Document VJvVqZbQ1Z8OG2jVyV8R34gd4

X v .\ \ .i A prr>up of inmv>`'. \pnoc to escr. :.ir.c Air Sampling or .Asbestos Dust-rrvA. enneeftirMion kvi-; po,nt_ A'tsr the sn.- -sl.< Have jeer observe" fur s .T.ontn or six weeks --`Coni/ninsou f/j 1mpingcr nud Efectrosl/itic M/U*r rxpnsure . mi..iu1 '.v i.bie is cslsslishini. Tho i!s:s sre then plotted on log-log ^nie as used by .Satsus and Yaxt.1 We have made one exception J. Wm. FcilSEL, in m:s method. We piol Uvo curves: one represents Gicmut, Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, iiie lowest concentration level--shortest time in* Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, iervsi where ail animais die; the other represcr.tinp the highest concentration level--longest time .V<? York interval at which all animals survive. This char, XJRISG ihc ".ast 10 years the Industrial gives a clear picture of the acute toxicity of the .Health .Section of the Metropolitan Life vapor studied. Inst.rsnec Company has been ,*tudy.ng the Chronic Vapor Toxicity effect of the inhalation of asbestos dust by employees in pLinu in the United States and the SOME reasonable period of exposure r.sd to be Province of Quebec engaged in mining asbestos chosen in extended chronic studies. A period fiber and manufacturing asbestos products. >f eight hours exposure and an interval of 16 hours In 1923, the American asbestos industry was between exposures has been arbitrarily chosen. practically uninformed of the health hazard asso Sturm and Sturm1 used the same interval. It has ciated with asbestos dust, although a few British some reasonable basis in our standard work day. articles had been published describing cases of These eight hours per day exposures are continued asbcslosis contracted in English plants. In IS27, with week end intervals of rest for a period up to Cooke and Hfll* and McDonald2 gave the first de six months. Occasionally a longer total than six tailed description of what are known as "asocstosis months is used but this is our standard. There is bodies." Asbestos fibers as long as 560 microns no doubt that a different period of exposure or a were described as occurring in the lung tissue of different interval of rest between exposures would asbestos workers. change the results profoundly. Studies of the We, therefore, made an effort to distinguish as effect of interval variation would be most illumi bestos fibers in our collected au* samples and. nating 'when time permits. Several different while wc used the impinger method of sarnpl.r.g specie* of animal should be tested in order to avoid for the determination of dust counts or concentra the individual vagaries of any one species. We tions. we also collected a large number of samples have, however, used the rat as preferable for a with the electric precipitator* for examination of standard animal. physical structure and determination particle At internals during the six months, exposed ani sizes. We were, however, unsuccessful^, finding mals are removed for complete histological study much fibrous material in the air-bomSdus: ar.a and at the conclusion of any scries of exposures all very few of a length greater than 50 iq|crons and the remaining animals are so examined. Other im practically rvmc of the 360 micron size. jWc found portant studies made during chronic exposures that 50^ of the Jus: was less than 15 microns in are blood examinations, tissue analysis, urine an the longest diameters while 97y was less than 10 alysis. and function tests where such arc indicated. microns. These particles are of the same dimen Such complete toxicological studies on the sional sizes as those encountered generally tr. in ehrosie vapor toxicity of even c.ur common chemi dustrial plants. cals arc few and far between. They are. however, Later Fnl;on* and hU a*netsios rcpor.cc that the basis upon which the industrial hygienist and not mere wan 3r; of the air-borne plant dust was safety engineer must base nis work. Nearly any greater than 10 microns in the longest d;amc;cr material mqg he hdfcdlcri in industry without seri which agrees with our findings, although r.c