Document VJr18K8J2gLbZ0mGRdB3QoB6j

26th National Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI I OCTOBER 11 to OCTOBER 15, 1937 Municipal Auditorium 2. .W o, I 0) CopyrtfM, 1W7, National Safety Cotwcll.l w. PLAINTIFF'S V EXHIBIT 1^] Foreword THE Transaction Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress, 1937, are p_ ublished b,,y the National Safety Council in two volumes. This, the first, contains the general, the special subject, and the Industrial Section sessions. The second volume contains the sessions of the Child Education, Home Safety, Street and Highway Traffic, Commercial Ve hicle and Transit Sections. All industrial members of the Council automatically receive Volume I. Volume II is sent to members believed to be inter ested chiefly in the sessions it covers. Other Council mem bers, however, may obtain it upon request. Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, and others in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference purposes. The fol lowing quantity prices are quoted on extra copies: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume (Volume I), $2 each; 11 copies or more, $1.75 each; copies of the smaller volume (Volume II), 75 cents each. THE Transactions are published as a condensed record of the proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter and to abbreviate the less essential portions because of space limitations. Thus the material herein presented is not a verbatim report of all the speeches presented at the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as compact as possible, yet without injury to the technical aspects of any address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council's Bureau of Informa tion, where they are available for additional reference. Where illustrations were sent by the speakers to the Council, these also are on file. The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility for the views ex pressed either in the papers presented or in the discussions based upon the papers. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. 20 North Waclcer Drive Chicago 38- 4:tl<^|| Contents Council Officers and Directors....................................................... 4 Council Purposes and Policies....................................................... 9 Annual Meeting of Members......................................................... 11 Annual Banquet................................................................................. 31 Subject Sessions-- After Work Accidents............................................................. 33 Agricultural Safety .................................................................. 41 Community Safety Organization.......................................... 51 Fire Prevention ........................................................................ 59 Health Service in Industry..................................................... 71 Industrial Dusts ........................................................................ 85 Industrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors................................... 99 Industrial Safety Lectures...................................................... 109 Maintaining Interest in Safety...............................................141 Pressure Vessels .......................................................................157 Safety Fundamentals ............................................................... 173 Safety Inspectors ..................................................................... 183 Safety Training .........................................................................193 Safe Use of Acids...................................................................... 201 Aeronautical Section........................................................................ 211 A.S.S.E.--Engineering Section......................................................221 Automotive and Machine Shop--Power Press Sections......... 225 Cement and Quarry Sections........................................................... 249 Chemical Section ..............................................................................271 Construction Section........................................................................ 285 Food Section....................................................................................... 307 Industrial Nursing ............................................................................323 Marine Section................................................................................... 341 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section....... 371 Metals Section ................................................................................... 381 Mining Section................................................................................... 401 Paper and Pulp Section.....................................................................429 Petroleum Section ............................................................................489 Power Press Section.......................................................................... 535 Public Utilities Section.....................................................................537 Quarry Section................................................................................... 557 Refrigeration Section .......................................................................559 Rubber Section ................................................................................. 577 Safety Equipment Section............................................................... 581 Steam Railroad Meeting...................................................................587 Textile Section ................................................................................. 601 Wood Products Section...................................................................611 Index..................................................................................................... 621 National Safety Council, Inc. HONORARY MEMBERS Association of Iron a no Steel Engineers Rorfrt W. Campbell Lew R. I'ai.mf.r OFFICERS (1937-1938) I). D. Ff.nnf.ij, President C. W. Df.mpksy, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer Harry Guit.bf.rt, Vice-President for Membership Frank H. Harrison, Vice-President for Industrial Safety Hon. Haroi.d G. Hoffman, Vice-President for Public Safety Walter S. Painf., Vice-President for Engineering A. V. Rohwf.df.r, Vice-President for Local Safety Councils A. W. Whitnky, Vice-President for Education W. H. Cameron, Secretary and Managing Director EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1937-1 H. W. Andf.rson, General Motors Corporation J. I. Banash, Past President C. W. Rf.rgquist, Past President Henry W. Boggf.ss, Petroleum Section C. B. Boui.f.t, ASSE-Engincering Section H. W. Boui.ton, Automotive and Machine Shop Section Haroi.d S. Ruttenhf.im, The American City Magazine W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. Robert W. Campbet.i., Past President Robert I. Cati.in, Aetna Casualty & Surety Company R. A. Chaffin, Metals Section Lewis A. DeBi.ois, Past President C. W. Df.mpf.SY, The Liquid Carbonic Corporation Marcus A. Dow, Past President D. D. Fennf.ix, Consulting Engineer John R. Gibson, Western Electric Company Harry Guii.bf.rt, The Pullman Company Frank H. Harrison, International Harvester Company P. L. G. Hasskari., Lehigh Valley Safety Council Hon. Haroi.d G. Hoffman, Governor, State of New Jersey S. R. Horreix, Food Section Wai.tfr G. King, Past President 4 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued W.\i. C. Knoei.k, Milwaukee Safely Commission John Ia. Long, Past President I nos. H. MacDonai.d, U. S. Department of Agriculture Wai.ter B. Martin, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council I. W. Mu.i.ard, Industrial Gloves Company Haroi.d L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Prof. Roger L. Morrison, Street & Highway Traffic Section K. J- O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council Walter S. Paine, Aetna Life & Affiliated Cos. Lew R. Palmer, Past President C. E. Pf.ttibone, Past President Albert S. Regui.a, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. I. t. Col. Henry A. Rf.ningf.r, Past President A. V. Roiiweder, Duluth, Missahe it Iron Range Railway Co. George E. Sanford, General Electric Co. Charles R. Scott, Past President Gf.n. John H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council Judge Lef. E. Skeel, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company find.) Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council R. T. Soi.ENSTF.N, Elliott Service Company C. P. Tolman, Past President George G. Traver, Greater Chicago Safety Council, Inc. Dr. C. H. Watson, Past President A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau T. A. Wilson, Textile Section W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co. Arthur H. Young, Past President DIRECTORS (1937-1938) George J. Adams, Paper and Pulp Section H. W. Anderson, General Motors Corp. A. L. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Company H. H. Dailey, Chattanooga Safety Council J. I. Banasii, Consulting Engineer Carl Barker, St. Louis Safety Council G. J. Barrett, Mining Section Ernest W. Beck, United States Rubber Produets, Inc. C. W. Bf.rgquist, Western Electric Co. F'. F\ Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Henry W. Roggess, Petroleum Section II. F.. Bolt, South Bend Civic Safety Council 5 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued C. B. Boulet, ASSE-Engineering Section H. W. Boulton, Automotive & Machine Shop Section F. S. Brown, Standard Accident Insurance Co. W. A. Brown, Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of Commerce W. T. Buckeridcf., Employees' Publication Section S. W. Burchiel, Safety Department, Automobile Club of Rhode Island Harold S. Butteniieim, The American City Magazine B. J. Callaghan, Contra Costa County Safety Council W. H. Camf.ron, National Safety Council, Inc. Ray Carney, Kenosha Safety Council Robert I. Cati.in, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. R. A. Chaffin, Metals Section Kenneth B. Coi.man, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council J. E. Culmney, Bethlehem Steel Co. Lewis A. DeBi.ois, Consulting Engineer Jay E. Decker, Mason City Safety Council C. W. Dempesy, The Liquid Carbonic Corp. James B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Dr. Louis I. Dublin, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. O. M. Edwards, Jr., Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce W. P. Ei-Stun, Public Utilities Section D. D. Fennf.i.l, Consulting Engineer D. L. Fennf.i.l, Kansas City Safety Council Donald A. Finkbeinf.r, Toledo Safety Council Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Chester C. Fisk, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission Howard B. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. Alexander Foster, Jr., Quarry Section John B. Gibson, Western Electric Co. Howard F. Gilbert, Elizabeth Safety Council Otho M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co. W. A. Griffin, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Harry Guilbert, The Pullman Co. Isaiah Hale, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. C. H. Harper, Refrigeration Section D. T. Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines Frank H. Harrison, International Harvester Co. P. L. G. Hasskarl, Lehigh Valley Safety Council R. C. Haven, Commercial Vehicle Section G. T. Hei.lmuth, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee RR. Co. Chas. E. Hill, New York Central Lines Hon. Harold G. Hoffman, Governor, State of New Jersey E. C. Holden, Jr., Marine Section 6 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Everett Word, Madison County Safety Council S. B. Horrell Food Section H. C. Howsam, Power Press Section Fred B. Hunt, Cement Section Major Norman A. Tmkie, Columbus Safety Council R. D. Jewett, Springfield Safety Council Thomas P. Kearns, Industrial Commission of Ohio Titos. L. Kelley, Paterson Safety Council J. M. Kf.rrican, Rubber Section Wm. C. Knoelk, Milwaukee Safety Commission Wm. S. Knudsen, Detroit industrial Safety Council C. L. LaFountainf., Great Northern Railway Co. Millard C. Lf.fi.fr, Child Education Section Barney Levy, Jr., Rochester Safety Council A. Augustus Low, Brooklyn Safety Council Thos. H. MacDonald, U. S. Department of Agriculture Walter B. Martin, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council F. W. Matson, Minnesota Safety Council R. A. McArthur, Transit Section Miller McClintock, Harvard University I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Co. James K. Miller, Grand Rapids Safety Council < Harold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. R. B. Mori.ey, Industrial Accident Prevention Assns. Prof. Roger L. Morrison, Street & Highway Traffic Section Ernest Murphy, Albany Safety Council E. J. O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council George C. A. Opp, The Detroit Edison Co. Walter S. Paine, Aetna Life & Affiliated Cos. Lew R. Pai.mer, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U. S. David A. Patton, Newark Safety Council Mrs. G. M. Pelton, Evanston Safety Council Charles W. Pendock, Safety Div. Milwaukee Association of Com merce C. E. Pettibone, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Gen. George B. Pii.lsbury, United States Engineer Office Arthur Potterton, Hudson County Safety Council Albert S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col. Henry A. Renlvger, Lehigh Portland Cement Co. Bestor Robinson, Eastbay Safety Council A. V. Rohwedf.r, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Ry. Co. Walter Rosenbaum, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co. 7 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Henry (i, Sciiaffner, Eric Safely Council Rare G. Schoeffeer, Kaliway Safety Council Harry A. Schui.tz, United States Steel Corp. H. E. Sef.i.y, Wood Products Section Eari. S. Siiartzf.r, Utica Safety Council Gen. John H. Shf.rpurne, Massachusetts Safety Council I)r. L. A. Siioudy, Bethlehem Steel Co. Ernest L. Simonds, New Haven Safety Council A. E. Sinci.air, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Section Judge Lee E. Skf.ei., Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company (Ind.) Edwin C. Smith, Blackstone Valley Safety Council Wai.tkr Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council W, A. Snow, Construction Section K. T. Soi.enstf.n, Elliott Service Co. ' E. C. Spring, Lansdale, Pa. George K. Stephens, Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber of Commerce John Stii.wf.i.i., Greater New York Safety Council Arthur M. Todf., Consulting Marine Engineer George G. Traver, Greater Chicago Safety Council. Inc. Major K, I). Trimri.e, Richmond Safety Council Frank E. Vitz, Superior Safety Council Dr. C. H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Harry M. Webber, Wilmette, 111. Dr. David E. Wegi.fjn, Baltimore Safety Council S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau Howard R. Whitney, Worcester Safety Council T. A. W'ii.son, Textile Section W. H. Winans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. E. B. Winseow, Safety Div., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co. E. J. Zauft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce (i. L. Zwick, St. Joseph Safety Council Council Purposes and Policies The conservation of human life is the basic purpose of the National Safety Council. The Council works toward this end through a continuous campaign of accident prevention that is nation-wide in scope, ap plies to all types of hazardous activity, and directly or indirectly reaches the entire popu lation. Recognizing that improvement of health conditions and the prevention of vocational diseases in industry arc closely allied with accident prevention, the Council is also ac tive in these fields. The National Safety Council is a non profit, non-sectarian, non-political organiza tion. It has approximately 5,000 members, repre senting every state in the Union and many of the Canadian provinces. There arc about -100 foreign members. Included in the mem bership are industrial corporations, firms, individuals, public officials, schools, cham bers of commerce, clubs and civic organiza tions. About 70 per cent arc industrial con cerns, including the large steel companies, the oil companies, most of the railroads in the United States, the automotive industry, and others of outstanding importance. Origin and Growth The history of the Council begins with the first cooperative Safety Congress held under the auspices of the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers in Mil waukee in 1912. As an aftermath of this Congress the National Safety Council was organized in New York in 191.1 with 14 members. During the first year the mem bership increased to 97). These safety pioneers based their pro gram on the assumption that accidents arc unnecessary and avoidable. They began to develop the principles and the materials to make accident prevention possible. The continuous growth of the Council and expansion of its activities attest the sound ness of these principles. Every field in which a coordinated program has been applied of fers striking examples of the possibilities of accident reduction. Results of Organized Safety Since the National Safety Council was organized in 1913, the national accident death rate in all fields except motor vehi cle has been reduced 30 per cent. Because the traffic field does not offer the possibilities of control that are found in the industrial field, the motor vehicle accident problem continues to he a serious one. While there was a slight decline in fatalities in 1932--the first decrease that had occurred since the advent of the automobile--increases have occurred in succeeding years, with an all lime high in 193b. Better-than-average results in motor vehi cle safety have been achieved among school children, in commercial vehicle fleets, in states with properly administered drivers' license laws, and ill cities with an effective community safety organization. These cases indicate that the national problem can he solved by a careful study and application of the methods which have already produced results. The National Safety Council was started as an industrial safety organization. The results of safety work in this field have often been phenomenal. For example, the steam railroads have re duced the accident rate among employees 74 per cent since 1923. A group of the largest steel industries has cut its accidents 90 per cent since 1913. It is not uncommon for an industrial establishment to complete an en tire year without a single disabling injury among its employees. In the fare of such reductions the psychol ogy of accidents is changing. Accidents are becoming out of date both from the view point of the employer and the employee. They arc being recognized as a reflection on the efficiency of the plant. Looking Ahead The universal character of the safety problem makes it natural that the idea which 10 cnty sixth at tonal Safety Congress lias been fostered in tbc United States should reach into other countries of the world. Organizations similar in purpose and activity to the National Safety Council have been formed in many countries. Council post ers have been widely copied for foreign use, and several National Safety Council publications have been translated into other tongues. The National Safety Council is still young, but it has made amazing progress during its short lifetime. These achieve ments offer inspiration and incentive for continuing its humanitarian efforts. *** Objectives The purposes and policies of the National Safety Council are not always understood by those who are not in close touch with the Council's work. As a concise presenta tion of the Council's objectives, the follow ing has been approved by the Kxccutive Committee as an official statement of policy : "The National Safety Council's objective is the elimination of accidents to men, women and children, as being deplorable, unnecessary and wasteful. It seeks mem berships, cooperation and contacts to insure that its services may provide for instrumen talities and finances to accomplish this ob jective. "Through education it seeks to demon strate that the safe way is the right way and the best way, from the standpoint not only of human satisfaction hut of social effi ciency and economy. It seeks those ways and means for safety that satisfactorily fit into the practical affairs of life. "Its financial policy is to return in service all moneys received, so operating without profit, and to undertake only those activi ties which can be assured of reasonable permanence. Much of its administrative personnel consists of volunteer workers. "The National Safety Council holds itself open to give fullest and most cordial coop eration to all individuals, industries, or ganizations, communities, states and nations that are in accord with the principles and objectives of the organization, and the Na tional Safety Council likewise asks and seeks cooperation from all these in carrying out its purposes." Annual Meeting of Members MONDAY MORNING SESSION October 11, 1937 The Annual Meeting of Members of the National Safety Council at the Twentysixth National Safety Congress, assembling in Kansas City, Mo., was called to order by Dr. C. H. Watson, President, who pre sided. The invocation was delivered by the Rev. Walter H. North, Pastor, the Country Club Congregational Church of Kansas City. The secretary reported that a quorum of members entitled to vote was present in person or by proxy, and the formal roll call was dispensed with. The chairman then introduced D. L. Fen nell, President of the Kansas City Safety Council, who welcomed the delegates in behalf of the Kansas City Congress Com mittee. Address of Welcome for Kansas City Safety Council By D. L. FENNELL President, Kansas City Safety Council The Kansas City Safety Council in the Heart of America, welcomes you. This is a welcome in which every phase of Kansas City's varied interests sincerely joins. Our schools, churches, women's organiza tions, civic clubs, fraternal societies--in fact, I feel I can speak for every citizen of this community--bid you welcome, because we realize that the ideals of the National Safety Council tend to make a happier life for all of us. The Kansas City Safety Council, in wel coming you this morning, is realizing a hope of which we have long dreamed, and wishes to express appreciation to you for bringing your twenty-sixth Congress here, not because it is merely another large Convention, but because it presents a splendid opportunity for Kansas City and this Mid-West area to learn from the assembled delegates things that will make possible better safety records. We are aware that the eyes, cars and minds of the entire nation are focused upon this Congress in Kansas City, with prayers for the success of its accident prevention pro gram. Our Country wants this Congress to succeed in its purpose. Why? Because America today realizes, as never before, the terrible significance of its huge accident losses. Because America knows today, as it has never known before, that its homes and its dear ones are threatened with their very lives. This wonderful Safety Congress has the power, organization and unity to accomplish great things. The American people expect and have the right to expect that from this Congress will come a program adequate for their protection against death and tragedy by accidents. Kansas City, on the evening of October 6, completed a year in which we had no fatali ties to children IS years of age and under, from motor vehicle accidents. This is a record of which wc are extremely proud. The record as to motor vehicle fatalities to persons above this age is not such as wc desire, hut our record for 1937 shows an improvement in this respect over the same period for 1936. With all public officials and civic organi zations cooperating with the Kansas City Safety Council, we have made plans to the best of our ability to see that your visit with us is an enjoyable one. 11 Industrial Dusts WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1937 The meeting was called to order by Chair man A. S. Kegula, Executive Secretary, In dustrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York City, and Vice-President for Engineer ing, National Safety Council, who intro duced the speakers. What Industrial Dusts Are Harmful? Why? By SENIOR SURGEON R. R. SAYERS Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene, U. S. Public Health Service While dusts exist everywhere in the at mosphere, it has been recognized for cen turies that workers in certain dusty occupations are less healthy than those not so exposed. The number of persons ex posed in dusty occupations comprises one of the largest industrial groups. The occu pational diseases of workers in dusty at mospheres have been found to be due to entrance of dust into the system by inhala tion, by ingestion, by direct absorption through the skin, by irritation of the skin, or by a combination of the foregoing. The suspensions of particulate matter in air have been broadly termed dusts, fumes, and smokes. Such a classification is neces sarily arbitrary, since the line of demarca tion between them is not very sharp, and the chief differentiation is based on the size of the particles. Investigations by the Pub lic Health Service in dusty industries' rertaled that al>out 70 per cent of the dust particles examined were between 1 and 3 microns in size, only al>out 20 per cent were less than 1 micron, and the median size was IJ microns. Industrial dusts arc mainly less than 10 microns in size. However, fibrous dusts in the air, such as asbestos, have been found to contain particles as large as 200DO mircons in the greatest diameter. While, generally speaking, according to Collis, dusts are more injurious as their chemical composition differs from that of the human body, or from the elements of which the body is normally composed,' it is difficult to establish a comprehensive definition for toxic dusts. Sollmann,' after analysis of various definitions for poison, felt that it is very difficult to give a definition which will not be ambiguous in some cases, but believed that the following covers most of the points which must be considered in classing a substance as such : "A poison is any substance which, act ing directly through its inherent chetnic properties, and by its ordinary action, is capable of destroying life, or of seriously endangering health, when it is applied to the body, externally, or in moderate doses (to 50 Gm.) internally." Some dusts are known to be poisonous, while others, in the concentrations usually encountered, are comparatively harmless. However, it may be stated that breathing dust in high concentration is not desirable. According to Fairhall, the damage arising from the inhalation of toxic dust may be either local or remote, and depends upon whether the material is a protoplasmic poi son, whether it is caustic in reaction, or whether it is absorbed into the blood stream and carried to other centers which arc in turn affected.' It is now well established that exposure to certain kinds of dusts, such as those con taining considerable quantities of free silica, has increased the morbidity and mortality rate from respiratory diseases; while me tallic dusts, such as lead and its compounds. 85 86 Tn'cntv-sixth National Safety Lonyrcss have been associated with general systemic pulmonary tuberculosis. The second type poisoning.' Dusts may l>c swallowed with of reaction is caused by toxic dusts like lead, saliva, water, or food, and direct poisoning cadmium, and radium. A third type of mal has l>een traced to absorption by this ady follows the inhalation of finely divided method; other dusts may art as irritants and metallic fume particles such as zinc oxide, produce affections of the skin, irritate mu and is known as metal fume fever. The cous membranes of nose, eyes and throat, fourth reaction, allergic in character, is often causing inflammatory diseases of caused by breathing organic dusts such as these organs.* Some inorganic dusts arc able to pene trate the deep lung tissues and arc sufficiently insoluble to be retained there. Some of these may be active in the human tissues, causing definite and permanent in jury, while others arc inert and may he pollen and certain types of pulverized wood and flour. In all four cases the sole cause of the disability may be dust inhalation, but the reactions from toxic dusts result from swallowing as well as from inhalation." For various reasons it is difficult to set up au absolute classification for dusts. retained for years, apparently without seri Opinion is rapidly changing regarding so- ous damage; some are gradually absorbed without causing pathological changes.' All inhaled particles are soluble, at least to a small extent. If harmless, cell activity is stimulated so that phagocytes remove the dust. If the solute is toxic, the viability of the phagocyte is affected and an ineffective called inert or harmless dusts and further investigation may prove some of them to be injurious. Some dusts may have fioth a toxic and an irritant action; while on the other hand, the poisoning resulting from ex posure to a dust may be the combined effect of more than one mode of entrance into the body. However, the following classification accumulation results. At the same time, further solute may diffuse into neighboring tissues, setting up an irritation and subse quent fibrosis. The nature as well as the of dusts, according to physical character istics and physiological effect, is used for convenience. solubility of the solute is an important fac I. Organic Dusts tor, hut of two substances of approximately equal toxicity, the more soluble form causes the greater damage. However, sub stances of such low solubility as silica may ultimately produce extensive injury.* Kettle has stated that harmful dusts, if inhaled into the lungs, may activate a latent tuberculous infection; they may exaggerate an active tuberculous lesion or a coincident infection. If sufficient quantities of a harm less dust are inhaled, some of it remains in the lungs and causes a mild degree of fibro sis merely through mechanical irritation, hut such fibrosis is never sufficient to inter fere with the function of the lung.' Organic dusts arc those which contain carbon, and were originally supposed to come from organized substances derived from animal or plant life. Living dusts rome under this classification, and are thought to be of the same order of size as industrial dusts, with which they arc fre quently associated. Bacteria are usually be tween 0.5 and 3 microns, except in a few cases, such as the anthrax bacillus, which ranges from 1 to 1.25 micron in breadth and 4.5 to 10 microns in length and 10 or 12 microns in diameter. However, it is possi ble that the larger and heavier varieties, like the larger and heavier dust particles, Some writers state that while the influ settle due to gravity, and do not remain ence of nonpoisonous dusts on health is a suspended in the air. debatable subject, abnormally high death rates from bronchitis and pneumonia arc sometimes attributed to chronic exposure to nontoxic dusts. I-arge amounts of dust are occasionally found in supposedly normal Many thousands of organic substances, carbon-containing, arc made synthetically by chemical process*', such as dyestuffs, explosives, etc. lungs, at autopsy.' According to Drinker, there are four dif ferent types of reaction produced in man by the inhalation of dust. The first and most important are the pneumoconioses, such as silicosis and ashestosis, which cause specific lung pathology and often are followed by 1. NONLIVING ORGANIC POSTS. As the name implies, these arc comprised of nonviablc particles, which may or may not he inherently toxic or irritant, hut which nevertheless produce untoward effects in the human organism. "Allergic" dusts, or those to which only certain persons arc or may Industrial Dusts 87 become hypersensitive, with resulting asthma, rhinitis, or other disturbances, are included in this classification. dust, or powder form of the preparation, ex erting a direct irritating effect on the skin." Dermatitis due to other vegetable dusts a. Toxic and/or Irritant. Toxic or irritant such as vanilla, powdered arnica, pyre- dusts are all organic dusts which produce thrum, etc., have been reported.1' untoward symptoms, either systemic or local. Those producing local symptoms are usually described as irritant; those produc ing general or systemic, symptoms are termed toxic. A dust may be both toxic and irritant. Dental lesions, of occupational origin, have been reported among workers in sugar. The gingivitis caused by sugar dust is clas sified as purely mechanical, with laterdeveloping caries. Digestive disorders, respiratory conditions, and cutaneous con In reported cases of injury or death fol ditions (especially of the face) were also lowing inhalation of dust from organic com found." pounds, among the chief offenders are Dork workers, transporters of grain, paranitraniline, the dinitrohenzenes, chloro- workers in grain and flour mills, etc. are dinitrohenzenes, trinitrophenol, and nitro- exposed to (lusts during their work. Dusts naphthalene. Eye damage due to inflamma from cereals may contain many impurities, tion of the cornea has occurred among which may cause an irritating action on the workers exposed to methyl violet dust. The respiratory passages, as well as inflamma dust from paraphenylene diamine derivatives tion of the skin. Digestive disturbances, is particularly irritating and dangerous, dental defects, diminution in hearing, and causing not only a severe form of derma conjunctivitis have been observed among titis where the dust comes in contact with millers, and have been attributed to the dusts the skin, but also prooucing acute inflamma to which such workers are exposed." tion of the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages.* Toxic dusts may be federated during the handling of powdered (lyes and in preliminary dyeing operations, particularly the hydro-extractor process, where particles are disseminated in all di rections.11 Coal tar and indigo dyes are substances most frequently used. b. Allergic. Many apparently innocuous substances may produce reactions in per sons of peculiar personal susceptibility. The term "allergy" is used to describe this con dition of hypersensitiveness or susceptibility, and allergic phenomena most frequently manifest themselves in skin reactions. How ever, they may cause acute reactions else Cases of amblyopia have been reported where in the body. When the respiratory from exposure to inhalation of tobacco tract is involved we have such well known dust." It has been found that inhaled to diseases as hay fever or asthma. These bacco dust exerts a nicotine action on the diseases may develop as a result of hyper organism fifteen times greater than that sensitiveness to such substances as pollens produced by the same quantity of smoked from plants, horsehair, rabbit's fur, furs, tobacco with an equal nicotine content." feathers, etc. Severe dermatitis is experienced by many workers handling powder containing T.N.T., which is used in making high explosives. Picric acid, which is also used for this pur pose, requires drying, and in this latter state has been found to produce a dermatitis. Picric acid is also the oldest synthetic or ganic dyestuff.14 Dermatitis occurs among handlers of silk with varying frequency. Sails determined that a rash occurring among workers in a silk factory was due to For instance, furriers, workers in clothing industries who are exposed to wool dust, etc., may suffer from hay fever or asthma." It is unnecessary for the offending dust to reach the depths of the lungs--giant pollens for example are reported to produce their effect after being caught in the upper res piratory passages. Should such an offending substance be finely ground it could reach the alveoli and as a result probably all physiologic reactions would be accelerated." dust from silk cocoons imported from In a survey of a plant where resin is Africa." mixed, ground, and molded, it was found Persons engaged in the manufacture of that 80 per cent of the occupational derma gninine and quinine preparations suffer from titis there was due to hypersensitivity to skin phenomena, which occur for the most hexamethylenetetramine and formaldehyde part on exposed parts of the liody. and contained in the dust to which the workers may be caused by ingestion or by quinine were exposed." During the first processes m Tu'cnty-sixth National Safety Coui/rcss of cotton spinning, cotton-strippers are ex posed to dust arising from cotton husks and dibris. which produces a typical form of asthma.' Ordinary wood dust lias been of interest due to its purely mechanical action, but still greater care is required in handling certain kinds, especially woods coming from abroad, because of the essential oils impreg nating them, which when freed in the dust may affect the health of the workers con cerned. Some of the woods capable of causing skin lesions are Brazil wood, satinwood, teakwood, cumaru or tonka wood, black ebony wood. West Indian mahogany, Japanese tagayasan. coccoloba, chestnutwood, olivewood, California sequoia, etc. All per sons who handle these woods are not in jured, only those particularly susceptible to the substances they contain becoming affected." trichum dermatodes), which is scattered when the bark is stripped off. This powder is irritating to the skin and mucous mem branes. Mycelia and spores of moulds are commonly found to cause rashes: for in stance, the black powder coming from macerated sugarcane stalks. Among basketmakers, the mycelium and spores, in the form of a white mould (hyphomycete) from the rhattan canes used, get shaken out when the canes are split, hammered, and cut, causing painful fissures to develop on the skin where they alight.14 A form of asthma or spasmodic cough, suffered by cotton weavers and known as aspergillosis, has been considered due to in halation of spores of a mildew which some times occurs on the threads." In a study of silicosis among miners, made by the Public Health Service, a number of cases of typical miliary calcification were en countered. Unstained smears of those cases 2. LIVING ORGANIC DUSTS. These examined were positive for fungus, two contain particles capable of exhibiting the types of Aspergillus fungi being identified. phenomena of life' (especially the property All of the subjects but one were farmers, of reproduction or multiplication), such as teamsters, feedmill workers, or residents of bacteria and fungi. They are usually found small agricultural towns where grain is in low concentrations and are associated marketed. Farmers are exposed to fungi in with nonliving dusts in the air. threshing wheat, baling hay, or handling a. Bacteria. One of the most important among these is the anthrax bacillus, which is contained in the dust from skins, furs, wool, and animal hair, horns, hoofs, bones, etc. This disease may occur in two forms: cutaneous (in which the organism affects the skin), and pulmonary (when it is inhaled, as in the form of anthrax known as wool- sorters' disease).1' Cases of tetanus, reported in connection with jute manufacture, were traced to the various small grains." Some other fungus diseases such as actino mycosis and blastomycosis are associated with occupational exposure to dust. The former occurs among workers handling straw, hay, grass, vegetable dehris contami nated with mould, etc. Actinomycosis is likely to affect people engaged in commercial handling, storing, and cleansing of grain (grain distilleries, flour mills, grain crush ing, breweries, and malting houses, etc.)