Document VV3EjLNnBen2oJZ0YBwbvEEN

tabbies 1934 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorporated TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS Cleveland, Ohio October l to October 5, 1934 The Cleveland, Carter and Statler Hotels Copyright, 19JJ, National Sufay Council. In.-. Publication Plan THE TRANSACTIONS of the Twenty-third Annual Safety Congrcis, National Safety Council, 1934, are published in two volume*. The first, containing the General Sessions, the Special Subject Sessions, and the industrial Section Sessions, ia presented herewith. It Is sup plemented by a smaller volume containing the sessions of the Street and Highway Traffic Sectioa, the Child Education Section, and Home palely. The large volume is being sent automatically to the Industrial mem bers of the Council; the smaller volume it sent automatically to roemt :is who are believed to be chiefly interested in those sessions. It may a.so be secured on request by other Council members. For the benefit of many members who have1 found it advantageous to distribute copies of these TRANSACTIONS to supervisors, fore men and others among their personnel, who may keep them for contin uous reference, the following quantity prices are quoted: 1 to 10 copier, of the large volume, 51.50 each; 11 copies and over. $1.25 each. Copies of the smaller volume, S.50 each. THE PLAN OF PUBLICATION is the same as that followed for the last three years. It is a condensed record. The papers ot each session or division of the Congress have been assembled, edited with care and discernment to eliminate extraneous matter and abbreviate the less essential portions, and the concise remainder is presented for study and reference. Although not "complete'' in ihc sense that every word is reproduced, it is an interesting and valuable record which em phases the memorable parts of each paper or address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council Library, available for additional reference ai desired. Although the National Safety Council endeavors to eliminate from d scussion at its conventions matters which are not pertinent to ita purposes or which are contrary to its policies, the Council cannot ac cent responsibility for the views expressed either in the papers pre sented or the discussions thereon. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago CONTENTS PAGE Council Officers ittd Directors.............................. ................................................... .... < Council Purposes and Policies...... ................................................................................ 9 Annual Meeting of Members......................... .......................... .. ............................ H Annual Banquet .......................................................................... .............. ........................ *1 Subject Sessions-- Dust in Iudustry........................................................................... ...................... 23 Fire Prevention in Industry,............................................................................... . 31 Fusion Welding ahd Cutting................................................................................. 41 Industrial Nursing ................................................................................................... 43 Industry and Its Motor Vehicle Accident Problem..................... .. SI Maintaining'ffttercst in Safety.................... ......................................................... S3 Mechanical Methods of Handling Materials.................................................... 5? New WortrCTs ............................................................................................................. 73 Poisonous Fumes and Vapors,.................................................................. .......... 79 Safety Equipment ................................................................. .. 83 Safety Organization and Program........................................................ ................ 93 Safe Use of Chemicals in Industry................................... ,............ .................. 99 Safe Use of Electricity in Industry............................... ....................................... 103 The Injured Worker................................................................................................. 1)3 Why People Fall.................................... 121 Alt Ohio Day....................................................................................... 127 FERA Safety Conference............................................................................................... 131 Industrial Safety Lectures-- Selling the Safely Idea........ ................................ ................................................... us The Psychology of the Safety Movement in Changing Times................... 140 Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section...,........ .................... (49 Aeronautical Section ...... ...................................................................... .......................... 1S1 A. S. S. E.--Engineering Section.......... ........................................................... .. 159 Automotive and Machine Shop Section.,................................... .............................. ]$3 Cement Section1.................. .............................. ............................................................... 177 Chemical Section' .................................................................................... 187 Construction Section ........................................ 199 Delivery. Taxicab and Bus Section............................................................................. 209 Food Section ........................................ ...................... ..................................................... 219 Marine Section ...................................... 227 Meat Packing. Tanning and Leather Industries Section.................................... . 243 Metals Section ........................ ...................................................... ........................ 25j Mining Section .................... ..................................................................... ........................269 Paper and Pulp Section.................................................................. ................................ 2119 Petroleum Section ....................... ............................................ ....................................... 307 Power Press Section.,... ................................... .................... .. ......................... 32s Public Utilities Section___ ..................................................................... ...................... 337 Quarry Section ........................................... ...................................................................... 349 Refrigeration Section............................................................... 357 Rubber Section ..................................................................................................... .. 363 Safely Section, ARA--Steam Railroad Section, NSC....'...,........................ jgj Textile Section ............................................................................ ............. ................. 413 Transit Section ...................... 419 Wood Products Section.,,. ......................... ........................ ............... ........................ 43s Index............................................................. 