Document VGxp8Nax7wNV5OpYz3ezMLjwZ

more than-a century to cause a wide range ti c reproductive probleinE.incluaingiT----------------- `^stilibirthVand blrlfi delects. Xf;1978 ,, ,, . _________ _____________ ___________________ t ^tlijxcdvesLafe'd tliat'/womenj^t c^ifd&'aringfJSj^'-^'emselye^ and fheifjf^ulieT^j^^ejight^t'o^ear *. potential would betra nsfe rreiTto.oth eriVT'iiv?' ri't 2~j 'll e a1thy1 children. But'JurffTe'r^cxamlhatiomi aiseS^ ild earn sub$tantlaIly^.:-questions:-is industry luStifiednn harrmr women?! oFs? Are danpprmi^su^tanr:fs_ rnflVrl fact jnonfTrazarddiis'Hri'p'regnant*^* addidon tojdie five'Cyanannd'employees^t-^^won-ien.thah toTTOTer -work'eref~spetTfihallv"menf; , ' ^four}<M^^,wqnten^are'kn`6wn t6`bavpjr'adecf 'their--^ MayTlQtThe~fetus be at e~qua11y gfeathisit thr5ugH1 I -/ fertilitv'forlolls-1 one~at St.' Toe's Mineraf^^?:-^rr-lfTeeTOOsure^5fTTre male parent? Doesthe?g^fc->,,'j I .. N'l ^r~vndn4 4 j--t n T\^ _1 TM ^ Ti .4 . If.'ll "_'L . J. _1 X . 1 . L .1 ' ' _ f f _ .ill .. _ ' _ " * '? _ t. _.. ' th .' i^h ^Y^^ j-cunij unu uiiu.i a,iiflti. jya^niui ^ j --:--^" ' t^1 *** r u V>-( r * ie survival of"a healthy jiuman^ nic iaaut uemg used to discrn7iinatei^^j(^3f^_*. -/. ca.nhj^^Chijdr^^ 111em'toTL^'i^. The Idea that*pregnariMvoine1nyth substar^es^susjdectc^to be_dangJVo'iis 1cTzTfetus^wbrkplace^need speciaTjjro^cuon w_a5 s,-^i^^rPi^0sc"d cjuring AVorld^\Var; 1 bj/ Dr. .*,/complicated and emotional issueV_At first>lance lt'^'l Hamiltoh. She'realized (Continued oh page 171) yji *r^ ,* ^ r* - * - ' v. . **- *- >.. ! ^ * -v . ., >* m .a lhai certain chemicals entering a preg nant woman's blood stream could In duce miscarriage or alTcct the develop What '''workers exposed to radiation. Dental assistants are exposed to both anesthe tic gases and mercury. Hairdressers ing embryo. During World War II, when women again entered the industrial work force in large numbers. Dr. Anna Wfc worked ror many years with hair sprays A propelled by vinyl chloride (this subI stance waas banned in hair sprays in Baetjer urged protection for pregnant workers, pointing specifically to benzene, Must Know 1974) and continue to dip their fingers daily into a variety of dangerous chemi carbon disulfide, carbon monoxide, hy drocarbons, lead, mercury and radiation as threats to the fetus. When the wars About cals, including some hair dyes suspected of being carcinogenic. In these occupa tions, where women are essential to the ended, the recommendations made by Hamilton and Baetjer were forgotten. Since then, however, we have become ; Health work force, no one considers protecting the fetus by excluding the worker. V, Another important question that more aware of the sensitivity of the fetus to a wide range of substances. In Hazards arises is this: If (here arc substances in the workplace that are potentially harm ' the '50s we discovered that x-rays caused birth defects. In the '60s we" were shocked by the devastating effects of inflie ful to women who arc or who might be-- comc pregnant, might not such sub stances' also be harmful to nonfertile the sedative drug thalidomide, demon strated when women around the world gave birth to children with deformed Workplace women and to men? pespile the fact ' that it is women who are being barred from the work place,~recenr' cases" in~ limbs. In the 70$' we found that the dicatc that a man's reproducTTve^apac- damaging effects of substances to which!" the fetus has been exposed can take . Continued from page 33 ity can also be affecte3~by exposure to tedain toxins. and~tfiat a Ictus is as years, even decades, to show up, when mpch_at jislc,iLjtot_more^itJl~lhe male dicthylstilbcstrol (DES) was found to v-T parent has been exposed. cause vaginal cancer in the grown daugh who were sterilized, three were the sole To understand why this is so, it is ters of women who had taken the drug or main support of their families.}' necessary to understand the various during pregnancy to avert miscarriage. ' "Even the mother of a fetus has to ways in which hazardous substances can Recent environmental disasters have eat," says Odessa Koroer, vice-president affect the fetus. Some substances, called made us additionally aware of the vul- of the United Auto Workers. "If the pat teratogens, from the Greek "teras," 'nerability of the human fetus. Both the tern set by the lead industry of barring meaning "monster," are dangerous only burying of chemical wastes in the Love fertile women from certain work were after the sperm has fertilized the egg. Canal area of Niagara Falls, New York, to be followed by other employers, virtu The drug thalidomide is a good exam and the spraying of