Document VGp917Ox3KpMM4ZZK2ZKm5yxK

i n t e r n ATI a n a l l e a d z i n c r e s e a r c h o r b a n i z a Ti o n , i n c . A. DLAP WOLFF PRESIDENT SHIMPEI OMOTO . VICE PRESIDENT J. STUART .SMART, JR. VICE PRESIDENT . '' . SOHRADE F. RADTKE ' EXECUTIVE VICE, PRESIDENT DIRECTOR OF, RESEARCH '' :.- GEORGE i. BRIGDEN TREASURER , SAMUEL E. ECK ' SECRETARY' 292 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y. ,fia017 TELEPHONE 679-6020' [AREA CODE 212) :: CABLE ADdH-feSS: NYliZRO NEW YORK \' January 11,.1967 To: All ILZROMember Representatives, Directors, Lead Program .Review Committee, Lead Environmental Health Committee ai^d Lead Chemical Committee From: A. L. Ponikvar Subject: Part VI, Environmental Health Research Digest Enclosed is a copy of Environmental Health, Part VI of ILZRO Research Digest Ho. ,1.8. This is the first publication of this book, recommended last :fall by our Executive Committee and the Health^and Safety Committee.', While,we consider Part VI to be a positive and forthright statement of lead's relationship to environmental health, we.., also believe it only realistic, to, note that portions of these summaries can be read out. of. context, to: the detriment, of the... lead industry, by those who are ever ready to point an accusing finger: It v/as for this reason that both.committees recommended that distribution of this book be made, on a restricted and controlled basis. ILZRO, therefore, is mailing the Environmental Health Digest, on a con-'' . . fidential basis only to its members and member representatives serving on com mittees. Other distribution is to be effected under the control of ILZRO members. The potential use and audience for this Digest will vary greatly, from country: to: country, depending on the degree, of concei-n on toxicity pre vailing in those countries. In view of these differing needs, we are now in :. the process of e stab lashing proper distritfuti on in each country through the . ILZRO; membership in those countries. We fee], that this Digest can be: a very effective tool for the 3.ead in dustry in combatting negative forces, provided the contents are utilized with .'fdiscretion.-We;'feel that the methods of distribution outlined above will effect the necessary control.. If.members would like additional copies for internal circulation,; they may be obtained, from ILZRO. ht 1W TER MATI OIMAL. LEAD ZIIMC RESEARCH ..ORGA;N1Z:Ar PART VI ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1LZRO RESEARCH DIGEST NO. 18 OCTOBER, 1966 N11696.01 EpFffi54 .'-v'! ',,l[' INS TERNAT S C3IMA;'1.MAD'':2: i EM C" R E S'EAR C H O R GSA IMSZATI ON, INC. A.; OLAF WOLFF PRESIDENT ViceSHIMPEI QMOTO PRESIDENT J; STUART SMART. JR, Vice PRESIDENT SCHRADER. RAQTKE ; EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT DIRECTOR OP RE SEARCH ' GEORGE t. BRIGOEN TREASURER SAMUEL E. ECK SECRETARY 292 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK. N. Y. i Q V7 TELEPH DNE 5 3 2-2 3 73 (AREA CD DE 212) : ' CABLE. ADDRESS:.; NYIL2RD NEW YORK Dr. Schrade F. Radtke Executive Vice President, Director of Research Staff Samuel E. Eck -- Assistant Director of Research Albert R. Cook -- Project Manager Electrochemistry Dodd S. Carr -- Project Manager Chemistry Donald C. Herrschaft -- Project Manager Metallurgy Kenneth J. Altorfer -- Project Manager Engineering Economics Don G. Fowler -- Project Manager-Health and Safety Adolph L. Ponikvar -- Manager Technical Publications D3 DATA PUBLISHED IN THIS ISSUE OF THE RESEARCH DIGEST MUST NOT BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO THE INTERNATIONAL LEAD ZINC RESEARCH ORGANIZATION, INC; FOREWORD ; This first edition of Environmental Health is part of the continuing effort by the lead industry to fill gaps in knowledge concerning the effects of lead ^otf^nlidhdlhis' world.: The industry is , convinced; that; while, the . research reported'-.herein.:!,iirilT.iccntriTputeyt;o.;the\'welf^.re of the public,, it will also cpntribu.te:i,: to ..thte-icontinued; ,soundness, and further growth, in the use ;'ofllead in , many basic .-applications. - -1-' , The ipfdrniatioh contained in this inaugural venture is based on various research; programs conducted under the direction, of the International Lead Zinc Heseapch Organization,, Inch (ILZRO), oh behalf of leading, lead and, zinc producers throughout the world. * I Many of these environmental health research programs have been under i way for: several years. The lead industry, however, is aware of the growing public interest,in air and, water pollution as. well as other public health matters. It has, therefore, taken steps in the.past year to expand sharply its efforts in these areas. This brochure is one of those steps. But the greatest emphasis is being put on the research projects themselves. The lead industry is not alone in its work to establish the truth about . this, metal and its relation to environmental health. Several research programs are being.conducted cooperatively, with such groups as the. U.S. Public Health Service and the American Petroleum Institute. . The research program described in this brochure.deals with| many areas, of immediate public interest such as the effects on humans of particulate lead compounds in the air under experimental conditions, plus measurements, of the amount of lead in the air and in the human body. Another project involves the study of the relationship between the lead in motor vehicle exhaust and that on vegetation adjacent to public highways. A new use for the various isotopes of lead present in all lead from whatever source is being developed by one of our contractors in order to trace the lead in a particular sample from its source. Another interesting; project, has already shown that lead has no specific effect on the central nervous system tissue in the mouse. It Is interesting to. note that- a recent study showed that levels of lead in the bodies of New Guinea aborigines, living in one of the most remote and primitive areas of the -World, completely apart, from civilization,: are compara-. hie with . those obtained .in industrialized, countries . This particular evaluation ,, bfliealtheffects of .air" pollution was reported at an American Public Health Association meeting in -Sah Francisco In early November, 1966>,; by Dr. Leonard J. Goldwatei,^Professor of`Occupational Medicine, and Dr. A. Walter Hoover, both of Coliimbia University' School of Public Health and Administrative. Medicine. Their .study |of people in 16 countries concluded that, despite increased burning of gasoline and! wider use of'lead in industry, there has been no significant change in lead leve|ls of the blood and urine In the. last three decades. We have) also' included reference Ito other ILZRO research projects conducted under other classifications but having direct or indirect relationship to ... i_ EPI 000797  environmental heaIth/<''VAai;,:outstarwiirig': example of this is the LC-18 project oh Organolead Compounds., This program^ conducted in The Netherlands under IRZRO sponsorship. Is:devoted to1 .exploratdry research- in organolead chemistry and to the synthesis of new compounds to be studied in applied fields. One result.of:these:- efforts, has been the development of organolead compounds that may have a tremendous impact on world health in that the compounds have shown promise in the fight against,bilharzia, a debilitating diseash that affects perhaps. 