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ANSI afctMkffea DEPARTMENT DBBOE practices for respiratory protection ACCEPTANCE NOTICE ANSI Z88.2-1980 11 March 1981 This non-Government document was adopted on the 11 March 1981 and is approved for use by the OOO. The indicated industry group has furnished the clearances required by existing regulations. Copies of the document are stocked by OOD Single Stock Point, Naval Publications and Forms Center, Philadelphia, PA 19120 for issue to DOD activities only. Contractors and industry groups must obtain copies from ANSI. 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. Title of Document: Practices for Respiratory Protection Date of Specific Issue Adopted: 22 May 1980 Releasing Industry Group: American National Standards Institute NOTICE: When reaffirmation, amendment, revision, or cancellation of this standard is initi ally proposed, the industry group responsible for this standard (ANSI) shall inform the military coordinating activity of the proposed change and request their partic ipation. CUSTODIANS: Army -- EA Navy - SH MILITARY COORDINATING ACTIVITY Army - EA REVIEW ACTIVITIES: Army -- MD DLA - GS USER ACTIVITY: Army -- AR Project Number. 4240-0502 Vy 010919 ANSI Z88.2-1980 Revision of ANSI Z88.2-1969 American National Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection Secretariat Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor Approved May 22, 1980 American National Standards Institute, Inc 010920 ^pp0pjQ0^p Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the re National quirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. Standard Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Sub stantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanim ity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from man ufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not con forming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no cir cumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no per son shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for inter pretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute Published by American National Standards Institute 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018 Copyright 1988 by - .-rican National Standards Institute, Inc. Ail rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United ` s of America ai Nms/to 010921 Foreword (Thit Foreword it not part of American National Standard Practice* for Respiratory Protection, ANSI Z88 21980.) This is a revision of American National Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection, ANSI Z88.2-1969. The 1969 standard was a revision of the respiratory protection portions of Amer ican National Standard Safety Code for Head, Eye, and Respiratory Protection, ANSI Z2.1-1959. The purpose of this standard is to help respirator users to establish, implement, and administer an effective respiratory protection program. It retains the format of the previous standard, while expanding certain sections and adding others to reflect the current state of the art. A more conservative approach toward selection and classification of respirators is taken in this re vision. New techniques in respirator-fit testing have provided methods of measuring the fit quantitatively, making possible for the first time a method of establishing a protection factor for any respirator-wearer combination. Thus, a table of respirator protection factors is included in the section on respirator selection and represents a major new item in this revision. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by American National Stan dards Committee on Safety Standards for Respiratory Protection, Z88. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the Z88 Committee had the following members: Edwin J. Kloos, Chairman William H. Revoir, Secretary Organization Represented Name of Repretentative Alliance of American Insurer!......................................................................................G. 1. Krafdsin v R. I. Bleier (Alt) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.................................E. C. Hyatt American Foundrymen's Society................................................................................W. B. Hudson American Gas Association........................................................................................... J. E. Lacey P. S. Runge (Alt) American Industrial Hygiene Association................................................................. R. Barghini B. J. Held (Alt) J. A. Pritchard (Alt) American Insurance Association................................................................................V. J. Roman R. D. Tankersley (Alt) American Iron and Steel Institute................................................................................D. A. Kandel D. L. Webster (Alt) American Occupational Medicine Association........................................................... E. M. Dixon, M.D. American Petroleum Institute......................................................................................R. Diakum J. Lynch (Alt) American Sotiety of Mechanical Engineers.............................................................. T. B. Curran T. A. Aucoin, Jr (Alt) American Welding Society............................................................................................H. Trabbold F. Y. Speight (Alt) Association of American Railroads.............................................................................) H. Sadler Chlorine Institute.................................................................................................. S. F. Edquist E. J. Laubusch (Alt) Electronics Industries Association.............................................................................F.X. Worden Health Physics Society................................................................................................. R . H. Wilson Industrial Safety Equipment Association.................................................................G. Morse F. Rex F. E. Wilcher (Alt) H. M. Weiss (Alt) International Association of Fire Chiefs....................................................................D. D. Flynn International Association of Government Labor Officials................................... M. Slotkin International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers . . J. Mulhern R. J. Steinfurth (Alt) National Fire Protection Association .................................................................... C W. Irwin, M.D. National Safety Council . .................................................................... ii. H. Fawcett J. B. Olishifski (Alt) U.S. Air Force....................................................................................................................A. K.Gudeman U S. Coast Guard.......................................................................................................... K. Wahle U.S. Department of Agriculture.................................................................................. k. M. Waters, Ph D. U.S. Department of Defense.......................................................................... ... J. F. Erskine 010922 Organization Represented Name of Representative U.S. Department of Energy..........................................................................................D. M. Ross, Ph.D H. GUbert (Alt) U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)*....................................R. D. Mahon P. M. Gussey (Alt) U.S. Department of Labor (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). . . J. P. O'Neill, Ph.D. C. T. Bien (Ait) U.S. Department of Labor (Mine Safety and Health Administration)..................E. J. Kloos U.S. General Services Administration...........................................................................C. L. Carter Utility Industry.............................................................................................................. D. G. Smith Individual Members.........................................................................................................W. E. Clark J. Holtshouser H. Ritchie (Alt) This revised standard was prepared by a subcommittee which had the following membership: W. H. Revoir, Chairman Darell A. Bevis Ching-Tsen Bien Darrel D. Douglas Howard H. Fawcett Patricia M. Gussey Bruce I. Held Edwin J. Kloos Claudia Miller Wayde B. Miller, Jr John P. O'Neill Ron Stafford Donald P. Wilmes The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is no longer a member of the Z88 Committee. 010923 Contents - SECT,0N PAGE 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1.1 Scope................................................................................................................................ 12 Purpose.............................................................................................................................. 1.3 "Shall" and "Should"...................................................................................................... 7 7 7 7 1.4 Exceptions......................................................................................................................... 7 2. Definitions..................................................................................................................................... 7 3. Respirator Program Requirements............................................................................................. 10 3.1 Purpose............................................................................................................................... 10 3.2 Permissible Practice.................................................. 10 3.3 Employer Responsibility.........................................................................7.................... 10 3.4 Employee Responsibility.................................................................................................. 10 3.5 Minimal Acceptable Respirator Program........................................................................ 10 4. Classification of Respiratory Hazards...................................................................................... 11 4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 11 4.2 Oassification and Description of Respiratory Hazards.................................................12 5. Classification, Description, and Limitations of Respirators................................................. 12 5.1 Introduction........................................................................................ ............................ 12 5.2 Respirable Air and Oxygen for Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus and Supplied-Air Respirators..................................................................................................12 6. Selection of Respirators............................................................................................................. 13 6.1 Approved Respirators....................................................................................................... 13 6.2 General Considerations.................................................................................................... 13 6.3 Nature of Hazard...............................................................................................................13 6.4 Initial Monitoring of Respiratory Hazard......................................................................13 6.5 Characteristics of Hazardous Operation or Process......................................................13 6.6 Location of Hazardous Area............................................................................................ 20 6.7 Respirator Use Time Period............................................................................................ 20 6.8 Worker Activity................................................................................................................. 20 6.9 Respirator Characteristics, Capabilities, and Limitations........................................... 20 6.10 Respirator Protection Factor.......................................................................................... 20 6.11 Respirator-Fitting Tests..................................................................................................... 20 6.12 Respirator-Fitting-Test Records.....................................................................................24 6.13 Respirator Protection Factor Assignment...................................................................... 24 6.14 Face Dimensions and Facepiece Sizes............................................................................. 24 6.15 Employee Acceptance........................................................................................................24 7. Use of Respirators......................................................................................................................... 24 7.1 Standard Operating Procedures.......................................................................................24 7.2 Training.............................................................................................................................. 25 7.3 Respirator Sealing Problems.................................... 26 7.4 Respirator Sealing Tests............................... 26 7.5 Issuance of Respirators.................................... 26 7.6 Respirator Inspection Prior to Use..................................................................................26 7.7 Monitoring Respirator Use...............................................................................................26 7.8 Monitoring Respiratory Hazard During Use...................................................................26 7.9 Leaving a Hazardous Area............................................................................................... 26 8. Maintenance of Respirators..........................................................................................................27 8.1 General.............................................................................................................................. 27 8.2 Cleaning and Sanitizing................................................................................................ 27 8.3 Inspection......................................................................................................................... 27 010924 SECTION PAGE 8.4 Part Replacement and Repair.......................................................................................... 27 8.5 Storage............................................................................................................................... 27 9. Special Problems............................................................................................................................. 27 9.1 Vision..................................................................................................................................27 9.2 Communications................................................................................................................27 9.3 Use of Respirators in Atmospheres Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health ... 28 9.4 Respirator Use in Confined Spaces................................................................................ 28 9.5 Respirator Use in Low-Temperature Environments...................................................... 29 9.6 Respirator Use in High-Temperature Environments...................................................... 29 10. Evaluation of Respirator Program Effectiveness....................................................................... 29 10.1 General................................................................................................................................29 10.2 Wearer Acceptance............................................................................................................. 29 10.3 Inspection of Respirator Program Operation.................................................................29 10.4 Appraisal of Protection Afforded................................................................................... 29 10.5 Evaluation...........................................................................................................................30 11. References to Other Standards, Regulations, and Manuals.....................................................30 11.1 American National Standards Institute........................................................................... 