Document VGZYx4xpRLYZpVQRZge1ZdGnZ

LEAD PIPE JOINTS MEET TALL BUILDING PRESSURES Until recently, a basic question of the design of high rise buildings, was were made by joining two 21;>-ft. lengths of pipe with lead/oakum joint, welding whether a storm drain would leak if asteel plate to the open ends, and then stoppage occurred at the base. At 62-lb. providing a pump connection on one of cu. ft., a head of water can rapidly build the end plates. to exert enormous pressures on the drain pipe and its joints. THE TEST PROCEDURE In order to lay the question to rest, a l sing a high-capacity, high-pressure research project was commissioned by pump connected to a measuring gage, the International Lead Zinc Research Or speciment joints were hydrostatically ganization to test pressure limits for pressurized at 100 psi for 15 minutes. lead oakum calked cast iron pipe joints. Pressure was then increased at the rate These tests showed that the joints held of 50 psi per minute with a hold of one an average of 300 psi, sufficient to meet minute at each 100 psi increment. At the the requirements of a 50 to 70 story appearance of a trace leak ( very slight building, dependina on construction. moisture seepage I the pressure was re The three-stage test program covered corded. Pressure was continued until two conventional lead oakum calked joints or three drops of water appeared simul in plain T-in. cast iron coated soil pipe, taneously on a joint. At this point in with and without a spigot bead end. and creased pressure was applied until the uncoated with a beaded end. Test joints joint failed or the pump failed to keep Specimen Number Pre-test Pressure & time 1 100 psi-10 min 2 100 psi-10 min 3 100 psi-10 min 4 100 psi-15 min 5 100 psi-15 min 6 150 psi-15 min 7 150 psi-15 min 8 150 psi-15 min 9 150 psi-15 min 10 150 psi-15 min 11 150 psi-15 min 12 150 psi-15 min 13 150 psi-15 min TABLE OF TEST RESULTS Pressure first leak Pressure leak excessive Pressure joint failure 300 psi 275 psi 200 psi 375 psi 300 psi 275 psi 450 psi 450 psi 350 psi 150 psi 300 psi 450 psi 240 psi 300 psi 400 psi 400 psi 275 psi 300 psi 350 psi 450 psi 325 psi 350 psi 420 psi 460 psi 425 psi 690 psi 715 psi 300 psi 375 psi 400 psi 390 psi 420 psi 420 psi 490 psi 450 psi 700 psi 675 psi 650 psi 650 psi Comments lead raised Vi" lead raised V* " bad leak separation joint separated Vi" witnessed sample joint separated Vi " witnessed sample joint separated Vi" joint separated '/a" beaded pipe joint separated Vi" beaded pipe joint separated Vi" beaded pipe held 150 psi pressure after lift held 150 psi after lift beaded pipe separated '/a" held 150 psi after lift beaded pipe separated 3/16" held 150 psi after lift separated 3/16" held 150 pel after lift witnessed sample up with the leak. In most instances when pressure ot pipe having a spigot head w as reduced !c about 150 psi. the joint would continue to hold the pressure for as Iona as two hours with very slight leakage '5 to If. psi pressure drop per hour i. To keep individual skill from influenc ing the test results, a journeyman plumb er with no knowledge of the test? to L performed, was asked to calk two joints. Both joints were tested under the iden tical procedure as outlined above. The values of the joints calked by the jour neyman plumber were consistent with similar gage pressures on the other joints tested. Various tests on specimens were witnessed by building inspectors, a professional engineer, and a retired plumbing inspector. At the end of the test, the. joints were broken open so that the witnesses could see and verify the fact that the joint was of conventional lead/oakum type with a l'Ting. The results of the tests show that lead/oakum calked cast iron pipe joints can be successfully applied to storm drain applications. A breakdown of the test results show that the average effec tive pressure to be w ithstood by a coated! pipe without a bead is over 200 psi: that! of a coated pipe with a bead to be over300 psi and that of an uncoated pipewith a bead to be almost 400 psi. To* equate pressure to height, 300 psi # equal to a static column of water over 692 ft. This, in turn, relates to a build ing height of between 50 and 70 stories depending upon the construction. 2 L 1 A2J>630 j0HN HANCOCK in s u r e s SILENCE WITH LEAD Dominating Chicago's exciting skyline these davs is the new 1.107 foot tall SOUND BARRIER BLOCKS MACHINERY NOISE , |in Hancock Center Building, an archi- Joint planning on the part of the constructed of two pieces of M-in. gyp-um board attached to opposing sides of T's-in. metal studs. The void between rtural trend setter with its combination architect, acoustical consultant and the boards was filled with acoustical C'orj;ce9. retail stores, restaurants, apart acoustical contractor produced a rela- wool and the resulting 4'vin. thick ' and parking garages. The build- tivelv easv solution to the machinery walls provide a Sound Transmission p located on North .Michigan Ave room noise problem. Machinery room Class" of 45. Building mullions, how , L-e Chicago's "Magnificent Mile." walls were made of standard concrete ever, were only 1; s-in. w ide so an ac \0ise control is a vital factor in plan- block and then an acoustical barrier was commodation had to be made to match :n,T the use of such a multi-purpose constructed on the inside wall surfaces. interior walls to mullions. Interior walls tructure. Two aspects of noise control The barrier consists of an underlayer were carried to nothin 28-in. of nnil- ,[ John Hancock required particularly made of furring strips with acoustical lions. Then a special-design channel was irefui planning: containment of noise wool in between followed by an over constructed along the muilion. floor, in the machinery rooms located through- layer composed of a three layer system overhead spandrel, and interior wall. nut the buildina; and noise insulation of 2>w-lb. per sq. ft. sheet lead sand The latter has a slip joint to compensate on between residential apartments. wiched between two layers of gypsum tor building movement. Gypsum board 1 to The machinery rooms house