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Appendix 1 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
Appendix 1
Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment
Appendix 1-1 The characteristics and functions of PFAS
This document is the appendix 1 of the general comment to the Restriction report on Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from
Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
submitted on 15 September 2023
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Appendix 1 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
Table of content The characteristics and functions of PFAS
Summary Chemical resistance Ozone resistance Repellency from water and oil / non-adhesion Heat resistance Electric insulation Low friction, self lubrication Gas barrier properties/Gas permeation properties Low refractive index Weatherability Durability Resistance to creep / Compression set
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Appendix 1 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
The characteristics and functions of PFAS
Summary PFASs have many functions. The characteristics and functions of PFAS which are mainly used in Specialist equipment are described in this section.
PFAS has excellent properties such as, chemical resistance, electric insulation, heat resistance, repellency from water and oil, non-adhesion, weatherability, and others. PFASs are used where multiple of these properties are required simultaneously. We recognize that the ability to provide these various properties in a single material is the most important property of PFAS, and at present we do not have information on any other substance with this function other than PFAS.
Chemical resistance
Fluoropolymers compared to other general-purpose resins
Table 1 Classes of Substances at 20 C, Chemical Compatibility Chart - LDPE, HDPE, PP,
Teflon Resistance (calpaclab.com)
/PUGPSUVCJOHDIFNJDBMSFTJTUBODF FYDFQU17$ &YDFQUGPSPYJEJ[JOHBDJET 4FFPYJEJ[JOHBHFOUT
TUSPOH 51&HBTLFUT
&YDFMMFOUEBZTPGDPOTUBOUFYQPTVSFDBVTFTOPEBNBHF1MBTUJDNBZUPMFSBUFGPSZFBST
(PPE-JUUMFPSOPEBNBHFBGUFSEBZTPGDPOTUBOUFYQPTVSFGPSUIFSFHFOU
'BJS4PNFFGGFDUBGUFSEBZTPGDPOTUBOUFYQPTVSFUPUIFSFBHFOU5IFFGGFDUNBZCFDSB[JOH
DSBDLJOH MPTTPGTUSFOHUIPSEJTDPMPSBUJPO
/PU SFDPNNFOEFE *NNFEJBUF EBNBHF NBZ PDDVS %FQFOEJOH PO UIF QMBTUJD UIF FGGFDU NBZ CF
TFWFSF DSB[JOH DSBDLJOH MPTT PG TUSFOHUI PS EJT DPMPSBUJPO EFGPSNBUJPO EJTTPMVUJPO PS QFSNFBUJPO
MPTT
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Appendix 1 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
Table 2 Property Comparison of Fluoro elastomers (FKM) with Other Rubbers1
&YDFMMFOU (PPE 'BJS .BSHJOBM 1PPS
"Cleanliness" is defined as the fact that fluoropolymers are not easily eluted by acids, alkalis, or solvents (chemical resistance), do not contain other materials such as plasticizers in the molding process, and do not contain products that would thermally decompose during the material molding process. Ozone resistance Ozone is known to degrade plastic materials in two ways: A: Substances with double bonds (C=C) in their structures (such as natural rubber, chloroprene rubber, butadiene rubber, etc.) undergo decomposition in which ozone reacts with the double bonds to produce ketones, when they come into contact with ozone. B: When ozone exists in water, peroxy radicals are generated. Non-fluorine materials (eg polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.) deteriorate even if they do not have double bonds. Fluoropolymers does not have decomposition pathways such as A and B even if it comes into contact with ozone, so it can be used for a long time without deterioration.
