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FILE NAME Talc TALC DATE 1980 DOC TALC492 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Dept of Labor Report - Asbestiform and Fibrous Minerals in Mines Mills and Quarries Asbestiform and Fibrous Minerals in Mines Mills and Quarries U.S. E partment of Labor Ray Marshall Secretary MineSafety and Health Administration Robert B. Lagather Assistant Secretary 1980 IR 1111 CONTENTS ; Page Page etter Abstract Cee e eee ne eee eb te mend b res bossa TTT ANT TAATH TTT EERIE teceesetecurereneeee AA Introduction ssaserecrserstegesremrreeerarene Vege v eee er eeeree ees enseeceeeenereger sencesetnecetces Acknowledgments Review of medical aspects cece cere cre erence n rene rete dsennreressteedias W N Mineralogy and petrology ..... cree c cine cneeesae see eeenetteeeeeeeegees Definitions .... .... vccrcccerew " " tg statnsasees WWNN Nomenclature inconsistenciesyer cee ssc e ceca essctaectpeseees Sampling and evaluation of fibrous dust ress er renee Mineral fiber identification problems and some examples 8a f Discussion of minerals which may occur in fibrous form Discussion with predictions of ore desposits which may contain fibrous minera settel e rer rccs ererres 8 9 Possible fibrous mineral occurrences in different rock types Basic igneous ....... a Medium igneous rocks ai 9 Sedimentary rocks Peo ear vast erevere steer arrrane 9 en Metamorphic rocks PPT rrrrrrrererrereeeerrr 10 Summary and conclusions Pee a ee er ee 10 12 12 ... ... cn rn Refere 8 nces " wereeeneerarearerereveee minerals Appendix Minerals that may occur in fibrous habits their synonyms and rock types generally expected to contain of a fibrous nature ones reste wees reac ese a ashore sae r eter ae Heb erase neserenereorase 15 15 Appendix Mining operations and localities by commodities where | fibrous minerals may possibly be found 23 . i. ot MINES * ASBESTIFORM AND FIBROUS MINERA| LISN MILLS ., i ~ AND QUARRIES by Walter Bank 1 ABSTRACT One theory of induced lung damage holds that the shape and size of the responsible inorganic materials are significant factors Asbes- tiform minerals fibrous minerals or elongated cleavage fragments irrespective of the mineral name applied or definitions employed may therefore become significant in a health evaluation of airborne dust Many mineralisn ore deposits and quarries exist in variable habits including the fibrous shape Names of such minerals vary depending on locality availability of analytical equipment and personnel these factors workers in traditional usage and other factors the mininag nd associated industries Because of unknowingly may , be exposetdo asbestiform or fibrous minerals : I Appendix lists many minerals that occur in asbestiform or fibrous habits or which tend to cleave into elongated fragments Appendix II lists some selected mines arranged by commodities and scattered throughouthte conter- minous United States where fibrous minerals may be found Actual min~ vis- itations have confirmed the presence of such fibrous minerals INTRODUCTION Experiments on animals and human pathology indicate that the size and shape factors of inorganic substances are significant in the etiology of asbestosis other pneumoconioses and various cancers Many miners mineral and processors quarry workers may unknowingly be exposed to asbestiform and to their fibrous minerals which are hazardous health Industrial minerals sold directly in the form of consumer products may also constitute health os risks to the consumer . discusses This quarries report cices potential mineral assemblages found in ore deposits and hazardous minerals and predicts where fibrous min- , eral health hazards might exist Mining engineer Industrial Health Branch Technical Support Denver Colo is gee ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author owes many thanks to Dr. Archur M. Langer mineralogist at the Environmental Science Laboratory of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine New EYnovrikroCnimtenytaflor his invaluable discussions and reviewosf portions of this_ report REVIEW OF MEDICAL ASPECTS on Mining and milling industrial asbestos has produced both the pneumoconiosis called asbestosis and neoplasms specifically attributed to asbestos asbestos yet after more than 40 years of published research on biological relation- aspects many questions remain particulary the disease response ship with respect to cancers At an international conference the biolo- gical effects of ingested asbestos held in Durham North Carolina in Novem- ber 1973 Dr. Paul F. Holt of Reading University England alluded to some of " the uncertainties with the question Does asbestos matter or doesn't it 1 , The term asbestos is ambiguous because it includes many natural inorganic minerals all with an asbestiform habit that differ from each other in chemical composition particle ranges morphology and probably biological effects The definition of and discussion of the term asbestos will be reserved for the mineralogy and petrology section of this report the The pneumoconiosis called asbestosis is characterized by among other of an abnormally high quantity of ferruginous bodies or things presence coated asbestos bodies in the lungs These are generally golden formations , usually symmetrical and segmented with clubbed ends to microns of fiber in cross section and 20 50 micronisn length The core consists a which may or may not be asbestos 16 The ferruginous bodies are in fact nonspecific The core fibers may be synthetic materials such as fibrous glass or other inorganic materials 34 22 that Recent animal experimental work as stated in tbhreulciitteeratpuercteoldietmeon-as well strated that fibrous glass palygorskite nemalite caused fibrosis and abdominal tumors and mesotheliomas Some as asbestos stressed the importance of particle ranges and shapes and experimenters the