1600 million;persons throughout the world. . The format of this brochure on Environmental Health generally follows that established by the other five volumes, or parts, of DIGEST 18. The, complete breakdown of DIGEST 18, by partsis now as follows: PART I PART II PART III PART IV PART V PART VI DIE CAST AND WROUGHT ZINC ZINC FOR CORROSION PROTECTION ZINC CHEMISTRY , . LEAD METALLURGY LEAD CHEMISTRY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH The six volumes review progress from April through October, 1966, on . the various lead and zinc research and development programs conducted under the direction of ILZRO. The projects reported in these separately bound sections are grouped under specific headings which most closely describe their primary engineering characteristics or area of application. These headings provide a ready index as to published data on specific topics. Appendices include completed programs, other active programs, published articles, and. patents. Attention is directed to the abstracting service of lead and zinc literature conducted by the Zinc Development Association - Lead Development Association in England and also sponsored by Lead Industries Association, Inc. American Zinc Institute, Inc*, and ILZRO. Two companion publications, ZING ABSTRACTS and LEAD ABSTRACTS, are issued 'monthly and are available on request through the appropriate development association. Additional copies of the DIGEST or: further information on ILZRO work can be obtained from the appropriate lead or zinc development associations in your country- In-Japan, the DIGEST may be obtained, in the Japanese language, from Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. - or from Mitsubishi; Metal Mining Co., Ltd. In Italy, an Italian edition is available from Monteponi & Montevecchio. For further reference, detailed contractors * reports are available in the U.S. and Canada from ILZRO, AZI, or LIA; in Australia, from the Australian Lead and Zinc Development Associations; in Great Britain, from the ZDA or LDA; in Italy, from Monteponi>& Montevecchio; in Japan,' from Mitsui and: Mitsubishi; and. in India; from the, Indian Lead Zinc Information Centre.: , In\. other countries, requests for these reports shall be referred to ILZRO. We believe that PART;VI, Environmental Health, will,be a most valuable addition to the. ILZRO RESEARCH DIGEST. We are confident it.will become .a use ful reference for the public,, industry, and government in the United State! and throughout, the world. v PART VI, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ILZEO' RESEARCH DIGEST MO. 18: TABLE OF CONTENTS ly, FOREWORD : . I. ACTIVE PROJECTS LH-75 LH- 86 LH-94 LK-106 LH-IO9 III-110 LH-11L LII-117 LH-llS. LH-119 LC-18 Human Exposure to Particulate Lead Compounds in the Air Under Experimental Conditions Lead Glazes for Dinnerware Study of the Biological Basis for Lead Intoxication The Kettering Abstracts of available literature on the Biological and Related Aspects, of Lead and Its Compounds Study of the Relationship between the Lead from Motor Vehicle Exhaust and that in.Consumer Crops Continuous Inhalation of Lead by Rats Continuous vs Intermittent Inhalation of Lead by Rats Effects of Lead on Tissue Cultures of the. Central Nervous System . Study of Lead Burdens in laboratory Animals The Use of Lead Isotope Composition as an Environmental Tracer. Organolead Chemistry II. PLANNED PROJECTS LH-104 Toxicity Study of Ingested Paint Film LH-. 112 Bone Marrow Biopsy as a Measure, of Total Body ''' / 'Lead Burden LH-113 Lead and'Experimental Tumors of the Kidney in Rats LH-lit Neurophysiological Effects, from Lead Exposure , LH-115 . Extension of the "Three Cities Survey" COMPLETED PROJECTS LH-69 LH-76 Characteristics -of Atmospheric Lead Aerosols. The Testing of Organolead Compounds for Possible Endocrinological and Anti-Mammary Tumor Activity - Page 1 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 V, 10 10 EPI 000799 APPEND ICES' Page A- ' Oth:ier: Actlye^Ijfead^i-Prbje'ct's:112 V B Articles and Presentations on Lead Research 14 ;C:-' 1 Peyelopmeiit';.aiid:.:piidmot;ionai'' Organisations Inside Back Coyer D. ILZdO Sponsors ' v.."':;-.. 'Back Coyer EPI OOOBOO ILZRO RESEARCH DIGEST HO. 1C PART VI ' MVIROMTEHTAL . HEALTH, I. ACTIVE PROJECTS VUP-75 Human Exposure to Particulate 'Lead Compounds "in the Air Under TV'''; j : Experimental Conditions;; Unlv. of Cincinnati, Robert A. Kehoe, M.D. The; purpose of this study is to determine the maximum amount of inor ganic lead that can be inhaled continuously throughout a lifetime by normal ... people^ without a. demonstrably progressive accumulation of lead in body tissues. The investigation: is limited to inhaled lead particles so as to establish its relevance to airibient, air. quality criteria. This is. done technically by controlling the particle;Size of the inhaled material within limits of less, than 2 microns. Previously work in the, Kettering laboratory has established the fact that particles in excess of 2 microns in size are likely to be trapped in the upper respiratory tract and either swallowed or excreted with out being absorbed in body tissues. A brief outline of the methodology used in these studies will be; of in- . terest. Since lead is present in all food, beverages, as well as the air we breathe, it is necessary to measure the intake in the human body from all sources and to differentiate that intake by means: of balance measurements. This is accomplished in these studies by measuring the lead content of all food and drink consumed,:by the experimental subjects, together with; the lead content of the.air they breathe and the balance measurement is obtained by a continuous and complete measurement of all excreted lead in the urine and feces with supplementary measurements .of the lead remaining in the body by means of determination of lead in the blood.. Previous work has shown that by far the greatest amount of