such po board. Tests made since completion N-in. thick was fitted inside the chan 1UO tential noise-makers as water pump show that the sound barrier thus con nel with a ^-in. air space. Sheet lead :w'o boosters, elevator motors and other me structed has effectively reduced noise l 214-lb. l was screwed on either side of 10 chanical equipment. During the day of transmission to acceptable levels. the channel and the channel walls fin ncnb- fice machine and street noises are usually at high enough levels to mask any noise nroblem. However, in the quiet of the SOUND BARRIERS BETWEEN APARTMENTS The movement of the tall John Han ished off with i/h-in. gvpsum board. The STC of the stub wall matches that of the interior wall. be ciening the noise level would have been cock Building in the brisk winds com Altogether the sound attenuation sys ats. cotentiallv disturbing to tenants of the mon to that Lake Michigan area, and tems at the John Hancock Center svs- en- .building's apartments, so sound attenua the narrow width of the building's mul- tems are highly successful. To date the The tion measures were designed into the lions influenced the design of the sound building management has received no >ur- machinery room construction. barrier system used between apartment complaints about noise. ith her areas. Interior apartment walls were `A measurement of the relative efficiency of acoustical sound darners established by the A$TM, ens red the hat the nal hat ints rm the feeled hat ver ipe To is ver ild- ie3* Credits: Architect: Skidmore, Otctngs, & Merrill, General Contractor: Tishman Con struction Cornpany, Acoustical Consultant: Bolt, Beranek & .S'evman, Cambridge, Mass. Dry If'alt Contractor: \fc.\ulty Bros. Co., Chicago. 3 ORGANOLEAD PAINT... ASPIRIN FOR SHIPOWNERS' HEADACHE Test catch of experimental black antifouling paint /without organolead toxicant) showing 40% fouling with tubeworms after 11 months of service on ocean going tugpoat at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. (Pho tograph VSJ-737-7-71 taken July 22, 1971.) tities at a controlled rate. The organo- Standard vinyl-high rosin antifouling pamt 7 727/63 (containing 14.4 Ib/gal Cu 0) showing fouling resistance after 11 months of semes'. U.S.S TAWAKONI at Pearl Harbor Naval Rated "Excellent." (Photograbh VSj-739-7-?i wj July 22. 1971.) ' c A t lead compounds prevent the attachment and growth of marine organisms for as long as two years--and impede same 1 for much longer periods. 1LZRO Paint Formula 1, a mixture of cuprous oxide plus triphenyllead ace tate, produced eye-opening results in tests conducted in seawater at Pearl Harbor i tropical I, Miami Beach (sub tropical), and Long Island (temperate). Test panels with Formula 1 coatings re tained a fouling resistance of up to 60% For as long as there have been ships, fouling by marine organisms has been after 91 months (almost 8 years) im mersion in Pearl Harbor water--a nor a serious and costly problem. Fouling mally bad fouling area. Corresponding causes ship drag, excessive fuel con panels painted with a mixture contain ing cuprous oxide but no organolead were completely fouled after 18 to 2-1 months. El I' I sumption and heavy maintenance costs These test results impressed the U. 5, due to the drydock time involved in re Navy sufficiently so that it embarked on moving the growths and repainting. its own testing program to compare or H A 10-year research program on ma ganolead paint formulations with its own rine paints formulated to solve the foul Standard vinvl-high rosin formulation ing problem has been conducted under paint. The testing area was again Pearl the sponsorship of the International Harbor. The bottoms of oceangoing tugs, Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc. salvage ships and submarines were patch (ILZROl with highly satisfactory re painted ( usually 100-150 square feet in sults. area) with the two paint formulations. The paints tested contained organolead compounds, toxicants that can be To date the ILZRO organolead paint is as free of fouling as the Navy's own ;I released from the paint in minute quan standard anti-fouling paint. Test patch of organolead (TPLA)-modltled Type 121 Vinyl-Rosin antltoullng paint (containing 8 Ib/gal Cu.O), showing 95% fouling resistance after 11 months at service on U.S.S. TAWAKONI at Pearf Harbor Naval Shipyard. Rated "Excellent." (Fouled rectangle not painted--under supporting block.) (Pho tograph VSJ-738-7-71 taken July 22, 1971.) I alloy, a calcium lead or a dispersion strenathened lead alloy, serves the pur pose. Another circumstance in which pure lead will not suffice occurs when shield ing a radioactive source that emits ther mal as well as gamma energy. In such a case the heat being generated at the center of the unit must be conducted away to avoid a dangerous thermal build-up. The combination gamma shield and necessary thermal conduction may be constructed in one way bv using leadclad steel--bonding of the lead shield bonded to a steel container. OTHER LEAD COMBINATIONS FOR SHIELDING The rapid increase in the use of iso Tyoa GROWING u s e o f 35% - On /ara. a t o mic e n e r g y b u il d s 3*90 d e ma n d f o r l e a d s h ie l d in g topic tracing for analysis and medical diagnosis, both in hospitals and factories in recent years has necessitated the adap tion of existing buildings for use for radiography or radiotherapv. Fixing lead sheet to the walls sometimes provides All dsns point to burgeoning demand for atomic energy. Already 23 lighter, is easier and cheaper to ship. The need for special cranes or outsized auclear power plant; are in operation in doors is minimized. And should the the necessary shielding. At other times the bare metal won't suffice and a lead cored plywood is used. he 1.5. Another 100 are scheduled for .ne ne\t decade. By the end of the cen- shielding involve a complex mechanism such as a reactor refuelling machine, the Other laminates, combining lead and aluminum, mild steel or plastics are also ,urv it is anticipated almost 100 huge use of lead reduces the size of com available. They all are convenient to atomic