conclusion the pathologic reaction to asbestos fibrous were drawn to fibrous materials seems primarily related to the shape size glass and other such as surface properties and durability rather than to other parameters and chemical composition 9 6 25 36 7 23 38 believe that the longer fibers longer than 5 micro- Some investigators as demonstrated by the ferruginous bodies des- meters are more hazardous in connection with asbestosis and some cancers octrhibeerd ianvbeosvteigwahtiocrsh baere liefvoeundthat the shorter fibers are significantly hazar- dous with respect co mesotheliomas 17 The shorter fibers tend to reach the mesothelial linings smaller fibers tend to migrate to other organs once inhaled and ingested Underlined numbers in parentheses refer to items in the list of references preceding the appendixes 000176 Welsh investigators believe that the fibrous zeolite erionite is responsible for epidemic of mesothelioma observed in the Turkish village of Kariana This belief was expressed at the meeting of the Society for Occupational and Environmental Health held December 4-7 1977 in Washington D.C. The work of Stanton 34 suggests that any durable fiber within a given range of length and diameter may be carcinogenic The discussion in the previous paragraphs indicates thata quandry exists in medical knowledge concerning asbestos exposure and resulting discase Tumors have been produced when various fibrous minerals and inorganic fibers have been injected into the pleural cavities of experimental | animals These tumors occur when the fibers are longer than eight micrometers and less than 0.25 micrometer in diameter According to some authorities such shorter fibers do not produtc umoe rs other authorities disagree Shorter fibers would be important contributors to cancer induction if a biochemical . mechanism for cancer were involved Other animal experiments with fibrous dusts have also resulted in - fibrotic lung reactions When the fibers have been carefully prepared and fibers characterized the longer are considered responsible for the fibrotic reactions when the animals are exposed through inhalation or tracheal instillation a Because method of transport of fibers inhalebdy humans from the airways of the lung into the pleura is not known these animal experiments are often discounted for interpreting human data However mesotheliomas occur in humans who are associated with at least three of the commercial asbestos types namely chrysotile amosite and crocidolite No cases of mesothelioma have been reported among Finnish miners who were exposed only to anthophyllit. e. asbestos but an excess of lung cancer exists Aside from shape and size factors biochemical mechanisms for cancer induction merit serious consideration A paper summarizing possible biochemical mechanisms has been given by Langer and Wolff 17 Because of the unknown mechanism for cancer induction the properties of fibrous minerals that are important to disease productiaorne not known With the present state of our knowledge it is not possible to examine a particle either physically or chemically and be able to say whether it may or may not be biologically active Indeed the several different diseases resulting from asbestos exposure may result from different particle properties But among all the possibilities of health hazards causes the Stanton and Wrench 34 work currently appears to be most acceptable as a consensus opinion MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY Definitions A generic stated earlier the term asbestos is ambiguous Aabestos term for a variety of hydrated silicate minerals which have is a one common 000177 attribute namely the abifliittytheto abboevesedpeasrcarteidptiiontno arre eladteisveclryibseoafdst assibleksyti- applied to the fibers Minerals whiwchehreas the term asbestos is generally refined form minerals 32 commercial product Recently mineralogists haavned bteheenir apapslsyoicnigatemdoreterminology definitions to such terms as asbestos fibers in 30 3 . of asbestos fibers are considered Commercial production and applications fibers entering the environ- usually to be the significant source of asbestos The thesis of this ment but this may be a misleading simplification the mining and associated indus- many workers minerals which report is that potentbiealelxyposed to asbestiform or fibrous oO tries unknowingly may occur as gangue minerals minerals with some degree Cralley et al 5 report over 100 different their examples include and rightly so minerals in ore deposits other rock of fibrous structure These minerals may be found than hydrated silicates associated with commercial asbestos and may -* quarries or soils not normally conditions 32 or by conventional become airborne by natural atmospheric mining and milling operations Nomenclature Inconsistencies given is a natural inorganic substance with a A mineral by definition which is expressed by chemical composition and with a given atomic structure Presumably it is also its crystalline form and other physical properties homogeneous. { } mineral is loosely applied and has many exceptions { This definition of a has been employed many called . 