lead is taken into the. human body through ingestion of food and drink. Therefore, in order to set up a true balance experiment a base line must be established on each experimental subject, and this base line is determined usually as follows: the subject is required to purchase or prepare, duplicated samples of everything he eats and;drinks. For instance, if he eats in a restaurant he orders two , complete meals, one of which is carried in a special container provided by the Kettering Laboratory. If he orders a drink in a bar, he purchases twio - one for analysis. These requirements are maintained throughout the course of the experiment. u ` 1 . I . Similar requirements apply to all of his body excretions, and these are . saved, in special containers, which are provided, by . the laboratory and the. .contents of which are analyzed, in the laboratory . This procedure is. harried , on for a period of one year before any exposure to extra amounts of lead is initiated and thus provides a base line for the particular individual. At the end of the pre-exposure, period the subject spends;;the required amount of time every day in specially built exposure chambers which are large enough for comfortable activities, such as study. In these exposure chambers -1- EPI 000801 known amounts of: inorganic, lead of known particle size are introduced to : provide a continuous exposure for the subject. Of course, the previously described analyses of food and beverages, plus bodily excretions, are maintained throughout the course, of til e; exposure; phase of the experiment, as this is necessary.to differentiate the relative contri bution from food, beverages, and air. Upon:termination, Of the-ejcposure' phase of the experiment the subject is followed again for a period of: .sufficient . - length" for;allof : his, measurements: to return to his "normal" or base line - value.:' This is a very brief outline of the methodology that has been used for the past 30 years at the Kettering Laboratory for human exposure studies. The manner of generating the lead particles used in the exposure phase is of interest. A specially designed propane fired bunsen burner is used to which is monitored a controlled amount of tetraethyllead which, when burned, generates lead sesquioxide of the required particle size. The lead particles are dispersed throughout the chamber in a homogeneous concentration and period ic sampling of the air inside the chamber is made as a monitor of this concen tration. Particle size determinations are also regularly performed. The present experiment is designed to provide a study of continuous expo sure to air-borne lead and involves a new technical approach due to the recognizable difficulty, or impossibility, involved in finding a human subject who would remain in an exposure chamber 2k hours a day, seven days a week for a period of a year or more. The experiment outline was evolved to study whether or not a progressive increase in :time, would provide enough points on a curve so. that extrapolation. out to 2k hours a day was possible. This experimental outline was as follows: the human.subject, remained:in exposure chambers first for. three hours a day, every other day for l6 weeks; then six hours a day, every: other day for l6 weeks; then1for 9 hours a day every other day for l6 weeks;, and. finally for 12 hours a day every other day for 16 weeks. A concentration of lead in the chambers.during this phase of the experi ment was maintained at IpO micrograms per cubic meter of air. This value was - deliberately selected as providing an amount of lead which could be measured by its increase in blood and urine . The: results of this experiment provided ,a validation of. the method and gave values on the curve of blood.and. urine of k points which increased stepwise and Which showed comparable values for each subject: during the exposure-time. Extrapolation from the :k points:on the curve ttotthe: '2k hour per day time showed that both subjects would have reached the same level of lead in the blood at about the same time as if they had been ex posed during a 24 hour a day continuous exposure. At the present' time there are two subjects being exposed in parallel chambers to similar concentrations of lead, in.air for the purpose of this ex periment. The preliminary phase of this experiment was started in 1963 and the exposure phase of the.experiment is now being carried on. -2-. _.J EF`I 000802 LH-86 Lead Glazes for Dinnerware, School of Ceramics, Rutgers, The - : ' State: University,' John H., Koenig ;v ^ is to further the understanding of the manufacturing parameters which must he controlled in order to avoid the mis use and improper application of lead glazes. The operation of a pottery represents the- use of knowledge gained by men'during the'past 25,000 years. Many, if not most, of the techniques and ;procedures jused -are'pf ,`ay strictly: empiric nature. In the glazing of pottery ' ; for -;di:xmerware;'Pilipirical guides are not sufficient to provide good quality v control and a product that is reproducible an nature. Because all good glazes require,a certain amount of lead in their composition to provide the necessary plasticity,, freedom, from, crazing, and ease and economy in manufacturing, ILZRO and, the U. S. Potters. Association decided to investigate the parameters in volved in providing satisfactory and inert-in-use glazes. . .The inert quality of the glaze is tested by means of a determination of the teachability, or release, of lead from the finished product during normal use. A test was devised and proposed to ASTM for this purpose- This test has been accepted by American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) and is now de- . signated as "Tentative Method of Determination of Lead Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Surfaces" (ASTM Designation: C 555"64 T, issued, 1964). With this test as a tool for the determination of the adequacy of firing temperatures, glaze composition, furnace holding time and other necessary . manufacturing parameters, the research was begun. All of the foregoing listed, parameters must be under control to provide a properly fired product. : The investigation has been underway for the past two years, and is expected to pe completed about the middle of 1967. It will be followed by the prepara tion of a manual, or guide for potteries and should be of interest to all those . engaged in.the;manufacture not only of dinnerware but of ceramics in general. An investigation of this kind has not been made before and the information that is being developed is not available, elsewhere. LH-94 Study' of the Biological Basis for Lead Intoxication, Harvard . Medical School, Bert L. Vallee, M.D. , The biochemical behavior of lead in the human body has not been studied in a definitive manner and it is the purpose of this investigation to provide: a fundamentaljresearch study :of :lead in biochemical systems. This, work will ;involye-.