had ous hazard if its properties including its physio surveyed only one of the dozen plants and mines logical effect are elcariy understood and intelli studied by us. Recently the U. S. ?ubi:c Kcalir. gently used. Service* issued a comprehensive report on the as The procedures and apparatus just discussed bestos textile industry covering one of the plant* are .'or the purpose of furnishing in so far as wo had previously surveyed, but also many o;ncr* is possible the toxicological data by which in other geographical locations. In thc:r sur\<y an intelligent engineer can design or eontrol an they took impinger samples for dust counts in or aietsriai plant for the manufacture or use of es der to evaluate the degree of exposure of em sential chemicals with the minimum of hazard. Belerences: ployees engaged at various operations. On page 23 of this report the following statement is made: "The reiauvrlr low percentage of fibers ;r. <n:$. 1. Satsbc S. !t- Ya:.t. W. ?, Thomas. 3. G. H. sob usaoL I* Hu IhiySKMOzies; ropnnx ancnbiap exposure to vepare ef methyl Oromi'te. mc-Uirl c:-.ic?.dc. tidy! On=*de sad ethyl ehienbe. V. S. IhiO. Health Service BuU. xa ;ts. .na. penccc dust explains the small number of fibers observed while making dust counts of imping;? samples." They i..':crm;nec the percentage *;' fiJe: * by means of sar-.plo collected with the Gwens -- Sxrrru. H. F- Smttk. H. JV. Fa. sr.b C-tarts-ra. C. das; counter. n\~.;.e Fulton made his fiber nc:cr- ruThe chronic t&x.c.y- of rcrowi ictr-chio;-^e. c.vur.ai one helo studies. ins. H;p. and Toe.. IS. JW^St I.W Iv i. - M*m. ,'wps. .S'l^W.W . - .......... --- *17 M S3? " " " "-S- 0068 MET-875 r-'-`C S Maser* JndxsiricJ n j-jiene 5ee::on --3.-. eicc'.ric ;;rcs:p;~:O'ii-cai aa.T.- mi: friction with a s:::T fire:;-. s :y. pUi. Sceer.:;;/. "he oi*::.--: :r.:;c:*r `-li lice::-: -.v: : -.\iy C-..- irihuui :; on : . :v.cr ;yj vu..: .h:.-, ---.i.-. I .i -.i --i: i err.a.r.a-.mr. j: ion..-.o:;ir ar.-.v: I-.:--.' -cr^:. :.r. haa i:e .r. .'airitptr.,' i: c.r.-'.-.v. r. r j-:_ ; --aa*:-.-.! e.v.ratp.n; Sno ca ar.s i: va.i. .-jv.c.- .V-r-.-s in : ii- i--iha: fore. ccrj;cer*d aavtitcie to na ::T.a.:r:y, ;a ;y j-.'-.Mi.-.-.-nr.. ry*i'..in ;ra --h. nner.jja compared the in -.a'.crm.r.r.; .u :.:ro-i a;:..".-: -s . . :c.'..;r:ri'a.*. heatea iaat vrith h;-:c: ai i. J .-.a-i prolaass ~i njr- : a*. aiur a cotton 3 aoed \r.i .t. r: aa- year', esp-wart. A>; -ia obir_j j-a;;ca: a oeatsi taaetdea. no attempt via :o i;;:o.-ar- ; sicc'.'.an.ia'. rali'.cr v.an a r.-.cm.cn; -.rn'-i- ttate iet-are*.-. cotton ana a-dica:.:. :a:rj. Ti-.e a. i'jj '.lia: :r.o .`cac:::a :j -s.' ' i mineies ?-ao;;e Ksii-.n Scrv.cr- .n i;.iv -.ve.-c -no-:- \o -he i-r.-f iceaaa; er.iy '.i.e-o .".a p-uaeai "he caua-ai Li iiahr.paijnin; .r.i.... r.--es oi nijrs. pro;-:r t:rae:urs me p-.yi-aicp.eai .:y to par- In rur jsudjr 'he j-.a-.cara x-.j.n,-:r r.i.ht-i :i \ \ .; i \ '! \ . 0069 Vis. 9. No. 1 .'nUittlrial Hy.jiene Section Ixovsts'-- 'tiuieiKt Pete ' - jl Spinning Department ....... ..... ..... 'i'rx'P'irniien Department. _________ __ ___ _ --.___ . r?.r*iiB2 Department _ ........ ...... .... ........ ........... . .w;B>iifUL Twisting and Winding ---__ .- ___ ____ _ _ tt'CAVIAS .- ________ ______ __ ,,___ _______ _______ Fibres Metropolitan Findings Impineer Electro. Owens wCi Dost f 14 Cfnmtcf ff ; -a 7 7 4 24 J 4U 12 - 26 sampling was used with in iir ejector to provide dust in asbestos textile mills: suction. Samples were taken simultaneously and 1. The impinger and electrostatic methods c: at the same locations and a; the same elevation sampling agree in the detemtina-.ior. of total dust with an electrostatic precipitator. The irapinger concentrations. samples were diluted to the required volume and 2. The electrostatic precipitator docs entrap the electrostatic precipitator samples were washed more fibers than the imptr.ger. There isL'nowevcr, into a standard volumetric flask and diluted to an the question of any hygienic significance in the equal volume in preparation for counting. In increase determined. same instances further dilution on one or both duplicate samples was necessary where too heavy a concentration was encountered. Counting was done by the light field method References! 