44S fi Turtiiy-tUiril Animal Safely Congress--National Safely Council Honor I. Catlin, Aetna Casually i Surety Co. -- Carl C. Ct clients, Refrigeration Section. I'usctn: I). Con Li V, Railway Safely Council. Jf, I fi huihr CurrON, Safely Dept., Nashville Clumber of Commerce. ). K, Cuilimy, Bethlehem Steel Company. I'nwAtm Dana. IWton Elevated Railway. If. A. DnmsoN. Cnttanlline Knjincer. Liliialu II. Dalis, niaeUituitc Valley Safely Council <'ll ALLIS D. Dajwson, CramI Rapids Safely Council. I.i.tus A. Di.IIlois, Consulting Engineer. J*v R. Diet i a, Maton Ciiy Safety Council.. James ll. Douglas. TIic l*liilaikl(i|ii.i Gas Works Company. I nuts I. IH-taix, Metropolitan Life Insurance Cuii|iauy. ______ Charles <1. Rasies, Textile Section. II . Ei.Nni.i i., Consulting Engineer. )>. Er.Nsr.iL, Kaunas City Safety Council. I'un. iii A. FiNKnr.i.vci, Toledo Safely Council. ( ait R. W. Fiske, U, Marine Section. 11*.w. Li. II. Ionua. IHirriuiylu WeMemne & Cn. (U. S. A.) fnc. If. II I'l.unitN, Lehigh Valley Safety Council. If. N. CuitustiNE. Cunttruclion Section. Onto M. Graces. 'Lite General Cru4it-<| Stone Co. 11 ill v Gi ii.ri rt, The Pullman Company. I`mn ll.n.E. The Atclii'Ott. Tnpeka Sc Santa Re Railway Co. Mirie C. Hale, AuliHiKiiive Sc Maehiue Shop Section. Mama Duii.int. II. HaNiiV. Richmond Safety Council. I< II irringtok, United Slates Rurcau of Mines. (I. T. llriLMiiiii, Chicagiifi North Slmre St Milwaukee R. It, Cn. Cuts. K. IIii.l, New York Central l.iuci. IlnN, 11 mot n G. Huffman, Street S: Highway Traffic Section. (Taupe J. lliii.msri, Alliany Safely Council. .Iri.nrs W. I Torre. Hudson County Safety Council. 1Iamrv D. 1stmel, Pennsylvania Dept, of Laftor & Industry, I r* Jensen. Berkeley Traffic Safely Commission. Eicar P. Kami, York County Safely Council. Thomas P. Kearns. Industrial Commission of Ohio. K. T, Kfi.i.er, Detroit Industrial Safety Council. Ira V. Keener. Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. If, J. Kreii, Pul.lie Utilities Section. 1'ranki.in M. Kreml, Evanston Safely Council. t\ L. I.sFountains:, Great Northern Railway Co. -- Frink J. Lan.iIia.w Fort I 'it t Malleable Iron Co. Ion x I.auirm t.v. Meat ratlin;, Tanning Jt Leather Industries Section. Simon l.'/ARfe, Safety (.'.AHirit. Cliiinlw (Ohio) Cliamtier of Commerce. J''>trn I.ii.i mi, Rochester Safety romicil. Dr. K. M. Little. Nnv York Irliiieirt of Education. C. O. l.irfTKuouu, Petroleum Sielion. .1- If-. l-ONti, The Delaware A Hudson Railroad Corp. W. R. Lovu. Safety Div., Cirmingliam CliamUr of Commerce. Officers and Directors A. E. I-uvostl.ijit, ftelivcry, Taxicab tc Pots Section. Tttos. 11. MacDonalu, United Stales Department uf Agriculture. L. T. McArthur, Peoria Safely Council. Miliar McCustock. Harvard University. T. If. McKkKNev, Illinois Steel Company, South Works. A. D. McWhorter, Safely l)iv,, Memphis Chamber ol Commerce. II. T, Martin, Fisk Rubber Company. J, O. Martin, Employees' Publication Section. F. \V. Matsok, Minnesota Safety Council, li. J. Meiirkx, Pottlaml Cement Association. T. O. Meisnir. Puwer Press Section. Wm. G. Minfr.ER, Mining Section. I. \V. Miij.arii, Accident Prevention Ki|uipinrn( Mainifaciurcrs1 Seclion. JIarulu L. 'Miner, E. f. ditPonl tie Nemours Sr Cn., Inc. Henry J. Minelr, Elwiilwtli Safely Council. Lawrence Mj Moore, luisflay Safety Cotmcil. It. |L Morel?. Industrial Accident Prevention Associations. John A. OaRTEi., Carnegie Sleet Company, George C. A. Oi-p, The Detroit Jitlisuu Company. Lew R. Palmer. Kipiiiable Life Assiiraiice Sneiely. John C. Parker, Brooklyn .Safety Council. D.iero A. Patton, Newark Safety Council. C. E. Pet curiak, Aim-rirau Molu.il Liahilily Insurance Company. Gen. George 15. PillsrUrV, War Department. J. II. Power. Seattle Traffic St Safely Council. (', E. K.il..MriN. Western Pennsylvania Safely Council. Ai.iiert S.' Ri cula, Indnslrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col. ID.nrv A. Rlnincf.r. Lehigh Portland Cement Company. Marin UR J'iter, Paterson Safety Cuuiivil. G, E. Santoro. General Elcleric Cmnjiaity. ---------IIenhv G.`Sciiaffner. Eric Safely Cnuucil. T. A. Scnr.NUiL, ForaJ Section. Unnv.KT 1. Schmitt, Louisville Safety Cotiiicil. 11. V. Sltireirer, Transit Section. [Iikiiv A. Sciiui.tr, United Stales Steel Cnr|ioratirin. Ciiari.es It. Scott, Bureau of Safely, Ine. l.iiiiR i), Seymour, Aeronautical Section. Kari. S. Siiaktzer, Utica Safely Couneil. Ray II. Sheets, Madisun County Safely CuunciL Dr. L. A. Stumor, Bethlehem Steel Ctimprmy. Ernest L. SiMONns, New Haven Safely CounriL Lee: E. Skill. Cleveland Safety Council. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company (Indiana):-------- W.m.tjh 1 h nt Smith, Delaware Saf.ly CuunciL R. T.'.SuI.knsIen, l'.llioll Service ('iiiiipaiiy. 1C C. Siring, Lansdalc, Pa. (iioacE'i;. Sili-iikns, Safely llnreau, lliil'faln Chandler of Coiuuarrc. Lumijs S. Shirrs, United Railways Sc Electric Cn. t 8 Twenty-third Annual Safely L'mujress--National Safety Lmmesl Dr. F. M. Suuma.v. Troy Safety Council. Alfred H. Swwyne, General Motors Corporation. ----------------- Clakf.ncf. P, Taylor, Massachusetts Safety Council. Arthur M, Tone, CoustiltiiiR Marine Mutineer. \V. \V. Trench, Schenectady Safety Council. W. D. TurrkA'tlle. San Antunio Safety Council. J. A. Voss, Metals Section. H. A. Walker. Rubber Section. George H. Warfel, Union Pacific Railroad-Company.------- Dr. Cassius H. Watsok, American Telephone & Telegraph Company. Harry M. Weriier, Illinois Bel! Telephone Company. Albert C White. Jr-, Springfield Safety Council. S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. A. VV. Whitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. W. H. Winans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp.---------- Dr. C.-E. A. Winslow. Yale Medical School. , Harry Wise, Sr,, Chattanoojra Safety Council. J. M. Woltz, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. W. E. Worth. International Harvester Company. -------- E. J. Z.\urr. Safety Bureau. Duluth Outmber of Connnerce. Earl W. Zimmerhak, Safety Div., Syracuse Chamher of Cnninirw* J. B. Zook, Cement Section. ***** r * r "3F - ` 24 l\vcnty-lhirtl Annual Safely Conyre.u--Maliuntil Safety Council ferine; from silicosis. However, at least two types ft sericiic have failed to excite significant changes when injected into animals. ICxpcrimcnts with this substance arc still in progress. Kaolin, an nltimino-silicatc of potash, has also produced quite characteristic changes tit the limns of rabbits, But our present knowledge doe* not permit us to assume that silicates as a class will produce serious tissue damage. Most observers now believe that unrannhincri silica, or quart*, is poisonous to the tissues because it is slowly dissolved in the fluids of the bmly. Certainly the majority of the experimental observations suggest a chemical injury, hut it is difliCtiit to understand how enough of such an insoluble substance as quartz could !*e dissolved within eight hours to produce a well marked, acute inllaimnatinn. It solubility were tbc only factor one should discover a more active response after the injection of the more readily soluble silicates, hut such is not the case. Hor nierly it was held tliat silica produced its effect mechanically. The hard sharp quartz particles were believed to abrairi the lung surfaces and excite the fornuition of scar tissue as a manifestation of healing, This theory is no longer tenable for when animals are injected with other bard, slurp particles like diamond, carbo rundum or aluminum oxide, there is no inHammatinn and practically no formation of scar tissue. Ultimately it may lie shown that tbc irritation of silica it due to some unrecognized property pmsihly related to its atomic structure. When quartz particles are inhaled they produce three specific effects which are not excited by any otlier tyjsc of dust yet studied. They alter ile Iwhavinr of the pulmonary phagocytes; they stimulate the formation of circumscrilied nodules of scar tissue; and they subsequently increase the susceptibility ot the lung to infection, espe cially tuberculous infection. Phagocytes that ingest ton many quartz particles are killed by tins irritating substance. As the cells die duty liberate their burden and several new phagocyte* come out to take it up again. By a rqictition of this process enough phagocytes accumulate so tliat many of them ingest only a few particles. Under such circum stances the stimulus is not strong enough to kill hut merely accelerates'the motility of the cells. They naturally lend to Icave'the air spaces, enter the tyiiq>h:uic ves sels and accunmlnlv lit the lymph nodes. This process Itecmue* morr rapid tinder the intluCTicc of the rrritating silica and very considerable lUiniitcrs of particles are consequently localized in the mvlcs. After six or eight years the quartz in the nodes has caused a marked over growth of the fibrous elements in these structures. Ultimately the reaction develops to such an extent that the node is entirely replaced by. a mass of coarse, glassy scar tissue fibres, often several times as large as- tbc original node. Such nodules en croach njion and compress llu- lymphatic vessels. The drainage system of the lung is choked and effective removal of subsequently inhaled dust is gradually diminished. Oust now accumulates around the lymph vessels and sheets of scar tissue develop in this location. These preliminary changes do not constitute the tlisea.se. silicosis; ib.