^not`(p^y.\ehemistry of;enzymes; and investigations of other body tissues and fluids but will attempt to follow pathways of lead metabolism. . The firsiygeherai-area^ of approach has been into .analytical chemistry in trace , amounts . A heavy emphasis in this phase of the program has been on atomic absorption spectroscopy and direct methods which would provide the required sensitivity, without time consuming separations and destruction of organic matter and concentration by ashing.' Investigation in this area has been inter esting and fruitful and is continuing with many different reagents, absorption tubes and varying spectral absorption lihes. .Fundamental investigations of various burner designs for the atomic absorption equipment have also been made'. -...'Next h study of itlie interference by lead with heme/synthesis has been appr^ched by inyestlgnting, the metal binding propensities of serum transferrin. This.work is now`Underway. -Other'studies:-have "been; initiated along these same lines using the re lated metal binding protein-conalbumin. . Of great interest is the investigation of metallothionein, which is a small molecular weight protein that has been isolated from horse kidney cortex. It has been shown that cadmium and zinc are influential in this system and,tend to compete with the sulphur ,in; metallothionein during .normal metabolism. Another promising model for work on heme synthesis and one which has been previously studied in connection with porphyrin synthesis, is the use of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides/which is a phytosynthetic microorganism that may be grown in the light and which has shown a definite sensitivity to lead- investigation of similar'systems has shown that E. coli is affected by the presence of lead in the growth media and work on this will serve to com pare the effects of lead in a different microbiological system. All of these lines of approach are being followed at the present time. .LH-106 , The Kettering Abshracts of available literature on the Biological and Related Aspects of Lead and Its Compounds, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Irene R. Campbell The Kettering: :Abstracts: of the world medical literature on lead are published quarterly bythe Lead Industries Association for the use of the medical and allied professions under the joint financial,sponsorship of the Lead Industries Association of New York, the Lead Development Association of London, and the International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc., of New York. LH-109 Study of the Relationship between the Lead from Motor Vehicle Exhaust and that in Consumer Crops,: Statewide Air Pollution. . Research: Center, University of California, John T. Middleton There have been a few studies reported in the literature on the extent of contamination of the soil and crops near highways by exhausted lead products from internal combustion engines. Most of these studies have not provided quantitative knowledge of the extent of the contamination, the distance that it travels, and the indication of its effect on soil and crops. ' The University of California has one of the foremost laboratories, in this country for making this type of. investigation and has begun a study which, will take into account vehicular traffic, highway design parameters, air borne lead, "amount of; lead normally present in the soil along highways,1 additional lead -k~ EF'I 000804 added from contamination, and dj.ts feffect oil various fruit, leafy vegetable and'root vegetable crops as grown> as harvested, and as sold. In addition, ; all of these, parameters- vili :be:iT measured at various, distances from heavily traveled 'main hi^mys: and: secondary roads. A mobile laboratory has been designed;and built which will enable com plete .freedom in .the selection of sampling sites for air-borne lead compounds. A:; special*;.motor ' generator set is included, in; this, , laboratory;which will be fueled*::with-white gasoline. , At the present time work on; the,/analytical/phase. of'this'-project is/unddr''*,way. .LH-110j Continuous Inhalation of Lead by Bats, University of Cincinnati, College of-Medicine, Emil A. Pfitzer. This is a study using. laboratory animals in an exposure to,air-borne /. concentrations of finely divided lead oxide to provide a further test of the study procedure used in project LH-75> where men are being exposed to similar concentrations of lead oxide. ' This study will be helpful, especially since animals may be exposed con tinuously,: whereas men must be given time off. In other words, the research is designed to establish, several more points on a continuous exposure curve to help substantiate the human exposure curve. LH-111 Continuous vs Intermittent Inhalation of Lead by Rats, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Emil A. Pfitzer This study is really a part of IB-110 in which rats are.being used to check the LH-75 project. In LH-75> men must be given time off from the ex posure .. It is .the purpose of this, program,, therefore, :to compare these -intermittent exposures with continuous, inhalations. LH-II7 Effects of Lead on Tissue Cultures of the Central Nervous System, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, Margaret it Murray. - Scientists at Columbia University have described the technique of pro viding a; viable culture, 'of mouse central nervous system tissue and of main taining .the. growth of this tissue in appropriate nutrient solutions for'ex tended periods of time.. This . technique has been successfully/ used, to eval- uate the effects on such tissues of various metallic ions by incorporating puch/ions in: the nutrient-solutions. '//-;:,./'/: /: / An extensive study of various concentrations of soluble lead added to the. nutrient solution is now being made and initial research indicates that lead,has/Very little,effect on the growth, and health of these in vitro . cultures. A complete report, of, this/study will be available.for inclusion in the next issue of this digest. -> -- : LH-116 Study of Lead' Burdens: in Laboratory Animals, School of Medicine, : Wayne State University, Ralph G. Smith The objectivey:.of this program is to study the effects on animals of ex posure to ambient levels of urban air pollution. About three years ago Wayne State University set up a series of parallel exposure chambers, which