." raw material, the bacillus having been found in the factory dust." Diphtheria, tubercu II. Inorganic Dusts losis, smallpox, typhoid, or other bacillus- Inorganic compounds are ol mineral produced diseases, may result from exposure origin, not requiring a living organism to to infected dusts. produce them." A number of dusts not Bacterial sensitization can be the cause of any of the allergic diseases, namely, asthma, perennial, hay fever, urticaria, angioneurotic `edema, eczema, or migraine headaches.'4 b. Fungi. Dusts containing the mycelia and spores of parasitic fungi give rise to annoyance and discomfort. "Maltster's" itch from the dust alone has been reported. In Provence, reeds used for ceilings are stacked while still wet and undergo fermentation; they become covered with a white powder (a dry fungus of the Mucor family: Sporo- usually classed as toxic may, under some conditions, produce untoward effects on the human organism. Classified under inorganic are toxic and/or irritant, fibrosis-produc ing, and nonfibrosis-ptoducing dusts. a. Toxic and/or Irritant. Toxic dusts are those which are inherently toxic when in haled, ingested, or otherwise absorbed. Among those which produce systemic poi soning, some of which are also irritant, are the dusts from heavy metals and their salts, such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, Industrial Dusts zinc, etc. Irritant dusts arc injurious by reason of their strong irritative or corro sive properties. As a rule, inhaled irritant substances im mediately cause a reaction in the upper respiratory tract of such severity that they are prevented from reaching the lungs, al though they may cause lung damage by extension of inflammation if the mucous membrane is corroded.' Lime, calcium oxide, and the di-chromates are examples of irri tant dusts. An inorganic dust may possess both toxic and irritant properties, and the poisoning produced may be the combined effect of more than one mode of entrance into the body. Of the directly poisonous dusts, the most widely prevalent are those of certain lead compounds, particularly the oxide, carbon ate and the chromate. The dust is readily absorbed by the mucous membrane; some dust passes into the stomach and is dissolved by the gastric juice.* According to Fairhall, perforated nasal septum is a common occurrence among workers with bi-chromate dusts.4 In a study made by the U. S. Public Health Service it was found that continuous daily exposure to concentrations of chromic acid mist greater than 1 milligram in 10 cubic meters is likely to cause definite injury to the nasal tissues* It is believed that a similar concentration of the dust would be equally toxic. In the case of poisoning from some heavy metals, exposure may be to both dust and vapor. For instance, investigations have shown the safe limit of total exposure to lead oxide dust and fumes to be less than 1.5 mg. per 10 cubic meters of air, except for prolonged exposure." In exposure to mercury dust and vapor, it was shown that the incidence of chronic mercurialism in creases rapidly with increasing mercury concentration, after such concentration ex ceeds 2.0 mg. per 10 cubic meters." Alkalis and metallic oxides are common causes of dermatoses. Lye, potash and lime are known to cause irritation to plas terers, cement-makers, bricklayers, masons, stonecutters, modellers, and metal platers." Ulceration and perforation of the nasal sep tum occur among workers exposed to the dust of soda ash; systemic poisoning also occurs from inhalation of calcium cyanimide dust.'1 Cases of dermatitis, scleroderma and can cer arc reported to have been caused by exposure to dust of arsenic compounds. Certain aluminum salts are skin irritants and aluminum dusts may contribute to the infection of skin and mucous membranes, through mechanical action." b. Fibrosis-Producing Dusts. The most important of these are the inorganic, slightly soluble dusts which cause fibrous changes in the lung tissues, some of which are seri ous, and some of which cause little or no disability.' So far as is known, no inorganic substances other than silicon derivatives cause more than a very moderate degree of fibrosis of the lung. Moreover, there seems to be no evidence that any other constituent of ordinary dusts can influence so unfavora bly a pulmonary infection.* Although other dusts, when inhaled in sufficient concentrations over a long period of time, have been shown capable of pro ducing a pulmonary fibrosis, nevertheless, the pneumoconiosis characterized by nodu lar fibrosis has to date been shown clini cally and experimentally to be associated only with the inhalation of dusts containing free silica. Since this dust, to exert its harmful action, must enter the finer divisions of the lung, the particle size of the atmospheric dust may bear a definite relationship to the in jurious effect produced. The silica must be present in the air in particles small enough to enter the finer air spaces and of such dimensions that the phagocytic cells may engulf them. The greater majority of par ticles found upon microscopic examination of the lung fall within the limits of from 1 to 3 microns.'1 Examples of siliceous dusts are granite, quartz, sand, pumice, slate, etc. In a recent study among anthracite miners, the correlations between exposure to dust (which contained silica) and the evidence of constitutional changes left little doubt as to the etiological significance of the dust in the air breathed. Like correlations were found between the silica exposure and the extent of pulmonary changes." When the inhaled dust consists of silica combined with bases, silicates, some degree of change in the pulmonary tissue may result. In this respect asbestos dust seems to be unique among silicates in the prevalence and se verity of the disease it causes." The chief distinction between silicosis and conditions due to simple reactions caused by other dusts is the active proliferative 90 I'-.ecutv-sixth National Safely Lontjrcss Dust may be entrapped at its source by reaction in the tissues which results in suction devices and thus removed and col progressive nodulation. Silicosis, when once lected. Familiar examples are exhaust hoods established, strongly predisposes the lungs in grinding operations, and the devices used to infection, especially with the tubercle bacillus. Chronic interstitial pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema are fre quent complications of advanced degrees of in rock drilling. Generally speaking, the exhaust ventila tion method, where applicable, is to be pre ferred in controlling a dust hazard. Water silicosis. may be used to entrap dust and prevent its The relation of the acute respiratory in dispersal, and under certain circumstances fections to the reaction due to dusts other it may be of advantage to combine the use than free silica has never been established, of water and the use of suction. Sometimes though a heightened incidence has often a dusty process can be completely enclosed been shown statistically in workers in dusty in a sealed room or compartment. It must trades. It is fairly certain that a dust dam be remembered, however, that any mechani aged lung, whatever the cause, fares much cal device of this kind offers adequate pro worse if an acute infection does supervene tection only if it is properly designed, upon it.' In a study conducted by the U. S. Public Health Service among marble finishers in Vermont, it was found that marble dust when inhaled in the concentrations found in the examined plants produced a mild, bi lateral, linear fibrosis in some cases, but no serious lung changes were noted and there was no disability due to the dust, even after years of exposure." installed, and maintained. A great deal of attention has lieen given the subject of individual protection from dust, and there are many types of respira tory protective devices now available. These are generally of two types; those which provide fresh air from an uncontaminated source and those which rely upon a filtering medium for removing dust from the air breathed. Where the use of such a device c. Nonfibrosis-Producing Dusts. These are inert, that is, they do not cause fibrous tissue to be produced, but may Itecome encapsulated or lie free in the tissues; or they are absorbed without production of fibrous tissue. Included among them are alundum, coal, corundum, emery, limestone, magnesite, marble, plaster of pans (gyp is indicated, only one of the types approved by the U. S. Ilureau of Mines should l>e used. As a rule, it may he said that masks, respirators, or other such protective device should be used only where exposure to the dust is intermittent and brief, or where some unusual condition makes a more ade quate dust control impracticable." sum), and polisher's rouge. Where bacteria or other living dusts in Dust Control the air are associated with a process, steri lization methods such as increased tempera Engineering and medical control arc the two most important factors in combating the industrial dust hazard, and arc to a large extent complementary. ture, ultraviolet radiation, and chemicals like chlorine or other bactericidal substances, may be of use. Pasteurization temperature (about 140 F.) will kill most organisms except those bearing spores. Steam disin Engineering Control. As I.auza" has fection is used for horsehair, and proves to stated in a recent paper, "It is a basic be practicable if the temperature does not principle in dealing with a dust hazard that exceed 230 F. Wool fibres, however, lose the dust should he attacked at its point of their elasticity by steam disinfection, and origin and thus prevented from being dis the "1 bickering" process now used in F.ng- seminated into the atmosphere." After the land includes soaking of the wool in a form dust has been spread throughout the air it aldehyde solution, and drying in a current is difficult to deal with it, and reliance must of air at a temperature of 160 F.w There he placed on individual protection, which is are few occupations in which there would never wholly satisfactory. be a sufficient concentration of dead bac l.anza further cites various methods used teria to cause untoward effects itt man. in controlling dust. These will be reviewed In the case of dusts producing external but briefly, since a paper dealing with the irritation, auxiliary protective measures may subject of dust control in detail, will follow include the use of protective clothing. on this program. Intluslrial Putts 91 gloves, goggles and aprons; as well as pro tective salves, ointments, or other com pounds to delay or diminish the irritant action. General rules for hygiene and good housekeeping should also be observed. Medical Control. Equally important, and closely interrelated with the engineering phase, is medical control of occupational hazards. In addition to directing the proper placement of new workers, and guarding the health of all employees, medical control is a check on the efficacy of the engineering control methods already instituted, or a measure of the need for new protective de vices. It has been stated that "Industry has found that the best way to treat industrial injuries and illness is to prevent them,"" and medical control, through precmployinent and periodic physical examinations, is one of the most important factors in such prevention. The preemployment examination is made to determine the employee's physical and mental fitness for work. It serves to dis close the presence of any contagious dis ease, reveals any minor physical defects which might later become serious, or whether the examinee's condition precludes his em ployment in certain or in all types of work. It should be remembered that such preem ployment examinations are not to be made for the purpose of eliminating an employee, but rather for allocating him to the type of work for which he is physically suited. A worker should be given employment unless totally unfit, or unless his disability, even though slight, would cause him to be a haz ard to himself or his associates. Further more, the practice of preemployment examinations should be extended to include executives and officials of industrial organintions. "The purpose of periodic physical examinations is to secure and maintain physical fitness and thereby lengthen work <pans."" Reexamination of employees some times results in the discovery of defects and disabilities which were not observed at the time of employment. In such cases, an oc cupational adjustment should be made to provide continued employment, but remove the risk of permanent injury. Reexamination of employees is required ky law in certain occupations in which the handling of poisonous or otherwise deleterisox substances may result in the contraction of disease." Since some occupational dis eases tend to clear up and recur, records of previous occupations should be included in the physical examinations. The frequency of examinations should be determined by the medical director, unless otherwise speci fied by law. Those exposed to known occu pational disease hazards may have weekly or monthly examinations." "It should always be kept in mind that the basic principle of physical examinations in industry is to keep men on the job and not allow the physical examination to be merely a weeding out process.''" References ' Bloomfield, J. J. and DallaValle, J. M. "The Determination and Control of Industrial Dust." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 217, April, 1935. I Coilis, Edgar L. `'Industrial Pneumoconioses, with special reference to Dust Phthisis." Milroy Lectures, 1915. H. M.S.O., London. Sollmann, Torald. "A Manual of Pharma, cology," W. B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia, 1932. 4 rairhall, Lawrence T. _ "Toxic Dusts and Fumes." Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxi cology, November, 1936. Bloomfield, J. J. "The Sampling and Analysis of Industrial Dusts." American Public Health Asso ciation, Yearbook, 1935-36. 4 Gibbs, W. E. "Dust Hazard in Industry." Ernest Benn, Ltd. I-ondon, 1925. ' Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc. "Sili cosis and Allied Disorders." Medical Series, Bulle. tin No. 1. Pittsburgh, Pa. April 15,1936. Kettle, E. H. "The Action of Harmful Dusts." Inst, of Mining and Metallurgy, London, June 14, 1934. "Dusts, t Fumes, and Smokes." Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. 14 Drinker, Philip. "Causation of Pneumoconi osis." Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxi cology, October, 1936. n "Dyeing." Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. II Legee, Sir Thomas. "Industrial Maladies." Oxford University Press, London, 1934. 11 Burstein, A. "Nicotine Action from Inhaled Tobacco Dust." Journal of Industrial Hygiene, De cember, 1927. 14 White, R. Prosser. "The Dermatergoses, or Occupational Affections of the Skin." II. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd., London, 1934. 4 14 Schwartz, Louis. "Skin Hazards in American Industry." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 215, October, 1934. 14 Downing, J. G. "Industrial Dermatoses: Treat ment and Legal Aspects: Review of Recent Litera ture." Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, July, 1935. 11 "Occupational Lesions in Workers in Sugar." Belgium Letter, Journal of American Medical Asso ciation, Sept. 10, 1927. Abst. Journal of Industrial Hygiene, February, 1928. . 14 "Flour Mills." Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. 14 Mayers, May R. "Susceptibility to Dermatitis." The Industrial Bulletin, Albany, N. V. Feb. 1937, vol. 16, no. 2. 14 Drinker, Philip, and Hatch, Theodore. "Indus trial Dust." McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. 1936. _ 41 Schwartz, Louis. "Skin Hazards in American Industry. Part II." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 229, Sept. 1936. 44 "Poisonous Woods." Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress 92 * Sayers, R. R. and Jones R- R- "Silicon* and * Hope, E. W-, Hanna, W., and StallybraM, C. O, "Industrial Medicine and Hygiene.*' Bailliere, Tind* aBMroawnnd, CCo.x. TL.ond"oTnh.e19D23ia. ftnnaia of Bacterial Allergy." Southern Medical )otirn1, Vol, 27, No. Similar Dust Diseases." National Silicosis Con* ference, Washington, D. C., April M, 1936. * Sayers, Bloomfield, DallaValle, Jone, preesen, Brundage and Britten. "Anthraco-Silicosis among Hard Loai Miners." U. S. Public Health Bulletin 10*. OScaty. e1rs9,34i.L R. and Merewether, F. V. "Miliary Lung Disease Due to Unknown Cause. U. S. Public No*.* 2M2i1d,dDleetocnem, bEe.r, L1.935".Industrial Pulmonary Dis* ease due to the Inhalation of Dust." The Lancet, Hema"ltAhctRmeopmorytse,oDaeiac.." 5O, c1c9u3p0a. tion and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. ** Holland, J. W. "Textbook of Medical Chemistry and Toxicology/* W, B. Saunders Company, Phila* de"lpBblioao, m19fi2e0l.d. J. J. and Blum, Wm. "Health Hat* ards in Chromium Plating." U. S. Public Health Sendee Reprint No. 1245, Washington, 1930. * Russell, Jones, Bioom/ield, Britten and Thomp* son. "Lead Poisoning in a Storage Battery Plant." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 205, June. 1933. * Neal, Jones. Bloomfield, DaMaValle and Ed' wards. "A Study of Chronic Mercurialtem In the Hattera* Fur Cutting Industry." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 234, May, 1937. Ju*ly* D4reaen.sdse1n1,, 1W93a6l.demar C. < "Effect of Inhaled Marble Dust as Observed in Vermont Marble Finishers." U. S. Public Health Service Reprint No*. L1a6n30z.a, A. J. "Control and Prevention of Sili cosis." Symposium on Silicosis. California Tuber culosis Association, San Francisco, 1937. * Newqtiist, M. N. "Medical Service in Industry and Workmen's Compensation Laws." American College of Surgeons, Chicago, 1934. __ w "Medical Care of Industrial Workers." Na tional Industrial Conference Board, Inc. New York. 1926, The Engineer's Part in Eliminating Dust Hazards By ARTHUR S. JOHNSON Assistant to Manager, Engineering Department, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. pensive methods for making the air clean are When one realizes that control of the dust still in the realm of dreams. Much work must hazard depends uj>on the combined contribu be done to know more about silicosis and tions of the physician and the engineer, he ap preciates that the solution requires scientific treatment. By scientific treatment I mean the technical analysis of the hazard to discover the causes which contribute to injury or ill health, and the development of control meth ods which obey physical law and physiology, and which will he directed at causes that admit of most immediate and economical more how to make atmospheres safe inexpen sively. As an accident prevention job, dust control lies almost entirely within the admin istrative responsibility. The control measures are capital expenditures of considerable size. A plant with a dust hazard is sick, it needs an expert diagnosis and scientific treatment, which may include expensive major opera tions. Home remedies are seldom much good, treatment. That goes for'handling the dust hazard in a given plant Tt goes double for acquiring knowledge to the end that the whole problem may reach ultimate solution. Right now our knowledge of the problem is in big chunks, loosely put together and largely empirical. There are estimates only to judge the mag nitude of the dust health problem, and it is so closely associated with other health problems that a clean-cut estimate of it alone is imtmssihle. We do know that it is great in the aggregate, and for the individual plant it may he very bothersome and expensive. and supervision and employee safety con sciousness alone cannot accomplish anything. There may be observed in countless shops installations for exhausting dust which are derisively called "tin knocker" jobs in which the horsepower dissipated is out of all pro portion to the air-borne dust moved. Tonnage efficiency of material moved may be the proper yardstick for pneumatic conveyors hut if the material to be moved is air, contaminated with nearly weightless particles of dust, the entire health hazard can lie in the half of one per cent of material not moved. I do not mean that unless a dust supression What actually makes quartz dust cause silicosis is not known. It does, so the air breathed by workmen must not contain harm ful quantities of respirable quartz dust. Inex job was engineered it can be no good. There arc many good installations that were never figured at all hut grew like Topsv. The re- I nilnst rial Dusts 93 suiting freedom from dustiness was so satis factory that efficiency held little interest to the owner. This is exceptional, however, anil I offer the opinion that dust suppression jobs should he engineered. A dust-suppression installation is a safely device, designed and operated to provide pro tcction against possible disease and provide a sense of security which must be absolute. Its safety is not rushing air and rattling chips but a minimal residual dustiness. There is no more pathetic defeat for a dust control job than to find faith in its effectiveness so low that workers must wear respirators to find the reasonable safety that was expected from the hoods, ducts and fans. Diagnosis and Control Let us examine some of the features by which we recognize this dust hazard problem, leaving out the socio-legal aspects. In order to develop more fully the engi neer's place in this dust control program, it seems desirahle to separate as sharply as we can the diagnostic considerations from those which deal with control. In the first com partment we can place all the analytical com ponents which describe the hazard and its exposure, the probability of its producing ill health and all the rest of the medical ami industrial hygiene facts which make out a case against the existing dust. In the second compartment place the knowledge of physics and engineering necessary to plan the dust control program and so design it that when installed its performance follows prediction that the probability of industrial disease is reduced to insignificance. The Industrial Hygienist Our first feature of interest would naturally be the specific and relative toxicity of silica, tilica-bearing and other dusts which make up the dust health hazard. Much might be said to advantage about the quality and quantity of hazard in many dusts. The acquiring of this knowledge has heen, and must remain a aedical problem. It involves gross and microxopic pathology and x-rays, and experimental nimals. Engineers do not talk that language. Industrial hygienists do; they are a happy combination, half doctor and half engineer. Many of them are quite capable of handling tie dust health hazard in all its phases of rutigation and control. For the purpose of fin discussion I throw their interest in with fie doctors. f want to go so far in my opinion as to state that the engineer should not attempt to define the quality of health hazard in a given plant or industry, nor should he establish threshold limits of safe or permissible dusti ness. This may be debatable, but I shall con tend that the engineer who writes the speci fications of hazard and dust tolerance is really an industrial hygienist, and is using a very much broader knowledge than engineering alone. In the first case the quality of the health hazard is an opinion arrived at after studying all the environmental conditions including the general sanitation, occupational analysis and a scientific analysis of the dust exposures. In the exploration of dust exposures, the nature of dusty operations must be viewed from physical, chemical and mechanical aspects, the determinations of dustiness must lie not only counted and classified by particu late sizes, but chemically and mineralogically analyzed. The plant layout must be studied with respect to dust production and distribu tion, and the housekeeping and existing dust control equipment evaluated. The presence of specific hazards, such as toxic gases, abnor mal temperature and humidity conditions, etc., must lie explored for their complicating effect upon the whole picture. This is distinctly an industrial hygiene job, and some of the most critical data requires only medical viewpoint. This is absolute in the case of tuberculosis study ami the qualifying of men for employ ment. So far, not one atom of engineering to suppress dust is involved. It is entirely anal ysis of hazard. The diagnosis must be that the dustiness is hazardous to health or that it is safe. If it is hazardous, it must be brought down to a specified residue. If it isn't, leave it alone. On the second point, if the hygienists can not specify threshold limits graduated upward for relatively less hazardous dusts, let the engineer not worry about it. The diagnosis is dust which is harmful and too much of it. The remedy is control of the dust. The engineer designs controls which will produce the lowest practical residual dusti ness. He should not attempt to write his own specifications of threshold limits or permis sible dustiness. This may be an important goal in the study of dust health hazards. Safe Limits At the present time the medical men and hygienists believe that quartz dust is safe 94 l-.oriitv-sixth National Stiffly Congress I mlitslrial Ihisl.s 95 lielow live million particles. They seem will ing to graduate upward to 2(1 million for medium silica and 50 million for low silica (lercentages. Five million particles is virtually trical phenomena which bear upon dust be havior. Those are all principles of physics which explain the behavior of dust and upon which system. Loss at the hoods, loss at the bends, and loss in the ducts must not be guessed at. I'ipe design must take into account the gage of the metal and reinforcing to withstand pressures and erosion. tions must be known and used. I'crformancc cannot he left to guess work. Supplying suffi cient air to lie exhausted is part of the prob lem. The same may be said of heating. dust free, and is very difficult and expensive to achieve anil maintain. The declaration of safety of the installations must remain in the hands of the medical and hygiene groups in whose hands now lies the responsibility for determining the hazard. We now enter the chapter of our discussion intended to demonstrate that dust control is an engineering job, that it must be given scentific treatment, not guess work, applying engineering methods which are based upon a knowledge of physical law, the behavior of dust, the performance of air-moving machin ery, etc. Prerequisite Knowledge l.et me recite briefly, a few of the things which, in my opinion, the engineer should know to do this job correctly. He must know how to make a survey. Surveys depend upon sampling, and sampling is not a catch-ascatch-can proposition. It involves the place, engineering practice must be based. They The selection of a fan and its motive power must be understood and be taken into account. is a matter of calculation, not guess work. Host control is not a matter only of general Lower consumption in the system is calcula ventilation; the engineer must study the pro ble, fans follow certain laws, so the engineer duction as well as the dispersion. The problem must know the behavior of axial flow, pro should lie analyzed to determine the applica peller type, radial flow, paddle wheel and bility of segregation, enclosure, wetting, local other fan performance. exhaust and general ventilation. More physics and engineering calculation In some instances, substitution of noil-haz goes into the air-cleaning apparatus. The ardous material, or non-dust-producing oper selection of gravitation, inertial or filtration ations may have specific application, and they method depends upon what the dust is, the should be explored first. This implies plant calculation for any methods requires knowl engineering. I am convinced that many bad edge of discharge through stacks, the deter installations are bad because plant engineering mination of sizes of settling chambers; the was not used. In the designing of exhaust behavior of cyclones. The use or non-use of systems installed to capture the dust at the a filter, and if so, what type, how it should |x>ints of generation, the physical behavior of perform, how big it should be. what kind of air moving toward hoods and in ducts must resistance and how much each kind offers, to be known, and that knowledge used. Facli say nothing of their proper location with system must consist of collection hoods, pip relation to cleaning, accessibility, etc., are all ing, air-cleaning plant and a source of suction. items for accurate engineering determination. Before selecting a hood for a job the engineer must know dust dispersion by dynamic pro Apparatus to check the behavior of installa Do I give the problem too severe a build up I think not. Remember these two things : 1. You are dealing with hazardous mate rial so small in size and so little of it by weight that it is as invisible as the air that hears it. 2. Physical laws involved in the behavior of dust and air do not permit inexpensive methods of control. I am acquainted with budgets set up for this purpose which amount to more than a quarter of a million dollars, and l know of many where 60 to 80 thousand dollars is involved. The need for this much engineering is rec ognized by men who know. Already much has been done toward getting the knowledge into handliook shape. Perhaps the best job of this sort to date is "Fundamentals Relating to the Design and Operation of F.xhaust Systems" developed under American Stand ards Association procedure. the time, the frequency, the amount in a sam jection as well as dust dispersion by air cur ple. and the number of samples so that maxi rents, and design the hood accordingly. mum, minimum and average data mean some thing, so that credibility can be given them. Knowledge Needed For the type of sample involved be must know how to weigh or count respirable dust, as distinguished from large masses of nonrespirable dust which complicate the picture. He must know how to observe the sources of dust floods as distinguished from conditions of normal dustiness. He must know the sources of dust and the principles involved in the dispersion of dust. He must determine how much dust enters the problem because it is part of the material, and what dust is created in the process by the fracturing of the material. Any less survey cannot tell the engineer what his task of dust control is. To visualize that task intelligently lie should know the physics of Krownian motion, laws of resist ance to the motion of particles moving in air, !>oth when the air is in turbulence and for stream-line motion. He should know terminal velocities, movements due to centrifugal mo tion ; flocculation and the effects of air motion and the effects of humidification on it. He must know all alxiut the difficulties of wetting and what is known about overcoming these difficulties. He should know the several elec The aero-dynamic characteristics of suction hoods appear to be little known because little The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards thought was given to them in designing By A. D. LAZENBY, M.D., F.A.C.S. thousands of hoods which can be found every where in industry. AH the possibility fori Chief Surgeon, Maryland Casualty Co., Baltimore, Maryland entrapping dust and much of the efficiency of* Considerable confusion has existed in the the system lies in this factor. Air velocity, 1st as to just what is the physician's func- static suction, and rate of air flow are all n in the prevention of dust diseases, and related, and they must be known. It is essen-ilst what is the engineer's. It is very ob- tial to use high velocity of air in certain type*,tuis upon even casual thought that the of exhaust systems to entrap dust projected!,o sciences must work hand in hand in at high velocities as in the rase of a granittjftjir efforts to solve the problem. surfacing machine, and low used in others, as in the asbestos fibre of dust to velocities rase of prevent cmwleuaasnstitning!llTu/sht ebephaybsleicitaon through his special training tell the engineer what dusts (t dangerous and what are not. He must material. ow how those dusts enter the body and Quantity of air and its velocity must .manner in which they do their harm. He determined, then the piping should be d< ist be trained in the examination of per signed to take into account the behavior ' is who are to be employed to work in air-flow through pipes at low and high veel1fcit, and to discover those who are already ities. Where the problem is complicated PJpeased, or are peculiarly susceptible to the large sized particles which go along wi it disease. He must be able to detect the the fine dust, how these behave must be ttaa1'ktfi,t signs of disease in workers who are into account. Pressure losses are very imn|pwfpo>: sed to dust, and must be prepared to taut elements in the design of an exhau* recognize the disease when it is fully de veloped. It is not necessarily the physician's func tion to analyze dust. That is a task for the chemist and the petrographer. It is not the physician's function to count the particles of dust in a given industrial atmosphere. That, in reality, is the function of the engineer. It is not the physician's function to devise ventilating equipment for the removal of dust, nor even to be more than an adviser as to the means that must be adopted to rentier the atmosphere safe. The physician nevertheless must correlate with his medical knowledge and with his studies of the industrial worker the findings of the engineer. A diagnosis of silicosis, for example, requires not merely characteristic occupational history and characteristic physi- <*> I ryii/v-u.vf/i National Safely C omjress cal findings, bu( the know ledge as well that the patient has been exposed to hazardous dusts in dangerous concentrations. All dusts when inhaled in excessive quantities may be considered as harmful, but only a few can be regarded as dangerous. From the standpoint of their dangerous properties they may be divided into three We have no real knowledge as to true figures, but as a simple rule, wc can adopt for practical purposes the thought that the human body can withstand successfully a concentration of dust containing 100 per cent silica Oioxide in a particulate size less than 10 microns, in a concentration not in excess of 5,000,000 particles per cubic foot. If we decrease the percentage of silica dioxide general groups. present in the dust, we can correspondingly 1. Those which are dangerous because of their poisonous action, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, and similar substances. increase the concentration with comparative safety. We must, of course, take into ac count the portion of the worker's time spent 2. Those which cause only irritation in the respiratory tract, resulting in such condi tions as bronchitis or local inflammation; in the dusty atmosphere. To arrive at a rough conception of a safe atmosphere, we multiply the percentage of such substances as vegetable fibre, cork dust, free silica in a given dust by the total num flour, starch, and other relatively innocuous ber of particles per cubic foot. I f the result organic or inorganic materials. 