Document VJwz3JBnx82aOREKJGymnZr9q

.> AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS MEMORANDUM September 12, 1988 FOUNDED 1897 Suite 300 1920 N Street N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 202/861-2800 TWX 710/822-0126 EasyUnfc 62756020 John A Knebel President TO: PPOM riWii RE: Processing Waste Work Group Rod Dwyer, Senior Counsel September 20 Meeting Chairman David Crouch has called a meeting of the work ^ group for Tuesday, September 20, 1988, in Denver, Colorado, starting at 9:00 a.m. The meeting will be held at the Hyatt Regency, 1750 Welton Street, Denver, Colorado 80202. An agenda is enclosed. Because of the D.C. circuit's July 29 decisions in EPF & HWTC v. EPA, ordering the listing of six smelting wastes as haz ardous under Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Subti tle C and ordering the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to propose by October 15 a rule distinguishing between those proc essing wastes that are and are not covered by the Bevill Amend ment, the focus of the Processing Waste work Group's efforts must shift from EPA's now defunct RTC II to (1) dealing with the smelter waste listing, (2) preparing for and responding to the October 15 proposed rule, and (3) preparing for EPA's July 31, 1989, Report to Congress on processing wastes. The first two issues are upon us and cannot await the September 27 Solid Waste Subcommittee meeting in Denver. The purpose of the work group meeting is to initiate actions, particularly in the regulatory arena, dealing with the listing and the upcoming rulemaking. Towards that end, the various work group "commodity sectors" (copper, lead, zinc) formed earlier this year to evaluate EPA's draft RTC II, should now reevaluate the 1978-80 data used by EPA to support the August 31 listing of the copper, lead and zinc wastes. Copies of that data are enclosed. EPA used it in the original 1980 listing of those wastes. That data is known to foe flawed. Be prepared on September 20 to demonstrate precisely where these data are flawed regarding your company's and your mineral sector's waste streams. There are a variety of regulatory options potentially available for dealing with the listing. At the September 20 meeting, we will need your opinions on the wisdom or folly of using any one or more of these options. To assist you, we enclose a paper listing these options. The paper also contains legislative and judicial options. We welcome your input on those as well, but ask that you put your greatest thought into the regulatory phase. Here is the status report on the processing waste situation: Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010945 Legal The D.C. Circuit has not yet responded to AMC*s request for a rehearing date of the case en banc. We expect that the court will deny this request* Beveridge & Diamond will prepare a petition for certiorari, asking the Supreme Court to review the D.c. circuit's decision, and will request a stay of the lower court decision* Regulatory On August 31, SPA Administrator Lee Thomas signed a final rule listing the six smelting wastes as hazardous* While the agency is focusing on the October 15 deadline for proposing the ,fBevill criteria for processing waste" rule, AMC is attempt ing to obtain from EPA informal assurances as to effective dates and certain other matters regarding the listing. Legislative Senator Max Baucus (D-MT) is expected momentarily to introduce a RCRA reauthorization bill, including provisions on mining and processing waste* We will forward copies as soon as possible. In the meantime, contacts are being made in appropri ate parts of Capitol Hill to determine whether, and what kind of, relief from the court decision might be available. Internal AMC At a September 7 meeting, the Washington Mine Waste Group -(along with some members of the Solid Waste Subcommittee, smelter management personnel and outside counsel for many AMC member processing companies) reviewed the situation. The group agreed with the protective filing of a petition for judicial review of the August 31 listing rule, and with preparation of a petition for certiorari. The group also agreed that the Process ing Waste Work Group, as a part of the Solid Waste Subcommittee, was the proper focus for (1) analysis of the EPA data, and (2) efforts in the regulatory arena. The Washington Mine Waste Group recommended, in light of the interrelationship among regulatory, legislative and judicial avenues in dealing with the July 29 court order, that company legal counsel and Washington represen tatives attend Processing Waste Work Group meetings. Accord ingly, notice of the September 20 Processing Waste Work Group meeting is being sent to those who attended the September 7 Washington Mine Waste Group meeting. Please feel free to invite personnel from your company whom you believe (a) need to be part of this effort and (b) can make a contribution to its success. The Hyatt Regency has set aside a block of rooms for those of you who wish to spend one or two nights in Denver. The rooms are set aside for the Processing Waste Work Group and the reservation phone number is 303/295-5870. VS-'Xo t-Xyv-o % / ^0 / i 2 ^ Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010946 i Please return the enclosed response form to Ms Lori Lin go by September 16, indicating whether you plan to attend the meeting of the Processing Waste Work Group, Enclosures -3- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010947 i AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS FOUNDED 1897 Suite 300 2920 N Street N.W. Washington, D.C. 2003$ 202/661-2800 TWX 720/822-0126 EasyHnk: 62766020 John A. Knebel President AGENDA for PROCESSING WASTE WORK GROUP Tuesday, September 20, 1988 Hyatt Regency Hotel 1750 Weiton street Denver, Colorado 80202 I* Call to Order II. Processing Waste Status Report A. Regulatory B. Judicial C. Legislative III. Report by Commodity Sectors on Review of EPA Data Support ing Listing A. Copper B. Lead C. Zinc IV. Option and Recommendations A. What additional data to submit B. What regulatory approaches AMC shall use V. Adjournment Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010948 OPTIONS Petition for Rulemaking A. Single petition to repeal listing of K064, K065 and K066 wastes ab initio (e.g. repeal effective from the date of initial listing) Js 1. Each waste stream failed to meet criteria for listing 2. Inadequate data base existed to support listing B. Three separate petitions to repeal listing of each waste stream ab initio i C. One or multiple petitions to narrow/define the scope of the listed waste streams 1. Exclude K064 and/or K065 and/or K066 wastes generated using "excess lime" 2. Define "thickening" for K064 wastes to exclude certain waste streams (e.g. acid plant blowdown mixed with mill tailings, then dewatered--define as not involving "thickening") 3- Exclude slag dewatered in surface impoundments from K065 waters, and exclude solids from set tling of stormwaters run-on and run-off from slag storage areas 4. Exclude solids derived from non-contact cooling waters 5. Exclude solids in emergency fire water reservoirs and virgin water holding ponds D. One or more petitions to make Subtitle C rules inap plicable (permanently or temporarily), or modify them / when applied to the listed wastes (e.g. the mixture / rule, the derived from the "contained in" rule, and/or ^ certain aspects of the land disposal ban rules)1 2 3 4 1. Generally 2. Only at integrated facilities where "Bevilled" extraction and beneficiation wastes are mixed with the newly listed wastes 3. Where the listed waste is treated so as to remove, render non-toxic, or immobilize hazardous constituents 4. For specific facilities operations/waste streams Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010949 * rv ' E. , i / / one or more petitions to exclude materials that; are recycled or returned to the process for materials reclamation from..the..listing(s) (cite AMO.v. EPA, 824 F* 2d 1177 (O.C Cir. 1987)) 1. Generally 2. Under certain classes of circumstances or conditions 3. For specific facilities/operations/waste streams 4. One or more petitions to clarify the effective dates(s) of the listing(s) and of related rules and obligations F. one or more petitions to define the relationship between the listed wastes and wastes remaining subject to the Bevill Amendment (i*e to prevent listed wastes from "infecting" "Bevilled" wastes--see also D2 above) G. Petition(s) to modify "facility" and "solid waste management unit*1 definitions for corrective action when applied to these liewly listed wastes ^ Ji. \ v2 3* ~ 4. Generally For integrated facilities For specified classes of facilities/operations For specifically named facilities/operations H, One or more petitions to clarify the effective date(s) of the listing(s) and of related rules and obligations 1. Relationship of listing Clock and "characteris tics" clock? 2- Prospective effect only of new listings 3. Federal listing date v* state listing dates in RCRA authorized states for 90-day notification? II. Seeking Informational Guidance or Interpretations from EPA III* Delisting Petitions for Individual Facilities -2 - Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010950 4 IV. Legislative Approaches A. Vehicles 1* RCRA Amendments 2. Appropriations Bill Eider Supplemental/Continuing Resolution 3. Clean Air Act Amendments 4. other non-germane Senate legislation B. Content 1. Reverse court decision; restore wastes to "Be * villed" status 2* Suspend mandated listing and/or prohibit use of ERA funds to enforce Subtitle C, require EFA to initiate and complete rulemaking process as to whether to list any of these waste streams 3. Limit listings as per any of the ideas in the Petitions section above 4* Set-up non-Subtitle C regulatory scheme for these wastes as per AMC draft on other comparable approach in lieu of Subtitle C regulation 5,, Other V. Judicial Approaches A. seek en banc review and/or Supreme court review of EDP v. EPA B. File new lawsuit challenging EPA's determination (note 3) that these waste meet the listing criteria C. [more to come] - 'X Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010951 PRIMARY COPPER SMELTING AND REFINING Acid plant blowdown slurry/sludge resulting fro* the thickening of blowdown slurry (T) Summary of Basis for Listing ^ g. Acid plant blowdown slurry/sludge* resulting' fjroia A the thickening of th*e blowdown slurry, is a was.te; '*s tre ssk A. from the treatment of the acid plant blowdown slurry st _ . facilities where-primary copper is smelted in s reverberatory ' * ** . * .. . furnace- The Admitilstrator has determined that these sludges are solid wastes which pose a substantial present^, t potential haxard to human health or the environment when ... improperly transported, treated, stored, disposed of or _ otherwise managed and, therefore,'should be subject to . appropriate management requirements under Subtitle C of _ RCRA. This conclusion is based on the following considerations: 1) Acid plant blowdown slurry contains high concentrations of the toxic heavy metals lead and cadmium-* 2) A large quantity of thesa wastes is generated manually (approximately 296,000 MT (dry weight) was produced in 1977) and this quantity is expected to increase to 360,360 HT by 1993. 