could house mice, rats, and.other laboratory animals and, expose parallel groups of the animals to air drawn!:frb#::oveh a; busy Street in Detroit. At the sama time, equal groups of similar ahimals^were, e^osed,^ to clean filtered air as controls. The exposure of these animals was not ^originally intended as a' lead experiment. However,,after, theanimal exposurea . Werfe cc^leted^jthis'projqct was set up to measure the amounts of lead picked up:during the life,cycle.by the exposed animals and to compare thdse with the amohnt' picked up by the control animals breathing filtered, air. The,. analyt ical work is being done now. . : LH-119 The Use of Lead Isotope Composition as an Environmental Tracer, Isotopes, Inc., D. F. Sehutz : ~ r : . The objective of this project is to use the most advanced techniques to attempt a measurement and documentation of the amounts of lead contributed to animal and plant systems from various sources, both natural and man made. . Many studies hate been made in the past on the amounts of lead present in our environment, including that in air, food, water and soil. It would be of great interest to be able to determine the source of the lead in a particular sample. This has not been possible previously. For instance, the particle size of air-borne lead is so low that identification of the com pound is impossible. In analyzing lead In food and water, usual analytical techniques merely identify and quantify lead as lead. It is the purpose of this particular study to examine the use of isotopic measurements as a device to trace the source of lead in a particular sample. This would help evaluate the quantitative relationship between the lead found in a food item and its source, for example, whether the source was from soil or water or air. . Lead found in mines and soils exists as a composite of the several iso topes and it; has,.been;.found that the isotopic distribution in a particular ^/sample of,lead is characteristic of Its source.. Sensitive measuring techniques, k have, been.devised to characterize lead:isbtopieally and it is proposed, that; ; .these .techniques be used in this study. Because these, techniques are,..extremely : ; aensitivey.it jims. been necessary to provide a special laboratory arrangement tlortthe^centralizatlon'icf^all^iead, cample analyses . This laboratory has been /; activated , and work is now underway on a preliminary evaluation of the - techniques as 'they::.apply lo environmental; measurements. It is proposed that some of the .first measurements to be made will include filter paper samples obtained from the National Air Sampling Hetwork, samples of drinking water, common foods, . .and representative soil samples. There are catalogs, containing the isotopic distribution `of lead obtained from mines throughout the.world. These can, be : compared with so-called "natural" lead samples, which exist in many soils and which have been obtained from sources such as meteorites.,. -6EPI 0OO806 LC-lB OrganoleadChemistry,iGfg^hiilch Chemiseh Instituut, T.N. 0. , ""Utrecht,-. The! Netherlands, L. C. Willemsens, G.J.M. van aer Kerk ^i&'.pTOgr^jis ''devoted;';:t:o. exjilonatony research In organolead chemistry and;to the synthesis:;of pet' compounds to he studied in applied, field. .One such.; field is the control of Bilharzia, ah: extremely debilitating; disease of man andjanimal, hhich: Is of great social:and economic importance in tropical ardasf-^ is"- a: principal : crop., Bilharzia,:. r a German physician, Theodore Bilharz, who de scribed the disease in l8jjl, is caused by small parasitic worms that live `IhVtlidibQdieb of water snails.' It 'has., been traced as far hack as. 5,00p: B.C. Some cases have been reported in recent years in New York City hospitals Among 'immigrants from Puerto Bico and servicemen who had been stationed in the Middle East and Africa. \ Prophylaxis for bilharzia has.been widely investigated by the medical profession, and the World Health Organization has set up ,a special study group. No success has been reported In this endeavor. It has seemed, there fore,: a wise move to attempt a vector control program similar to that which was so successful against the mosquito for malaria control. In this case, however, such a control program would be directed against the snail, which, is the host for the disease-causing parasite. As a result of screening several organolead compounds, based on their broad biocidal and biostatic activity, triphenyHead acetate was found to be an active molluscicide. Not only does it kill snails, which act as intermediate hosts for the causative parasite, but it is also effective in destroying snail eggs. Based on its relative selectivity to snails and snail eggs, triphenyllead acetate is less toxic to rice seedlings, by a factor of 10 or more, than other molluscicides. Field trials are underway to evaluate this organo lead compound as a means of controlling Bilharzia by.interrupting the life cycle of the shall. , The research is being,conducted at the Tropical Pesticides Research Headquarters and Information Unit, London, England; at the Tropical Research Institute at Mwanga, Tanzania, utilizing various organolead compounds pre pared under the LC-l8 program. : Various organolead compounds also have exhibited high anthelmintic activity against tapeworms, which infect economically important animals, such as chickens, turkeys, goats, sheep, and cows, as well as man. The dose required to rid animals of these parasites is very low as compared with the toxic level for such animals, making organolead compounds valuable chemo therapeutic agents. Screening tests of 1 di-n-butyHead diacetate with mice have been completed and show marked improvement over tin compounds used for this purpose. -7- EPI 000807 II. PLANNED PROJECTS: Ll-hlPA Toxicity:`Study ^- of ^Ingested'feint; Elljn:. ; The problem of lead poisoning in children is one involving certain . socio-economic; groups and.almost always, exists in. older areas of old cities. Thef children ;predcminantly-.affected are "in the age, range from six months to about three years. The source of the lead is almosi;alwAysifibn;paintJedJwbodeniihtefior^hurjfecesy'idsiially^'windowv'silis'. .1 The purpose of this '!;pldnhCd%J^^lisitdj|'Va,iuate"d|ieittoxicity; of "paint, films, containing no lead and various amounts of lead pigments as well as various'kinds of lead 'pigraentsJ ': It is planned to use laboratory animals in this study and to use specially prepared typical dried paint films. Such an investigation has not been done before; all of the information on the toxicity,of leadcontaining paint comes from investigations of the pure lead pigments. It