30 11.2 American Industrial Hygiene Association and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.................................................................................30 113 Compressed Gas Association........................................................................................... 30 11.4 National Fire Protection Association.............................................................................. 30 11.5 University of California, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.......................................30 11.6 U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines.............................................................. 30 11.7 U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health......................................................................................30 11.8 U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and HealthAdministration...........................30 11.9 U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration .... 30 11.10 U.S. Department of Transportation, Interstate CommerceCommission................... 31 11.11 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Standards Development...............31 11.12 General Services Administration......................................................................................31 11.13 U.S. Department of Defense............................................................................................. 31 11.14 Reference Books................................................................................................................31 Tables Table 1 Classification of Respiratory Hazards According to TheirBiological Effect............14 Table 2 Classification of Respiratory Hazards According to TheirProperties which Influence Respirator Selection........................................................................................ 15 Table 3 Classification and Description of Respirators by Mode of Operation....................... 16 Table 4 Capabilities and Limitations of Respirators....................................................................18 Table 5 Respirator Protection Factors........................................................................................ 21 Appendix A1 Approval Agencies.................................................................................................................. 32 A2 Status of Approved Respirators...........................................................................................32 A3 Lists of Approved Respirators............................................................................................. 32 A4 Physiological and Psychological Limitations for Respirator Wearers............................ 33 A5 Suggested Procedures for Carrying Out Qualitative Respirator Fitting Tests............. 33 A6 Suggested Procedures for Carrying Out Quantitative Respirator Fitting Tests...........34 A7 Recommended Procedures tor Field Testing Seal of the Respirator to tfie Wearer . . 35 A8 Monitoring of Respiratory Hazards......................................................................................36 A9 Recommended Procedures for Cleaning and Sanitizing Respirators...............................36 AI0 Oxygen Deficiency - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health.................................. 37 Table A1 Test Agents Suitable for Carrying Out Quantitative Respirator Fitting Tests . 35 010925 American National Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope. Thu standard sets forth accepted practices for respirator users, provides information and guidance on the proper selection, use, and care of respirators, and contains recommended requirements for establish ing and regulating respirator, programs. The standard covers the use of respirators to protect persons against the inhalation of harmful air contaminants and against oxygen deficient atmospheres in the workplace. The following are not covered by this standard: (1) under water breathing devices, (2) aircraft oxygen systems, (3) military masks, and (4) medical inhalators and resuscitators. 1.2 Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to provide information and guidance on the proper selection and use of respirators that will help safeguard the health and life of the users. This standard is written for all persons concerned with respiratory protection, but es pecially for those primarily responsible for establishing and administrating an acceptable respirator program. The standard contains recommended requirements for use by enforcement authorities in establishing regula tions or codes on respiratory protection. 1.3 "Shall" and "Should." The provisions of this stan dard are mandatory in nature where the word "shall" is used and advisory in nature where the word "should" is used. 1.4 Exceptions. Exceptions to this standard may be granted by an appropriate regulatory agency, provided that equally acceptable requirements are established. 2. Definitions abrasive-blasting respirator. See respirator. A respirator designed to protect the wearer against inhalation of abrasive material and against impact and abrasion from rebounding abrasive material. aerodynamic diameter. The diameter of a unit density sphere having the same settling velocity as the particle in question of whatever shape and density. aerosol. A system consisting of particles, solid or liquid, suspended in air. air-line respirator. See respirator. air-purifying respirator. See respirator. air-regulating valve. An adjustable valve used to regu late, but which cannot completely shut off, the airflow to the facepiece, helmet, hood, or suit of an air-line respirator. air-supply device. A hand- or motor-operated blower for the hose mask, or a compressor or other source of respirable air for the air-line respirator. approved. Tested and listed as satisfactory by the Bu reau of Mines (BM) of the U.S. Department of Interior, or jointly by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Ad ministration (MESA) of the U.S. Department of In terior and the National Institute for Occupational Safe ty and Health (NIOSH) of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, or jointly by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) of the U.S. Department of Labor and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the U.S. Department of Health, Education,and Welfare. bioassay. A determination of the concentration of a substance in a human body by an analysis of urine, feces, blood, bone, or tissue. breathing tube. A tube through which air or oxygen flows to the facepiece, mouthpiece, helmet, hood, or suit. canister (air-purifying). A container with a filter, sor bent, or catalyst, or any combination thereof, which removes specific contaminants from the air drawn through it. canister (oxygen-generating). A container filled with a chemical which generates oxygen by chemical reac tion. carcinogen. A substance known to cause cancer. cartridge (air-purifying). A small canister. catalyst. In respirator use, a substance which converts a toxic gas (or vapor) into a less-toxic gas (or vapor). 010926 7 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 ceOing concentration. The concentration of an airborne substance that shall not be exceeded. chemical-cartridge respirator. See respirator. confined space. An enclosure - such as a storage tank, process vessel, boiler, silo, tank car, pipeline, tube, duct, sewer, underground utility vault, tunnel, or pit - having limited means of egress and poor natural ventilation and which may contain hazardous con taminants or be oxygen deficient. contaminant. A harmful, irritating, or nuisance ma terial that is foreign to the normal atmosphere. corrective lens. A lens ground to the wearer's individ ual corrective prescription to permit normal visual acuity. demand. See demand-type self-contained breathing apparatus and demand-type air-line respirator in Tables 3 and 4. detachable coupling. A device which permits the respira tor wearer, without using hand tools, to detach the airsupply line from that part of the respirator worn on the person. dust. See Table 2. emergency respirator use. Wearing a respirator when a hazardous atmosphere suddenly occurs that requires immediate use of a respirator either for escape from the hazardous atmosphere or for entry into the haz ardous atmosphere to carry out maintenance or some other task. exhalation valve. A device that allows exhaled air to leave a respirator and prevents outside air from enter ing through the valve. eyepiece. A gas-tight, transparent window(s) in a full facepiece, helmet, hood, or suit, through which the wearer may see. facepiece. That portion of a respirator that covers the wearer's nose and mouth in a quarter-mask (above the chin) or half-mask (under the chin) facepiece or that covers the nose, mouth, and eyes in a full facepiece. It is designed to make a gas-tight or particle-tight fit with the face and includes the headbands, exhalation valve(s), and connections for an air-purifying device or respirable gas source, or both. face shield. A device worn in front of the eyes and a portion of, or all of, the face, whose predominant func tion is protection of the eyes and the face. 8 fibrosis-producing dust. Dust which, when inhaled, de posited, and retained in the lungs, may produce findings of fibrotic growth that may cause pulmonary disease. filter. A media component used in respirators to re move solid or liquid particles from the inspired air. filter respirator. See respirator. fog. See Table 2. full facepiece. See facepiece. fume. See Table 2. gas. An aeriform fluid which is in the gaseous state at ordinary temperature and pressure. gas mask. See respirator. goggle. A device, with contour-shaped eyecups with glass or plastic lenses, worn over the eyes and held in place by a headband or other suitable means for the protection of the eyes and eye sockets. half-mask facepiece. See facepiece. hazardous atmosphere. Any atmosphere, either im mediately or not immediately dangerous to life or health, which is oxygen deficient or which contains a toxic or disease-producing contaminant exceeding the legally established permissible exposure limit (PEL) or, where applicable, the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) es tablished by the American Conference of Govern mental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). head harness. That part of a facepiece assembly which secures the facepiece to the wearer. helmet. That portion of a respirator which shields the eyes, face, neck, and other parts of the head. high-efficiency filter. A filter which removes from air 99.97% or more of monodisperse dioctyl phthalate (DOP) particles having a mean particle diameter of 0.3 micrometer. hood. That portion of a respirator which completely covers the head, neck, and portions of the shoulders. hose mask. See respirator. immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH). Any atmosphere that poses an immediate hazard to life or produces immediate irreversible debilitating effects on health. * inhalation valve. A device that allows respirable air to enter a respirator and prevents exhaled air from leaving the respirator through the valve. inrespirable. Unfit for breathing. 010927 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 maximum use-limit of filter, cartridge, or canister. The maximum concentration of a contaminant for which an air-purifying filter, cartridge, or canister is approved for use. mist. See Table 2. mouthpiece. That portion of a respirator which is held in the wearer's mouth and is connected to an airpurifying device or respirable gas source, or both. It is designed to make a gas-tight or particle-tight fit with the mouth. MPCa. Maximum permissible airborne concentration. These concentrations are set by the National Commit tee on Radiation Protection. They are recommended maximum average concentrations of radionuclides to which a worker may be exposed, assuming that he works 8 hours a day, S days a week, and SO weeks a year. negative pressure respirator. A respirator in which the air pressure inside the respiratory-inlet covering is posi tive during exhalation in relation to the air pressure of the outside atmosphere and negative during inhalation in relation to the air pressure of the outside atmosphere. nonroutine respirator use. Wearing a respirator when carrying out a special task that occurs infrequently. nose clamp. A device used with a respirator equipped with a mouthpiece that closes the nostrils of the wearer (sometimes called a nose clip). not immediately dangerous to life or health. Any haz ardous atmosphere which may produce physical dis comfort immediately, chronic poisoning after repeated exposure, or acute adverse physiological symptoms after prolonged exposure. odor theshold limit. The lowest concentration of a con taminant in air that can be detected by the olfactory sense. oxygen deficiency - immediately dangerous to life or health. An atmosphere which causes an oxygen par tial pressure of 100 millimeters of mercury column or less in the freshly inspired air in the upper portion of the lungs which is saturated with water vapor. See Ap pendix A10. oxygen deficiency - not immediately dangerous to life or health. An atmosphere having an oxygen concentra tion below the minimum legal requirement (see Table 1) but above that which is immediately dangerous to life or health. particulate matter. A suspension of fine solid or liquid particles in air, such as: dust, fog, fume, mist, smoke, or spray. Particulate matter suspended in air is com monly known as an aerosol. permissible exposure limit (PEL). The legally established time-weighted average (TWA) concentration or ceiling concentration of a contaminant that shall not be ex ceeded. pneumoconiosis-producing dust. Dust which, when in haled, deposited, and retained in the lungs, may pro duce signs, symptoms, and findings of pulmonary disease. positive-pressure respirator. A respirator in which the air pressure inside the respiratory-inlet covering is posi tive in relation to the air pressure of the outside atmos phere during exhalation and inhalation. powered air-purifying respirator. See respirator. pressure-demand. See pressure-demand-type self-con tained breathing apparatus and pressure-demand-type air-line respirator in Tables 3 and 4. protection factor. The ratio of the ambient concentra tion of an airborne substance to the concentration of the substance inside the respirator at the breathing zone of the wearer. The protection factor is a measure of the degree of protection provided by a respirator to the wearer. See Appendix A6.4. rescue respirator use. Wearing a respirator for entry into a hazardous atmosphere to rescue a person(s) in the hazardous atmosphere. resistance. Opposition to the flow of air, as through a canister,cartridge, particulate filter,orifice, valve, or hose. respirable. Suitable for breathing. respirator. A device designed to protect the wearer from the inhalation of harmful atmospheres. See Sec tion S, Gassification, Description, and Limitations of Respirators, and Tables 3 and 4. respiratory-inlet covering. That portion of a respirator which connects the wearer's respiratory tract to an air-purifying device or respirable gas source, or both, it may be a facepiece, helmet, hood, suit,or mouth piece/nose clamp. routine respirator use. Wearing a respirator as a normal procedure when carrying out a regular and frequently repeated task. sanitization. The removal of dirt and the inhibiting of the action of agents that cause infection or disease. self-contained breathing apparatus. See respirator. 010928 9 AMERICAHJJATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 service life. Xhe period of time that a respirator pro vides adequate protection to the wearer - for example, the period of time that an air-purifying device is effec tive for removing a harmful substance from inspired air. smoke. See Table 2. sorbent. A material which is contained in a cartridge or canister and which removes toxic gases and vapors from the inhaled air. spray. See Table 2. supplied-air respirator. See respirator. supplied-air suit. A suit that is impermeable to most particulate and gaseous contaminants and that is pro vided with an adequate supply of respirable air. time-weighted average (TWA). The average concen tration of a contaminant in air during a specific time period. valve (air or oxygen). A device which controls the pres sure, direction, or rate of flow of air or oxygen. vapor. The gaseous state of a substance that is solid or liquid at ordinary temperature and pressure. welding helmet. A device designed to provide protec tion for the eyes and face against intense radiant energy and molten metal splatter encountered in the welding and cutting of metals. window indicator. A device on a cartridge or canister that visually denotes the service life of the cartridge or canister. 