5 3 As more sophisticated analytical equipment of intergrown mineralthse old names } minerals have turned out to be mixtures be a single mineral retained Serpentine for example can however often are but the term serpentine is still in common or mixture of several minerals rock name serpentinite generally is a mineral group name and as a when exact usage loose practice is particularly true used as the rock name This or difficult to obtain is economically unwarranted mineral identification localities have turned out Some diversely named minerals from different result that the same crystal- to bbe e variations of the same mineral with the identified one name is line material may have two or more names When so also -- particulary when but the other names are retained the gem given priority involved For example williamsite localities or personalities are bowenite and picrolite serpentine material now is identiafnidedyetas alalntniagmoersitaere employed in the mineral also turn out to be antigorite literature minerals may become quite complex with The chemical nature of the other in varying ratios When only different elements substituting for each involved one may have family mineral groups with end the rich member a few elements are members carrying the names For example actinolite is with a division point established at of the actinolite aeries 000178 10 percent iron according to one authority whereas another authority 10 restricts the name actinolite to members with the iron content between 10 and 90 mol percent and applies the name actinolite to the rich end of the series Other have authorities their own ranges and nomenclature for mineral families Also the variable nature of amphiboles pyroxenes and chlorites " the common magnesians makes it necessary to classify a particular sample as most closely resembling a specific mineral species or variety And it must be noted that conclusive identification is very diffi- sophisticated cult often requiring electron microscopy ray and electron diffraction and other analytical methods prefixes Adjectival prefixes may be used with mineral names two examples being asbestos and rich tourmaline or more specific names such as eckermanite or schorl may be used interchangeably for those two minerals respectively Sometimes economiocr technologic conditions determine the mineral's name for example if the mineralosf the cummingtonite series are the of economic value as asbestos depending on the mineral deposit's deposit's names amosite or montasite are location or the mining company used working the deposit . Some mineral names are used both as a group name and as a specific mineral name montmorillonite is such an example and because of the confusion this engenders attempts are made to apply the name smectite as the group Currently without - name mineral names of the montmorillonite group are used much agreement in nomenclature _ . Rock names compound the confusion caused by mineral nomenclature By definition a rock consists of one or more minerals and makes up a struc- tural unit of the earth's crust It generally has a sufficiently definite mineral composition and physical so character that it can be distinguished from its neighbors ~~ but not always gradationisn composition and alteration effects are pronounced on a local level For example pyroxene is a family name for numerous magnesium minerals pyroxenite is the name applied to the rock unit when is predominantly of pyroxene minerals and their alteration.products alteration.products that is serpentine chrysotile etc. Amphibole likewise is family name for numerous other magnesium minerals amphibolite is the name applied to the rock unit when it is composed predominantly of amphibole minerals For the most part ore deposits are freaks of nature They represent concentrations of mineral substances that can be mined at profit Such deposits may occur in igneous sedimentary or metamorphic rocks which are the three major classifications of rock systems Asbestiform or fibrous minerals also are found in the major types of rocks and are associated with ore deposits These asbestos minerals may be obvious to the eye and may even be mined for their value their presence may be recognized only by trained personnel or even be entirely overlooked CRMC 000179 Sampling and Evaluation of Fibrous Dusts eRetS or and to industrial hygiene sampling techniques ee At this pointa digression asFor asbestos evaluation Mine and sample evaluationevaluation is in order employ the air sampling rer and Health Administration MSHA personnel Safety Health Service 2 This | established by the U.S. Public membrane Millipore ae and counting method ester collecting airborne dust on a cellulose of the sample and involves collecting air flow rate preparing microscope alides , filter at a known microscope opticast approximately Wak counting fibers with phase contrast with a 3 to length 400-450 diameter magnification Only particles in length are counted ratio greater longer than five micrometers be present in large are not counted although they may can ey shorter particles as tenths micrometer with a width as small numbers Presumably fibers which can be seen with GE SE be detected by this method thinner fibers are present although standarized Thus our counting technique that different the electron microscope It must also be noted is only an index of the total exposure for hazard evaluation the Government agencies have different standards asbestos minerals but Food and Drug Administration states that theraendarleimmiatnsy their presence in a 13 only six are of commercial importance of its composition the Occupational product to a specific percentage and MSHA enforce standards for as-five Administration OSHA than five Safety and Health of airborne fibers greater bestos based on weighted averages and the Environmental Protection milliliter of air including the micrometers in length per The MSHA standard Agency has other standards or guidelines in Title 30 Code of Federal minerals specified as asbestos la published Regulations Part 55.5-1 b necessarily have the same mineral composition Airborne dust does not fibrous fraction may comprisea percentages as the parent rock The fine than the parent rock In addition of the airborne dust amounts of fibrous minerals greater propoofrtfiiobnrous minerals is such that small when the material the nature conventional analytical methods - yet may not be detected by amounts of fibers or elongated - is crushed and becomes airborne significant For example Speil and cleavage fragments are observed on the filters