Document VGOnbQVnRkQB0oJ7oXYL2g6Dp

L?A?0080 *4 Sent to flni 1, *, 9, 11 and Ceraatee Technical Coewlttee LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION MW V 17, N. V. October 28, 1958 OTBJECTi AKWU KAiygAIS Of COCTBJCTIOM RCTIOT 1958 To Mitiri of the Lead Induatrle* A**oclatloci Attached lo a reprint of the faction on Load and lt Ulcer* prepared tgr K. Jt Mdlltrkey, Technical Director of load Induatrle* Association, and published la tho Soptoober, 1958 Issue a.' 'lochiatrial and EirflMcrirq Ovoolatry,* official publication of *he laorlcaa Cbaadeal Society. Tho faction It part of the Annual Katerial* of Co.a truetion Review. This year'* review carts a significant dapartura fron paat lttues la extant of coverage at wall at technical Involvement, In keeping with praaont day trend* and L.I.A.'* over-all prograo In reaearch and developeeni. print* will be teat to oar aeilln* lift* of lntaroatod technical people. Additional eoplea will be available aa loo* aa the tupply laata. Tory truly your*. Secretary TfW iMilidNMiMaaMwtaiiaid^^ wr , ." irm iiowwr`'!wvu.>j|i|iwweiww.>l j .s ii'~.i u L IA 20081 l -- Ill 1.IM.WH I I------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ --- ---------" ' - - ---------------------- 1 > MlA N RI PR I NT Lead and Its Alloys K>WA*0 i. MPUAttZY mw m if, m. r. MUTUAL mi ElBIIEEIIIfi CHEMISTRY Vtl SO, Sf< 1449, fa^liwlw ItSt 0 DWb*4 by UAO tcusnres a s s o c ia t io n 40 Cot# 4M SdMl N Tort 17, N. T. MM ' f'f ' iiw|yir.v!r` UAh mMMMIM N 2378.01 LIA 20 08 2 Huntuii c* c o t u c t k x C^qwoy of Wowrtiid otomic mfyy nnorth rooctor. Tbit ni> only I fn* high nd fl in Thn }900*povnrf pior ihopid bod ft<Wo iliiwml lor we by Aiwriun ln% ftiairn in pnrumlu, far ahip bull, Mrd parr, aad piprliae ppnrrtion and Ifrn nrrllrftl tradinf riunrtrrvtki Lead ban akrm brew )ro{aruM in general chemical, *jir, and mil corro sion and idwau impressed name anode *mnda v j the appfiratauos picture. ta d Arid erf high temperature, aa MtaoMM tpflcatinn area far bad mrufty, two developments appear ligatfiraat. bell f which limht ihc benefiting adtkm erf bad to a structural material la the fail catr, It haa developed that titanium benefit* by aa web aa 2 weight % bad at high armperaturv*, la the ami rf 10U0* f. beam of di/ftwnn and nlubi&ty characterfatfcv bad haa thr abiOty la aott with ImptiKtium or dukcations and dirreby maintain the propertir* rfthe buA material, which may portend Cher amifar tan. la the sreund caae, ceramic-coaled magnet wire far high temper*tun apjJbations haa been made poadhb by h* * odditkaw to the costly --teriil Soar meaaurc erf this effect caa be obtained from a cnmpamua between the volume reiiativitiro far leaded and aoabaried coatings at IV)* t. --!)000 aad 3J5 megohms, respec tively. Sticb coatings include a num ber rf different ceramic compositions that caa triibund continuous opendoa at temperature* to 1000* F. They caa aba be used to bond electronic coaiparMt aur h at tnawwi. rf*b* and rrhu voder daoiar mwouam (/). The Iu p u o mav fatf w>4ra amaher jump la the firfcj rf rft^iig. They claim to hair arna^4nbj what log hat bra (unoirrrd irapwlfr-ib true alfaving <rf bad and i m (*>). hprrwrwa carried out at thr (antral Rnrifih Institute ef Imt v o Metallurgy have ahnwa that thr proprTtsr* <rf cr>> taJfcring mrlaJ* oay be altered wbua* dally by subjecting it to uhrsmund treatment (thia it not new) and that such treatment abo opens tap far-reach- log prtMfrcts far farwung alloy* tah Uanalde by ordinary nanhoda. Uttb b koma ahrmt the wrnq erf art) aa alluy ramnmUVf and thr proof rf both remains to br in iho anantry. Lastly, Miannpfa Hmeywrll Reg- tUtr Cu l 'i new lamia! Guidance Outer fa naang the owduwiMiiiu prupmir* of bad. Cmofuuai with the dmumit erf the apace age, lead haa moved into the **wh noise" mum at this