seemed desirable to investigate the toxicity of the paint film itself and the influence of the film on the toxicity of the lead pigments it contains. LH-112 Bone Marrow Biopsy as a Measure of Total Body Lead Burden In the measurement of the body lead burden it is important.to medical scientists to determine just what the relationship of a blood lead value is to the total amount of lead present in:a particular individual. Nu- . merous autopsy measurements of the lead content of bone and other organs . have been made.but these measurements generally have not been specifically oriented to answer this question. This study, therefore,, has been designed as an experimental approach using laboratory animals which will be exposed to lead compounds as needed and: .then, sacrificed at various:stages of their exposure in order to provide samples of bone, bone marrow, blood, and total bodies for determining the body burden.of lead, as well as.the distribution Of lead in the body. This work will supplement several other studies which are being made or planned on human autopsy eases. The total effort will help consider ably in the understanding of the relationship of total body burden to blood lead .content.:: \i. ".vvv.%-.^IB^T13's>Ijehd,:~'an,d"ExpferlmentaI..'Tumors' of the Kidney in Rats . ' Several reports in the literature indicate that ingestion, by laboratory rats of a soluble-lead compound, such as lead acetate, will induce a high percentage of. tumors of the kidney.' All of these studies, have used large amounts, of lead, .always in excess: of 1$ of the total diet. This study will, use several different amounts of lead ia the diet to . v determine threshhold; levels of lead in relation to tumor production and. to attempt a quantitative and qualitative relationship establishment. -8- EPI OOCSffl LH-114 , Neurophysiological Effects ff6m Lead Exposure At small'bcale ;.study,:hisi^ as reported in the Russian" iiterathre of: ;Jneas:ureme!nts; of conditioned reflex activity, is. proposed. This. type;; of 'dirvesfigafion i Vill be of Interest to'those concerned with central; nervous system effects. Several:.European "investigatorsnotably-.in'' Russia* France and Switzerland,'; have used techniques :of exposure j evaluation to toxic agents that involve extremely subtle measurements of central-nervous system: effects. These effects have in many of the studies been related to an ievaluation; of : the ,:tOxid; hature of the material: studied. Examples of these studies are the well-known ones made at the Pavlov Institute1 in Leningrad. American : toxicologists have not used techniques of this' kind very widely and,, in general, do not hold to the belief that quantitative re lationships; to the toxicology of a material can be.established in this manner. However, some studies of this nature, using very small or subclinical amounts of lead, would help in future understanding of the nature of the toxic effect. LH-115 Extension of the "Three Cities Survey" The "Survey of Lead in the Atmosphere of Three Urban Communities", published by the United States Public Health Service as Public Health Service publication $999-AP-12, set a pattern for environmental measure ments. Investigations of this type could well provide prototypes for future . evaluations > not. only of lead but of other materials found in the environment. ILZRO has informed the U.S. Public Health Service that it is ready to cooperate in another investigation in -which, air samples are taken and ana lyzed for lead,and representative samples from the blood and urine of various population groups are measured. This type of investigation can pro vide a sort of environmental inventory for a continuing surveillance program Ill- COMPLETED PROJECTS LH-69 dharactCrlstics of; A&nOspheflcVI^ad` Aerfesdls^ Stanfofd . ; 7'-lns.tltuter-; . tv 7 '3Y'4>- The objective of this research program was to extend the exploratory sampling of atmospheric lead aerosols to all types of environments, to extend the size range of the sampling system for a single sampling ; period, and to characterize more completely the nature of the lead aerosol. The results of this: i'esehrch were published in the Air Pollution Control Association Journal, Yol. 15, No. 3> March 1965, 102-105, in an article entitledSize Distribution Studies with the Aerosol . Spectrometer." by P. L. Ludwig 1 arid Elmer Robinson of the Stanford Research Institute.*: Menlo Park, California. - LH-76 The Testing of Organolead Compounds for Possible Endocrinological and Anti-Mammary Tumor Activity, The Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology The objective of this project was to study 22 organolead and organotin compounds for various endocrine activities, including anti-estrogenic, anti-mammary tumor, anti-androgenic, estrogenic and thymolytic and anti inflammatory. Significant anti-androgenic activity was reported for two of these compounds. The researcher,. Ralph I. Dorfman, suggests possible thera- ' peutic value in prostatic cancer, possibly some forms of mammary cancer, and possibly for acne, in a paper entitled "Anti-androgenic Activity of Tetra-H-Butyllead in a Mouse Assay", which appeared in the Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 19^4, vol. 116, 1055-1057- IM-4 . . A Study of Lead Base Alloys . : Armour Research Foundation LC-10 Lead Chemicals A.G. Little Company LC-11 High Emission Lead .Compounds Hew fork University IM-15; Continuous Extrusion of Cable Sheathing John Robertson Company L019 ' Lead Oxide In Low Temperature Vitreous1 Coatings University of Illinois . ZC-20'%:^ . Lead Glazes for Ceramic Ehiteware Bodies Ohio State University LC-22 Fundamental Behavior of Lead in Glasses . Alfred University LC-23 : StudyMOfFerroelectries Containing . Lead.Compounds University of California 7 IM-26 Powder Roll Cladding of Lead to Steel . University of British. Columbia m-31 : hMbChanist'W "Cracking; vUniversity;Of Queensland 7 HE-35 ..Fuhdaniental Study; of the Electrochdiiiical'Behavior : of Lead in Various ' Media:Including Cyclid Conditions University of Cambridge LC-39 i The."'Kinetics ;6f:;the-Reduction of ;Lead'l:ih7CeraMic : Systems,i University of Illinois LC-40 Ferroelectric Behavior of Lead : : Hafnate,. Barium Hafnate and Lead .'Hafnate-Strontium, Systems University of. Illinois IM- 44 Adhesive Joining of. Lead American Smelting & Refining Co IM-46' Metallic Lead as Lubricant Additives Ethyl Corporation LE-47 Chemical Reduction Plating Eltex Research Corporation LC-51 Fast Fire Glazing of Structural Clay Products Georgia Institute of Technology LC-54 Thermal Expansion of Lead. Containing Glasses North Carolina State LC-61 Lead in Plastics DeBell;and Richardson,; Inc. IM-67.. Development of the Continuous Sheet Lead Casting Process The Broken Hill.Assoc. Smelters Prop. Ltd. LE-73 Lead Anodes in the Purification of : Domestic and Industrial Effluents Water Pollution Research . Labi, England 114-90 Application of Lead For Acoustical Use In. European Bldg. Partitions University of Berlin -11- EF'I 000811 B- OTHER ACTIVE LEAD PROJECTS PART IV LEAD METALLURGY I ;' ^ | ARCHITECTUr AL' APPLfCATIONS 4 12-1-T EM-16 114-77 LC-59 LE-83 lead Asbestos Pads for Vibration Attenuation Lead for Sound Attenuation -Lead.'7, .