3. Those which tend to produce fibrosis of the lungs, thereby predisposing to respira tory infections, especially tuberculosis, such is under 5,000,000 the condition may be con sidered relatively safe. If the result is over 5,000,000 the condition must be regarded as unsafe. dusts as asbestos, silica dioxide or mag Bear in mind too that silicosis is essentially nesium silicate. I shall confine my remarks chiefly to dusts occurring in the latter category. It has been generally believed that the a disease of great chronicity. Except in a few exceptional instances it will require from seven to thirty years for a worker to develop advanced silicosis. It is evident too that coincident dusts may either retard the harmful effects of dusts inhaled into the development of silicosis or hasten it. Recent lungs depended more upon their physical research seems to indicate that the admix structure than upon their chemical. It was ture of aluminum dust to a silicious dust believed, for example, that silica dioxide, or will greatly inhibit the reaction of the latter; quartz, was particularly harmful because of whereas a silicious dust combined with some its crystalline structure, and the hardness alkaline coincident dusts may hasten the de and sharpness of its particles. This concep tion is now known to be faulty. The dusts which cause their damage by mechanical in terference with function are the dusts which are relatively innocuous, whose symptoms are transitory, and which subside upon re moval from exposure to the dust. velopment of silicosis. Much research is now under way in prob lems such as this. We have never learned how to cure silicosis, but we are learning rapidly how to prevent it. Our knowledge in this respect seems to be limited to the removal of dust from the breathing zone of the worker. Chemical Effect Is Harmful Later discoveries may show us how to, The disease of particular interest to us today, silicosis, owes its harmful effects very largely to a harmful chemical reaction oc curring between silica dioxide and the body tissues. It so happens that silica dioxide is decidedly a tissue irritant to the body, re gardless of the part of the body it invades, it causes local irritation, local destruction of tissue, and the replacement of that tissue by scars. Thus, given a dust containing silica diox ide in sufficient concentration, in sizes small enough to permit its entrance to the ultimate air spaces in the lungs, we have a situation which offers danger to the worker. modify existing dusts with contaminant dusts that will render silica dioxide innocu ous. | Owing to its very great chronicity, it ii only the rare case who actually develop!J disabling silicosis during his industrial life-j time. It is realized, of course, that excep tional instances take place, but the coincided ravages of age usually keep pace with the effects of dust, so that much the dipability usually attributed to silicosis is ofteft in fact, actually attributable to other dip eases or incapacities which advancing yeas bring in their wake. To me the great peril of silicosis, the peril not only to the industrill Industrial I lusts 97 worker himself, but his family, co-workers and the public generally, is the accompany ing susceptibility to tuberculosis. silica dioxide is very likely to excite into activity a turbcrculous lesion which may be quiescent or arrested, and once such a lesion Complicated by Tuberculosis is reactivated, the chances of recovery are remote. Silicosis per se does not kill. Tuberculosis as a complicating factor of silicosis rarely recovers despite treatment, and the indi vidual so afflicted is not only totally dis abled himself, but a definite menace to all with whom he comes in contact, particularly the fellow worker who may have silicosis. So perhaps the most important places in which the services of the physician in a dusty trade are necessary are--first, along lines of discovering and barring from exposure to a silicious dust those persons who may al ready have arrested tuberculosis; and sec ondly. discovering those persons already ex posed to dust, possibly already silicotic, in whom tuberculous infections may have de veloped. It is well recognized that no individual should be exposed to dust containing silica The second problem which confronts the physician at the pre-employment physical ex amination is whether a given individual is, by reason of secondary physical defects, more susceptible to the development of sili cosis than a normal, fs he suffering from diseases of the nose or upper respiratory tract, such as chronic sinusitis, disease of the lungs or air passages, or obstructions which produce mouth breathing ? We must remember that silica dioxide is not dangerous until it reaches the lungs, and that the normal individual retains in the nose and the upper air passages a large quantity of the dust inhaled from the atmos phere. In instances where this nasal reten tion is disturbed, exposure to silica dioxide dust may be dangerous to that individual, where it would not be to another. dioxide until he has undergone a thorough It is believed that certain diseases of the physical examination, including carefully heart and circulation, of the kidneys, possi made and interpreted x-ray films of his bly syphilis, chronic coincident diseases of chest. It is likewise obvious to anyone fa the lungs, all may render a man more sus miliar with silicosis that no person who is ceptible to silicosis than normal. The physi exposed to silicious dust should be denied cian at his pre-employment examination must the privilege of frequent physical examina follow certain established criteria in this tions and x-rays of the chest, not entirely respect, and bar from exposure to dangerous to discover the existence of possible silicosis, dusts those persons who through existing but to discover a coincident tuberculosis if disease may be more ready prey to silicosis such exists. or tuberculosis. A man so diseased should, in protection to himself and to all with whom he comes in contact, be removed from industry. Let me emphasize the uselessness of a physical examination, unless it be accompanied by properly taken x-ray films, except in cases of gross tuberculosis. It is the function of the physician, there fore, to conduct in a thorough and an intelli gent manner the pre-employment examina tion of all persons who are to be engaged in a dusty trade. The purpose of this ex amination should be threefold. First, to discover and bar from employment in dust, any person who is suffering from tuber culosis in an active, a quiescent or an ar rested state. A possible exception might be made in individuals suffering from a so called healed primary complex, or a healed childhood in fection. It is well known that exposure to Re-Examination Needed After the applicant for employment has successfully passed bis physical examination and is engaged in a dusty trade, the duty of the physician is not yet ended. This work man must be periodically re-examined, first to discover the early appearances of pul monary fibrosis, but what is even more im portant, to detect the early evidences of complicating tuberculous infection. A man should not be dismissed from em ployment in a dusty trade merely because he has evidences of non-disabling silicosis. Workers in dusty trades, especially stone cutters, moulders, pottery workers, and similar craftsmen, are usually highly skilled, and it seems unfortunate from a social and economic point of view to deny them em ployment so long as they are physically able to carry on, especially since the actual dis abling qualities of silicosis are in doubt. * w /.-'(/v Sixth Xatiomil Safrlv (. <>m/rr.v.< They should lie denied employment in a intervals, conferring witli the physician in an effort to discover whether, in the light of dusty trade if that condition is found at pre-employment examination, but they their joint knowledge, working conditions are dangerous. He must develop and install should not be barred from continuing an carefully designed ventilating equipment. He employment in which they arc already en must arrange for modification of chemical gaged. Of course, in such instances you, as and other industrial processes, where such engineers, must realize that you have failed, modification is possible, and must bend his because if you had kept the breathing zone efforts toward removing from the danger of the worker free from dangerous dusts, zone of the worker the offending substance, silicosis would not be present on physical whatever it may he. examination. Too many engineers construe this function In this work of preventing dust diseases in loosely. They pass on to the physician as industry, it should be evident that the closest his responsibility certain functions which es and most intelligent cooperation between the sentially are theirs; such functions as dust physician and the engineer is necessary. The analyses, dust counts, and similar technical physician must, through his knowledge and duties. All too often it is considered ade research, tell the engineer what dusts, or, for that matter, what other substances used in industry are harmful. He must tell the engineer bow such dusts or other materials enter the body, bow they leave the body and what they do in their passages through or their residence in the body. quate merely to install a fan. Ventilating devices in dusty work rooms must he constructed only after careful en gineering study has given a knowledge of the physical properties of the air and of substances polluting it. It is possible to calculate to a very fine point the volume of Must Make Analyses air that must be removed from a given spot The engineer must in turn tel) the physi cian of the harmful dusts and other sub stances surrounding his workers. He must make chemical and petrographic analyses of the dusts, and other indicated analyses of the atmosphere in the workshop. He must make dust counts and check his counts at regular to remove the dust originating at that place, and the engineer must approach his task from just as scientific an angle as the physi cian approaches his. There is no room in industry for hap hazard methods on the part of either the physician or the engineer. ndustrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 14,1937 The meeting was called to order hy Voyta of Wisconsin, Madison, who presided and Wrabetz, Chairman, Industrial Commission introduced the speakers. Injurious Effects of Metal Fumes and How to Prevent Them By ROY R. JONES, M.D. Division of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. The inhalation of metal fumes is a com mon cause of illness among certain occupa tional groups. Two very different systemic reactions may result from breathing air containing particulate metal or metal comlounds: (a) metal fume fever, an acute, transitory, non-fatal disease causing slight or temporary disability; (b) systemic metal poisoning, mild, severe, or even fatal in its effect. The same occupational exposure mayproduce both reactions, metal fume fever developing following the worker's early ex posure, chronic systemic poisoning develop ing later as a result of prolonged exposure. cytic cells and arc eliminated chiefly by way of the blood and lymph. Sayers and his associates1 found that only about IS per cent of inhaled particulate matter, such as lead dust from automobile exhaust gas, was retained in the lungs, the remainder passing out with the exhaled air. Drinker and his associates1 and Brown1 made quantitative measurements of fumes retained in the lungs. They found a direct relation ship between the percentage of fumes re tained and the size of the particle and the density of the fumes breathed. They also showed that slow deep breathing increased .inj()ux.x.\ii-:\'i' Wc may consider metal fumes as solid the reaction resulting from inhaling zinc particles generated hy condensation from fumes. Such breathing should increase the metal in a gaseous state. Condensation is percentage of particulate matter retained. usually accompanied hy oxidation. There are two chief physical character ises of metal fumes which hear a direct relationship to the ease with which they may he absorbed: (a) The solid particles are much finer than atmospheric dust, probably Hazardous Processes For convenience we may place the more common occupational environments which are likely to afford a harmful exposure to metal fumes in three large groups: averaging less than .5 micron in diameter; Hr) they tend to flocculate and settle out of the air as dust. The finer the solid particles suspended in the air, the longer tlie time required for them to settle out. Many of the coarser dust particles in the air are irapped in the upper respiratory tract and by the ciliated cells lining the trachea and bronchi, while the finer particles may he 1. Smelting of ores and refining of metals. 2. Employment at processes handling mol ten metal such as molding, cutting, and welding operations. .V Salvage and cleaning operations, includ ing the burning of metals or metal covered objects, especially hy means of acetylene torch or electric arc. tarried to the terminal air spares of the In the first rlass, the ores or metals proc hmgs. Here they are taken tip hy the phago essed provide the source for the generation 99 156 /';vvn/v-sixth \utioii(il Sufrly C oiif/rrxs placet) in Hie main exit. We liatl "Fourth of July" across the top. "Automobile accidents" with a question mark ; "Persons injured" with a question mark; "Persons killed" with a question mark; and then in brackets on the outer edge, "Do your part to keep these at zero." Then just a little phrase at the bottom here: "Remember this, safety is like a ball game. It is the number of times you arrive safely at home that counts." adjovknmknt Pressure Vessels WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1937 :'hc session was called to order by Chair man Dan L. Royer, Chief Etigmccr, Ocean Accident and (iuarantee Corp., New York City, and Ocnoral Chairman, ANSI-. F.ngi ticcring Section, National Safely Council. Mr. Royer introduced the speakers. The address prepared by Mr. (iihhs was lead by Ralph M. Moon, of the same firm. What the Safety Man Should Know About Steam Boilers and Steam Lines By E. R. FISH Chief Engineer, Boiler Division, The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co. With respect to steam boilers and steam lines, the safety man should he familiar with those factors that produce weaknesses re sulting in failures--factors that arc prejudi cial to the safety of personnel and property. The safety man is not necessarily concerned with efficiency of operation, lint he is con cerned with how the equipment should lie "Perated in the interest of safety. The term steam boilers and steam piping covers a great variety of equipment ranging from the inconspicuous steel or cast iron heating boiler, the pressure of which rarely weeds 10 or IS lbs. per square inch, up to the mammoth steam generating units capaNe of evaporating over a million pounds of water per hour at a pressure of 1,400 lbs. |tr square inch and delivering steam at a tnnperature of 900 to 950 degrees F. Obviously, such a wide range makes it inijossibfe to discuss the various factors that ^ect each of them. However, there are tain fundamentals applicable to boilers of bth high and low degree. Internal Deposits IVposits or accumulations on the internal laces of parts of boilers exposed to high siperatnre gases interfere with the rapid Sorption of heat. When directly in contact with the metal, water absorbs heat at a suffi ciently rapid rate to prevent the metal from becoming overheated. However, interfere w ith this orderly process and the metal very rapidly overheats to the point where it loses practically all its strength. Internal pressure then pushes the metal out and causes the socalled "bulge." In water tube boilers bulges on tubes not infrequently break through, and while they do not often cause any serious consequences to the attendants, sometimes steam or flame are driven out through openings in the settings and some one is injured. In horizontal return tubular boilers the result is likely to be much more serious both from a personal injury and expense point of view. Bulges in boilers of this type very fre quently break through and, being directly over the fire, flame and live coals are very likely to he driven out of the furnace. Many state laws now' require fire doors to he equipped with automatic latches that prevent them from being blown open when they are closed. Bulges in H.R.T. boilers have fre quently opened to such an extent that a true boiler explosion has happened and great property loss as well as personal injuries and death have resulted. A serious explosion of this kind happened 157 160 /Yvn/v National Safety Cant/ress to Pressure / 'essels 161 Steam gages sometimes give wrong read Construction and Repairs ings and need to l>r tested frequently. Blowoff connections, particularly on horizontal return tubular boilers must be of sturdy construction ami properly protected from high temperature gasps. Rlowolf valves must also be of beaev construction and so arranged that they cannot be quickly opened or closed. There have been a multitude of accidents to persons due to failure of some part of the hlowoff connection resulting from improper materials, improper opera tion and insufficient protection. Attendance Safety men probably do '"'I often have any part in the selection of equipment or methods of construction or repair, hut it is well for them to know that a great deal of welded boiler work is now being done and many pipe lines are being fabricated by welding instead of tbe usual threaded and flanged construction. Every possible assur ance must lie taken to determine that the welding process will give sound welds with the proper physical characteristics. Also that only welding operators are permitted to do the work who have demonstrated their ability to produce sound welds under the i The proper and safe operation of as im portant and potentially dangerous a piece of apparatus as a steam boiler, be it either high or low pressure, large or small, is dependent on intelligent attendants and should he en trusted only to the care of those who are thoroughly competent. This is a point that is by no means universally complied with, even, oftentimes, in power plants of moder ate size. The value of the equipment in a very large plant is such that the management cannot do otherwise than provide it with the best possible care and attention. However, there are many boiler plants that are but very inadequately attended and in thousands of small heating plants the attendant is wholly uninformed and ignorant. prescribed procedure. There have been so many instances of : improperly welded joints, both in pressure ! vessels and piping, that every precaution should lie taken to assure welds of an accept able and safe nature. There need he no great concern about welded boilers, because that work is invariably done in shops that arc properly equipped and supervised. This, , however, is not necessarily true with pres sure vessels of various kinds. ' There is a great temptation to effect re pairs of boilers and other pressure vessels by welding. Repairs of this kind should lie permitted only after thorough analysis of (lie conditions and then only by proved, com petent welding operators. Rules have been adopted by the National Hoard of Hoiler Piping S:>tiecamiu piping accidents. The isfaininl"ou*itreas--soth'u..ar.ct*e. of do v`t"aehkroe_y m(pillaanncroye are usually in connection with cast iron fittings, such as tecs, elbows and the valves, and Pressure Vessel Inspectors respecting the application of welding to hoiler repairs that are highly restrictive. The American Welding Society has pre pared rules for the Qualification of Welding and usually in the pressure line. Processes and Testing of Welding Opera Water hammer not infrequently occurs in tors. steam lines, especially when starting up cold. A slug of water traveling at a high rate of speed can deliver a sledge hammer blow at an abrupt change in direction or deail end, and many cast iron fittings are broken in this wav. Expansion and contraction stresses that are not properly provided for, not in frequently result in cracked fittings or valves that permit the discharge of steam. Even low pressure steam is at a temperature such that seriotis injury results from coming in contact with it. Most piping is covered with insulation so that if is not easily examined, hut the holts and flanges and the provision for proper expansion can he checked. Roth the rules for repairs and the quali fication of welders should he familiar to those concerned with equipment to which welding may he applicable. Less than six Mouths ago the welded-ht patch in the bottom of a horizontal return tubular boiler in a saw mill failed. The patch measured 24" x .16" and was suffi ciently large to cause major explosion. One man was killed and the hoiler house demolished. An examination showed tht it was a miserable job of welding, evidently done hy one entirely ignorant of tbe danger of that kind of repair as well as being M inexpert welder. Personal Injuries Many persona! injuries caused hy expo sure to steam or high temperature water, the discharge of which may lie due to a rela tively minor accident, are constantly happen ing. Many of these occur because of carelessness or ignorance on the part ol the injured person hut many of them are through no fault of the injured man. Meticulous attention to small details is necessary to avoid the minor accidents. In numerable injuries have been due to men working on, or attempting to make repairs of, parts under pressure. It should he an invariable rule that the tightening up of holts in an attempt to stop gasket leaks or making other repairs involving hammering or possi bly welding should be positively prohibited while the equipment is under pressure. olT ami operating furnaces using these fuels is very necessary. The lighting means should be introduced only after a furnace has been well ventilated and before the supply of fuel is started. Some very disastrous explosions have hap pened in large boilers fired with pulverized coal, gas and to some extent with oil. Small automatirally oil fired heating boilers very frequently have ftirnare explosions, but they are not usually of a serious nature. This kind of accident is worthy of careful con sideration hy those concerned with boiler operation. Only a very few years ago a furnace ex plosion of natural gas occurred under a new O00 pound boiler in a city electric light plant in Colorado. One man was killed and four injured. Tbe property loss was approxi Furnace Explosions mately $25,000. The boiler was just being prepared for service by men who were Furnace explosions are of rather frequent occurrence, particularly where gas, oil or pulverized coal is used as the fuel, (ireat care and an orderly method of both lighting familiar with the use of natural gas fuel. Apparently the mismanipulation of valves and failure to take the necessary preliminary precautions hy ventilating the furnace before lighting off was the cause. What the Safety Man Should Know About Compressed Air Systems By CHARLES W. GIBBS Compressor Engineer Department, Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York City Power, to most p. eo,ple..,....i.n..r.l.u..d. ing VenlIRgilMers, means electricity or steam. To a few it means water power. Less frequently is compressed air thought of as power. It is wire likely to be considered a convenience. Compressed air is probably actually handled W more workmen in the average plant than cither steam or electricity. Compressed air *a personal utility, blit it is also power. Recause of this familiarity with com- Ke? ed air and because of its generation and tg in so many small shops (practically |every gasoline station has its compressed air ,|bnt), the question of safe installation and (Vration is important. This paper will not jtttmpt to cover the actual use of coingessed air, but will lie limited to the instalhtkm and maintenance of the stationary jumpressor plant anil system. All of the equipment should be designed for the maximum pressures which might be encountered. All reputable manufacturers of compressed air equipment can offer units for practically any service which will pro vide an ample factor of safety. For the type of plant which the safety man will generally he called upon to consider, the operating pressure will seldom be above 150 pounds, and the compressors will be either single or two stage. By this we mean that the air will be compressed to discharge pres sure in one stroke of a piston (single stage), or it may he compressed part way in one cylinder and then transferred to another cylinder and compressed the rest of the way (two stage). In general, machines above 100 horsepower will he two stage, the power re quirements for 100 pound units being about American Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Section Officers 1936-37 Chairman--I >. L. Royer, Ocean Acciilcnt ami Guarantee Corp., New York, N. Y. licc-Chairman--C. It. Mow.ft, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. Vice-Chairman--R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, Calif. I\ecrctary--W. Dean Keefer, National Safety Council, Chicago, III. Members at Larue-- Cyril Ainsworth, American Standards Association, New York, N. Y. *C. It. Adel, Westinghousc Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. J. I. Banash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, III. E. W. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. II. R. Bixi.kk, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan Chapter) E. W. llw.lard, E. I). Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) H. F. (in.iiERT, American Cyanamid Co., Linden, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter) Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) *W. M. Graff, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York, N. Y. II. J. Griffith, Jones & Laugldin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council Chapter) R. McA. Kkown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. I. M. Kerriuan, United States Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chapter) Everett F. Kino, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter) Thomas E. Lhhitfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. M. G. Lloyd, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, 1). C. H. L. Miner, E. I. du Pont dc Nemours Ik Co., Wilmington, Del. W. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. CiKo. F. Pkussinu, Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. C. K. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. A. S. Reoiji.a, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York, N. Y. (> E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. (. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III. Y. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carlion Corp., New York, N. If. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. R. F. Thai.ner, Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. S. F.. Wiiitinc, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. William P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Officers Elected for 1937-38 to/ Chairman--C. B. Boui.et, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. itt-Chairman--K. F,. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, Calif. f^Chairman--C. F-. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *Dfased. 221 222 Turn tv-sixth National Safety Conijress r.ni/iiii'erini/ Section 223 Secretary--W. Ofan Kffff.k, National Safety Council, fnc., Chicago, III. Engineering and Industrial Accident Prevention Members nI /jin/f-- Cyrii. Ainsworth, American Standards Association, New York, N. Y. By E. A. HOLBROOK .1. I. Ha Nash, Consulting Kngineer, Chicago, III. Dean, Schools of Engineering & Mines, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. K. W. Heck, United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. K. W. Bui.i.ard, K. I). Hilliard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) The essence of early safely work was the safety education of the worker. Education Chari.es 1). Faki.in, Consolidated Kdison Co. of N. Y., New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan has ever been one of the two legs supporting Chapter) safety. H. F. Gii.rf.kt, American Cyanamid Co., Linden, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter) Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) We did not go far in our safety program until we discovered that safe materials, safe H. J. Griffith, Jones (it Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania guards, safety standards and safe equipment only into every corner of our industrial world, hut into our individual daily life. Certainly as regards industry, I am ready to admit that Safety Engineering has ar rived; that in its historical development, in its penetration of organization and manage ment, in its influence on production, eco Safety Council Chapter) were equally potent with worker education nomics and design, and by its high standards R. McA. Kfown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. in reducing accidents. These material things of research and practice. Safety Engineer Evkrf.tt F. Kino, Lever Hrothers Co.. Cambridge, Mass. (Hoston Chapter) constitute the second leg of our safety body. ing is on a plane where it demands a place Thomas E. Lic.htfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. notice with pleasure a wide diversity of M. G. LijOYD, National Hureau of Standards, Washington, I). C. use of the term "engineering" in the world J. K. Lonc., The Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, N. Y. of safety. There is nothing to tell you that N. H. MacHosk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chapter) j man must go to college to be a safety en in our engineering college curriculum. The curious fact remains that in general the engineering colleges of this country have not yet assigned to safety engineering any H. L. Minfr, K. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. gineer. Nevertheless, an engineering college definite recognition. W. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Geo. F. Priissinc, Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. A. S. Rec.ui.a, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York, N. Y. A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, Minn. D. L. Royfr, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corp., New York, N. Y. G. K. Sanford, General F.lectric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. J. S. Siiaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. R. F. Thai.nf.r, Huick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. S. E. Whitino, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Wii.i.iam P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh Pa. is perhaps the place where a man may learn easiest how to design a safe boiler or build ing or of the thousand and one material fac tors of safety that we associate with engi neering. He learns there also how to draw conclusions from his facts, and we trust he may later in practice art with professional wisdom. When we remember the efforts of the Red Cross thirty years ago, or we read again the first mine inspection act in Pennsylvania, (litre was little to indicate that safety ever would he of professional engineering intcrjtst. Today when you consider the enormous [iccumulated data on the material side of piety, engineering of its writings, its myr1 standards, its exacting practice, you Several years ago it seemed that the time had come where in a great industrial center like Pittsburgh we should offer a course in Safety Engineering on a college level. We determined in this course not to deal with safety as applied to any specific industry, for we believe that in these industries them selves, the special application of safety prin ciples best can he mastered. Rather we tried to uncover the basic principles or essence of safety engineering, common to and of inter est in all industries. Thus our year's out line for the subject covered purposes, ori gin, growth, agencies, and organization for safety work; industrial hazards, manage ment responsibility, and safety education. Then came individual accidents, their causes, mst admit that to absorb, interpret and ap- costs and prevention; accident classification, WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION y this world of material requires a mind machinery and the human factor, design as lined to the college or equivalent level. As affecting safety; safeguarding the working October 13, 1937 parallel example, electrical engineering was place, inspection, and materials handling. Tlie annual meeting of the ASSEEngineering Section of the National Safety Council followed a luncheon and convened with 1). L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation, New York City, general chairman, presiding. All reports had been mimeographed, and copies were dis tributed at the luncheon. A report of the address delivered at the meeting by Elmer A. Holbrook, dean of the Schools of Engineering and Mines, Univer sity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., will be found elsewhere in this record. t"heard of before 1880, yet in the past 50- Finally, we studied safety codes and stand to years, it has through research and prac- ards, workman's compensation (origin and The report of the nominating commit!***idr.s accumulated data, of such importance writings and standand variety that the rate making), and methods and results of safety work in typical industries. Other me..m...b..e..r.s.. jof..t.h...e....... C iWigle human mind cannot in a lifetime span This class has gone on for some seven S Reeula S E. Whiting, Dr. M. G. and R F' Thalner. The committee's list otjThink again of those modest beginnings of years; first under its founder, the late Dr. I. W. Hallock, and for the past two years officers, as elected, will be found in afety, mostly in the minds of men in the under Irvin Brinkman, safety director of the section of the Congress Transactions. Ring, metallurgical and railroad industries, Mclntosh-Hemphill Company. The classes Other sessions sponsored by the ASSi bwly it felt its way, largely with a liumani- have varied between 20 and 70 men enrolled. Engineering Section included those on '"'~e an background. Then came workman's A curious difficulty lias been the absence of Use of Acids," "Industrial Dusts," "Presi Rpensation, giving the work a definite a satisfactory text book. Is it not noteworthy Vessels," "Industrial Fumes, Gases umic background. Finally, and with in that although there are hundreds of college Vapors," "Safety Training," and "Safe! swing acceleration, the methods and prac- text hooks covering almost every conceiv Inspectors." " of safety have penetrated today not able engineering subject, l know today of * 224 Tii'i'Htv-sixth National Safety Congress no text suitable for a college course in safely engineering. The Armour Institute of Technology has a<linirab1e courses in fire prevention engineering, ami Harvard Uni versity lias undertaken extensive work in traffic ami highway engineering and recently has offered IS fellowships to men wishing training in this field. These exceptions bring down from generation to generation, undimmed and often re-fftieled. for this rea son alone, 1t say tio the National Safely l ouncil that you ought to form an alliance with one or more American engineering schools, trusting in this way to insure the perpetuation, without fear or favor of all that is at the heart of safety. out by contrast how little attention most en I believe also that within a college, and gineering colleges give to safety. Perhaps it will take another generation of engineering teachers to recognize that today safety is a part of every engineering prob lem and as essential as the items of cost, good design, probable life, and general use fulness. You of the National Safety Council have done a great work in educating employees and employers, insurance companies, stand ardization agencies, the child in the school, the man on the street, and the woman in the home. Hut for some reason you have not made the engineering colleges safety con scious. away from the stress of economic struggle, where research in safety principles can best he carried on, you would find, through sup port of a chair of safety engineering, that out of it would come a sifting of wheat from chaff, an extraction of the essence from the mass of material things. Of a more practical nature, an engineering college department interested in safety should he able to put out text books on safety, more valuable therefore to the stu dent than the general references we now have to use. On this foundation must come courses in the principles of safely engineering offered to the undergraduate engineering student. You have accumulated writings and data Whether you like it or not, the truth is that so vast that no single mind can absorb them. the bright young hoys o...f...t.o..d..a. .y ,g, o to col You know that your continued success de lege, most often to an engineering school, pends upon diffusing safety knowledge this whereas the similar hoy of 30 years ago gen year and next, yes even from generation to erally entered industry after high school. generation. You should have at work men This means that the future safety engineers trying to explore for that essence in safely and industrial leaders arc largely going to problems which 1 sometimes think cannot he products of a four year college engineer wholly be expressed--it can only he felt. ing course. May I call attention here to the fact that, so far as we know, a college or a university is likely, next to the church, to he the most enduring agency of civilization. Even in this young country, Harvard University has cele brated its three hundredth anniversary, re minding us that it has outlived changes in government, in religion, ami in peoples. Es sentially it has been the repository of great ideals and truths, equipped to pass the torch Safety engineering can't just be discussed like politics. It must be felt, it must be lived, it must be instilled into these young engi neers firmly. Then and then only will they react instinctively to safety in engineering. 