3. Respirator Program Requirements 3.1 Purpose. This section establishes requirements for a program for the use of respirators. The following re quirements are supplemented by recommended prac tices in subsequent sections of this standard. 3.2 Permissible Practice. In the control of those oc cupational diseases caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fumes, sprays, mists, fogs, smokes, vapors, or gases, the primary objective shall be to pre vent atmospheric contamination. This shall be accom plished as far as feasible by accepted engineering con trol measures (for example, enclosure or confinement of the operation, general and local ventilation, and sub stitution of less toxic materials). When effective engi neering controls are not feasible, or while they are be ing instituted or evaluated, appropriate respirators shall be used pursuant to the following requirements. 10 3.3 Employer Responsibility. 3.3.1 Respirators shall be provided by the employer when such equipment is necessary to protect the health of the employee. 33.2 The employer shall provide the respirators which are applicable and suitable for the purpose in tended. 333 The employer shall be responsible for the es tablishment and maintenance of a respiratory protec tion program which shall include the general require ments outlined in 3.5. 3.4 Employee Responsibility. 3.4.1 The employee shall use the provided respira tory protection in accordance with instructions and training received. 3.4.2 The employee shall guard against damage to the respirator. 3.43 The employee shall report any malfunction of the respirator to a responsible person designated by the written standard operating procedures. 3.5 Minima] Acceptable Respirator Program 3.5.1 Standard Operating Procedures. Written stan dard operating procedures covering a complete respira tor program shall be established and implemented in conformance with 3.53 through 3.5.15. 3.5.2 Program Administration. The plant or com pany industrial hygiene, health physics, or safety engi neering department shall administer the respirator pro gram in close liaison with the medical department. Re sponsibility and authority for the respirator program shall be assigned to a single person. In small plants or companies having no formal industrial hygiene, health physics,or safety engineering department, the respira tory program shall be administered by an upper-level superintendent, foreman, or other qualified person re sponsible to the principal manager. The administrator shall have sufficient knowledge of respiratory protec tion to properly supervise the respirator program. 3.53 Physiological and Psychological Limitations for Respirator Wearers. A physician shall determine what physiological and psychological conditions are pertinent for the wearing of different types of respira tors. The respirator program administrator or his de signee, using guidelines established by the physician, shall determine whether or not a person may be as signed to a task requiring the use of a respirator. This determination shall be reviewed at least annually. (See 7.3.1,73.2, 7.3.6, 7.3.7, and 73.8, and Appendix A4.) 3.5.4 Approved Respirators. Approved respirators shall be used. For exceptions, see 1.4. Any modifica tion that is not authorized by the approval agencies of an approved respirator voids the approval. 3.5.5 Respirator Selection. The selection of the 010929 proper type ofrespirator shall be based upon (1) the nature of the hazardous operation or process, (2) the type of respiratory hazard (including physical proper ties, physiological effects on the body, concentration of toxic material or airborne radioactivity level, estab lished permissible time-weighted average concentration for toxic material, established permissible airborne con centration for radioactive material, and established im mediately dangerous to life or health concentration for toxic material), (3) the location of the hazardous area in relation to the nearest area having respirable air, (4) the period of time for which respiratory protection must be provided, (5) the activities of workers in the hazardous area, (6) the physical characteristics and functional capabilities and limitations of the various types of respirators, and (7) respirator protection fac tors. (See Section 6.) 3.5.6 Training. Each respirator wearer shall be given training which shall include explanations and discus sions of (1) the respiratory hazard and what happens if the respirator is not used properly, (2) the engineer ing and administrative controls being used and the need for respirators to provide protection, (3) the rea son for selecting a particular type of respirator, (4) the function, capabilities, and limitations of the selected respirator, (5) the method of donning the respirator and checking its fit and operation, (6) the proper wearing of the respirator, (7) respirator main tenance, and (8) recognizing and handling emergency situations. (See 723.) 3.5.7 Respirator Fit. Each respirator wearer shall be provided with a respirator fitted in accordance with 6.11. Each respirator wearer shall be required to check the seal of the respirator by appropriate means prior to entering a harmful atmosphere. (See 7.4.) 3.5.8 Facial Hair, Contact Lenses, and Eye and Face Protective Devices. A respirator equipped with a facepiece shall not be worn if facial hair comes be tween the sealing periphery of the facepiece and the face or if facial hair interferes with valve function. The wearer of a respirator equipped with a full facepiece, helmet, hood, or suit shall not be allowed to wear con tact lenses. If a spectacle,goggle, face shield, or weld ing helmet must be worn with a facepiece.it shall be worn so as not to adversely affect the sea) of the facepiece to the face. (See 73 and 9.1.) 3.5.9 Issue of Respirators. The proper type of respirator for each respiratory hazard shall be listed in written standard operating procedures. Only persons trained to ensure that proper respirators are issued shall be permitted to issue respirators to persons needing them. (See 7.2.2 and 7.5.) 3.5.10 Respirator Inspection. The respirator shall be inspected by the wearer prior to its use to ensure AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 that it is in proper working condition. Each respirator stored for emergency or rescue use shall be inspected at least once a month. (See 7.6 and 83.) 3.5.11 Monitoring Respirator Use. Supervisory per sonnel shall periodically monitor the use of respirators to ensure that they are worn properly. (See 7.7.) 3.5.12 Monitoring Respiratory Hazard. The con centration or the airborne radioactivity level of the respiratory hazard in the work area shall be monitored initially prior to respirator selection and periodically during respirator use to ensure that the proper type of respirator is being utilized. (See 6.4 and 73.) 3.15.13 Medical and Bioassay Surveillance. When applicable, medical surveillance, including bioassay, shall be carried out periodically to determine if respira tor wearers are receiving adequate respiratory protec tion. A physician shall determine the requirements of the surveillance program. (See 10.4.) 3.15.14 Respirator Maintenance. Respirator main tenance shall be performed regularly. Maintenance shall be carried out on a schedule which ensures that each respirator wearer is provided with a respirator that is clean and in good operating condition. Maintenance shall include: (1) washing, sanitizing, rinsing, and dry ing, (2) inspection for defects, (3) replacement of worn or deteriorated parts, (4) repair if necessary, and (5) storage to protect against dust, sunlight,excessive heat, extreme cold, excessive moisture, damaging chemicals, and physical damage. (See Section 8.) 3.5.15 Respirator Program Evaluation. An appraisal of the effectiveness of the respirator program shall be carried out at least annually. Action shall be taken to correct defects found in the program. (See Section 10.) 4. Classification of Respiratory Hazards 4.1 Introduction. The purpose of this section is to list and briefly describe various categories of respiratory hazards that might be encountered and that may re quire use of respirators. The information provides a general background for relating the guidance pro vided in subsequent sections to the type of hazard encountered. The respirator program administrator, however, may find it necessary to consult references on industrial hygiene and toxicology, and perhaps expert individuals as well, in order to develop the necessary comprehensive information on specific air borne contaminants. , Respiratory hazards, for the purpose of this stan dard, are classified as follows: (1) Oxygen deficiency (a) Immediately dangerous to life or health (b) Not immediately dangerous to life or health 010930 AMERICAN-NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 (2) Gas and vapor contaminants (a) Immediately dangerous to life or health (b) Not immediately dangerous to life or health (3) Particulate contaminants (aerosols including dust, fog, fume, mist, smoke, and spray) (a) Immediately dangerous to life or health (b) Not immediately dangerous to life or health (4) Combination of gas, vapor, and particulate con taminants (a) Immediately dangerous to life or health (b) Not immediately dangerous to life or health Respirators may afford some protection against high-temperature atmospheres. (See 9.6.) Further in formation on the hazards of and use of respirators in high temperatures is presented in a National Fire Pro tection Association publication, Fire Officers Guide to Breathing Apparatus for the Fire Service, published in I97S. 4.2 Classification and Description of Respiratory Hazards. The basic respiratory hazards listed in 4.1 are classified in Table 1 according to expected biological effects of the contaminants. Many respirators, par ticularly air-purifying respirators, are designed and selected on the basis of chemical and physical properties of the air contaminants. Therefore, gas, vapor, and par ticulate contaminants are presented in Table 2 accord ing to their physical and chemical properties. 5. Classification, Description, and Limitations of Respirators S.l Introduction. The purpose of this section is to pro vide a description of the various types of respirators, including their limitations and capabilities, as a back ground for subsequent sections which discuss their selection, use, and maintenance. This information is presented in two tables. Table 3 covers the classification and description of respirators according to the general classifications concerning mode of operation. Table 4 covers capabilities and limitations of respirators arranged to correspond to the subject headings in Table 3. Respirators fall into the following general classifica tions, according to mode of operation: (1) Atmosphere-supplying respirators (a) Self-contained (b) Supplied-air (c) Combination self-contained and supplied-air (2) Air-purifying respirators (a) Gas and vapor (b) Particulate (aerosols including dust, fog, fume, mist, smoke, and spray) (c) Combination gas. vapor, and particulate (3) Combination atmosphere-supplying and airpurifying respirators More detailed information on specific types of respirators can be obtained from respirator manufac turers and from the following manuals: Respiratory Protective Devices Manual published by the American Industrial Hygiene Association and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in 1963 (out of print) A Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection published by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in 1977 Energy Research and Development Administration, Di vision of Safety, Standards, and Compliance Respirator Manual published by the Los Alamos Scientific Labora tory in 1976 Manual of Respiratory Protection Against Airborne Radioactive Materials published by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 1976 The colors assigned to cartridges and canisters of air-purifying respirators are listed in the American National Standard for Identification of Cartridges and Canisters used in Air-Purifying Respirators, ANSI K13.1 -1973. 5.2 Respirable Air and Oxygen for Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus and Supplied-Air Respirators. Compressed gaseous air, compressed gaseous oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration shall be of high purity. Compressed gaseous or liquid oxygen shall meet the requirements of the United States Pharmacopoeia for medical or breathing oxygen. Chemically generated oxygen shall meet the require ments of U.S. Department of Defense Military Specifi cation MIL-E-83252 or Military Specification MIL-O15633c. Compressed gaseous air shall meet at least the requirements of the specification for Type 1 - Grade D breathing air, and liquid air shall meet at least the re quirements for Type II - Grade B breathing air as de scribed in American National Standard Commodity Specification for Air, ANSI Z86.1-1973 (Compressed Gas Association Commodity Specification for Air, G-7.1,1973). Compressed gaseous air may contain low concentra tions of oil. If high-pressure oxygen passes through an oil-or grease-coated orifice, an explosion or fire may occur. Therefore, compressed gaseoip oxygen shall not be used in supplied-aii respirators or in open-circuittype self-contained breathing apparatus that have pre viously used compressed air. Breathing air may be supplied to respirators from cylinders or air compressors. Cylinders shall be tesied 010931 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 and maintained in accordance with applicable Depart ment of Transportation specifications for shipping con tainers (Title 49, Code ofFederal Regulations, Part 173, General Requirements for Shipments and Packagings, and Part 178, Shipping Container Specifica tions). A compressor shall be constructed and situated so as to avoid entry of contaminated air into the airsupply system and shall.be equipped with a suitable in-line air-purifying sorbent bed and filter to further assure breathing air quality. If an oil-lubricated com pressor is used, it shall be equipped with a high-temp erature alarm or a carbon-monoxide alarm,or both. Breathing air couplings shall be incompatible with outlets for nonrespirable plant air or other gas systems to prevent inadvertent servicing of air-line respirators with nonrespirable gases. Breathing-gas containers shall be marked in ac cordance with American National Standard Method of Marking Portable Compressed Gas Containers to Iden tify the Material Contained, ANSI Z48.1-1954 (R1971); Federal Specification BB-A-1034a, June 21,1968, Air, Compressed for Breathing Purposes; or Interim Federal Specification GG-B-675d, September 23,1976, Breath ing Apparatus, Self-Contained. Further details on sources of compressed air and its safe use will be found in Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet G-7, 1976, Compressed Air for Human Respiration. 6. Selection of Respirators 6.1 Approved Respirators. Only approved respirators shall be selected. For exceptions, see 1.4. (See Ap pendix A3.) 6.2 General Considerations. The selection of a proper respirator for any given situation shall require con sideration of the following factors: (1) The nature of the hazard (see 63,6.4,6.9.1, 6.9.2, and 6.9.3) (2) The characteristics of the hazardous operation or process (see 6.5) (3) The location of the hazardous area with respect to a safe area having respirable air (see 6.6) (4) The period of time for which respiratory pro tection may be provided (see 6.7) (5) The activity of workers in the hazardous area (see 6.8) (6) The physical characteristics, functional capabil ities, and limitations of respirators of various types (see 6.9) (7) The respirator-protection factors and respirator fit (see 6.10,6.11,6.12,6.1 3,6.14, and 6.15) 6.3 Nature of Hazard. The following factors concern ing the nature of the hazard requiring the use of respirators shall be considered in respirator selection: (1) Type of hazard (a) Oxygen deficiency (b) Contaminant (2) Physical properties (3) Chemical properties (4) Physiological effects on the body (5) Actual concentration of a toxic material or air borne radioactivity level (a) Average (b) Peak (6) Established permissible time-weighted average or peak concentration of a toxic material, or both, or established maximum permissible airborne radioactivity level for radioactive substances (7) Whether the hazard is an immediately-dangerousto-life-or-health concentration of a toxic material (8) Warning properties See Section 4 for classification and discussion of respiratory hazards. 