-. nvolvc only tbc lymphatic system. The respiratory tissues are not appreciably aii'cetcd. In good stern X-ray films these preliminary elinnges may lie visualized as a thick ening and I leading of the slmdnws cast by tins blood vessels together with widenrng of the shadow of the.root of the lung. .The blond vessels arc thiekeurd because the most iiiqnirtant lymphatic vessels course through their walls. The leading is due to the minute nodules of silicotic scar tissue in the lymph nudes within the lung. The root shadow is widened because of the silicotic reaction in (he lymph nodes in this location. If still more dust is iulialcd it can no longer lx* effectively carried off through the lymph vessels. The phagocytes now carry it into the walls of the air spaces. Chen the celt* group themselves in nodules hut sometimes they arc scattered. Tit these locations the silica again stimulates the formation nf scar tissitc. The result is a general thickening of the septa between the spaces and undulatum throughout the functional portion of the lung. This change seriously interferes with (miction as interchange of gas cannot take place through the thickened walls of the air spaces and the tisstios lose their normal elasticity. I.css involved air spaces dilate and their walls stretch, producing the condition known as emphysema, which is also incom patible with effective respiration. With the formation of silirntic nodules in the functioning parts of tin: lung the Ihtst in lmittsiry 25 disease, silicosis, ts said to begin. On the X-ray film -such nodules cast clear cut, rotma shadows. As they increase in number ami size they lib* unt the formerly accentuated linear shadows of the blood vessels. In a well marked case Imtlt lung fields may lie thickly seeded with hundreds oi such shandy defined, rounded. mxlular shadows. Where there is emphysema, often at the liases, mi markings are visible anti the film -appears black. The condition of silicosis is a progresoVe wile and it continues to develop after a man lias left Ins dusty occupation. Serious results only follow, however, when he. leaves with many nodules in the huig tissue itself. As such nodule* increase in sire they replace important ftiuetiimal elements. Obviously the emuimivd growth ol only a few nodules situated in the lymphatic system could have little chcct other than to increase the obstruction already present. Tile serious part of silicosis is its frequent complication by tuberculosis. Tltis may arise from reactivation of a prc-cxistant latent infection or it may result from a new infection from without. The danger iufectiuo increases with the amount oi silicosis present. The course of the infection in die silicotic is usually chronic and it often fails to produce characteristic symptoms for month* or year* after its onset. Many times it is accidentally discovered in routine X-ray examination of groups of active workmen. However, evidences of disability arc much more marked in silicotic individuals with infection than in those with uncomplicated disease. Occa sionally tuberculosis may run a very acute course in the silicotic subject hut tltis is also true in other persons. The cause of the susceptibility of the silicotic lung to tuberculosis is not perfectly understood, hut it would seem that the action of the silica on the tissues creates a medium favorable for the growth of the bacteria. The tubercle bacilli multiply and a slowly progressive tissue reaction ensues, but the usual clinical symptoms oi tidiercuiosix are often held in abeyance ior a long time because tltc chances for absorption of poisonous products of infection are mini mized by tlic obstructed lymphatic system, ft is also jmssiblc that some of these poisons may lie absorbed on the silica particles, as Cummins has suggested. Ulti mately the iuicction gains the ttpjicr hand, symptoms develop and death front tuber culosis ensues. The only other, type of dtut which is generally recognized as a cause *f severe pulmonary injury is asbestos, a silicate of magnesium. Thi* substance is fibrous in cliaracter and is more readily soluble than quartz. Apparently the tVntvctive iqipcr respiratory mechanisms seem inadequate to prevent the inhalation of many such fibres ami even quite long i'iiics may penetrate into the finer bronchial tulics. These structures have irregularities in their walls which seem to hold the fibrous dusts, fit tins location tltc asliestos particles arc surrounded anti ingested by phago cytes. Tltc cells do not scent to he particularly irritated for they arc not espe cially numerous nor do they migrate rapidly into clumps a* in the case of phago cytes dealing with quarts. Apparently most of them carry their burden of usftcsio* fracments directly into the walls of the tidies in which they lie. The mildly irri tating dust sets up a proliferation of the connective tissue cell* in the wall* result ing in collar-like thickening of the tidies. Contraction of the new cntliuartivi; tissue narrows or closes the tube and thereby r.hitts off the ingress of air to ihc more peripheral air space*. These *i*aecs then collapse, a condition known as atelectasis. This in itself it a cause of fibrosis nr scarring of lung tissue. The result is a fibrosis of mmiomu* relatively small arvns in the lung due U* the collar-like constricting fibrosis nlmut many small terminal brnnehial tidies. The lymphatic system seems to play little part in disposing of asbestos dust antL.-.-r insignificant amounts of this dust are found in the lymph node*. Xot a few' cases of ashestosis Hc of tulwrculosis or brouvlunmeumouia hut the prevalence of the former iufeclinu i* probably much less common than in silicosis. Surveys of large groups of asl>e<to* workers fail to reveal such a high incidence of tuberculosis as found in similar studies on silica workers. The inhalation of unusual amounts of non-siliccous dusts apparently fails to pro duce significant alterations in the lung. It is of course possible (hat injtirintis ones may^ ultimately he discovered, hut none are recognized today. The tion-siliccous particles enter the lung and are ingested by phagocytes as in the case nf quartz. The veils arc not*'stimulated In move very rapidly anil as a consequence many of them remain within the air space* for a long time. Some, particularly those con- 26 Twenty-third Annual Safely Congress--National Safety Council uiimut; relatively few particles, make tlteir way inin {lie lymphatic *y$lcm ami accu mulate in the lymph nodes. In sufficient concern ration, or pcrliaps In-cause they are mixed with small amounts of silica, they set up a low grade, umi-progressive chrotiic inflammation. But this reaction result;) only in a little thickenini' in the lymph nodes and about the lymphatic vessels. The I ting tissue may be variously pigmented, black from coal or red from iron. Init there is no formation of scar tissue that inter feres with function. The