1 do invite, most earnestly, the attention of the Executive Committee of this Council to the need, through cooperation with the en gineering colleges, of educating our future engineers in safety. Automotive and Machine Shop -- Power Press Sections Automotive and Machine Shop Officers 1936-37 general Chairman--M. A. Ci.ark, U. S. Kuhher Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. Vice-Chairman--II. W. Houi.ton, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Secretary--W. H. Eratfr, Cadillac Motor Car (io., Detroit, Mich. .Merer Jitter Editor--K. F. Thai.nfr, Huick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. Engineering Committee Chairman--I,. II. Loomis, Ternstedt Manufacturing Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Health Committee Chairman--Dh. A. L. Hrooks, Fisher Hndy Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Membership Committee Chairman--C. W. Htsiioc, Lycoming Manufacturing Co., Williams port, Pa. Vaster Committee Chairman--F. Makfntatf, Motor Products Corp., Detroit, Mich. Vrofiram Committee Chairman--W. A. Mk piii.i, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Vublicity Committee Chairman--I'aui. A. Dknzk;, Kelsey-Hayes Wheel (io., Detroit, Mich. Statistics Committee Chairman--G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Stembe. s at Large-- Shencctady, N. Y. L. E. Avf.rh.i, Chicago Eye Shield Co., Detroit, Mich. Hoyt L. Erachf.r, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. Mfri.f. C. Hai.f, General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. M. J. McCarthy, Fisher Hody Corp., Detroit, Midi. K. A. Shaw, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Cam. L. Storck, Delco Products Corp., Dayton, Ohio. K. E. Tiiai.nfk, Huick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. C. T. Winfc.ar, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. ADJOURNMENT Officers Elected for 1937-38 'uncral ( hairmatt-- 11. W. Houiton, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Lie-Chairman--L. H. Loomis, Ternstedt Manufacturing Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. 'tirelary--C. W. Hisnnr. Lycoming Manufacturing Co., Williamsport, Pa. 'zvr Letter liditor--L. H. Gatfi.y, Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Co., Pontiac, Midi. fmneering Committee Chairman--W. N. Kraiisfr, Willys-Ovcrlaml Motors, Inc., Toledo, I thio. 22 5 4 Twenty-sixth National Safety Cnnt/rcss 226 .lutomolive ami Machine Shop - Power Press 227 Health Committee Co-Chairmen--1>R. A. L. Brooks, Fisher Body Detroit Div., (lencral Motors Corp, Detroit, Mich. W. II. Rietz, llg Klectric Ventilating Co., Chicago, 111. Membership Committee Chairman--Nn.s Jueee, Hayes liodyi CC.oorrpp.., Crand Rapids, Mich. Coster Committee Chairman--H. A. Program C---o--mmittee Chairman--M. Zachari, Henry J. McCarthy, Vogt Mach" i'ne FFiisshheer Ilody Co., Louisville, Ky. Detroit Div '(ieneral Motors C~orp., 1D1 ec`tnrowit, M*---ic--h---. :er, Plymouth Div., Chrysler Corp Detroit, Publicity Committee Chairman--V. I. Trottf.r MWlitcchn. Bower, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Statistics Committee Chairman--J. C Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. Members at Large-- L. E. Averiei,, Chicago Eye Shield Co., Detroit, Mich. M. A. Cl.ark, lb S. Kuhber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. Hovt L. Fhacher, Detroit: Steel Products Co., Detroit, Micht . the company will not tolerate accident prone employees, for they are distinct haz ards to themselves, their fellow workers, and to company property. The employment man should he thoroughly familiar with conditions surrounding the job for which he is selecting a man. He should know the fatigue elements and the types of workers required for the job, remembering that upon his ability to select men depends the functioning of a smoothly running organi zation. The employment office itself can he an important factor in creating the correct croaclunent upon his authority. However, the introduction of compensation laws and labor legislation in many states, the tremendous labor turn over costs in industry, and the increases in insurance premiums helped to bring to the attention of managements the idea that some medium of control had to he exercised. Consequently, the safety engi neer, thought of in terms of a necessary evil or disease, slowly found his way into the spotlight and his job from then on was definitely outlined. impression on the new employee--neatness The plant physician ran also take a place and orderliness of the office and surround among those responsible for the develop ings can indicate the type of good house ment of safe workers in industry. The final keeping in the plant, so essential to proper selection of any man is subject to the ap safety conditions. proval of the medical staff. While the Meri.e C. Haef, General M-otors C--orp-., New vY,,o,rtk,, nN .yY. R. A. Cari. Shaw, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. L. Storck, Delco Products Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. R. F. Thai ni r, lluick Motor Co. Flint, Mich' . C . T Winfi.vr, Chrysler Corp., I Mich. The prospective employee is undoubtedly anxious to obtain the job and make good. Since he has his mind set on conforming to the requirements of a new job, new associ ates and new environment, lie will un'Gubtedly react to new ideas on safety, especially when the benefits lie will derive are explained. employment man concentrates on the mental and experience qualifications of the new man, the physician decides on the physical fitness angle. The plant physician, in other words, acts as a double check on the proper selection of a new' employee. The railroads were among the forerun ners of the safety movement and soon No man will delihcralely cause injury (o himself or another, nor do I like to charge TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION an injury to carelessness on the part of the [person injured. Carelessness might he the October 12, 1937 [under-lying cause of an injury--hut whose carelessness ? I >id the employment man do Sessions of the Automotive and Machine SjSohe'ioncpttiloyanndAwilBlilsoth'woeefrfooPfufirnceedsrssooSnfepcthtaieognePs5o.ww15eerroePf hrteehslidss his duty, or simply provide a hook of The opening session was called to order [safety rules containing a hundred or more by Acting Chairman M. J. McCarthy, Safety |Wts? Director, Fisher Corp., Detroit, Body Mich., Div,, who General Motors introduced the . recall an incident Iking "written up" in where a new man was one of our plants. He speakers. kas handed a hook of rules on safety and volume. bold to read them carefully. After going realized the value of educating the workers on accident prevention and accepted as an integral part of their program the selective training of engineers, firemen, brakemen, and round house employees. Their pro gram designated special training periods for each employee and the employee was ad vanced accordingly. The meta) working industry finally took a leaf from the railroad manual and used it as a pattern to organize and develop safe workers. It was a good experiment indeed, for a review of the industry's accident ex ver them slowly he laid the book down Developing Safe Workers Through the Employment Office nd indicated that he understood their ifaning. When asked to sign his name to And Job Training Jht employment card he made an X. What nod were written rules in this case? The By HARRY C. BIGLER ^an comulad ne.ithi.er write nor read, and yet , , TV rector Ren rch Laboratories Division. General Motors Corporate**lr crfoMutlldfl n"Ao*t be d!--en:i-ed* *the ri1gh` t to work, ersonnel Director, Ree. .rcn L,aDo The employment man is in the best possjhile position to i..n..s..t.i.l.l s.a...f.e.t-y ccnscm ^ ^ ifnirsttthheeremmprmiensdaessntooarftivnneeewwoftemtmhpe|rlo.vcyo,e,mewsp,,anHy etoiscothnetact the new employee. His responsibility , __ _ _h_as, tauK'i' *.s mthati a little lira time spent by the employment man when he is in *'e departmental foreman with a new em- Joyce before he actually starts work will ^ While he man's ability mav not be may not ... to perform a able t--o jju-d-ge J"l only Pay dividends in the form cceerrtataininooppeerarat^fclity and quantity of workmanship, of hut efficiently and it may noti fall withhi'n0 Hni greatly reduce human suffering and perience shows the success in the reduction of industrial tragedies that plagued the in dustry in the early years. Taking General Motors' record, our frequency rate in 19.17 is only one-sixth of that in 1925 and the severity rate only one-third. I'm sure other units of the automotive industry ran show a similar improvement. At one of our plants a very effective plan was recently adopted and has been success ful in developing safety consciousness among new as well as older employees. This plant held regularly scheduled ``executive train ing" meetings for the purpose of developing "V T "V; as great` "a"s tthhaatt ooff tthhee ssaaffeettyy nr foreman due largely to his op- engineer or foreman, due< large y o, ,ta ippfcanl. H. if;innee coff dduuttyy ttoo tteeaacchli tmhee rudiments of J4p"cid"e"nt TMcosts.. Iinn eeaarrllyy yyeeaarrss,, aann aatttteemmpptt oonn job, he should explain company p _*Jpaparrtt ooff aannyyoonnee ttoo eennccoouurraaggee sseelleeccttiivvee place special emphasis on safety. Th*pIomy.nm--en*t was- o-Afte-n frrownc,, * J'Ct'* ..o heS,,TM in <f*yn**, , ,,h,, the best possible kind of leadership. Com pany policies and their effect upon good workmanship and production schedules were discussed. Accident prevention methods were suggested or at least discussed in an Cement and Quarry Sections Cement Section Officers 1936-37 (tenoral ( hairman--Frki> li. Hunt, Nazareth Portland Cement Co., Nazareth, Pa. Phr-( hairman--W. ). Worthy, Medusa Portland Cement Co., Toledo, Ohio. crelary--A. J. K. Curtis, Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, III. 7e.r Letter L.ditor--Jack Dempster, Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Montreal, I'. Q., Can., gineering Committee Chairman--Wii.mam Moei.i.er, Lone Star Cement Co., Dallas, Texas. itIncay Committee Chairman--M. A. Kokuian, Southwestern Port land Cement Co., Los \ngcles, Calif. mhershi/' Committee Chairman--Henry A. Reninoer, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Mlentown, l'a. ster Committee ( hairman--J. W. Kennedy, Huron Portland Cement Co., Detroit, Midi. ogram Committee Chairman--A. 1!. Sundk.ki.and, Ash Drove Lime & Portland Cement ' <i., Kansas City, Mo. ?mherx at Large-- D. 1C Coffman, Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis, Mo. U. 1C Kortuin, Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pa. (iohdon C. Hutu, Universal Atlas Clement Co., Chicago, 111. K. Posski.t, Lone Star Cement Corporation, New York, N. Y. .1. 1C Zook, Croat I.akes Portland Cement Cor])., JtufTalo, N. Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 neral Chairman--Fred It. Hunt, Nazareth Portland Cement Co., Nazareth, Pa. ice-Chairman--A. 1C Sunperi.and, Ash Drove Lime Si Portland Cement Co., Kansas City, Mo. crelary--A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, 111. ra'.f Letter L.ditor--Jack Dempster, Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Montreal, P. Q. Canada, ii/ineerim; Committee Chairman--Wii.i.iam Moki.i.kr, Lone Star Cement Corp., Dallas, Texas. iglncay Committee Chairman--M. A. Hoffman, Southwestern Portland Cement Co., Los Angeles, Calif. 'tmhershif' Committee Chairman--II. A. Rkninokr, I .chilli Portland Cement Co., Allentown, Pa. ostcr Committee Chairman--J. W. Kennedy, Huron Portland Cement Co., Detroit, Mich. limbers at Large-- P. N. Mushneu., Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis, Mo. K. 1C Portion, Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pa. Cordon C. Hutu, Universal Atlas Cement Co., Chicago, III. K. Possf.i t, Lone Star Cement Corporation, New York, N. Y. F. K. Town, Medusa Portland Cement Co., Manitowoc, Wis. J. 1C Z.ook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., 1'ulTalo, N. Y. 249 256 TjiYulv-si.rlli National Safely Coni/rcst SI. I believe that imr general safety meet ings will mean more to tin- men if, insteail <il having outside speakers all of the time, we should make the programs more our own organization; using our own men as speakers and possibly working up consider able discussion in taking eases from the Round Table that is put out by the Associa tion; also devoting a part of the time in the study of our safety regulations. S. That is an idea, and I would suggest that you work up next month's program along that line. Has anybody else got an idea? SK. [ have one. f suggest (hat we have a rule requiring any faulty ladder or other tool to he taken to the storeroom ; and let it he the safety inspector's responsibility to sec that such a tool docs not go hack in the tool room until properly cheeked anil repaired hv some craftsman. S. That's a good one, and we will give it immediate consideration. In addition, I sug gest that we pick out a man from each de partment and bring him in to our safety committee meetings, rotating these men so that we can eventually have them all meet with us, thus giving these men a closer in sight as to our safety work and permit us to get their ideas. Also, I will, until further notice, hold weekly meetings with all the foremen wherein we can make clear the ad ditional duties that you men must assume, one of which will be to sec that your men are acquainted with our safety rules and the training of new employees. We can also discuss various individuals who do not seem to he cooperating one hundred per cent. Cement ami () 257 course, some similarity of procedure in di recting the work of any man on any job; but different industries employ such different types of people, under stub a wide variety of circumstances, and place such a diver gence of requirements upon them that the problem of supervisory training in its more comprehensive aspects is peculiar to each type of industry. The general treatises on leadership give the groundwork, but the subject matter for anv supervisory training course for any par ticular industry lies within that industry. We must go out and sec how our job is being supervised now; analyze the procedure of every foreman and supervisor; compare them and select the best; hx>k upon supervision as a process in itself, and sec how best to direct the work of the people. It is a long, tedious, and rostly process, but one which, carried through to completion, will pay dividends in the end. WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 13, 1937 Is Training a Vital Factor in Effective Safety Work?* By F. M. PEPPER General Plant Employment Supervisor, Illinois Bell Telephone Co., Chicago Much of the effort spent in safety work has been more or less inspirational in char acter, wifh coiisiflerable stress placed on sell ing the idea of safety. Too much time and effort have heen spent in stimulating our people to do something to prevent aeeidents and in inspiring them, and too little time ami effort in teaching them how. The jol) is essentially one of adequate training, both for the supervisor and man. The essential considerations in those manage ment functions which are concerned with doing the job safely are no different from those management functions which are con cerned with securing a product for which the industry is organized. Effective supervisory training means secur ing effective supervision for the job as a whole. When a job is well done, preventable accidents will he at a minimum. There should he a tendency to set up pro cedures which are apart from the usual super visory functions. Prevention of injuries on the job is a matter which lies almost entirely in the hands of the direct supervision of the job. Editor's Note: This U n brief abstract of Mr. Pepper'* address. One of the most difficult problems facing us today is to return to the foreman his re sponsibility for the safe doing of the job which, by various measures, we have taken away from him. He must feel that the safe doing of the job i* his responsibility and feel that he is the mail to do something about it. Kardv. if ever, is tlior" an accident on a job which is considered particularly haz ardous. We must not assume that the foreman or supervisor knows how to conduct the work safely. We must lie sure that he does anJ assist him through a proper training pro gram. It is safe to assume that a majority of *i fatal and serious accidents are directly of indirectly attributable to the failure of super vision at some level to function properly It is quite evident that supervisory training as a means of avoiding accidents is necessary The development of a supervisory train*! course is a much more difficult procedure than the development of a technical or vex*tional training course. Apart from the thmeat features involved, there dries not s*U* to he any general formula. There is, The Wednesday Luncheon session of the Cement and Quarry Sections was addressed by Isaiah Hale, Superintendent of Safety, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, who spoke on "The Common Sense of Safety." The address was substantially the same as another address by Mr, Hale before the Steam Railroad Meeting. The complete paper will he found in the Steam Railroad section of this volume. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1937 Work of the National Silicosis Conference By R. CAMPBELL STARR Assistant Safety Engineer, U. S. Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards, Washington, D. C. Silicosis is strictly an occupational disease. Medical science has not reported silica dust U affecting any individuals except those who, over relatively long periods of time, have worked in an atmosphere where the air hich they breathe contained excessive contrntrations of free silica. The interest of the U. S. Department of Labor in a broad social and economic prob lem such as this has its origin in the Organic Act, effective March 4, 191.1, which created the Department. This act, among other things, gives the Department of Labor the duty "to foster, promote, and develop the welfare of the wage earners of the United States, to improve their working conditions, and to advance their opportunities for profit able employment." With this in mind, and believing that through joint effort of all concerned, much could he done to eliminate the hazard, the Secretary of Labor railed together in Wasli- 25K T;eenlv dir 111 Xalinnal Safely C ani/ress Cement anil Oinirry Seelions 259 mgton on February i<i, |93o :i group of almiit 75 men representing leaders in inclu'itries having a silira problem, lalior leaders, and outstanding representatives of (lie medieal, legal, and engineering professions, as well as insurance carriers and State adminis trators. After considering various phases of the silicosis problem, this group generally agreed that through a pooling of knowledge and a frank discussion through the conference method important advances could lie made toward, first, overcoming the hysterical at titude on the part of employers, labor, and visors, one on labor problems and one on mining matters. These committee members served without compensation ami gave freely of their time and effort in studying the problem from their respective viewpoints. After nine months of careful and searching study, these commit tees advised the Secretary of Labor that (bey were ready to report. Consequently, on February 1, 1937 the Second National Silicosis Conference was called in Washing ton. At this time summary committee re ports were presented to the Secretary and considerable discussion was given them. I aocaov permanently octacltcd I rum their employment by reason of disabling sili cosis. Tlie status of the 1,000,000 workers ex posed to the hazard of silicosis was analyzed 'bus by the committees making the surve.v: ' A percentage of the 4,000 to 5,000 workers having silicosis are completely or partially disabled because of this disease and have their difficulties further com plicated with tuberculosis. The remainder of the 4,000 to 5,000 have silicosis and disability in some degree, but no tuberculosis. gineers, insurance companies, legislators, ad ministrators, and others. The reports of the conference committees on engineering control and medical control recommend specific procedures for attack ing the problem through those two avenues of prevention. A partial list of these recom mendations follows: Survey the working conditions to deter mine the severity of the hazard and indi cate what needs to l>e done to decrease it. Secure information on best procedure. Design plant for dust control. others; second, after careful investigation, Shortly after this second national confer Approximately 105,000 have silicosis, Provide building ventilation. to consolidate in one place all known data ence the Department published, as Ifulletin but no disability and no tuberculosis. Store dusty materials in dusttight bins. with regard to the preventive engineering No. 13 of the Division of Labor Standards, methods; third, analysis and recommenda the summary reports of the four committees tions in connection with adequate standards referred to above, together with an abstract Approximately 900,000 arc exposed to silica dust, but have not contracted the dis ease. Enclose material-handling equipment. Isolate dusty processes. Provide wet methods of operation.-- of compensation for those workers disabled as a result of the disease. As an outgrowth of this initial meeting, another group, similar in composition to the first conference, but expanded to include version containing the principal findings and recommendations written in non-technical language. The full reports of the committees, com prising several thousand typewritten pages, Contrary to popular belief, silicosis is slow to develop. Usually it takes seven years or more of exposure to silica dust for a worker to contract the disease. A few cases that have been known to develop in as short a Water, oil, and other liquids may be used effectively-- 1. To suppress dust at the point of origin in such operations as rock-drilling; han dling, pulverizing, and milling rock and some 200 individuals, was invited to come to Washington on April 14, 19.16 to outline ways and means of attacking the problem. After are now being edited and will go to the period as one and one-half years occurred printer very shortly. It is expected that under extreme and unusual conditions. On they will be issued in four separate volumes the other hand, many workers have labored ore; grinding metal on grindstones; abrasive-wheel cutting of granite and sand stone. hearing silicosis discussed from the stand point of the employer, labor, and the medical profession, by outstanding experts in the field, this large group endorsed the confer ence method as proposed, and as a result four main working committees were ap pointed by the Secretary of Labor with the advice and consent of the group to investi gate and report upon the outstanding phases of the silicosis problem. These committees sometime during the fall or early winter. Nature and Extent of Silicosis under ordinary exposures to silica for more than 30 years without demonstrating any trouble whatever that could be diagnosed as silicosis. Physicians generally agree that silicosis, in the layman's language, is a disease of the lungs, caused by breathing air containing silica dust, in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by fibrous or scar tissue. Silicosis Prevention Silicosis can Ire prevented in three general iays: First, by preventing the creation of silica dust; second, bv preventing the dis 2. To prevent the redispersion of dust that has settled on the floors, walls, and other surfaces such as in the granite in dustry and in foundries. Design equipment to control dust. Establish good maintenance and house keeping procedure. Provide respirators. Instruct the workers. were: Silira dust is found in many industrial persion of dust into the atmosphere of a operations, hut the hazard is acute only in nuking area; and third, if it is impossible Responsibility of Workers (1) Committee on the Prevention of Silicosis through Medical Control, (2) Committee on the Prevention of Silicosis through Kngineering Control, (1) Committee on the F.connmic, Legal and Insurance Phases of the Silicosis Problem, (4) Committee on the Regulatory and Administrative Phases of the Silicosis Problem. A fifth committee, known as the Correlat ing Committee, was named. It was under the chairmanship of W. I I. Cameron, Managing Director of fhe National Safety Council, and consisted of the chairman of the four tech nical committers just mentioned and two ad such industries as metal mining; anthracite jto apply the first two methods, by the use mining; quarrying, drilling, and tunneling in f personal protective equipment such as granite, ganister, and sandstone; smelting inspirators, to prevent the inhalation of the |fct. and refining; foundries; potteries; glas* works; stone-products industries; grinding; In carrying out a prevention program, huffing; and sandblasting. (any agencies must cooperate. In the view Of the 49,000,000 workers in the United the committees studying the problem, the States, only 1,000,000, or 2 per cent, it is es Jnployer is called on to do most of the work timated, are in any way exposed to ard of silicosis. About half of this the hainumber, " to spend most of the money. Hut feork and money will never accomplish his the or I per rent of (he total number of worker* imum results unless the worker is will- in the country, are exposed to a serious l>a- lo cooperate and carry his share of the ard, and approximately 110,000 of these hast *ponsibility for helping to control dust silicosis in some degree. Medical examina tion of men actually at work indicates tluf for using the personal protective cqtiip**t. between 4,000 and 5,000 workers are seri Vi addition, physicians can play a definite ously affected by the disease, in addition la hut in preventing silicosis, as can also en The cooperation of the workers is neces sary if the hazard of silicosis is to be re duced to the minimum. The worker should realize that the safe practices recommended and the equipment provided are designed to prevent injury to himself and to his fellow employees. The equipment should be used as directed and every effort should be made to maintain it in good working order. Further more, the worker is frequently in a posi tion to observe faulty equipment and unsafe practices, and be should make it a point to report all such conditions to bis supervisor. Statutory Regulation While the primary approach to the prob lem must be the prevention and diminution im T:eenl\'-sixtli National Safety (ontiress Cement ant/ (Juarry Sections 261 of the hazard, the fart must he recognized for the conversion of known fact' that until silicosis has hern wiped out. workers who now have the disease, as well as those who may contract it, must receive workmen's compensation just as do those medical and engineering fields working toward prevention, and in the legal, insurance and regulatory phases looking toward ade quate workmen's compensation, into a prac workers who arc injured in accidents. Accordingly, the committees of the silico sis conference were unanimous in presenting the following recommendations: Coverage for silicosis in the compensa tical, readily understood program which will adequately take care of the silicosis prob lem. In its program of cooperation with the 18 States, the Department of Labor has in cluded a section covering silicosis and simi THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 14, 1937 Methods Used by a Sand and Gravel Company to Win the National Safety Award By H. A. KOOP tion acts of all States. lar dust diseases. This breaks down into Safety Director, Lyman-Richey Sand & Gravel Corporation, Omaha, Neb. This coverage should he compulsory. Hecause of competition between the same or similar industries in various Slates, the laws, rules, and regulations of the several States should he as uniform as practicable. Should Be Insured three main sub-headings: (1) Assistance in the preparation of reasonable and adequate codes, rules, and regulations prescribing methods of prevention; (2) assistance in the establishment of equitable standards of workmen's compensation for those em ployees disabled as a result of the disease; (3) a general educational program among The Lyman-Richey Sami & Gravel Corpo ration operates 22 plants, located throughout the state. F.acli plant is operated as an individual unit, normally employing one foreman and from three to six men on each shift. Total annual employees number 200 to 250, with an average of 275,000 to 325,000 man hours. very profitable, since from experience we bad observed that the attitude of the fore man is reflected in the workman. l-'ifth: In addition to the trophy to be won in a safety contest, substantial cash awards were given the foremen having the best plant safety record; and we honestly believe The employer should insure his obliga tion for compensation cither through self insurance subject to the posting of ade quate funds, or with an authorized in surance institution. Insurance should not he denied any em ployer, provided the State authorities certi fy that he complies with the State require ments as to proper safe working condi tions, and pays the premiums involved. State officials, factory inspectors, etc. so that they will he equipped with adequate knowledge concerning the disease, its method of prevention, and its proper treat ment under the workmen's compensation law. Follows Two Lines This application program, which is jus! now getting under way has been commenced along two principal lines: (1) The compiling Ml production operations arc hy lake type dredges, involving such hazards as usually result in electrocution, falling, burning, and drowning. Although our safety problems were the same as those of most small operators, our record in the year prior to the safety pro gram was 79 lost-time accidents in 163,275 an hours' exposure. In fart, there were many accidents reported that wc received these cold, round dollars did more than any thing else in keeping up interest in safety and plant competition. Sixth: All plants were provided with bulletin boards, posters and first aid kits. Seventh: The policy was adopted of hold ing each foreman directly responsible for his plant and each operator responsible for the condition of that particular part of the equipment he was operating. Workers having active pulmonary tuber culosis and silicosis should he removed from employment. Such workers should be granted suitable compensation payments and medical care. Workers disabled from silicosis (hut with no tuberculosis) should ultimately he granted the same amount of compensa tion as those disabled by accidental in jury. Two years is a reasonable minimum of practical information concerning actual Wry unfavorable comment from the State dust control installations in typical silica Compensation Commission, and some insur- hazardous plants, together with approxima wce firms flatly refused to insure us. tions as to cost, not only of installation, but It was evident that the system of each also of maintenance of dust control equip giant looking out for its own safety was all ment in such plants; (2) a program of visual education supplementing the summary and "haywire," so a safety program for all plants *a< decided upon and put into operation in full committee reports of the National SiH- Ike following manner. cosis Conference. It is contemplated that i*M tmhis fniemld smuc.hn media as f..i.lm......s..t.r.ip, s,, lanleta slides, posters, .i.l.l.u....s...t.r..a...t.*ed' bulletins, etr. w9 he utilizzeedci. Fruunrtnhecri,, iinn cwo.n.an.se.cv.tsio.^n.. w---it-h-- tbt, First, an old employee, well versed in all lint operations w..a..s....s.e..l.enc,ted.'naivsijsa<flei-ty .Mnor, devoting his full time to safety work, It was the duty of the safety director to go from plant to plant, making routine in spections, observing, and instructing when necessary in methods of safe operation, and conducting plant safety meetings. At these meetings all plant safety prob lems were discussed, and the men encour aged to make any suggestions in regard to equipment or its operation that would tend to eliminate future accidents. Many good ideas, successfully executed, originated from this source. limitation period for filing claims subse quent to the date of the last exposure. Further Activities of the Department of Labor In carrying out its duty as stated in the basic law, the U. S. Department of Labor has conceived that there is immediate need various eexxhhiibbiittss ooff tthhee ddeeppaarrttmmeenntt,, sshnoowwnn J Stcond, all employees were required to various large expositions, trade assocriatiao**^*1* physical examination. Most of the meetingss,. labor and technical oorrggaanniziaztaKt*n^tJK*41 doyees passed this examination, but a meetings", etc., it is contemplated that mo"tifTM were found to be physically unfit. factual information will be used, pointk^j Tkfrrf, all machinery and equipment were toward ways and means of correcting tkgi :* as mechanically safe as possible; hazard and of establishing adequate st " ^rds placed on gears and around open anls of workmen's compensation. "ong parts, ladders carefully inspected n guards built over them, baud rails and hoards placed around platforms and on electric equipment cheeked for genper size switches anil faulty wiring. One of our greatest problems has been in getting men to use their heads for something other than hat racks--to think. This is espe cially true of new men. New men are prone to apply safety meas ures to other than themselves, and the alert foreman proves his worth in directing and cautioning until unconsciously the men be come safety minded. In 19.34, as a member of the National Safely Council, we entered the National Following the address by Mr. Starr a round table discussion of outstanding hazards in quarry operation took place. TH Fourth: An annual meeting of all forc* was decided upon to discuss safety eom hulcd 1 be Wednesday program [!, and plant operations. This proved Safety Contest and although we did not win an award several of our plants had no lost time accidents in an average of 30,000 man hours' exposure at cadi plant. 284 safe working conditions and safe attitude on the part of ail employees is a cold busi ness proposition. It is a means of increasing efficiency and reducing costs. By costs we mean not only money saved on insurance and disability payments to injured workrrs, but tbr even more real cost which is the suffering, pain and anxiety that results from injury for which no amount of money can ever compensate. , WJOUKNM /'-A' / Construction Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--VV. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Wash ington, I), G. Vice-Chairman far Heavy Construction--R. J. Riaori.irru, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. Vice-Chairman for Hifthivay Construction--R I. Umvi-., W. I,. Johnson Construction Co., Ilicksville, (thin. l ice Chairman for V. S. C.nt/inccr Department-- Major Ki.i ioit Vanof.vantfr, C. of E.t Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, l>. C. Vice-Chairman for Iluildiuu Construction--Cuf.stf.r W. Wrk.iit, Wright & Kremers, Inc., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Secretary--Roukrt McKini.iv, General Accident, Fire & Life Assurance Corp., Detroit, Mich. AYtur I.etter Editor--G. O. Griffin, Itravo Corp,, Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Pa. r.iujincerini) Committee Chairman- -Thomas Soiii.f, Industrial Indemnity Exchange, San Francisco, Calif. Membership Committee Chairman - V. I. ( imnimt.i, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Poston, Mass. foster Committee Chairman S. M. I.auiifriiai F, Civilian Conservation Corps, Washing ton, I). C. Prunram Committee Chairman- -V. P. Aiifvrn, National Sand & Gravel Assn., Washing ton, b. C. Publicity Committee Chairman--W. P. Conn, "The ('(instructor," Washington, D. C.