insutUiioa whew 2S tom balanced oat a kndr-edge suppnrt vthntion njuip menu Thia use erf bad is antique, as It farms part <rf a UMhicb construe* thm, the purpuar trf which b (Wj U4: feo lanlate tniwwaia <rf vibration g adjacent ground and atrurture and to aatrt in preventing umbatred planet erf vibration In nuwit component teat equipment, u that thr vibratory nutioa wiQ be confined to a aingb plane. fataank Frtpatt It arvww hong that tb ttwaHiiun fratum of bad, bad alfcys toutmetalIbS mrufr*K and tfa hie afa-drf In matwiM pun|r the nu<e* rwbwatory though impatant abinn to 0 bad tekoigii FW, Mt, aod hS# have trvuo* iacieanagty a* frmnndutei, panvularly aa urfraevd drtnoaa and a* wort mg autrrub bo thernvebtunr frfi^eraltoo aad puoer. bull rnpti an cfcwiOirs the avnif J lead (gtapwoh m ew challenged, nhrveas hr frlgrrjtrtl and port, certain effkaracy breakrfwn^h* umiia to be made Ufa** oath bwlfteto can buite commenial Aa heat emitters bad turn poondl are reertwig careful fimwlrndon an fadi a fandammtal aad an applied bans. f acts brought to fight in comae.do* with bad compound acimci ndm Wl would include drwwtir* (f.f) and (hr iMmcitial dufwnuo of mrhrl (i.() and copper Ul) in bad aulfab aingb tnik TW nkpniwturt rf (hnrwdwtne bad nlhif layer* teems to twmt generally arf crystals 200 and >JD A. in nac and, fac t^put drptmard inm, correspond to a regular /re. Uttac* arf the wdluai chfandr tvpe (f.1). fbmocondnrtmtv in bad tebnide. aa it relate* to the thrurv trf the dependent* of sensitivity on fikn thicknm and tb aorptam cortiasrats, abo tutiud ate imtiun (5.1). In a more applied vein mtfaJ puprrs presented at the tbcvw chemicaJ facrty'l Spring meeting as* npuiimuu of the atacsMaon bring (fi.l) hriped clarify many comepts as to the properties rf FUi, fbV, nd Fble and the undemanding ef pin amurunducturv In genraL Fw this cUaa rf compounds the adid phaac cannot be considered tepurairly bom iu rapur phase, particularly at derated temperature*. In coaqwund ebcinJumintni we. bad as an additive appear* brorfaul One study indicates that bad enhance* the plaque brightness of a VtO* Kcakiuni halnpfunphatc phnapho* (/4.(); In another, it activates the ultravmbt fruormeno of aume ternary nfcam (//.I); and in another, the wav* bngth of the peak facrecat rn--ion cf tungstate b shown to be dependent M its bad content (/(JLl). The im putations are intriguing in terms of new petjducts In the fields of rlrcrmmcl iaod lighting. Ceramic materials frrrocbctrso fat particular, containing bad have re ceived mention In connection with per manent Bugnrtbm (/2.I), s-ray and neutron diffraction (9.1), production aad propertks of aingb crynab uaefaj as transistor devices ((W), and basically i i 14^0 urmAt a mo wiM--mw o-Mnir> VSH WMiauwiammim<MnmifluiHi LIA 2008 3 A mw typ* al chorg*obl* dry c*ll, vilng on olkoIlM Uod o*ld*-llv*r often exceptionally long Holt and eervlc* liU, ond relollvely tontt ant voltage throughout wld# temperature rang* b a aumhrr if psprrt pcvwnwo at dtr Amrryn Vawty grrunf The r>wliktM rr Iidir4iit uf ik bring given to mH nuvtuk hi venrd fwkil and present kwrobdge. I/mI uprmwidtM irvtfy Km had (ma * tk si war gnd the nnrial rouemtiy at bad coufdrd till llo* pn^a-rfy has wik Md iui k<l &ni litnruit la many i^dkAOuai. Ai mult jomufiiJoM ku> hrr* im4> with respect to tlVntn| (M, 2.9) and rffrtt) of hydrostatic pn-wurv m tk trarmtina (7.1). pkatwi And 'iVfUfJr* SB* (/J.I) have mod* A peer nr gv4iurt< rM of ik (upmurduciinf uuama trmprritorf fur sonr-crfinrd k*d- 7.D* O.Mtt* k. la Arm Arid, tu pared with Bik k v 'i J-ro\w*a value of 7X2* K-; the otarrvrd uiarnaa mprr mu r diflmMul utt hi than 0 0U| * &. Expkauttua of to^Riadurinf pk> aomrna b snO in Id infancy but startling kwhynrnb i r ia (hr oAn(. Siifl another lira <4 immu b that A k)d>nrcoaiun Alloy etMxtt no* trufliMi