forests with 2,4,5-T ally every woman's job would be in ple of a teratogen. If taken by a preg in Alsea, Oregon, caused epidemics of jeopardy." Dr. Shirley Conibear, of the nant woman between the twentieth and miscarriages and birth defects. University of Illinois School of Public thirty-fifth day after conception, it al- As any mother knows intuitively, the Health, in Chicago, says: "Women have most always will cause serious defects fetus is a delicate organism. And any been underpaid and kept in low-skill in the growing embryo. disruption of the normal pattern of jobs with little chance for advancement, The "transplacental carcinogens" growth in the early stages--the first few and they have been used as a reserve make up a second group of harmful sub months--of pregnancy when the cells are labor force to be moved in and out of stances. These (DES,'for one) cross the dividing and differentiating is irreversi the job market as needed. Our society placenta of the pregnant woman, pass ble and is magnified thousands of times has decided this is morally wrong and into the blood stream of the fetus and as the fetus grows. illegal. To proceed, then, to use women's create conditions for the later develop Given this sensitivity, it seems only rcasonabletcTdo whUTever is possible to "protect the fetus. As far as protecting it reproduction function as an excuse to reinstate discriminatory practice is in excusable."' ment of cancer. Since the cancer takes years to develop, it is difficult to foresee which substances will have this effect. from hazards ovif lmhev~wtvo,r,kJ'p*Jlace, t1here j It is also impractical. If we were to be Both teratogens and transplacental are various ways to.do so. -One is to / consistent about barring women from carcinogens affect the fetus directly. make conditions in the workplace as' hazardous occupations, we would be ex- But a third category of dangerous sub jli> possible. Ttre~other way to pro- eluding them from industries involving stances--mutagens--causes mutations, or TecTThe fetus-the way some industries chemicals or radiation as well as from changes, in the genes and chromosomes have chosen-is simply to exclude it from { myriad other jobs. Workers are exposed of the germ cells--the egg and the sperm the worknlare by excluding pregnant to toxic substances not only in the ob --from which the fetus is formed. Such women. And since some women may be vious nuclear and chemical-related occu mutations result in stillbirths, miscar Pregnant without being aware of it, the strategy has been to bar all women who might be carrying fetuses--in other words, all women between the ages of 16 and 50. pations but also in many of the morecommonplace, traditionally female ones. Toll-booth attendants breathe exorbitant amounts of carbon monoxide. Airline flight attendants are exposed to ab riages, retardation and deformity, and are at least as likely to occur in the father's sperm as in the mother's egg. Id the case of lead, for instance.JLhas been known for more than 60 years.that normally high levels of carbon monoxide 'reproduHrve abnormalities can result and benzopyrene, an extremely danger wjT hat this amounts to is the penaliz ous breakdown product of cigarette ing ofwomen because they have this smoke that is found also in coke ovens. peculiarity: They are the childbearers of Office workers may be exposed to harm thj~race. Is this fair? Shouldn't thos? ful levels of ozone by operating photo who bear children be eritltTed to earn^ copying machines. And even breathing jusi'~as good a living as those who don't? "secondhand smoke" exhaled by ciga (The women who have chosen The more- rette-smoking coworkers can be danger hazardou~s~pF6dIiHron jobs usually have ous. Lila Braun, of Benicia, California, done so because they pay more thanThe who worked with seven' smokers, was traditionally female--secretarial and advised by her doctor to seek a transfer janitorial jobs.) This seems particularly when she became pregnant. important in a time when one in seven I Hos_pital workers are exposed to highhouseholds is headed by a woman, (Of I ly dangerous anesthetic gases, to infecthe five women at American Cyanamid j tious diseases Such as rubella and Y?hen~ onlyThe"male parent is exposed, A 1916 study by Dr. Thomas Oliver showed that wives of house painters had three times the rate of stillborn babies as the population in general. (Today lead is still found in industrial paints.) Another study by the same researcher found that of 32 pregnancies in women married to lead workers, there were 11 miscarriages, one stillbirth and 13 deaths in the first year of life. Only two of the children lived to adulthood, A 