3) A solubility study has shown that lead and cadmium can be leached from these sludges by even a mild (distilled ` water) leaching media. Therefore, even under the mild conditions, the possibility of groundwater coutaai- . *: *- *For concentrations of other listed toxic heavy metals that do not warrant waste listing, see Attachment l* Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010952 nation via leaching will exist if these waste notarial* are improperly disposed. 4) Current waste management praetiees consist of storage or disposal in ualined lagoons. These waste management practices may not be adequate to prevent a hasard to human health and the environment. -D---i-s--c---u--s--s---i-o--n-A. Profile for the Industry . . dr . _ -1 *.' " A 1977' review (1) indicated that there were IS' primary copper smelters In the United States' operated by eight companies. A more recant source (2) identifies seventeen primary smelters operated by nine companies. Table 1 lists . the ievesteen plants and their production capacities. Almost ell of the smelting capacity is' concentrated la the south western United States, primarily Arisons and Mev Mexico. An iverage smelter can he assumed to have a capacity!of 100,000 metric tons per year (1). Total national production of copper is increasing, based on a comparison of total capacities cited by References 1 and 2. B. Manufacturina Process Processing of copper Includes mining, concentrating of ores, smelting and refining. The sue1ting process Involves two basic steps (3>. first, the copper concentrate is melted in a reverberatory furnace to yield matte, which is essentially a mixture of copper and iron sulfides. The matte is then fed< hs-'Convetts'rs in which air oxidation converts the copper sulfate to impure copper and the iron sulfide to an Iron % Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010953 f oxide/silicate slag that can be separated Cron the copper. The product resulting from the reverberatory furnace converter smelting is blister copper. Depending on the intended final use, the blister copper is purified byfire refining and - electrolytic refining. A flow diagram for the primary copper.. . ** *' . ~* .. -- ___. * * ' . * smelting proctt* Ir shown ia Figure 1. . ' f" 7* ^_ Ths source of the listed vast* stream is also indicated . ia Figure' IV (Note that the reverberatory furnace slsg ia not ineludad in the lietiag since date submitted during the . ` * * v* lie w * ~ ` comment period indicated that tha contaminants lm the slag tend not to migrata out of the waste.) Lead and cadmium, the metale that constitute the*basis for listing, are always ' in the-vast* since they ere always present la the iMisic raw ~-- aaterialg namely copper ore* C. Wnstn generation and Management -` ^ 4* Mh . ...... : '"' '..As Indicated in Figure 1, the listed weete addressed in this-'document arises from the ecid plant which commtltntee the principal controller for removal of sulfur dioxide from furnece end converter off-gases (3). The converter off-gases typically contain 5X or more of sulfur dioxide (3). According * to the Calspsa report (l), the acid plant for an average 100,000 metric ton/year eaelter generates e blowdown slurry at a rate of about 2,270 cubic macers/day. After thickening, the bulk of the solid content of slurry is recycled to the Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010954 earcumnoi ' C6S*tfTft4m t % ` yt; s t ` At&& ttAN*4 T... a* * I ^ r ^Acaa ^*... 2S.' siu**r . . ; * AMps. . i *" .R. 19V< .v}J, f * BIMP VJ> Zm. $l,f* A\* SL sy/5gLi1 tif. wot; WniMJ?11* | *tcreua f; * . lfl w W.*0* _ ''% ^ - "*awtiasnft*lA*iK*M ' i r isuiMioi V * ** Jt^"WHHAIUr' r /*?* ` t t inavciT*nCEi!*oAo?oe4jnfrrok. * %IVlMNACt C9HVt*1tft|: i -I--..I j r *****>% eowmcft *--* a- **a*^i^dSP|.^/*^ -iifc . ri" a* t ?' r uaeciUMtaut * . .***"' &ertfi CO*** tOWttfttlWWU CCtffttCf9*tt8 *NWlNr^ "5 Tit OlAtfOOCS.tlS. y; **StCtfflHUTC.. .v^- rt* ?RS& / " \rss #- ,< if i. * - . 8,/umo<*imj.v\ otsstlow " ;. . \\ jwSuw-V/ vrsms nr 9U fiot*ca . * * 'Z*Ktr ,t3t * * .-5J }Nim *s*"\ MAtfumt |Af |AlUS , *V fmnw U MOK LfAIUMO; 2 '?A1UWC*** tsowveej&uss ;*-rEWTUfl** 'm?aCrTnMoesTyOcTt .4' : 723 n'ASTS SLUDGE) .\ &*S?*6 1IVKCCit *kok w*ria ****** <. Pf&ttftMCAl VALUt* AJtt . (oVrcfteILM90ftftr*fMtefatAumcTS<tB it#- - * , * i* ^ - ** b `. *' * * * * ` ' * -!*a. a/;* s y*s Ut Figure 1 PRIMARY COPPER SMcLTINB AND FIRSREFININS; e ' :' >* --: '. ' -'. . . 3** *\ ' ** Source: Reference 1 .. . xlv.. c y- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010955 } reverbtratory furnace** The overflow from the thickener about 2,200 cubic meters per day, containing 0*77 metric tone of lufpended solids and 40 metric tons of dissolved solids is sent to a lagoon for settling* The suspended solid content is eventuslly recovered end recycled to the smelter.* The 40 metric-tons/dey of dissolved solids remain In the aqueous legoon effluent which is discharged to the mein teilinge pond. * i . a c r. - *. Available documentation (1) indicates thet thisiludg* ia allowed to accumulate, along with tha tailings wests, in the tellings pond. There is no evidence that this sludge/ . tailings mixture le dredged out for further treatment or disposal. Available documentation also indicates that thaaa teilinge ponds ere unlined* These unllned tellings ,, ponds are, therefore, .the point of disposal for the 40 MT/day of material fro. th. meld plant blowdown slurry th.t 1* not recycled. la comparison, 46 MT/day of tblckaar undarflow solids and 0.8 MT/day of'tha overflow suspended *At thia tl.a, appllcabla raqulra.anta of Part. 262 through 265 apply insofar a. tha accumulation, atoraga and transpor tation of haaardou. waatss that ara uaad, reused, racyclad, or reclaimed. Tha Agancy baliavaa that thia ragulatory coverage'is .appropriate for tha subject wastes. Th. slurry/ aludgs is hazardous insofar aa thay ara being accumulated and atorad in surface i.pounduents and insofar aa they say ba stored ia piles prior to recycling. This waste any not pose a substantial harard during the recycling and, even though listed as a hazardous waste, this aapaet of their aanagaaant is not now being regulated. -f- -778- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010956 j Table 1 GEOGRAPHICAL OISTRIBUIIOH AHD CAPACITI1S Of : PRIMARY COPPER SWILT11S r : s. .. . : - _ Conpany _. . ~; "C Saalein* '. Location . :. ;; t*-' * Capacity (KT*/rr^ ,` Anaconda ... Anaconda, MT } :r,su -lia r.cs " 198,000 A. SARCO' , ` t** , T ft .. - .-;nrf-.r `.-del Laiii Hayden, AZ 180,000 * '* ' - I* . 11 Paso, TX . . ? 115,000 Cities Service Tacoaa, HA Copper Bill, TV ***', 100,000 A/- 22,000 Copper Rente -' White Pina, HI ` "" *C * - 90,000 -* . ' ; . . - t r.';: % L *' til. * a. I* fcC,' Eecla Mining Casa Grande, AZ 31,000** '. * * Inspiration ** * t . ` * Mlaai, AZ -r t: >?>'; 150,000 Kfaaacott * ..* . * Garfiaid, Otah . v :***. ' ? sn-a-' 280,000 . * * ** Hurley, MM - . **.*4. '5 80,000 Hayden, AZ 80,000 . ' Me Gill, HP ; V- 50,000 -' *' * . _ $ t .. Magna San Manual , AZ . * .* - 200,000 Phelps Dodge ' Morenel, AZ Hidalgo, MM Douglas, AZ Ajo,- AZ 177,000 140,000 ,,127,000 70,000 *. W nutria ton# ' .v * Sayltlng la dona by a laach process, but tba plane baa an feld plant associated with the roaatac. v *i- mr. v i \ ,iW^ % 7*0 i Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010957 * solid * ire eventually recycle/! during treatment of th acid plane blowdown .slurry. . ^able 2 summarise* the total quantities of acid plane blowdown slurries (and miscellaneous other small volume 4 lurries) Chat are generated, k total of 286,000 metric tone^(dry weight) of waste sludge from primary copper ^ .s * smelters was generated In 1977. It 1. astin.tad (1) that - this quantity will increase by about 26% to 360,360 natrle. ton. by 1983. Tha total quantity of wait. sludge disposed r of (not recycled) by prinary eoppar analtara la 1977 was . ; 128,400 aatrie ton. (dry valght). .. -:- - D. Hararda Poaad by tb. Waata r" 1. Concentrations of baad~and Cadniua in tha Waata Straaa Tha listed want, has bann analyx.d (1) and found .. . ' to contain toxic natal.. Th. cone.ntr.tlon. fount .r. sunaerlzad in T.bl. 3; - ----- Sludge, also have b..n subjected to leaching testa ' and have haan shown (1) to loach lead and cadniua in significant concentrations. Tha laaching taata la the - Calspan Study (1) wc. parfornad on on. saapl. by -* agitating on. part west* with two part, distilled water " (initial pB 5.5) for 72 hours. Th. mixture we. than filtered and analysed. Table 4 present, the concentrations found in the leachate froa the sludge eeaple. As shown by the teat results la Table 4, cadniua appeare in concentrations 17,000 tines the E?A: * . National Interia Primary Watar Standard, and lead* Tf*. Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010958 TABLE 2 ESTIMATED TOTAL MASTS SLUDGES FROM PRIMARY COPPER SMELTERS I# 1977** (METRIC TONS - DRY WEIGHT) ... State Total Blowdown Slurry . -* Total Dlsooitd Tmnum*tmm;' Miehi|m .. Texaa * * ..a* . r v* *? e 2,300 17,500 14,800 ` T*>! ? '* i'ood '- . ill V - 1 i;900 '` *11' Jt _ _ 6,700 Mew Mexico 24,800 11,200 ? . ^Montana 28,500 :7?? r : 13,000 ":l .Utah * Arizona . . Nevada '' * ' * : ;- 34,300 . 143,600 6,100 15,000 - 64,600 -i * l * : 2,700 ^ .Meahiagtoa ' Total ' 14,100 .286,000 1 K: '* 6.300 r-m< 128,400 ; ' -i . - -- .* aaa&er of copper saeltera which were in exietesee la 1*74 *r no loafer la operatioa, Chao, the mtti pro4uce4 by thtt saoIcon ar not lacladed la this table...............-t-. Source: Reference l. Table 74 -7M Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order 4 DR230-010959 Utl '" ' ' TABU 3 ......................... _ _ ,, - .................. . * -e " C"ONCE;"N'r TRATION~ S OF HE..A...V..Y......M...E..T..A".*L.S. IH*...W..mAmmSmTmmE, m _ . -. SLUDGES FROM PRIMARY COFFER SHELTERS (ffM) r til * Sludiei .. */ ,k *. * *^ - Cadaiua Lead * J20 8000 * _ Source: Reference 1 Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010960 appears in concentrations ISO tines the National Znterla Primary Standard. ' The distilled voter leeching procedure used in the Calspan tests (1) thus indicates that lead and esdmiun will leach from the waste even when subjected to . '' ' - - ; -- 0. . lid environnental conditions. A more aggressive leaching agent may lead to aore substantial release of the toxic netals. Disposal/storaga in a'surface laponudneat or' t* ' "* p , i, J* landfill with an acidic environment will certainly .. -` , . " J- enhance the solubility of lead end "other nettle, since -- - . ^ ^- _3;v . ... .. their solubility is pH dependent (i.e*t solubility v"- increases es the pH decreases (4)). " * *- The information on the solubility of the compounds .- - . v . . ., ..hi.