plants w ill be generating half the electricitv required in the United States. ponents around the shield or of controls passing through it. handle, self-supporting, hygenic and pro tect the lead from damage. The harnessing of atomic energy has Lead itself is extremely stable and Where a combined neutron-gamma biouaht with it the problem of control does not become radioactive under bom shield is required, a solid material made j ling the powerful rays emitted during the atomic disintegration. Basically the bardment by neutrons. An additional favorable factor in using lead shielding, up of finely divided lead dispersed in polythene is available. Proportions of ain- problem of protection from these rays therefore, is its reuse or scrap value. components vary to meet different job lead is the same as from x-rays and radium, 24 bead as a shielding agent has played an PURITY OF COMMERCIAL LEAD limitations. This material can be accu rately machined and individual compo historical role in this area since the dis- When lead, brick or sheet is used for nents can be welded together using filler . S. wery of x-rays in 1895. shielding x-rays or gamma rays, its den rods of the same material. I on sity is all that counts. The slight lower To meet the constantly evolving need or- HIGH DENSITY A MAJOR FACTOR ing of density by alloying or by impuri for protective shielding, other materials own Lead offers substantial advantages ties is of little consequence. Readily have been experimentally lead loaded. tion o\er other shielding materials. Its low available commercial lead is suitable Asbestos cement, building bricks, rub 'earl ost. density and the ease with which it since it can be obtained in purities of ber, and concrete have all been filled U2S, can be cast, extruded, rolled, machined up to 99.99% whereas a 99.5% purity with lead shot, powder and oxides. A atch or otherwise formed, combine to make is considered acceptable for this appli new form of dense concrete, a combina t in it one of the most efficient of shielding cation. tion of high alumina cement and galena ons. materials. When neturons are also present, such l lead ore) has been produced giving it is Lead s high density means a saving as with a reactor, the purest lead avail densities up to one-half of metallic lead own m space since less material is needed able is used in conjunction with an ef and yet still having the mechanical prop 'or a given shielding requirement. There fective neutron shield such as boron or erties of an excellent structural concrete. is also a weight saving when the shield a hydrogenous material. The absence of Radiation shielding is a complex busi is tn the shape of a hollow sphere or impurities in the lead is essential since ness that leaves no margin for error. thick walled cylinder because the shield neutrons can make the impurities radio Detailed information on lead shielding 'olume is related to the cube or square active. materials, techniques and construction f its thickness while the density in Where lead is used as an unsupported are readily available. Whatever the crease is only linear. shield in the absence of neutrons, great shielding need may be, stationary shield, Economies in space and weight of er hardness and rigidity than can be ob transport container, space shield, mov lead shields lead to further, less obvious, tained with pure lead are needed for able local shield, or whatever, lead may cost savings. A lead shielded transport protection from potential damage. In prove to be the least expensive and most container, being smaller and possibly such circumstances a 4% antimony-lead efficient shielding method available. 5 c ' :;fs H'W.J<" Mr., S-.-ra. O'u.; ;r" i> D. Rj.bf ` 'fi.wc::n (. )., Smmifi'. O^o icT-ijiic-jl C Boil, B*r}r\>;K vt iir., r. jm p 'i-lie, Vjii. Rnoing C.mtriinor: k-'ri*r R nn-iriS >i| j< f'.,., /n Ohii LEAD ROOF ON CULTURAL CENTER UPSTAGES AIRPORT NOISE BATTEN PRINCIPLE USED FOR INSTALLATION All of the drama associated with Baldwin-'K'allace College's new Art and terior partitions are arranged. The most feasible location for the Cen Underlayment for the roof consists of 15-lb. building felt over a wood deck Drama Center isn't necessarily inside. ter, adjacent to the school's football This underlayment is covered with 3 The outside has a new lead roof that stadium where a 1000-car paved parking in. rigid insulation, :5s-iri. plywood, 30. plavs three essential roles. First, it plays lot could be shared, as it happened, was lb. building felt, rosin paper, and finally the heroic role of the estheticaily-pleas- also directly under a major air corridor the sheet lead. Lead is secured to battens ing beautiful patina roof associated with used by jet planes at the nearby Cleve with 16-oz. copper cleats. Edges oi I monumental buildings. It is a stalwart land Hopkins Airport. To keep the roar sheets are joined with loose locks and because of its renowned durability. And of planes offstage, the firm of Bolt, filled with non-hardening ralking com. here at Berea, Ohio, it acts as a sound barrier between the jet noise from the nearby airport and the theatres inside the building. NEED FOR NOISE CONTROL The new campus cultural center at Baldw in-Wallace houses two theatres: Beranek & Newman, acoustical consult ants, recommended a sound attenuation system that included brick cavity walls and a roof of sheet lead. The main theatre in the Center has a fly loft, the conformation of which gives the building its singular appearance. The pound to prevent moisture from enterina the joints. All told, 16.000 sq. ft. of sheet lead were used on the Center's roof. And the lead is playing its role well. It looks strikingly handsome. It will last indef initely. It is keeping the noise of low- one seating 550 designed for regular loft roof slopes almost vertically up from flying jets out of the theatre. Even when i stage productions, the other a small ex the rest of the building. Loft and other planes are roaring overhead, a staae perimental theatre seating between 250 roof areas are covered with 3-lb. per sq. whisper inside the theatre can be heard and 