1974 Canadian study of children under the age of five who died of cancer found that the fathers of many of the children were and the one woman at General Motors compose one of the largest groups of exposed to hydrocarbons in their work as molor-\ chicle mechanics, machinists, have child. The_mcn were given the miners and painters. A 1976 study by the choice of~working near a hazardous sub Nationaljnstitutc of Occupational Safe- stance.' ' Why""weren't'the'women?" In* ty~and Health, in Beffiesda, Maryland, the-hisioric 197I"caSc'ln"\vhich Lorena Tound a significant cxcess~of sporifariJ- Weeks fought Southern Bell for the right ous abortion among wives ofwurkers to work as a "switchman," the Supreme exposed to vinvl chloride. And a study CourLstruck down most stale protective completed this past fair5V~lhc Dcparl- legislation. "Mep_have always had the lhem of Labor's Occupational Safety and right-to-determine.whether the increase Health A~dministratioh^fOSHA~) lound in remuneration for strenuous., danger- tTiat of the 36 substances from whichTn- Qus._obpoxjous, boring or_unromantic dustre reports it bars womefTbPchilB- tasks is worth the candle," ruled the. baring age._^i~can~affecl men, causinj Court- "ThcZbrutnise of Title VII"[of cancer, infertility .or mutations in ti~ ^thc Civil Rights Act of 15(3] is that worm JESIIO-- en are to be on equalTooting.'"" It seems, in fact, that thft.vasl majority The arbitration brief denying Robin of reproductive abnormalities can .he Schorn' her grievance argues that the trgeed to the male parent-lo problems employee cannot be allowed to choose to with the sperm--rather than to th~e take the risk because: "While the em female--to problems with the egg or~io ployee might be willing to waive any exposure, of the pregnant woman alter possible claim against the Company for conception^, "There is an eighty-three herself, it is doubtful that she could ef per cent reduction in birth defects in fectively waive any possible future cases of artificial insemination," says claims against the Company by her off Peggy Richardson, of the OSHA Office of spring." Some experts feel that threat Policy Analysis. "When the sperm are of lawsuit rather than threat to the fetus frozen, the defective cells are killed. In is at the heart of exclusion of fertile other words, we can reduce the inci .women from the workplace. "What this dence of birth defects by eighty-three is really about," says Sue Nelson, a di per cent just by cleaning up the male rector in the OSHA Office of Policy and contribution." -. Legislation, "is that the employers are Some substances interfere with the trying to save themselves from expen ability of men to father children. For sive lawsuits. It is easier for a woman several years, men who worked with the worker than a man to bring a lawsuit pesticide DBCP at the Occidental Chemi against a company on behalf of a fetus." cal Company in Lathrop, California, Recently, however, a man who worked joked about the fact that they had with the pesticide DBCP filed an J8-mil- fathered very few children. When the lion lawsuit on behalf of his year-old workers were tesled, 60 per cent were son, who had been bom with a hernia, found to be sterile. (The workers have genital damage and a hand deformity. filed a 110-million lawsuit, which is still What makes the issue of choice diffi pending in the courts.) Men working cult in this instance is that the implica with DES at Dawes Laboratories in tions go beyond the individual mother, Chicago Heights, Illinois, suffered from father and fetus involved. Mutations sexual impotence and abnormal breast cause changes that are carried in the development; in one case a worker re gene pool from generation to generation. quired a double mastectomy. Most serious are mutations in sex-linked I n view of the evidence does it make recessive genes. These may have subtle and totally unpredictable results at un predictable times. Dr. Peter Infante, sense to. remove fertile women from a director of OSHA's Office of Carcinogen Hazardous workplace and to leave be- Identification and Classification, pon 7iin~d~iertile men who can just as easily dered a .number of possible effects: Pass~dfects.on to offspring or who may "Does this mean susceptibility to other "Become sterile? "If it is a fact that wom environmental insults? Does this mean en married to lead workers have ab psychobehavioral changes? Is this going normal births, then we also have to to show up two generations or five gen remove the men," says Dr. Bertram erations later? In one experiment male Carnow, director of the Department of fruit flies were exposed, just once, to Occupational and Environmental Medi vinyl chloride and then mated with un- cine at the University of Illinois School of Public Health, "We either wind up with eunuchs in the workplace or we must eliminate the toxins. I suggest that it would be easier to elunThaTe tlnTl CREDITS IN THIS ISSUE - toxinsr^ .''In any event, in spite of the risks, men have always had the choice of whether or not to work around these toxins. Photo credit*: pages 27, Courtesy of CBS; 40, Michel Legrou. . Special credits: pages 51. 