serpentine considered 32 of Leineweber cite and illustrate a sample pure examination yet this to be of nonfibrous compositsieornpebnatsiende o yn ielpdeetdrog2r0appheirccent fibers under the museum grade translucent electron microscope Mineral Fiber Identification Problems and Some Examples often difficult to identify collected on filters are identical ray Fibrous minerals and its host rock serpentine yield For example chrysotile be distinguished from each other by optical diffraction patterns but can the electron microscope some microscopy or electron microscopy Under out to be fibrouisn part massive serpentine probably will turn granular or and Leineweber 32 example cited above as in the Speil minerals not usually listed as " A deposit of richterite one of the amphibole contained in the Diablo Asbestos A reportedly is suitable for strip mining a commercial asbestos Texas This deposit is Deposit near Van Horn 000180 The energy dispersive ray analysis EDXRA and the selected area electron in diffraction SAED methods used conjunction with the transmission and are scanning electron microscope useful tools for identifying fine fibers. such but have limitations as not being readily available | dust Visually insignificant amounts of fibrous material are found with -* vermiculites from the Carolinas yet reportedly significant amounts of fibrous material are found in airborne dust samples The important vermiculite ore deposit at Libby Montana contains easily recognizable fibrous tremolite in hand specimens airborne samples under the phase contrast microscope show numerous fibers which are inferred to be tremolite but electron mic- roscope pictures prepared by Mt. Sinai Hospital personnel demonstrate that chrysotile fibers also are definitely present personal communication Recently a published paper describes vermiculite altering to chrysotile 19 Chrysotile is one of the few fibers which usually can be identified under the transmission electron microscope when finely divided analysis a It is important to tical results McCrone specifiy the method of and Stewart 18 cite a tale when stating analy- analysis as follows 1. ray diffraction shows no chrysotile or amphibol~ s 2 A contrast method similar to the NIOSH procedurteo determine the number of fibers per milliliteorf air shows 1,500 fibers greater than Sum of sample 3. The scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive ray analyzer shows about 10 fibers suspected of being amphibole asbestos 4. Dispersion staining shows 150 anthophyllite fibers of sample- 5 Transmission electron microscopy shows5 x 10 anthophyllite fibers liter of sample Fibrous minerals generally are present in tale deposits but until and recently have not been suspected as a public health problem in the general population Now the importance of these fibers has been recognized for tale of cosmetic grade and analytical ray and electron diffraction methods have been developed to determine the quantity of fibers down to a quarter or a half of a percent 33 30 Reportedly this applies to tremolite o ther asbestiform minerals oo or Many minerals adopt different habits shapes in nature They may be platy in one deposit equant crystals in another deposit or acicular or threadlike in yet another In short most asbestiform the mnineereald s lhaeve their different shaped counterparts witsh ame chemical ; composition Finally as indicated earlier a mineral one of several names depending on the degree upon the analyst's definition of terms substance may be assigned any of completeness of analysis and CRMC of Minerals which May Occur in Fibrous Form Discussion or references where minerals that may occur Mining literature contains many associated with ore in fibrous form cleave into elongated . fragments are mineral mineral ore deposits deposits or quarried rock Certain industrial | minerals as an impurity or as in the characteristically contain asbestiform desirable ingredient for example as a paint as a case of some talcs list of minerals that may occur in extender . An admittedly incomplete ore deposits together with someminerals fibrous habits and which occur in rocks or of fibrous minerals synonyms and and and rock rock rock rock terms that immediately imply the presence synonyms is tabulated in appendix I. Certain rock types particularly explanation Appendix I requires further have minerals which easily replace where alteration has occurred tend to If other chemical elements others of somewhat similar chemical composition still other have been introduced into the rock during the alteration process fresh effects vary in degree from minerals will be formed Alteration The size of the formed minerals may to rocks to completely altered material fibers recognizable only crystals to grains or nn range from relatively huge of the electron microscope under the high magnification of Ore Deposits Which May Contain Fibrous Minerals Discussion With Predictions occasionally of rocks igneous sedimentary As mentioned earlier the three types when altered and metamorphic all carry ore deposits Rocks of each type And these characteristics have certain characteristics in common - sometimes have the asbesti- of minerals which might include the formation and presence mineral associations that may form or fibrous habit Knowingrotchkes geinteriaslipzoesdsible to infer the presence of size range occur in these containing not occur in fibrous habit in the certain minerals that may or may whether the mineral actually is fibrous in a of hygienic interest But direct observation or careful particular deposit can be determined only by be definitely predicted analysis only can the fibrous habit fibrous minerals or For example most talc deposits contain one or more deposits are relative- _ elongated fragments but some and minerals which cleave into ultrabasic igneous rocks alter easily ly fiber Another example