1 https://www.daikinchemicals.com/library/pb_common/pdf/catalog/RC-1L.pdf translated from the document in Japanese. Last accessed on 14 July, 2023
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Appendix 1 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
Thermoplastic resin
Ozon Resistance
Soft vinyl chloride
PVC
Rigid vinyl chloride
PVC
Vinylidene chloride resin
PVdC
ABS
ABS
Polyethylene
PE
Nylon
N
Acrylic resin
PMMA
Fluoropolymer resin
PTFE
Phenolic resin
PF
Melamine resin
PVC
Furan resin
FF
Epoxy resin
EP
Unsaturated polyester resin
UP
Table 3 Comparison of ozone resistance properties of plastics
Repellency from water and oil / non-adhesion
Since the fluoropolymers have a small polarizability, the intermolecular force is small. Because
of its characteristics, fluoropolymers have repellency and non-adhere properties on the surface.
In general, the repellency from various liquids is evaluated by the contact angle, and the larger
the contact angle, the higher the repellency.
Contact angle
Figure 1 Contact angles with water Adhesion energy refers to the amount of work required to pull a liquid contacting a solid away from the solid. The larger the contact angle, the smaller the adhesion energy. It means that a
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Appendix 1 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
liquid in contact with a small adhesion energy solid easy to separate from the solid.2
Material name
Contact angle with water (o)
Adhesion energy (dyn/cm)
PTFE
114
43.1
FEP
115
42.0
Silicone resin
90~110
47.8~72.7
Paraffin
105~106
52.7~53.8
PE
88
75.2
PCTFE
83
-
PA
77
97.7
Phenolic resin
60
109.0
Copper(electropolishing)
9.6
144.2
Aluminium(electropolishing)
4.6
145.0
Table 4 Surface properties of various plastics and metals
This characteristic is sometimes called "mold releasability". It can also be expressed as
antifouling because it does not easy to adhere.
Heat resistance
Fluoropolymers have high heat resistance as follows. They have higher heat resistance
compared to other general-use resins
Fluoropolymers
Heat resistance :
PTFE
PFA
FEP
ETFE
maximum operating
temperature (C)
260
260
205
150
Table 5 The heat resistance of Fluoropolymer 3
PCTFA 120
PVdF 120
Other general-use resins
PP
PVC
100
60
Electric insulation When the dielectric constant is low, the insulation in electrical components can be made thinner, leading to downsizing and weight reduction of the equipment.In applications where downsizing and weight reduction are necessary, it is an essential feature
2 Japan Fluoropolymers Industry Association(2020), , 14th edition. Page 34 Translated from Japanese.
DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. (2009) Page 4
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Appendix 1 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
Fluoropolymer
PTFE
FEP
PFA
ETFE
Dielectric
constant
2.1
2.32.8
Non-fluoropolymer
PVC
PEEK
TPI (Thermoplastic
Polyolefin
Polyimide)
Dielectric
constant
46
3.24.5
2.83.2
2.34
Table 6 The dielectric constants of various resins
Fluorine rubber
FKM
FEPM
34
2.53.5
Non-fluorine rubber
Silicone rubber
EPDM
3.210
2.53.5
Low friction, self lubrication Friction coefficient of fluorine resin is lower than that of other resins. It is because polarizability (Mobility of electrons in an electric field) of C-F bonding is low (0.68) and the intermolecular force is weak. (Reference: polarizability of C-Cl bonding is 2.59) 4
Types of plastic
Plastic / Plastic
Plastic / Steel
Steel / Plastic
PTFE
0.04
0.04
0.10
PE
0.10
0.15
0.20
PS
0.50 *)
0.30
0.35
PMMA
0.80 *)
0.50 *)
0.45 *)
*) indicates occurrence of stick-slip motion. Measurement condition: Bowden-Laden type measurement equipment, load: 9.8-39.2N, sliding speed: 0.01cm/s Plastic/Steel indicates sample material/pin material PE: polyethylene PS: polystyrene PMMA: polymethylmethacrylate
Table 7 Comparison of friction coefficient among PTFE and other materials5
As an example of low friction, Table8 shows friction coefficient of PTFE.
