals tested (rats,nice). A synthetic non protein diet with almost no fat and containing rice-ctarch 70 per cent, yeast 3 per cent, salts 1.5 per cont, and collulose 25 per cent, gives stellar protection. If the cellulose is replaced by a similar percentage of kaolin or agar no protect ion is gained. Proteins enhance the effects of oxygen want, opposing the action of carrots. It is possible that a detoxicating action in the intestine or else where nay play some port in the protection, and the anaerobic fermentation of cellulose may also be indirectly concomed. 255 CAS EXCHANGE WHILE TRAVELING IN HIGH ALTITUDES. Yf. Wilbrandt, R. Wilhrsndt and B. Stcinaann. Pfluger*s Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 240 , 698-707,(1938)(Gorman). The oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production wero measured in several men and women while subjected to pressure changes in a chamber and during the rail journey up and down tbo Jungfrau. In the chamber experiments Utile chengo In oxygen consumption was noted until tho pressure dropped to an equivalent of that at 4000 meters altitude. With further decrease oxygon consumption increased; the average at 5,000 to 7,250 m. was 21 per cent. On tho rail journey (from 2000 m. to 3450 m.) an average Increase of 18 per cent was noted and this Is thought to be extremely high for such moderate altitude. It is possible that tho mothod of analysis (interferometer) might not have been accurate. 256 TEE THERMAL INSULATION OF BUILDINGS. I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. NOTE FROM THE IN FORMATION BUREAU OF THE BUILDING RESEARCH STATION. Journal Inst. Heat. & Vent. Engrs* Load., 6,, 485-92 (November, 1938) (British). The thermal Insulation value of a structure is measured by the amount of heat that will pass from tho air on one side to the air on tho other side of the struc ture. It is expressed in terms of B.t.u.'s of boat that will pass under steady conditions in one hour across an area of 1 sq. ft. in a direction perpendicular to the aroa, when the difference betv;een tho air temperatures is 1F. This value is tho air-to-air thermal transmission coefflciont. Adequate insulation reduces heating or cooling costs, but the increased cost of building entailed by providing additional insulation must bo woighed against the economios in fuel ox power to be anticipated. Apart from tho saving which results from insulation, condensation troublo nay bo minimized, since good insulation lessens surface cooling. 257 TEE CONTROL OF INDOOR ENVIRONMENT BY AIR CONDITIONING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TEE TOOPICS. G.P. Crowden and T.C, Angus. Journal Inst. Heat. &> Vent. Engrs. Load., 6_, 442-68, (November, 1938) (British). The paper describes experimental work on nlr-conditloned cubicles designed to furnish a comfortable indoor climate for residents in tho tropica at an economic cost. In a discussion of tho physiology of the problem, stress is given to tho relative influence of radiation in tho dissipation of body heat and on the con sequent need for controlling wall temperatures when air-cooling is resorted to. Tosts wore conducted in a small cubicle 10 ft. x 7 ft. x 6 ft. 2 in., with walls of a double thickness of pressed wood and so constructed that the parts could be shipped and assembled without tools. It was assumed to reduce tho temperature from 100dry bulb, 90 wot bulb to 92 dry and 77 wet (50$ relative humidity). Under these conditions the total heat to bo removed i3 2900 b.t.u. per hour, allowing, for two persons, a frosh air supply of 1200 cu. ft. por hour. 004395"