suscqitihility to tttlicrculnsis of the iicrsou with such pig* mentation is not increased lint it is apparently quite definite that pneumonia is unduly prevalent in coal miners and that chronic bronchitis results from the inhala tion of cement. The X-ray films of men working in nou-siliccons dusts shows either nothing at all or a inure or less marked accentuation of the linear shadows east by the blood vessels. This, of course, is due to the chronic inflammatory changes about the lymphatic trunks in walls oi blood vessels. The effects of mixtures of free silica and nun-siliceous materials are (css clearly defined and should receive more serious attention. It would seem unwise to assume, as has been done in the past, that the non-siliccoui substances serve only as inert diluents and that only the quartz eonqtonent of a dust is of significance. Experi mental and clinical data are accumulating which suggest that at least .sonic other dtlsts may materially modify the action of quartz, both in its capacity to produce nodular fibrosis in the lungs and to increase the susceptibility to tulicrculosis. For example, animals inhaling heavy concentrations of a mixture of equal parts of pure silica and hematite dust for eight hours a tlay over a (tcriixl of 14 months have shown not even the slightest indication of nodule formation in the lung. whereas pure quartz dust, inlialcd for only two hours a day.. produces definite nodulatiou. It also seems to lie true that animals inhaling such a mixture arc much less susceptible to lulicrcnlosis titan those exposed to pure qtrartz. In the case of the human iron miner, some lungs show definite silicotic nodulatiou. others only a very few nodules ami many no nodules at all. All exhibit heavy deposits of iron particles with a eelinfar connective tissue reaction. When these findings can lie correlated with chemical analysis of the lung tissues and the approximate amount of rock work which tltcse miners have performed, some relationship Itttwcctt the exposure to silica and the fibrous nodule formation may lie established. Tultcrculosis in these iron miners is apparently less prevalent and much less severe than in men exposed to pure silica. What has been said of iron miners is also prnltaJily true of inuitdri workers and coal miners, it is generally accepted Iliac men in the latter occupation Iiavc less litlicri-tilnsis than the average for the age period: Cummins 1**1 iews that they have the infection but that it is so atypical and heuigu in its manifestations that it escapes diagnosis. Mention should also be made of mixed dusts like certain slates ami granite containing large amounts of free silica in comtimatum with silicates. Experimentally these substances behave atypically and do not produce nodular fibrosis unless there is complicaliiig infection. The same may also he true in human beings. Unques tionably such dusts arc capable of producing typical silicotic nodules am; they pre dispose In tuberculosis. From a theoretical standpoint they shmihl receive modi more intensive study to clarify our views on the whole subject. At the present tune it appears that the action of their quartz component is modified and partially neu tralized by the other substances which they contain. Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed to Dust By STUART W. GURNEY and DAVTD S. BEYER Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston The speaker said In part: A number of our states luivc had references to dust elimination in their labor law* for a good many year*, but tio state ha* as yet thoroughly enforced these laws. The codes of five states which we investigated provide that grinding, buffing and polishing wheels should be exhausted, although two of Ihc states exempt from these provisions wheels on which water is used. si? third stmuml Safety Congress--National Safely Council ;amint relatively few particles, make (Ik-ir nay into I In; lymphatic system ami acvu-utdale in llw lymph uusht*. In sullivinii cumviilrati-Hi, nr (H-rliap* l-cvumi: they aie mint'll nil 11 Muall 'nmnuits f iiliia, Ihc-y vet ii]i a lun* gratis-, it-m-pruei essiec clirunic inll:niiiii:iti>iii. Mill this rcactimi remit..' only in a Ii111 c tliicl^vtiiiif; ill llw I)ini'll nudes am) abunl llic lympliatic vends. The lung |isuu may Iw variuiiily pigmented, Mack (ruin rnal or red (roni iron. Inn Ilx-re is uo lurinalimi ui Mar tiv-ne dial interii-rcs nillt (imolioti. Tile susceptibility In llilKTL'ljIiikii cd llw pcr.suu with Mich |ii||* mentation ii not _ increased but it ii apparently quite definite licit pin.-uutiMiia is unduly prevalent in coal miners ami licit chronic bronchitic remit* from the ittlialaliun of cement. Tlic X-ray filmi of men svorking in nuu-siliccous dusts sltow* citlwr nothing at all or a more ur Iris marked aeccnlnnltin of the linear ilculinvi cast by the hluucl truch. This, of course, is due to the chronic hitlatunialory change* qlmnt the lynqihalic trunks in walls of blood vessels. The ctfecti of mixtures of free silica and nuu-iilivcinii malerials are less clearly Icrnicil and iltonhl receive more scrinus attention. It would seem unwise-to asinine, as has been ilonc in the past, that the tiou-siliceotia sulistances sene Only as inert lilueuts and that only the quarts component nf a dust Is of significance. Experi mental ami clinical italn are aixunudalitig which suggest that at least some nthc-r dusts' may materially modify the action of quartz, both in it* capacity la produce itiuliilar fibrosis in the lungs and to increase the susceptibility to hiiierculmis. lor example, animals inhaling heavy concentration! uf a mixture of equal part* nf |mre silica ami henialite dust (ur ciplit hours a day over a period ot I) months liave shown not even the slightest imlication of noihile formation hi the lung, whereas pure quartz dust, inleilcil for only two hours n day, produces definite itodulalimt. It also seems to be true- that animals inhaling such a mixture are much less susceptible to tulicreulitsis than those exposed to pure quartz. In the ease nf the human irm> miner, souk lungs show definite silicotic undulation, others only a very feu* nodules and many no nodule* at all. All exhibit heavy deposits of iron particles with a cellular comtrclive tissue reaction. When these findings can be eurrelalexf with chemical analysis uf the lung tissues and the approximate amount of rpek work which these miners hare perinrmed. some relationship between the exposure to idea and the fibrous nodule formation may Iw established. Tuberculosis ill these iron miners is apparently lest prevalent amt much tess severe than in men exposed In pure silica. VVlial has Keen said of iron miners is also probably true of foundry workers ami cnal miners, ft is generally accepted that men In tile latter nccitpaliuiy have less tnl-crculn-is than the average for the age period: Cummins believes that they liave the infection but tint it is so atypical and benign in its inaiiilcstations that it escapes diagnosis. Mention should also Iw made of mixed dost* like certain flairs ami granite containing large amounts nf free silica in roniliiiiatinti with silicates. x|tcriiiiculally these iiilotaiiics lieluvc atypical!)- and do not produce nodular fibrosis unless there is complicating infection. The same may also he true in human beings, Unrptcstir,unhly such dusts are capable of producing lyi>ieal silicotic ikmIsiIcs and ll*ey pre dispose to tuhcrculosis. From a tlicvireticnl standpoint they sltonld receive much ni-irc intensive sttnly to clarify our views on the whole subject. At live present time it appears that the action of their quart* coinivoiicnt is inodifictl and partially neu tralized by the other substances which they contain. Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed^to Dust By STUART W. GURNEY and DAVID S. BEYER Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston The speaker said in part: A mimlier ul Our slates have bad references In dust elimination in their labor laws fur a q<wl many years, but uu stale lias as yet thoroughly enforced these laws. The codes of five slates which uc investigated provide that grinding, bulling and polishing wheels should Ik exhausted, aliltough luu of the slates exempt from these provisions wheels on which water is used. Dust in InJttrlry This seems ill-advised, since a study of wet ami dry grinding in Connecticut by Winslow and Hrrcnhurg lias shown licit llie application of water doev not iy gn> means eliminate llw dust liazard. It may Ik rengirked that, with everything else equal, a high static. xuvti-n 'lt give a biglw-r velocity at llic [Kslitt uf origin of Ilie du-t, fume or gas Item i low oik; but Ibis aksu: is it a nicasurc uf tin- cI!eelivceces of any cxhauvl s-^-hisi Wisconsin lias adopted |Ik principle of specifying a limit to the umidH-r ul^dn-t particles of respirable size |Kf cubic fool of air. Alter all, this i' vvliat wt are primarily interested in, to keep live dust contamination down to a point utieic- it will not be harmful. TIkm variatiniis and coiinictirg pros Worn in slate codes merely reflect the gen eral lack ol authoritative standards. It is accordingly fortunatv that dvfiuitr strii* are umv Itciisg taken by live Amerirau Standards Av.Aviation to tlcvchip llic iifnpvi iiavis (tic such eottes. There are two cummillers working on this problem; the Ventilation Code Committee, sponsorcs! by the American Society Heating A YenI dating Engineers, and the Exhaust Code Commit tec. sponsored by the Interulionai Association of Industrial Accident floards ami Commissions. It is aj-i arranged to appoint sub-committees to lake up five specific subjects-. Abrasive drawing, chromium plating, granite cutting, ruck shilling, amt spray coating. Id addition, a Stib-Conmiillcc on Fundamental I'riuciplcs of Design ami Opcralinii ami Maintenance of Exhaust Systems will lie appoinlcsl. llic two most important consiikrulious in an effective exhaust s; stem are: 1. Vcloeity of air flow; 2. Arrangement of the inlets ([roni the slandpi. iil i> near ness to the dust source, shape, etc.). Many an installation that is otherwise all tight lails In rciuuve llw du>t siieex-fully merely because there is not enough air living draw ii through the ry.lc. i. In a scries of lesls that were conducted under ached working conditions hy 'J Ii- --I*-r F. Hatch, Department of Industrial Hygiene, Harvard School of rnhlic f nlth a machine used in dressing stone was employed, and it was noted that with an air flow- through the hood of 2.10 cubic feet per minute, there were over our hundred million dust particles in the surrounding air. When the air flow- was incren-rd In a little over 250 cubic fed per minute, the tins: ennrnitration had dropped lo I--i tv million, a marked improvement. As the air flow was (urtlirr incrt-a-nl. thr Ir-). in dust concent ration was relatively slower, ami it took a volume nf almnt .It-D ruhic fcct per iiiinute to Itring the tlust coiiccntratinu down to Jen or fifteen million pnrliclvs per cubic foot, which was considered rcasonahly sale for this type nf duv|, ft is accordingly possible sometimes to take an ttislallali'xi that is nut satis factory and, if llic remainder of the system is well designed, hy lucrely spuding up (Ik Mower or adding a larger one. to bring almnt the desired rcsulR Another very important consideration is in get the inlets uf the exhaust sy-hm as close as posiilile to llw source of the dust. The drop in efficiency as we g< i fnrtiter away Irunt the inlet is really surprising to one who lias nut studied the prim riples involved. It should be remembered licit if wr base llic npcil end nf an v liaust pipe or air <IikI in operation, the air tends to flow in front al` sides, run front behind llic opening. As we move away from the end of the pips-, llic vclicils drops very rapidly, so that even at a distance of five incites irnut the linud iltivt'lneity may be less than 10 per cent ><f that right at the lmm| inlet. This is the must inipoftanl eonsiih-ralinn to keep iimuiml anil nng which is frequi-utlv lust sh;hl of in designing exfiaitsl systems, ft is not inicnimmni to sec an Cell.nut inlet a lew inches in diameter with which the person making the installation Imiwil hi draw ilnsl from a distance of seseral feet, Imt llir air llusv even a fool or two away from the entrance to tlic inlet may be negligible. Still another important cunsideration having to do with the slc-igu .>1 tin- iu'el is the addition of a Ikinge. Tlic effect of this fiance is to cut down the air dial would Dow iu front behind the opening, thus drawing it nearly- all from the fmiil. Thus the efficiency of the system is substantially- increased aud ilic scope f.l tin- ex haust extended appreciably, w-ilhniit Increasing the power consumption or otherwise adding to the expense of keeping up the system. There are also olhtr cnnsMcratmns of perhaps Iwscr importance. l:nr rxamplv air cannot be "pulled'* from a distance hy merely directing an exhaust pijw Inward the point in question, but it can be "puslx-d" or bhnvn, directionally, for a cumidrr- 30 Tivaity-third Annual Safety Caayress--National Safety Council large groups of workers hy discovering early riot only occupational diseases, but ninny other conditions llml go undiscovered until the worker is acutely ill or Ivc- enmes disabled. Tf llte various contagious rnmlilions go unrecognized olhcrs Ik* enure iniectctl, thcrclry causing serious economic loss, as well as endangering the health of a group of individuals. _ The information obtained front physical examinations affords the medical super visor the opportunity to make certain that employees arc engaged in initahle work out of which they arc yettin? maximum results, tn correct the effects of undue ex posure to harmful environmental conditions, and generally to lessen all occupa tional hazards. As a public health measure, it is impossible to over .estimate the value of periodic examinations in establishing interest in sickness prevention. Tire set-up of a proper program for medical control of workers exposed to dust depends ujron the iiunilKT of employees involved and individual plant conditions. A series of articles under the title of "The Medical Department Manual" by Dr. Hart E. Fisher, appearing in current munhers of '`frwbistri.il Medicine." gives a com prehensive aerrtrim of the organization and operation of .1 medical department. 1. The establishment of a medical department with adequate facilities and med ical personnel who have qualified in the field of industrial medicine. A process analysis of all o|tcrations in the plant should Ik made and tire mediral supervisor should list all possible health hazards and familiarize himself with their physio logical cfTccts. Tf necessary, lie should conduct research studies to determine the harmful effects of new substances introduced into plant processes about which little is known, fit cooperation with other departments, he should investigate the extent of the hazards ami devise measures of control. 2. The routine examination of all applicants for employment. The procedure should include a detailed history of the applicant's previous illnesses and accidents classified under fa) diseases of childhood, ft*} general infectious diseases, fe) respiratory diseases, fill venereal diseases, and fc> accidents ami restrlting physical defects. A drtailed history of previous occupations engaged in is very important. A mere statement of the tyi of industry-hi wln'rlt the applicant was engaged has slight value, if any. Thr exact duties performed in each occupation should Ik notcil and inforuiatinu ascertained as to the pwlmhlc hitgllt *f cximsiirc to hazard ous substances. After the ln>.tnry has l>ccn taken ami .1 photograph for identifica tion puriwjscs fit part of rtntlinci is made, the applicant should lx* directed to the examining room where lie is instructed to remove his clothing for physical exam ination. Tin's examination should Ik made as rnuiplele as is considered necessary to determine the applicant's physical condition. If tlic applicant lias been or wiU Ik exposed to dusts which induce long dis eases. an X-ray picture of llte chest is an important part of the. examination. This part of the examination may he referred to an experienced roomgenetogi%t. as the- value of this met Itot I of diagnosis depends njtott the ty|K rtf pictures taken and the experience of the reader who interprets them. 1*lie examining physician also may need additional itiiormaliott obtained by laltoratory aualv--. nf' the blond, snntiuii. anrl tlic urine. These aids to diagnosis should Ik provided .