Type
ASTM test Measurement
method
condition
Unit
PFA
PTEF
FEP
Coefficient of static friction
Against polished steel
-
0.05
0.02
0.05
Table 8 Comparison of static friction coefficient among PFA, PTFE and FEP6
One of the characteristics related to friction is "self lubrication". The molecules of PTFE separate from molding of PTFE due to friction. The molecules in crystals of PTFE separate easily because intermolecular forces are weak. PTFE moves and attaches to the friction mating surface and generates friction between them. It lowers friction coefficient. 7
Japan Fluoropolymers Industry Association(2020), , 14th edition. Page 9 Translated from Japanese. Japan Fluoropolymers Industry Association(2020), , 14th edition. Page 24 Translated from Japanese. DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. (2009) Page 53 Japan Fluoropolymers Industry Association(2020), , 14th edition. Page 24 Translated
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Appendix 1 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
Gas barrier properties/Gas permeation properties Fluoropolymer film are less steam permeability.
Figure 2 The degree of steam permeability 8 steam permeability (g/m2/d)
from Japanese. DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. (2009) Daikin Fluoropolymers HandbookPage 109
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Appendix 1 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
Fluorine elastomers are less atmospheric (nitrogen, oxygen) permeability.
Material
Temperature
degree
He
H2
Celsius
O2
N2
CO2
CH
Vinyl methyl silicone rubber
VMQ
25
N/A
400
400 200 1600 N/A
50
570
500 280 1550
Ethylene
25
16.5 5.90 79.2
propylene rubber
N/A
N/A
N/A
EPDM
50
46.6 13.7 183
Perfluoroelastomer FFKM
25
10.3 8.25
2.5
8.1 28.7
3.3
Styrene butadiene
25
rubber
SBR
50
17.5 30.5
13
4.8
94
N/A
42
74
34.5 14.5 195
Vinylidene fluoride
fluororubber
25
binary FKM
2.95
4.6
1.0
0.8
3.9
0.6
Vinylidene fluoride
fluororubber
25
Ternary FKM
2.64 4.13
1.7
0.7
1.6
0.4
Chloroprene
25
Rubber
CR
50
nitril-butadiene
25
rubber
Mid-high NBR
50
N/A
10.3
3.0 0.89 19.5
2.5
28.5 10.1 3.55 56.5
9.8
9.32 12.1 2.94 0.81 23.5 N/A
23.4 33.7 10.5 3.58 67.9
nitril-butadiene rubber
High NBR
25
5.2
5.42 0.73 0.18 5.67
N/A
50
14.2 17.0
3.5 1.08 22.4
butyl rubber IIR
25
6.4
5.5
0.99 0.25 3.94
0.6
50
17.3 17.2 4.03 1.27 14.3
3.2
10,/,sec,atm
Table 9 Comparison of gas permeability of elastomer9
Property of Gas Permeability
Property
N2
O2
Gas permeability
H2
Gas Permeability coefficient CO2 CH4
C2H4
Water-vapor permeability
Table 10
Water Absorption
Gas Permeability of FEP film10
Standard Test method
ASTM D1434
JIS Z0208 ASTM D570
Unit
/satm g/24h 24h
DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. (2009) Daikin Fluoropolymers HandbookPage 78
DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. (2009) Daikin Fluoropolymers HandbookPage 78
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C2H2 N/A N/A
C3H8 10000
or more 91.2 246
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A 18.9 26.9 68.3 78.3 8.25 11.2 19.8 33.1 1.28 N/A 5.82
FEP film
12010-10 37010-10 1,08010-10 97010-10 6610-10 4410-10
1.6 <0.01
Appendix 1 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
Fluoropolymers permeate small molecular gases, such as oxygen and nitrogen, conversely,
large molecular gases do not permeate. Fluoropolymer properties are used in permeate
membranes for measurement and analysis.
Gas
N2 O2 CO2 CH4 CH3 CH C2H4
FEP 1.210-8 3.710-8 9.710-8 0.6610-8 0.6610-8 0.1110-8 0.4810-8
Gas Permeability PTFE
1.110-8 3.210-8 8.910-8
Low Density Polyethylene 0.7410-8 2.210-8 9.610-8 2.210-8 5.210-8 7.210-8
Temperature: 25 degree Celsius(77F) Units: cm3 (ST P) cm/cm2atm
Table 11 Comparison of gas permeability of various materials11
Low refractive index Amorphous fluoropolymer resin has high transmittance. This is utilized for optical components and optical fibres.