* Statistics Committee Chairman--C. II. Pi.ack, Stone (V Webster Engineering Corp., Poston, Mass. .' Past General Chairmen-- W. F. Austin, W. K. Wood Co., Detroit, Mich. F.nuAR N. Goi.dstinf, Consulting Safety Engineer, San F'raneiseo, Calif. John Rkssfi.i., Jr.. Public Service Electric Sc Gas Co., Newark, N. J. Officers Elected for 1937-38 ineral Chairman---W. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of America, Tnr., Wash ington, I). C. fict Chairman far Deary Construction- U. |. Rt tia i.u iit, C. W. Plakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. Put-Chairman for Diiih'oay Construction--II. G. Cami'iu i.i., Harry T. Campbell Sons Co., Tdwson, Md. Put-Chairman for V. S. C.ni/ineer Department M\jnu II. II, Vmiuiian, Jr., Corps of Engineers, War Dept., Washington, I). C. : 285 286 Tii'cvlv-sixth National Safely Cone/n-sx ( ititslriii liini See/inii 287 i'iff-Chairman fur Huildiai) ( oustruetioii--('. H. I!i aik, Slone X Webster Engineering C.orp., Iloslon. Mass, Seeretarx--Ilnur.ur McKinitv, funeral Accident. Lire & Life Assurance Cnrp., Itetroit, Midi.' News I.filer l.ditnr- L. K. Kiiniiakiii, Indusliial Aeeiilent Commission, San l-rani'isco, Calif. linqineering Committee C hairmau -Thomas Siuu.i, Industrial liKlcnmily Exchange, San Kraneisco, Calif Hfemhcrthip Committee ( hairmau I'. I, Chanixii, Liberty Mutual Insuranrc Co, Boston, Mass. 1`nn/ram Committee Chairman--John Uusski.i., Ik., Public Service Electric Ik fias Co., Newark, N. I. Malislie.r Committee (hairmau--K. N. (ioi.nxriNt'., .152 Eunston Ave., San Eraneisco, Calif. Visual lidiieatinii (Ommiltee Chairman--S. M. Laiidkkuai.k, Civilian Conservation Corps, Washington. I >. C. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 Tbc first session was called to order In Edgar N. (ioldstuie. consulting engineer, San Lrancisco, who acted as chairman in (lie absence of W. A. Snow. Awards for No Lost Time Accident Record By R. J. REIGELUTH Vice President, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. ()ur company has always maintained the policy of trying to make its employees into one large family. Wc have about forty men who have been in our organization over twenty-five years, and a large number who have been with us over fifteen years, some of these men growing up from water boys to superintendents. As all contractors today arc seeking means to check the increasing costs of material and labor, we were concerned about a further increase in the cost of our compen sation insurance. While the insurance costs are only a part of the cost of a high accident record, they are an indication of how those costs are running. Most of us construction men do not record all of the costs of an accident in our cost liooks and do not know the cost involved in time lost hy the associ ated workers of the injured man, the cost involved in replacing the injured man with another workman, the cost involved in replacing a broken machine or damaged piece of work; still we all know these costs exist and when our insurance rates increase, we get an idea of how those other costs are mounting up. Wc made a thorough study of what wa involved in our accident records and had conferences with two insurance companies who carry our compensation insurance. There were several jobs in our record which had operated without a lost time accident ; including various typical kinds of construe- , tion work from operating a crushed stone | quarry to reconstructing a bridge on which | a pier had failed. j We determined what the saving in in- i surance costs would have been on the joke which had a record of no lost time accidm .... mi' iscirospcriive plan of insurance on those jobs This study showed that a job operating for a pn iml nf one year with no lost time accidents re suits in a saving of between $2.50 and $5 per $100 of payroll, the saving being detei mined by the type of work. Six nun wink ing with one foreman 10 hours per week for 40 weeks amount approximately to 10,000 hours. I f these men averaged 50c per hour the annual payroll for this crew would be $5,000. If this crew operated through the year with no lost time accident, the saving at $2.50 per $100 of payroll would result in a saving of $125 in the insurance for that period of time. It is obvious that with a ,..... i....... , soiistiiutuin men are fared with a problem of keeping their key null working all the time, and IT >m lime to time demote key men from positions as foremen to jobs in a gang when there is not work lor the men as foremen. We have rallied on work sometimes in periods of depression when almost every man on the job was of foremanship ma terial. So that in an effort to avoid impos ing any hardships on mil men wc classify those men as foremen and available for the awards who have been in our employ for a period of 41) weeks in a calendar year and used In us as foremen any time during that y ear. foreman having a larger crew of men, the 'aving would lie considerably more, and also We classify as a lost time accident any that the saving would lie considerably more accident where the injured man is unable to nn a hazardous piece of work where the return to work on the shift following the compensation rate was high. Wc decided to shift in which lie was injured. An injured diare that saving with our men. man may receive first aid treatment on the Wc set up for this first year the following plan of awards for a No Lost Time Acciilcnt Kccord: job or at a physician's office and may be off the. job the larger part of the day in which the injury occurs, but if lie is able to return to work on the next shift, we do not classify We offer cash prizes of $50 and $25 to that accident as a lost time accident. mil foreman attaining the requirements for the award. The $50 prize is awarded to am ioreman who carries his gang through the calendar year with no lost time accident, and the $25 prize is awarded to any foreman ho carries his gang through the calendar 'far with no more than one lost time accitait resulting in no more than one week of kit time. Wc established the second prize of $25 to meet the possible situation of a ioreman almost making the grade of a no accident record only to have it shot the kit week by one accident. Wc wanted the *n to feel that their honest efforts at safely We put Ibis plan into operation at one of the meetings of our superintendents and foremen. Our plan for meetings of this nature is to have a private dining room in the best hotel in our city to which we call the superintendents and first-class foremen from their jobs, wherever they may be lo cated. In eases of jobs remote from our city, it is necessary for these key men to leave a job in the middle of the day to get to the meeting; but wc consider these meetings of sufficient importance to warrant the effort and cost about once a month. M recognition even though they did not It has always been difficult to induce the bve a perfect score. foreman on a job to consider safety from a humanitarian point of view, and it is also To qualify for these awards a foreman difficult to gel him to realize fully the costs wt be a man regularly employed on our Wyroll at least 40 weeks in one year. We ibee no requirement for a minimum amount f time that a foreman must work as a fawnan in any one year. We figure each kftman's record on the same basis that the kwhall leagues figure a player's batting trage. Wc want results and if a man who (N to "hat" only once makes a "hit," lie ba perfect score. If a foreman has a job only one month or less and has a no txlfnt record he has done the best that Wcould for the time wc called upon him involved in accidents to the company. But it is comparatively easy with a foreman, as with anybody else in the world, to point out the value of safely when it means $50 in his own pocket. The foremen are showing a keener interest in safety than they ever have before, and have come to look upon an accident as a direct loss to themselves. Throughout the competition for these awards we have not abated our efforts to assist our foremen and superintendents to secure as safe conditions as possible on our ^performance. work. We have had meetings, not only of the foremen and superintendents, but also 2fx / ;,',n/v Ai-vZ/i Xulioiial Safrly ( oiii/rrss ( niislnii /inn St'cluni 29! By Hours of the I >ay I!y I)o<ly Part Injured Ity Nature of Injury liy General Cain-e Ity major sub-classifications under Gen eral Cause By Primary Basie Causes By Secondary Contributing Causes By Foremen in Charge By Manner of Performance By Agency (Machine, Material, etc.) By Part of Agency By Method of Contact The figures may he summarized using days of time lost, medical expense, compen sation awards, or other associated data. burgh, has expressed the considered opinion of a body of outstanding dust experts as follows: "There is no satisfactory medical answer at present to this question, but the engineer is making a hail mistake if lie lets men breathe, heavy dust concentrations of any material. I f no other reason for dust control are subject to spontaneous combustion with consequent hazards to health, safety, and property. Many dusts have detrimental eferts of various kinds oil property as distin guished from persons. Machinery, growing vegetation, animals, dwelling houses, and other typos of property are damaged by dusts, and compensation of some kind often ran he found, then one should read tran is obtained from industrial concerns through scripts of some of the recent suits at com damage suits or otherwise. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1937 Methods for Protection Against Silicosis, and When They Are Justified1 mon law in which fantastic damages for alleged silicosis were granted to men who breathed dust containing little or no silica. The courts and compensation hoards arc not impressed with subtle distinctions between dusts with 10 per cent and 40 per cent quartz, especially when medical experts arc reluctant to make definite statements as to the com parative significance of such differences. From the viewpoint of respiratory harm fulness, it is generally stated (though actu ally knowledge on this point is by no means certain) that the particle sizes of dust (such as that of free silica) that affect health ad versely upon entering the lungs are those that are less than 10 microns in size, different persons having different ideas as to what the maximum may be--10 microns or 8 or 6, and By DANIEL HARRINGTON "It would he well to realize that men some say that the harm really is done by working in dusty trades suffer far more particles less than 2 microns in size. As Chief, Health and Safety Branch, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. from respiratory troubles of all kinds than against this, it is stated that fihors of as While the hysteria with regard to silicosis ami other occupational diseases has largely not on the statute hooks of nearly every slate in the Union within the next five years. do men who work in clean air. The evidence that excessive dustiness of any kind is harm ful is beyond argument." bestos dust as long as 200 microns have been found in the lungs of men, and that undoubt edly these long asbestos fibers exerted at subsided and this subject is being more care fully considered and soberly judged, it would he poor policy for any employer to maintain that the storm has ended and that he can relax and revert to conditions as they were some years ago. The fact is that the plan of paying occupational-disease compen sation is now in its infancy and can he ex pected to grow rapidly. At present while all the States of the Union, including the District of Columbia With this situation confronting him, the farsighted industrialist who has the interest It should also ho remembered that the of his organization at heart will immediately inhaling of dust is by no means its only start to "put his house in order" liy studying hazard in industrial work that may require possible occupational disease hazards to his compensation payment; and even here the employees and promptly applying known harmful effect of breathing dust is not ncc- remedial measures or attempting to devise ifwarily confined to the lungs, as some kinds such measures if none exist. Unipicstionably. pf dust are known to have detrimental health one of the most important of the surveys to reflect on the nose, throat, and bronchial he made While relates to dust the state dust occurrence. laws and regulations passages as well as (indirectly) on the heart, I'tnmacli, and possibly other internal organs. jGlernally, dust may cause injury to the least some detrimental effect. Since a micron is only about one twentyfivc-thousandth of an inch, or much smaller than the naked eye can see, it is usually as sumed that the larger dust particles that can he seen floating in air, and which settle out relatively fast arc not harmful to health. Certainly, this is not so, as the larger partides that float in the air (some of them 100 or more microns in size), if present in considerable quantities clog the air passages and excepting only Arkansas and Missis sippi, have compensation acts, only the fol lowing make provision for occupational dis eases to some extent: California, Delaware, apply primarily to silica dust and resultant silicosis insofar as the health hazard is con cerned, those most familiar with dust occur rence and its possible hazards recognize no* Infs, ears, and skin; and some dusts, in conBtart with the perspiration, are absorbed with "tfinitc harm to the health of the victim. to the lungs, some of which have agencies that under ordinary conditions intercept dust particles before they can reach the lungs and this clogging then allows the smaller and Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, only that the breathing of large quantities of Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, dust of free silica (SiO) is probably the Dust Cuts Visibility probably most dangerous dust to enter the lungs unimpeded. Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. Washing ton, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Silicosis is compensable in one way or an other in California, Connecticut, District of Colombia, Illinois, Kentucky. Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania. West Virginia, and Wisconsin, and possibly in other States. It will be surprising if comparatively com prehensive occupational-disease legislation is 1. Published by permission of die Director, It. S. Burrati of Mines. (Not subject to rnpyrifcht.) ^ greatest hazard to health likely to he found I Moreover, heavy concentrations of dust in where dust is involved, hut that not eve* V air reduce visibility materially. Ohvi- silica dust is harmful to health unless it isly, in industrial occupations in w hich hut occurs in very finely divided form and it ailed amounts of natural light are avail- breathed in relatively large quantities mint fe or in which artificial light is used or less continuously for a considerably Purely, any decrease, in visibility due to length of time. Moreover, many thoughlM p-dust concentrations (and the decrease in experts on dust harmfulness arc now be ability may, under some circumstances, ing convinced it is to he expected that It stmt to 75 per cent or more) is likely to will lie harmed when human beings lt in materially reducing efficiency and obliged to breathe high concentrations of in the more frequent occurrence of ac- kind of dust more or less continuously. 1 1ats accompanied by an increase in emu fessor Philip Drinker, of Harvard, as cl lation commitments. Some dusts (coal, inan of the Preventive Engineering G l aluminum, and scores of others, min- mittce of the Air Hygiene Foundation, Pi' Imd iiontnincral) arc explosive and many A common-sense opinion as to what con stitutes an atmosphere so dusty that dust prevention action should be taken is that any atmosphere in which dust can he seen by the naked eye is too dusty, not only for health but also, at least in many cases, for safety and efficiency. If the visible dust is eliminated, much of the invisible or probably most dangerous dust will unquestionably have also been removed and very likely the health as well as other hazards much mini mized or even removed. After the visible dust has been removed, it may lie necessary, under some conditions or with some types of dust, to make more in- I 292 Tioentx sixth National Safety ( ontjrcss i tricatc investigations as to the occurrence of invisifilc (lust, using tire iin|iinger, koninieter. or other instruments; hut unless litigation is in effect or threatened, those intricate studies arc relatively unimportant if the visible dust is eliminated from the air of working places. stead of dry drilling, wet crushing instead of dry crushing, wetting or washing down lloors, walls, and rock faces. In general the use of water in industrial processes and otherwise is one of the most effective avail able aids in the prevention of air dustiness, even though in some cases wet drilling does give off some dust. Notwithstanding a Prevention Is Best Manifestly, if dust is not produced, it can't get into the air or become harmful other wise; and some relief from dust troubles in industry can he achieved by using con struction, practices, processes, or equipment that tend to eliminate dust formation. growing tendency in some quarters to decry the effectiveness of wet methods, up to now the use of water is probably our best defense against dust dissemination, especially in min ing and tunneling. Dust-exhaust devices, such as hoods, traps for drilling, etc., have a definite place in dust control, particularly in surface plants and In designing and equipping the places in which employees must work, the forward looking industrialist will he wise to prevent the making of dust or to control it if it must he made, by using machinery, methods, processes and construction with dust-elimi nating characteristics rather than those that produce or spread dust, even though some additional expense in construction or opera tion may attach to the dust-prevention fea tures. The emphasis now being placed on operations. Under some conditions exhaust systems, when well installed and kept in re pair and operation, not only remove dust hut also more than pay for themselves in dollars and cents value of recovered dust. It costs approximately $7,000 to install such a device in a surface plant processing one of the metals, and the. value of the dust recovered daily averaged about $25. In addition, the device kept the air of the plant as well as the surrounding walls and other surfaces dust in its various phases and the expense practically free of dust. which dust may cause make it almost im perative that in the future much more thought he given to dust prevention and handling than has been given in the past. On the other hand, the use of dust trap* in dry drilling, while definitely applicable t certain types of surface or near-surfac* rock-excavation work, has not been found For instance, processes or practices that produce excessive dust should be discarded for others that produce less dust, or they applicable to general rock-drilling practice it underground work. There are several rea sons for this, some of which may he over should be isolated somehow, such as by come in time. housing them tightly in a separate part of Some types of rock cannot be drilled dry the plant or using them at times when the with any degree of effectiveness, and as yet least number of persons would be exposed to the available types of rock-drilling traps art them or wlieii there is ample time to remove not workable with wet drilling; if dry dol the dust from the atmosphere of the working ing can be done, the traps ordinarily will da places. Such installations or practices must a good job of removing the dust from dril* he operated ellieiently at all times, however. ing, but this will leave the rock surfart Common sense should he used in handling a (top, sides, and floor in many cases) dry, anlj dust control device or method; certainly it subsequent operations (blasting, mucki"*' is foolish to use an elaborate exhaust system timbering, hauling, etc.) will throw into1 to take the dust out of part of an establish air dust certain to be created in large qua ment and then exhaust the dust-laden air at ties by the other processes. The dust such point or in such manner that it will be thrown into the air will settle on dry taken into the same or some other part of faces, ready to be thrown into susp the establishment or into an adjacent one subsequently by any or all activities, through doors and windows. traps are somewhat cumbersome, es~ If dust must be formed, several effective methods arc available to prevent the dissem ination of dust into the air or into places where it may cause trouble. Among these are wet methods, such as wet drilling in when used in the more or less c places in mining and tunneling. However, dust traps with dry drilling definite applicability for use in surfac* near-surface operations where dry d Construction Set lion 293 can lie done, and have numerous advantages over wet drilling, especially in very cold weather. large quantities of dust even though the ma terial floating in the air usually is wet; some of this criticism is undeserved but, some of Good Ventilation Needed it is legitimate. The trouble is due largely to the fact that the holes are collared or Ventilation is probably the most effective dust-control practice available for many in dustries, though it ranks second to wet methods in others. Where ventilation can be applied effectively, dust can lie removed from the air or its concentration can lie kept so diluted as to render it practically started dry and, in some cases at least, arc drilled dry for several inches after starting, and the dust created by this dry starting im pregnates the usually stagnant air of the ordinary underground-tunnel or metal-mine working place for much if not most of the working shift. harmless to workers; ventilation ran mini In some cases the driller drastically limits mire dust hazards of almost all kinds, in the amount of water sent through the drill cluding spontaneous combustion, though it steal and, while nominally drilling wet, the may enhance hazards of dust cxplosihility in actual practice is closely analogous to dry some instances. In some cases ventilation drilling with compressed air, which flows should be induced by exhaust methods, hut through the drill steel and forces out of the in others forced or blowing systems are the drill hole and into the air of the working more effective, this being particularly (rut plare undue quantities of water-entrained in underground work in places having high- dust or particles. In some cases when the temperature air due to rock or dripping drill is out of repair, the driller allows far water or other condition, such as rapid oxi too much compressed air to flow through the dation of surrounding rock or timber. drill steel. To obtain really effective ventilation in such work as tunneling and metal mining is difficult usually because ordinarily but one opening is driven instead of having workings in pairs as in coal mining, where fresh air lows in one opening and return or contami nated air in the other. Conditions brought nhout by dust may force the use of parallel openings in many tunneling and mctal-minK operations of the future, and, uotwithstanding the violent objections this Nggestion will raise, there arc good reasons lor believing that in many cases there would Indefinite dollars and cents savings if the parallel-opening system, with its numerous amlilation, health, drainage, and other adantages, were used instead of the present When present types of wet drills arc used properly, the dust from drilling can be kept within reasonable limits, and this is actually being done by numerous alert and conscien tious mining and tunneling companies. Some companies in the United States and Canada are experimenting with rock drills that do not allow compressed air to go through the drill steel hut require the water to be forced through the steel by its own pressure; such drills are said to produce less dust than the usual types in which water is sent through the steel by compressed air, but the practica bility of the newer type of drill is question able and it has been used relatively little in the United States or Canada. ar-opening system, with numerous disadantages and hazards and with about its only Must Use Judgment leal advantage the fact that its use is and has However, air dustiness can be kept well Wen customary. within safe limits if modern types of wet drills are operated with rare and judgment in mining, tunneling and quarrying, and in collaring wet with plenty of clean dirt- continues to be used far too much in the free water; if the drills are kept in good re ted States; certainly, if dry drilling is pair; if the proportion of water and ed at all, it should be done only with compressed air flowing through the drill twist drills or with the simultaneous steel are adequately regulated; if the ex of up-to-date dust traps. haust from the drill is prevented from im Wet drilling as practiced in the United _tes, with water forced or drawn through ( drill steel by means of compressed air, fc w under fire as producing relatively pinging on nearby dusty surfaces of muck piles, floors, walls, or timbers thereby throw ing dust into the air; and, if, insofar as feasible, the drilling of upper holes is re duced to a minimum, as upper holes, whether 299 Twenty-sixth \ali<'iial Safety ( oin/ress ( oiistnictioii Sirlioii 295 drilled dry or wet, arc relatively heavy pro ducers of dust in the air of working places. In general the larger the quantity of ex plosive used, the more finely divided the blasted material, the more heavily the air is Next to dry drilling, blasting causes more impregnated with dust and smoke, and the finely divided dust to he thrown into work greater the quantity of poisonous gases left ing places than anything else; and, in addi at the places; hence, methods should he used tion to throwing violently into the surround which will tend to reduce the quantity of ing air immense quantities of finely divided explosives used and of gases and dust pro dust, blasting with the heavy charges of ex duced. In this it will be found that the use plosive required in many mining and tunnel of stemming or of some types of blasting ing operations also impregnates the plugs now available will more definitely con surrounding air as well as the muck piles fine tbc explosive; lienee, increase its effi with considerable quantities of poisonous ciency and reduce the quantity of explosive gases, such as carbon monoxide, oxides of used and also reduce the amount of ixiison- nitrogen and, in some kinds of rock, hydro oiis gas produced ami possibly reduce the gen sulphate and other dangerous sulphurous violence of the blast and its tendency to fumes, practically all of which occur in produce dust and disseminate it into the such quantities and percentages under some circumstances as to asphyxiate persons who may breathe them or to cause serious illness, often of a more or less permanent character. Many persons who have studied the inci dence of dust disease are of the opinion that the breathing of even small quantities or percentages of extraneous or hamful gases, such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, etc., inflames or other wise adversely afTects the respiratory organs, especially the lungs, and makes them much more easily and readily susceptible to harm from the breathing of dust particles. surrounding air. And it would be well for users of explo sives to investigate types of explosives that are known to give off minimum quantities of harmful gases on detonation and to use them; also the elimination of the use of fuse and the substitution of electric blasting would aid in reducing the amount of poison o..u..s. gase_ s from blasting. Explosives that have been held' inn storaaggee too long or that have been stored1 tuinder unfavorab..l.e.....conditions as to mmoixsture and temp. erature, are likely to give oo(fTf maximum quantities of harmful gases if they detonate at all; hence, Past blasting practice most certainly must utmost care should he taken in the storage be modified and reformed if the employer of explosives and to see that they arc not is to avoid heavy penalties in compensation held in storage too long before being used and other charges due to the inclusion of legislation on occupational diseases (one be ing dust disease) in the laws of the various Respirators Available feasible, in dust-tight compartments or structures, the tightness of which should he maintained; ledges or surfaces on which (lust may lodge and accumulate, to he thrown into the air by some shock or move ment, should be changed to prevent oppor tunity for such accumulation, or, if this cannot be done, such surfaces should he cleaned periodically by vacuum process, by washing down, or by sweeping (the latter king a relatively poor method, and should he employed only when as few of other workers as possible are present); floors should he kept as free of dust as possible preferably by washing them with water; and, certainly, air for the working places should not come from dusty sources. in a manner fair to the worker as well as to Ihc employer should be worked out, and it must he admitted that to date this has not been done at all adequately. Prevention of dust disease is chiefly an employer responsibility lie should shoulder willingly, not only to safeguard the health of persons in his employ but also to relieve his firm of the heavy financial burden likely to be thrust upon it by compensation or legal authorities, should employees become afllirtcd with dust disease; and when one takes into account bow little is known as to tbc cause of the disease and bow to relieve it if it is incurred, it would seem to be the acme of common sense to do anything practicable Physical examinations should play ail im portant part in the drive to minimize health harm from dust in industry, hut so much controversy lias been aroused because of them that their effectiveness has been largely nullified. Unquestionably, every person em ployed in an industry where considerable dust may he found in the air should he rig idly examined by a competent doctor pre vious to employment, and if flic examination reveals the presence of respiratory trouble, the person should not he employed; this is especially true if tuberculosis is indicated, to reduce the dust content of the air of places where employees must work. This does not mean that the employee should not help himself, as it is manifestly as much to the interest of the employee to avoid dust or any other occupational disease as to avoid having accidents. However, information as to occupational disease (including dust dis eased is not readily available to the worker in understandable form, and the einnlover should carry on an educational campaign to inform his safety and operating officials about occupational disease matters and to kt six- or twelve-month intervals every per have them transmit the information to the son in dusty- industry should submit In a workers so the latter can cooperate whole- rigid physical examination; and if disease is shown to he developing, the victim should lie transferred to nomlusty employment if such is available. Handling physical examinations licartcdly in trying to eradicate these dread diseases from industry or at least control them to a far greater extent than has been done. States. If at all feasible, blasting should be daaonnnl>ooeunflfadtsshhutheimfet,,reeaanmmmdo-ii votmeh-f<de_thd'.oleulr,s-w.t. t-oha.ro.kn.r.iod.nugg,,g.ahs..*.hml-.yI.iafttiddcoilnur taeoindr should he removed or thoroughly before tbc men return to work. Dust respiralors of various types arc now ava...il.a..b. le fo. r use in excessively dusty attmmoos^- pberes, and while they are cumbersome aw have numerous fleamtures tmhmat m...a..k--e t.h...e undesirable for constant wear throughout Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Construction Equipment By E. A. BLANPIED Ventilation is, of course, an essential agency in cleansing tbc air where blasting lias been done, blit in addition to ventilating the place it should he thoroughly wetted (walls, floors, roof or top, limbers, etc.) he f.o..r.e. blastin.g i d'one-, -a-nd a water blast should he kept in effect during and after the blasting; the region should he thoroughly wetted upon return to the face region after blasting, and the muck pile should he kept well wetted at all times while loading it out, as the water not only tends to allay Ihc dust hut also either absorbs or otherwise aids in the dilution or elimination of harmful or poisonous gases from blasting, which usually cling to the blasted material. working shift (though they can be worn Safety Engineer of Kansas City Bridge Co., Kansas City, Mo. readily for several minutes at a time), they do give adequate protection to wearen against dust blit give essentially no protec tion against either poisonous or asphyxiat| gases, Dizuussti rrerqspinirxatioinrs- s-.h..o..u.l.d be regartM My personal experience lias been confined inly to work of river improvement and [W^e building. Our records arc divided *o these two classes. skilled lalmr, differs greatly from tbc more complicated bridge work which uses mostly skilled and semi-skilled labor under greater hazards. as being temporarily useful for cmergenriei River work consists of driving pile dikes only, whereas protection for workers agai*3 1 rip-rapping river hanks, generally for The bridge classification is sub-divided into dust should be more substantial. What might be designated "good h keeping" lias a definite place in dust pn vention. Dusty materials should be stored I dust-tight containers or bins; dusty petesses, including tbc handling of dusty terial, should be carried on, as fir "*U. S. Government. Bridge classification covers railroad and diway bridges of the heavier type iiiclud- iheir foundations, Initli "pneumatic" and <s dredged." River work, being mainly done by floating ^ and with a large percentage of un erection and foundation as each lias its own special hazards and treatment. Kivcr work lias been the subject of ex tensive research along accident prevention lines by the U. S. Corps of Engineers and most of the fatalities are due to drowning. Special safety requirements to lessen this hazard have been compulsory by being 340 T-.i'ciilv-sixlh Xt'lio"1'1 Soft'lx C orc*s One of your hual physician* will he pleased to talk to the employees on sickness prevention. Carefully located luilletii) hoard* w it)* timely health topics arc useful. Articles in plant magazines arc far reaching, and payenvelope inserts discussing health topics have proved beneficial. Marine Section AnJOUh'NMIiNT Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--V.. C. Hoi.dkn. Jr , United State; I'. ft I. Agency, Inc., New York. N. Y. Viee-C hairman (In Charin' of I'osiers mu! States)- Roiifh i F. Hand, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Marine Dept., New York, N. Y. Vice-C hnirman (In C barge of I'uhlii'ilv) AY. K. Stfwariison, (. olomhiau Steamship Co., New York, N. Y. ' Vice-Chairman (Lor the I'acifie Const)--Ai.hikt (). I'fnn, Union Oil Company of Calif., Wilmington, Calif. Wrctary--Caki. F. Vandkk Ci.utk, Admiralty Attorney, New York, N. Y. Vrtej Letter Editor--Henry Hi.ai kstonf, United States P. ft T. Agency, Inc., San Fran cisco, Calif. Engineering Committee Chairman--li. C. Howards, Atlantic (ulf an<l West Indies Steam ship Co., New York, N. Y. Membership C ommittee C hairtnan--K. \Y Fiskf, Ik., Socony-Vaetimn Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. '' Program Committee Chairman--Hvkon O. Pickard, Pacific Coast Marine Association, San Francisco, Calif. Malistics Committee C hairman--Mfnjamin H. Sit t, Travelers Insurance Company, New York, N. Y. Mevedoring Committer C/ininnan--I"'. C. < !hkooky, Waterfront Kmploycrs Association, San Francisco, Calif. embers at Large-- F'kank K. Ames, I-ykcs lints.