6.4 Initial Monitoring of Respiratory Hazard. Recog nition and evaluation of the respiratory hazard (oxygen deficiency or contaminant(s)] shall be an essential part of selecting a respirator except in emergency or rescue operations. Initial monitoring of the respiratory hazard shall be carried out to obtain data needed for the selec tion of proper respiratory protection. The data should include: (1) Identification of the type of respiratory hazard (a) Oxygen deficiency (b) Specific contaminant(s) (2) Nature of contaminant(s) (a) Particulate matter (b) Vapor(s) or gas(es) (3) Concentration of respiratory hazard See Appendix A8 for a discussion of the monitoring of respiratory hazards. 6.5 Characteristics of Hazardous Operation or Process. The following factors concerning the hazardous opera tion or process shall be taken into account in selecting the proper respirator (1) Operation or process characteristics (2) Work-area characteristics (3) Materials, including raw materials, end products, and byproducts (actual and potential) (4) Worker activities Modification in the operation or process shall be taken into account, since this may change the hazard and hence require the selection of a different respi rator. 010932 13 Table 1 izards According to Their Biological Effect stances (dusts and gases from blasting) or the particulate and vapor forms o f the same substance. Synergistic effects (jo in t action o f two o r more agents that results In an effect which is greater than the sum o f their individual effects) may occur Such effects may require extraordinary protective measures. 7 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 "c S" 3 jd Eg 3| ai 3 " II O CL I e o 14 uM .5 .E e Ec 0 t> Ea ^ s - ~o z * 2u c r, T3 U *-* O --. ee .Os *> .?s .Etb> *co S IS Ew 3 _ E3 5 > 00 o .5 1o3 3 t,,> I --I Uwo ca* C T3 , gij o a, t> Si *0 X-3L . g 88 1* S& <2 l-- 3 O c- o ~ * yo 5 > am bo. 33^ E3f Sr3 s.13 I I EuC SXu>*1.r3t >* C E .b ~U> 2* waj> a2t- O' .0 c 3 3 a rr E3y: * me o u IS aj; cu c *--33 EC Pcn ac .2 X C 3 " ,C . C ^ E .2 x t> 2, " o l> 3 > . .2 E Ct>D. UCr- cv . 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"I 0C 33 ~o O8 " 2S^ *Z E5 2 2 S= 8-2 S6 s Sj .c a* - ^".2 x*s !-5^ 3 5a ?>> y ,," !' sIIiSs fiis s-g a^o J*i w -oc 8 5 O ak- e^ I]c C c - *-=I I3 "s. 3 - 2 v- _ ^ - n 1 rj u O 1,1 eWW 2 JccS" -- >-52 1c--3 u- CiS>i y3j-oo+X'*** oou Sxo-*o- * c A *0 v " o x - '2 aS'c2* S< -3oSSo 3c3*30 -n 2* *O _E. wv axc c* E> c^ 2 5 XL230Ai 13 J3 00o .-a3 - a Txi 2 ro E s o J` Sew 0 X o .2 'Z - E3 woo' x^2 jHf Xo - Xw !2 22 0 u E 33 5 <0 00 O XL. U --= -S= "=5 00 bonded to organic groups (fo r example, ethyl silicate, tetraethyl lead, and organic phosphate). Hydrides: Compounds in which hydrogen is chemically bonded to metals and certain other elements (for example: diborane and tetraborane). 010934 15 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 JS . *U * wo &i ,M^ >% o c 1 - 5 ! (5 o S3 C 3 2 Cl S 8` s .*e i c ^ 5 P s 3 .s 8 a 0 * 3*0 O8 --E 3| . 5 a S EJ h*P ji S 8-3 * S8E c5C } *- w = c: c O S? *5. -- ST O 6 & .2 3t U |*| 11 C o ** S * cj'3 O O i! 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Has S 5 S a s 2 e u x> 8:j a " Eo 0c "" 1=^ s |l 3 C 9 |S i s3 _ -g as 3,-E * X o E Jf.a O J= = 4-1 > 1 s|;s cv 3 A<a I- B 2 a . . B8 X .2 .Ell8 o8 a, *O*- ES .2 -? sC a 3r0t * g.^ &I-2 Is ;s & 8 2-g I .31818 t "O C Jjf-a Hi ag t* 3.Z2 * JO 2? cL 11 Si S' ^u J> SC-2C5^ 1 1 si iSl I 3 ? -5 f 52 6?-? a3.lwl .2.. *3A .S'o Q. S c fO t 'g 5A Bo o B fl 3 Ilf Sib sfigl 8 . 3 -O- AU, j 2 c *o 3* -> o S 2 * aj= f I a t . 5 m fc ^ E il si *w5> X2J ^2 3 * o&- c* js * s23 w E WMb W>** WU 1 s Es|| K rt .2 o o * 5 *0 ss**{l 1!t|s s IsitSi o a o e o. o* o ~2 sfl ^si SIA "O "tCO> C O' -- c 8 . 5 S ^ * g J9 S' slsifi Il3_4|i i a v 5 3 >* w b 2 t2> 35 o- *o ^ *> E 3_ ^ * * co 2 ^ c o 6xW a J &3 3 2 fi j> i *1 sll^l 4 Eas H v S 3^ ;o S _* a> w jaa" i3OcSCi>l.s^i*S,s, Ss ! c tJ 6 - c`5 Jilil 2 = v 1 oP C3 <OM _ A> ^3 ChS JQ ~ i: Ji i2 oa 2xu . E x e 2 111 G o cl 8, 2 S " " e?|8 3_ e" o E I C2h3 i.ills v XI Cl. C. 111 -ytS 9 - ao : " " g-g -a or 5 S U^ "2.5 w2 I oTM ^ agr acp o a % u aft 9 >> aS. 4 2 ' :ilts H{.-g & S. f S eo warn aQ 8m .-sT i- 5 T ^ ^ S7 c 1?0 g I^<McoS If -g o = Y f< 3 ^ uSo ii II v< ? - c S E 2 2 C " s TM 9 " 1 a 3 ~ wO .^2 E o > o o .SO 5 2 O ^c c -- a c HiS* *> g E S H^ s Moo .. ? S. C Es c 1" (/2*> <vx X) co 2- 5" 5 ^ f sr 3 <o U *oz L. J ac <4 w M t% - - *o Z | -5) 51 "5; _o 3* J2 ^S ^S9^1 5.^ 2 j Er III! 8 HsI %E S -C22 8g-^i""! o .2 ii LL O' 22 O' E { s | s 31 gl|. S.E S. 8 18 010937 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.M980 5 010938 19 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 6.6 Location of Hazardous Area. The location of the hazardous area with respect to a safe area having respir able air shall be considered in selecting a respirator, since this will permit planning for the escape of workers if an emergency occurs, for the entry of workers to perform maintenance duties, and for rescue operations. 6.7 Respirator Use Time Period. The period of time that a respirator must be worn is an important factor that shall be taken into account in selecting a respira tor. Consideration shall be given to the type of respira tor application, such as for routine, nonroutine, emer gency, or rescue use. It would not be desirable, for example, to select respirators that are heavy or that of fer high resistance to breathing for routine wearing for many hours each day. 6.8 Worker Activity. Worker activities and worker locations in hazardous areas shall be considered in selecting the proper respirator (for example, whether the worker is in the hazardous area continuously or intermittently during the work shift and whether the work rate is light, medium, or heavy). 6.9 Respirator Characteristics, Capabilities, and Limitations. The physical characteristics, the func tional capabilities, and the performance limitations of the various types of respirators shall be considered in selecting a respirator. (See Section 5.) 6.9.1 Respirators for Oxygen-Deficient Atmos phere. Only respirators that provide an independent, respirable atmosphere shall be used in an oxygendeficient atmosphere. Respirators for use in atmos pheres that are oxygen deficient and immediately dangerous to life or health (see definition) and respira tors for use in atmospheres that are oxygen deficient but not immediately dangerous to life or health (see definition) are listed in Table 5. 6.9.2 Respirators for Atmospheres Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. Respirators for use in atmospheres that contain adequate oxygen but are immediately dangerous to life or health because of the presence of toxic contaminants are listed in Table 5. 6.9.3 Respirators for Atmospheres Not Immediate ly Dangerous to Life or Health. All types of respirators listed in Table 5 may be used in contaminated atmos pheres that contain adequate oxygen and are not im mediately dangerous to life or health. 6.10 Respirator Protection Factor (PF). Respirators shall be selected according to the characteristics of the hazards involved, the capabilities and limitations of the respirators, and the ability of each respirator wearer to ob tain a satisfactory fit with a respirator. Taking into account the capabilities and limitations of respirators and the re sults of respirator-fitting tests, a table of respirator protec tion factors has been prepared (see Table 5). A respirator protection factor is a measure of the degree of protection provided by a respirator to a wearer. Multiplying either (1) the permissible timeweighted average concentration or the permissible ceiling concentration, whichever is applicable, for a toxic substance, or (2) the maximum permissible airborne concentration for a radionuclide by a protec tion factor assigned to a respirator gives the maximum concentration of the hazardous substance in which the respirator can be used. Limitations of filters, cartridges, and canisters also shall be considered (see Table S). 6.11 Respirator-Fitting Tests. A qualitative or quan titative respirator-fitting test shall be used to determine the ability of each individual respirator wearer to ob tain a satisfactory fit with a negative-pressure respira tor. (The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends that only a program ofquantita tive-fit testing can provide adequate worker protection.) The results of qualitative or quantitative respirator-fitting tests shall be used to select specific types, makes, and models of negative-pressure respirators for use by individ ual respirator wearers. A respirator-fitting test shall be car ried out for each wearer of a negative-pressure respirator at least annually. Respirator-fitting tests shall not be re quired for positive-pressure respirators. Qualitative Respirator-Fitting Test - A person wearing a respirator is exposed to an irritant smoke, an odorous vapor, or other suitable test agent. An airpurifying respirator must be equipped with an airpurifying element(s) which effectively removes the test agent from inspired air. If the respirator wearer is un able to detect penetration of the test agent into the respirator, the respirator wearer has achieved a satis factory fit with the respirator. (See Appendix AS.) Quantitative Respirator-Fitting Test - A person wears a respirator in a test atmosphere containing a test agent in the form of an aerosol, vapor, or gas. In strumentation, which samples the test atmosphere and the air inside the respiratory-inlet covering of the res pirator, is used to measure quantitatively the penetra tion of the test agent into the respiratory-inlet cover ing. (See Appendix A6.) When carrying out a qualitative or quantitative respirator-fitting test, the respirator wearer shall carry out a series of exercises which simulate work move ments. (See Appendix A5 and A6). When carrying out respirator-fitting tests, it shall be acceptable procedure to make the following modifica tions to respirators provided that such modifications do not affect the seal of the respirators to wearers. (1) When carrying out a qualitative or quantitative respirator-fitting test which uses an aerosol as the test 20 010939 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 288.2*1980 Se i! 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C1^TT33 Q/O zo Gf*. ^" < ^ sSS >o ~ Z- 2tn Iz a CutL 2 g O Cc Z3U ^r> fAc u =,*--3 S ? - *: aC oD. S3 SO' r" 0 5 a* w? > 1) " XJLo o Z< o-o^i o 1o 5 c 5 S' .2 a. * Sfl > .5-qCU X) c * E TM oi ! 5f8 1 : s ?oiat-sa a. E `E. > sill 1 ,OE5wu c5u t ar. J3 a. _ E J> 3 4> J 0>- --> uo >1 E i- "S r | yy O3 010940 21 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 ~ I lb. gi ye 1a I || 2 lif *C kS. .9 o 2*2t J? g-s | g Hl c-s, p oS 2a j*>Ja5 s-s s eS I v If HIjitc> f*a} c; 31 If Sf g o 1*5 3 8 8X? S3o V a !I j g o 3 e 5 7 s .2 3 S 8X? 5 a <s --. <*? z 3 8 |-! a 82- 2S ~x Co -aS-?? =2 <e 4 ore . E-5 < 2 S EC S0 .u'o?o 2 8o. s as 12| 111 V & lit s c -a *si =. 25? 2 3 S'a| <95! |o ^o z g " - zl- |3 I og Si I <o i> k 32 t2 .S & 10 QC 5e T2ao jg*ac> JS5 42> eS = sj g *= Sg 8 'ESw .fw2l s?? E v J-3 2 'S " sis zo . as 2 o z z. ,* o 0 o. ll a3 I s - oc S.8| E 'k 1 <(S* S5 ? is-5o o <^ zi S 22 wx a.ij js C 2*2 -c*eoo .X1-2_^? 2v o O8.1w S3 V 2 2 Six a2a Soo g6BSQa ^<2?52c JJs? 33 S ^2 S o i ~ 2a ! 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S g ~ 3 o g I a s e c= Eu oc> 7T o I .3= Uu ^ S ==" 1` (J Q, (3 ^ s 2 is i /5 s <y> ay TM i 010941 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 O J: 5 'S v .5 II w .a 8- 2 5 11.*82 Te<) tv* --4O> t:* 2i E u >Jo Eeo TJ 8 o 2 *t> c j= ~c -J3M5S <OoJL ^ J3 |s ^a .> 55 s A :->=a S*V oc-- *5 >> o Ji - --s8 w. *0 C '3 5 k s-- IX<t*l i t2t g E><cs*. 2 e5 23 -c a II 8 ?n J-S13 8 o 5 .5 I2 *lcf<* , c S .oa. 8^| 2 S "M 2 El 4> 4> Iss III 3 e- cr IS co - e 883 1 9>* 5U2 t40>0 SWot: 8*3 5 S-1 *! *- Hs -aS) ota aM ** 5" -4 11 S' . 2a ua g.8 w( **o> II <j 5* *o S* c>r o .a a a .2 V > 11 3-g S 5.2 S' J3 "a S ~.g 5=5 5c 3_ ee 3 . 0w Ou ^a S^E 6co 5S; H=j Io *> s "2 3 S MC V " .5 = & $cn3 ss -S .s 22 >N UEnt: j^ r a-x v o. * >1 o ey cU uE ; Si c !s s1 Si* 3 < *o. --Owt2r-t O X, o.*o o>n.-c- -*2. *--2 "3S3 w CM Sr II i a o-a-s K u C0 -- w .t: - o '54) 02 s--o8 sw^t> ?5^ &n>w <4 <J OS o S " E 5 =Cl 5= .e H > io > ^U ---c 2 JuS h - -- Jjz 0H oTM. '3 >E W HO Z are approved only for escape purposes 010942 23 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 agent, it shall be acceptable procedure to equip an airpurifying respirator with a high-efficiency filter. (2) When carrying out a qualitative or quantitative respirator-fitting test which uses a vapor or gas as the test agent, it shall be acceptable procedure to equip an air-purifying respirator with an appropriate cartridge or canister which removes the vapor or gas from air. (3) When carrying rout a quantitative respiratorfitting test, it shall be acceptable procedure to attach a sampling probe to the respirator which is connected by flexible tubing to an instrument which measures the penetration of the test agent into the respirator. When carrying out quantitative respirator-fitting tests, it shall be an acceptable procedure to carry out a single test for each available make and model of respirator in order to select a respirator for use by a person. However, three additional quantitative respira tor-fitting tests involving the wearing of the selected make and model of respirator by the person shall be carried out to determine a protection factor for that particular respirator and person. The lowest protec tion factor determined by these three tests shall be as signed to a particular person wearing a specific make and model of respirator. If a qualitative respirator-fitting test has been used in respirator selection, a person shall be allowed to use only the specific make(s) and model(s) of respirator(s) for which the person obtained a satisfactory fit, and the respirator protection factor listed under "qualita tive test" in Table S shall apply. Under no circum stances shall a person be allowed to use any respirator if the results of the qualitative respirator-fitting test indicates that the person is unable to obtain a satisfac tory fit. If a quantitative respirator-fitting test has been used in selecting a respirator, the test results shall be used to assign a respirator protection factor to each person for each specific make and model of respirator tested. The assigned respirator protection factor shall be applied when the person wears the specific respirator in a hazardous atmosphere, but it shall not exceed the respirator protection factor listed under "quantitative test" in Table 5 for the particular type of respirator. 6.12 Respirator-Fitting-Test Records. Records of respirator-fitting tests shall be kept for at least the duration of employment. These records shall include the following information: (1) Type of respirator-fitting test used (2) Specific make and model of respirator tested (3) Name of person tested (4) Name of test operator (5) Date of test (6) Results of respirator-fitting tests 24 (a) Success or failure of person to obtain satis factory fit if a qualitative respirator-fitting test was carried out (b) Respirator protection factor based upon test results if a quantitative respirator-fitting test was carried out 6.13 Respin tor Protection Factor Assignment. When a group of persons wear respirators in a given work area, a single respirator protection factor shall be as signed to all respirator wearers in the group. When negative-pressure respirators are being used, this respira tor protection factor shall correspond to the lowest value established by qualitative or quantitative respira tor-fitting tests for any person of the group with the specific make and model of respintor which that per son will wear in the given work area. 6.14 Face Dimensions and Facepiece Sizes. The wide range of face dimensions requires more than a single size of respirator facepiece to provide a proper fit to all respirator users. Therefore, respirator facepieces of more than one size shall be available in any respiratorselection program involving respirators equipped with facepieces. 