Wavelength (nm)
Figure 3 Comparison of transmittance Weatherability Fluoropolymer resin has high weatherability and can be used outdoors. It does not react to sunlight such as ultraviolet rays. It is not susceptible to oxidizing effects of atmospheric oxygen and other substances (see "chemical resistance"). It can be used in a wide temperature range from low to high (see "heat resistance"). It has high water repellency and does not absorb water, so it is not affected by humidity changes. It can be said that fluoropolymer resin has high weather resistance because it has the above points.
DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. (2009) Daikin Fluoropolymers HandbookPage 80
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Appendix 1 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
Fluoropolymer resin
PTFE PFA FEP ETFE PCTFE PVdF
Weatherability
Excellent, Good Not very good Needs attention Not good Table 12 Fluoropolymer resin weatherability comparison 12
General resin
PP PVC
Regarding the graph below, it can be seen from the accelerated weatherability test with the
Sunshine Weather Meter that the gloss retention rate decreases by no more than 10% even after 4000 hours of exposure. 13
Fluoropolymer resin paint
Urethane paint
Acrylic silicone paint
Figure 4 Accelerated weatherability test of paint
Gloss retention rate of paint film (%)
Tensile strength (MPa)
Exposure time by weather meter(h)
Figure 5 Outdoor exposure test Comparison of tensile strength between ETFE and other materials 14
DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. (2009) Page 4
13 https://www.kyoeishoji.co.jp/business/chemical/fusso_toryo.html translated from the document in Japanese. Last accessed on 21 July, 2023 14 https://www.taiyokogyo.co.jp/feature/etfe_film.html translated from the document in Japanese. Last accessed on 21 July, 2023
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Appendix 1 Functions of PFAS, the uses and substitutions of Specialist Equipment Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
Durability *UNFBOTUIBUJUDBOCFVTFEGPSBMPOHUJNF%VFUPJUTIJHIDIFNJDBMSFTJTUBODFBOE IJHIXFBUIFSBCJMJUZ 1'"4DBOBDIJFWFIJHIEVSBCJMJUZ
Resistance to creep / Compression set
When a constant load is applied to a polymeric material, creep occurs, in which deformation
progresses over time. Similarly, compression set occurs where the deformation does not recover
when the force is removed. Both properties are known to be correlated. When rubber materials
are used in elastic applications such as packings or diaphragms, it is required to minimize the
effects of both properties.
Experimental examples of "30% creep time (Hour)" for major rubber materials are shown below.
Creep is known to be worse at higher temperatures, Experiments have shown that FKM and
silicon exhibit good properties.
NR SBR CR NBR IIR FKM Silicon
50 degree Celsius 190 1250 4200 3900
Table 13
70 degree Celsius 103 203 550 380
100 degree Celsius 3.8 14 45 41 2.7 1650
120 degree Celsius
7.4 12.2
305 1550
150 degree Celsius 180 190
Quoted from the journal of "the Society of Rubber Science and Technology, Japan", 1960(Vol33), P882-892,
"Stress relaxation and creep properties of various vulcanized rubbers".
Examples of compression set test results are shown below. In general, it is difficult to
quantitatively compare materials because the measured values differ depending on the
compounding and hardness of the rubber. Here, the compression set of the materials was
compared by comparing the minimum value of each material in the database. FKM and silicon
showed relatively good properties, showing the same tendency as creep.
NR SBR CR NBR IIR EPDM FKM Silicon
Compression set JISK6301 100 degree Celsius70h
Min 20 Min 23 Min 9
Min 23 Min 11 Min 6
Table 14
The minimum value of each material was quoted from the data described in "Material Database / Organic Materials" (1989), The Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun".
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