1. Coonc. w. L and Koa. C T. j. Royal Xicroicopical Joeiev. 17:232 (Sept. 1377). 2. KcDokau. Sr ant. M. J.. Dee. 1, 1927 (VoL 2): 1021. for total dust and for particles distinguishable as 3. Deoncm. P. Tuomsox. R. M. and Fitchct. S. M.t fiben. Both factors were recorded. Counts"w*r* made immediately after sampling in order to avoid clumping and solution of particles in the case-of ihc impieger samples. Atmospheric particulate mailer. II. The use of electric precipitation for Quantitative delcrminaUgiu and micro, copy. J. Induct. ffye. S:t2. (1923-21). t FutTOK W. B- Deatrr. A_ Uattkxws, J. C_ and Boon. it. L.: Asbestosia. Pan XL The nature and amount Samples were taken at representative operations of duct encountered in asbestos fabricating plants. Fart throughout the plant and the following tables enumerate ihc findings. It V-ll be noted that from three to four times the volume of air was sampled in taking electrostatic precipitator samples; as compared with duplicate impingcr samples. Average total dust concentra tion; agree for both methods of sampling in the preparation, carding, mule spinning and weaving departments. ID. The effects of exposure ta dust encountered in asbestos fabricating plants os the health of a group of workers. Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Indus try. Special Bulletin 42, September 20, 1933, 4. Dnxusx or. c. Dauavatss. J. J*. Savruass. 77 2. Mtiua J. W. Sara. R. R. Epsom. K. F. Tates. X. F.t A study of asbestoua in the- aibcjloe Axiilc industry. U. S. Public Henlth Service Bull No. 34BB933. 4. Caaasra. tswr* tl.: Etiology efwncumoeofuesn, UtMJt, ttl: 1925-1934 (1930. S Spooling and twisting are done in the same room adjacent to looms, while the winding is done in a room next to the mule spinning frames. Pollution from these adjacent operations may account for Physiologic Effects --of Hot Atmosph era-- :hc variation in the total dust counts in these sam ples. There is also the possibility of the number of samples not being sufficient to eliminate per sonal or other discrepancies. It is interesting to note the increase in the num ber of fibers ceonted in going from the prepan F. C. Hottcimar. Director, Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Venti lating Engineers. P'.'.lzburgh: M. 3. r nsaast. M.3.. ties department, through carding, spinning, twist Research Fellots. Freer Therapy. depart ing. into the finai operation of weaving. ment of Industrial Hygiene. Scitoo) o; Tr.e C. & Public Health Service gave percentage Medicine, untcevrity oj Pittsburgh: and of fibers at crushing and picking operations only A. A. RosEsarac. in the weave room and no figure for spinning. Prom our observation of the type of operation, we Research Engineer. Research Laboratory of the American Society of ffcattnj and believe more fibers may be thrown off in mule than is ring frame spinning. We found mere fiber in the spooling, twtstisg, and winding than the U. S. Public Health Service reports, although they re port on twisting only. Again we fall close to tha 11. S. Public Health Service average of fibers in tr.e weaving depart Ventilating Engineers, Pittsburgh WITH the growing interes; in the wcll-cetr.g of industnal workers and the etctcr.sii.-t oi * * so-called ho; industries, the physioiogienl e.Tcct cf hot atmttspberci or. mar. is becoming of ir.ereusmg irr.portur.c*. Probably ihc corl.es: rec ment. Of course, we must consider the three ognition of the ciToct a: heat sr. workers -.vr.s :r. methods of sampling, m comparing these figures. cemain branches of the mining industry tvi ire Conclusions workers penetrated in u-.e earth s intertor temperatures, produced c.ther du-cctlv or ::ti..-::t- A-THOUGH this repert is brnttce ta a relatively ly by volcanic aet.er. or cue to :.-.e adi.-.bsuc .-.uct -a small number of ermparauve samples, it may of compression resulting from the t.-.eretvcc Itarr.- be concluded that in the determination of asbestos metric pressure. Considerable early informal: or. 0070