-Ripley Steamship Co., New Orleans, La. W. P. Finns, Navy Department Safety Kngineer, Washington, I). C. C. I-'. Hi.ackton, Erie Railroad Co., Jersey, City, N. J. Frank H. Conan, The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., New York, N. Y. J. M. (ikisf.k, Alabama Dry Dork and Shipbuilding Co., Mobile, Ala. Hf.nry J. Hkidomn, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Marine Department, New York, N. Y. John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Wii.i.aki) F. Jones, f tillf Oil Corp., New York, N. Y. T. F. Kavananii, (trace Line, lnr,, New York, N. Y. Frank C. Laurie, Lago Petroleum Corp., Maracaibo, Venezuela. .1. L. LucKF.Nit.AClt, American liureau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. John McCratii, John W. McCirath Corp., New York, N. Y. Care E. Petersen, Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., New York, N. Y. H. W. Pkoom, 1 Hroadway, New York, N. Y. J. K. Roihson, Sinclair Navigation Co., New York, N. Y. J. A. Rumsi v, Standard Oil Co. of Calif,, Richmond. Calif. S. A. Schramm, Mark Diamond Steamship Co . Pier K. Weehawken, N. I. 342 Vtvii/v-A'i-vf/i Nutii'nul Safely Comjrcss H. I.. Seward, Yalr University, New Haven, Conn. A. I. Smith, Mamie Office of America, New York, N. Y. Arthur M. Tom, Consulting Marine F'.ngiticcr, New York, N. Y, (1. K. Tavidh, Icdcral Barge l ines, New Orleans, t.a. J. II. Tomii, New York Slate Merchant Marine Academy, New York, N. Y. Kiimi r Yandi vantf.r, ()Uicv of the Chief of Knginccrs, Munitions Bldg, Washington, I). C. L II. Wfstiiaiii , Hollar Steamship Lines, San h'rancisco, Calif. A. O. Woi.i., (<eneral I'elroleum C'nrp. of Calif., Terminal Island, Calif. John Wright, American Kxport Lines, New York, N. Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 General Chairman--K. ('. Hdijien, Jr, L'nited States I'. & I. Agency, Inc., New York, N. Y. Vice Chairman (In Charge of Pasters and Slides)--Rorfrt I*\ Hand, Standard Oil Co. of ViNce. -.C1. hMaiarmrinaen H(cinpt.C, hNaerwije YoofrkP, uNb. liYc.ity)--Haroi.d J. Harding, Marine Progress, New York, N. Y. ' ' Vice-Chairman (Par the Pacific Coast)--Ai.iiert O. Pf.gg, Union Oil Company of Calif., Wilmington, Calif. Secretary--Cari. F. Vandfr Ci.utk, Admiralty Attorney, New York, N. Y. News Letter p.ditor--Henry Bi.ackstdnk, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., San Fran p.ncigsicnoe,cCriaaglif.Committee Chairman--Frank H. Cohan, The Delaware, Lackawanna and MeWmebsetersrnhipRaCiloromamditCteoe., CNheawirmYoarnk--, KN.. WY.. Fiskk, Jr., Socony-Vacumn Oil Co., Inc., New PrYogorrakm, NC. oYm. mittee Chairman--W. P. Biggs, Navy Department Safety Eng., Washington. Sta1)t.isCti.cs Committee Chairman--Benjamin H. Sei.f, Travelers Insurance Company, New StYevoerkd,orNin.gYC. ommittee Chairman--Frank FF Amf.s, I.ykcs Bros.-Ripley Steamship Co, New Orleans, La. Members at Large-- C. F". Bi.ackion. Erie Railroad Co, Jersey, City, N. J. Thomas Bi ai1, Urace Line. New York, N. Y. Logan Ckisac, Isthmian Steamship Co., New York, N. Y. W. 0. f Aunt'i r, Pittsburgh Steamship Co, Cleveland, Ohio. F\ C. f>RFi;owv, Waterfront Employers Assn, San Francisco, Calif. I. M. (irisi.k, Alabama Dry Dock and Shijilmilding Co, Mobile, Ala. Henry I. Niihokn, Standard Oil Co., of N. I, New York, N. Y. John S. Hon it-r. The Atlantic Refining Co, Philadelphia, Pa. I. fi. Johnson, Sinclair Navigation Co, New York, N. Y. Witi.Mtn F. Jones, t.nlf Oil Corji, New York, N. Y. Frank C I.m rii , Lago Petroleum Corp, Maracaibo, Venezuela. I. II. Love, Federal Shipbuilding K- Drydock Co, Kearny, N. J. Marine See linn 343 I. I, l.tuKENUAiti, American Bureau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. John Met Ik viii, John \\ . McUrath (orp, New York, N. Y. IB hon O. Pickard, Pacific (oast Marine Associations, San Francisco, Calif. J. P. Konev, I he Texas Co, New York, N. Y. I. A. Khmsfy, Standard Oil Co. of Calif, Richmond, Calif. S. A. Schramm, Black Diamond Steamship Co., Pier k, Wcehawkcn, N. J. II. L. Si ward, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. A. J. Smith, Marine (Mice of America, New Ymk, N. Y. I, K. Sorenson, Newport News Shipbuilding .V Dry Dock ( o, New|iort Ni-ws, \'a. W. F, Siewahiisiin, Colombian Steamship Co, New York, N. Y'. Arthur M. Tone, Consulting Marine F.ngineer, New York, N. Y. I. II. Tomii. New Y'ork State Merchant Marine Academy, New York. N. Y\ Ma|or II. It. Vaughan, Jr, (dips of Engineer-., War Dept, Washington, D. <'. I, II. Wisiiiaih. I foliar Sleamshi|i Lines, San Francisco, Calif. A. O. Wot.i, (ienera! Petroleum Corp. of Calif, Terminal Island, Calif. John Wright, American Export Lines, New York, N. Y. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 The opening session was railed to order by Hyron O. Uirkard, Pacific American Meamsliip Assn., San Francisco, ( alif., prowarn chairman of the section. Uaptain 1C. 0. Holden, Jr., United States I\ and T. Agency, Inc., New York ( ity, general chair- man of the section, sulmiittcd a review of the year's activities. The Advancement of Safety in the American Steamship Industry By R. J. BAKER President, American Steamship Owners' Association, New York City The advancem.e..n..t...o. .f safety antt s,',iVerat is t(hIIeI dki,,ilIti ,,off a--n e--nd"less process of- trial and nor. It is amusing to compare the present hr attitude toward safety with the one of we eighty years ago, as indicated in an tide published in the "Nautical Magazine "1 Naval Chronicle" of London in IRSfi, which it was declared that the chief s (or loss of ships at sea arc : I Tcetotalism - the serving of coffee in stead of rum; l The presence of the captain's wife and other women; I Insanity; 4. e Drunkenness c.,c . a..n..d.- .revelry; 5. Mutiny and insubordination ; 6. Discord and dissension ; 7. No devil being on hoard ; 8. The devil having been let loose. Today our reliance on safely at sea is placed in the results of the navigation laws of the country; the ire patrol; study of iec and current conditions; load line and stow age regulations; removal of derelicts; in stallation of safety devices which provide the host available fire detection and extinc tion apparatus; constructive requirements which will enable an endangered ship to Metals Section Officers 1936-37 Ceneral ( hairman--M. Ai.i.in, TIio American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, (). I'ice-Chairman--K. A. Ciiafitn, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. Secretary and News Letter lidilor--Mia.i. 1C Trammh.i, Gulf States Steel Co., Alabama City, Ala. (tmlest Committee Chairman--I-toman 1,. Sciimitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. I'.ngineerint/ Committee Chairman--R. H. Fkkuuson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. laundry Committee Chairman- -Ihvin A. Brinkman, Maekintosh-Hcmpliill Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. R. C. Hnoii., Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, (). Membership Committee Chairman- II. .1. Gkiit-itu, Jones Si l.attgltlin Steel Corp., Pittsliurgb, 1'a. rosier Committee Chairman--II. II. Minks, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland. IWiri/ji Committee Chairman--C. K. Rai ston, Pittsburgh Plate Class Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Riiilienv Car Iltiilders Committee Chairman--P. I. Brand, Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Corp., Pullman, Chicago. Hides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--I. A. Oartii, Cariicgie-lllinois Steel Co., Pittsburgh,- Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. T. Fii.mf.r, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio, Ktmbers at Lari/e-- I7. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, O. R. A. Bf.yf.r, Central Tube Co., Ambridgc, Pa. C. A. Bianoii, H. H. Robertson Co., Ambridgc, Pa. E. F. Bi.ank, Jones 81 Laugblin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. J. A. Coi.trin, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. C. S. Crawmiie, Beblen Manufacturing Co., Chicago, III. H. M. Croc.iian, Inland Steel Co., Fast Chicago, lud. .1 E. Ctu.i.iNKv, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. II. W. Dark, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. M. W. Ddniiokf, Beloit Iron Works Co., Beloit, Wis. R. T. Dvr, Republic Steel Corp., Warren, (). John P. Fan, Cartirgir-llbnois Steel Corp., Joliet, 111. F.. A. Ei i.ts, Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. I P. Gatherum, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Kcorse, Mich. O F. Harvey, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S. E. Hawkf.s, Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, Wis. H.G. Hknsfi., The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago, III. W. A. Jarvis, Chase Brass Si Copper Co., Waterbury, Conn. 381 3X2 /'uv/i/v .vi.r ll, Xaliomil Safety Com/fcss I- A KI.MM''liKkMm\\\n\, KU<rp|HulMMuu' Steeel (i <<>>1i|| >, ( hie;in< >. III. T. H. M( Ki ns>\ ( i elii el). ( ai ne^ie IIIin<i> Sicel (. , ( liicayo. I" I> \. Ihnrltrr*fklaikke Irroonll ( <m> p[>..,. ( Iliniernan^in>,, 11)1. John O'Koi hk. UetMehem Steel (*<>., Sparrows |'(int, MM<l ( S. I*ini i ifs. Keveie (upper X- Hrass, lm\, |\onu\ N. V' I'KANK Row I, Wheeling Steel (orp., Portsmouth, < >. A. C SS(/-Hiiit1'1i.Trz/, RI >nuecyvmriis-KKrrii<e ( o , So. Milwaukee, WW iis*. . J. SroKKf-K, The Youngstown Sheet and ube (<>., East Chicago. K. J. Stkrnkw, Rethlehem St eel ( <>., Ucthlehcni, l*a. J A. Voss, Republic Steel ( orp., ( leveland, (). Officers Elected for 1937-38 -K. Cenrral Chairman --i\. I'ite-(VunVimni Miu A. ... K. TC. rh...aa..mf..fu..i.kn.,u, .C_, o.K..ne..tp.i.nu..eb..nl.i.te.a..lSStetee1lel'("'(or-oppr..p,, .A, lKaobkaommaoC., .i1.t.ym..,.l..A...l.a... Secretary mid Xetes letter editor- II. |. (iiiinnii, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Cobnutregsht , CI'oam. mittee Chairman- Korn rt I,. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel ami Kailway f:iuS/uinpeprlyrinCtoi .,CIo-monmisitvtiellee, CKhya. irman--W. T. 1'IIMKR, The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Metals Section J. P. (iatmi.kum, Croat Cakes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Mich. (). !'. IIakvi-.v, American Car ami Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S. K. IIawkis, MacWhvte Company, Kenosha, Wis. II. C. Hknski , The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co, Chicago, III. W. A. Jarvis, Chase Brass ft ("upper Co., Inc., Waterbury, Conn. I". A. Caiii kman, Kepublie Steel Corp., Chicago, III. N. 11. MacIIosi:, Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. T. H. McKf.nnf.y, 2542 K. 7.lrd Street, Chicago, 111. (Ketired) 1). V. Mkdai.ik, Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, 111. C. S. Pmi.i.ies, Kcverc Copper ft Brass, Inc., Koine, N. Y. C. E. Kai.ston, Pittsburgh Plate Class Cat., Pittsburgh, Pa. Frank Kowi:, Wheeling Steel ("orp., Portsmouth, O. A. C. Scmim.tz, llncyrus-Eric Co., So. Milwaukee, Wis. J. A. Voss, Kepublie Steel ("orp., ("leveland, (). TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 383 CoYuonudnrgystoCwonm, m( itthteine. Chairman--Irvin A. Brinkman, Maekintosb-llemphill Co., Pitts Hebaulrtghh,CPoam. mittee Chairman--I)k. K. C. Engki., Kepublie Steel Corp., Clevclaml, O. Memherstiif Committee Chairman--Frfit K. Warr, Pittsburgh District, Carnegie, Illinois CaSstteeerl CCoomrjim., itPteitetsbCuhragihrm, aPna.--H. 11. IIf.nry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. I'rotiram Committee ( hairman- -K. II. Ff-KGosoN, Kepublie Steel ( orp., ( leveland, Ohio. I'uhlieily Committee Chairman--John O'Kourk, llethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point, M<l Kailieay ( <ir Kuilders Committee ( hairman--P. I. Brand, Pullman Standard Car Manu StafaticsttuicrsingCoCmo.m, iPtteuellmCahna, irCmhaicna--goH. . I. Spofrkr, The Youngstown Sheet ft Tube Co., has* Statistics Com Chicago, Ind Memfilbleers at fi.'.anrri/icc-- C. M. Ai.i.kn, The American Polling MMiillll CCoo..,, MMiiddddlleettoowwn, Ohio. I'. Ci. I!INNI rr. The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., (ohmmbits, Ohio K. A. Bf.vf.r, Central Tube Co., Amhridgc, Pa. J. A. Coi tion, National Kadiator ( orp., Johnstown, Pa. C. S, Ckaigmii i., Bolden Manufacturing Co., Chicago, III. II. M. Cum.man, Inland Steel Co., I'.ast C hicago, Ind. J. C. K. A. Ciji.i.ini v, Bianciii, IIB....e.iItIi.h.,.l.e.iK.jh.o..e..bi.m.,,e..,,.r.Sti.s,,.toe.,,.ne,lcCCo,,o., ,ABneibthrliedhgeem. ,PaP.a1.1 11. W. I >AKH, B ethlehe...m......S...teel Co.,. J. ohnstown, Pa M. \V. 1 i:nihikk., Beloit Iron Works Co., IB>"e1lo' it, VVis. li. T. |)VF. Kepublie Steel Corp., Warren, O. E.A. Kills, Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, \V. Va. Kami. Km i n, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Chicago, III. E. K. Ill ank, Jones Ik I.aughliti Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa, The session was railed to order by Ccurral Chairman C. M. Allen, The American Foiling Mill ( o Middletown, Ohio, who ini rodiion! t Ik* speakers Safety as a Morale Builder By ROY W. KELLY Chief, Personnel and Training Division, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D. C. The maintenance of morale is readily concedeel to be one of the major objectives of management. Whether the executive is refonsihle for building locomotives, making future of one's earning power and doubt as to opportunities for advancement and for satisfying achievement. mattresses, managing a Government bureau, These are all recognized as matters prop ot commanding an Army division, his stic erly belonging in the field of personnel ad ks is dependent in large upon keeping up ministration or labor management. They ^ morale of bis associates. arc mentioned merely for the sake of point All of us tend to be influenced by, and to Vupset and kept in a most unsatisfactory Jtame of mind by unsatisfactory living or wtking conditions. 1 f we want high morale, tmust expect to pay constructive attention such matters as wages, hours, working auditions, basic causes for grievances and j*mtdaints, improvement of sanitation, climiIwion of unnecessary noise, and proper (kiting, lighting, and ventilation of the work ing out that safety is an integral part of this functional field. Organization for accident prevention and the maintenance of the safety program, if they arc to contribute to im proved morale, must be planned and carried out with a view to their direct relationships with these other essential human factors in management. This is a point on which there is much diversity of opinion as well as practice. Perhaps no other causes contribute re to lowered morale than a feeling of inkwity in one's occupation, fear as to the Nevertheless, the experience, of many or ganizations tends to indicate that a safety program cannot hope to succeed, no matter how well planned, unless conducted in an JtlO Tiycnty-sixlh Asilinnttl Safely ( "/h/iva.v On tlic basis nf the human dement being the major pruhlrni in the elimination of ac cidents atul tlieir attendant injuries, the safety program must he designed to empha size to the supervision and workers the nceessity of being safety-molded at all times. The most etTeetive inllueure in selling any proposition is an appeal to the self-interest of the individual. If he becomes convinced that he can personally benefit hy the elimina tion of accidents, lie is apt to accept the (bat it respond to the controls, and little or no responsibility for keeping the unit in operating condition--lienee the necessary, fully organized maintenance crew to take care of such equipment. The only exception to this is the eraneinan who may have limited responsibilities as to the inspection, lubrica tion and adjustment of his machine, and certain other machine operators. Overhead traveling cranes, gantry cranes, repair trolleys and various types of hoists safety program and become a safety booster. comprise a class of equipment which require The hazards incident to maintenance work ran he minimized hv methods which antici pate and reduce the number of breakdown jobs. This reduces the amount of work and corresponding; man hour exposure, and al lows most of the work to he done on a planned basis. The most essential praetice in such a program is systematic, thorough and frequent inspection of all equipment, with a follow-lip system which will insure that unsatisfactory conditions are eorrerted special attention from the standpoint of in spection and preventive maintenance. I )uc to the hazards of falling material, whether cas ual material, broken parts of the equipment, or loads dropped due to failure of mecha nisms, every precaution must he taken to keep this class of equipment in good repair. It has been found desirable to supplement the work of the foreman and repairmen charged w ith the proper maintenance of such equipment hy the use of Crane Inspectors. as promptly as production allows or eco T he crane inspector goes over all equip nomic considerations dictate. ment in detail, recording all items of a me If the maintenance foreman's territory chanical or electrical nature which need ad is small this inspection can he made person justment or replacement. This survey pro ally. However, the usual division of a steel vides a double cheek and docs not lessen in mill maintenance foreman is too extensive ami too many other demands arc made upon his time to allow personal attention to all items of equipment. It i< then necessary to delegate this important function to opera tors, oilers, engineers and electricians who any degree the responsibility of the abovementioned foremen and repairmen. Copies of these reports are forwarded to the su perintendent and foreman involved, as well as to the Plant Safety Department head. All recommended repairs or alterations must are iti a position to observe tin* condition of he disposed of, either by being carried to each piece of apparatus. completion, or hy being rejected for cause In power houses, boiler houses, pumping The inspection rovers cleanliness anil or stations ami similar station jobs the engi derliness of the equipment in the interest of neers, oilers, pump tenders and electrical minimized fire hazard anil increased safety operators are primarily occupied with opera of operators and repairmen. Safety equip tion of the equipment and close and continual ment, such as sanders, fire extinguishers, observation is automatically obtained. Such hand lines, safety belts, gongs, w arning light*, close observation is accepted as necessary due light extension cords, gear guards ole. i* to the importance to production and the fact cheeked. I.oosc or scrap material on Iht that little spare capacity is provided. I.ike- cranes, approaches or runways is not tol wise, (he standard of maintenance is high, erated. Loose, worn or broken parts are being kept as far as possible on a preventive itemized and recommended for correction. basis. The jobs are usually well planned, the crews experienced and efficient, and all tools and special equipment at hand, resulting in efficient and safe performance. The majority of mill auxiliary equipment does not get the same degree of attention and maintenance. Here the operator, in gen eral, has no interest in the apparatus, except Inspections at intervals of one to two months have been found sufficient for aver apgaertictcuouinivldamirtliiyovniisihi,awr.d.`.is-twh.. om_r_k*_o_er_de_1 a_ c-t-rt-ae--nn-e-t-is-o.n. tgpU,Iinv.m.ue..smn.unatoll operating conditions, or failures of parts may make it desirable for the inspector to mate special checks and reports when requested. adjournmhnt Mining Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--C. W. (linns, Harwich Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman in Charge nf engineering--(I. J. Hash kit, It. S. Steel Corporation Sub sidiaries, Duluth, Minn. Vice-Chairman in Charge nf Health--I.i.k Lono, Clinchfield Coal C'orp., Dante, Va. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Mcmherslnf--A nous I). Camp'Iuxi., McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd., Schumacher, Out., Canada. Secretary and Men's Letter Editor \laniii. Harkinoton, United Slates Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Vaster and Slide Committee Chairman--I, J. Fokiiks, United States llureau of Mines, Pitts burgh, Pa. Program Committee Chairman--L. C. Cami'Iii:i.i , The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. I'uhlicity Committee Chairman ~M. U. Ilium, The Kxplosives Kngincor, Wilmington, Del. Statistics Committee Chairman--\V. W. A hams. United States llureau of Mines, Wash ington, I >. C. Members at Large-- Thomas Ai.i.i-.n, Chief Coal Mine Inspector, Stale of Colorado, Denver, Colo. .1. W. Ai.t, C alumet fir Herla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Mich. P. M. A term ik, American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, Mascot, Trim. Frf.ii E. Hkdai.k, Consolidation Coal Co., Fairmont, W. Va. John L. Hoariiman, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Hutto, Mont. Maukick Cow.tkr, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. H. T. Harpkr, Tennessee Copper Co., Copperhill, Torn. H. C. Hknkih, Phelps Dodge Corp., Ilishee. Ariz. Rush N. Hosi.kk, Coal Mine Section, Pennsylvania Compensation Rating Si Inspec tion Bureau, Harrisburg, l'a. C. F. Kih k, Jamison Coal Corp., Crccnsburg. I'a. Thomas F.. Lioiitfoot, Tbc Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, I'a. Wm. Ci. Mftzokk, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. I). I). Moffat. Utah Copper Co.. Salt Lake City, Utah. V. O. Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyo. R. B. Paiu, New Jersey Zinc Co., New York, N. Y. John T. Ryan, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. L. T. StcKA, St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. John Tkkwkkk, lloincstakc Mining Co., Lead, S. I). Officers Elected for 1937-38 Ceirrii/ Chairman--C. J. Barhktt, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth, Minn. titr-Chairmon--Lkk Lono, Clinchfield Coal Corp., Dante, Va. ficf-Chairtnan--Aniuis I). Cami'Iiki.i., McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd., Schumacher, Ont., Canada. 401 102 Ttsenly sixth Salional Soft ly Contjrcss Minimi Section 403 Vice-Chairman I. ( < AWFiiru, The Koppers ("<ial ('<>., Pittsburgh, I'a. Secretary and S'etes l etter Pdtlor I)ami i. IIarkini.tdn, United Stairs Hurran of M incs, Washington, DC. Patter anil Slide I Urn milter ( bairman I. I. Forms, United Stales Bureau of Mines Pitts- burgh, I'a Publicity Committee ( ImirmanM. K. Bum), The Explosives Engineer, Wilmingln n, Del. Statistics ("ommitlre Chairman--\Y. VV. Adams, United States Bureau of Mines, Wasli- ington, D. C. Members at l.art/e Thomas Ami n, Chief Coal Mine Inspector, State of Colorado, Denver, Colo. J. W. Ait, Calumet Si Jlccla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Mieh. I*. M. Arthur, American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, Mascot, Trim. F'rh> K. Bkdai.k, Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W. Va. I on n 1.. Boaromxn, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Butte, Mont. Maurkf Coui.tfh, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. ( W. (iliuis, Harwiek Coal Si Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. H. T. IIaritr, Tennessee Cotiper Co, Coppcrhill, Tenn. H. C. Hfnrif, Phelps I lodge Corp., Bishce, Ariz. Rush N. Hosii.r, Coal Mine Section, Pennsylvania Compensation Rating Si 1 uspec- lion Bureau, Harrisburg, Pa. C. F. Kfck, Jamison Coal Corp., Cirecnslmrg, Pa. Thomas E. Lhuitfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Wii.iiam G. Mktzcf.r, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. D. 1). Moffat, Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. V. (). Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyo. R. B. Paui, New Jersey Zinc Co., New York, N. Y. John T. Ryan, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. I.. T. Sh ka, St Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. (oiin Thfwfik. Ilomestake Mining Co., Lead, S. D. Low cost production is the true basis of efficiency. The major item on any cost sheet is labor. A property that achieves a low unit cost due to a cheapness acquired by low wages with the consequent low type per sonnel will not long exist I The reason is obvious--although the daily labor cost is to meet those requirements, lie knows that the preceding shifts must meet the same re quirements and therefore he is able to take up his work safely, exactly where it was left by his predecessor, lie can thus devote his full lime to work without fear of slipshod methods applied previous to his arrival. low the ultimate job cost is high. These poor workers are the men that efficient organiza I believe that a task well done, regardless tions refuse to tolerate--the "cream of the of the job, is more easily maintained than crop" are hired in their place. a haphazard piece of construction. When a job is safe, all components of that job arc When a mine gets a reputation for unsafe working conditions you will notice an influx of poor workers. The good men leave--the poor ones stay. The reason is that the poor worker realizes lie cannot get work in an organization that demands efficiency and ability. Each of us has talked to various em ployees coming from other properties. You War that "such and such" a company kills in first class condition. We can, then, surely count on lower maintenance costs on first class jobs and when the operator looks over his cost sheets, repair costs arc the major items. All of us have seen timbermen tearing out old timher and replacing with new. Had this timher been properly placed and properly considered at first, the new job would not have been necessary. men daily, or that someone is always getting hurt. These reports may or may not be Unquestionably we have all had experi exaggerated--but where there is smoke there is fire! If your property gets such a reputa ence with faulty ventilation. I recall cer tain underground fires that could have been tion among the laboring men LOOK OUT. controlled and loss of life averted had venti The basic principles of accident preven tion are: Supervision, education, and disci pline. It is not necessary to discuss these principles. However, it is true that too much of each day's work is lost by the working men, due to unsafe conditions. If the work man must spend half his day remedying laulty conditions, replacing staging left by a previous shift, "blowing out" bis working Itlice, or any one of a thousand similar cirluimstances, you know production costs are 'ming. lation been considered a major problem in the original layout. The major portion of our small metal mines are notoriously poorly ventilated. Many men are "gassed," causing them to fall from high raises to death or certain injury; others contract pulmonary diseases more readily and are disabled. Some are injured because of their inability to see their work clearly. These things are all due to a faidty ventilating condition, and any in jury causes certain losses in production re gardless of its seriousness; nor can it be denied that unless breathable air is avail TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION The efficient mining organization is today able the normal efficiency of employees is 'tamlardizing every task. These standards decreased. October 12, 1937 The session was called to order by Gen and Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., who intro eral Chairman C. \V. Gibbs, Harwiek Coal duced the speakers. The Relationship of Safety to Efficiency in Mining re built up from the study of the task and re adopted if efficient and safe. Such jobs Wcasily supervised and it is easy to educate *e employee in the manner of working. "Iren an employee knows how to do a job ^seldom is injured! From my personal standpoint I believe that In one particular property I recall certain additional work obtained merely by estab lishing proper ventilation. A total of 150 ma chine shifts was being put in each day in a stoping area anil prior to correct ventilation the average amount of hole drilled per ma chine was 86 feet. After the ventilation was By JAMES K. RICHARDSON u standardizing of jobs is the biggest improved the average was increased to 118 an organization can make toward im- feet. Loaders who had originally pulled ap Safety Director, Climax Molybdenum Company, Climax, Colorado No person will deny that there ran be but two ways of doing work--a right way and a wrong way. The whole scheme of mining methods is basically a question of safety and efficiency. If the ore cannot be extracted economically the system is abandoned. If the orr rannot he extracted without endangering the lives of the employees the system abandoned. Unquestionably the latter thoujk; has often been overlooked. We cannot however, overlook the fact that anything Hull kills or maims men is morally wrong. Fj thermore, if our process or method tear* machines it is surely not efficient. * iing underground or surface efficiency. I believe that on the standard tasks the odent risk has been lessened 50 per cent. ' task is done the same way yet there itnough variation of conditions in mining "he so that it docs not tolerate a man ling mechanical. When a workman he must keep a definite standard re ts of the work being done, he attempts proximately 76 cars consistently passed the 100 mark. Footages in development work rose from 2.6 per machine to 3.8 feet. Loss of time from pulmonary disorders dropped to a negligible figure, and the accident fre quency fell 28 per rent. Another important factor in accident pre vention is correct illumination. Those mines which have done away with the old carbide 42K '/"<-rrn/v-vi.W/i Stiffly Lnntirfss * the mine Mipcriiitriidcnt arid headx of flic employment and safety departments. Rath accident is analyzed and entered on the workman's safety record which shows at a glance, not only the accidents that lie has sustained and the action taken, hut also the educational training he has received and the protective equipment with which lie has been provided such as goggles, gloves, safety hats, lamps, safety hells and other similar articles which arc furnished by the company free of charge, ami exchanged without cost to the workmen when rendered unlit hy normal wear. The safety work of the mining depart Separate meetings of the contractors working in the two main divisions of the mine arc held once each month, and the accident record of the preceding month is discussed with them in detail, adopting all possible measures for the prevention of similar recurrences. Two meetings of the general safety com mittee comprising the management, operat ing executives, technicians ami principal as sistants: one for the surface departments ami the other to cover mining operations, arc held once each month for a review' of the record of the previous month, and for the discussion of matters of general nature. Paper and Pulp Section Officers 1936-37 (teneral Chairman- (dorm. I. Adams, International Paper Co., (ilcns Palls, N. Y. Ciec-i hairman m ( hanje of M emhershif*--Arthur K. Winsi.ow, Hollingsworth Si Whit ney Co., Waterville, Me. Seeretary and JVm/rpw ( ammit/ee ( hairman F. A. Roiiinson, Kimberly-Clark (\rp,, Neenah, Wis. Ara-.r Letter L.ditor and Cuh/ieity ( ommittee ( hairman O.avton Hraatz, Marathon Paper Mills, Rothschild, Wis. Context Committee (hairman--:\. Scott l>o\vn, The Paper Industry, Chicago, III. hin/inrerinff Committee (hairman--\). Ik Chant, The Ontario Pulp Si Paper Makers' ment is under the direction of a safety engi Safety Assn., Toronto, Out., Canada. neer, who has under him a corps of trained Fire Prevention Health Committee ( hairman- |)r. Howard \Y. Paint, Hollingsworth Si Whitney Co., inspectors who make an inspection of all Waterville, Me, working places on each shift, and supervise general blasting operations. Dangerous con ditions arc reported immediately to the boss in charge of the work, and in urgent situa tions the inspectors have authority to stop the work until the place has been inspected hy the hoss, who then assumes all further responsibility. Typewritten reports are dis tributed daily by the safety department.to all the bosses concerned, and at the weekly meetings of supervisors a cheek is matte on the action taken on the recommendations that have been submitted. As a stimulus to greater interest and co operation in the prevention of accidents, a scale of monthly safety bonuses, payable to Kvcry possible effort is made to minimize the danger of a lire underground. In prep aration for such a contingency a large number of carefully selected men have been trained in the use of oxygen breathing ap paratus, and five crews of five men each are kept in continued training. A smoke room has been provided to make the training more effective, and fire-drills are held under ground in various sections of the mine once a month. An up-to-date first-aid and minerescue station is maintained on the main patio of the mine, completely equipped with 12 McCaa oxygen breathing apparatuses; HI all-service gas masks; 50 sdf-rescuers; oxygen pump; carbon monoxide detector: Poster Committee ( hairman--}. H. Turner, Consolidated Paper Corp.. Ltd., (irand'Merc, P. Q., Canada. Statistics Committee ( hairman--F'ked W. Pkadn, Kniploycrs Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Members at Larijc-- Hrnest Augustus, The Mead Corporation, Chitlicothc, O. W. J. Hrknnan, Maine Department of Labor and Industry, Augusta, Me. M. W. Dunoohe, ISeloit Iron Works, Hcloit, Wis, K. L. Faist, The Champion Paper and Fibre Co.. Hamilton. (>. W. A. (u:\son, Hanimerinill Paper Co., Krie, Pa. K. K. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown, (). I. J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co.. Port Union, Midi. C\ O. Hoi Mi u. Minnesota ami Ontario Paper Co., Minneapolis, Minn. F. L. Irvin, St. Crni\ Paper Co., Woodland, Me, all Ixisses and inspectors has been estab safety lamps; stretchers of various types; D. A. Mev\i \ky, Fraser Companies, Ltd., Kdmundston, N. M., Canada. lished. This scale is based on the total rate of accidents per thousand shifts supervised, and takes into account the interest displayed during the month by each supervisor in the elimination of hazards, enforcement of safety rules, and good housekeeping. Once each month all the working places of the mine are inspected hy sectional safety committees, who make a detailed report of the conditions and equipment considered to be unsafe. Typewritten copies of these re ports are distributed to all the foremen and bosses concerned for their investigation and written comments, and the discussion of questionable recommendations is taken up at a monthly meeting of the committees, bosses, foremen and mine ofbcials. life line, and other miscellaneous equip ment. A fire-car fully equipped with hoses, axes, pipe fittings, fire extinguishers, first-aid supplies, and other tools anil material is also available on the main mine patio at a mo ment's notice. Provisions for an abundant supply of water in all parts of the mine through both air and water lines have been made, and water connections, hydrants, and fire extinguishers have been placed in con venient parts of the mine. An injector installed on the main air line at the portal of the mine is available to spread, hy means of a stench signal, the warning of a fire underground. Don K. McDowi i.i., Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. Arthur Murray, Container Corporation of America, Chicago, III. H. (i. Noyes, Oxford Paper Company, Romford, Me. J. I. Pi.zak, Consolidated Water Power Sc Paper Co,, Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samuki. Pruyn, Finch-Pruyu Co., Inc., (ilcns Falls, N. Y. Ik I). Koc.ers, Hird Si Son, Inc., Hast Walpole, Mass. I;. H. Rosi.musii, Nckoosa-Kdwards Paper Co., Port Kdivards, Wis. S. F\ Smatmmk, Kimberly-Clark Cnrp., Neenah, Wis., Representative, The American Paper and Pulp Association. L R. SiMrsoN, The Drown Paper Mill Co., Inc., W est Monroe, La. Officers Elected for 1937-38 >imd ( hairman --(ii.oroi: J. Adams, International Paper ( *., (dens Falls, N. Y. adjournment hairman in ( hart/e of Membervhif'- Awnu'U K. W insi.ow, Hollingsworth Si W'liifCo., Waterville, Me. 429 430 Twntv-sixlli National Safety Cont/rexs Paper anil I'nlp Section 431 Secretary amt froorani Committer Chairman--I". A. Robinson, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Ncenali, Wis. Sexes Letter litiitor ami fuhlieity Committee Chairman--(Tavton Braatz, Marathon Payer Mills, Rothschild, Wis. Contest Committee ( tiairman -- A. Scon Down, Tlic Payer Industry, Chicago, 111. Lmiineerini; Committee Chairman--I). II. Chant, The Ontario Puly Si Payer Makers' Safety Assn , Toronto, Out., Canada. Health Committee Chairman--Dr Edwarii \V. Paink, Hollingsworth Si Whitney Co., Waterville, Me. foster Committee Chairman--J. H. Turnf.r, Consolidated Payer Cory., Ltd., Grand Mere, P. Q., Canada. Statistics Committee Chairman--I*hf.i* W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Members at J.art/e - Ernfst At'i.rsTtis, The Mead (Corporation, Chillirothc, O. M. W. Donwkf, llcloit Ir<m Works, Heloit, Wis. K. I,. Faist, The Champion Paper and Fibre Co., Hamilton, O. W. A. Gi.fason, Hantniermill Paper Co., Erie, Pa. E. F.. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown, O. ,1. J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich. C. O. Hoi.mfr, Minnesota and Ontario Payer Co., Minneapolis, Minn. n( efforts of this Section with other agencies ur associations of the Industry in their aims to promote accident prevention in pulp and paper mills. Also included in the New York meeting was an extensive discussion on act iilent statistics. It was proposed that the Section take some means of perfecting and rnntimiing these statistics liecause of the very pronounced interest being shown by a number of mills. Accordingly, a committee was appointed at the New York meeting consisting of F'rcd Braun, Chairman, Ernest Augustus, Arthur Winslow, George Burns and myself to art as a suli-cominittcc to the regular statistics committee, of which Mr. Braun is also our Chairman, to consider the following: 1. Improvement of the present form of report of accident. 