<r made avail able whert desirable. .1. The rating and placement of applicants. In cooperation with the personnel department, the applicant should lw rated anti placed, rod only on bis training and pat experiences, but also no bis physical and mental abilities to fill vneaurics orcur- ring from time to time. The record of fit's physical and mental examination should lie the confidential properly of the medical dqiartment. 4. Periodical physical examinations. The frequency nf periodical examinations necessarily must depend upon individual cirrtinislanecs according to die need for such examinations as determined bv the supervising pfivsieinn. U'lwrc physical examinations arc made for the first time, the employees of long standing should Ik givm amide explanation if the iKticfil* of such examinations and lw given assur ances that their jobs are sorure. a. Provision for (he disabled. Employees who develop disabilities during the course of employment shr.iild Ik rr-assicncd to oeettpalions which will not interfere with or aggravate tlic disability, nr they should ! c provided for in other ways. .tntnuRXMPjrr ;,SJ Sujriy ( mhjri ss--MulunuilStiffly i uinifil i like In igs caused by ll> iulialalion of asbestos ilun, ha# already been drierilk-d 14li ill its clinical anil rociugi nngranhic manifestation* lay mirsligaltir* in oilier . noirin. Mil elate. n studies haic Ivon rcimrled in the United Stales. Ccinenl 'n-r. n tin. 1 contains about 21 |vr cent combined silica, has been studied, and tlie iieela nf tile inleilali<Mi by workers has been discussed, here. In March, IMJ, nics.cn, ol the United Stales Pnltlic Heallli Service, reported live revullt ol a intly eiudm'lcil aini-ng Iri'innlilc talc anil stale worker*. The stale ilnst lo which I IOC workers were exposed consisted mainly u( silicates. there being lot Ilian per n nl nf ipi-vta in the du#h The talc w at a hydrous calcium-magnesium silicate! , iiiK -la |nr cent laic and 45 jut cent Iremnlile, with no ijunrti prevent. Tlie emit* id Ik- .`Hilly yfcincil In indicate a relationship lietu'cen llie amount of dust ilialcd anil the elici t id this ilnst on the limy* ni Workers. - \l.,titli>.,l SlmlL-i. Kivrnily. laiua ami Vane estimated that lliore are some ttl.uai melirs tuinyiil in llie mining, ipurrviitg and manufacturing industries l iliiv rnunlry in tvhirlt an exposure In silka dmI lo a liarmtnl degree ii euiilul. Their analysi* nf mortality experience of hcctvc life insurance companies .r tin- |ierin<l l'*la- l*>2fi should that llie aeliul mortality from respiratory lulieriilnsU anuiitK llie silica cxpoM-d |>vrsnus was alnmi ihree links llial of n nun* lira dust group. it (me fiOiiiliri ifieir data Inc certain occiiisiinn)* in metal tines and granite ami sandstone ipwrrics. ik'cii|Mlinni Lumen In lie exposed In si'li rtinei.ntralMis id lia/.irilons dusts, then the romiiarismt it nmre slrikiug, since u actual dt.illis among these workers was found in Ih; ten times llial of ilk* exiCled drailn. More detailed Mali sties on octnpaliiata) mortality as ri'lmrlcd hy the i ei'lrar-f ii'ik ral of Togland am) Wales (1921*192.1). and smnniarurit by liritfen. i" tl*r high rale id I.KSii |kr lOU.UX) for tin amt copper milk'rs, while the rale r "all occupied anil retired main" was only 150. Other occupations with silica spo.-nirc showed an excess. I-Vont the evidence just presented concerning llie injnrions effects proiluced hy it inftalaiiiai of rerlain dusts, ii is apparent that a knowledge of the proiicrties i a gimt ilnst which ilelermilie it# rapacity lo produce pulmonary pathology is '~i-iiis.il. Nu-ik'roiis investigations of the industrial dust problem imlicale that i-e properties are the rbemteal ami mineral.igical coin|vnsition of the dnsl. its imMiration in the iiulnsfrial annnspbere, ami its particle sue. In an earlier |mrlim o( litis discussion evidence was presented which indicated at a tlu.li- rclatinu existed hclwecit itiorhiilily and mortality rale* frinn various spiralory diseases ami the exposure to certain dusts ill industry. lit the study the dust liarard in the yraniic culling iikUistry, it was definitely proved that i re is a ilircil relation bclivK-ii the magnitude nf the dust exjmsure and sickness <d death resulting from IuIh reiilosis. ft is guile eviikut, as a result of these idii-s, that the remedy of live this! evil lies in the effective removal nr suppression the dnsl in concentration considered safe. However, no set rules may be estah* bid for the meehauical protvetimt tu lie iiisliiulcd in an attempt to control Indus* d dii-t. specific cnndilimts encmmiereil in a plant will determine tlie type of Orlion to |>c ciuployeil. The nroieeiioit of workers against -certain dusts known to lie toxic may at Mrs lie aciuinplislici) l>y the snhsimninn ol a non-luxic material for the toxic one. ic r.va. iplc ol such a procedure is the imssihlc use of a melallic ur ulhcr lyjse arlilic *1 ahrasive for land in the sandblasting process in those operations in iich it s not essential to use saint, a snlntancc high in ijuaru control. Again. met In 'lieal enclosure of the dnM-crc-Hing process also serves tu pridcct Ihr -rker. m excellent illuslraiion of this ly|ie of prnk'Ctiun is aiTorticd hy the -Inn sandblast barrel used in the I'lcaning ol small nlijects. Sometimes i| is siil.lt- to 'protect the worker by the substitution of wet fur dry processes, as wcl dik'd 'Usivad of dry. In one instance, in tlie Rranitc cutting study, previously Mti'ikd. an i.peralor using a diamond point tool worked llie stone' wet; tbe idling dn.t amunuted lo 22 iiiillirui pari ivies |u'r cubic loot. The same (iperalor is tbi'ii inpiv-ird In work llie sloiie dry: as a result, llie amount i*f ilnst rrached 1 biyb figure oi 45 million parlick-s |*-r cubic foot. In tlie wriviue of a.liesloi di ii has 1 k-rti possible to rrdiirc slit* aiuounl of dust in the air by wef weaving i-ov-ii-urili of llie anioiint present ulnu (lie process is conducted by dry iiielliiMli.. i-ilicr example nf this procedure in allaying dust is the use of a #pray of wafer fbwrrv .'ii'iiithi in Icyiier ami jack-leinimer drilling in liaril risk, alllmugh the imw type *d Kells' dust trap is now hmling much favor fur this kind id work. The Kelly trap daunts of a mclal chamlier tk-sigued to eiKlnsc llie drill steel at llie rock surface. No nllvmpl i# maik' to sivnrc a iiKclianical seal unit the rock nr Iktwvvn llie tru|i and tin- drill >Ui-l. llie du-l is reinoved hy an ad stream and is carried iulu an exhaust system conm-clrd lu the trap. I'.uiik- dn.I |iartieles through ofu-iuiigs U-iwix-u tin- oikun rock MiriaCex sin.I the trap is prevvillvd hy llie air seal prislm-cil hy the iulloiviiig air. Tests made on (hi. Irap under actual working conditions show dial ilw dint coiueulraiiiui at the worker's lirralhing nine may lie kepi down in less than 10 million parliclcs< j*er culiic foot with a Ml cnhic (mil |H-r miimlv rate of air llim- through the lusal. 