* * coupled with the feet that solubilisation can acenr morn * : readily due to the fine particulate composition of the ' - sludges suggests that the netals present in the listed ' wests nay he released froa the acid plant blowdown -- under improper storage/dlsposal conditions. - '' Once releeead Iron the aatrlx of the waste, the ' toxic netals can migrate froa the disposal/storage site ft ground and Surface waters utilised as drinking water sources. Present prectieee associated with impounding . the waste nay he inadequate to prevent such an oeeuraaca., for Instance, selection of disposal sites in areas with / peraeahle soils can parelt 'contaminant-bearing 'leeched* ' Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230 Table 4 CONCENTRATIONS OF HEAVY METALS IN FILTERED DISTILLED f WATER LEACHATE, ffH Cadmium La ad : Sludgee 8.4 7.8 a -#a. ' l .1 . ir j jCrt * Source: Reference l -yt-7*5'- Confidential-PursuantTo Protective Order DR230-010962 froa the wstt to algrate to groundwater. This la especially significant with respect to ponded wastes because a large quantity of liquid is available to percolate through the solids and soil beneath the fill. t :_Ta ; - la addition to.difficulties caused by* la^roper ' ... * - *# * 'r'"f * *-- r 1-- 11 . * ' ". ** site selection,. the lagoon/talliag ponds are likely to H' have Insufficient leachate end surface rua>off control \ practices. Therefore, there aay be no leachate collection and treataent .systen to dininish leachate percolation . through the wastes and soil underneath the site to * groundwater. Further, there aay be no surface run-off diversion systen to prevent contaainants from being ' carried froa the disposal site to nearby surface waters. An overflow probl'ea would thus be encountered if the liquid portion of the waste has been allowed to reach too high a level la the lagoon/tailings pond; a- heavy rainfall could cause flooding which alght reach surface waters in the vicinity. Should lead and oadalua algrate froa this waste, they would persist In the environaent (in soae fora) virtually indefinitely and, therefore, aay eontaalaate drinking water sources for long periods of tiae. Furtheraore, cadaiua is bioaceuaulated at all tropic levels, lead can be bioaceuaulated and passed along : r.tfc'. Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010963 t* Che food chain, but not biomagnified, the likllhood of human exposure la thus Increased. ' the large quantities of this waste stream generated (a total of approximately 286,000 MT (dry weight) in 1977) is an additional, factor supporting the listing of this*. ' solid waste as hasardous. As previously indicated; the waste from primary copper smelting la generated" inarcs* :? substantial quantities and contains slgnificenteoucen- - trations (Sea Tabla 3) of cadmium and lead*'. Largs K*.?.' amounts of these metals from the waste sludge are^Chus * - available for potential environmental release*' The large: quantities of these contaminants pose the-danger of h .* polluting large areas of ground or surface waters: . Contamination could also occur for long periods of time,'v' tinea.large amounts of pollutants are available'for environmental loading. Attanuaeiva capacity of the environment surrounding the disposal facility could .. also be reduced or used up due to the large . c? quantities of pollutants available. All of these considerations Increase the posslhlley or exposure to harmful constituents and, in the Agency's view, support a T listing. .: . *. 2. Hmtdi Associated with luj gj Cadsto. ` r._ A. prtitatid btlov, The actual toxicity of those harmful constituents is ..11 documented* :- . . :: . ' ~\4- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010964 ,. I A 1977 rtvlew (6) uammrlze* aueh of th* avilbl* dmtm jt on eh* toxicity of lead and cadmium. Capsule description* of adverse health and environmental effects based on Reference 6 are summarised below; more detail.'on the adverse effect-s.,*!*- . of codaiua cmn bo found ior Appandlx' A. a - -: V .rurtfrr-..- *. * 4 * *"!*"* 'Lead^is-poisonotis.in all formss^-It is-''one o|tba'so^rr : hatardousnof1tha ;toxic -metals.because ,it aecunnlates: inimany m- "SMB*. * organismsr -and.itsideletarou*. effeetSrare numerousland'severe. znss. - r ........ ? T- " ''SSfc? Mr Lead may enter thefhuman- system- through inhalation,ilngeation *' *v *. . jp* or skin contact * tend li a cumulative * poion`in human* v<**V ' * leading to'damage, in kidneys,-liver, Tgonads*',the.'nervousaW-^ * system and blood-vassal*. toad compound* ilio hw biiaj^ '' * - reported to cause, oncogenic and teratogenic effects..- in animals. Toxicity to aquatic organisms occurs at ppb concentrations? ` Cadmium shows both acute and chronic toxic effects:4rd `L % humans. Tha LD50 (oral, rat) la 72 mg/kg of CdO. '-Cadmium* ,vv _ ^ *t and ita compounds hava baan raportad to produca oucogmmleft* and tarategsnic affacta. Aquatic toxicity has hssm observed at suh-ppb levels. .. The heserde associated with exposure to lead, end cadmium have been recognised by other regulatory programs* Lead and cadmium ere listed as priority pollutants in accordance .with 5307(e) of the Clean Water Act of 1977. Under M of the Occupational Safety end lealth Act of 1970, e final standard for occupational axposure to laad has been established (7,8). Also, a national ambitnt air quality standard for laad has ' . aS v.3 \ ( 1/- -n*- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010965 been announced by EPA pursuant to the Clean Air Act (ft). In . addition* final or proposed regulations of the States of California* Maine*- Maryland* Massachusetts* Minnesota* Missouri * 1 .* Mexico* Oklahoma and Oregon define cadmium or lead containing compounds as hazardous wastes or components thereof;(9).r 3 ' 'r '. ' 3. * -* * *: * * O ` - .:s- -- * Stotts ' r? dr---;*: J*H~ '*- ' *' - ' . *f %r . C '- ' . : ;;r -- f /fih I Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010966 I ( Attachment 1 <*e~ ' in-: - ."oar. * ' * - * - , 3. 'M .-V . 1*K .lei The wastes contain measurable concentrations of certain other' constltnenta Hated in Appendix VIII* of * Part* 262.1* in-- - * - eluding araenlc, chromium, mercury and seleniaa.. The concern- : tration# of these - constltnenta-'- in- both the'waste*and* distilled** vster leachate saapies are* houevar.'deamed, faauf|lelaniCto '.'B3?' warrant listing the waite's onbaaisof these addlflonal|f constituents, as demonstrated by the following taSlesit' ' *' . i:*- ' ` - "r-/ . .rjrr -+ -- - -SHfef -.................. r - Sif~ . . - rjg-EZi.SEESE:^^ - ~.L: " _ COKCgHThATIOHS OF HEAVY METALS IH WASTE SlfrPCEg FROK PRIMARY COgPEK"SMELTS!?"'T""r ' * * .h/ . aiv -r.aasr. Hittli Chroaiua r* * M*rcury Sludges 50 0-8 43C`* V3TI sSfec". Silmltii ` Source: deference 1. 30 ;r*; v*a ** -l/-750 Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010967 REFERENCES 0.S* EPA, Office o^Solid Vote., .Assessment of hazardous waste practices in the octal saelting end refining industry, v.2. EPA Ho. SW-145c2. HTIS PB Ho. 276 170. April, 1977. * . 0.S. Department of' the Interior,VBureau of Mints. Copper - '.*"7 -- mineral.commodity profiles. Septenber , 1979. - /r^p-'i . ;-.7~7 - "P. D Ooiuggesll.; 'gopperf1 inf^MS *6teyeon'end'97* tfcfc&S Kirk-Othitserr eacycll pedie~f N:hemtSel aS&&oii|^Sra^?^#% -~v.6* John Wiley aad^Sons^Hsv York. 1971 fz i .z;^zgjjgSSZz ' res:.: 4. Pourbaix, H. Atlss^ofslectrochsuicsl.egailibrij aqueous' solutions."Pergemon Prass,-XondoiSilOf * ^"V*. . jTT-' . - *. .* ' ' - "7,,7?' ' -rrf * - -jSa_`_?r. - The Merck Index, Sth sde Msrck end Coepaayi^ac, ^JIehweyi<JHJ.;19(S6| t^sr^r^rtn*.-^ m . * . Clelead end .Kingsbury. Multimedia environmental goaTm'^ v. 2. EP4 Soi 6QO-/7~77- 136B^November , l?7.7t"-ffijj- 0-S. Depertnent of Interior, Buteeu of`Mina*,I0TMiu?5!| comeodity tuaaarisa. 1979.. a> r - -7 r. - * . -- 3t T J - . J If ? -- l'.'t M jsrtiuis bmr.s^^s^ NIQSS.^.Registry of,tonic effects of.ehealcei substances* * 0.S. Depertnsnt of*'Health,Education end' Welfare? Vsilo&ai^ institute for Occupetlonel. Safety end Health. 1977. *3T- : " - -------------------- 10^ eai 9. U.S. EPA States Regulations files, Haterdous Wests Beets Programs, WS-565* 0.S. EPA, 401 MJtAifjjJ!l2?^*^ttg%on',-D?C. 20460. Contact Bern Morskes (202) 755-9145. Janueryri9B0. ' * ~ rjz >nisb A a*C i* % - c *" ? 9ic :? c;.'T9fl9 nr ,Ij S' > ' J* Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010968 Page 16 THE INDUSTRY, OUR OCMPANY AND ITS PEOPLE HAVE SURVIVED RESTRUCTURING AND ARE PROBABLY STRONGER BOR IT. AND FEW WOLD DOUBT THAT EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS HAD MUCH TO DO WITH THAT SURVIVAL. ' Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010969 listing ba o' * PRIMARY ZINC SMELTING AND REFXMIHG -Sr ' Sludg* from trootmont of procoa* wastavmter and/or acid plant blowdown (T) ` Eltctrolytlc anoda sllmos/sludges (T) ' Cadmium plant leach residua (iron oxide) (T) ZOZ<i Summary of Basis for Listing ' "* Jat : ? . iefaw 9 I l * Theprimary sine'industry Is comprised of 7'plants that employ on* of* two major sine manufacturing processes--electro* lytle or'pyromctallurgleal processing. The five electrolytic and two pyrometallu-rgiesl planes recover tine metal from'ore concentrates. Cadmium and lead contaminants found in the raw ** * g materials are carried through numerous processes and are'sub** sequently found in high concentrations in the wastewater*treat- 4 ee m* went sludge generated by.the treatment of process wastewater and/or acid plant blowdown, in the electrolytic'anode slimes/ sludges and in cadmium plant leach residue (iron oxidej. The Administrator has determined that these wastes are solid wastes whieh may pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly transported, treated, stored, disposed of or otherwise managed, and therefore should be subject to appropriate management requirements under Subtitle C of RCKA. This conclusion is based on the following considerations: 1) The wastes contain significant concentrations of the toxic metals cadmium and lead. 2) Cadmium and lead have been shown to leach from samples of these wastes in significant concentrations V v- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010970 e x c c 4 ; : : j prosecute. 3} Electrolytic anods slices/sludges end cadniue plant leach residue era generated at a raca of 2,600 toaa/yaar, and 200/tons year, respectively. Sludge fren the treat** aent of proceee wastewater and/or acid plant blowdown la generated at 4 tata greater than 11,000 toaa/yaar. Such largo quantities of war too containing high eoneantrationa of hatardouo conatitueuts increases the probability of . ;danaga to huaan health and tha aavlronaant under iaproper disposal conditional l '* * . . , '* .* * . i.| - , , .4) } These waste's ara `currentijT atockpiled onaita> and/or hau'ltd.off-sito to landf ilia .in' a aannae that, could - "allow gha cadaiua and^laid in.:tha wastes to. loach' to- | I groundwater:.' ~^ I' . ! ... ^ .* ". > - - ~ w * or a Industry'Profile and Hanufacturlnt frocaaa m* - * J ?* ^ * j" #% *T i * 4 Fiveplantsrproducerineby tha-alaetrolytic;process, and two plants produce tine by pyroaetsllurglcal techniques (3). ' Locations of tha plant*capacities and products are given , in labia li i i C: ' electrolytic plants (not'including tha on* new plant in Tannsssaa) account for approxlnataly 9 percent of tha total solid waste ganaratad although they represent about 49 L\ -i peccant of tha Industry's production of slab tine. Tha two pyroaatallurglcal plants account for 91 peccant of the solid west*', although they represent only SI percent of tha .otoduc- tion of cine (3). ~ Electrolytic Frocea* At four of the electrolytic sine plants, actual production rates range froa 41,$00 tons to 82,100 tons of slab cine par yaar. These four planes account for approxlnataly 268,300^ tons of the total annual prlaary sine production, or about 49 percent of the industry total. Tha fifth plant hsa cone 1 Confidential-PursuantTo Protective Order DR230-010971 AMO REFINERS (3 ) ID PRODUCTS OP PRlHAKi u mS nfrbo B * " rs <Amy".4 mu ** w M u. * c*N* 4Ow HJ s *s |A flk (i * * <Ive* m*3w I*r/2w 333 W *uWi* ' , H* T 82 . e 23 ' .3 3 ' er- ** y w* ll`J *4 H ^ Sl- 0w* "* ,3*"; *, .v*- *M - 5 3 tt** 5 y*pH-4 M 5M Jk 9 *p"4* * -**-***4 .