58, drawings by Nancy Stahl; 90, all props from The Some women argue that they should have the same right. Jwo_years_ago Robin Schorn nf PntLstriwn^Je.nniuiI. Pottery Bam; 91, breadbasket and mugs for Mushroom Broth from The Mexican Folk Art Annex, Inc.; mustard and pickle containers from Manhattan Ad Hoe vania, was denied_ajobrin_the-ohemical Housewares; platters holding raw vege division of the local Fireslnne Plastics Company- because it would have exposed her lojapyl chloride monomer, a highly tables and oven-browned potatoes .from Ceramante.'Ltd.; blue tiles from Country. Floors, Inc.; 92-93, bowl Pita Carden Sandwiches from the Mexican Folk Art toxic substance'that is also a suspected transplacental carcinogen. The job went to a fesyqualifietOnan. "I was on the Annex, Inc.; Inside-Out Manicotti baking dish from Conran's. All addresses, New York City. Pni7"_says Ms~Schorn. "I drain want to exposed females. Two generations later half (he males died, Is this what pre disposes us to such chronic diseases as heart disease and cancer?" Most cancers are. indeed, caused by gene mutations, and there is a high over lap, perhaps as high as 90 per cent, be tween agents that arc mutagenic and agents that arc carcinogenic. Such ge netic defects are a threat not only to the individual, but also to the entire human race. .Ultimately..allowing ferlile womcii_in the workplace or. excluding them are not the on~ly_choices. A third choice Js IP clean UP the workplace so that no one-- man, woman, .or fetus--is^cxposcrLjo ^zardoutLSubstances, This Involves de.-" termining which substances arc hazard ous, eliminating or reducing them to tolerable levels and providing workers with necessary protections, such as face masks. It is clear what must be done; Systematic research must be under taken. We now manufacture 1,800 food additives, 1,500 pesticides and .5 million mcdicinals. We' do not know which of these are hazardous to human beings-- relatively few have been tested for re productive effects--but experience has taught us that some of them are. Despite the vast number, it is possible to screen them systematically. "We must establish priorities and then proceed to screen the selected compounds in a meaningful manner," says Dr. Marvin S. Legalor, of the University of Texas Division of Environmental Toxicology and Epidemi ology, in Galveston. Dr. Legator em phasizes the importance of .industrial monitoring as well as animal studies. Analysts of workers' blood, urine and semen can indicate what effect the chemicals are having. Epidemiologic information must be gathered more effectively. The U.S. Cen ter for Disease Control, in Atlanta, Georgia, currently runs a Birth Defects Monitoring Program, which collects data from 1,200 hospitals on 1 million births each year. But the program collects no information concerning parents' occupa tions. New York and West Virginia are the only states that list both parents' jobs on birth certificates of the stillborn. Workers must demand as much in formation as possible about the sub stances with which they work. In many plants, toxic chemicals are identified by code names or brand names that conceal their nature. Workers must also be trained in proper procedures for han dling the substances. (The fact that this has not always been done was dramati-' cally highlighted in the Karen Silkwood case. Silkwood, who worked in the Kerr-' McGee plutonium plant near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, died mysteriously in November of 1974 on Tier way to tell a* reporter from The New York Times about unsafe conditions in the plant. In the recent lawsuit brought against KerrMcGee by her heirs, former workers testified that "contamination was every where.") Workers must watch carefully over their own health. Women wqrkere should keep 'records about menstrual irregularities, miscarriages, birth de fects, delay in achieving pregnancy and changes in sex drive.  