that serpentinites will be found reasonably certain prediction can be made - that carry some fibrous minerals the thesis that many workers in the mining industry may To demonstrate fibrous minerals a list of some known mines be exposed to asbestiform or listing by commodity and noted as or mining areas was prepared this recently published book entitled appendix II was selected largely from a States 1933-1967 26 This publication was are Ore Deposits of the United and accessibility and specific pages selected because of its timeliness where minerals are noted - referenced for localities of mines or commodities habit These examples which commonly occur in the asdbeemsotnisftorramteor thfeibrwoiudse geographic range in which were selected specifically to minerals may occur To amplify ore deposits carrying fibrous or asbestiform references also are the examples from this publication other specific cited in appendix II 000182 ae E Me scatis Possible Fibrous Mineral Cccurrences in Different Rock Types Basic Igneous Rocks be rocks which are relatively low in Basic igneous rocksmamg eanneinsgiu igmnemaognuesisum minerals Such rocks alter easily In this process many silica usually contain to other magnesians with the minerals changingchanging character Serpentines or serpen- of the minerals formed may of fibrous their usual complement of fibrous alteration alteration product with arc tinites are a common minerals and their associated associated minerals often minerals Also zeolite . found in basic rocks Medium Igneous Rocks tual magnesium minerals in the Medium igneous rocks also carry are altered as occurs form of amphiboles or pyroxenes . When these rocks for example minerals are introduced as in the minerals called may alter commonly when ore these magnesium magnesium porphyry coppers of the Southwest to minerals with a fibrous habit Sedimentary Rocks- U.S.A. minerals such as attapulgite palygor- rocks , some clay become so under Among sedimentary are normally fibrous or they may fine skite meerschaum etc. Some soils are known to contain very grade metamorphic conditions In limestones and dolomites fibrous palygorskite of nondetrital origin such 31 the Metaline Falls country certain areas such as fibrous palygorskite of the Northhweasvte been mi,neralized and yield lead ores common gangue Washington " whicihs classed as a clay mineral is a communication John or mountain leather been described oral constituent Tremolite also has - Currie MSHA as a component of these rocks Abril Zinc Mine Cochise County Arizona has asbestos Reportedly the sedimentary beds of pyroclastic in the Permian limestone 35 Sometimes amounts of zeolite minerals _ origin volcanic ashes etc. yield considerable amounts 20 21 | Metamorphic Rocks vermiculitaree pyroxenites , rocks are metamorphosed that altered When igneous or sedimentary character can develop Basic igneous significantly minerals of a fibrous kimberlites or altered grading rocks become decomposed dunites or to greenstones " or even to over into serpentinites and amphibolites of minerals in turn these often assemblages other fibrous minerals cher also may contain develop into mineral assemblages tactites or magnesian dolomites altered to to minerals of Limestones and with later alteration assemblages under certain conditions or completely to serpentinites with habits or they may alter in part Sibrous of Arizona 35 Limestones assemblages as in the astostos deposits which occur platy and fibrous to tale deposits in or dolomitmeasy be altered chrysotile fibrous smphiboles plus sometimes a 000183 10 of the or associates minerarlosad- a an ornamental stone used - Some called marble verd antique or a serpentine complex . as facing matermiaatlerial actualsilgnyifica antsearmpoeunnttisneof fibrous minerals Other quarries dolomites Such rocks may contain significantmaterials in rocks , such as limestones . developed for construction and tuffs may carry fibrous or cleavable , serpentinites trap rock zeolite minerals and . One as- such as tremolite chrysotile or sold its serpentinite waste rock for mine in California filled with serpen- are bestos open and some parking lots or equivalent area ~- bed material the old chrome mines in the Pennsylvania tinite waste rock from rock consisting largely of cumming- Homestake gold mine with a country rock locally to fill in low spots or grunerite uses some soefrpeitnstiwnaistteehas been used as road and drive- in parking areas Quarried way gravel in the Washington D.C. area 29 are Shales and siltstones alter to schists gneisses anfdoqrumarStizliltiemsanwihteen or dolomites talc deposits may admixed with limestones and other similar metamorphic rocks containing schists pyrophyllite schists from shales fibrous minerals derived generally SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS pneumoconiosis neoplasms intestinal such as lung cancer The called asbestosis and as a are attributed to asbestos cancer and mesothelioma known Hence it is but the exact mechanism of the insult not and be ' ciasusnaolt apogsesnitble to examine a particle either physicallyacotrivcehemically able to say whether it may or may not be biologically theory one is assuming strong support Among the various theories proposed durability of inorganic fibers are : it holds that the shape and size and important factors of minerals or elongated grains or elongated cleavage Therefore fibrous and other physical characteristics of the composition dust Many minerals in airborne fragments irrespective hazard in significant potential the fibrous shape may possess exist in varied habits including ore deposits and quarries of such minerals may vary or break into elongated fragmernetqsuirTehmeenntasmesthe availability of analytical depending upon identification equipment and personnel and local terminology The term asbestos is indefinite If we think more in terms