<b*L-1H *.3*. _ n s i e *N s f 2 5 i H ZINC SMB1 LOCATIONS, CAPACIT' 2* wN0** 3->pH*V eO 4bJ 3 9 6 UB4 At 3$. it Ne f* KO 82 28 "'*3 st *is0 ***3W SB A* .2 - Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010972 I on-line recently, and production figures art not yst avail-- -- bis (3). v.lsetrolytie processing basicallyinvolves dissolv ing tba sine in a aulfata solution followed by electrolytic deposition of sine (3). Process.flow (see Figure 1) at the ---------I plants is vary similar, with sons variation^.)..... - ' ** , * * - _ ~. * Th *ourct`of foltd;wic* g*nr*td by tht *letrolTtlc . *.*340 --.. -- m**"' - ............ i t t ' - process aiei Cl) ttsatasfft^qf-prtleach residue <shirt" ' "-rnT r-'r^ operation occurs at only* one plant)-,--(2) the collaction and I TM treacnent of acid plant*blowdown and afacallantoua sluririas;, ' : (3) the cleaning of the electrolysis calls (anode oilsor/** ~ sludges), and (4) the filtration of the leach solution. .~ The prelsach process is used by one elaetrolytifr plant i . -V with an annual production of 62,300 tons. *ralaaching raaoves excess nagnesiua frow,the.inconing sine concentrates. ISagnesiua is not alaetrolyzad Jut_sccuaulates in the systaa; therefore sine concentrates having high aagneslua levels aunt be fire- leached before further processing,__.The preliach step iavolves the reaction of sulfuric acid and a bleed stream froa the acid jlant (i.e., acid plant blowdown--a weak acid streaa) with -a portion (up to 1002) of the inconing coneentratea to solubilise the aagneslua. The insoluble concentrate containing sine is separated and continues through the process. The solu bilised aaterial containing aagneslua and the acidic ptaleach solution enter a lined surface impoundment, froa which At is puaped to a wastewater txeataent plant (WWTP). The sludge that settles in the impoundment is periodically raaoved and placed id the WWTP. This sludge, together with the sludge produced froa jt -Alt- , iL N Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010973 i , FI SURE J. * :- . ELECTiOLTTIC ZlU PEIB55TI8K. F18CESS * * ? Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010974 ill tx nn a: n :* iz : Is continuously removed end hauled Co an off-titc landfill operated by a private contractor. At the plane that uaea ** ? . . preleaching, tha WWTP sludge also contains solids from acid - . : .. 1. * plant blowdown, anode ellttea (electrolytic cell cleanings), ~: * 'i: * :n: it- *7 ;*- ^. and miscellaneous slurries. The available information indicate* that 9,40ft tons of WWTP sludge is generated annually by thi/**r plant C^>.e: >*:> a*'tburgle . silt r - *1 *' aov a * "7" . * * As ~; , * > v 9 $ * *-erjf-^Wv - to*'drive off sulfur and convert the sine sulfide In the con-' eentrate to an iapurt sine oxidt ealltd calcine '(3). " The' ' -conversion to ca-lciha -in tha roaatar produees-a'roaster-of f- g*s straaa containing anough sulfur dioxlda to permit sulfur recovery as sulfuric acid. All electrolytic plants traat tha...... -roaatar effgaa in sulfuric acid plants to'product a saleable ' sulfuric acid. Tha acid production rasulta in'a'wsak acid '` ' t ; , .t _ vasts acraan froa tha scrubbing coluans that clean tha off-gas. "* - .. s. This vasts is referred to as a blatd strata or aeid plant ' " blowdown. Tha aeid plant blowdown ia nsutrslissd snd thickened, and tha solids srs allowad to ssttls ia ponds (3). Whether or not tha solid* ar* baing atorad for recycling, tha solids do ^constitute a solid watts as dsfinad by 1261.2*. Traataant of - *Tha Agency has concludad that it dots hawa Jurisdiction under Subtitle C of RCRA Co ragulata wastawatsr traataant sludgas and other waste aatarials that era used, reused, recycled or reclaimed Furtheraore, it' has reasoned that such materials do hoc bacon* less haaardous to human health or tha environment because they ar* intended to be used, reused, raeyclad or reclaimed In lieu- of baing discarded. Therefore, at this tins, applicable require ments of Parts 262 through 265 and 122 will apply insofar as' the accumulation, storage and transportation of hazardous wastas . that are usad, reused, recycled or reclaimed. -9#sr- Confidential-PursuantTo Protective Order DR230-010975 - acil plant blovaawa gsne.-atss an eatt-site-i 1,-0* tc-.t 3* ^ tludge par year, (3) which hat been designated aa hazardous. ' 411 electrolytic planes also ganaraea a waste of anode ..lines or sludges fro* cleaning of the electrolytic cells. Anode sliaes/sludgss consist of gangua aatarial that la passed through earlier process steps but is not plated - -* *--- - ; * ft tut, or electrolysed, in the electrolysis step. It is .- . ftttlsactd chic anodft tilvcs/sludgcs o*k up 2,600 Con* of - -?- -- . 'ii1.,. 1 * 3n;; . IA t\ft ft tin aa1 solid wftstft producftd O). This wftstft is also * / . . ,, , i *. " t- * r ^ **.** iftsignmtsd as hasardous.* w ' '* :'' . *; " ' & c" r. - * *r ?7roafttft21utftlealb-?toeftsft There ere two pyrosetallurlgieal sine plants with coabined annuel production rate .of about 261,000 tons of sine natal (3). These plants account for approximately 31 percent of the total '* - ' :nZ\. production of sine metal by the primary tine industry, but 91 ..ereent of Che total solid waste produced by the Industry. Although ehe two plants use the .same basic processes (see Fig ure 2), they differ greatly in the quantities of solid vesta generated end in the ultimate disposal or control of the vaate (3). Fyrometellurglcel processing entails the following stepsj sintering, retorting, refining end casting. Sintering develops the desired characteristics far pyrometellurglcal smelting of thm ;alclne by processing the calcine in a sinter mschine.vhere the.. * A11 sIsctrolytic plants also generate a leach residue from filtration of the leech slurry, which is not currently T listed as hesardoue and will not be further discussed In this *ackground document. ' '. /' -114- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010976 wats* t tUldSt < OUST COLLSCT^ON eoNesNTN&rs ORT1KC i T f w*rriw*rfft TOTUSSncSMT * 3 # * 1 * * . * * ~ *1 oc *<> ROiSTH ,,. *- * * . * . WATS* 1I * * f1 OUST ] ADO eoLLScnoM | %**T . .*40. * vfcw ! CALOMt .../ cost " r- JA SA*9> 'rStwTtnwa* .. zjnc-aich. ----^. fUUOUl ** I*34"*31 ? ^*3 s'H ; CAOMtUM *LA*T ccuoiucsntoH . aaBHiai 7777. ,, * Acid Pics 32cudovs r:;G u r^n^r - - s .. Byproduct ftSSiCUS L tksatmsnt COM .... >! -- !! i ^^lll<l CUIwSmiiT;.... '*" Solid Vim RCOVCTJS* srweeo ^UANACI . O.fUKTUSt ,, . -'1 rsitjiesiueo* KSSIOUtTO MAO SlFlHfUT ff CASTJN3 * 1 -1 1 { ' SLOCKS .f OTMSH SHASfi tCOOUMCTOWf* 1L0W90W* C FI888E 2# .r^m2tAi^r?.siCAL Z1KC PROOOCTIOK PROCESS on Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010977 _ 4 . _ . 7. 4 sinter. I 3 U . O ,1 , M i , , 4,.. * * - - 7 1 7 4 ( Retorting consists of reducing the calelae In the slater with carbon in s retort to produce tine aetl.` Pre heated feed of sinter and coal or coks is then fed into the * top of th. retort;' th. canperatura- ranches 130Q*C~1400*C 7 inside. Bce.ua. of* th. cine * a low-boiling point (906*0 . it .. V- * b is volatilised as soon as it is formed. In this way the tine .la purified by-Tiaparating-it1 from ehe gangu. act.rial In th. ealelna. Zine; froa ch. retort sm.lting- aaV-'naed further purif lection': for sonc-eonmcreicl-uaca.Vnpi. sine ic ' purified by distillation in c grephie retort.IlHelten cine fro. the graphic retort la either eese pure Into b*fa-or . bloeka or 1. alloyed.', with other aetela and ease. * ' " . The aoureea of solid wait. generated by eha pyxoaetallurglcal .process which are haxarious are: ! (1) collection and treatment of acid plane blowdown, and Cl), leaching of high-cadnlua dusts In.the eadnlum plant (3).* . Both pyroaatallurgieal plants treat roaster off-gas In their'sulfuric acid planes to control aulfur dioxide aaiaalona. Tha proeaaa la eha sane as the one described abova for alectrolytic plants. Tha acid plant, produce a aalaabla sulfuric acid and a bleed atraaa (acid plant blowdown) that auat be neutralised. .One.plane neutralises the blowdown with lime, which leads to the generation of an estlcated 10,000 tons par year of settled *Two other was tea generated by this proceaa (l.c., residua from the production of sine oxide in Maels Kina (one plane only) and furnaea residue from the operation of retort and oxidizing furnaces) are not currently listed ae hasardoua and win not be further dissussed in this background document. / -Ht- { Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010978 */ % sl-idge, n * - of rf'hic'i re.. . .. . * . * :r 5:*s >. T"*e , _ a.j--, . contains significant concentrations of cadmium and lead and it designated as hazardous. . -- . . - -f- ___ The other pyromatellurgieal plane uaaa the acid plant ~ blowdown to cool and humidify tha roaatar off-gas in. a humi difying..# crubbar .5 . Acid plant, blowdown fro*. tha*. act abbot. !*:: thickened. aadathen;cooled bafor.a. being recycled to: tha yj*;* scrubber. :'cA ileedi.atream. froa tha; thickener- bottoms. is. saner^Z.'"- to tha,cadmium.plane--for..cadmium recovery..This;acid plant *. - procesf,generates, no wae,tasf.-- . _ : s,-.j ~~ zi` b? oeXJ:. : . __ ^,,Boeh of the pyromatellurgieal- planta operate;:eedmiumv . pianti-to.process dusts.with high cadmium content that aea_ . collected^from the sinter.machine off-gas. ' .froeeasingt in^.,. tha eadaiua precipitation to produce-a cadmium.sponge. tha... leaching step* produce two reaiduea. One contains relatively ^ large quantities of lead, eilvqr, and gold,.and ie sold.ee a ^ by-product. Tha other resides constitutes a.aolid waata . that contains eadaiua and land and if gansratad at a rata of 200 tona par yaar..