2. Perfecting a plan for future tabulation. .1. Perfecting a plan for the presentation of the statistics to the Section. I have asked Mr. Braun to include in his statistical report also (lie report of this com mittee. There has been quite an increase in the membership of our Section the past year. About 215 per cent of the industry as a whole are now members of the National Safety Council. Through the good will of Ered Robinson anil the Kimberly-Clark Corporation we have the services of a stenotypist to take discussion notes at our meetings here. We certainly are all appreciative to Ered and his corporation for this. J. J. I'i.zak (Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co.. Wisconsin Rapids, Wis.) : I would like to ask that the membership give the Secretary permission to record a unani mous vote of appreciation for the splendid leadership that this Section has had under our Chairman, George Adams. (The motion was carried.) F. E. Irvin, St. Croix Paper Co., Woodland, Me. I). A. McAi.arv, Fraser (Companies, Ltd., Edmnndston, N. II., Canada. Don FC. M< Down i., Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. Arthur Murray, Container Corporation of America, (Chicago, III. H. G. Noyks. Oxford Payer Company, Rumford, Me. E. W. Patton, The Lawrence Paper Co., Lawrence, Kansas. J. J. Pi.zak, (Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samijki. Pruyn, Finrh-Pruyn Co., Inc., Glens Falls, N. Y. H. I). Roufrs, Bird Si Son, Inc., East Walpole, Mass. F. H. Rosf.hush, Nokoosa-Kdwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. S. F. Siiattik K, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Nccnalt, Wis., Representative, The American Paper and Puly Association. L. K. Simpson, The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., West Monroe, La. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October II, 1937 The opening session of the Payer and Puly Section was called to order by George .1. Adams, International Payer Company, < ileus halls. New York, who presided. Chairman Aha ms: Following the usual practice, it is my duty as General Chairman to review briefly the activities and progress of the Paper and Pulp Section during this lst year. There were two meetings of the executive ;J committee during the year, the first at Chi- j cago on January 19 and the second in New I York City on April 15. j At the Chicago meeting, the principal topic of discussion was the program for this . Kansas City Convention. 1 The New York meeting was concerned with a discussion relative to the correlation Report of Accident Experience Exchange By FRED W. BRAUN Manager, Safety Engineering, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Statistics should lie used in your accident prevention work for fact-finding interest on rnur program. These can he shifted in any manner. Some very interesting things arc bought out in this year's report. Members of the Section are to lie com plimented on their response in sending in their reports. We received 678 reports this war as compared to 108 last year. This year August, with 77 accidents, was Af high accident month; July, with 29, low. In Tabulation 2, which indicates the day 4 the week in which these accidents were nosed, you will find that Wednesday was M with 119, and Sunday was low. In Mf> londay was low and Thursday was high, iflote is apparently an indication there that middle of the week is high. You should check with vour own plant Krience and see whether the accidents as are reported to your plant check with fc*. Do you have the high recording in the We of the week ? Tabulation .1 shows the day or shift. The day worker is low and the shift worker high. Does that mean that the day worker, work ing eight hours a day, during the day, every day in the year, has more natural rest, and that the shift worker who goes on at eleven to three or from three to eleven and so on, one week, and next week some other hours, has his rest broken up? When a man comes home at seven o'clock in the morning from a night shift, or three o'clock, docs lie go to bed and get his rest? If so, does he get natural rest ? Those arc some of the things you should check with your own plant. Tabulation 4. time of accidents, is very close. There is very little difference be tween afternoon and morning accidents in recording. Tabulation .5 shows that for the three years, '.1.5, '.Vi and '.17, the highest peak in the morning occurred anywhere from eight to twelve o'clock. Here is your first some what consistent fart. In the afternoon you Petroleum Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--A. W. Brf.eland, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. Vice-Chairman--A. J. Martinson, Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, Calif. News Letter Editor---]. H. Brown, Tide Water Oil Company, New York, N. Y. Engineering Committee Chairman--E. D. Murphey, Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp., Tulsa, Okla. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. V. C. Baird, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. roster Committee Chairman--H. T. Makkkk, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. I'rogram Committee Chairman--K. B. Roarer, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--Gi.knn Byers, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Mo. Statistics Committee Chairman--J. W. Myers, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. Mlantic Division Chairman--R. L. Simpson, The Texas Company, New York, N. Y. Cseal Lakes Division Chairman--F. R. McLf.an, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., White Star Div., Detroit, Mich. W/ Division Chairman--D. B. Hiatt, Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Company, Fort Worth, Texas. Hid-Continent Division Chairman--Kraus Earuart, The Texas Company, Tulsa, Okla. hcific Division Chairman--I.. K. Biiti.er, Union Oil Company of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. heky Mountain Division Chairman--B. V. Osiiorn, Standard Oil Co. (fnd.), Casper, Wyo. lilt General Chairmen-- R. W. Bi.ack, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth, N. J. R. S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. (N. J ), New York, N. Y. V. R. Currie, The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. C. L. Hightower, United Gas System, Houston, Texas. G. O. Lockwood, The Empire Companies, Bartlesville, Okla. Geo. F. Prussino, linion Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. R. R. Roaper, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. J. Sennk, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. find.), Chicago, 111. I)./. Wai.i.ack, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. etary--H. N. Ri.akksi.ee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 at Chairman--H. W. Boggkss, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Chairman--J. H. Brown, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., New York, N. Y. Letter Editor--F. R. McLean, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., White Star Div., Sttroit, Mich. 489 490 Twcnlx-sixth National Safety Congress l:.iit/inrrriii</ Committee ( hairman--E. I). MliRI'llFY, Mi<I-('on(incnt I'ctroleum ( orp., Tulsa, HeOakltlah. Committer Chairman--1*. E. Kffoan, Shell Petroleum Corp., Houston, Texas. /'rotiram Committee Chairman--A. W. IlKFFi.ANn, Lone Star (las Co., Dallas, Texas. I'uhlieity Committee Chairman--). I,. Risinofk, Magnolia Petroleum ("o., Dallas, Texas. Statistics Committee Chairman--J. W. Myfks, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. Visual education Committee Chairman--C. A. Mii.i.f.r, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. Atlantic Division Chairman--I, C. WooiinRinc.F, Socony-Vacmtm Oil Co., Inc., New York, GrNea. tYL. akes Division Chairman--K. T. Hkndk.rson, Standard Oil Co. of Ohio, Cleveland, Gu()l1f1 iDo.ivision Chairman--Wm. Chant, Jr., Huinhlc Oil & Refining Co., Raytown, Texas. Mid-Continent Division Chairman--J. I). McCamky, Jk., The Carter Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Raeific Division Chairman--C. J. Normann, Shell Oil Co., San Francisco, Calif. Rocky Mountain Division C hairman--K. O. Tkayi.oh, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Casper, Wyoming. J'asl General Chairmen-- R. W. Ri.ack, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth, N. J. R. S. Honsiii, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. A. W. Mrih.and, Cone Star Oas Co., Dallas, Texas. V. R. Ci:hrif, The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. R. E. Donovan, Standard (Til Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. 0. I,, Huaitowfr, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Houston, Texas. G. O. I .in kwood, Cities Service Oil Co., Rartlesvillc, Okla. Gro F. Prossini., Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. K. It. Roaimh, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. K. I. Sfnnf, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y, C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III. 1). j. Wai.iacf, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Secretary--H. N. Ri.akfsi.kf, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION . October 11, 1937 The session was called to order by Gen- Gas Co., Dallas, Texas, who introduced the cral Chairman A. \V. Itrecland, Lone Star speakers and directed the discussion. Industry's Responsibilities in Community Safety By HENRY W. BOGGESS Superintendent of Safety, Sinclair Prairie Oil Company. Tulsa, Okla. During Id.to 111,000 American citizens died in accidents. Sixteen iier cent, or IK,000 of them, met death while employed at occupations from which they earned their livelihoods and so are called industrial fatalities. The remain ing 93,000 accidental deaths are broadly re ferred to as public fatalities; at least, they were non-occupational. The ratio of public to industrial deaths * more than six to one. It is obvious that lfc broadest need for safety is outside and M within the ranks of industry. Whether or * industry has any responsibility for these pttfr or outside accidents, whether or not it lw within its power the ability to prevent any i them, is the question. Pe trol,-inn Section 491 That there is a close relationship between accident causes classed as public and those classed as industrial is recognized by all stu dents of the subject. That relationship causes one to ponder over the right and the wrong of arbitrarily segregating industrial and public accidents. Safety men have long realized that the fundamental causes of industrial accidents differ not at all from those that kill people in the home, on the street or at the seashore. If hazardous equipment leads to injury in the plant, it will lead to the same thing on the highway or in the home. swing. To attempt to free industry from re sponsibility in even the more remote reactions due to this increased national tempo would be difficult--if it could he shown that industry had both the antidote and the authority to administer it. The thought seems to he that, having changed the environment in which men live, it would follow as a logical sequence that industry should so train men that they can Ijve securely in that changed environment. The answer to such a charge is not difficult: The From the standpoint of society at large there can he no basic difference between giv ing a green and wholly untrained industrial worker a well guarded jointer to operate and giving a green and wholly untrained citizen a modern, safe motor vehicle to operate. Trouble is potential in either instance; irre trievable loss is imminent in either case. The question should not be. ``Who is responsible?''" --the question should he, "Why are such fool ish things done?" limits to which industry may go in training humans to safely use its products are very well defined by the liberties that society grants to its citizens. Factual information, detailed in structions and pointed warnings just about exhaust industrial limits. Persuasion is pos sible hut coercion is impossible. Mandatory requirements must he left to society. But there are criticisms that arc more prac tical and less idealistic. It has been suggested that the individual consuming tlie product of It does seem that a united front should be brought to bear upon the fundamental causes of accidents as a whole; not entirely in lieu of, but at least in connection with, the many piecemeal thrusts and parries at contributing causes that arc now flying in all directions. It is altogether probable that a closely knit and well organized one-front safety movement will appear on the horizon eventually. It is readily granted that certain necessary legislation must come if safety is to grow more efficient. The Uniform Vehicle Code is an outstanding example of the right kind of leg islation. Much necessary legislation will in deed be sponsored and fought for by safety men. But all such legislation must be sound and based upon scientific knowledge of the abject. Aside from industrial safety men devotedly entering the so-called public accident field, industry is entitled to as much protection in its use as is the workman in its making. Unless industrial safety is a mere monetary gesture, unless it was devised and is being maintained for purely economic reasons, this thought must lie accepted as true. What right lias industry to sell a farmer a water pump with unguarded gears that will sooner or later mangle his hand? What right has industry to sell a housewife a porcelain bathroom fixture that is known to frequently break and sever arteries ? W'liat right has in dustry to sell a road commission an asphalt road that will lie slick in wet weather and result in broken necks and broken hearts? If the water pump can he guarded; if the bathroom fixture can lie made of non-breakalilc material; if the asphalt road can be built so that it will not be slick in wet weather, then industry should not be permitted to plead economic or competitive pressure, nor even lust what else can industry do to help minimize the value of replacement business. tridents outside its gates? Just what are ndustry's responsibilities which it has not yet wcognized and accepted ? One critical view is that the so-called tccliwbigical development in this country, to which so many of our ills have been charged, It will not even attempt to do so when the time comes that the accident problem is looked as one problem ami the safety efforts of America are united in a one-front, efficient drive to stop preventable accidents without regard to where they occur. the result of research and development by American industry. It is said that through te research and development, the entire so il tone of America has been changed from I Beethoven sonata to a Duke Fllington In a few quarters, industry yet rovers up behind the old English Common Law prin ciple known as "caveat emptor-' which means, "Let the buyer beware." But this is rapidly being recognized as poor morals, poor ethics 576 Twenty-sixth Notional Safety Catu/rcss hospitals where air conditioning is installed, the doctors and nurses are comfortable, which tends to promote a steadiness of the nerves. The freedom from perspiration avoids the possibility of a wound infection from that source. Since some types of anesthetics are definitely known to have ex plosive characteristics, it is important to prostrations and hence benefited the health and increased the comfort of the employees. Another important application is the re moval of dust and small particles of irritant chemicals, such as are found in uncondi tioned match factories, some departments of chemical, paints and pharmaceutical plants. In the manufacturing of rayon, an acid prevent the generation of a static condition solvent is required in the process. Unless that may prove disastrous. This is accom an exhaust system is tied into the air con plished by maintaining a relative humidity of ditioning system, the acid fumes contaminate 50 per cent at which condition static is en the air, producing urhealthful working con tirely eliminated. ditions. The fumes affect the throat and eyes Tn mines, air conditioning has been bene ficial to the health and well being of the men working. In deep mines, without air condi tioning, temperatures and humidities are excessive, which frequently cause prostra tions. In shallow mines the roof and walls are at a temperature of approximately 50 degrees the year round and in the summer, when moist air is induced for ventilation, in particular. Fuse loading departments in ammunition plants is another application where air con ditioning produces safety for employees. The humidity is kept high enough to prevent a static spark. Cooling and dehumidi tying in summer eliminate perspiration from the worker's hands, which prevents the powder from adhering to the steel dies. rapid condensation occurs and accumulates Some lacquering processes require a sol on the shale rock which increases the hazard vent having explosive properties. Since in due to falls. By supplying dehumidified air some plants doing this type of work the with a dewpoint equal to or below the solvent has explosive properties, and de- shale rock temperature, moisture condensa humiditying is required, an exhaust system tion will not occur, disintegration and falls is installed and sufficient outside air sup are minimized. plied to prohibit an explosive mixture. Humidification in tobacco plants keeps Many air conditioning installations have down dust, which otherwise would be haz been made in industrial plants where exces sive process heat is generated, such as ardous to employees. In the drying process of manufacturing matches, uniform drying, enameling rooms where materials to be which requires air conditioning, prevents enameled are at intensive temperatures. Air conditioning has reduced the number of flaring or sparking when ignited. adjournment Rubber Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--J. M. Kkrrioan, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y, Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--R. A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. ` Secretary--R. W. Morsf., The Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. News Letter Editor--Oliver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Providence, R. I. Engineering Committee Chairman--J. (I. Poi.m, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Health Committee-- I)r. W. S. Ash, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. Dr. J. Newton Shiri.ey, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Watertown, Mass. Membership Committee Chairman--Paul Van Ci.kf.f, Van C.leef Brothers, Chicago, 111. Publicity Committee Chairman--W. H. MacKay, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Statistics Committee Chairman--I). G. Wki.cii, Hewitt Rubber Corp., Ruffalo, N. Y. Members at Large-- Ralph S. Farnum, IJ. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. John L. Grider, American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N, J. John J. Lock, The General Tire Si Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. John E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Passaic, N. J. Urban L. Moi.er, Inland Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. W. P. Spanton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. C. W. Ukford, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio. Past General Chairmen-- E. W. Beck, LI S. Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. A. M. Dietz., Pennsylvania Rubber Co., Jeannette, Pa. C. F. Horan, Hood Rubber Company, Watertown, Mass. J. T. Kiunf.y, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. H. W. Low, Miller Rubber Products Co., Inc., Akron, Ohio. W. L. Schneider, The B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio. Charles F. Smith, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 Cmeral Chairman--J. M. Kkrhioan, lb S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. i'ire-Chairman in Charge of Program--R, A. Biu.i.ock, Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Secretary--R. W. Morse, The Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Wj Letter Editor--Oliver Hopkins, LI. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Providence, R. I. mmhqmeering Committee Chairman--J. G. Poi.m, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. TMl(t/i Committee-- Dr. W. S. Ash, Lb S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. lht. J. Newton Shiri.ev, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Watertown, Mass. 577 578 Itvenly-sixlh Notional Safety Cnni/ress Memhrrshif> Committee Chair matt--Paiii. Van (`i.eef, Van Clcef Brothers, Chicago, III. Puhliritv Committee Chairman--W. H. MacKay, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, StaNt.isYtic. s Committee Chairman--D. G. Wf.i.ch, Hewitt Rubber Corp., HulTalo, N. Y. Members at Large-- Rai.imi S. Faknum, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Midi. John L. Grider, American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N. J. John J. Look, The General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. John E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Passaic, N. J. Urban L. Moi.er, Inland Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. W. P. Spanton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. C. W. Ufford, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio. Past General Chairmen-- E. W. Heck, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. A. M. Diet;1:, Pennsylvania Rubber Co., Jeannette, Pa. C. F. Horan, Hood Rubber Company, Watertown, Mass. J. T. Kidney, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. H. W. Low, Miller Ruhber Products Co., Inc., Akron, Ohio. W. L. Schneider, The B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio. Chari.es F. Smith, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. A'ubher Section 5 7<) first place; two certificates were awarded to winners of second and third place. Awards were presented by Lew R. Palmer, conservation engineer, Equitable Life Assurance Society, New York City, and past president, National Safety Council. Plaques were awarded to first place winners as follows: Grout's A and B--U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Saugatnek Footwear Plant, Saugatuck, Conn. Groups C and l.t (under 125,000 average monthly man-hour exposure)--Four tied for first place with perfect records--Van Clecf Brothers, Chicago; Providence Insulated Wire Co., Pawtucket, R. I.; The Lobl Manu facturing Co., Middleboro, Mass.; U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Fabric Fire Hose Co., Sandy Hook, Conn. "Rubber Industry Problems" was the sub ject of a round table discussion which touched on the following points : 1. What is a workable plan for good housekeeping ? 2, What arc the outstanding fire hazards? How can they lie minimized? 3. How vented ? can hand tool injuries be pre- 4. What protective apparel is necessary for the workers? 5. What types of mill and calendar safe ties are most satisfactory? Why? 6. What hazards are involved in molding small rubber parts? How can they be over come ? THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 14, 1937 The session was called to order by J. M. Buffalo, N. Y., General Chairman of the Kerrigan, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., section. Rubber Section Safety Contest Chairman Kerrigan briefly reviewed the outstanding facts in the 19.17 Rubber Section Safety Contest. Thirty-seven participating plants worked 63,696,394 man-hours during the six months' period of competition in the Rubber Section Contest and experienced 642 disabling in juries for an accident frequency rate of 10.079. The 37 plants employed 67,874 men. Both the accident frequency rate and man hours of exposure were higher than for all previous contests. Plants averaging 125,001 or more man hours per month, composing Groups A and B, made the best records in the contest with an average frequency rate of 10.05. Groups C and D, composed of plants with 125,000 or less man-hours of exposure per month, had an average frequency rate of 10.424. Two-thirds of the plants in both divisions had frequency rates below the averages. Perfect records for the entire conterl period were made by four plants. Seven of the 22 large plants in Groups A and B ha4 frequency rates below 2.00 for the conterl period. Five plaques were awarded to winners of Safety Device for Horizontal Heater By K. c. LOOMIS Manager, Runningboard Div., The Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio The need for a safety device for locks on the doors of horizontal vulcanizers, com monly called open steam beaters, was im pressed upon us last year when a door of steam. As the pressure built up to this point, the door lug slipped back and the door blew open and off. Mew off one of our largest heaters. The door, weighing more than a ton, was shot Positive Device Sought through tiie air like a paper plate. Luckily, lone was injured. The engineering division was instructed The operator couldn't explain what had happened. He was thinking about the spoiled job in the vulcanizer. Wc were thinkI in different terms--how much more vrious this could have been and what could W done to the heaters so that the steam Wild not be turned on unless the door was properly closed. to correct this hazard, and if we were un able to buy a safety device, to make one. We found that there was no positive safety mechanism available which would make it impossible to turn on the steam if the door were not properly closed nor to open the door before the steam had been completely exhausted from the beater after the cure. Not Fully Closed Examination of the door and the door htkj exposed as the reason for the acci- t the fact that the door bad been closed W enough to withstand nearly a full head A safety device that will do just this has been developed and is now in use on all beaters in our plant at Willoughby, Ohio. (Illustrating with a large copy of the drawing shown here, Mr. Loomis gave the following explanation of the device.) 5> Ttai'tily-xi.rlh National Safely C atu/rexs Safety Equipment Section 1 Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers | Who Exhibited at the Twenty-Sixth National Safety Congress I and Exposition Kansas City, Mo., October 11-15, 1937 Exhibition Hall--Municipal Auditorium .. Gas Masks. --- . -----1 * 6**1 1 Advertising Displays, Inc., Covington, Ky. Safety Education Materials in Display Form With Moving Messages Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., Hartford, Conn. Part I. Door is moved into position on lieater and locked l>y turning door to the left. Cam (1) operates roller (2) opening valve (3) which releases air pressure to line (10) which leads to lower inlet of three-way diaphragm valve (8). Operator then sets cure time on time cycle regulator (9). This regulator automatically shuts off air pres sure on line (11) allowing direct acting valve (7) to open. Shutting off the air on tine (II) also operates three-way valve (8) which opens lower inlet allowing air pres sure from line (10) to enter reverse acting diaphragm valve (4) opening same, and al lowing steam to enter heater. Part III. When cure time is up, time cycle regulator (9) turns air pressure into line (11) closing direct acting valve (7), also clos ing lower inlet of three-way diaphragm valve (8) which shuts air pressure from air line (10) and vents air from reverse acting diaphragm valve (4) causing this valve to close. Part IV. As steam is exhausted from the heater and the pressure has reduced to less than 12 or. on diaphragm valve (5), spring (12) will pull bolt (6) up, and heater door ran be opened. Note, (a) Tension on spring (12) can be adjusted cither to raise or to lower the 12 Safe Driving Tests, Safety Educational Films. A. S. Aloe Co., St. Louis, Mo. First Aid and Hospital Equipment. American Abrasive Metals Co., Irvington, N. _|. Safety Treads for Walkways and Safety Gratings. American-LaFrance and Foamite Industries, Inc., Elmira, N. Y. Fire Protection Equipment. American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Poston, Mass. Insurance, Workmen's Compensation, Property Damage and Gener; American Optical Co., Southbridgc, Mass. Head and Eye Protection Products. American Safety Tank Co., Kansas City, Mo. Automotive Fuel Supply Tanks. Amteen, Inc., Chicago, III. Auxiliary & F'mergcncy Stretcher First Aid Equipment. Automatic Traffic Control Corp., St. Paul, Minn. Traffic Actuated Control Equipment Part If. When heater is in operation, steam pressure huilt up inside of it will operate the diaphragm valve (5) pushing oz. factor. (b) Steam line has two valves, one clos ing with air pressure and the other closing kar Manufacturing Co., Rock Island, 111. Safety Inspection and Correction Equipment, fcndix Products Corp., South Pend, Ind. Ik)1i ((>) down behind door lug. with air off. adjournment I Automobile. Automotive Equipment. hck-Sivalls & llryson, Inc., Kansas City, 5M8o1. Safety Heads, Tanks and Pressure Vessels, fcldley Washfountain Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Group Washing Equipment, kown Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. 5X2 National Safety toil;/ress R. H. liuhrke ( <>., Chicago, III. Safely Equipment for Construction and Maintenance. E. D. Hnllard C o., San Francisco, Calif. Personal Protective Equipment. Burroughs Wellrome 8: Co., (I'.S.A ), Inc., New York City. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. Champion Hrake ( 'orp., Chicago, III. Hand Hrakes for Freight Cars. Chicago Eye Shield Co., Chicago, 111. Head, Eye and Respiratory Protective Equipment. Columhus McKinnon Chain Corp., Tonawanda, N. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains and Safety Hoists. H. S. Cover, South Hend, Ind. Respirators and Safety ftoggles. Crouse-Hinds Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Traffic Signals and Floodlights. M. E. Cunningham Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Steel Stamps and Type Holders. Davis F'mergency Equipment Co., Inc., New York City. First Aid and Industrial Safety Equipment. C. H. Dockson Co., Detroit, Mich. Head and Eye Protection. DoMore Chair Co.. Inc., Elkhart, Ind. Posture-Health Chairs for Office and Factory. Dual Parking Meter Co., Oklahoma City, Okla. Parking Meter Equipment. Donald F. Duncan, Tnc., Chicago, HI. Parking Meter Equipment. Eagle Eignal Corp., Moline, 111. Traffic Signals. Electronic Control ('orp., Detroit, Mich, Electronic and Photo-Electric Equipment. Elliott Service Co., New York City. Promotion of Efficiency and Safety. Emerson Drug Co., Haltimore, Md. Bromo-Seltzer. Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Fire and Casualty Insurance, Workmen's Compensation. Enameled Steel Sign Co., Chicago, III. Day and Night Steel Reflecting Signs. Fairway Laboratories, Inc., lfelleville, III. Anti-Fatigue and Heat Exhaustion Antidote Tablets and Dispensing Equipment. Harley-Davidson Motor Co.. Milwaukee, Wis. Police Motorcycles and Accessory Equipment. Hercules Friction Crip Co., Kansas City, Mo. Brake Dressing. Hild Floor Machine Co., Chicago, III, Electric F'loor Scrubbing Machines and Vacuum Cleaners. Holcomb Safety Garment Co., Chicago, III. Industrial Safety Clothing. Hoof Products Co., Chicago. III. Motor Vehicle Speed C ontrol Governors. Safety liqnifment Section Huntington Laboratories, Inc., Huntington, Ind. Disinfecting and Sanitation Products. Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc., Haltimore, Md. Mercurochrome First Aid Antiseptic, Thantis Lozenges. Indian Motocycle Co., Springfield, Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. Industrial Gloves Co., Danville, III. Industrial Safety Clothing. Industrial Safety Equipment Assn., New York City. Association of Manufacturers of Industrial Safety Equipment. International Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Safety Shoes. Junkin Safety Appliance Co., Louisville, Ky. Power Press Guards. Juvenile Wood Products, Inc., Fort Wayne, Ind. Automobile Safety Seats for Children. The Karpark Corp., New York City. Parking Meters. Keystone View Co., Meadville, Pa. Visual Safety Tests. Walter Kidde & Co., Inc., New York City. Fire Protection Equipment. Kimball Safety Products Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Industrial Safety Clothing and Supplies. Lehigh Safety Shoe Co., Inc., Allentown, Pa. Leather and Rubber Safety Shoes. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. The Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co., Lima, Ohio. Non-Slip Soles and Heels. Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chicago, III. Automobile. Compensation and General Casualty Insurance. JiMacwhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. Wire Rope and Braided Wire Rope Slings. The Martindale Electric C<>,, Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signals. McCloskey Torch Co., Toledo, Ohio. Bomb Shell Torches and Truck blares. IF. McDonald C.o., Los Angeles, Calif. Safety Hats and Respirators. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York City. Life Insurance, Industrial, etc. Michigan Malleable Iron Co., Detroit, Mich. Traffic Stop Signs. MiJhum Co., Detroit, Mich. Protective Creams for Prevention of Occupational Skin Diseases. We Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Appliances and First Aid Materials. Mtdem Engineering Co., St. Louis, Mo. Welding Torches and Safety Goggles. Wray Safety Sling Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Plated Wire Rope Slings. 5X3 584 Twenty-sixth National Safely Coin/ress National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York City. Safety Service, Casualty Insurance. National Safety Council, Inc , Chicago, Ml. Tosters, Bureau of Information, Research and Education Division. G. M. Packwood Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. Soaps and Cleaning Compounds. Panther-Panco Rubber Co., Inc., Chelsea, Mass. Safety Soles and Heels. The Patent Scaffolding Co., Chicago, III. Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. The Phister Manufacturing Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Lire Protection Kqliipmcnt. Prolectoseal Co., Chicago, III. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. Pulmosan Safety Kquipinent Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Respiratory Protection and Oeneral Safety Kquipinent. Railway and Industrial Engineering Co., Greenslnirg, 1'a. Interlock Systems, Potential and Phase Detectors, Insulator Testers. Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Co., Columbus, Nebr. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rich Signs Corp., Wichita, Kans. Highway Reflecting Traffic Markers. Rockwood Sprinkler Co., Worcester, Mass. Fire Protection Equipment. Rose Manufacturing Co., Denver, Colo. Industrial Safety Equipment. Safeguard Electric Co., Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards. Safety Engineering, Alfred M. Best Co., Inc., New York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. The Safety Equipment Service Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Goggles and All Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Co., Holliston, Mass. Safety Shoes. W. H. Salisbury & Co., Inc., Chicago, III. Linemen's. Rubber Protective Devices. Shepherd Safety Shoe Corp., Chicago, III. Safety Shoes. The Spencer Turbine Co., Hartford, Conn. Industrial Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collection Equipment. Standard Safety Equipment Co., Chicago, 111. Industrial Safety Equipment. Stonehouse Signs, Inc., Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. The Strauss Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Belts, Safety Hats, and Foot Guards. Sugar Beet Products Co.. Saginaw, Mich. Industrial Soaps. The Surety Rubber Co., Carrollton, Ohio. Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic Rubber Industrial Equipment. The Surty Manufacturing Co., Inc., Chicago, III. Dust Counters, Exhaust Units, Safety Guards and Shields. S-W Supply Co,, Girard, Kans. Highway Railroad Signals. ^ajety Tojuilenient See I ion Threeway Signal Co, Oklahoma City, Okla. Safety Signal Equipment. Traffic Boy, Inc., Canton, Ohio. School Zone Traffic. Warning Signs. United States Steel Corporation Subsidiaries, Pittsburgh, Pa. Steel Products and Cement. Wahlert Products Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Industrial Safety and hire Protection Equipment. Weaver Manufacturing Co., Springfield, III. Automotive Testing Equipment. West Disinfecting Co., Chicago, III. Products for the Promotion of Industrial Sanitation. The Western Union Telegraph Co., Kansas City, Mo. Communication Service. Willson Products, Inc., Reading, Pa. Personal Protective I fcviccs. 585 620 Tivnitv-sixth National Safety Coinjress 4 The session dosed with a panel discussion on wood products mill safety. Among: the points mentioned were the following: The need of educating the worker in simple terms; the necessity of persona! con tact in safety education ; giving reasons in stead of simply orders; the seriousness of minor injuries; safety meetings of super visors and employees. INDEX ADJOURNMENT A Absenteeism: Facts Revealed from Studying the Cause* of Absenteeism (Curtis), 76-80. Accident Prone Employees: See Personal Factor*. Accident Statistics: Analysis of Accidents, 228. The Function of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statis* ^ tics in the Field of Accident Statistics, 463-465. (iraphic Method of Portraying Accidents (Spitzer), 264-266. How to Make Statistics Interesting and Useful (Kilmer), 396-398. Keeping a Record of Accident Costs (CiotdMine), 288-290. Report of Accident Experience Exchange (Braun), 431-435. What are the Best Ways to Keep and Use Accident Records? 