'I hi# trap is a step-(nrvrjiid in ilk- prof ram of dint feuvn it; Inmvver. in niulirgrnmi'l work, such as in mines ami Mitmais. there is still the nwil in solve tin- pnddeni of ciiinpael dust tlbpissl eipiipilu'lit. lu certain eases, such as in tin- samlhlastiug of large castings in sandblast room., llie praviiid^.safeguard to tlie ivurfcer is In provide him with a ma.k or helmet of llie isisiliv't air pressure type. In the sandblast invvsligalinii pfevioii.li iikii- li.ak'd, i| iv,ls found llial ivlk-n hour 5 In 6 cubic feet nf practically dtisl-frec air per iiiinuiv arc siippHctl lo the licfim.l. the worker rereives ideal prutcclion. Hi'ie- ever. mic must always hear in niiiiil llial the ultimate criterion of proteciimi should Ik die ilu.li.ik-icriiiiiiathai ol tlie air within the hclim-l during Masting and mu tin- ipiamily of tlie air supply ilscll. . In most ilitsly iirnccsses. Itowevcr. ilk* mo#I effective uic.iu# oi do-t eUmiiiaiii'n are by live use of properly designed exhaust' ventilation systems, Siuee in mail} instances it is iliflieull. costly, amt at times an unnecessary procedure In rinn-ve all the ilnst "in Ihe vicinity ol a worker, vvi- in-eil firsl in ikli-riuiiie the minimum amount of a certain'ilnst which llie nurker can apparently tnkrali- with iiupiiuil.i. Such uiforiiialiiHi can Im made aiailablc hy tlk- type of studies carried mil by ilk- Ptdilic Heallli Service. For exampfe. in tbe granite study already referred to. ii ilnst at tlw Iwealbiug level of alx -nt ID million pari ivies |o;r -cubic (not t ,V5 |ier mil free silica). . * Studies of dust removal devices list'din granite cutting plants at Ilk- time ibis work was cmnliiclcd sbuirei! llial a linear velocity oi 1,5110 feet per minute a. nu-asiirvil fiy an aneiinuneler at llie face oftbe diist-removal biaut. iviodd keep llie diisl at ilk- 11read dog lend to an anuwHit less tliau III million particles per cubic in a A word slkmld Im vaivl CiMCvriniig personal resjiiralory protection against ilints. It lias already 1ei n slinun that in the use of |K>sitive pressure r.'.piralufy device* in saiHlIilasting. it is important tn bare a well-designed device supplied with abml fi cubic feet of dnsl-free air |icr ininulc to give fnlf pin!mini! Ip tlie worker. Willi referince lo respirators uf the filler t}|ie. iheft- it eiill ioo. li i.. lie accnmpli.lkd in die design of an efficient and comfortable mask for cnniiminus ti'i-. Of great value are standard nirlfiodl for the testing nl the iTncicncv of respiratory pm. tilli'll! devices. Hrinker advocates testing a tlcvire again.i the particular ilu.-t which the respirator is tn eihoniiter. these tests lo in: made Is oil in tin- lalmralri ami noih-r actied iuditslrial ciouliiiiuis. lie itirtlicr suggested that .-nine impartial agvney Vlsmbl i<*liliut such ti-.is ami certify lUc device# for imm.irial u*e. die work Iking dime ini a cnsl liasis. Tlw U. S. tlurean oi Mine# lias prepared sacli a scIhiIiiIc fi*r testing and approving respirators. f tvj.li |u sires# the impurluiirc of giaal imii.#vkeeping ill the effort tn cnodc.i the iln.l haiaril. (moI tuiiivekeeping should ink only imply the removal of aeciiimi. lalvil ilnst alsnit a workroom hot slhintd al#n embrace eAtcoot m:iinlv'o.ioix lust removal device# anil respiratory protective cipiijnnent. Sy.ivm.ilic ui*|ierii,.i: of all dust suppression ei|ui|uiieiil slomlil Iv an axiomatic principle in every ifnst x industry r.'itfier than the msiu] alleiitiou whicb it now reeiivet in many insianeet. ' Report of the Nominating Committee The clnirtnun calkil f*r ilu? ri-ittiri ni llie .Vimmuhiiji CaihiimUv at iltii aitii iu`\y (iiTitvri fur the >cvt'u*a In >crvc 4wwp tix* viuuin^ v%*ar were timiitiuii ! ;mJ k'lvctcil at hilhiWt l T IF E N TV- T It f K n A N X U A L S AFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Safety Section, A R A - Steam Railroad Section, NSC Chairman--C. I_ LaFountaikk. Great ^Northern Railway Co.. St. Paul. Minn. First./`rVf-CVrcfinnrtie-- H. A. Parish. Chicago St North Western Railway. Chicago. Stroud Fiec-CUainnan--\V. H. Fan.I N't:. Central Railroad nf New Jersey. Secretary--J. C Cavistox, American Railway Association. New York City. .I cantFete - report nf these sessions is published by the American Railway Association in a booklet entitled, " Proceedinns of the Fourteenth Annual ,\feeling of the Safety Section, Cleveland, Ohio, October 2-4. 10.11." Copies of the booklet are available from the Association nf .Jnterieau Railroads, ;V. I'. C. The follatving is a condensed` record, " TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 2, 1934 Tlic opening jessinn of the Safety Section. American Railway Association-- Steam Rail mail Section. Rational Saicty Council was called tn urdcr hy Ch;.irsr..,i I^ilMiimtaiue, Great Northern Railway, 3t. Paul, aimncMua. who presided. The invocation was delivered by L. G. Bentley, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. The report of the Secretary. J. C. Cavistou, New York City, in wliich he outlined briefly the activities of officers and standing comtiiittees chirincr the last year, wa* rcatl and approved. The Qtairman then presented his annual rqort. Annual Report o the Chairman By C. L. LA FOUNTAINE Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn. The siarakcr said in part: Let tw go back for a tnometu to llie resolution adopted at our annual meeting in 1924, which set a goal calling for reduction. Ixtsed on die 1923 record, of 35 per cent in casualties to employees on duty. Class I railroads, by 3S3 Safety Section, A R.1---Steam Railroad Section, iVSC* 395 pacts under traffic. ns more anil more is dcpoitr,d, until eventually llic wheels of a passing train are lifted tip and over the rail, Highway repairmen operating road* scrajicrs are sometimes careless or ignorant of these dangers. Track foremen should make it their dirty to advise all such t*TSons of the possible consequences of this dangerous practice. _ _> # lin far very little has l>ccn said ahmit inspection*. ft is, however, hy regular and careful track inspections that incipient rlancerj may best lie found arid cor* reeled. The trackmen, the foremen and the supervisors should train most carefully the men upon whom they are to rely. With sections rapidly Iwcmuiug longer and lunger, it is not always possihlc for the foreman to sn|ervise his gang and also patrol his track. The track inspector therefore Incomes the first line of defense. He must he able to think clearly and rapidly in whatever emergency may arise, always rcmcmfrcritiR that the safety of the train service rests in his hands. Moreover, the foreman himself must he ready at all times of high wind, heavy rain, or any unusual weather conditions to patrol his track, and to him is given the power to preserve the lives of passengers and trainmen, and to him is given the privilege of speeding up the wings of transportation. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3, 1934 Report o Committee on Prevention of Highway Crossing Accidents By H. A. ROWE Manager, Claims Department, Delaware. Lackawanna and Western Railroad, New York City The speaker said in part: The report of this committee for the year 1933 again shows a slight reduction in the nnniltcr of accidents and fatalities at railroad highway crossings and a substantial reduction in the nttmljcr of injuries fur the fifth consecutive year since the year 192SL The rceorrl is as follows: Year Accidents 1928.......................................... 3.WM 1933.......................................... 3.235 Fatalities 2.548 1,311 Injuries r,//,7 3.497 Reduction.................... 2.56$ (44$) 1,037 (41%) 2.070 (IV,i) Casualties during the four months of June. July, August and September in the Careful Crossing Campaign, compared with the same period. 192S to 1933, inclusive, were as follows: Year Accidents 1928 .................................... i.:w 1929 ...................................... 1.827 1930 ...................................... 1-171 1931 ...................................... 1.103 19J2........................................ 899 1933 ........................................ 