asbesti- minerals become suspect then many form or fibrouosr elongated fragmenatnsd carrying fibrous minerals is potential fibrous minerals rocks unnoticed to the average A list of Many of these minerals if fibrous may go appended observer comprehensive geographical revealed that many ore deposits contain gangue A literature search form A mion f e mins es or mining areas minerals which may occur in a fibrous the wide range arranged by commodity and selected to expresss to document these occurren- of deposits is appended together with references selected mine examples only ces of suspect minerals This list represents Also one must recognize and is by no means to be considered fibrous In many BCS only an that the minerals cited may or may not be 000184 11 7 are analysis by an electron microscope will confirm whether asbestiform or ' fibrous minerals present in the airborne dust the Many uncertainties axist concerning mineral terminology and many medical differences of opinion are expressed in the field of asbestos or mineral fiber pathology MSHA and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH have cooperatively undertaken several studietso further define the hazards of fibrous mineral exposures Although not complete these studies involve talc wollastonite and attapulgite mining as of well as the mining recognized asbestos minerals NIOSH also is attempting to simplify count evaluation 11 It is important that persons exposed| to fibrous minerals understand the potential for disease and therefore the Mine Safety and Health Administration MSHA is provaitdtienmgptitnhgis tionfidoernmtaitfiyon altlo the mining industry MSHA inspectors are actively fibrous minerals and have collected airborne dust probable exposures to to samples following the NIOSH standardized procedures to evaluate the hazard and suggest remedial action to Mine operators should be alert the possibility of illness that may . be assoc witi h a anytfie brd ous mineral Those operators whose employees are exposed to recognized asbestos minerals should conduct air sampling programs to and take suitable action assure that the employees are not exposed to asbestos dust exceeding applicable standards When employees are exposed to other fibrous minerals the operators should also take air samples to evalu- ate exposures using the same techniques as for asbestos Employees should also be fully informed regarding their exposures and the potential for diseasaes well as the necessary controls and actions they may take to prevent unnecessary exposure . 000185 12 7 REFERENCES Asbestos Health Question Perplexes Experts American Chemical Society 10. 1973 pp 18-19 Chemical and Engineering News Dec. Bayer S. G. Cincinnati H. H. Brown and R. OH 1975 84 pp D. Zumwalde NIOSH Document 84 Campbell W. J. R. L. Blake L. L. Brown Sjoberg Selected Silicate Minerals and BuMines IC 8751 1977 56 pp E. E. Their J. J. Cather and Asbestiform Varieties ; ; A. H. and A. F. Shride Asbestos in the United States USGS ChiMdiensertaelr Investigations Resources Map MR 1962 and William S. Cralley Lewis J. Robert G. Keenan JeroefmiRaehspRi.raLblyencFhibers Am^'rican Lainhart Source and IdentificJatoiuornnal v 29 March 1968 Industrial Hygiene Association pp 129-135 Davis J. M. G. The Fibrogenic the Pleural Cavities of Mice Effects Br J. of Mineral Dusts Injected Into Exper Pathol v 53 1972 pp 190-201 of Fibrous Glass Production and - DeUmteinltizJaothinonM. EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall RAesspeeacrtcsh v 9 No.3 June 1975 pp 295-312 John M. Ralph D. Zumwalde and Kenneth M. DeDmiesnctussion of Reference No. 14 pp 345-352 Wallingford , Regulations Affect Selection of Plastic Machine 9. Dreger Don Do OSHA Design April '15 1973 pp 105-107 York Tales Their Geological Features Mining 10. Engel A. ed New v 184 September 1949 Milling and Uses Mining Transactions a nn pp 345-348 11 12 13 14 Eng and Min J. v 179 January 1978 pp 133 Fahey Faust George T. and Joseph J. The Serpentine Minerals : USGS Professional Paper 384 1962 92 pp Federal Register Announcements 38 FR 27076 related to the use of asbestos filters and 21 CFR Parts 121 128 133 40 FR 11865 FR talcs Also found 16932 in Richard A. Lemon Joseph K. Wagoner Gillam Dean John M. Dement Mortality Patterns Among Victor E. Archer and Hector B. Blejer Annals New York Rock Gold Miners Exposed to an Asbestos Mineral Academy of Sciences 1976 pp 336-344 Hard 000186 13 Clay Orim Ralph E. Mineralogy | McGraw Hill Book a Co. York 2d ed 1968 596 pp ; Inc. New . Cralley Gross Paul Robert T. P. de Treville Lewis J. and J. M. G. Davis Farruginous Bodies Archieves of Pathology v 85 Pulmonary May 1968 pp 539-546 Wolff Arthur M. and Mary S. Asbestos Carcinogenesis Chapter 3 Li anngetrhe volume entitled Inorganic and Nutritional Aspects of Cancer 1978 ed by G. N. Schrauzer Plenum Publishing Corp. New York PP 29-55 McCrone Walter C. and I. M. Stewart Asbestos American Lab, oratory v 6 No. 4 April 1974 pp 13-18 Mifsud Amparo Vincent Fornes , and Jose A. Rausell Natural Alteration of Vermiculitteo Chrysotile American Mineralogist v 62 Nos 11-12 1977 pp 1225-1231 Mumpton Frederick A. - First Reported Occurrence of Zeolites in Sedimen- tary Rocks of Mexico American Mineralogist v 58 Nos 3-4 1973 - pp 287-290287-290 Geology " Mumpton Frederick ed Mineralogy and of Natural Zeolites Mineralogical Society of America v 4 November 1977 XI + 233 pp Occupational Health and Safety Letter New Study Demonstrates Mechanism of Asbestos Effects January 8 1973 pp 5-6 ; Occupational Health and Safety Letter July Induce Tumors as it has been Proven 8 1974 P. L. asbestos for Asbestos Fibrous Dust Can V. 4 No. 13 a Pennington James W.. Mercury Materials Survey , CO 1959 92 pp BuMines IC 7941 . Pott F. F. Huth and K. H. Friedrichs Tumorigenic Effects of Fibrous Dusts in Experimental Animals Environmental Health Perspectives v 