6.15 Employee Acceptance. Employee acceptance of a particular respirator model within a class shall be considered in selecting a respirator since this may determine whether or not he wears the respirator prop erly. Acceptance factors to be considered include dis comfort, breathing resistance, weight, and interference with vision or the work to be performed. If the results of respirator-fitting tests show that the person can ob tain an acceptable fit with two or more respirator models of the selected class of respirator, then the per son should be permitted to use the respirator model which he or she prefers. 7. Use of Respirators 7.1 Standard Operating Procedures. Written standard operating procedures shall cover a complete respirator program (see 3.5.1) and shall include information necessary for the proper use of respirators, including training of respirator wearers, respirator sealing tests, issuance of respirators, inspection of respirators prior to use, monitoring respirator use, monitoring respira tory hazard, and planning for routine, nonroutine, emergency, and rescue uses of respirators. The written standard operating procedures shall in clude plans necessary to ensure the safe routine use and nonroutine use of respirators. Emergency and res cue uses of respirators shall be anticipated, and the writ 010943 ten standard-operating procedures shall include plans necessary to ensure the safe emergency and rescue uses of respirators. Persons who wear respirators routinely, who wear respirators nonroutinely, and who may be required to wear respirators for emergency and rescue work shall be given adequate information concerning plans covering these respirator uses to ensure the safe use of respirators. 7.1.1 Standard Operating Procedures for Emer gency and Rescue Use of Respirators. It is recognized that it is not possible to foresee every emergency and rescue use of respirators for every kind of operation. Nevertheless, a wide variety of possible conditions requiring the emergency or rescue use of respirators can be envisioned and an adequate emergency and rescue respirator-response capability can be achieved through a serious effort to anticipate the worst pos sible consequences of particular malfunctions or mis haps. The written standard operating procedures govern ing the emergency and rescue uses of respirators shall be developed in the following manner: (1) An analysis of the emergency and rescue uses of respirators that may occur in each operation shall be made by careful consideration of materials, equipment, processes, and personnel involved. Such an analysis shall be reviewed by the person who is thoroughly familiar with the particular operation. Consideration shall be given to past occurrences requiring emergency or rescue uses of respirators as well as conditions which resulted in such respirator applications. The possible consequences of equipment or power failures, uncon trolled chemical reactions, fire, explosion, or human error shall be given consideration. All potential hazards which may result in emergency or rescue use of respira tors shall be listed. (2) Based upon the analysis, appropriate types of respirators shall be selected, an adequate number shall be provided for each area where they may be needed for emergency or rescue use, and these respirators shall be maintained and stored so that they are readily accessible and operational when needed. 7.2 Training. The supervisor, the person issuing respira tors, and the respirator wearers shall be given adequate training by a qualified person(s) to ensure the proper use of respirators. Written records shall be kept of the names of persons trained and the dates when training occurred. 7.2.1 Training of Supervisor. A supervisor - that is, a person who has the responsibility of overseeing the work activities of one or more persons who must wear respirators - shall be given adequate training to ensure the proper use of respirators. Supervisor training shall AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 include but shall not necessarily be limited to the fol lowing subjects (1) The basic respiratory-protection practices (see Section 3) (2) The nature and extent of respiratory hazards to which persons under his supervision may be exposed (see Section 4 and 6.4 and 7.8) (3) The principles and criteria of selecting respirators (see Sections S and 6) (4) The training of respirator wearers (see 7.23) (5) The issuance of respirators (see 7.2.2 and 7.S) (6) The inspection of respirators (see 7.6 and 83) (7) The use of respirators, including monitoring of use (see 73, 7.4, 7.7, 7.8,7.9, and 9.) (8) The maintenance and storage of respirators (see Section 8) (9) The regulations concerning respirator use 7.2.2 Training of Person Issuing Respirators. A per son assigned the task of issuing respirators to persons who must wear respirators for protection against harmful atmospheres shall be given adequate training to ensure that the correct respirator is issued for each application in accordance with written standard op erating procedures. (See 7.5.) 7.2.3 Training of Respirator Wearer. To ensure the prop er and safe use of a respirator, the minimum training of each respirator wearer shall include the following elements: (1) The reasons for the need of respiratory protec tion (see 3.2) (2) The nature, extent, and effects of respiratory hazards to which the person may be exposed (see Section 4 and 63) (3) An explanation of why engineering controls are not being applied or are not adequate and of what ef fort is being made to reduce or eliminate the need for respirators (see 3.2) (4) An explanation of why a particular type of respirator has been selected for a specific respiratory hazard (see Section 6) (5) An explanation of the operation, and the capabil ities and limitations, of the respirator selected (see Sec tion 5 and 6.5 and 6.6) (6) Instruction in inspecting, donning, checking the fit of, and wearing the respirator (see 7 2.3.1(1) and (2) and 7.4 and 7.6) (7) An opportunity for each respirator wearer to handle the respirator, learn how to don and wear it property, check its seals, wear it in a safe atmosphere, and wear it in a test atmosphere (see 7.23,1(3) and (4) and 7.4 and 7.6) (8) An explanation of how maintenance and storage of the respirator is carried out (see Section 8) (9) Instructions in how to recognize and cope with emergency situations (see 7.1.1) 010944 AMERICAN NAJIONALSTANDARD Z88.M980 (10) Instructions as needed for special respirator use (see Section 9) (11) Regulations concerning respirator use 7.2-3.1 Wearing Instructions and Training. Wear ing instructions and training, including practice demon strations, shall be given to each respirator wearer and shall cover: (1) Donning, wearing, and removing the respirator (2) Adjusting the respirator so that its respiratoryinlet covering is properly fitted on the wearer and so that the respirator causes a minimum of discomfort to the wearer (3) Allowing the respirator wearer to wear the res pirator in a safe atmosphere for an adequate period of time to ensure that the wearer is familiar with the op erational characteristics of the respirator (4) Providing the respirator wearer an opportunity to wear the respirator in a test atmosphere to demon strate that the respirator provides protection to the wearer. A test atmosphere is any atmosphere in which the wearer can carTy out activities simulating work movements and respirator leakage or respirator mal function can be detected by the wearer. 7.2.3.2 Retraining. Each respirator wearer shall be retrained at least annually. 7.3 Respirator Sealing Problems. Respirators shall not be worn when conditions prevent a seal of the respira tor to the wearer. 7 3.1 A person who has hair (stubble, moustache, sideburns, beard, low hairline, bangs) which passes be tween the face and the sealing surface of the facepiece of the respirator shall not be permitted to wear such a respirator. 73.2 A person who has hair (moustache, beard) which intei feres with the function of a respirator valve(s) shall not be permitted to wear the respirator. 73.3 A spectacle which has temple bars or straps which pass between the sealing surface of a respirator full facepiece and the wearer's face shall not be used. 73.4 A head covering which passes between the sealing surface of a respirator facepiece and the wearer's face shall not be used. 73.5 The wearing of a spectacle, a goggle, a face shield, a welding helmet, or other eye and face pro tective device which interferes with the seal of a respirator to the wearer shall not be allowed. 7.3.6 If scars, hollow temples, excessively protrud ing cheekbones, deep creases in facial skin, the ab sence of teeth or dentures, or unusual facial configu rations prevent a seal of a respirator facepiece to a wearer's face, the person shall not be permitted to wear the respirator. 7.3.7 If missing teeth or dentures prevent a seal of 26 a respirator mouthpiece in a person's mouth, the per son shall not be allowed to wear a respirator equipped with a mouthpiece. 73.8 If a person has a nose of a shape or size which prevents the closing of the nose by the nose damp of a mouthpiece/nose-clamp type of respirator, the per son shall not be permitted to wear this type of respirator. 7.4 Respirator Sealing Tests. To ensure proper protec tion, the wearer of a respirator equipped with a facepiece shall check the seal of the facepiece prior to each entry into a hazardous atmosphere. This may be done using procedures recommended by respirator manu facturers or by any of the field tests described in Ap pendix A7. 73 Issuance of Respirators. The proper respirator ihall be spedfled for each application and shall be listed in the written standard operating procedures. If a respira tor is marked for the worker to whom it is assigned or for other identification purposes, the markings shall not affect the respirator performance in any way. 7.6 Respirator Inspection Prior to Use. Each person issued a respirator for routine, nonroutine, emergency, or rescue use shall inspect the respirator prior to its use to ensure that it is in good operating condition. 7.7 Monitoring Respirator Use. The use of respirators on a routine or nonroutine basis shall be monitored to ensure that the correct respirators are being used, that the respirators are being worn properly and that the respirators being used are in good working condition. 7.8 Monitoring Respiratory Hazard During Use. The level of the respiratory hazard in the workplace to which a person wearing a respirator is exposed shall be monitored periodically. The time-weighted average concentration of the respiratory hazard shall be deter mined to ensure that the proper type of respirator is being utilized (see Appendix A8). 7.9 Leaving a Hazardous Area. A respirator wearer shall be permitted to leave the hazardous area for any respirator-related cause. Reasons which may cause a respirator wearer to leave a hazardous area include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) Failure of the respirator to provide adequate protection (2) Malfunction of the respirator (3) Detection of leakage of air contaminant into the respirator (4) Increase in resistance of respirator to breathing (5) Severe discomfort in wearing the respirator (6) Illness of respirator wearer, including: sensation of dizziness, nausea, weakness, breathing difficulty, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, fever, and chills 010945 8. Maintenance of Respirators 8.1 General. A program for the maintenance of respira tor} shall include the following: (1) Geaning and sanitizing (2) Inspection for defects (3) Repair (4) Storage Each respirator shall be properly maintained to retain its original shape and effectiveness. 8.2 Geaning and Sanitizing. Each respirator shall be cleaned and sanitized to ensure that the respirator wear er is provided with a clean and sanitized respirator at all times. A respirator issued for other than continuous personal use by a particular worker, such as with routine, nonroutine, emergency, or rescue use, shall be cleaned and sanitized after each use. 8 3 Inspection. Each respirator shall be inspected rou tinely before and after use. A respirator shall be in spected by the user immediately prior to each use to ensure that it is in proper working condition. After cleaning and sanitizing, each respirator shall be inspected to determine if it is in proper working condition, if it needs replacement of parts or repairs, or if it should be discarded. Each respirator stored for emergency or rescue use shall be inspected at least monthly. Respirator inspection shall include a check for tightness of connections; for the condition of the respiratory-inlet covering, head harness, valves, con necting tubes, harness assemblies, filters, cartridges, canisters, end-of-service-life indicator, and shelf life date(s); and for the proper function of regulators, alarms, and other warning systems. Each rubber or other elastomeric part shall be in spected for pliability and signs of deterioration. Each air and oxygen cylinder shall be inspected to ensure that it is fully charged according to the manufacturer's instructions. A record of inspection dates, findings, and remedial actions shall be kept for each respirator maintained for emergency or rescue use. 8.4 Part Replacement and Repair. Replacement of parts or repairs shall be done only by persons trained in proper respirator assembly and correction of pos sible respirator malfunctions and defects. Replace ment parts shall be only those designed for the specific respirator being repaired. Reducing or admission valves, regulators, and alarms shall be returned to the manu facturer or to a trained technician for repair or adjust ment. Instrumentation for valve, regulator, and alarm adjustments and tests must be approved by the valve, regulator, or alarm manufacturer. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 8.5 Storage. Respirators shall be stored in a manner that will protect them against dust, sunlight, heat, ex treme cold, excessive moisture, or damaging chemicals. Respirators shall be stored to prevent distortion of rubber or other elastomeric parts. Respirators shaD not be stored in such places as lockers and tool boxes unless they are protected from contamination, distor tion, and damage. Emergency and rescue-use respira tors that are placed in work areas shall be quickly ac cessible at all times, and the storage cabinet or con tainer in which they are stored shall be clearly marked. 9. Special Problems 9.1 Vision. When a respirator user must wear correc tive lenses, a protective spectacle or goggle, a face shield, a welding helmet, or other eye and face protec tive device, the item shall be fitted to provide good vision and shall be worn in such a manner as not to interfere with the seal of the respirator to the wearer. Temple bars or straps of a corrective spectacle which pass between the sealing surface of a respirator full facepiece and the respirator wearer's face may prevent a good seal of the facepiece to the face and therefore such a spectacle shall not be used when a respirator equipped with a full facepiece must be worn. As a temporary measure, a corrective spectacle with short temple bars that do not protrude between the sealing surface of a full facepiece and the respira tor wearer's face may be taped to the respirator wearer's head. Special corrective lenses which are made to be mounted inside a full facepiece are available and should be used by a person who needs corrective lenses. The wearing of contact lenses by persons who must wear a respirator equipped with a full facepiece, helmet, hood, or suit shall not be permitted. 