Until health standards arc stringent enough to protect the fetus, the preg nant woman should be given the op portunity to transfer to another job without loss of pay, seniority or other benefits. "If she must temporarily leave work," says Andrea Hricko, coauthor with Melanie Brunt of Working for Your Life: A Woman's Guide to Job Health Hazards, "she should be allowed to use sick leave and maternity benefits, and she should be able to return to her former job aTter childbirth with senior ity and all her other benefits." 1 Finally, industry must clean up the workplace. In 1970 Congress passed the Occupational Safely and Health Act "to assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and pre serve our human resources." The act established OSHA to set standards, in spect workplaces and levy fines up to J1,000--for repeated violations, $10,000. j(On October 10th of last year, nine months after the sterilization of the five women had been revealed, American Cyanamid was fined $10,000 and ordered to eliminate the hazardous conditions.) So far OSHA has issued standards for 23 substances: asbestos, vinyl chloride, coke-oven emissions, benzene, DBCP, arsenic, cotton dust, acrylonitrile, lead and a group of 14 carcinogens. Industry has fought all the standards except two, arguing that they are too ex pensive to implement. This is not al ways the case. It costs approximately $100 to install a scavenger device that picks up waste gases on an anesthetics machine. Yet in 1974 only 20 per cent of operating rooms had such devices. In 1976, three years after a study by Dr. Thomas Corbett had shown that female operating loom workers and wives of male anesthesiologists suffered increased rates of spontaneous abortion and birth defects, fewer than SO per cent of hospi tals had installed them. When OSHA set its standard for vinyl chloride, industry claimed that compliance would cost $90 billion and 2.2 million jobs. OSHA held its ground. Within a year the standard had been met at a cost of $34 million-- $89,966,000,000 less than the original esti mate. The cleaner technology cut labor costs and industry saved on losses, of vinyl chloride gas that previously had been leaking into the environment. And a thriving new industry that manufac tures monitoring equipment had created nevvjobs. ... - i- hzlcver the dollar amount, short term costs to industry pale beside long term costs of genetic disease. One third of all beds in children's hospitals are occupied by the congenitally defective. It costs about $6,000 a month to stay in a hospital, and it is estimated that 25 per cent of the national medical ex penditure goes for treatment of genetic disease. And always there are the longrange unanticipated costs. Says Dr. Legator: "The miracles of the chemical age have an unforeseen price, the extent of which we are only beginning to ex perience. In terms of ourselves as a population of living organisms, we are suffering from chemical shock." That industry can clean up is demon strated by the example of the Allied Chemical plant in Danville, Illinois. In March, 1977, when the company became alarmed at a study linking fluorocarbons with birth defects, it laid off five women who worked with Fluorocarbon 22 and offered them jobs in the janitorial pool. The company then piocccdcd to i educe fluorocarbon levels from 250 parts per 1 million to only 50 parts per 1 million- one twentieth or the Government stan dard of 1,000 parts per I million. In the meantime, however, two of the women had had themselves sterilized so that they could return to work on the as sembly line. Belatedly the union filed a grievance asking the Government to in spect the plant to determine why the women had been laid off. The investi gators found no evidence of danger and the remaining women were returned to their jobs. Unlike the company policy, however, the sterilizations were not re versible, and provide a poignant re minder that this course should not be followed until all other remedies have been exhausted. ' The most effective remedy is the clean up of the workplace. If concern for the fertile woman can help bring this about, everyone will benefit. Says Dr, Jeanne Stellman, director of the Women's Oc cupational Health Resource Center in New York City, "It was first for women that the restrictions on the legal hours of work were achieved. It was first for women that a minimum wage was passed. It is to be hoped that the special needs that women have when pregnant can likewise be the driving wedge for improved working conditions for all workers, including potential fathers and nonchildbearing adults." the end Susan Edmiston, an award-winning jour nalist and frequent contributor to Redbook, is executive editor of the new mag azine Savvy. Julie Szekely, a former newspaper reporter and consumer inves tigator, is a Hew York-based writer. WAU COVERINGS Information about the wall coverings and accessories