(3) tha latear raeidua has baan classified as hasardoua. - . . Waata Cenaratlon and Management (3) . . At both tha electrolytic and pyronatallurgleal facilities off-gaaaa froa tha roaatar are treated in sulfuric ecld plente to control sulfur dioxide eaisslons. This proease generates acid pleat hlowdovn which aey he nixed with the process wastewater prior to ereataent by lias precipitation. yd 'Ui Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010979 eadaiua and is daaignatad * hazardous. Electrolytic refining generates a waete of anode allaea/ sludges! fro* cleaning the electrolytic cells. These allaea/ sludges consist of gangue material that has passed through the earlier process steps but was not plated out la the - * ' electrolysis-step. This waste also contains significant '-1 J. amounts of lead and cadmium and is designated ta haaardous;'2 " ~ . _ Pyroaetallurgical plants process high eadaiua duets'' -c; collected from the sinter baghouae to recover cadmium.8' 30^ Processing involvee acid leaching which produces two`residues. One contains significant aaounts of lead, silver and'gold}' * this residue is sold as a byproduct. Ths other residua ia"* solid, waata designated at hazardous because of its lead end'** eadaiua content. *? , ; :: ^ - . Current solid waits control practices are fairly anifora throughout the. sine industry, of the total solid waata gas* erated, about 90 percent is controlled through on-slta stockpiling, 7. parcant la removed by private and municipal organisations and individuals for various uaaa (such as winter road sand), and the raaainlng 3 percent la hauled and landfilled hy private contractors. ' `' Control Practices at Electrolytic Plants (31 * Electrolytic sine plants produce solid wssts consisting ' of snoda "allaas/sludges". neutralised acid plant blowdown, surface impoundment dredgings, wastewater trtatasnt sludge,- - and goethits residua. VC %20 \ Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010980 two of *He electrolytic $ e 1; c ; plants (WWTP) to trait plant wasttvster and various proeas#-3 iadgas. At both of thasa plants, the WWTP siudge it"* * rtaovtd andhtulftd to off-site landfills* Ona of tha two' * plants removes this'sludgs continuously as i3'is filtered (davatarad)*' Thar a is no^ou-aite storage or disposal %t7thls plantt.t"This "`parti*tsular'sludge containsf solids f ron"an oda:5 a*.J*TTTf"1 aludga? ntutrailration `of `aeid 'plaint`-blowdown, lj^oundmant dredgtagi ?*And sTuigo ganorstad fromtha'eraataant of pi,:,*!4 preleaeh'lorry. -'5Tha oettar plant'5uainga'WWTP`pllas ludg. on-aita eYmilorarii'y'for drying prior tV'ranowaX!Vnd"'*,s:-` tranporta*riVn to `an `off'-aita landf ill. This paYcleVlaV* r,/1 * cludg. contains aolldafrom tha nautralization of acid plant' ` blowdown and solids precipitated from plant runoff andPVaahdown. At this plant, anode sludge la not 'treated in the" WWTP but'5* "' is stockpiled' on Vita. Tha WWTP aludga froa tha as two plants' aaounta to about 31 parcont of tho solid waste*`generated at :i ' alactrolytic planta. All of this aludga la hanlod to off-sita landfills, aithar iaaadiaealy or afeor taaporary on-aita ' eoraga. Because tho WWTP at aaeh of thoaa planta traata - ^ acid plant blowdown, tha WWTP aludga* gansratad containing cadmium and laad, art conaidarad hazardous. * Two' of tho raaaining thraa alactrolytic plants' stockpile dredging* from surface impoundments on-aita. Ona of thasa - planta ganaratas two additional solid waseas that none of 3 tha othar planet gonarats. Thssa two wastat, goethlta and a sulfur residue, are also stoekpllad on-aita.' lA -%ai- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010981 I through 1975 used lined surface impoundments. two of these pleats use synthetic liases; the other uses s- clay liner. The fourth plant has an unlined surface lapouadmsnt. Moai- . .taring veils are used by at least one plant.(3)* . . . . It is assumed(3) that the fifth plant, one which hea.. , . recently cone on-line end will hare a WWTP,.will generate,a- .- .nludge which will be.removed to an off-site landfill. .Xt-ls - also 'asaumed(l) that this plant will .use a lined surface 7 >, . k ziopaundnent which treats the anode sludge, acid plant blowdown., 'impoundment dredgings, and plant wastewater In the WWTE*. ... . *. :Thene -assnapdone, .baaed on-plant similarities indicated in v; :the available literature(3), were necessary to estimate.. : quantities of solid waste generation at this new facility.. . :1a ardir to avoid undereat teat ion, the new plant is alee - . assumed to generate a solid .waste (such as goethite residue) :that.ia stockpiled on-site. * .... *: . . - -Control Practices at Pyroaetallursical Plante , * :r-.the two. pyrometallurgical sine plants produce acid plant iblow.dnwn, furnace .(retort.,- oxide, and Weals kiln) residme, . scrap furnace brick, and a cadmium plant residue. One of ,t;he.re plants has a relatively small solid waste stockpile. The other pyrometallurgical plant hasten extremely largm stockpile of solid waata. This plant alone generates ahont 89 percent of the solid waate produetd by all primary cine , The groundwater monitoring system at this one plamt may not be sufficient to adequately monitor leaching from the urfaca impoundment. . . U -*22- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010982 plantsO) Solid vesta stockpile sites are selsctad primarily for convenience, Ho lUe preparation la conducted other : then clearing and grubbing. Both planta. Have surface lapoundaente. the iapouadaent; at one plant ia lined with synthetic material; the impoundment at the other is not lined, At one plant, the impoundment ' - -;r * ; * * 4 --- * .to*. ' collects acid plant blowdown and plant water* Ac the-vOther.fr 'Jz ; '* :\io~ ' .eJTS>'' plant, acid plant blowdown is not slurried to the Impoundment1, but is instead sent to the cadmium pleat for forth** processing. . i 1. . . . ; ' ' .i.ia'av. egi>t ' Dredgings from both impoundments are controlled on-site. One. . . *. r--'-. plane recycles all dredgings to the process; the other recycles about half of the dredgings and stockpiles the remainder. One * d5r; . 1 of cht plants also stockpilss eadnian plant raslduM on-slta.* Thsss plants do not usa surfscs wsttr control by colloctlon * :. * * * s .* * a * **. and diversion ditehlng to its fullest potential.neither do the plants currently use barriers to prevent seeps** from solid waste stockpiles, or wells to monitor or collect any seepage or lcachate(3). ' *ardous Properties of the Wastes -- . The Administrator has classified the process msatewster ;, *4d/or acid plant blowdown treatment sludge, electrolytic anode slimes/sludges, and the cadmium plant leach residue - Jtiton oxide) as hazardous because of the high levels of toxic cadmium and lead found.in the wastes. In CPA's "Assessment of Hazardous Haste Practices in the Hetal Smelting and Refining Industry," Calspan Corporation tested samples of the wastes " lA -ill- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010983 x;ric;*9.. -* vr. W4i:ei ater es the extraction aaiiua (1). The results rt as follows s . _. < .... -* a' *. . ' ` -- - "'* -* ?* .. Wests Ana!?la (ppa) Extract Analysis foaml `=-' : *-! - * 5 - ~ Cd . _ r.: dZ'i* Pb _ a ' . i " Cd i-s.:z ,,r fh`Z si Sludge froa acid plant, blowdown (Electrolytic a'iia'i? one r-: <10..... . 98 zit. 550- 18,100.......... : on * i 2XmZ zhz'1.0 .......................... _ ?ltOt)ii^M-=ri Yiffc'oj SsiT-rai: S3.t ii-:vi>bvaij. hr--:? -3' .-."iUiJO34 Sludge froa acid 1000 plant blowdown b*: :640-;.,5 (Pyroaetallur- . ileal Plant) *.<: \V 4350 ~*!i3 4280. `f? I: t-sms sst~n-? f.3* - i,#; i' Anode .sllaee/ sludges - . - 12 1400: 170.000 89,000 12 rif --2.0 U *rr z Cadalua Plant KtsldueV . 1::: ? s 280 . ^` *'' - Cv` 0 jt 215.000 : c: <0^01 l. :^T 9o r 5 v ; J 11 - 3; v*'R*.C *<* r ; Calculation* of iXudgt contanta froa ll-*nd-**ttla '' - ' It -.. . wastewater ereataent alto Indicate that elgniflcant amounte and eoneentratlone of lead and cadalua are present la these' wastes (2). , Plant TI------ #2 Contaminants Cadalua ' lead Cadalua Lead I.Sty| Slulje 2.'u 2.6X 1.7X ' Cadalua and lead are always expected to be in the sludges after treatment because 1) the treatment processes are designed to reaove such elements froa the wastewater to meet tf | -SIM = Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010984 effluent tender 4*, end 2) cefalua end leer will be loi'i (e.g,, volatilised) In the treatment process. Beaed on tha data presented above, the watte la clsssified aa hazardous because It eontalna algnlfieant eoneantratlona . of cadmium and load which are toxic and bacauaa tha extraction tests performed on thaaa wattes indicate that tha cadmium--:1 and .lead nay be in.a soluble fora and could b- released to. the environment.In harmful eoneantratlona. Tha .f act'thee water.extractions-of the wastes-.have Shown that.the .weatea ^; could leach potentially hasardoua coneentratlona of rtoxic metals Indicates that under the alldeat environmental condi tions (e.g., nautral pd rainfall) at a aono-dlsposal alta, - tha wastes may leach contaminants to tha groundwater -la con-1 eentrations which would ba harmful to human health and the environment. Where condltione tend to be ecldle, the releeee of these toxic netala ovar tha lifetime of a landfill la . expected to ba avan higher then indicated by the water extrac tion date, since cadmium end lead aolubilitiaa increase with e decrease in pH (*)._/ __ On-aite stockpiling is moat likely not an environmen tally acceptable mesne of disposing of e waste which contains . ^/the Agency has determined to liat wastes from primary sine smelting and rafinlng ea a "T" heserdoue waste, on the basis of lead and cadmium constituents, although those con stituents are also messureable by the EP toxicity character istic. Tha Agency bellevoa that there ere factors in addition to metal concentrations in leachate which justify the "T" listing. Some of these factors ere the high concentrations of lead and cadmium in actual wattes atraana, the non-degradebility of these substances and indications of leek ef proper management of the weetee in actual practice* U ' -;ur- I I Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010985 s-oi'teant C5r.cat::isn ;f :;x:; -t*ls '.'.4- '> n * shown to migrate from eh waste. Surfaca waear can bacons contaminated with contaminant* from thasa waataa via runoff from rainfall* Similar hasards axlet if thaaa waataa arc ' disposed of in improperly managed landfills or surface bar impoundments;' leachingi-run-off-or overflow may^rmault*ia<* contamination of surface;and ' groundwaters. ' '-.Vs- ' - si S-h ' ' The eadaium"*andL*lead 'that "may migrate from "the vast* to 3 the environment- as 'a'1 result 'of improper disposal'^practices ">- are toxic metals tha't* persist1 in the' environment'and therefore may_contaminate drinking water sources for extreeoly long : - periods' of time. ~ Cadmium is toxic to practically nil 'systems and'functions of the human and animal organisn(S). " Acute * poisoning may result from the inhalation of cadmium dusts:etr and. fumes (usually cadmium oxide) and from ingestion o>?jv.-: cadmium salts(6). 'tend is poisonous in all forms; it in' one of the most hazardous of the toxie metals because it accumu lates in many organisms and ths deleterious effects srs numerous and severe. Lead nay enter the human system through inhalation, ingestion or skin contact. Ingestion of coneami- ~nt*d drinking wstsr is a possible means of exposure to humans ss a result of improper management of thssm wastes. Additional information on ths adversa haalth affacts of. eadmium and lead can he found in Apptndix A. : Tha hasards associated with exposure to cadmium and lead have been recognized by other regulatory prograas. Lead and a 1/ Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010986 I 4 a :< w 307(4} of tha Clean Water Aee of 1977. Undsr $6 of eh* , * * Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970* a final standard for occupational exposure to lead has teen established (7). Also, a national ambient air quality standard for lead hap . * ~;;c -:; u f*v;j** beta aaaounced by EPA purauant, to the Cleaa Air . Actt.^7)> _ a. *-33ct.`5:" r r ,, In add! eiofl^ fiaal. or:propo*ed regulation* _-of the State of * : . .California, Kata#* Kaaaachuaecta, Minaeaota,,Kl*aeurii:Hev Mexicov Oklahoma and Ortgon daflaa cedaluo endleid-eoataininf * = -- * * * *mT?r m * . - * .compounds.as.hazardous;wastes or. eoapoaenta. thereof, (S).