9.2 Communications. Speech transmission while wear ing a respirator is often necessary to perform specific tasks. Although a respirator facepiece distorts the human voice to some extent, the respirator's exhala tion valve usually provides a pathway for some speech transmission over short distances in relatively quiet areas. However, talking while wearing a respirator equipped with a facepiece may adversely affect the seal of the facepiece, especially a quarter-mask or half-mask facepiece, to the wearer's face. A mechanical speech-transmission device, called a speaking diaphragm,is an integral part of the facepiece in some respirators. It usually consists of a resonant cavity and diaphragm which transmit sound. The diaphragm also acts as a barrier to the ambient atmos- 010946 27 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 phere and -thus should be handled carefully to prevent possible puncture which would permit leakage of an air contaminant into the respirator. Various methods of electronically transmitting and amplifying speech through the respirator are available. These utilize a microphone connected to a speaker, telephone, or radio transmitter. Usually, the microphone is mounted inside the respiratory-inlet covering, while the ampli fier, power pack, and speaker or transmitter are at tached to the exterior of the respiratory-inlet covering, carried on the body, or remotely located. Respira tors with electronic speech-transmission devices having a battery power supply should be used with caution in explosive atmospheres. When an electronic speechtransmission device is used in underground mining, it shall be certified as complying with the Mine Safety and Health Administration's requirements for permis sibility and intrinsic safety which are set forth in a document entitled Electric Motor-Driven Mine Equip ment and Accessories, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 18, Chapter 1, Subchapter D, Title 30 (formerly Bureau of Mines Schedule 2G). Sealed power sources shall be checked for integrity of the seals. Connecting cables from microphones inside the respiratory-inlet covering shall have gas-tight seals where they pass through the covering. When the speaker diaphragm is part of the barrier between the respirator wearer and the ambient atmosphere, it shall be frequently in spected for leakage and should be adequately protected from puncture or rupture. A microphone mounted on the respirator wearer's throat or head or a microphone/ speaker worn in the respirator wearer's ear does not re quire penetration of a respirator facepiece by a cable. 9 J Use of Respirators for Entry into Atmospheres Im mediately Dangerous to Life or Health. When respira tors are required for entry into atmospheres immedi ately dangerous to life or health, at least one standby person shall be present in a safe area. The standby per son shall have the proper equipment available to assist the respirator wearers in case of emergency. Communi cations (visual, voice, signal-line, telephone, radio, or other suitable means) shall be maintained between the standby person and the respirator wearers. Respirator wearers in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health shall be equipped with safety harnesses and safety lines to permit them to be removed from the dangerous atmospheres to safe areas, if necessary; otherwise, equivalent provisions for the rescue of the respirator wearers from the dangerous atmospheres shall be used. 9.4 Respirator Use in Confined Spaces. All confined spaces shall be considered to be immediately dangerous 28 to life or health unless proven otherwise. Before a person is allowed to enter a confined space, tests shall be carried out to determine the concentration of any known or expected flammable or toxic contaminant present and to determine the concentration of oxygen. A person shall not be allowed to enter a confined space without wearing the proper type of respirator. Even if the concentrations of air contaminants in a confined space are found to be below the established limits and sufficient oxygen is present (see "Oxygen Deficiency" in Table 1), the safest procedure is to continuously ventilate the enclosed space and to continuously moni tor the concentration of air contaminants and of oxy gen if persons are to work in the confined space. An air-purifying respirator may be worn by a per son in a confined space only if tests show that the atmosphere is not legally oxygen deficient (see Table 1 for minimum legal oxygen requirement) and only if tests show that the concentrations of air contaminants are not immediately dangerous to life or health. While a person is wearing an air-purifying respirator in a con fined space, the level of respiratory hazards in the atmosphere of the confined space shall be monitored. An air-line-type or hose-mask-type supplied-air respirator may be worn by a person in a confined space only if tests show that the atmosphere is not deficient in oxygen to a degree that would be immediately dangerous to life or health (see definitions in Section 2 for "oxygen deficiency - immediately dangerous to life or health" and "oxygen deficiency - not immedi ately dangerous to life or health") and only if tests show that concentrations of air contaminants are not immediately dangerous to life or health. While a person is wearing an air-line-type or hose-mask-type suppliedair respirator in a confined space, the level of respira tory hazards in the atmosphere of the confined space shall be monitored. When the results of monitoring the atmosphere in a confined space, prior to entry of a person into the space, shows that the atmosphere is immediately dangerous to life or health [oxygen deficient or exces sive concentration(s) of a contaminant(s) including concentration(s) of a substance(s) above the lower flam mable limits], then a person who is required to enter the confined space shall wear either a positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus or a combination positive-pressure-air-line respirator with an auxiliary self-contained air supply. An oxygen-type open-circuit self-contained breathing apparatus shall not be worn in a confined space where the possibility of fire or ex plosion hazard is increased. When respirators are used in a confined space, the provisions for a standby person given in 9.3 shall be carried out. 010947 9.5 RespiratoriJse in Low-Temperature Environments. A low-temperature environment may cause fogging of the lens in a respiratory-inlet covering and freezing or improper sealing, or both, of the exhalation valve. Coating the inside surface of the lens may prevent fogging at low atmospheric temperatures approaching 0C (32F), but severe fogging of the lens may occur at temperatures below-18C (0F). Full facepieces are available with nose cups that direct the warm and moist exhaled air through the exhalation valve without contacting the lens, and these facepieces should provide satisfactory vision at temperatures as low as -32C (-25F). At very low atmospheric temperatures, the exhalation valve of a respirator may freeze open or closed due to the presence of moisture. Dry respirable air should be used with an air-line respirator and with the type of self-contained breathing apparatus that employs a cylinder of air when these devices are used in a low-temperature atmosphere. The dew point of this breathing air should be appropriate to the tempera ture of the atmospheric air. High-pressure connections on self-contained breathing apparatus may leak because of metal contraction at low atmospheric temperature. These connections should not be overtightened, since they may break when the apparatus is returned to an atmosphere at normal room temperature. Some air line-type supplied-air respirators may be equipped with a device called a vortex tube to warm the air supplied to the respirator-inlet covering of the respirator. Emer gency-use respirators that are stored in low-temperature environments may require special elastomeric com ponents that will retain their elasticity at low tempera tures (regulator diaphragms, gaskets, and breathing tubes). Facepieces stored in low-temperature environ ments can become stiff and distorted to a degree that may prevent an adequate seal of the face to the facepiece. Special care shall be used to prevent distortion of facepieces stored at low temperatures. Some selfcontained-breathing-apparatus models have coldtemperature accessories that may be utilized to help overcome these problems. The manufacturer's instruc tions shall be followed when utilizing these coldtemperature accessories. 9.6 Respirator Use in High-Temperature Environ ments. A person working in an atmosphere having a high temperature is under stress. Wearing a respirator in such an environment applies additional stress on the person. The additional stress due to the wearing of a respirator in a high-temperature environment should be minimized by using a respirator having a low weight and offering a low resistance to breathing. The air-linetype supplied-air respirator is recommended for use in a high-iemperature environment. Air-line-type supplied- AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 air respirators equipped with a vortex tube to cool the air supplied to the respiratory-inlet covering will sub stantially reduce the temperature of the air supplied to the respirator. Elastomeric components of respira tors stored in high-temperature environments may deteriorate at an accelerated rate and the facepiece may become permanently distorted. Special care shall be used to prevent facepiece distortion. All such respira tors shall be inspected and maintained at a frequency rate that will prevent the use of respirators with de teriorated elastomeric components. 10. Evaluation of Respirator Program Effectiveness 10.1 General. Periodic evaluation of the effectiveness of the respirator program is essential to ensure that persons are being provided with adequate respiratory protection. Improvement of the program and elimina tion of any deficiencies in the program cannot be carried out unless the program is appraised for effec tiveness at periodic intervals. The effectiveness of the respirator program shall be evaluated at least annually and corrective action shall be taken to correct defects found in the program. 10.2 Wearer Acceptance. Wearer acceptance of respira tors is an important matter to consider in evaluating the effectiveness of the respirator program. Respirator wearers shall be consulted periodically about their acceptance of wearing respirators. Numerous factors affect the acceptance of respirators. These factors in clude: comfort, resistance to breathing, fatigue, inter ference with vision, interference with communications, restriction of movement, interference with job per formance, and confidence in the effectiveness of the respirator to provide adequate protection. 10.3 Inspection of Respirator Program Operation. Frequent inspection of the operation of the respirator program shall be conducted to ensure that proper types of respirators are selected, that respirator wearers are trained properly, that the correct respirators are is sued and used, that respirators are worn properly, that respirators being used are in good operating condition, that respirators are inspected and maintained properly, that respirator storage is satisfactory, that respiratory hazards are monitored, and that medical arid, when necessary, bioassay surveillance of respirator wearers is carried out. 10.4 Appraisal of Protection Afforded. Medical and, when necessary, bioassay surveillance of respirator wearers shall be conducted periodically to determine 010948 AMERICAN-NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 if respirator -wearers are being provided with adequate respiratory protection. These data, when considered with the results of monitoring respiratory hazards, can serve as an indication of the degree of protection pro vided by the respirators and the effectiveness of the respirator program. 10.5 Evaluation. The results of investigating wearer acceptance of respirators, inspecting respirator pro gram operation, and appraising protection provided by respirators shall be utilized to evaluate the effective ness of the respirator program. Evidence of excessive exposure of respirator wearers to respiratory hazards shall be followed up by investigation to determine why inadequate respiratory protection was provided. Ac tion shall be taken to correct any defects found in the respirator program. The findings of the respirator-pro gram evaluation shall be documented, and this documen tation shall list plans to correct faults in the program and target dates for the implementation of the plans. 11. References to Other Standards, Regulations, and Manuals 11.1 American National Standards Institute. When any of the following American National Standards is super seded by a revision approved by the American National Standards Institute, Inc, the revision shall apply. (1) American National Standard Identification of Air-Purifying Respirator Canisters and Cartridges, ANSI K13.1-1973 (2) American National Standard Method of Marking Portable Compressed Gas Containers to Identify the Material Contained, ANSI/CGA C-4-1954 (R1971) (3) American National Standard Commodity Speci fication for Air, ANSI/CGA G-7.1-1973 (4) American National Standard Practice for Occu pational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, ANSI Z87.1-1979 11.2 American Industrial Hygiene Association and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Respiratory Protective Devices Manual, 1963. 11.3 Compressed Gas Association (1) Compressed Air for Human Respiration, Pamph let G-7,1976. (2) Commodity Specification for Air, G-7.1, 1973. 11.4 National Fire Protection Association (1) Respiratory Protective Equipment for Fire Fighters, NFPA 19B, 1971. 30 (2) Breathing Apparatus for the Fire Service, A Fire Officer s Guide, FSP-29B, 1975. 11.5 University of California, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (1) Energy Research and Development Administra tion, Division of Safety, Standards and Compliance, Respirator Manual, LA-6370-M, August 1976. (2) A Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection, LA-6671-M, March 1977. 11.6 U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines (1) Schedule 13E, Self-Contained Breathing Appara tus, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 11, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Title 30. (2) Schedule 14F, Gas Masks, Code ofFederal Reg ulations, Part 13, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Title 30. (3) Schedule 19B, Supplied-Air Respirator, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 14,Chapter 1 .Subchapter B, Title 30. (4) Schedule 21B, Filter-Type Dust, Fume and Mist Respirators, Code ofFederal Regulations, Part 14, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Title 30. (5) Schedule 23B, Non-emergency Gas Respirators (Chemical Cartridge Respirators), Code of Federal Regulations, Part 14a, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Title 30. (6) Respiratory Protective Devices; Tests for Per missibility; Fees, Code ofFederal Regulations, Part 11, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Title 30. (7) Information Circular 8559, Respirators Approved by the Bureau of Mines as of May 24,1972. 11.7 U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Wel fare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH Certified Personal Protective Equipment (Feb ruary 1974 and supplements published periodically). 11.8 U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration Electric Motor-Driven Mine Equipment and Acces sories, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 18, Chapter 1, Subchapter D, Title 30 (formerly Bureau of Mines Schedule 2G). 11.9 U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration General Industry Safety and Health Standards, Part 1910, Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Subpart Z - Toxic and Hazardous Substances. 010949 11.10 U.S. Department of Transportation, Interstate Commerce Commission Code ofFederal Regulations. Title 49, Part 173, Gen eral Requirements for Shipments and Packagings, and Part 178, Shipping Container Specifications. 11.11 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Standards Development Manual of Respiratory Protection Against Airborne Radioactive Materials, NUREG-0041, October 1976. 11.12 General Services Administration (1) Federal Specification BB-A-1034a (June 21, 1968). Air, Compressed for Breathing Purposes. (2) Interim Federal Specification GG-B-675d (Sep tember 23, 1976), Breathing Apparatus, Self-Contained. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-I980 11.13 U.S. Department of Defense (1) Military Specification M1L-E-832S2 (Febru ary 20,1970), Emergency Oxygen Supply, Chlorate Candle, Aircraft CRU-74/P. (2) Military Specification MIL-O-1563c (Septem ber 25,1964), Oxides, Oxygen Producing. 11.14 Reference Books (\) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volume I, Third Revised Edition. G. D. Clayton and F. E. Clayton (Editors), John Wiley and Sons, Incorpo rated, 1978. (2) Physiology of Respiration. J. H. Comroe, Year book Medical Publishers Incorporated, 1965. 