shown on pages 8J-85: All items listed below are available in most department stores throughout the country. For more information about these items write to: Redbook Home Furnishings Department, 230 Park Ave nue, New York, New York 10017. Page 81: "Celestine" mini-floral patterned, fabricbacked wall covering and companion cotton-polyester fabric., "Celeste" floraland-ribbon-pattemed wall covering, from the "Donghia" Collection designed by Angelo Donghia for James Seeman Studios, Division of Masonite. "Royal Harvest" carpeting in Delta Blue made of 100 per cent Anso Nylon, Scotchgardprotected, in 12-foot widths, by BigelowSanford. "Granada" blue-and-white geometric, 100-pcr-cent-wool area rug, 4 by 6 feet, from Concepts International. Hand-painted 1820 trunk made of Native Pine, 39 inches by 14 inches by 23 inches, and "Mary Jane Smith-Stock" framed print--both by Habersham Plantation. Fabric cat pillow, from the Gazebo, Feather-edge double-faced satin ribbon in light blue (#305) used on bed cover, from C.M. Offray and Son. _ ^ Pa8e82f "Beckett"-patlcm, vinyl-coatcd wall covering in brown-and-beige stripe, from the Colonial Portfolio IX Collection by Thomas Strahan Company. Light-Trend . "Nostalgia" wall-bracket fixture, by the Halo Lighting Division, McGraw-Edison Company, Bamboo chair by Founders, Division of Thomasvillc Furniture Indus tries. Butterfly fabric. 100 per cent cot ton, from Fabrications. Page 83; "One If By Land" mini-floral-patlemed, pre-pasted, strippable wall covering and companion cotton-polyester fabric; "Shirtstop" mini-check-patterned wall covering--both from the Wall-Tex "Min iatures" Collection. Hand-painted Kitty Rocker, from Habersham Plantation. D, B. Coco herringbone-pattern coco- fiber rug, from Import Specialists. Bo tanical-print fabric, 100 per cent cotton, from Fabrications. Fabric duck by Toy- works, Pine picture frame and poster, from Conran's. Pharmacy -floor lamp with polished metal base and shade, from Sears Roebuck & Company. Page 84: .... "Blue Skies" pattern, pre-pasted vinyl wall covering, from the Fashion Playbill Collection by General Tire and Rubber Wallcovering Company. McKenzie Trail fir-veneered plywood paneling in Cinder Butte finish (4 feet by 8 feet, 7/16 inches thick), by Georgia-Pacific Corporation. Gossip Bench, from the "Keepsakes" collection designed by Leonard Eisen for Pulaski Furniture Corporation. Bell Sys tem Candlestick telephone, available at PhoneCenler Stores, "Chelsea Brick" pattern in Colonial Red Colorway Cushionflor Supreme vinyl flooring, in 9- and 12-foot widths, from Congolcum. "Marbella" blue, yellow and green primitive bird-and-floral design, 100-per-cent-wool area rug, 4 by 6 feet, from Concepts In ternational. "The Race Cahoon" framed print, from Habersham Plantation. Page 85: "Arithmetic VI" geometric-patterned, paper-backed vinyl wall covering and "Bo Boo" border, designed by Ristomatti Ratia and Lyn Peterson for Marimekko (distributed by Motif Designs), Scotchgard-protected "Love Song" car peting in Emerald Green Colorway, of 100 per cent nylon, in 12-foot widths, from Bigelow-Sanford. See 'N Say "The Farmer Says" toy, from Mattel, Inc. The area rug, wire baskets on the door and the toy bear--all are Trom Conran's, Porcelain wall books are from Azuma. Yellow raincoat and red boots, from JCPenncy. WILMINGTON MORNING NEWS Tuesday, March 3, 1981 Copy: //o Barry Christensen Chariie Ott Bob Ahrens DaveJ-ul 1 SteT-l-enborg--, Bob Barrish Lee Wilmot Paul Borenstein Sharon Skutle State hazardous waste plan OK'd The hazardous waste regulatory program developed last fall by the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental' Control has been approved by the federal Environmental Pro tection Agency. The approval gives the state the authority to enforce the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in Delaware, which has about 140 hazardous waste handlers. The program had been jointly carried out by the state and the federal agency since the regulations implementing the act went into effect in November. The state will be responsible for: n Identification of hazardous waste producers, transporters and treaters. SB Regulation of hazardous waste treatment, storage and dis posal facilities through site inspections and sampling. B Management of the 'manifest system, an official paper trail that follows hazardous waste from its generation to its dis posal. H Regulation of hazardous waste generators and handlers. Additional federal regulations are expected to be adopted later this year that will also give the state authority to issue permits governing hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facili ties.