300 depending on how flexible in ft. sheet lead (3/64-in. thick). without difficulty in the last row. Workmen put the first fold in the iead at the sheet metal "shop" assembled on the root by the rooting contractor, The dramatic fly toft root of the Center makes the building a standout on campus, Altogether 16,000 sq. ft. of sheet lead were used tor the root. 6 LIA 2663 A 5TAINED GLASS-- t h e a r t FORM t h a t GOES ON I. imuiie ha- any doubts about the mercial buildings, retail stores, schools, various thicknesses and proportions to 1|r,,tlU vitality of the stained glass and subsequently was elevated to a plane the glass to give added definition, shape, k. ,, he mav be surprised to learn and a uide variety of other establish and depth to the design. ,:11( the manufacture of stained glass is ments can be found with stained glass The actual process of putting together jtiuird to evceed S25 million annual today. It's important to add that the a stained glass window has varied little ! -o an old art form that began as an glass is being used as a significant dec since the 13th century when the win hiteetural adjunct in the Middle Ages, orative item and not just as a stairwell dows of the great European cathedrals of i| lt- onn with its perfection by the de- window decor. were made. A life size black and white nd m- ,,lt,rs of religious institutions, is still , rv much h ith us. Lead, of course, is synonymous with stained glass. Besides being the carrier "cartoon" of the design is made. The cartoon is cut in pieces, each one repre |iv new. of course, stained glass has for the glass itself and the shaper of the senting a different piece of stained glass. ad .madened its scope. Private homes, com- design in question, the lead is used in The glass itself is cut using the cartoon he ks :-or;can Airiir.es facade at J. F. Kennedy Airport. It represents contemporary application ot ancient art. as a pattern and a glazer puts the win dow together. ef- The glass is put in place and bound w- with pliable leading called cames. Final ly each leading joint is soldered for strength. The lead cames are normally rd H-shaped to accommodate the insertion of the glass. The lead's pliability is a key factor in its use for stained glass--as well as its solderability and the beauti ful patina it acquires with time. us A spectacular newf technique, devel oped at a relatively recent date, involves soldering sculptured 3 lb. sheet lead overlays to the basic lead cames which ordinarily hold the stained glass in place. These overlays, formed in relief, 'echnlque by which glass panes are "leaded" into place. are incised with carefully formed and located slits of varying widths which allow the light to shine through the richly colored glass during the day. The "halation" of light through first the glass and then through these slits allows none of the beauty of the glass to be lost. At the same time the sculp tured lead, covered with gold leaf, ful fills the representational function of the window in silhouette.-ft is at night therefore, when the glass is normally dark, that the interior light reflects the golden design with startling intensity. Thus the window functions as well by night as by day. .4 \ ! LIA2 fc 63 ^ 7 LEAD INDUSTRY EXAMINES ITS ROLE IN ENVIRONMENT The 44th annual meeting of the Lead Industries Association in Montreal, eight hour day, 40 hour week time weighted average exposure." To the ob April 6-7, was unique in its departure jectives of the OSHA program: "assur from many, old established patterns. The ing so far as possible every working focus of the meeting itself was distinc man and woman in the nation safe and tive. Unlike earlier meetings where the healthful working conditions and to pre major concern was research, product serve our human resources" Dr. Cole development and marketing, in Montreal gave unqualified support. He recom the dominant issue was "lead in the en mended in fact that the OSHA air mon vironment.'' The industry's concern with itoring program be augmented with a its "social contract'' was expressed in program of blood analyses as being a many ways. Richard D. Mushlitz speak more sophisticated technique for deter ing on the statistics-oriented subject mining actual metabolic lead imbalance. of "World Lead Demand and Supply" Another group of speakers briefed the commented, "Environmental problems members on "auto emission control de may well have a drastic effect on the vices that work with leaded fuel." They lead industry in the next decade." addressed themselves to the problem Dr. Jerome F. Cole, manager of the posed by the decision of the automotive environmental health department of the industry to meet federal air cleanliness International Lead/Zinc Organization standards by employing catalytic con reported on the implications of the verter emission control systems. Since 1970 Williams-Steiger Occupational lead fouls the catalyst the decision, in Safety and Health Act for the lead in Detroit at least, is that lead must go. dustry. This far reaching legislation Not so said the panelists. They reported affects all industry. It is estimated that on alternative thermal reactor systems compliance on a national scale could that work successfully with lead. increase operational costs of affected in These include different high-temper dustries by 5 to 10%. The OSHA stand ature approaches called thermal react ards for lead are the same as those set ors, a catalytic muffler, and several sys originally by the American National tems to trap lead and other particles Standards Institute: "200 ug/m3 on an before they can be emitted into the atmosphere. J. L. Kimberley, senior environrnen. tal advisor for LIA. charged "the auto industry has yet to develop one of these catalytic devices which will operate effectively on lead-free fuel." ^ illiam E. Adams, of the Ethvj Corp., described a Danish catalytic svs. tern w'hich his company is presently- evaluating. This device was reported bv the Danish developers to be able to re. move about 90 per cent of the carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. 