010950 31 Appendix (This Appendix ij not part of American National Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection, ANSI Z88.21980, but is included for information purposes only.) Al. Approval Agencies A1.1 Bureau of Mines (BM). The Bureau of Mines (BM), U.S. Department of Interior, tested and approved respirators from 1919 until 1972. Approvals were is sued under the provisions of various schedules until May 25, 1972, the effective date of Title 30, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 11, "Respiratory Pro tective Devices; Tests for Permissibility; Fees." Title 30, CFR, Part 11 superseded and revoked the previous respirator approval schedules. Al .2 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Title 30, CFR, Part 11 gave jurisdic tion for joint approval of respirators to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and to the Bureau of Mines (BM), U.S. Department of the Interior. A 1.3 Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA). In 1974, a reorganization of the U.S. Depart ment of the Interior resulted in the formation of the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA), which assumed the health and safety activities of the Bureau of Mines (BM), including the respirator testing and approving functions. Subsequent respirator approvals were issued jointly by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA). Al .4 Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). The Federal Mine Safety and Health Amendments Act of 1977 transferred in March 1978 the authority for enforcement of mining safety and health from the U.S. Department of Interior to the U.S. Department of Labor. The act created in the U.S. Department of Labor the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) which replaced the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA) of the U.S. Depart ment of Interior. The Mine Safety and Health Ad ministration (MSHA) has assumed the respirator test ing and approving functions of the Mining Enforce ment and Safety Administration (MESA). Respirator approvals are now issued jointly by the National In 32 stitute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). A2. Status of Approved Respirators The status of respirators approved under the provision of BM Schedules is different from the status of respira tors approved under provisions of Title 30, CFR, Part 11. Amendments to Title 30, CFR, Part 11 published in the Federal Register on November 22, 1974 provide that: (1) After June 30, 1975, respirators are approved for purchase and use if they have been approved joint ly by MSHA (formerly BM and MESA) and NIOSH under provisions of Title 30, CFR, Part 11. However, gas masks which have been approved by the BM under provisions of BM Schedule 14F continue to be ap proved for purchase and use until further notice. (2) Respirators, other than gas masks, which have been approved by the BM under provisions of certain BM Schedules, if purchased on or before June 30, 1975, and which are maintained in approved condition, shall be approved for use until the following dates; March 31,1979 for self-contained breathing apparatus approved under provisions of BM schedules 13-13E; March 31, 1980 for supplied-air respirators approved under provisions of BM schedule 19B; March 31, 1976, for particulate-removing respirators approved under provisions of BM schedule 21B; March 31, 1976, for chemical-cartridge-type vapor- and gas-removing respira tors approved under provisions of BM schedule 23B A3. Lists of Approved Respirators Respirators approved by the BM under provisions of BM schedules were listed periodically through the years in BM information circulars. The last*BM information circular listing approved respirators is 1C-8559, "Respirators Approved by the Bureau of Mines as of May 24, 1972." Respirators approved jointly by NIOSH and MSHA under provisions of Title 30, CFR, 010951 Part 11 are listed in "NIOSH Certified Personal Protec tive Equipment.-" Supplements are issued periodically. Copies are available from: Publications Dissemination, DTS National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, Ohio 45226 A4. Physiological and Psychological Limitations for Respirator Wearers It is recommended that a physician determine if a per son should or should not wear a respirator if the person has any of the following: (1) Emphysema (2) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3) Bronchial asthma (4) X-ray evidence of pneumoconiosis (5) Evidence of reduced pulmonary function (6) Coronary artery disease or cerebral blood vessel disease (7) Severe or progressive hypertension (8) Epilepsy, grand mal or petit mal (9) Anemia, pernicious (10) Diabetes, insipidus or mellitus (11) Punctured eardrum (12) Pneumomediastinum gap (13) Communication of sinus through upper jaw to oral cavity (14) Breathing difficulty when wearing a respirator (15) Claustrophobia or anxiety when wearing a res pirator AS. Suggested Procedures for Carrying Out Qualitative Respirator-Fitting Tests A5.1 Irritant Smoke Test. The irritant smoke test can be used for both air-purifying respirators and atmos phere-supplying respirators. When an air-purifying respirator is tested, it should be equipped with a highefficiency filter. The irritant smoke is produced by air flowing through a commercially available smoke tube normally used to check the performance of ventilation systems. Ventilation should be provided when carrying out a test to prevent contaminating the room where the test is carried out with smoke. The respirator wearer should keep his eyes closed during the test, even if the respirator offers eye protection. If the respirator wearer detects the penetration of the smoke into the respirator during the test, the wearer should be permitted to readjust the seal of the respirator. The test operator operates the smoke tube to direct smoke over the respirator, keeping the smoke tube about two feet from the respirator, and watches the reactions of the respirator wearer. If the respirator wearer does not detect penetration of smoke into the respirator, the test operator moves the smoke tube closer to the respirator and observes the reactions of the respirator wearer. When the smoke tube has been moved to within six inches of the respirator and the respirator wearer still has not detected penetration of smoke into the respirator, the smoke may be directed at potential points of leakage in the seal of the respira tor to the wearer. If the respirator wearer still does not detect penetration of the smoke into the respirator, the wearer should carry out a series of exercises such as deep breathing, turning head from side to side, nod ding head up and down, and talking while smoke is directed at the respirator. If the respirator wearer is unable to detect the penetration of smoke into the respirator, the wearer has achieved a satisfactory fit with the respirator. A5.2 Odorous Vapor Test. The odorous vapor test can be used for both air-purifying respirators and atmosphere-supplying respirators. When an air-purify ing respirator is tested, it should be equipped with a cartridge or canister which removes the test vapor from the air. An odorous material commonly used in the test is isoamyl acetate. If isoamyl acetate is em ployed as the test agent, an air-purifying respirator should be equipped with an organic vapor cartridge or canister. The simplest means of carrying out the test is to saturate a piece of fabric or sponge with liquid isoamyl acetate or to fill a stencil brush with liquid isoamyl acetate and then move the fabric, sponge, or stencil brush around the respirator worn by a person. The fabric, sponge, or stencil brush should be passed close to the potential points of leakage in the seal of the respirator while the wearer carries out exer cises such as normal breathing, deep breathing, turning head from side to side, nodding head up and down, and talking. If the respirator wearer detects the odor of iso amyl acetate vapor during the test, the wearer should be permitted to readjust the seal of the respirator. If the respirator wearer is unable to detect the odor of isoamyl acetate vapor, the wearer has achieved a satis factory fit with the respirator. An improved qualitative respirator-fitting test using isoamyl acetate vapor as the test agent may be carried out using a hood, chamber, or room containing a known concentration of isoamyl acetate in the air. The 010952 33 APPENDIX concentration of isoamyl acetate vapor in air common ly used is 100 parts per million by volume. The respira tor wearer enters the enclosure containing the test atmosphere and carries out a series of exercises such as normal breathing, deep breathing, turning head from side to side, nodding head up and down, and talking. If the respirator wearer detects the odor of isoamyl acetate vapor during the test, the wearer should be per mitted to readjust the seal of the respirator. If the respirator wearer is unable to detect the odor of iso amyl acetate vapor, the wearer has achieved a satis factory fit with the respirator. The use of isoamyl acetate vapor as a test agent has the following two major drawbacks: the odor threshold varies widely among persons, although most persons can detect by odor a concentration of isoamyl acetate vapor in air as low as 0.1 parts per million by volume; and olfactory fatigue may cause a person to fail to detect the odor of a low concentration of iso amyl acetate vapor in air. Before performing this test, all persons should be tested to determine their ability to sense the odor of isoamyl acetate vapor in air. Since the odorous vapor test is subjective, the validity of the test result depends on honest indication by the respirator wearer as to whether or not an odor was detected during the test. AS.3 Other Qualitative Respirator-Fitting Tests. A stream of coal dust or talcum powder may be directed at the interface of a respirator facepiece with the wearer's face while the wearer carries out a series of exercises such as normal breathing, deep breathing, turning head from side to side, nodding head up and down, and talk ing. After removing the respirator facepiece from the wearer's face, any observation of coal dust or talcum powder on areas of the wearer's face which had been covered by the facepiece will indicate that the wearer did not obtain a satisfactory fit with the facepiece. A spray of fluorescein liquid particles may be directed at the interface of a respirator facepiece with the wearer's face while the wearer carries out a series of exercises such as normal breathing, deep breathing, turning head from side to side, nodding head up and down, and talk ing. After removing the respirator facepiece from the wearer's face, and with the wearer's eyes closed, ultra violet light is directed at the wearer's face; any ob servation of fluorescein on areas of the wearer's face which had been covered by the facepiece will indicate that the wearer did not obtain a satisfactory fit with the facepiece. Negative-pressure and positive-pressure respirator sealing tests are not considered to be qualita tive-type respirator-fitting tests, and these sealing tests should not be used for selecting specific makes and models of respirators for use by respirator wearers. 34 A6. Suggested Procedures for Carrying Out Quantitative Respirator-Fitting Tests All quantitative respirator-fitting tests involve exposing the respirator wearer to a test atmosphere containing an easily detectable, relatively nontoxic aerosol, vapor, or gas as the test agent and then measuring the penetra tion of the test agent into the respirator. While wearing the respirator in the test atmosphere, the respirator wearer carries out a series of exercises simulating work movements. The respirator is equipped with a sampling probe which is connected by means of flexible tubing to an instrument which measures the penetration of the test agent into the respirator. Quantitative respira tor-fitting tests can be used for both air-purifying res pirators and atmosphere-supplying respirators. When carrying out a quantitative respirator-fitting test which uses an aerosol as the test agent, it is an accept able procedure to equip an air-purifying respirator with a high-efficiency filter. When carrying out a quantita tive respirator-fitting test which uses a vapor or gas as the test agent, it is an acceptable procedure to equip an air-purifying respirator with an appropriate cartridge or canister which removes the vapor or gas from the air. A6.1 Exercises Carried Out by Respirator Wearers. A respirator wearer should carry out a series of exer cises which stimulate work movements. The kinds of exercises carried out depend on the type of respira tors. Each exercise should be carried out for at least two minutes. The series of exercises for testing a respirator equip ped with a facepiece should include but not be limited to the following: (1) Normal breathing (2) Deep breathing (3) Turning head from side to side (4) Nodding head up and down (5) Talking (6) Normal breathing The series of exercises for testing a respirator equip ped with a helmet, hood, or suit should include but not be limited to the following: (1) Standing still, arms hanging downward along sides of body, norma! breathing (2) Bending forward and touching toes (3) Raising arms above head and looking upward (4) Bending knees and squatting (5) Standing while holding a tubulgr rod about 76 centimeters in length with hands approximately 30 centimeters apart, twisting torso from side to side in an 180 arc, and slowly raising the arms from a downward direction to an upward direction having an angle of 45 with the horizontal plane 010953 Table A1 Test Agents Suitable for Carrying Out Quantitative Respirator-Fitting Tests Test Agent Polydisperse . sodium chloride aerosol Polydisperse DOP (dioctyl phthalate) aerosol Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) gas Concentration of Test Agent in Test Atmosphere 10-20 milligrams particulate matter per cubic meter of air 20-30 milligrams particulate matter per cubic meter of air 250-1000 parts per million by volume Particle Size if Test Agent is in Aerosol Mass median aerodynamic diameter of 0.5 to 0.7 micrometer with standard deviation of 2.0 to 2.4 Mass median aerodynamic diameter of 0.5 to 0.7 micrometer with standard deviation of 2.0 to 2.4 Not applicable APPENDIX (6) Running in place (7) Standing still, arms hanging downward along sides of body, normal breathing A6.2 Test Atmospheres. Test atmospheres containing the test agents specified in Table A1 are suitable for carrying out quantitative respirator-fitting tests. A6.3 Test Chambers. It is recommended that test chambers used to carry out quantitative respiratorfitting tests have the following characteristics: (1) The design of the chamber and equipment used to generate the test atmosphere should ensure that the concentration of the test agent in the test atmosphere inside the chamber does not vary more than t5% dur ing a test. (2) The design of the chamber and equipment used to disperse the test atmosphere in the chamber should ensure that the test agent is uniformly distributed in the test atmosphere throughout the chamber. (3) The size of the chamber must permit a respira tor wearer to carry out all of the designated exercises. (4) The chamber should contain provisions to permit the test operator to visually observe the respirator wearer inside the chamber. A6.4 Protection Factor Determination. The instru ment which measures the penetration of the test agent into the respirator worn by a person in the test atmos phere should be connected to a fast-response recorder which records the penetration values. The average of the peaks of the penetration of the test agent into the respirator for each type of exercise carried out by the respirator wearer should be determined. The protection factor for a given make and model of respirator worn by a person in a test should be calculated by using the following equation. 