990 Fatalities 85B 749 WO 490 432 491 Injuries 2.092 '140 1.503 1.194 1.022 1.124 It wilt he noted that automobile registration in 1933 was _23.327.290. ami repre sents an increase of 1.4 per cent over the preceding year: this is quite comparable with the number m' automobiles registered in the peak year "i crossing accident casualties. _^ Gasoline consumption, which is a fair barometer of automobile use. was 14.025, 542.000 gallons during the year 1933; which is ail increase of-a trillc less than 2 per cent over the prccctiing year. The increasing two of smaller cars with greater mileage per gallon of gasoline, indicates that the traffic over and across railroad tracks was fully equal to that of 1933. Safety be vl inn, .IRA--Suvut Nailrmtd bed inn, A\YC* JiS9 which one is to train another. Tn safety.- it is knowledge of safe practice*. These are shown hv the causes t accidents am) he juh analysis. When sate practices arc reduced in writing they are usually caJJeil rules, ur at least they arc etpuvakut to rule?. Therefore, it all *afe practices in any occupation were reduced h* rules amt tf complete olxalience to such rules were secured, it would insure complete immunity from accidents from man failure. This mean* that the first step in safety is to |x-nvidc adequate rules; the second step is for local oillecrs and Mi|*crvistir* (the teachers! to knmv ami understand the rules; awl the third step is to see that ihc employees know, understand and obey lire rules. In cimMmaitce with llicse nh- scrvarious, the following items arc presented for tire con*ideratim of the .Safety Section as some of the csscittial dements in an effective safety program; 1. A comprehensive set of safety rules maiming the safe ways t working. 2. A practical, working understanding <>f the rules or safe practices by ail local officers, supervisors and employees, to te assured by suitable examinations, 3. Invariable obedience to all rules, violations not resulting in accident* repre sentin'* the same degree ot culpability as when accidents do result from such violations. _ 4- Definite and not perfunctory observations hy local officers awl suticrvisors to detect violations of safety rules and formal report of violation* detected as a requirement of manaccment. __ _ S. Formal disciplinary action on proven violations. with entry on discipline record covering every ease. .* fi, A monthly and cumulative reeortl of the violation* of rule* or unsafe prac tices detected hy each local officer and supervisor, and a monthly summary hy departments for divisions ami system. _ * 7. AM accidents, regardless of how trivial, shall lie reported and investiented promptly to dctennine eanse. rcs|Knsthilty awl disciplinary action to be taken where responsibility is shown. & ...Investigation shotihl invariably develop an answer to these two qncstimi*: fa'I .T\vr^rodnt cine to the violation* of a rule? (h) If not, should a rule he provided ? TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 2. 1934 The "Green Book" By LEW R. PALMER Secretary, Committee of Award, Railroad Employees* National Safety Contest and Conservation Engineer, Equitable Life Assurance Society, New York City The speaker saitf in part: Tin* year 10.1.1 ended the ten year perimt .f the Railroad Employees' National Safety fomest as set up by the National Safety Council and recorded in die respective issues of the "Green Hook." A constant study of railroad safety contest records during a period of ten year* Ins established what I believe to lie a fundamental fact: that it is necessary to break down nur entire Class I railroad estiosure into a sufficient number of compvtim; groups so that there wilt not lw too wide a variation between the man-hour caiosure of the largest group contender as compared with the man-hours of the smaller contenders in the same group; otherwise, the larger unit, with it more unif*#rni casualty rate, will tic Itatultcapped !y the more.widely fluctuating rates of the smaller contenders: for it is generally recognised tliat under normal conditions the greater the man-hour exposure the more uniform the casualty rates arc year hy year. For that rrasou, the revised plan suggested ior the 1934 Railroad Employee*' National Saicty Contest includes six groups tor standard Class I railroads and two groups for switching ami terminal roads, it l>cing a matter of record in connection with switching and terminal roads- that a great deal more interest ha* been dcvelojwd In our annua; contest since these road* were given what wa* considered a fighting chance for competitive honors. Safety Section, tli\.l-~S(entn Katlraml Seel ton, NSC 403 in ihis safety movement. Cut 1 * now realize vvltat it means to me, ami you can rest assured that never .igaiii will l do tint kind of work without my piggies on." That is some more supvrviMijin Koticc the results. Don't think tor a moment that am deprecating punishment I'or nmi-enforcement of rules. Safety rules should hr adopted ami they should lc rigidly oiinwl hy whatever methods are necessary to cause- tlie employee to comply with llicm. But enforcement is only a part of supervision. Here is suine more supervision that hrunglit good results. On the Wabash Uaiiway this year we laid oO miles of new 1 iO-|Kjiuid stecL We Itael a gang of 115 uf lJO section men engaged in that work. About the time they started this work we happened to have a division safety meeting within four or five miles of where this camp was. _ The supervisor, a Mr, Watkins fay name, loaded his lei tows up and brought them in to the safety meeting. I was there and I tohl them just how to do tlieir- iob without anybody getting hurt Aliout three months later, they completed that job. and not a single man had been injured. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 3, 1934 Interesting Employees in Looking After Their Own Safety By J. CLYDE MIXON Chief Clerk to General Superintendent. Northern Division, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company, Savannah, Ga. The speaker said iu part: Cue of our South Carolina philosophers, l`.oh UuiUan, once said: "It* we wuuld pray more often fur common sense, we tvuttld not hare to pray (or ratn." lixpand that tluiuglit for yourselves. Safety ti common sense in action. _ __ _ . ,,. "I merest ing employees in looking after their own safety- is hut another way of saying. "Sell the idea of safety to your men." Heinre one can sell anything to iumeoiic else uiie must sell oneself. You may lie sure that in a section where there t* a (lour safety record it is primarily the result rf the iuduimnice of a >u|*ervisory officer, or the result of his inability to sell tin: idea to his men and keep them sold oil it. ..... We must keep everlastingly at this proposition of satety. A wise man who lived in the Orient mice said"Nothing is ever tlefiimelv finished among men. for eacii tlnng stop* only to liegm again." We can put that down as a law of nature. It has liecu said tlwt "eternal vigilance is -the price of safety", and tlial is tpdtc true. We must constantly drive home the doctrine of safety mindedness. It the sutiervisrir is indifferent, there isn't anything to do about it but "decapitate" him. and the sooner the l*cttcr. Iiecause it is an indication nut only of narrowness but of his umvortiiitieis to be a leader of men and a rqirescntative of enlightened managcnieiit. .... - , . . It should not be difficult to get men interested m looking aitet their own saicty. Tlie first law of nature, the law of the jungle, the law of self-preservation, is or should he invoked by every worker, ft requires some time, however, for men to he sold on this idea--that they must look after themselves. There is also, of course, the appeal to a man's higher nature, the duty he'owes to his family, then to his fellow workers and tlc public whom lie serves. _ But I svant to approach this subject largely from the angle nf responsibility ami the opportunity of the supervising nfiVecr. It thrills me sometimes wlun I tlu'nk of the opportunities the supervising officers--the foreman, die master mechanic, the trainmaster, the superintendent--have if they exert themselves as tlie leaders of the men working under their supervision. What an opportunity this man has to accom-