- EPA * ' -i'Wl .coir . , isa:? ; r*S *. . .->1: . i n:' -. has proposed regulations that will Unit the Mount of cadalua : .in.municipal sludge which.can ba.laadspreatf on-crop,land (t). .The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has issued an advance noelee of proposed ruiaaaking for^cadmium - air exposure based on a reeoaaendstlon by the national . . -* . x . Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (111038) (10). .: v Rv . f " - - EPA hat prohibited oceee doapihg of cadaiuo and eadmta* * * * r. ' *` .compounds except estrece contaminantA (11). SPA hat also . ,promulgated.prstraatatnt standards for eleetreplaesra which specifically limit diachafgas of cadmium to Public Ownad Treatment Works (12). u -H27- Confidential-PursuantTo Protective Order DR230-010987 References < C.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste. Assessment of hazardous ' vasts practices la the aecel saeltlng and refining industry. Pols. .11 and IP. EPA So*. SW- 145c2 andi $W-145c4. KTIS P Woe.' 276 170 and 276 172.* April, 1977. ;............... 2. 0.S. EPA, Effluent Guidelines Division. -' Draft development1 docuaeat for efflasat lialtstioa guidelines end new . source'perforaancs'- standards-for-. the major aonferroui<- - si as tale segaent of the nonferrou* manufacturing point i source category;. E?ANo.:440/l-79/019. ' September ,'1979; - . 3. ' 0. S.-EFAJ-Office. of# Solid"'Pasts; *! Assessment' ofsolid'waste" aanageaent probleas end practices ia nonferrous saeltars. *-"lt7it;jc.ssr'isasi. is::s eaAsi.tu asi 1 s*i-.crao.sO hse as.* n-. l'i-> 4. Pourbaix, :'M.~-Aelas~of 'electrochemical equilibria- in*'*:- aqueous solutioas* Pergaaoa Press, London. 1966. . .... % .it u't: ' '! }l;.i l . .- !;. m. * s*r' 5. Waldbott, C.L. Health effects of environmental pollutants. C.TU Mosby Coapeny ,~St. -Louis. 1973- <'- 6. Gleason, M.H.., S.Ei Cooseiin, H.C. Bodge, l.P. Smith. Cliaical toxicology of eoaaereial products, 3rd ed. The Williams and..Wilkins Co, Baltimore. 1969. - " * .**-* 7. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Hines* Mineral ' eoaaodlty suaaarles, 1980* December, 1979. J i, . ' .. :.ki. r.. . . 0.S. EPA State Regulations Pile, Hazardous Waste State Ppograas, WH-565. 'D.s. EPA, 401 M St., S.W., Washington,.' D.C. 20460. Contact Sea Morekss. (202) 755-9145. ' j t ** #'*> * # s , *. . ........ .** 9. 44 PI 53449. -- - 10. 44 Ft 5434. '* 11. 38 PI 28610. 12. 40 CFK, Part 413. Psderal Register, Pol. 44, Ho. 175, Friday, Septeabsr 7, 1979. Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010988 Coamtac* wr rctiv*4 from ehr* coaptni#* pertaining to the listing of wastes fro* tha primary sine industry. Tha comments addreee tha following general point** . . . i . .: t : 1. Listed waste* are recycled sad aot diacardad. . : c.` t s. . - t 2. Hated waatea are being stored on-site but will * eventually be recycled* - '* i: -ff _ '* . * The Agency has concluded that-it doe* have jurisdiction * - ;4. ^ .. . under Subtitle C of KCXA to regulate wastewater treatment-' sludges-'and other waste materials ehat aro used,''reused, -- recycled'or reclaimed.' Furthernofe', it has * reasoned :that `: such aaterials4o not bee one leas hazardous to human health* or the environnent bseauae they are intended'to be''used, . reused, recycled or reelained in lieu of being disVarded* ' Although the materials recycled and reclaimed Way Wot pose a -hasard, the accumulation, storage and transport of ahasardous waste prior to use, reuae, recycle or reclamation will present eh* same haaard as they would prior to being discarded*'- tn addition, the act of use, reuse, recycling or raelanation, in many eases, poses a hasard equivalent to ehat encountered if the waste were discarded. Thue, the Agency believes it hee e strong environmental rationale for regulating haaardoua waste# that are used, reuaed, recycled or reclaimed* For the particular weetee et issue, the Agency recognises that these weetee for moat or ell of its existence prior to being recycled is deposited in e eurfeee impoundment when the i i i Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010989 ;or .tidiaj 2r :i tsiri-jui caasittuesti ' rt*; and significant. Consequently, the waste amt bs eonsidarad a haiardous vasts in this environeent; to avoid listing it as a heterdoue vises would bs unjustified. likewise, if the~ vasts is piled end stored on the land, priot to recycling, . . ,* ' P ~ ilC I A " * ' *#.. 'i ii ' ' to to 0-to to I the potential of leeching of its,hasardoua constituents into . >.' the environuent^vould. still .prevail and avaidtngji.es ^regu-r- lation vould be unjustified. 3 %Is'rdt.<r tafcivi " ,The .key question,therefore,;is not whether or .not~lt;- is a hazardous vasts end should be.listed as,,q.hazardousv39- waste, but vhethec.or not to vhat degree it should-be rsgu-- lated during recyclings that is* should the recycling process end facility bs considered a hazardous waste asnegeaeat opera tion end facility required to obtain interim status, end event- ually;a permit and required to aeet the standards .sat forth, in Pares 264 end 263. of the regulations, it this-tins,-the Agency, has deferred regulation of such facilities because it recognises that the full set of Subtitle C management require ments may not be necessary. As and when it concludes that regulation of these facilities is necessary, it will terminate this.deferral and impose either the requirements of Parts 264 and-265 (as well as 122) or special.tailored requirements under Part 266. At this time, applicable requirements of Parts 262 through 265 and 122 will apply insofar as the accumulation, storage and transportation of hazardous wastes that are used. *0- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010990 xanaad, racyclad ox reU(ii4< Tho Agancy btlimi tHl rogulatory eoVorogo tad th obovo doocrlbod doforrat-of v X ym~- *t? r * ri|ulttid coTri|t to appropriate to tho' aabjbct'waataa. .f.*r soihf **jrrri *i >: -to-*! Thtaa olttdgos ara tiasardoaa lnaofar a* they aro being -* fftaflt S>.ici >?} r.: >, -a-a-i i-iT* . . ,,. cunaieted and stored In anrfaeo inpoundnent"and insofar "" JtC ` 7 1 4 J 1 T * **->. 9 .'* * * % - -a ._ * thoy may bo atorod in pilot prior to rocycling. * Thora- ''**-"* r.-?*-;* * zz *% * ; ;il* ' r - - . . .? . - for*, thoao oiudgoo ahould bo llfltod hacardouo vaato* * T? * i '3a* - tO .* * * .. , ** *`a .- t . ,,. Thooo oindgoo ooy not peoo o substantial hatard during thoir ' * * K v - e- - : r i ** - * * * . ... rocycliag and* ovan though llstod oo hazardous vast*, this -aji'" aopoct of sr thoir oonogonont 1* not now hotng'rogulotod;? srf? - c: 7 ' ti** '.'.'r ir': Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010991 I LISTING BACKGROUND DOCUMENT PRIMART LEAD SMELTING .-2 ...... Surface inpoun.d*at aolida contained ia and dradgad froo" surface >' iapoundnanttat.priaary laid'aaaiting faclllti;(T) 1 - - . *- - sr' w3H'>- Sanaatt of iaaia.l'*f'or*liaijatfi ..... ..............................t.." - t1 i.9** - > r:<f5?*>-*;l.v^ .* ?.*.'.".Su_TJ`t . .. yi': and 1..-.~ ; #*! "-'siliiTioa aoobbjj* V.*Cac3<j3yfefl,6'; Jf*niii nittSE. *rfj vilfl. ' The aaaltlag of primary laad produce* a nuab'*r''ofT**w`'** .t .waatawatar* aad-aiateiaai including! acid'plant'ifaliwd'oim*-*-^' .'?^'/ lag granulation watar, and plane vaahvatat'. Tha a a va*te- waters and, alueriaa are aent to txaatiant,'and:ioiaga*ii** iapoundaanea. to=. settle out .tha solids. :Tha solids'aay'.Sa 'laf * .............. .:r . i~i i.i*7ivvs-*>'. j In tha lagoon*, or they nap be periodically dradgad and1- * j;*; disposed of* els* swhara.' '' * * - t * '* , ' J / . * n *' y ' *-.-c..s '?i . ` -VV''sW* . Tha Adalnistrator haa daterninad that tha solid* eon- talnad In and dradgad froa surface impoundments uaad to traat or atora wastewaters and alurrlaa froa prinary laad malting aay poaa a praaant or potential haaard to hoaaa haalth or tha eawlresaant whan laproparly aanagad and tharafora should %a subject to apptoprlata aanagaaant requirements undar Subeltla C of RCRA. Thin eoneluaion ia baaad on tha following considerations: 1. Tha waata contain* significant coneantra. tiona of tha toxic atal, lead and eadr'ica. Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010992 2. Significant concentration* of lead'aad ** . - cadmium have bean shown to laacb fro* sample* - of, the watt* which war* subjected to an extrac tion procedure deelgned to predict the release of .contaminants into. eh* environment. - X the -=> wattes are not properly managed, ltehafc* '<. . *1.. SSiMcLiAOoW. nir.at*. from th'a: waste disposal e'Cte? '*;?? M -- - and.contaminate -underlying drinking water.. . - 1; "'* 0 30-:- AhJfJS!%ri.Fnrth*r# lead end- cadniurir do* r ' 4sgrada;'so that conta*ination, aniitha .eppor-^'^- *o? s*-/idLk* as- S99Z%I*S*n ta*iat. contact: withf.liwifc|yi ...z'J'rJ. . receptors,. will be long-tern. . -3^ ?.-y . ; .. s 1 * ,-i* fHi ai S v - fens an-fiihEaar- hr. s v^*?; "a*~ r 3. * tatinacet'indicate that large- quantities'' vd'ieitac-ofgh*?watt*.-are generated.each-peat 4 ***'"' ' :-j"uas; . > ww * . (not-a than 49,100 coat in 197S) and "that the .typical;waat;i*aaag*a*tfe prsctiees'iay he>-~ inadequate to prsveati/subetaatial environ- . mental.harm .caused by';lead and cadaiun - nlgratlon. i 2 Q fc_r,*-`i**!.- . 5 a.-. *.'. Jp l .i-J *a is ,, '.'.-iri jv-:el`- -*; \sSi .k ?ar -Sla Manufacturint Process and Sources of Hatardout Paatas Cl.) . .za , sr i ,3.`.-ia f. *3 .sj- *'* 5 *r .-'.vi./ i- . /*. wu`os- . . ? m:Vi -*ffhe primary lead facilities that generate the hatardout wastes that concern 74 are four integrated lead aneit'er/refinerlss. These facilities are located Sa Missouri and Idaho. Production capacity ranges fren 110,000 to 223,000.tons.per year. Total priaary lead production- (froa the four integrated sasltar/refineries, two sneltors and one refinery) wee 011,050 tons la 1977. Forecasts indicate that donestie denand will increase to 1,030,000 - 2,SO,000 tons in the year 2000. . . , ^rrn. i ) ii -m Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010993 by pyrooecaiiurgicai smelting and reflotng processes. the aajor process seep* are the seme at all the saeltars, with the sxespeion that those that treat non-Missouri ora - . - --3 . ' s" . - . > :i\l . coneeatratea uaa auxiliary, operations to recover valuable "* ' '* * ' v:. -- - * . rr aetala, or. ramove undesirsbl* inpurieies. the following la' ; ?** .lawtaiJi s sir::. _* a step-by-step description of the*aanufacturlag' process ~~ _-f: fcz: . ;nai.*i3:sr^ai5 irrii ca .i-i/.trv-- r. . .. ,, aa present ad in figure. 1:. : Thlstdeser 1`ption iaeludee the major -- r.r-5 t:! sd iJEfw .srr-rsr: -' process ataps for all primary lead smelting and refining plants. * - _ ..trir- ..;* rX Jr ' . V. " ' *' re:ifcsi rs: .. mm '*%* * m .**-. - -- During th* sMleiag proett: concatrat produc4 by >**. ` - ' ... th. buttuf iciation of various- ld btArlag orss 'ars eoavsrtsd to w t # 5 , #, ,^7 , t* ** a . *.*Ak*a* a* 4 -Av#^ *t '*" * * * an impure lead bullion suitable for refining.* The'ore eoncen- . i.. r ... ... .. trace la the major`feedstock material. Other ram.materials that may ba added during the proeasa Include iron, millea, .