80 per cent of the nitrogen oxides and 50 per cent of the lead compounds in exhaust gases. And these levels are ac complished with today's leaded gasoline. This catalyst does not contain expensive noble metals such as platinum. Both the Du Pont Company and Ethyl Corporation continue to report improvements of systems incorporating thermal reactors which replace conven tional auto exhaust manifolds. These reactors serve as high temperature zones where the noxious gases are con verted to harmless carbon dioxide and i water vapor. . Dr. E. N. Cantwell, of E. I. Du Pont ` De Nemours & Company said, "Wre have > developed trapping systems which re- i ! 8 LI A 26636 f ,, v t|ie emission of lead by more than and decrease visibility. cluded: "It is gratifying to note that n'.o -5" per cent that work in conjunction eith the thermal reactors. ^ " ()shorn Fremd and Roy Sugimoto of "It is strange how many of those per sons who are unwilling to accept even the information used in drawing up the legislation is necessarily drawn from work originally conceived and carried te yl lv 'IV 'e ppik Inc., reported on a sophisticated particulate trapping system developed .,v their company that captures about 08 per cent of the lead emissions at a manufacturing cost of only about 311 mure than present day mufflers. Speakina on the subject of health the slightest risk to health or welfare are yet ready to advocate crash programs with unknown consequences to remedy some imaainary threat. In view of this there is no justification for further re strictions on the lead content of gaso line." out bv LSPA, LIA and ILZRO. We are hopeful that the bill can be modi fied somewhat to provide better control over the imports of ceramics bv indi viduals and the manufacture and sale of hobby and art craft pottery intended for food service. We are working with the on j.pects of lead in gasoline, Dr. Cole The problem of lead poisoning in sponsors of these bills and are optimistic is. summarized the position of the Lead children is particularly harrowing, Dr. that our input will be utilized." nd Industries Association: Cole reported, because both the causes The discharge of social responsibility in "There is no health hazard now or and treatment are known. "Urban re is an industry concern. One index of ic- foreseeablv from lead in the atmos newal," he said, "is an answer to the the degree of success with which LIA te. phere. pediatric lead poisoning problem." He has pursued this goal may be found in ve "There is no relationship between pointed out the long history of the lead the comment of Senator Edward Ken lead in the air and lead in the blood association in efforts to bring about nedy to association executive vice presi nd at concentrations found in major standards of lead use in interior paints. dent, Phil Robinson, at the conclusion ort cities. Similarly in the matter of lead poison of recent Senate hearing on lead in ng "Aromatics, which will be added to ing due to lead release from glazed paints: "1 just want to say that you de en- auto fuels in increased amounts if food and beverage items, Jerome F. serve great credit and the Lead Indus ese anything near today's octane levels Smith reported that such cases almost tries Association deserves great credit are in lead-free gasoline are to be main invariably involved folk crafted or im for the help it has provided to Congress on- tained, are suspected of promoting ported ceramic utensils. The lead in in this area. Many times industry asso ind cancer. dustry has taken a position of leader ciations have not been as cooperative "The increased aromatics are likely ship in research, surveillance programs in matters affecting their own industry, ont to increase eye-irritating photochem and public information in this area. have not been nearly as positive or con ave ical smog. This work is providing background for structive as your industry has been, re- "Unleaded fuels increase soiling U.S. legislation now pending. Smith con and I appreciate it." UA OFFICERS FOR 1972-73 Broward Craig, President Philip E. Robinson, Executive Vice President Jerome F. Smith, Secretary 6 Manager i ! FUME-FREE ELECTRICS CUT IN-PLANT AIR CONTROL COSTS Industrial health experts, managers and union members agree that plant air quality must be effectively controlled to insure employee safety and well-be ing. Such is the consensus that these groups hate cooperated with yarious concerned law bodies in establishing control legislation. Lead acid battery-powered electric lift trucks are the immediate beneficiary of any move to control in-plant air. Tech nological advances and economics have favored electrics for this use over in ternal combustion ( IC l engine lift trucks for some time. Now. with empha sis on controlled pla.,t air, .he elimina tion of eye and lung irritating exhaust fumes provides a potent new reason to choose electrics. A 1970 study reported in Electrical ft orld, estimated the emission content of 15.000 gas-powered outdoor vehicles at 106.8 tons per day itpd) of carbon monoxide. 19.8 tpd of unburned hydro carbons, and 5.1 tpd of nitrous oxides. This study concluded that if carbon monoxide is brought under control, the other elements become relatively minor. Specific information on carbon mo noxide control has been gathered by the Michigan State Health Department. Xarrowing the focus to in-plant indus trial vehicles, Irving H. Davis, Regional Chief of the Division of Occupational Health, conducted tests that led to the establishment of an allowable carbon monoxide level in typical enclosed in dustrial plants. Among industries regarded as typical were auto assembly, appliance manu facturing, and auto parts fabrication. The allowable CO level for such indus try in Michigan was established at 50 parts per million (ppm). This standard was subsequently adopted by the Amer ican Conference of Governmental In dustrial Hygienists, and the Federal Oc cupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970. Mr. Davis' field investigations turned up interesting data supporting increased electric vehicle use. For one thing, con trary to popular opinion, propane-pow ered equipment may emit as much or more CO than gasoline-fueled equip ment. Propane users, believing them selves free of CO hazard, may neglect preventive maintenance and find them selves with critical problems. Others have relied on catalytic devices installed on IC engine units to improve combus tion and lower emissions. Mr. Davis' investigation found that the devices were totally inoperative on 85% of the vehicles tested by the Michigan State Health Department. The Michigan experience concluded: In an enclosed manufacturing plant us ing 6 gas or propane lift trucks. 