100 Protection factor = S=r/Ntrr where S =The sum of average peak penetrations for all exercises (in percent) N = The number of exercises A7. Recommended Procedures for Field Test ing the Seal of the Respirator to the Wearer The seal of a respirator to a wearer can be tested in the field by procedures recommended by respirator manu facturers or by any of the following tests: A7.I Irritant or Odorous Test Agent. The person wear ing a respirator is exposed to an irritant smoke, odorous isoamyl acetate vapor, or other suitable test agent easily detectable by irritation,odor, or taste (an airpurifying respirator must be equipped with the ap propriate air-purifying element). If the respirator wearer is unable to detect the penetration of the test agent into the respirator, it can be reasonably assured that the seal of the respirator to the wearer is satisfactory. A7.2 Negative-Pressure Sealing Test. A negative-airpressure respirator sealing test can be used on airpurifying respirators equipped with tight-fitting respira tory-inlet coverings and on atmosphere-supplying res pirators equipped with tight-fitting respiratory-inlet coverings and breathing tubes which can be squeezed 010954 APPENDIX or blocked at the inlet to prevent the passage of air. This test may be difficult or impossible to carry out on valveless respirators. The inlet opening of the respirator's canisters), cartridge(s),or filter(s) is closed off by covering with the palm of the hand(s), by re placing the inlet seal on a canister(s), or by squeezing a breathing tube or blocking its inlet so that it will not allow the passage of air. Then the wearer inhales gently and holds his breath for at least 10 seconds. If a facepiece collapses slightly and no inward leakage of air into the facepiece is detected, it can be reason ably assured that the fit of the respirator to the wearer is satisfactory. For a respirator equipped with a mouth piece and nose clamp, if leakage of air into the nose or the mouth cannot be detected, then it can be rea sonably assured that the fit of the respirator to the wearer is satisfactory. A7.3 Positive-Pressure Sealing Test. A positive-airpressure test can be used on respirators equipped with tight-fitting respiratory-inlet coverings which contain both inhalation and exhalation valves. This test may be difficult or impossible to carry out on valveless respirators. The exhalation valve or breathing tube, or both, is closed off and then the wearer ex hales gently. The fit of a respirator equipped with a facepiece is considered to be satisfactory if a slight positive pressure can be built up inside the facepiece without the detection of any outward leakage of air between the sealing surface of the facepiece and the respirator wearer's face. The fit of a respirator equip ped with a mouthpiece and nose clamp is considered satisfactory if the respirator wearer senses a buildup of positive pressure and is unable to detect any outward leakage of air through the nose and in the area between the mouth and the mouthpiece. For some respirators, this test method requires that the respirator wearer first remove an exhalation cover from the respirator and then replace it after completion of the test. These tasks often are difficult to carry out without disturbing the fit of the respirator to the wearer. A7.4 Warning Concerning Negative-Pressure and Posi tive-Pressure Sealing Tests. Care must be taken in carry ing out a negative-pressure or positive-pressure sealing test; otherwise, the results of the sealing test may be unreliable. Thorough training in carrying out these tests should be given to respirator wearers. A8. Monitoring of Respiratory Hazards The intensity of potential exposures and actual ex posure of respirator wearers to respiratory hazards is determined by using instruments to measure the con 36 centrations of air contaminants or oxygen in the breathing zone of the respirator wearers. Adequate air sampling and analysis or appropriate calculations should be carried out to determine both the timeweighted average concentration and the peak concen tration of the respiratory hazard to which a respirator wearer may be potentially exposed or is actually ex posed. Concentrations of a substance causing a respira tory hazard should be determined during the work shift in order to accurately define both the time-weighted average concentration and the peak concentration of the substance. The concentrations of a substance in air may be affected by changes in process operation, changes in rate and direction of air movement, changes in temperature from day to night operation, and changes in seasons; these factors should be taken into account in carrying out a program of monitoring res piratory hazards. It is essential that the volume of air sampled during a sampling test contain a sufficient quantity of the hazardous substance for accurate determination of the concentration of the substance in the workplace atmos phere. The volume of air to be sampled or the dura tion of the air-sampling period depends upon the fol lowing factors: (1) Estimated concentration of the substance in air (2) Sensitivity of the sampling instrument and sampling procedures (3) Established permitted time-weighted average concentration and established permitted peak con centration for the substance in air Although it is recognized that the concentration of a hazardous substance which occurs during an emergency cannot always be measured or calculated, every reasonable effort should be made to estimate what this concentration would be. Consideration should be given to the use of a con tinuously operating air monitor and alarm to alert respirator wearers when a high concentration of a hazardous substance suddenly occurs. A9. Recommended Procedures for Cleaning and Sanitizing Respirators Recommended procedures for cleaning and sanitizing respirators are as follows: (1) Remove, when necessary, the following com ponents of respiratory-inlet covering assemblies before cleaning and sanitizing: ta) Filters, cartridges, canisters fb) Speaking diaphragms (c) Demand and pressure-demand valve assemblies 010955 (d) Any components recommended by the respi rator manufacturers (2) Wash respiratory-inlet covering assemblies in warm (49C or 120F maximum temperature) cleanersanitizer solution. A stiff bristle (not wire) brush may be used to facilitate removal of dirt or other foreign material. (3) Rinse respiratory-inlet covering assemblies in clean, warm (49C or 120F maximum temperature) water. (4) Drain all water and air-dry the respiratory-inlet covering assemblies. (5) Clean and sanitize all parts removed from respira tory-inlet covering as recommended by the manufac turers. (6) Hand wipe respiratory-inlet covering assemblies, all parts, and all gasket and valve sealing surfaces with damp, lint-free cloth as needed to remove water resi dues and all foreign materials. (7) Inspect parts and replace any which are defec tive. (8) Reassemble parts on respiratory-inlet covering assemblies. (9) Attach new filters, cartridges, and canisters to respiratory-inlet coverings. (10) Visually inspect and, where possible, test parts and respirator assemblies for proper function. (11) Place assembled respirators in appropriate con tainers for storage. Machines may be used to expedite the cleaning, sanitizing, rinsing, and drying of large numbers of respirators. Extreme care must be taken to ensure against tumbling, agitation, or exposure to tempera tures above those recommended by the manufacturer (normally 49C or 120F maximum), as these condi tions are likely to result in damage to the respirators. Ultrasonic cleaners, clothes-washing machines, dish washers, and clothes dryers have been specially adapted and successfully used for cleaning and drying respira tors. Cleaner-sanitizers that effectively clean the respirator and contain a bactericidal agent are commercially available. The bactericidal agent frequently used is a quaternary ammonium compound. Strong cleaning and sanitizing agents and many solvents can damage rubber or elastomeric respirator parts. These materials must be used with caution. Alternatively, respirators may be washed in a deter gent solution and then sanitized by immersion in a sanitizing solution. Some sanitizing solutions which have proven effective are: (1) a hypochlorite solution (50 parts per million chlorine), 2-minute immersion; (2) an aqueous iodine solution (50 parts per million of iodine), 2-minute immersion, or (3) a quaternary APPENDIX ammonium solution (200 parts per million of qua ternary ammonium compounds in water with less than 500 parts per million total hardness), 2-minute immersion. Different concentrations of quaternary ammonium salts are required to achieve a sanitizing solution with waters of varying hardness. Inflammation of the skin of the respirator user (dermatitis) may occur if the quaternary ammonium compounds are not complete ly rinsed from the respirator. The hypochlorite and iodine solutions are unstable and break down as time progresses; they may cause deterioration of rubber or other elastomeric parts and may be corrosive to metal lic parts. Immersion times should not be extended be yond the mentioned time periods, and the sanitizers must be thoroughly rinsed from the respirator parts. Respirators may become contaminated with toxic materials. If the contamination is light, normal cleaning procedures should provide satisfactory decontamina tion; otherwise separate decontamination steps may be required before cleaning. A10. Oxygen Deficiency - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health An atmosphere which causes an oxygen partial pres sure of 100 millimeters of mercury column or less in the freshly inspired air in the upper portion of the lungs which is saturated with water vapor is classified as "oxygen deficiency - immediately dangerous to life or health." The rationale for this classification is that an oxygen partial pressure of 100 millimeter? of mer cury column in the freshly inspired air in the upper portion of the lungs, which is saturated with water vapor, corresponds to an oxygen partial pressure of 60 millimeters of mercury column in the alveoli of the lungs with a carbon dioxide partial pressure of 40 milli meters of mercury column is present in the alveoli of the lungs, and at these alveolar conditions the hemo globin of the alveolar blood is 90% saturated with oxygen. When the oxygen content of the hemoglobin of the alveolar blood drops below 90% saturation, oxy gen-deficiency symptoms become noticeable. Further details concerning oxygen deficiency will be found on pages 16 to 18 of "A Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection," LA-6677-M, published by the.Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; on pages 140-148 of Volume I of "Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology," pub lished by John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, 1978; and in "Physiology of Respiration," published by Yearbook Medical Publishers Incorporated, 1965. 010956 37 APPENDIX The oxygen partial pressure in the freshly inspired air in the upper portion of the lungs which is saturated with water vapor is calculated using the following equation: Partial pressure of oxygen in freshly inspired air in upper portion of lungs in units of millimeters of mercury column = (Atmospheric air pressure in units of millimeters of mercury column 47.0 millimeters of mercury column Decimal fraction by volume of oxygen in X atmospheric air in workplace NOTE: 47.0 millimeters of mercury column is the partial pressure of water vapor in the air in the upper portion of the lungs which is saturated with water vapor. The concentration of oxygen in normal atmospheric air is 20.95% by volume. Examples of calculations: (1) Determine the partial pressure of oxygen in the upper portion of the lungs of a person in a workplace at sea level when the atmospheric air in the workplace has a normal oxygen concentration. The atmospheric air pressure at sea level is 760.0 millimeters of mercury column. The concentration of oxygen in normal atmospheric air is 20.95% by volume. Partial pressure of oxygen in freshly inspired air in upper portion of lungs 149.37 millimeters of (760.0 - 47.0) X 0.2095 = mercury column (2) Determine the partial pressure of oxygen in the upper portion of the lungs of a person in a workplace at an altitude of 5000 feet above sea level when the atmospheric air has a normal oxygen concentration. The atmospheric air pressure at an altitude of 5000 feet above sea level is 632.7 millimeters of mercury column. The concentration of oxygen in normal atmos pheric air is 20.95% by volume. Partial pressure of oxygen in freshly inspired air in upper portion of lungs (632.7 - 47.0) X 0.2095 = 122.7 millimeters of mercury column (3) Determine the partial pressure of oxygen in the upper portion of the lungs of a person in a work place at an altitude of 10 000 feet above sea level when the atmospheric air has a normal oxygen concentration. The atmospheric air pressure at an altitude of 10 000 feet above sea level is 522.7 millimeters of mercury column. The concentration of oxygen in normal atmospheric air is 20.95% by volume. Partial pressure of oxygen in freshly inspired air in upper portion of lungs (522.7 - 47 .0) X 0.2095 = " 66 mUlimeters < mercury column (4) Determine the partial pressure of oxygen in the upper portion of the lungs of a person in a work place at sea level when the concentration of oxygen in the atmospheric air in the workplace is 14.0% by vol ume. The atmospheric air pressure at sea level is 760.0 millimeters of mercury column. The concentration of oxygen in the atmospheric air in the workplace is 14.0% by volume. Partial pressure of oxygen in freshly inspired air in _ upper portion of lungs (760.0 - 47.0) X 0.14 = 99 82 mUlimeters f mercury column 38 010957 Ready Access to the World's Standards through ANSI Are you seeking a standard vital to your interests? Turn to the American National Standards Institute, which performs a unique function as America's clearinghouse and information center for national, international, regional, and foreign standards. ANSI is the sole source of all approved American National Standards. In addition, the Institute is the U.S. source for all international standards and drafts of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Electrotechni cal Commission (IEC), and of the publications of ISO member bodies. And that's not all . .. 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Latest catalogs issued by ISO, IEC, and 65 members of ISO Foreign catalogs in English translation Specialized listings of American National Standards in fields ranging from infor mation processing to safety and health Available in Microform American National Standards are available in microform from Information Han dling Services (IHS), Inverness Business Park, 15 Inverness Way East, P.0. Box 1154, Englewood, Colorado 80150; tel (303) 790-0600. All ISO and IEC stan- * dards may also be obtained in microform from IHS. 010958 Effect of .Solvent Vapor on Respirator Solvent Miscellaneous Materials (b) Acrylonitrile Pyridine 1-Nitropropane Methyl iodide Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Acetic anhydride Bromobenzene (a) MSA cartridges (b) AO cartridges s Time to Reach 1Z Breakthrough _________ (10 ppm)(minutes)_______ 49 119 143 12 82 141 124 142 RESPIRATOR CARTRIDGE EFFICIENCIES STUDIES - by G. 0. Nelson, et. al. SOURCES FOR REPRINTS Ruch, W. E., G. 0. Nelson, C. L. Llndeken, R. E. Johnsen, and D. J. Hodgkins: Respirator Cartridge Efficiency Studies: I. Experimental Design, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 33, 105 (1972). Nelson, G. 0., and D. H. Hodgkins: Respirator Cartridge Efficiency Studies: II. Preparation of Test Atmospheres. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 33, 110 (1972). Nelson, G. 0., R. E. Johnsen, C. L. Lindeken, and R. D. Taylor: Respirator Cartridge Efficiency Studies: III. A Mechanical Breathing Machine to Simulate Human Respiration. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 33, 745 (1972). Nelson, G. G. , and C. A. Harder: Respirator Cartridge Efficiency Studies: IV. Effects of SteadyState and Pulsating Flow. American Industrial Hygiene Asso ciation Journal 33, 797 (1972). Nelson, G. 0. , and C. A. Harder: Respirator Cartridge Efficiency Studies: V. Effect of Solvent Vapor. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 35, 391 (1974). Nelson, G. O. , C. A. Harder and E. E. Bigler: Respirator Cartridge Efficiency Studies. VI. Effect of Concentration, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-76184 (Nov. 1974). Nelson, G. O. , A. N. Correia and C. A. Harder: Respirator Cartridge Efficiency Studies: VII. Effect of Relative Humidity and Temperature, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-77390 ( (Aug. 1975'. Nelson, G. O. , and A. N. Correia: Respirator Cartridge Efficiency Studies: VIII. Summary and Conclusions. American Industrial VI- Hygiene Association Journal 37 , 9(1976). 010960