* ~* * . ,,v. *,22 * .... .. T f. . ... limestone flux, coke, soda, ash, pyrlts, sine, caustic, and . particulates and sludges collected in pollution control devices. The ora concentrate and the pollution control dusts end sludges are the primary sources of lead sndcadmium found la the settled solids from the surface impoundments* The first of the proceesss la sneltlag is sintering, an operation which agglomerates the fine particles, converts metallic sulfides to oxides, drives off volatile aetala, end eliminates mostof the sulphur as sulphur dioxide.' Off-gases froa sintering may contain sulphur dioxide* in concentrations that y- -7W- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010994 Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010995 are prac cicil for recovery. Of particular concern. though , are the lead and eadalua entrained in thoae off~gasas.: : four plants have sinter aachinea designed to produce an-off-gas *'* .. " 4 ' " containing enough aulphur dioxide to perait recovery of - aulphur ae sulphuric acid, Tha sulphur-recovery operation .. generates a stream,of weak acid called ecid p 1 an txThlo vdowh* the acid plant bloVdown streaa eoatalna laad and ca4alus. - . - S'.w *;:; . . . . - _ fgfc V-' - * Neutralisation of ;'tHe blowdown with, liaa usually!'geaaratss * * * " ' '*' * ^ .r*t* - *'* . ' ScJS.' :? a slurry destins'd~for an on-sica surfaca lnpouidaeac* . .. . This wasta streaa,. resulting from the sulphur.feeovary operation, requires proper 'osnagsment.................. .* - "* " ' * * ` ' . * * ' ~p vjbP** In the second step in priaary laad snalting-aadl refining. sinter is charged to tha hlaat furnaca and aaltad.Ce crude ' '. . '" -.-In *- ` lead bullion that can be further refined. During . fclhie *'*' reduction process, the eoaponants of tho sinter-are ^separated into four distinct layers, bullion, spalss, matte seed slag* the two layers of concern are tha bullion layer andt tha slag layer, which result froa tha interaction of fluxes~aund natal impurities. Tha crude laad bullion is ehargedl to drosslng (the fourth step in this process.) the bleat furnace slag' nay be disposed of or sent to a sine fualng furnace (an interin step) for recovery of laad and sine, rather than opting for direct disposal, the sine fusing process, in turn, also generates a slag. Blast furnace slag and sine fusing slag dlaposal practices are siailat. tha wasta la.fittier Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010996 sene directly to a slag pile or granulated la water jat ' *' - before being transported to the alag pile. . ..* # * ? ** *- ' X*. ' - The granulation ~~ . process cools newly generated, hoe slag with a water spray. - , `lag granulation water is often transported to*surface lapoond~ 3'r * -?* ;rns.I"- .55 . itiNf-xaalr b'tts- rr-, eats for settling.^. -.TSKr* 4a * **> - < k i ii*n* anrafi-so >ITi.rcorf' hw ~na*iiaVs-.r- Sima**ipfaK&r fSffSWri Tbs blast furnace bullion "undergoes "drosslng1* (Step.4) to remove eoaaon aafallicT iapurielss. "Dross separated from * - - :iai\railsusa .basugiruX. r-jts Jr-StCi r -3< f 1 T*3tsolri a5?e: : cha lead -?or bu\-;lsli-o>rn5 aust ba further'trested in a*reverberatory o3 _b*dos aa-syxzneorcj - rc:jc*Ji a stages; drossing furnaea (Stap 5)~to raeovar natal valuosi'' ' Rougti-'- : * '* 1 jratefcs.'. c fc3;. vttbsyau r * r1 drosaad lead bullioa1, still containing coppari-- is dacopparlstd v . ; s ew Mr: 1c : c ' a r: ,, ; sc^rel jpa'lc *3*; (Stap 6) before farther refining. One of thrtiT'usttal processes - sot" _ :>st|M| e`^fter IsThen used. Co renove aetels that cause lead to bardaa. This process is callad softsning (Stap ?). Softened lead bullion . . rl *0* a, . .,:zx- . ssrot s.:' *. : contains precious aatals, gold, and allwar, which-are *'*; ;* rj. : -m-. ,. ~?n*. s* .. ' recovered for their econoale value through the farke* dasilverlxlng process (Step 8). To rsnove chaaxeaea tlae ,- * '* - 3* * t * added during desilvarisation, a dezlncing process (Stap 10) .* " <i ^ .. which raaoves tha bleauth, which la in axeaaa of tho 0.15 * * *- . . percant spacification for desilvarad and dazinced load bullion. Lead bullion froa dasinclng or dabisauthing la eoablnad with flux to raaove ranaining inpurities before easting (Stap 11} and, finally, tha tefinad laad bullion is cast~iaeo Ingots "" for sals (Stap 12). & .' ; aeq * * Tha llstad hazardous wastes generated by primary laad ^ Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010997 smaieing plants trt ssctltd iollda from surf*c lapoundotnc** th iopoundmsnts are usd to collect solids from miscslisnsouA* lurries, auch as acid plane blowdown, slag granulation ........ . - c, : 3^^ *' *J :./*.{,! j, S6- watar and plant washings. Plant washing is a housekeeping process; plant washdown.- normally contains a substantial .- -.. amount of lead ami other1 process material. -> tk.q.a&l~*$Rf*iluTb~9os,-i-bnu noiiZi; ; ~~r~ V--: -Is-aXtf'-'VrfT ^ -..^soxi- &a3 a ? mcaa-' amo-tfl. .laiti-aqai .5; tlai** .tom> -e-s.,-Zoo- Oats indicate that In 1978 four integrated anelter/reflnaries * .* ?i'2sts'dor-'a"Ti t j fJrdl *f 'j*#s rvi'Z'i iir-* that process lead ore concentrates combined .to produced sere -~ ' - -.usA .tawirv I*Ss.- :jvc,.- ; c? mnru5 s* --omfc chan 49,100 tons 'of impoundment solids considered hasardons. - *<:*-**. -ivjossb * S';, -s *? jdsi > - ir \ ,* - ; 4 . itoif .f yd'Vss'rH^ > -<j-* The data also indicate that tha bulk of this wasta is gena'rate'd * -.1. !*' -na-t. s !o - .* - ;.?>!-- and managed at threa plant.locations. -jt ' roi* 4 fa :*J2 .- - ns bt *. c.i Sri .! * ii> . i c5 -*r - s . iird baits; io?. . r - - : : - ` ***,,;. ~ _ . . . The waste contains high eoneentretions of lead and cadmium. Tha preaanea of such high concentrations of toxic aetals .in. e waste stream. in and of itsalf raisae regulatory concerns. -Furthermore, distilled water extraction tast data* indlcata ' that these dangerous constituents may leach from the wests -in harmful concentrations unless the wastes era properly -mn.nag.ed. Ustspe generation end Hanaisasnt (1) . < * ` .* . '* .t As previously mentioned, the miscellaneous slurries generated by primary lead smattering plants art settled In -71*- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010998 aurfac* iapaur. iaen . Typlcalty a air. 1 sal efface ' j i*p<.ides ' for iapoundmant sits selection. Site selection la b*ad primarily on convenience. Sit* preparation usually consists of siaply scooping out aareh eo fora iapoundasata. EPA la uoawaro of any saalanti or liners bains employed hsnsatta ac .. i: . _:- :: n ^ ? a - ; j - ^ disposal araaa. taaebate or groundwater monitoring la not ir< . .-a-.l *??* " srs-. i - ?? JP ,0. " U *>S adequately utilized,. or not utilized at all. ar- . . ~.,4. -***-. --S-Jq* cVr.s-' i Ui .~ * *ce 7 1. " -v"T* " . yburfaellltlaa^hava aurfaea impoundments*. Currently, i > ' aoaa of._tha Impoundments art dredged of their-accumulated- - elide'on an "as needed* basis* Dredging la'dona with ' .3^. . _ ` f ' z 'aZ* cos son equipment at frequencies fros onca pat yaar to once. '_ J - - j jj;; ovary 1 yaara or longer. Tha dradgad notarial is althar duapad baslda tha iapoundaant or cruekad to as ou-elce dump* So.sa of this aatarlal maybe recycled to sintering^ if It I. . ______ - ` ->.:it . . ______ .*- i.-htc ,* ay. eoatslns anough aatala.* * * * ' . _: *' H _ e' Easardoua Propartlas of tha floats (3) ,,. : ,. -- SPA has saapladproeaoa vastavatar bafors and aftar -treatment In an affort to quantify tha asoustt of lamd^and eadslua liksly to bo in tha vaate. Tha settled solids `arm assuaad to contain tha pollutants removed fros tha proeass vastavatar. Tha data sra- suanarisad as follow**- * ' t. r . _; . , . : ' Sea "Response to Consents* at".th# and of thin doensont for a discussion on tha covaraga of thosa aatarlals raeyelad back to tha proeass. * ' :' -7*1*. >1 Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-010999 Plant A Flow 1,300,000 gpd (gallons pat day). r Influent Concentration I-----"T t. ! cd I 0.39 ppm I Pb j 17 ppm ! .\iI Pi " - Effluent ;, lbt/day in I Concentration Biffegetic* solids ! - * * ; J fc j * !. t i ' > I I 0.044 ppm 1 0.346 ppm I .9.172. j I . I I ' 0.925 ppm; ` ! 16.075 ppm* jm.'j": ] a vvsd sj.i Jillial 'iwe'j*' I 9*3$ 1 ~. - . * 1 . : . ;l '.:i- *2 09.21 . *K 5 - ' '* is:; v* *'!;. Flint I . . *20*** 3i Flo# 280,000 gpd . S f *". * . . fir"* at** na re - * >-. .sv;: . ; r. ; v; ' j : * : C3. " 3 ; Z \ :a**` ; .. .. 1 t: - *\ r1 Matal~' " Concentration Cd IS ppm Pb 50 ppm : 'r 1 ' rai-c Ibs/dsy la I Concentration Dlffarancm olida. T ^tj . 0.43 ppm* ' I 14;57 ppm* * j *3'* . - f .. 0.39 ppm- -- I 49.61 ppm 1115.85 I I iI J 1I 3aaad oa continuous yaar rouad plane opataeion, tbaaa . . data show that apptoaimataly 3300 lbs/ye of cadmium accumulaem la aa impoundmaat la Plant A and approximataly 12,400 lba/yr accumulata la Plant 3. Load in cba impoundmaat , a solids from Plant A accuoulatas at a rata of almost 64,000 lba/yr., aad at a rata of almost 42,300 lba/yr at Plant I. Should only ona pareaat of aach natal laach from eha-sattlad solids from Plane t, eha rasule would-ba 124 lbs/yr of cadmium -3CO- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-011000 *nd 423 Ibt/yr of load potentially available to the anviroaaaat ' froa that ona plant. ' ` 2 ' Tha abova avidaniea'indicating- that i|nlficant; amounts of laad and cadmium are praaant id tha'tattled aolida i'J * ~" . - " > upportad-'by actual'waste' analyte*; which reveal* thatHlie' *' vaata doaa la feet contain high-concentrations of these--* toxie metals.' f The Calspan-Corporation taatad. samples'df *tha impoundment dredgings aertvo-plaati-and foundrthe following eoncantrationa-'of -iaad and eadmluat(2) ' :*' ' ' *?*" ' > -- r . Baardout*Coaititaoata of Impoundment Dredilaaa(ppm) *: r : ; - T is e- 53 r" .. 111 -.-.-i : Plant 1 I 700 | - - - r -- TT " - :.* 1 -6*0 * Plant 11 1 - - . J * * . .. < *. . --.*a4*0 1 .....1 1 1* 1 11S,000 1 . t ' * ' ! i j:4> 1\ 1 140,000 1 - *: 11 Calapaa Corporation alao subjected a aaapla of tha vaata believed to ba representative of tha lagoea dradgiaga to a watar extraction to determine whether tha toxic aatala could loach froa tha waata. Approximately 30 grams of a aaapla vaa placed la a 200 alllllitar jar aad two parta bp weight of voter vara added. Tha bottle vaa gently agitated' oa a rotary tumbler far 72 houra. The extract vaa than filtered through a 0.45 alcroa aleropore filter aad the filtrate vaa analyzed far toxic metals. Thia vaata leached 11 ppm of -*ot- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-011001 --*----- Intsrim Priaary Drinking Standard) and 4.5 ppu of lead (90 tinea tha amount permitted by tha National Interim Primary Drinking Standard). Therefore, eadalun and laad ara likely - -to ba leeched fro tha vaata in*.haraful;. concent ration* even _ .whan thay art placed in a mohodisposal sits., aub jaeti* to mild : environmental conditionsIf thss* vast as ara placed; in.i ' ' acidic aovironaaata.sueh aa. dispoaeleites suhiaeti.to.aei4 v-"' ----------_ca4nfallrc*Tp-ditposal;with*.aeids, tha .concentrations .will .probably ha-higher, since lead ^and cedaiua coapounds ara ' *" ' generally more soluble in. acid.than in distilled water. C: Th fimsard taaoclotod vicH;lo*chlng of h**ardou -- * , -------------con*11 tutor* from th* iupougdggiita during thu lntarlm atorag* .