9 1974 pp 313-315 _ Midge John D. ed Cze Deposits of the United States 1933-1967 ' v New York 1968 1880 pp AIME Roberts Willard Lincoln George Robert Rapp Jr. and Julius Weber Encyclopedia of Minerals Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1974 693 pp Rohl A. N. and A. M. Langer Internal Memorandum to Dr. I. J. Selikoff Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York entitled Mineral Analysis of Springs Core Samples from the Green dated July 1 1977 Area Virginia Vermiculite Deposit 000187 ft 29 Environmental M. Langer and I. J. Selikoff Rohl Arthur N. Arthur to Use of Quarried Serpentine Asbestos Pollution Related , v 196 June 17 1977 pp 1319-1322 Rock Seience A. M. Langer I. J. Selikoff A. Tordini R. Klimentidis Mineral 30 Rohl A. N. Skinner Consumer Talcums and Powders D. R. Bowes and D. L. and Environmental Journal of Toxicology and Chemical Characterization Health v 2 1976 pp 255-284 Pedogenic Palygorskite Occurrences in SinAguesrtraAlriiaeh AmaendriKceaintMhiNnoerrrailsohgist v 59 Nos 5-6 1974 pp 508-517 SpeSi . l and J. P. Laineweber Environmental Research v 2 Asbestos Minerals No. 3 April 1969 in Modern Technology pp 166-208 E. and Robert Norwood The Detection and Identifi- Stanley Harold D. in Talc Presented at the of Asbestos and Asbestiform Minerals 1973 cation of Mines Washington D.C. May Talc Symposium Bureau _ 35 F. and Constance Wrench Mechanisms of Mesothelioma Mearl Glass Journal of the National Stanton and Fibrous mT ICanndcuecrtioInnswtiitthutAesbevsto4s8 No. 3 March 1972 pp 798-821 Stewart L. A. Chrysotile Deposits of Arizona BuMineIsC 7706 SO January 1955 124 pp Wagner J. C. G. Verry and V. Timbrell Mesothelioma in Rats After Br J. Cancer v 28 Inoculation with Asbestos and Other Materials 1973 pp 173-185 Weiss Benjamin and Edward A. Boettner Archives Environmental Health v 14 Commercial Talc and Talcosis January 1950 pp 122-128 by W. The Influence of Varying Lengths of Glass Wright G. W. and M. Kuschner in Guinea Pigs Inhaled Par- and Asbestos Fibers on Tissue Response Oxford and New York ticles IV by H. Walton Pergamon Press oo 1977 pp 455-473 Talcs Mining Engineering v 187 39 Wright Lauren A. California 122-128 mo _ ' - January 1950 pp 000188 15 MAY OCCUR IN FIBROUS HABITS, THEIR : MINERALS APPENDIX MINERALS OCCUR FIBROUS HABITS SYNOMS SYNONYMS .-- MINERALS MINERALS MAY MINERAL SUITES GENERALLY GENERALLY SYNONYMS AND AND MINERAL Specified as an HABIT by MSHA. Chrysotile po. , Amosite Do. Crocidolite Tremolite asbestos Actinolite asbestos ~ asbestos Anthophyllite Cummingtonite Montasite Grunerite Riebeckite Do Do. _ An end member of the cummingtonite- of member cummingtonite- cummingtonite- grunerite Industrial Industrial forms or this mineral series 2 8 montasite 7 See 2 and above - See 7 cummingtonite The fibrous commercial material is called ) crocidolite Magnesioriebeckite Amphibole A family name a goup of silicate silicate minerals many which which silicate silicate form break break into elongated cleavage Includes elongated cleavage fragments )( 8 10 11 , 13 ) ) 17 18 ) 19 ) ) . . Rhodusite Richterite Hexagonite Tirodite Nephrite 1B Neeheite jade fibrous fibrous variety glaucophane glaucophane manganoen manganoen tremolite like massive felted actinolite grained yields jade like hand specimens specimens material material which jade 000189 _ Byssolite AG olive variety of fibrous amphiboles | Sodz asbestos Eckermanite . Pyroxene Uralite 24. Wollastonite Also soda asbestos 20 a Used as family name for a goup of silicate minerals which includes fibrous jadeite Often alters to amphiboles or to serpentine minerals an alteration product of pyroxene minerals generally a fibrous amphibole of undetermined composition A common forming pyroxenoid mineral 25 Bustamite 26 Pectolite A pyroxenoid mineral . A pyroxenoid mineral often found with zeolites 27 28. 29. Zeolites and associated minerals see 26 including Mordenite see Amer Min 58 1973 pp 287-290 21 20 Clinoptilolite A zeolite 30. Natrolite 31. Mesolite 32. Scolecite 33. Thompsonite 34. Gonnardite 35. Edingtonite Stilbite Epistilbite Okenite Ferrierite Rhodesice Rhodesice DO D DO Do. Do. Do. Do. A zeolite associate A zeolite A zeolite relative . 000190 41. Gmelinite Laumontite 43 Erionite 44 Serpentine 45 chrysotile 46 - chrysotile 47. chrysotile| 48. Antigorite 49 Lizardite 50 Picrolite 51 Deweylite 52 Gymnite 53. Williamsite 54. Bastite 55. Baltimorite 56. Metaxite 57. Bowenite 58. Palygorskite Attapulgite e al Ua 60 Sepiolice taina ata een Jac Bee A z.olite A zeolite - . A zeolite suspected of being the cause of an epidemic of mesothelioma in a Turkish village A catch name for the serpentine minerals see 1 chrysotile 45 chrysotile 46 chryso- tile 47 chrysotile 48 antigorite 49 lizardite See 44 Do. Do. . Do. Do. A fibrous serpentin"e probably fibrous antigorite 48 | Often determined to be any one of various serpentine minerals A foromf deweylite 51 A massive translucent precious varietoyf cerpentine Probably mainly lizardite s^'e49 Probably mainly antigorite 48 and chrysotile 1 Antigorite 48 A fibrous clay mineral see Grim Clay Mineralogy 2nd edition p 182 See Grim 15 000191 Meerschaum Hectorite Endellite Halloysite | 65. Illite 66. Vermiculite 67. 68 69. Gumbelite .70 Talc 71. Pyrophyllite 72 Minnesotaite 73. Stilpnomelane 74 Brucite | 75. Nemalite 76. Magnesite 77. Hydromagnesite 78. GypsumM 79. Anhydrite 80. Aragonite 81. Calcite 82. Apatite : 83 Phosphorite Vivianite Sillimanite Buchholzite See Crim 15 Do. DO Do. A like clay mineral Do.