-v 7 Development of Lightweight Lead Sheet Roofing Systems Ceramic Coatings for Cementitious and Metallic Surfaces Lead Coatings for Concrete II. . V WROUGHTLEAD; .APPLICATIOHS ,j ; EM-45 Conversion of Particulate Lead to Wrought Forms III. CABLE SHEATHING. LM-55 \ Lead Composite Cable Sheathing IV. SOLDERS ;' IM- 97 Commercialization of Lead-Filled Fiber Metal v. JOINING LM- 44 ' Adhesive joining of Lead. VI. ' LEAD COATED STEEL . LE-36 . . High Speed Lead Plating on Steel VII BATTERY APPLICATIONS . 4 LE-82 Application of Powder Metallurgy to Lead Acid lotteries EE-84 Support of. Naval Research on Lead Acid Batteries IM-85.. . Joining of Particulate Lead Products7 . VIII. CORROSION CONTROL; LE-65 .Corrosion of Lead in Various' Media LE-70 .ElectrochemicaltCorrosion of Lead Alloys 77' ix. : FUNDAMENTAL 'RESEARCH v.-t IM-8 LM-64 IM-30 LM-91 LE-29 , Lead Powder Metallurgy Properties of" Molten Lead and .Lead Alloys 7 . Effect .'..of 'Fatigue.' Stressing on the Surface '. of. Lead. .. A Fundamental Study of Some .Dynamic Properties , and . its Alloys . Fundamental; Surface Reactions of Lead . '; Reactions of Lead -12- EPI 000 PART .LEAD'' CHEMISTRY dFABr bHBMxCAiFP ^ v LC-l8 i'Organolead Chemistry :;: : LC-28: rP:brgattoIead';Chemistry .'P Compounds; as Lubricants and Lubricant Additives ':!Si(>2'i-v;'ViLitharge/'G3ycerol-/.C^ent;vAmLx3gUe^;;-;;'::,,i' 'v LC-;63 "I :V'^TnYesi;:Igd|iiOn':);tp;';;Impart:;!;Spe&ia.l'; Properties;, to', Cotton ." A ;:; :,Tbrou^h^Ap^Iications'-i Op. ,Lead'Compounds : LC-89.'A' 'Lead !CO&p#und^^ 'as: Wood;,']jiipregnants: Against Marine : .Borers , p a ir p s a m) p ig me h t s - ; : . ~ : .- . LG-3^'\;|fiad^Mgnents.';in*-Water Thinxiable Metal Primers LC-50 . ; Lead: Pigmehts in Water - ,Based Vehicles/Including ' Paints For Surfaces Other Than Ferrous LC-8l .Antifouling Paint Formulations LC-95 ' Lead;Pigments in,Electrophoretic Paint Deposition Systems LEAD IH CERAMICS LC-12 f Lead Glazes for Fast Firing Bodies . LOl4 : Physical Properties of Lead in Electroceramics LC-21 , High Lead Ferrites LC-37 Physical and Inorganic Chemistry of Important Lead Compounds LC-?d 1 Mechanical Strength of Glasses LC-87;, i, Opacification, of lead-Bearing Porcelain Enamels LC-88 i The Crystal Chemistry of Lead-Zinc Compounds LC-93 Refractories for Manufacturing lead Glasses LC-96 Large Scale Triaxial Phase Diagram for PbO-BgO^-SiOg LC-107 Flame Spraying of Low Temperature Leaded Porcelain Enamels LG-108 Study of Crystal Relation of Lead-Bearing Low Melting Glasses ARTICLES AND PRESENTATIONS OK LEAD. RESEARCH ; ' 'General : ILZRO_A- R.- Cook, Philadelphia, : Pa'-. October 13, '1966 A-A, BASIC RESEARCH IN THE INDUSTRY COOPERATIVE RESTARCH ORGANIZATION, S.E. Eck, prbsentbd to American;"Qrdnance.Association, : Burham, N.C., May, 26,: 19&6 , LEAD'RESEARiX^ F. Radtke, presented at the 38th Annual Meeting of the Lead Industries Association, Inc., St. Louis, MdbsburiL^ jMarCh '314; 4966' . ', INTERNATIONAL LEAD ZINC RESEARCH ORGANIZATION SPEARHEADS INDUSTRY PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT," American Metal Market, Feb..lb, 1966. : .CHEMOTHERAPY OF BILHARZIASIS, World Health Organization, Technical Report Series,, M6.-..317,-1966'. AMTHELM1NTIC,ACTIVITY OF DIBUTYLLEAD. DIACETATE, G. Gras, Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop., France, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1966 ILZRO RESEARCH REPORT TO THE INDUSTRY, S.F. Radtke, presented at the ILZRO incorporation Meeting, Tokyo, Japan, Nov. 2, 1965. RECENT ILZRO BATTERY RESEARCH, Three Talks: (l) ILZRO Battery Research (2) Developments in. LLZRO Lead Cable Sheathing Research and (3) ILZRO Lead Research - Research .Seminar, presented by S.E. Eck for S.F. Radtke at the . 2nd International Conference on Lead, Arnhem, The Netherlands,. October 6, 1965 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT UNDER ILZRO EXPANDING ESTABLISHED MARKETS AND FINDING NEW PRODUCT. LINES, American Metal Market's Annual Lead-Zinc Supplement, July 12> 1985. . . X. , ; : h > LEAD RESEARCH - FORMULA FOR INDUSTRY PROGRESS, S.F. Radtke, presented at the ... . . 37th LlA Annual Meeting,. Chicago, 111.,. April 28, 1965 SIZE DISTRIBUTION STUDIES WITH 'THE AEROSOL .SPECTROMETER, F. L- Ludvig:, and E. Robinson,,Stanford- Research Institute, published in Air Pollution Control Association Journal,..sVol.: 15j No. 3> March.1965 . ANTI-ANDROGENIC ACTIVITY OF TETRA- N-BUTYLLEAD IN A MOUSE; ASSAY, R.1. Dorfman,. .: Proceedings .of' the .Society for Experimenthl .Biology and Medicine, .1964, ; Vol. 116. /^CONDUCTING.; S. f. Radtke1( ILZRO);rpresen^ : AMA on 'August 26,11964,: and published-in AMA Bulletin, Dec. 19bv. NEW LEAD-ZINC. IviARKETS,. THROUGH .RESEARCH' S F Radtke >. ILZRO, Lead and Zinc. (Japan),- Sept. 1964. ; RESEARCH' . . :Rx FOR LEAD4ZINC PROGRESS. EiMJ Metal and Mineral Markets, Sept. 7, 1964. . ' ,-'r , -y ; .' EPI . 000824 Lead Chemicals NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN ORGANOLEAD CHEMISTRY, G. J. van der Kerk, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, Oct. 1966. iNVESTIGATION OF' ORGANOLEAL: COMPOUNDS II - THE REACTION OF TRIPHENY^IIJMBYIIJTHIUM: WITH SMAlI^ RI^ HETE;ROCYCLES;: FOTCTIONALLY. SUBSTITUTED ORGANOLEAD COMPOUNDS, L. C. Willemsens and G. J. Ml'van der Kerk, Journal Organometallic Chemistry 4 (1965) 3^42 INVESTIGATION OF ORGANOLEAD COMPOUNDS ill - THE REACTION OF ORGANOLEAD COMPOUNDS WITH. KETENE (TRIPHENYL FLUMBYL) ACETIC; ANHYDRlDEy: i- C. Willemsens and, G. J. M. van der Kerk, J. Organometallic Chemistry 4 (1965) 2hl-244- GROUP IV ORGANOMETALLIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS- THlO DERIVATIVES OF PHENYL- GERMANES, -STANNANES i AND PLUMBANES, ;W.E. Davidson, K. Hills and M. C. Henry; Journal Organometallic Chemistry 3 (1965) 285-294. SOME COMPLEXES. OF PHENYLLEAD HALIDES, Kenneth Hills & Malcolm C. Henry, Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 3> (1965)- XIV. ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION DUE. TO BONDS BETWEEN; IVTH GROUP METALS, W. Drenth, M. J. Janssen, G. J. M. van. der Kerk & J. A. Vliegenthart, Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 2, 1964.. THERMOCHRCMISM OF: HEXAPHENYLr- AND HEXACYCLOHEXYLDILEAD, Journal of Organometallic Chemistry,'Vol. 2, 1964. INVESTIGATION OF ORGANOLEAD CtNIPOUNDS. I . A. NOVEL RED ORGANOLEAD COMPOUND. A REINVESTIGATION OF KRAUSE1S RED DIPHENYLLSAD, L. C. Willemsens & G. J. M. van der Kerk, Journal of Organometallic; Chemistry, Vol. 2, 1964. STUDIES IN GROUP IV ORGANQMETALLIC CHEMISTRY. XIII. ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS WITH FIVE METAL ATOMS IN NEOPENTANE CONFIGURATION, J. C. Willemsens and G. J. M. van dez- Kerk, Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. Vol. 2, 1964. SOME REACTIONS .OF HEXAPHENYLDEIEAD^ Adolf W. Krebs & Malcolm C. Henry,. Quarter master Research A Engineering Command, Journal.of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 28, 1963. THE SYNTHESIS OF: ORGANOLEAD .SULFUR COMPOUNDS, M. C. Henry & A. W. Krebs, Quarter master Research & Engineering Command, Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 28, 1963 Paints and Pigments - ' -' . OffiANOLMD COMPOUNDS 'POTENTIAL :'R facture, Feb. 1965. ANTICORROSIVE LEAD . PIGMENTS '.IN; WATER- THINIM). FEmOUS METAL PRIMERS,: Everett^ Ritchie & Howard J., Hughes, Official Digest, Vol. 36, No.. 469, Feb. 1964. WATER-THINNED .PRIMERS FOR STEEL SURFACES, Industrial Finishing, Aug. '1963./. y Lead in Ceramics INVESTIGATION OF;- LOW/^ OF GLASSES, IN THE SYSTEM PbO-KgO- SiO /BY THE BEAM :BEM)IlfG:jMETHQl3;:A. Yalcinkaya, Alf3^d\.Universityy.''M.;-.S..;-iesis,> \- June 1965. //<:;/'///.v; .// ' ": . , //'// : THE: STRENGTH; AND WEAKNESS OF BRITTLE MATERIALS, C. J. Phillips.',' American Scientist, Mar. 1965. 11- KINETICS OF THE REDUCTION OF LEAD COMPOUNDS AND GLASSES: C-. II. Haertling and , R. L. >Eb%,..,-UniVeir$ity.-;di'Olllinois:,''' Journal. of American Ceramic Society, 1 Vol. 48, #1, Jan. 19^5 - - ".V: 14" '' / .7 RATE DETEMINANTO FOR. FAST- FIRE BODIES, R. A. Pregnall M. S. Thesis, , Clemson University, I965* ; V - CALCULATION OF YOUNG'S MODULUS OF ELASTICITY FRCM COMPOSITION OF SIMPLE AND . COMPLEX SILICATE GLASSES, C.J. Phillips, Glass Technology, Vol. 5, No. 6, Dec. 196^. ; PHASE RELATIONS IN:THE SYSTEM Ph0-002 AND THE DECOMPOSITION OF CERUSSITE, David A. Grisafe & William B. White, The American Mineralogist, Vol. 49,Sept. October 1964. RATE DETERMINANTS OF GLAZE FORMATION, M, K. Spear, Jr. M. S. Thesis, Clemspn University 1964. : ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IN THE POTASH - LEAD - SILICA , SYSTEM; A. Kicheli, Alfred, University, MAS. Thesis, June 1964. PHASE RELATIONS IN THE SYSTEM LEAD-OXYGEN by W. B. White and. R. Roy, Journal of American Geramic Society 47, 242-249 1964. PHASE DIAGRAMS, Lead in the Ceramics Industries, LIA, Nov, 1963* V . DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR IN TEE SYSTEMS FbttK^-BaEfOg, David L. Wilcox & Ralph L. Cook, Univ. of Illinois, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 46, 47, July.1963. DILAFICMETRIC AND X-RAY DATA ON LEAD 'COMPOUNDS, PART 2, J. F, Argyle & F. A. ..Hummel, Pennsylvania State Univ., Journal of the ACS, Jan. 1903* PHASE: RELATIONS AND STRUCTURES IN. THE SYSTEM' FbO-FegOg/' A. , J. Montvala & A' S. F. Ravits, Univ. of California, Journal of the ACS, Vol. 45/June 1962. CRYSTALLIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAD MOLYBDATE IN LOW TEMPERATURE ENAMELS, : -v R. B. Amin and R.t L. /Cook;' Univ./;of., Illinois,' Journal1 of,.American Ceramic. Society : Bulletin,! Vol. 42, ,fll, Nov. 1963. Furhter References are listed Tn Digest. 17 or may be obtained.from ILZRO / Pp 000816 LEAD AND ZINC DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS AUSTRALIA Australian Lead Development Association Australian Zinc Development Association 95 Collins Street Melbourne C.l.,5 Australia GREAT BRITAIN Lead Development Association 34 Berkeley Square London W.l, England Zinc Development Association 34 Berkeley Square London W.l, England FRANCE ' Centre d'lnformation du Plomb IQ Place Vendome Paris 1, France Chambre Syndicate du Zinc et du Cadmium 39 Rue St. Dominique Paris 7e, France Zinc et Alliages 34 Rue Collange Levallois - Perref (Seine) Paris, France GERMANY Bleiberatung E.V. Haus der Metalle Tersteegenstrasse 28 Dusseldorf, Germany Gemeinschaftsausschuss Verzinken Beefhovensfrasse 12 Dusseldorf 4, Germany (Hot Galvanizing for Corrosion Protection) Zinkberatung, E.V. Friedrich-Eberf-Sfrasse 37-39 Dusseldorf, Germany INDIA Indian Lead Zinc Information 'Centre'. 5A, Lord Sinha Road Calcutta 16, India ITALY Istituto Italiano del Piombo e dello Zinco via Marco de Marchi 7 Milano, Italy JAPAN Japan Lead Zinc Development Association No. 3, 2-Chome Uchisaiwai-cho 1. Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan THE NETHERLANDS l Stichting Doelmatig Verzinken Jan van Nassaustraat 93 'S-Gravenhage, Holland (Zinc Coatings for Corrosion Protection) I! SPAIN Centro Nacional de Investigacianes Mefalurgicas Ciudad Universitaria i Madrid 3, Spain i SWEDEN Scandinavian Lead Zinc Association Sfuregatan 22 Stockholm o, Sweden UNITED STATES American Zinc Institute, Inc. 292 Madison Avenue New York, New York 10017 Lead Industries Association, Inc. 292 Madison Avenue New York, New York 10017 epi' ^CONTRIBUTORS VTQ-:THE': INTERNATIONAL LEAD ZINC RESEARCH ORGANIZATION , INC. American Metal Climax, Inc. New York, New York American Smelting and Refining Co. New York, New York American Zinc Lead and Smelting Co. St.^ Louis, Missouri Anaconda Company New York, New York Broken Hill Associated Smelters Proprietary, Ltd. Melbourne, Australia The Bunker Hill Company Kellogg, Idaho Cerro Sales Corp. New York, New York- Asarco Mexicans S. A. Mexico City, Mexico Cominco Ltd. Montreal, Quebec, Canada Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. Cincinnati, Ohio Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia Ltd. Melbourne, C.I, Australia Hudson Bay Mining & Smelting Co. Ltd. Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada International Smelting & Refining Co. New York, N ew York Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co. LaSalle, Illinois < Mitsubishi Metal Mining Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan Monteponi & Montevecchio Societa italiana Del Piombo E Dello Zinco Milano, Italy Mt. Isa Mines. Ltd. Queensland, Australia National Zinc Co., Inc. New York, New York Noranda Sales Corporation Ltd. Toronto 1, Ontario Canada The New Jersey Zinc Co. New York. New York The Rio-Tinto Zinc. Corp., Ltd. London, England St. Joseph Lead Company New York, New York ^ Sulphide Corporation, Pty., Ltd. Melbourne C.I, Australia Tsumeb Mining Corp., Ltd. Tsumeb, South West Africa U.S. Smelting Refining & Mining Co. Boston, Mass. EPI 000818