* 1' ** *"' * * .~ .* . ..period is the' ai'glre-ti-on of' ehoi*'4onstltuents to ground end . _. *>0T - iurfaca gators. Tha miaeallanaoua alurriaa ara probably * : coopoaad of portloulotot of rarioua sl2s, ranging frog dust i "* * -------------- particles* to- finsela-g froar lagJgTanuiatio'n"watr. The potential of. the hazardous constituents being released froa . the matrix is influenced- hy the physical fora, of the waste. For instance, wesees conposed of. fine particles prowlda . greater surface area on which a solubilising aediua can act and therefore the probability ir increased, that, hazardous . . constituents will, leach froa.the waste.,; Contaminant-bearing . leachate can then algrate to ground and auxfaee water.. . ; -ioa- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-011002 Thui, lapropr diapoaal of lurfice Impounds*;; ialU* ' * * -* : r . - * ; ' n*f ratult in concareinaclon of ground and aurfac vatara by lead and cadolua. Aquatic species eight ha effected, and, where ground' and autfaea waters are sources of drinking i.T ' ,'T . " i. 4 . u . ! . ,1 "Iff; Iyt * water, ingestion of the coataalnaats hy huaaas covld croi i:r.-`..uqs. or. .'*.* biSi'.-.^ be*l si t vl:s :q - occur* For this reason, proper waste aanageaeat la' essential 5.5-t.'.u:9 vo..-3.ti; *ssi:.mgre- J'5ic rr.-jp : ; : . .5 s tf e tiav -1' .... and of aajor^.concern to 2FA.{2>- . .."~ v\JS3aa'apoz IvnsKTJi*2alpq. :ai IraXia: r. 91*. aI..J*_aaf.ff} 1 " : :-,.ug-:,.*islM3sei'a: i" amliir .r " *gT*r <n* *%*? . . Fressnt management practices appear to be Inadequate l-'-.-viai r.v `i.ii3r:i r?g x; -.is'', elite* . :of Isa iol recast .>.4 . to prevent contaalnatlon of ground and surface waters used ::r : ibol?*.-: ?*hZ t ,r lua . t * 2f:* . :; . .r Isri'U.3 . as as drinking wager sources. Fraaaatly, if solids are allowed l-';.". : ii. - sir- *' -tai >&els * *i: *0 to settle in unllned and unsealed lapoundaents in areas ' -- . : 11s c Isntin - z . . \ I vns *. -1 with perseable soils', the solubilized leed end eadhaiua la ' :: Ilfu'i _x*s:c * . -:<5 err.*. Tima '3 the liquid phase-could migrate from'the alts to aa aquifer. '*: .: zr.ias fc >3.. - c .* c?3.'"tr %* * - Croundweear contaalnatlon alght also occur if the dlradged solids are duiped oh'pecaaahle toils since no provsVloa s 31" r * * ' r idf-. ' , :.iP?*ntly appears^ to he made to prevent percolation of . .. . rs; j; ,**" rainfall through the weete or to eolleet resulting leeehste. Surface waters aa? beeoae contaminated if run-off ffroa dumping sites and overflow from surface impoundments'arenot controlled h? appropriate diversion systaus.(2) Compounding this problem, and an Important consideration *s f . , for the future, is the fact that should lead off cadmium escape from the disposal site, the? will not degrada with -WT- ~o* Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-011003 the passage'of time, but will provide a potential source of longterm contamination* 5 - ' ' ' f9c Farther, indicated previouely, the cadmium and particularly tha laad found In-tha impoundment* are generated . X - ' ~ ' ' - * t* * . ` '* ' . ' - to*. in very substantial quantities, targe amounts of each of them metals are thus available for potential environmental release. The large quantities of these contaminants pome the* danger of polluting large arses of ground end surface .. : ;-j< ..*,/* - .* : too r; -: rq c: vetera* Contamination could also occur for long periods 9r -itz, ` : . " - "* of time* since large amounts of pollutants are available t. :.......... * ,*. * : r; % - for environmental leading. The attenuation capacity of ^ eh.: environment surrounding eh. disposal facility could ; "i t - * ,ii- i s ' also-- h rsducsd or exhausted by such Isrg. quantities of Li: . . !-: . .*:.? taz, . :jzr.T- of pollut.ats. All of this, considerations inersas. eh. * - , * , . ' . *.* ' I ,* ... . * A . . V JP . . ' f possibility of exposure to harmful constituents 1. th. . west.., sod in th. Agency's vie, dtnsad racognition. * , .. Adverse Health Iff.ct. Associstsd- uith Lesd and Cadmium ' Lead and cadmium sr. toxic a.tals that threatmm both huaan health and that of other organisms. Th. hssards of human axpoaur. to laad Include neurological damaga, renal damage and adv.raa reproductive affects. In addition, lead is carcinogenic to laboratory animals, and rslstle.ly toxie -V*- -%<W- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-011004 f ranhwasa orgtnUs*. :: bLaaicuaulite* in a*r,/> ipteltt. . Additional information on load can bo .found in' ~' ` f ` . Appendix A* Cadmium (saa -Appendix A for mora information} also earn eauaa .toxic offsets in many apaeiaa* , It ia .bio accumulated at f*H trophic,'level** "atfd Has' bees'ehown' to b - > ' -------- v ..................... .. '/ i'.: i,: , r.: . mutagenic and teratogenic in 9I laboratory anima1l* I; ~r;? jfls grirctll aW .So-. toJ ; ?0 -iki .c." .( iol-:a."au5ob rasar.ja ra vs sola l-i r. saniestin? / j*I*aa\V^aV^era"tad ViYh Yxp'oeurY Jt o' load ran`d- cadmium .h. arm .baaa recogtntoisfed by othire-r* . ra,g*utl`a<lt\o0rry,, npro*g*r.a<m- ed Tor example, Coagrasa daaigaatad load and cadmium aa priority pollutants under 1307(a) of tha Claaa Water Aet.' Thm Occupational Haalth and Safety Adminiatration Has a final . exposure standard for load and a draft standard Has bmsn developed for- cadmium.under id of tha Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. The states of Maine, Vermont, Ham Mexico, Missouri, Massachusetts, Klnnssott, Oklahoma, Orsgon, a and California either regulate or era considering regulation of: lead and cadmium-aa hasardous.waste. Tha implications of these regulation* or consideration* tharsof are obviousi unregulated lead and cadmium management ia a real and recog nized hasard. -*/-HOST- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-011005 0.S. EPA. IEKL/QRD and Office of Solid Waate. Aateaaaeat of aolid waate aaaageaaae probleaa and practice* la nonfarroua aaeltera. Prepared by PEDCO Envlronaental Iae. Coacraee No. 68-03-2577. Novaabar, 1979. 0.8. IPX. Offlea of Solid Waate. Aaaeaaaent of hasardoua vaate practlcaa la eha aatal smelting and refining Industry. f'a 1-4. NXIS PS Noa. 276 169, 276 170, 276 171, 276 172. April, 1.977. - . , ............... . U.S. EPA. Offlea of Water Planning and Standarda, Effluent Ouldalinaa Division. Draft davalopaane doeuaant for . effluent'lialtaelons guidelines ,and aeandarda for eha ~ Vonferrous aetals manufacturing point aouree category. EPA No. ..440/1-79/019c. . Sapteabar, 197 9. . M4 Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-011006 Response to Conaencs (Proposed Listings; December 18, 1980 1. Ont cannntr Indicated that tha listed waste (surface 3 *. .^ . impoundment aolida contained la and dredged from `surface Ha# Impoundments at primary laad smelting' facilities)' was rcytl*d At, hi facility and, slioflild &V?V* j* j * * * c * v r h % X * listed aa a hazardous wait*#- '43iSV__j_*'- : rift-a *-*- 4d:h'.MV , cr";, . .. Tha Agency haa concluded chat ie d'oesj have* Juris- c? 'oi?q ,bcf r.* * 5 |n- 9rfj* a diction under Subtitle C of RCRA to regulate,wastewater . afobratart eji t<? >**; <; - - ,,e ',j*i'^ - .V;V'A. treatment aludgaa and other waaea materials that ~sre * . x a .. 3 q tfac- toasstii*- . * >> : used, reused, raeyclad or reclaimed. furthermore, it .rrJJ'lltwt- haa raaaonad chat ouch materials do not becoae Xedtf** ' '* * 5<-~ -p? . hazardous to hunan health or tha eaviroaaaat haeauaa they ' ' ' - * * - ? ^ , 1 * z? \ " * - # * y * * - * -.are intended to ba uaad, reused, recycled "or reeialaad In lieu of .being discarded. Although the'naemriali*' ' *. . . . ` ; * *- * -*a.'o. ; * * . recycled and reeialaad nay not poaa a hazard, tha'aecuau- i*r.t ^ * ** ^ **,*. latlon, storage and traaaport of a hazardous west*' prior to use, reuse, recycle or raelaaation will present tha a ana hazard aa they would .|>r ir to balng discarded In addition, the-act; of use, reuse, recycling'dr raelaaation, in many eases, poses a hazard equivalent to that'encountered If the waste were discarded.' Thus, the Aganey believes It has a strong environmental rationale for regulating hazardous wastes that are used, reused, recycled or" reeialaad. * ' "` - 107Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-011007 alias ehae It Is a wastewater tree caent sludge aad fat esc or all of its axiseanca prior to .being recycled, lc la deposited la a surface iepoundmsnt where tha potaatlal for leeching of tha heserdous coaseieuaacs is reel sad significant. Consequently, the waste oust be considered.. *' ** * * . ; ' 2 * * 1 t ;* e heserdous waste la this enviroaeentj to avoid llsciag * - t*. i /? ** * It as e heserdous waste would be unjustified. Likewise, '1 r ii.:: ` t. ft' tojA J'l * . if..the waste is piled aad stored on the land, prior to '` ` " ' '` '' '5 r a h no *} j... recycling, the potential of leaching of its heserdous ' , ' >. ' - * ,, ; f! f 5 .. constituents into the enviroaaeac would still prevail end * ,,* *- ' - t>V V ** , avoiding its regulations would be unjustified. The- key question, therefore,, is not whether or not '' ' 1 . o* C 1. i ? it la a heserdous waste and should be listed aa e heserdous *** ** ' * * * # ' %' > * a * t * waste, but whether or not or to what degree-it should be rag- ulated during reeyeliag; that is, should the recycling i 4 '.. - ...? ` .. process and facility be. considered a heserdous waste aanagenent operation and facility required to obtain .f ' * ** n s , interle status and eventually a peraic and required to * *r * aeet the standards sat forth la farts 264 aad 263 of the regulations. It this tiae, the Agency has deferred regulation of such facilities because it recognises chat the full set of Subtitle C aanagenent rtqulrsweats nay , not be necessary. As and when it concludes that regulation of these facilities is necessary, it will teralaate this -101Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-011008 *s-i ixpoia iz-'.er : ** r^ilratss of ?i::i 2 S . *a& l j < wall a* 122) or apaeial tailor ad raquiraaaata uadar Pare 266. ' At thla tiaa, applleabla ra^ulrauant of' fares 262 * * * #r^ * * .v through 265 aad 12.2. will apply laaofar a tha aeeuaulatloa. '-< -: :iw. . * acoraga aad.. eraaaportaeloa of hazardoua. vaa'taa chae ara . i k- 1 H / - v I ... - ' * v rv^<j C - JT* *-4- uaad, rauzad,. racyclad or raclaiaad. tha Agaacy ballavaa ^ " "* - *;,*'* \ %u3z;.. ?c a m V2c!agtr?_- thla Hii. rre*g.u.la.to.r*y coo-vi-ejrtaj.gej aad thma .t.tazbro:ve:.d*.asae'r/lnbasd;7^d-eafoeirral^-- of regulated coverage la appropriate to eba aubjeet- - w- aaca* t5.wj Tbaaxa- z-lud. gea ara haza, *rdo. u*:s laaofar 'aa eba7y0 ar. a, " balag accumulated aad atorad iaaurfaea inpouddeeate aad -** -' <.* *a. la*. CV , BIT*' laaofar- aa they-ay_be atorad la pile* prior to raeyalla*. Therefore, thaaa aludgaa ahould ba llatad aa baaardoaa . *- ** -. '* *' ./ C *. - ^ ; 4 Zs. ~r; ^ t m * . * - A *r v ;aata-.. -Thaaa aludgaa s ua:y:sn:ot -.p."oa.aii; a ia;u./tbataatlal hazard - '.aa durlag thalr recycling and, eves thougbllatadae ; ^ b aaa- r'do*a* a va*a*>ta . th- la aapaet of "- th**a' lr * aa. a a*gi2aat4a*at !. larfJ a'o* t now balag regulated. .. ^. 'i .. at -*o*- Confidential-Pursuant To Protective Order DR230-011009