20,000 cfm of additional ventilation is re quired to star within the 50 ppm maxi mum tO level. Hardware to provide th additional air. including roof units ductwork, fans, wiring, but not main, tenance, would cost 513.000. or 52,166 per truck. Operating costs (electricity and air conditioning) would add another 51.300 per year, or 5220 per truck. These investigations prompted Mr Da vis to conclude that electrics were the only logical means of complying with in-plant carbon monoxide regula tions. The regulations similar to those adopted by the Michigan State Health Department have also been endorsed hv other states. Elliott Mason, head of field investigations for the State of New Jer sey's Occupational Health Department, concurs with Michigan's findings. 5adamoto Iwashita, Chief of Occupational and Radiological Health, State of Ha waii, states without reservation that elec tric vehicles are the only realistic an swer to CO control in in-plant materials handling. Regulatory CO levels follow ing Federal guidelines are in the process of being established in both states. 4 In recent years there have been several dramatic incidents that illustrate the importance employees attach to having clean air on the job. At London's Heathrow Airport, ground support employees stopped work to dramatize the need for action to clear the air in baggage terminals then served by IC tractors. U. S. dock workers protested air conditions and won maritime union regula tions that permit only electrics to be used for below-deck cargo handling. An employee committee at a major parts manufacturer for the automotive in dustry demanded and won a crash program to replace IC fork lifts with electrics for in-plant use. 10 LIA 2663 8 ' o~sry items >or shipment are checked out by one of Lucky's tractor jlie%tors #i`b 3 dispatch. Lucky Stores, California, typifies the trend in warehousing toward battery-powered electrics. Lucky's plant manager ^routes an added advantage tor the electrics In noise abatement. In this worked-out limestone mine. Butler County Mushroom Farm, Inc., grows over 24, 000.000 pounds of mushrooms a year. Currently a fleet of about 60 lead acid battery vehicles of all types are in use. Electrics were chosen because of their versatility, their clean oper ation, and their adaptability to underground environmental conditions. Allred M. Lewis, Inc. of Riverdale, California, one of the world's largest wholesale grocery companies, credits its electric fleet with annual savings of over 525,000. ->ere maintenance crew runs the lead acid battery-powered tugs into position at Lewis' outdoor charging station. The station has 57 chargers arranged In two rows. COMPLEX AIR CONDITIONING INSTALLATION CHEAPER WITH LEAD Hoffman-LaRoche, a leading pharma ceutical and fine chemical manufac turer. is currentlv engaged in an extensi\e building program to house its expanding scientific staff and research laboratories. One such recently com pleted building is the company's 9-storv Research and Quality Control Building in \utlev. New Jersey. Two major requirements for the new laboratory building influenced its de sign and construction: exhaust hoods in each laboratory and a continuous supply of conditioned air. In the final design the exhaust hoods were connected by ducts running up the side of the building to fan rooms on the penthouse. This design preserved inter nal laboratory space and incidentally, gave the building a distinctive appear ance. To provide the continuous change of air in laboratories the architects deemed it necessary to totally enclose laboratory spaces from floor to slab. The presence of numerous pipes, ducts, and electrical conduits in the ceiling area of each laboratory made the erection of a solid partition from floor to slab too costly. Instead, the partition contractor rec ommended the use of a 1-lb.. I 1/64-in. thick) sheet lead plenum barrier hung from the soffit of the floor slab to the top of a ceiling-high partition construc tion below. Building architects approved the pro posal because it had several benefits. It would tightly enclose the plenum space, thereby making the space an effective air chamber. It would seal off noise from the adjacent laboratory. It would be the least expensive and most effective method in terms of construction, since sheet lead is easily cut, fitted, and formed tightly around penetrations. Sheet lead was supplied in rolls mea suring 4-ft. by 25-ft. long. Each roll was cut into sheets of required length, and as it was hung, slits were made to permit the passage of piping. After the sheets were in place, the slits were folded back around the piping and sealed to maintain an airtight mem brane. Because installation was made after piping was already in place, it was far easier and cheaper to install the sheet lead than to measure, cut and fit a rigid partition to the slab. in its air conditioning system. Air conditioning ducts run aoove tne dropped ceiling m tne cornaors, carry conditioned air to eacn laboratory on the nine-floor building. Air flows into the laboratory through a perforated ceiling and is exhausted through a floor-level hood. To Install the plenums at Hoffman-LaRoche, sheet lead was cut to required size, silt and folded back to permit Intrusion of the piping. When put Into position around pipes, the slits were pushed down around the protrusion and sealed. [ 5 Credits: Architect: Haines, Lundberg and Waehler; General Contractor: Conforti & Eisele; Parti tion Contractor: E. F. Hauserman Co., MYC; Lead Work Im-nhf** & Company, Elizabeth, S.J. LIA26640 