176-180. Acids: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the Consumer (Eberhardt), 207-209. Safe Handling of Portable Acid Containers Such as Carboys, Drums, Jugs, Flasks (Stratton), 201-204. Safe Storage and Distribution of Acids Within Industrial Plants (Turgeon), 204-206. See also Chemicals. Aeronautical Section: Minutes, 211-219. Officers, 211. Aeronautics: Cleveland Airport Radio Traffic Con trol (Berry), 218-219. The Importance of Flight Dispatching in Air Transportation (Frit*), 211-213. Planning for Safety (Gazlcy), 213-217. Rating of Instructors (Cole), 217-218. After Work Accidents Session: 33-40. After Work Accidents: See also Public Safety. Agricultural Safety Session: 41-49. Ainsworth, t\: Interesting Phases of Construc tion Safely Code Work, 300-302. Air Conditioning: Safety Control in Air Condition ing (llillen), 571-5/6. Aldrich, II. J.: Safety Kinks in the Food Industry, 322. Allen, T.: Safety Program for the Reduction of Accidents in Coal Mines in Colorado, 404-408. Ames, F. E.: The Value of Safety Posters in Accident Prevention, 357-359. Ammonia: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the Consumer (Eberhardt), 209. Anderson, A. L.: Can the Safety Engineer Make Effective Motion Pictures? What One Company Has Done, 497. Annual Meeting of Members: 11-30. A.S.S.E.-- Engineering Section: Minutes, 221-224. Officers, 221-222. Augustus, R.; How ('an the Industrial Nurse Help Maintain Employee Interest in the Safety Pro gram? 328-332. Automotive and Machine Shop Section: Officers, 225-226. Automotive anil Machine Shop Power Press Sec tions: Minutes, 225-247. Awards: See Contests; Rewards. B libb, L. V.: The Nurse's Part in Getting In jured Men Back on the Job, 323-326, Badger, O. B.: Habit Formation Through Super vision, 526-527. Baker, R. J.: The Advancement of Safety in the American Steamship Industry, 343-345. Bakeries; See Food Industry. Hunasli, y I. and Reiidiaid, If. I'.: Welding and Cutting Fires are Preventable. 385-387. Banquet: 31-32. Barrett, G. I.: Iron Ore Mining, 411-412. Beil, P.: Why the Worker is Not Responsible, 377. Berry, J.: Cleveland Airport Radio Traffic Con trol. 218-219. Bigler, II. C,; Developing Safe Workers Through the Employment Office and Job Training, 226 229. Blakeslee, If, N.: A Statistical Review and Fore cast of the Petroleum Industry, 519-520. Rlannied, E. A.: Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Construction Equipment, 295-297. Boggess, H. \V.: Industry's Responsibilities in Community Safetv, 490-493. Boilers: What the Safety Man Should Know About Steam Boilers and Steam Lines (Fish), 157 161. Bonus Plans: See Rewards. Bowen, Capt. W. O.: Training of Officers, 368* 370. Boxhnard Mills: See Paper Industry.^ Braun, F. W.: Report of Accident Experience Ex change, 431-435. Bridges: Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Con struction Equipment (Blanpied), 295-297. Brooks, Dr. A. L.: What the Industrial Nurse Should Know About Occupational Diseases, 334 337. Brown, IV: The Nurse's Part in the Sickness Pre vention Program, 337-340. Buckle, P. F.: Adequate Accidentlnvestigation and the Need for Suitable Discipline Before the Accident Occurs, 597-599. Rulletin Boards: The Use of Bulletin Boards in the Safety Program^ 108-199. Bungenstock, A. G.: (Jetting Facts and Keeping Records on After Work Accidents, 33-35. Burden, O. R.: The Handling of Pipe as it Ap plies to Oil and Gas Pipe Line Work^ 504-511. Burns: Industrial Burns and Their Treatment (Mudd), 81-83. c Calenders: See Paper Industry. Carbon Dioxide: Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention (Goosman), 564-566. Carboys: See Acids. Cement anil Quarry Sections: Minutes, 249-270. Cement Industry: Analysis of Accidents in the Cement Industry (Curtis), 250-252. Facts Revealed from Studying the Causes of Absenteeism (Curtis), 76-80. Cement Section: Officers. 249. ^ Chemical Industry; Safety in Chemical Labora tories (Ritter). 272-274. Safety in Chemical Pilot Plants (Tilden), 275 279. Safety in the Chemical Production Plant (Zoerb). 280-284. Chemical Section: Contest, 275. Minutes, 271-284. Officers, 271 272. 621 622 Idventv-Sixth National Safety Coni/ress Chemical*; Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acid* hy the Consumer (F.herhardt), 207 200. Safe Handling of Portable Acid Containers Such a* Carboys, Drums, Jug*. Flasks (Stratton). 201-204. Safe Storage and Distribution of Acids Within Industrial Plants (Turgeon), 201-206. See also Acid*. Colahan, K. A.: How to Inspect a Factory Klevator for Safety, 183 187. Cole, K. B.: Hating of Instructors. 217-218. Colors: Painting Machines on Which Repetitive Gyrations are Performed, 246. Committees; How Can Unsafe Conditions Be Un Dusts: Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry (Sissman), 612-614, The Doctor's Pari in Controlling Dust Hazards (l.azenby), 95-98. The Engineer's Part in Eliminating Dust Hazards (Johnson), 92-95. Methods for Protection Against Silicosis, and When They Arc Justified (Harrington), 2902`>5. What Industrial Dusts are Harmful? Why? (Sayers), 85-92. Work of the National Silicosis Conference (Starr) 257-260. Dye, B. T.: Planning Your Safety Program, 394 395. covered, 175-174. Standard Safety Committee Procedure, 348-349. What Part, if Any, Does the Safety Committee Have in the Tratning Program, 196-107. Community Safety Organization Session; 51*58. E Community Safety: See also Public Safety. Compressed Air: What the Safety Man Should Know About Compressed Air System*, 161 166. Construction Industry; Interesting Phases of Con struction Safety Code Work (Ainsworth), 300-302. Methods Used to Present Safety Movement to Employees (Jessup), 302-304. Practical Engineering a* Applied to Safety in Construction (Crandell), 304-306. Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Construction Equipment (Blanpied), 295-297. Safety Tratning for the Construction Foreman (Curtis), 297 300. Construction Section: Minutes, 285-306. Officers, 285-286. Contests: Chemical Section, 275. Contests (live Results, 317-318. Marine Section, 370. Metal* Section, 396. ^ Methods Used by A Sand and Crave) Company to Win the National Safety Award (Knop), 261 262. Paper and Pulp Section Safety Contest, 471-473. Petroleum Section. 520. Place of Contests in the Safety Program, 153-155. Public Utilities Section, 549. Rubber Section, S78-S79. Cooner, J. I).; Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimination in Anthracite Mining, 409 411. Costs and Money Savings: The Dollars and Cents Side of Safely (Hail), 589-590. Craig, J. I).: What the Safely Man Should Know About Processing Kettles, 166-172. Crandell, F. J.; Practical Engineering as Applied to Safety in Construction, 304-306. Curtis, A. j. R.: Analysis of Accidents in the Cement Industry, 250-252. Facts Revealed from Studying the Causes of Absenteeism. 76-80. < Curtis, M. U.: Safety Training for the Construc tion Foreman, 297-300. Eberhardr. E. G.: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the Consumer, 207-209. Economics of Safety: See Costs and Money Sav ings. Education of Workmen: The Art of Giving Com plete Instruction (Martin), 521-526. Employee Training and Its Relation to Accident Prevention on American Railroads (Hale), 590-592. Five Steps Necessary to Instruction 619. Habit Formation Through Supervision (Badger), 526-527. . t. Instructional Methods in Accident Prevention in Pulp and Paper Industry, 451-455. Is There any Relation Between Safety Training and Safety Rules? 195-196. Is Training a Vital Factor in Effective Safety Work (Pepper), 2S6-257. Safety Training for the Construction Foreman (Curtis), 297-300. Should Visual Methods be Employed in the Training PTogTam? 197-199. What are the Objectives of Safety Training. I9.M94. What is Safety Education? 180-181. What Part, If Any, Does the Safety Committee Have in the Training Program, 196-197. What Training Methods are Most Effective? 196. What Types of Training Are the Most Beneficial to Industry? 194-195. Who Shall be Trained, 194. Electrical Industry: How to Make a Safety In spection of Electrical Equipment (Hasskarl), 187-191. Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies a* it Relates to Electric Operation (Salshurv), 542-545. Electricity: Following the Plant Electrician (Wick ham), 603-605. How to Make a Safety Inspection of Electrical Equipment (Hasskarl), 187-191. See also Static Electricity. Electroplating; Sec Plating. Elevators: How to Inspect a Factory Elevator for D Deadman, W. W.: Let** Go Into This Accident, Saftey (Colahan), 183-187. Employees* Meetings: Compulsory Attendance at Safety Meetings, 142-143. Executive Training Meetings, 227-228. Employees Training: See Education of Workmen: 253-256. Dermatitis: See Health Hazards. ( Dibadale, S. S. * Point of Operation Guards for Metal Working Machines 236-237. Dickinson. S. C.: Typical Public Utility Accidents and the Lessons Learned From Them, 554-555. Discipline: Disciplinary Measures for Violation of Safety Rules, 470. Penalties for violation of Rules (Simpson), 455 Safety Training Session. Engineering: Engineering and Industrial Accident Prevention (Holbrook), 223-224. Practical Engineering as Applied to Safety in Construction (Crandell), 304-306. Engineering Revision: Designing for Safety (Rock- hoff), 237-238. # Developing Safe Workers in Metal Working In dustries Through the Regular Supervisory 460. Dowd, A. S : Data on 1936-37 Paper Industry Safety Contest, 472-473. Drivers and Driving: See Traffic. Drums for Acids; See Acids. ^ "Dry Ice": Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention (Goosman), 564-566. Force (Hunter), 233-234. Executives: See Management. Exhibits: Exhibitors at the 26th National Safety Congress and Exposition, 581-585. Explosions: Explosion Hazards of Common Flat* triable Liquids (Miller), 67-70. Index 62.1 Farm Safety: Farm Fires and Their Prevention (lames), 46 47. __ A 49P.rogram for Farm Safely (Seagrnves), 47 Urgent Need for Program on Agricultural Acci dent Prevention (Price), 41-42. What Are the Outstanding Causes of Agricul tural Accidents? (Moliler), 42-45. See also Agricultural Safely Session. Fatigue: Fatigue in Its Relation to Accident Pre vention (Garner). 569-573. Prevention of Accidents in Repetitive Operations (Thomas). 243-244. Fennell, 1). L,* Address of Welcome for Kansas City Safety Council, II. Ferguson, R. II.*. Visual Education Methods, 229 232. Fernandez, A. C.4. Handling Safety in a Large Mexican Mine, 426-428. Filmer, W. T,: How to Make Statistics Interesting and Useful. 396-398. Fire Prevention: Causes, Prevention and Control of Petroleum Fires (Howell), 514-518. Combating the Dust ^ Problem in the Wood Products Industry (Sissiuan), 612-614. Explosion Hazard? of Common Flammable Liquids (Miller), 67-70. Farm Fires and Their Prevention (James), 46 47. Spontaneous Ignition and Its Prevention (Nuck olls), 63-66. Garner, Dr. J. R.: Fatigue in Its Relation to Ac cident Prevention, 569-573. Gases: Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention (Goosman), 564-566. Injurious Effects of Metal Fume* and How to Vrevrnt Them (Jones), 99-104. ^ Gasoline: Causes, Prevention and Control of Petroleum Fires (Howell), 514-517. Resunid of Safety in Natural Gasoline Plants ^ (McCullough), 528-533. See also Flammable Liquids. Gazley, R. C.: Planning tor Safety, 213-217. Gibbs, C. W.: What the Safety Man Should Know About Compressed Air Systems, 161-166. Giesstug, H. Yv.: Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimination in Lead Zinc Mining. 415-417. Goldstine, K. N.: Keeping a Record of Accident Costs, 288-290. Goosman, I)r. J. C.: Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention, 564-566. Gore, G. L.: Accidents in Delivering Refrigerated Products and Their Prevention, 566-569. (irain Elevators: See Food Industry. Griffin, Dr. J. M.: Coal Mine Injuries from a Doctor's viewpoint, 422-423. Guard*: Point of Operation Guards for Meta! Working Machines (Dibsdale), 236-237. What Constitutes a Good Safeguarding Program? 175-176. Static Electricity as a Fire Hazard and Its Con trol (Turkington), 59-63. Welding and Cutting Fires are Preventable (Banash and Reinhard), 385-387. Fire Prevention Session: 59-70. H Fish, E. R.: What the Safety Man Should Know About Steam Boilers and Steam Lines, 157 161. Flammable Liquids: Explosion Hazards of Com mon Flammable Liquids (Miller), 67-70. Flasks: See Acid*. Hale, I.: Employee Training and Its Relation to Accident Prevention on American Railroads, 590-592. Hall, F.: The Dollars and Cents Side of Safety, 589 590. Handling Materials: The Handling of Pipe as it Flood Emergencies: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Telephone and Telegraph (Ledwith), 547-548. Applies to Oil and Gas Pipe Line Work (Bur den), 504-511. Recent Developments in the Safety of Internal Safety in Connection With Emergencies as it Affects Water Utilities (Webb), 545-546. Transportation Equipment (McAuley), 239 242. Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Relates to Electric Operation (Salsbury), 542-545. Doors: Preventing Slippery Floors, 321. Tripping Hazards in Paper Mill Machine Rooms, 476-477. Flour Mills: See Food Industry. Food Industry: Accident Reduction With a Planned Maintenance System--Bakeries (Hil debrand), 310-313. Eliminating Accidents Peculiar to Women in the Food Industry (McKeon), 319-322. Safety and Sanitation and Its Relation to Food Products (Kanipe), 3J7-319. Safety Kinks in the Food Industry (Aldrich), 322. What Accident Prevention Means to the Flour Milling Industry (Warkentin), 313-316. food Section: Minutes, 307-322. Officers, 307-309. Hanley, G. \V.: The Psychology of Safety, 266 270. Harlan, B. J.: How I Made Safety Effective in My Department, 388-389. Harrington, 1).: Methods for Protection Against Silicosis, and When They Are Justified, 290 295. Harville, O. S.: Threads of Safety, 602-603. Haselton, VV. D.: New Safety Kinks in Mining, 424-425. Hasskarl, P. L. G.: How to Make a Safety In spection of Electrical Equipment, 187-191. Health Hazards: Combating tne Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry (Sissman), 612 614. The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards (Laz.enhy), 95-98. Electroplating Fumes and Vapors and Their Elimination (Rastello), 104-108. Industrial Burns and Their Treatment (Mudd), 81-83. Farbe*, J. J.: Specific Accidents and Hazards and Industrial Dermatitis and Its Prevention Their Elimination in Mining From the View (Schwartz)* 71-76. point of the United States Bureau of Mines, 417-422. Industrial Tuberculosis -A Public Health Fac tor (Spector), 326-328. Foremen: Developing Safety Workers in Metal Working Industries Through the Regular Su pervisory Force (Hunter), 232-234. Injurious Effects of Metal Fumes and How to Prevent Them (Jones), 99-104. Methods for Protection Against Silicosis, and Bow Can the Foreman Most Effectively Meet His Responsibility? (Roberts), 60K-610. Safety Training for the Construction Foreman (Curtis), 297-300. When They are Justified (Harrington), 290 295. What Industrial Dusts are Harmful? Why? (Sayers), 85-92. Mb. L. C: The Importance of Flight Dispatch- mi in Air Transportation, 211-213. "a: See Gates. What the industrial Nurse Should Know About Occupational Diseases (Brooks), 334-337. Work of the National Silicosis Conference (Starr), 257-260. 624 7\v<'H/v-.S'i'.r//i <\'ii(inmil Sufrly ( uui/rrsx 4 / iii/rx 625 The Worker's Health in the Petroleum Industry (KassrhamnJ, 4'M. p>7. Health Service Session: 7|-83. lleitrnan, A. \Y.: Safety Practice of the Inland Inline and Stone t mnpany. 262-264. Henderson, K. T. Unusual Refinery Accidents, 501-504. Henderson, T. G.: Methods of Obtaining Employee Interest sun I ( nopetatinn in Safety, 435 4 1,*. Mtllrri, A. G.: Safety Control in Air CnmhtioM- ing, 573-576. . . . llolhrook, K. A.: Engineering and Imlustrral Ac- cidrnt Prevention, 223 224. Holden, Cant. K. C.: What Insurance Carrier Can Do to Prevent Accidents in Maritime Tratles, 346-349. Holzbog. J. H.: The Industrial Nurse as an Aid to the Safety Department, 332-334. Housekeeping: Hood Housekeeping in Woodwork ing Plants (Wilson), 614-616. Howell, J. T.: Causes, IVevention and Control of Petroleum Fires, 514 518. Hitman Element: See Personal Factors. Hunter, V. B.: Developiiig Safe Workers in Metal W'orking Industries Through the Regular Su pervisory Force, 242-2 VI, Hydrocyanic Acid: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the ( onsumer (Eber- hardt), 208. Hydrofluoric Acid: Protective Fijiiipinent in the Handling of Acids hy the (.onsumer (Eber- hardl), 20K. i Industrial Dusts Session: 85-98. Industrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors Session: 99 108. Industrial Nursing Session- 424-440. Industrial Relations: Safety's Place in an Indus trial Relations Program (Shattuck), 4IH-4M, Industrial Safety Lectures (Lee), 109-149. Injured Workers: Discussions on Accident Report ing hy Injured Employee, 460. The Nurse's Part in Getting Injured Men Back on the Job (Babb), 424-426. Inspection: How Can Unsafe Conditions he Un- covered{ 173 1 75. Inspectors Session: See Safety Inspectors Session. Investigation of Accidents: Adequate Accident In vestigation and the Need for Suitable Disci pline Before the Accident Occurs (Buckle), 597-509. Demonstration of Accident Investigation, 45|. 455. Let's Go Into This Accident (l)eadman). 254-256. J James, W. D.: Farm Fires and Their Prevention, 46-47. ...................... Jamieson, F. R.: Activities of Public Utilities in the Prevention of Accidents lo the Public, 549. 5 52. Jessup, G. P.: Methods Used In Present Safety Movement to Employees, 402-401. Johnson, A. S.: The Engineer's Part in Eliminat ing Dust Harards, 92-95. . Johnson, G. R.: Investigation of Personal Injuries Involving Seamen, 359-361. Johnston, C. E.: Stream Lining for Safety, 594 597. . Jones, Dr. R. R.: Injurious F'ffects of Metal Fumes and How to Prevent Them, oo.JOI. K Kamne, R. R.: Safety and Sanitation and Its Re lation to Food Products, 417-419. Kassehaum, Dr. G. K.: The Worker's Health in the Petroleum Industry, 404.497, Keller, C. C.: Why the Employer is Not Respon sible, 474-47.5. Kelly, R. \V.: Safety as a Morale Builder, 383- 4K5. Knoelk, W. C.: The Officials' Part in an Organised Community Program, 54-56. Koffman, M. A.: What a Plant Can Do to Pre vent After Work Accidents, 45 48. Koop, II. A.: Methods Used hy a Sand and tiravel Company to Win the National Safely Award, 261, 262. L Laboratories: Safety in Chemical Laboratories (Rit ter), 272-274. Lazenhy, Dr. A. D.: The Doctor's Part in Con trolling Dust Hazards, 95-98. Leather Industries Section: See Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section. Ledwith, T. D.: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Telephone and Tele graph, 547-548. Lee, L J.: Industrial Safety lectures (How to Make the Safety Speech), 109-149. Lee, R. L.: Highway Safety in Industry, 38-40. Lighting: Influence of Lighting, 244. Lincoln, H. L.: The Human Element in Accident Prevention, 562-564. Linstrolh, L. \V.: Safety in the Needle Trade, 606 608. . Loomis, K. C.: Safely Device for Horizontal Heater, 579-580. > .. Lounsbury, W. C.: Typical Public Utility Accidents ami the lessons Learned From Them, 554 554. Lumber Industry: See Wood Products Industry. Lyons, J.: Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimination in Bituminous Coal Mining, HIM-t00. M McArdle, J. M.: Who is Responsible for Industrial Accidents? 478-479. McAuley, B. F.: Recent Developments in the Safety of Internal Transportation Equipment, 249-242. ... , McCann, E. J.: Personal Protective Equipment m Meat Packing Plants, 472-474 McClintock, M.: Safety Today and Tomorrow, 22 26. McCullough, G. W.: Resume of Safety in Natural Gasoline Plants, 528-544. McKeon, E. I).: Eliminating Accidents Peculiar to Women in the Food Industry, 419-422. McLean, F. R.: Lessons from Marketing Depart ment Accidents, 511-514. Maintaining Interest: How Can the Industrial Nurse Help Maintain Employer Interest in the Safety Program? (Augustus). 328-442. Methods of Obtaining Emnloyee Interest and Cooperation in Safety (Henderson), 445-442. See also Contests. > Maintaining Interest in Safety Session: 141-156. Maintenance and Repair: Accident Reduction With a Planned Maintenance System -Bakerie* (Hildebrand), 310 414. , Maintenance and Repair and Its Relation ( Safety in the Metals Industry (Smith), 398 400. Proper Safety Training iti Maintenance Depart* ments (Percival), 409-410. .... Management: Management's Function in the Safety Program (Nicholson), 460-464. Management's Interest in Safety, 149-150. Safety, An Executive Operating Prohleia (White). 593-594. Why the Employer is Not Responsible (Keller). 374-375. Marine Industry: The Advancement of Safety in the American Steamship Industry (Baker), .34 3. 345. Building Safety in Ships (Wrestling), 452 457. Creating a Sense of Responsibility in the In dividual Seaman (lYgg), 4o7. Eliminating Dangers of Cargo Hazards (Wilson), 464-467. (iovernmeni Aid in Preventing Injuties to Lour shoremen and Harbor Workers (Swolloul), 361-36 1. Investigation of Personal Injuries Involving Sea men (Johnson), 359-361. A Plan to Create Interest of Seamen in Pie- vention of Accidents (Woll), 350.352. Safety Organization, 3-18-349. Training of Officers (Bowen), 368-370. The Value of Safety Posters in Accident Pre vention (Anies): 357-359, What Insurance Carriers Can Do to Prevent Ac cidents in Maritime Trades (Holden), 346 349. What is the Next Step in Controlling Accidents to Longshoremen? (Stow), 345-346. Marine Section: Contest, 370. Joint Luncheon with Petroleum Section: 519-520. Minutes, 341-370. Officers, 341-343. Martin, R. L.: The Art of Giving Complete In struction, 521-526. Meat Packing Industry: Personal Protective Equip ment in Meat Packing Plants (McCann), 372 374. Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section: Minutes, 371-379. Officers 371-372. Metal Industries; How I Made Safety Effective in My Department (Harlan), 388-3X9. Maintenance and Repair and Its Relation to Safety in the Metals Industry (Smith), 398 400. Metals Section: Contest, 396. Minutes, 381-400. Officers, 381-383. Miller: C. R.: Explosion Hazards of Common Flam mable Liquids. 67-70. Mining Industry: Coal Mine Injuries from a Doc tor's Viewpoint (Griffin). 422-423. Handling Safety in a Large Mexican Mine (Fernandez), 426 128. Iron Ore Mining (Barrett), 411-412. New Safety Kinks in Mining (Haseltou), 421 425. The Relationship of Safety to Efficiency in Min ing (Richardson), 402-401. Safety Program for the Reduction of Accidents in Coal Mines in Colorado (Allen), 404 408. Specific Accidents ami Hazards and Their Elimi nation it) Anthracite Mining (Conner), 4()9- 411. Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimi nation in Bituminous Coal Mining (Lvons), 408-409. > .... Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimi nation in Copper Mining (Newliu), 413-415. Specific Accidents ami Hazards and Their Elimi nation in Lead /ine Mining fCiessing), 4U- 417. ...................... Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimi nation in Mining From the Viewpoint of the United Stall's Bureau of Mines (Forbes), 417-422. Mining Section: Minutes. 401-128. Officers, 401 102. Minor Injuries: Minor Acrid nt Reporting, 146 147. Mohler, J. C.: What are the Outstanding Causes of Agricultural Accidents? 42-45. Motion Pictures: See Visual Education. Mudd. Dr. R. D.: Industrial Burns and Their Treatment. 81-83. N National Safely Council: Directors, 5 8. Executive Committee, 4-5. Honorary Members, 4. Nominating Committee Report, 20. I Iffirei s, 4, 31. Put poses and Policies, 0-10. R-s*dutions Committee Report, 20-22. National Silicosis Conference: Work of the Na tional Silicosis Conference (Starr), 257-260. Ni ai Accidents: See Minor Injuries. New Employees: Developing Safe Workers Through the Employment Office am) Job Training (Bigler), 226-229. Newlin, R. S.: Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimination in Copper Mining, 413-415. NichoLon, G. \V. E.: Management's Function in > the Safely Program, 460 46.3. Nichoson, A. A.: Industry Casts a New Safety Die, 27-29. Nuckolls, A. II.: Spontaneous Ignition and Its Preventimij 63-66. Nurses; How Can the Industrial Nurse Help Main tain Employee Interest in the Safety Program? (Augustus), 328-332. The Industrial Nurse as an Aid to the Safety I tenartment ( Holzbog), 332-334. The Nurse's Part in Getting Injured Men Back on the Job (Babb), 323-326. The Nurse's Part in the Sickness Prevention Program (Brown), 337-340 What the'Industrial Nurse Should Know About Occupational Diseases (Brooks), 334-337. Nurses Session: See Industrial Nursing Session. o Organization: Methods Used by a Sand and Gravel Company to Win the National Safety Award (Koop),' 261-262. Planning Your Safely Program (Dye), 394-395. Oxalic Acid: Protective Equipment in the Han dling of Acids by the Consumer (Eberhardt), 209. P Paper and Pulp Section: Contest, 471-473. Minutes, 429-487. Officers, 429-430. Paner Industry: Calender Stack Hazards, 479-482. Demonstration of Accident Investigation, 451 455. Discussion on the Making of Paper Boxes, 465 468. Dryer Hazards, 478-479. Hazards Encountered in Changing Wires on Paper Machines, 474-476. Hazards of Wet belts, 476-478. Instructional Methods in Accident Prevention in Pulp ami Paper Industry, 45 1-45.5. Major Hazards and Their Elimination in Boxlmard Mills (Patton), 442-4 18. Methods of Obtaining Employee Interest and Cooperation in Safety (Henderson), 435-442. Paper Mill Machine Room Hazards, 473-487. Report of Accident Experience Exchange (Braun), 431-435. Tripping Hazards in Paper Mill Machine Rooms, 476 477. Winder Hazards, 482-487. Patton, E. W.: Major Hazards and Their Elimina tion in Roxboard Mills, 442-448. Prgg, A. O,: Creating a Sense of Responsibility in the Individual Seaman, 367. Penalties: See Discipline. Pepper, F. M.: Is Training a Vital Factor in Effective Safety Wotk? 256 257. Percival, A. J.: Proper Safety Training in Main tenance Departments 309-310. Personal Factors: The tinman Element in Acci dent Prevention (Lincoln), 562-564. Mental Causes of Accidents (Rail), 560-562. 626 Ideenly-Sixlh National Safely Cotii/ress Method* of Handling Employees Who Are Con tinually Involved in Accidents, 46H-4<>9. Prevention of Accidents in Repetitive Operations (Thomas), 242 247. The Psychology of Safety (Hanley), 266-270. Safety Training for the Construction Foreman (Curtis), 297-300. Petroleum Iind*ustry: C' auses, Prevention anti Con trol of Petroleum Fires (Howell), 514-518. Efficiency and Safety in Oil Field Transportation (Teague), 498-500. The Handling of Pipe as it Applies to Oil and Cat Pipe Line Work (Burden), 504-511. Lessons From Marketing Department Accidents (McLean), 511-514. Resuml of Safety in Natural Gasoline Plants (McCullough), 528-533. A Statistical Review and Forecast of the Petrol eum Industry (Blakeslee), 519-520. Unusual Refinery Accidents (Henderson), 501 504. The Worker's Health in the Petroleum Industry (Kassebaum), 493-497. Petroleum Section: Contest, 520. Minutes, 489-533. Officers, 489-490. Physical Examinations: The Placement of Men from the Standpoint of Physical Fitness (Vonachen), 234-236. Picric Acid: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the Consumer (Kberhardt), 208. Plating: Electroplating Fumes and Vapors and Their Elimination (Kastello), 104-108. Posters: The Value of Safety Posters in Accident Prevention (Ames), 357-359. See also Visual Education. Power Press Section: Minutes, 225-247. Officers. 535-536. President's Address (Watson), 14-19. Pressure Vessels Session: 157-172. Price, D. J.: Urgent Need for Program on Agri cultural Accident Prevention, 41-42. Processing Kettles: What^ the Safety Man Should Know About Processing Kettles (Craig), 166 172. Psychology: See Personal Factors. Puolic Safety: Activities of Public Utilities in the Prevention of Accidents to the Public (Jamie son), 549-552. . . Community Safety Organirations and the Public (SkeelL 56-58. Getting Facts and Keeping Records on After Wont Accidents (Bungenstock). 33-35. Highway Safety in Industry (Lee), 38-40. industry's Responsibilities in Community Safety (Boggess), 490-493. The Officials' Part in an Organized Community Program (Knoelk), 54-56. What a Plant Can Do to Prevent After Work Accidents (Koffman), 35-38. Why Have a Community Safety Council? (Strieker), 51-54. See also Traffic. Public Speaking: How to Make the Safety Speech. Lecture* (Lee), 109-139. Public Utilities: Activities of Public Utilities in the Prevention of Accidents to the Public (Jamieson). 549-552. Typical Puhllc Utility Accidents (Taylor), 552- Typical Public Utility Accidents and the Les son* Learned front Them (Dickinson). 554 555. Typical Public Utility Accidents and the Lessons Learned from Them (Lounshury), 553-554. What Are We Doing? (Scott), 540-542. See also Electrical Industry; Telephone and Telegraph; Water Utilities. Public Utilities Section: Contest, 549. Minutes, 537-555. Officers, 537-539. Quarry Section: Minutes, 249-270. Officers, 557. Railroads: Adequate Accident Investigation and the Need for Suitable Discipline Before the Acci dent Occurs (Buckle), 597-599. Employee Training and Ils Relation to Accident Prevention on American Railroads (Hale), 590 592. The Past, Present and Future of Railroad Safety (Sytnes), 587-589. Stream Lining for Safety (Johnston), 594-597. Kail, A. A.: Mental Causes of Accidents, 560-562. Kastello, Dr. P. B.: Electroplating Fumes and Vapors and Their Elimination, 104-108. Refrigeration Industry: Accidents in Delivering Re frigerated Products and Their Prevention (Gore), 566-569. # Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention (Goosman), 564-566. Refrigeration Section: Minutes, 559-576. Officers, 559-560. Reigeluth, R. J.: Awards for No Lost Time Acci dent Record, 286-288. Reinhard, H. F. and Banash, J. I.: Welding and Cutting Fires Are Preventable, 385-387. Resolutions: Report of Committee, 20-22. , ,, Responsibility: Creating a Sense of Responsibility in the individual Seaman (Pegg), 367. How Can the Foreman Most Effectively Meet His Responsibility? (Roberts), 608-610. Who is Responsible for Industrial Accidents? (McArdle), 378-379. Why the Employer is Not Responsible (Keller), 374-375. Why the Supervisor is Not Responsible (Sloan), 376-377. Why the Worker is Not Responsible (Beil), 377. . Rewards: Awards for No Lost Time Accident Record (Reigeluth). 286-288. Presentation of Motion Picture Traffic Safety Committee Trophy to Columbia Pictures, Inc, 32. Safety Practices of the Inland Lime and Stone Company (Heitraan), 263. Richardson, J. K.: The Relationship of Safety M Efficiency in Mining, 402-404. ( Ritter, A. B.: Safety in Chemical Laboratories, 27}> 2U. . . ,, River Work: Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Con struction Equipment (Blanpied), 295-297. Roberts, E. A.: How Can the F'oreman Most Ef fectively Meet His Responsibility? 608-610. Rockhoff, B. E.: Designing for Safety, 237-238. Rope: The Safe Use and the Abuse of Wire Rope ami Wire Rope Slings (Whyte), 389-394. Rubber Industry: Safety Device for Horizontal Heater (Loomis), 579-580. Rubber Section: Contest, 578-579. Minutes, 577-580. Officers, 577-578. Rule Books: The Use of Printed Safety Rules, 462-463. Safe Use of Acids Session: 201-209. Safety Equipment Section: Minutes, 581-585. Safety Fundamentals Session: 173-18L Safety Inspectors Session: 183-191. Safety Movement: Industry Casts a New Safety Die (Nichoson), 27-29. * Safety As a Morale Builder (Kelly), 383-385. What Are We Doing? (Scott), 540-542. Safety Training Session: 193*199, Salsbury, R. J.: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Relates to Electric Opera tion, 542-545. , Sand, Gravel and Stone Industry: Safety Practical of the Inland Lime and Stone Company (Heit* man), 262-264. Saws: How Should Dust Caused by a High Spool Saw be Collected? 616. Index 627 See also Wood Products Industry, yers, R. R.: What Industrial Dusts arc Harm ful? Why? 85 92. Sdwartz, L.: Industrial Dermatitis and Its Pre vention, 71-76. Stall, C. B.: What Are We Doing? 540-542. Sngraves, C. M.: A Program for Farm Safety. 47-49. pers: How May the Proper Setting of Shaper Knives he Determined? <>16. Muck, S. F.: Safety's Place in An Industrial Relations Program, 448-451. its: See Dusts. on, L. R.: Penalties for Violation of Rules, 455-460. "_n, I. G., Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry, 612-614. Judge L. E.: Community Safety Organiza tions and the Public, 56-58. C. W.: Why the Supervisor is Not Respon se, 376-377. I Plants: Safety from the Standpoint of the Small Plant, 145-145. laitb, Hon. B. B.: Address of Welcome in Be half of Kansas City, 12-13. Mth, C. J Maintenance and Repair and Its Re lation to Safety in the Metals Industry, 398 400. *or,H. J.: Industrial Tuberculosis A Public Health Factor, 326-328. tz:rp E.: Graphic Method of Portraying Acci dents, 264^266. taneous Ignition: Spontaneous Ignition and Its Prevention (Nuckolls), 63-66. * Hon. L. C.: Address of Welcome for the tate of Missouri, 13-14. mt. R, C.: Work of the National Silicosis Con ference, 257-260. `It Electricity: Static Electricity as a F'ire Hazard and Its Control (Turkington), 59-63. Railroad Meeting: 587-599. Industry: See Metal Industries. " an Axigraph, 197, 264-266. : See Sand, Gravel and Stone Industry. A. E.: What is the Next Step in Controlling Accidents to Longshoremen? 345-346. :t;n, R. C.: Safe Handling of Portable Acid Containers such as Carboys, Drums, Jugs, Flasks, 201-204. P. F.: Why Have a Community Safety Council? 51-54. rvision: See Foremen; Management, vrd, J. W.: Government Aid in Preventing Injuries to Longshoremen and Harbor Workers, 361-364. feses, J. M.: The Past, Present and Future of Railroad Safety, 587-589. fefc Cars: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the Consumer (F.herhardt), 207. ~ nf Section: See Meat Packing and Leather Industries Section. nytoi, A. B.: Typical Public Utility Accidents, 552-553. fane, J. U.: Efficiency ami Safety in Oil Field Transportation, 498-500. nfcohone and Telegraph: Safety in Connection With Flooel Emergencies as it Affects Tele phone and Telegraph (l^edwith), 547-548. feratillef Tinnddunssttryv-: Following the Plant Electrician (jWWickham), 603-605. thkrieetaydsinofthSe aNfeeteydl(eHTarravdilele)(,L6in0s2t-6ro03th. ), 606-608, Section: Minutes, 601-610. Officers, 601. . Dr. J. S.: Prevention of Accidents in lepetitive Operations, 242-247. la, P. V.: Safety in Chemical Pilot Plants, 275-279. Design: See Engineering Revision. Traffic: Highway Safety in Industry (Lee), 38-40. Safety 'I oday and Tomorrow (McClintock), 22 26. See also Drivers and Driving; Public Safety. Trophies: See Rewards. Trucks--Hand: Recent Developments in the Safety of Internal Transportation Equipment (Me- Auley), 239-242. . Tuberculosis: Industrial Tuberculosis - A Public Health Factor (Spector, 326-328. Turgeon. L. P.: Safe Storage and Distribution of Acids Within Industrial Plants, 204-206. Turkington. E. E.: Static Electricity as a Fire Hazard and Its Control, 59-63. V Vapors: See Gases. Ventilation: See Also Air Conditioning; Dusts. Visual Education: Can the Safety Engineer Make Effective Motion Pictures? What One Com pany Has Done (Anderson), 497. Should Visual Methods Be Employed in the Training Program? 197-199. Visual Education Methods (Ferguson), 229-232. Vonachen, Dr. H. A.: The Placement of Men from the Standpoint of Physical Fitness, 234 236. w Warkentin, C. B.: What Accident Prevention Means to the Flour Industry, 313-316. Water Utilities: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Water Utilities (Webb), 545-546. Watson, Dr. C. H.: President's Address, 14-19. Webb, H. F.: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Water Utilities, 545 546. Welding: Welding and Cutting Fire9 are Prevent able (Banash and Reinhard), 385-387. Westling, L.: Building Safety in Ships, 352*357. White, R. C.: Safety, An Executive Operating Problem, 593-594. Whyte, R. B.: The Safe Use and the Abuse of Wire Rope and Wire Rone Slings, 389-394. Wickham, R. B.: Following tne Plant Electrician, 603-605. Wilson, B.: Eliminating Dangers of Cargo Hazards, 364-367. Wilson, J. C.: Good Housekeeping in Woodwork ing Plants. 614-616. Woll, A. O.: A Plan to Create Interest of Seamen in Prevention of Accidents, 350-352. Women in Industry: Eliminating Accidents Pecu liar to Women in the Food Industry (Mc- Keon), 319-322. Wood Products Industry: Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry (Siss- man), 612-614. < Good Housekeeping in Woodworking Plants (Wilson), 614-616. Preventing Accidents at the Point of Deration on Woodworking Machines-From l^og to Finished Product (Woods), 617-619. See Also Saws; Shapers. Wood Products Section: Minutes, 611-620. Officers, 611. < Woods, R. L.: Preventing Accidents at the Point of Operation on Woodworking Machines - From Log to Finished Product, 617-619. z Zoerb. A. S.: Safety in the Chemical Production Plant, 280-284.