- Belongs to the mica group. Do. Do. A fibrous mica .. A fibrous talc A magnesium hydoxide The fibrous for of 74 brucite A fibrous varietoyf 85 sillimanite 000192 anwa ry .87 Fibrolite 88 Tourmaline Zoisite f fibrous variety of 85 sillimanite Epidote 91 - Limonite 920 920 Mountain leather 93. Mountain cork 94 95. Amianthus magnesium minerals 96 Basic rocks 97 Serpentinite 98. Amphibolite 99. Pyrox^'nite 100 Peridotite A catch name for hydrous iron oxides and iron hydroxides A tough variety of asbestos occurring in thin flexible sheets made of interlaced fibers also fibrous minerals ' such as 60 sepiolite or 58 . palygorskite A white or grey variety of asbestos consistinogf thick interlaced fibers and resembling cork in texture and lightness A synonym for asbestos A term referrintgo iron- and magnesium- containing silicates usually the amphiboles the pyro- xenes the olivines biotite micas and chlorites Igneous rocks often altered in part consisting essentially of iron- magnesium- and calcium rich | mineralansd relatively low in silica ve A rock composed largely of serpentine minerals A rock composed predominantly of amphibole minerals A rock composed predominantly of Pyroxene minerals and their altera- tion products i.e. serpentine chrysotile etc. A basic igneous rock composed largely of olivine a mineral which alters easily to the serpentine minerals CRMC 20 101. 101. Talc 104. Pyrophyllite schist "1903. SteatiteSteatie 164, Soapstone ae 105, Agalmatolite oo . a Oe --Am impure calc rock. A massive, talc . A soft, waxy fibroustale or soft waxy miner miner rock. rock composed 106. Marble when impure 107. antique antique 107. a marble in the trade, but Called 106 , but Calle1d06 marble trade actually serpentine 108. Thermophyllite A serpentine that. rock when. exfoliates heated 109. Ophite 110. Ophicalcite = - - for mottled serpentinite serpentinite. A synonym A serpentine marble Ophiolite , DO 111. of Minerals 27 devoted to che Encyclopediaminerals mainly micro devoted descriptions descriptions descriptions entitled of following minerals ilwleursterantoitoends in fibrous form mainly following minerals "412. Agardite 114. Artinite 115. Artinite 116. Aurichalcite 117. Bismuthinite 118. Boulangerite 119. Brannockite 120. Brochantite - 121. Cacoxenite Uni. Cacoxenite 000194 94 ee Carpholite Connellite- Cyanotrichite Curite . Erythrite Goethite Guillemite Honessite | Ianthinite 131. Jamesonite 132. Johannsenite 133. Kermesite - | 134. Legrandite | - Liebethanite 236. Linarite 137 Malachite 138. Millerite 139. Mimetite 140. Mixite 141. Olivenite 142. Pharmacolite- 143. Pyrite 144. Rockbridgeite- 145. Schoepite 146 Scholzite 21 000195 22 147 Semseyite 148 Stibnite 149 Strunzite 150. Tyrolite 151. Uranophane 152. Wakabayashilite Wakabayashilite 000196 23 --MINING OPERATIONS AND LOCALITIES APPENDIX BE COMODITIES WHERE FIBROUS MINERALS MAY MAY POSSIBLY POSSIBLY POSSIPBLY OSSIBLY BY COMMODITIES . FOUND the and following Unless otherwise specified the pages pages listed refer to one or more of Chrysotile amosite crocidolite crocidolite anthophyllite tremolite actinolite Page numbers refer to reference 26 See text page-- . Iron 26 Cornwall Mine PA ' pp 81-85 Grace Mine PA pp 110 : 117-118 26 3 Mesabi Iron Range MI pp 525 and 528 Refers also to zeolites serpentine and byssolite Refers also to serpentine and talc 1 stilpnomelane Refers also to minnesotaite cummingtonite and amphiboles 26 26 La Iron Mountain MO p 299 5 Eagle Mountain DeposiCtA pp 1604-1605 Refers also to amphiboles Refers also to serpentines 26 Ducktown District pp 162-163 222 TN 7 Copper King Mine CO P. 574 - Refers also to amphiboles tale and asbestos Refers also to cummingtonite 26 8 Christmas Mine Banner DistricAtZ p 1204 . 26 9 Mountain City Copper Mine NV p 1080 Refers also to serpentine Refers also to uralitized gabbro Lead 26 10 Edwards District NY pp 39 41 Van Stone Area Stevens Co., WA pp 1515-1517 Refers also to talc and serpentine _ Refers also to brucitic fiber | palygorskite and talc 000197 26. 12 Couer d'Alene District 1429 ID p . 26 13 pNepw I1d6r2i8a-1G6r3o0up16C46A-.1647 24 14 New Almaden Mine Santa Clara County CA Chromite 26 15 Mistake Mine CA pp 1648-1649 12 16. 16. Low's Pit Pits PA State Line 12 17. Woods Chrome Mine Lancaster County PA Gold 26 18 Homestake Mine SD P. 1437 gruntoegrruinetriete needles Refers also to serpentine and , . asbestos . Refers to serpentine Refers also to asbestos and serpentine Refers to williamsite | to chrysotile and Refers deweylite stevensite Denver also Technical Support See dated 12/4/72 Refers Center memo * cummingtonite schist Tungsten 26 19. Bishop Tungsten District CA P. 1549 Refers also to talc wollastonite and pectolite mak Rare Earths es aed 26 20 Mountain Pass CA p 1528 Asbestos beta New iwen Refers also to serpentine and Idria gel 26 21 Clear Creek _ asbestos. CA pp 1628-1630 1647- tenn | 26 1648 22 Franklin Area MA p 137 Refers also to serpentine and asbestos 23 Webster and Spruce Pine 4 NC vicinity 35 24 24. Arizona near Globe Refers to serpentine . 12 4 25 Bare Hills area MD 000198 25 12 26. Staten Island NY . Refers to serpentine Magnesite| 26 27 Magnesite deposit -- Gabbs NV pp 1617-1618 Refers also to talc brucite and , . serpentine 37 10 28 Gouverneur NY vicinity Refers also to talc and serpentine 37 | 39 29. Barstow CA vicinity | | Vermiculite . 30. Libby MT vicinity 31. North & South Carolina , deposits Refers also to talc and steatite | 28 32. Green Springs Charlottes- Refers also to amphibolites a ville VA deposit Crushed Stone 29 33. Rockville Quarry Rockville MD Refers also to serpentine talc and deweylite U .See References NOTE Since this report was begun mineral fibers were confirmed to exist at 1 the Eastern Mesabi Iron Range county The Reserve Mining Company. tailings disposal problem 2 the Homes Mine where a health hazard exists 14 8 and th at te he Mountain Pass depodsepi ost it In addition .- questions have arisen re 4 the wollastonite depositosf New York 5 st the attapulgite depofo Ges orgi ia t 6s the Rockville Quarry serpentine. near Washington D. .; and 7 Green Springs vermiculite deposits VA QU.S. GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1980-803-102 BU.OF MINES PGM PA 24274 CRMC