LEAD LENDS A HAND IN RURAL BEAUTIFICATION P New York's Staten Island is typical of the many U.S. suburban areas wishing to grow but at the same time insisting that some of the eyesores that accompany urbanization, like overhead power transmission lines and poles be eliminated or minimized. Responshe to this preference the island utility com pany, Consolidated Edison, is com mitted to a policy of installing power cable underground; in fact 90*1 of all new installations are underground. In these direct burial installations lead has positive advantages. LEAD SHEATHED CABLE _ 2.3" diameter lead sheathed caoies are piowed-in as the rail car mounted vibratory -neves along the railroad right-of-way between Con Edison's Fresh Kill substation and the section of Staten island. UniQue direct cable burial equipment greatly accelerates speed at same can be laid. SELECTED FOR THE JOB The 33kv cable selected for recent in stallation on Staten Island has an alumi num conductor of 757 MCM and is I insulated with ethylene propylene rub ber. A lead sheath that is about 7/64" I thick is used to protect the cable. Each of the cables measured about 2.3" in diameter. According to James A. Shep pard, Jr., General Manager of Con Edison's Staten Island Division, lead sheathed cable was selected for two reasons. , . reliability and safety. Ut most reliability is required of any direct buried cable and the imperviousness of lead gives the needed protection even on underwater crossings. Sheppard stated that the lead sheath also provided a safety factor in the event of an acciden tal penetration of the cable. Any metal The three lead sheathed cables are lifted above the ground for creek crossings. They are later :etted into the trench dug by a clamshell. object that would go through the lead sheath and strike the conductor could cause a ground through the lead sheath, protecting the workman using the in truding tool. \ The performance of the new instal lation has been so successful Con Edison now plans to extend two more feeders for another 5 miles. Again, lead sheathed cable will be specified for this under ground installation. Close-up of the plow and the cable chute, inside which three cables are placed In a trench and than backfilled immediately. The cables are spaced 2V:i" apart. INTERESTING ODDS AND ENDS ABOUT LEAD A SUBMARINE ROMP For all those Walter Mittv's who've dreamed of commanding their own sub marine, there's a handy-dandy lead acid batterv-pow cred model, called a Perry Submarine Shark Hunter, ready and waiting. The tiny submarine weighs in at 1. 100 pounds, batteries included, and is 14-ft. long. Three 12-volt heavy dutylead acid batteries provide the power. The batteries require about the same care as a car or boat battery. They can be recharged right in the Cubmarine at dock or marina facilities. L ses for the boat include business, research, as well as pleasure. CAMERA EYE LEAD PLAYS A JAMES BOND ROLE Modern espionage has become so sophis ticated that ``spies" are now using x-rays to read the combinations on safes and security desks. The Government of Great Britain has found a way to foil the villains. Lead-covered tumblers are being substituted for regular ones in all high security areas. Lead, of course, is impervious to the x-rays and makes the safes "crack-proof". The problem is serious enough and the solution so effective that 31 million is being spent on the conversion of the tumblers. In this novel application, a lead weijfg acts as the camera shutter actuator Anchor Alloys. Inc., worked with tin engineers of Simpro Corporation oi America to develop a special lean weight for the pocket size Simpro-X camera. The tiny lead actuator weird* only 34 grams and is produced bv i low cost casting process. The Simpro-X is small and simplified; easily slips on to any size 126 film cartridge rather than the cartridge into the camera. It will take an x-cube flash and color pictures. t ! t E F A INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON LEAD TO MEET IN AMSTERDAM The United States Environmental Protection Agency and The Commission of the European Communities are jointly sponsoring an international symposium on the environ mental health aspects of lead in October of this year. The Symposium will be held in Amsterdam, October 2nd through the 6th. Its objective is to examine current data on environmental lead and discuss how that information can be used to increase the protection of man and his environment. The Symposium program will cover in detail the absorption and metabolism of environmental lead in man; the subclinical effects of lead and their role in establishing lead environmental and analytical methods and monitoring of environmental lead. Scientific papers related to agenda topics have been in vited. Papers can be submitted in English, French or German and must run no longer than 30 minutes in oral presentation. Admission to the Symposium is free. All correspondence regarding the Symposium should be sent to; Direction Protection Sanitaire Commission des Communautes EuropAennes 29, rue Aldringen Luxembourg (Grand-Duchd) LIA 2 66 4 2 14 j Industries Association, Inc., a 'h j/ofit organization, is a New York , , jD corporation, it is the trade bcM' n for the lead industry, with `""ll'p including both producers p Xhe Association neither e . ,.t lean nor jh lead, but collects and inter mation relative to the metal. The major activities conducted by the Association on behalf of the lead indus try are promotional in nature. They in clude technical .service, public relations and publicity, motion pictures, technical and educational publications and statis tical reports. An extensive library of information about lead ' for listing of typical litera ture see rear cover of this issue I is housed at the Association s New \ork headquar ters. and data pertaining to lead and lead products are available without charge. MEMBERS OF THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, INC. Allied Lead Inc. Allied Smelling Corp. Alpba Metals, Inc. ,max Lead & Zinc D.vis.on American Metal Climax, Inc. American Smelting & Refining Co. Asarco Mexicana, S.A. me G. A. Avril Company l_ead Products Division Broken Hill Associated Smelters Proprietary Ltd. (Agent: C. Tennant Sons & Co.) C i D Batteries Division Eilra Corporation Cambridge Smelting Company Cominco American Incorporated Cominco Lid. Day Mines, Inc. Delco-Remy Division General Motors Corporation Division Lead Co. Dixie Industries Inc. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Dresser Minerals Division Dresser Industries, Inc. Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. ESB Incorporated Ethyl Corporation Federated Metals Division A'-'efi'-an Smelting & Refining Co. Aaron Ferer & Sons Co. Chicago, III. 60643 Milwaukee, Wis. 53219 Jersey City, N.J. 07304 New York, N.Y. 10020 New York, N.Y. 10005 Mexico 1, D.F. Cincinnati, Ohio 45212 Melbourne C.1, Australia New York, N.Y. 10017 Plymouth Meeting, Pa. 19462 Cambridge, Mass. 02138 Spokane, Wash. 92201 Vancouver 1, B.C. Canada Wallace, Idaho 83873 Anderson, Indiana 46014 Summit, Illinois 60501 Dallas, Texas 75221 Wilmington, Delaware 19898 Houston, Texas 77005 Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Richmond, Virginia 23217 New York, N.Y. 10005 Omaha, Nebraska 68102 Gardiner Metal Company General Battery Corp. Globe-Union Inc. Gould Inc. Hammond Lead Products, Inc. Hecla Mining Company Homestake Lead Co. of Missouri Houston Chemical Co. Idarado Mining Corporation Industrial Smelting Company K. W. Battery Company Lead Products Company, Inc. Mac Gregor Lead Company Nalco Chemical Company NL Industries, Inc. Noranda Sales Corporation Ltd. Oatey Company, L.R. Ozark Lead Company Penarroya (Agent: NC Trading Co., Inc.) Quemetco, Inc. Revere Smelting & Refining Corp. St. Joe Minerals Corporation Schuylkill Metals Corp. Tonolli Co. of Canada Ltd. Tsumeb Corporation (Agent: Ametalco, Inc.) Victory White Metal Co. Hyman Viener & Sons Vulcan Lead Products Company Willard Lead Products Co. Chicago, Illinois 60632 Reading, Pa. 19603 Milwaukee, Wis. 53201 St. Paul, Minnesota 55114 Hammond, Indiana 46325 Wallace, Idaho 83873 San Francisco, Calif. 94108 Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222 New York, N.Y. 10022 Detroit, Michigan 48234 Skokie, Illinois 60076 Houston, Texas 77001 Chicago, Illinois 60623 Chicago, Illinois 60601 New York, N.Y. 10006 Toronto 1, Ontario, Canada Cleveland, Ohio 44135 Sweetwater, Mo. 63680 75 Paris 15, France New York, N.Y. 10022 City of Industry, Calif. 91747 Dallas, Texas 75222 New York, N.Y. 10017 Baton Rouge, La, 70807 Mississauga, Ontario, Canada New York, N.Y. 10022 New York, N.Y. 10036 Cleveland, Ohio 44127 Richmond, Virginia 23205 Milwaukee, Wis. 53204 Charlotte, N.C. 28203 1 Lead m glazes Reprint ''On Ame-'Can Ea-a-" c Soc.ety B-iiSt-n Six cape-s on >_;,ect of ead ilease testing on q--me'ware giazes. Charts ana taD:es. 7-veive pages. a-io Lead a major factor in new machinery noise suppression systems Description of techniques used to lower machinery noise evels with lead and iead composites. Lists machines that normally exceed .noise .evel allowed by WaishHealey Puonc Contracts Act. Two pages. J-9 Lift profits electrically P-ovides oe-'f orman :e data on elect battery powered nicies for -ndust: use. Cost calculators are oes.gnea to > buyer estimate jeoreciat on, ope-ati a-^d maintenance costs. Sixteen pages. L-14 Sheet lead plenum barriers l description of acoust-cai plenum and hew to install them Mate- 5 installation procedures desenbed no illustrated. E.ght pages. J-10 Techniques for reducing machinery noise Reprint from Pollution Engineering details materials and solutions for .-educing ma chinery noise to acceptable levels. Spe cifics given for several maenme types m common usage, illustrated. Four pages. J-ll ARCHITECTURAL Waterproofing with sheet lead A description of the use of lead as a membrane waterproofing material for lin ing pools, planters, fountains, shower stalls and floors where positive water proofing is required. Architectural details and specifications are included. Eight pages. A-2 Lead roofing and flashing Follow the safety line with chrome yellow Formulations and suggested applications 'or chrome yellow safety paints. Illus trated. E-ght pages. M-5 Red lead based naint systems = ;=s detai s ;n general properties and suggested uses of recommended paints, nst ruct:ons on surface preparation for a var ety of applications. Listing of LI A eccm mended tormulat-ons. Thinty-two pages. F-l PLUMBING Lead plumbing catalog and specifications Specifications and details for the use of lead m plumbing. Waste connections, shower and safe pans and chemical lab oratory drains are covered. Four pages. D-2 CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION & CORROSION PROTECTION Corrosion resistance of lead in chemical applications A chart presentation of the corrosion re sistance of lead and its alloys against 138 Chemicals from 0 to 300F. Six pages. H-3 Lead in modern chemical construction Reprint from Encyclopedia o! Chemical Process Eouipment. Describes installation, proper design application, and testing of lead linings. Twelve pages, illustrated. H-l BATTERIES A primer on the lead-acid battery A condensed story of the principles of the lead-acid battery and its chemistry, in cluding some of the fundamentals and definitions of direct-current electric en ergy. Two pages. L-6 Directory of acoustic specialties Summary of available materials for sound insulation by barrier, damping and 3hsorPtion methods. Sixteen page :>st of materials by brand name and manufac turer. Eighteen pages. J-4 ANTI-VIBRATION PADS Ways to reduce press vibration Two installations of lead asbestos pads to reduce heavy machinery vibrations. Sec tional arawmgs and loadings are given. Two pages, illustrated. G-l Lead asbestos anti-vibration pads Specifics on lead anti-vibration pads in cluding design and sizing, specifications for the sub-contractor, and hst of pad manufacturers. Three pages. G-3 CABLE SHEATHING Lead-covered underground cable use increasing Reprint outlining a major utility's recent experience with lead sheathed under ground cable. Details on where this type cable is desirable. Graphs. Four pages. C-2