pyrophoricity la nuAtvr l*A. Him hiurt nit irMrd try (hr ndury la Affik ir m At AA rSkknf And simple meant fur igniung gaauline fire* Uit ignition is norauQy a great problem bniutr of hr vapor prrwure At suck lour Srmpmtwc*. At a ssnier m would Appear to> be pcerbw, And, in the brldt of general ipuiioo, bare many new and potential ute& Flfitcal Metallurgy. The luhiuov Irad tytorn hat bren locked al recently At A puwibk meant to bapna* Irad structurally. It It known, (r imUAcc, that tithium acta at a AROfthmint A(ent and marled incmri in phiwcab have been noted. Adding to irdrema* boa oo the ryvtcm, the structures of U*n> and Li|Pt>i have been determined (tJS). The Litfb crQ k /aa. with A ** iU? A. amJ UH>| b bnaguoal with a - 4.7)1 A. and C I SA*) A. Studira m the cr>*ul structure tJ KPt>i ihoto chat far A quenched spree men (MO* C) H b A Inert phair with the MgTns (Cirtypc) structure. The lattice paramrtrfi are a " 6.66, r * 10.76 A., i/m - 1.61 {2B). Concerning Bquld Immhribi&ty la the bsd-aramura system, Trite! (0B) confirmed previous conchmnnt by tie* scribing in greater detail experiment) on which tliry were founded. New data in uranium tuJuhility in lead and oo the crystal structure of UP!) by neutron diffraction are also presented. L'Pb b Ir. tetragonal with a " 11.04 A., a/A 0.961. Density b estimated to be 117 grama per cc. Certain dberep* on hriween iltr vshies It the # Ore <4 I'Hi, are dkn<Mvd. Ik anyUmws betuern rarlruo swell and fchr>id slhns, In to Ur m <b* iwmirixe of ei<dus on c<tttJuuoa (utverned. were made evident by v'mrLava {!<)&). Young** moduho dunpi kncjfly utih (iKn|*<*nm, uh Ma tomprtature d**jet*h-nre fcrhjstng omslarty. f.latixity of Irad Or^k rry*> tab was Mudted by the mriivd of dd* him away to attrrvnc, wrnf bnth a Oyrr <uun*er and him (iff), from kfxjwa eum^irrMfaJity the vannA elaauc fimuntt are derived and are be* hoed tu be mure exact than th>nc do lomiord by rnrrharucaj meihds Creep uf had nn|k envub at it relates so actts-attrAi enrrgtrs luc high trmprti ture rrMp wa KurliH by Wbrman, .Shetby, and Dorn (t2B). far high purity pJ)cr)ualline and angle cf)vai prrimrnt, aciivaiinn enrrgiei of *6,000 ami 1<,*6 cal. prr mnk, mpRiivrly, sett reported. It appears that the acuiatkm energy esarntUOy the Same hr bmh cases and equal so the respec tive Actreaiioo energies fur grain bnundary shearing. Covering the trtopern* lure range of 0* to 2)0* C. t* the entire bomuth>lead eivtcm, Mdryukov and Tyapunina (7B) investigated the trmprrature dependence of thermal cooductiviry, electrical conductivity, and spxi/k kit And cited many important Anomalies. Thermal expanam mean* tsremrnts from room tempcratufV in 300* C. by ddatomrtry and nth i*fayi were found not be different ir Irad (f/B). Thb was atthlwtcd either so the So small conrcntratinn of vsc ancles At high temperature* or the influer-ce of raafvin on the lattice parameter. On gas content And related property effects, two investigative efforts Muy be conbdered. The Ant b the detrrminA* tiua of controls and effects foe carfans dioxide, water, and hydrogen (Jff). Vcnndly, ibeptiuo of h>drrgen w a i shown Out to be present in electrolytic or common lead or in kad<opper up So 1% copper (4B). Lead'iuagneiiuni Alloy* ttp to lvJ nugnesium show an Increasing ability In ahanrb hvdngfen, which the authors connect with hfgFb phase, tffuru ate bring made to corv nret alloy Impeuvenwnt to the presence uf hydrogen or hydrides in the case of aUuying with tellurium, srienium, ar* vnic, and lithium, which form hydrides. Aging characteristics of leadantimony alloys with effect! of strain were studied by Hooker (-/ff), whu explained hard* nrw fluctuations as aggregates of indi vidual changes due to preaging, age hardening, and effects of straining. hi<fefitn ufarrwd futitg ksnkbig v t r r|4aiiwd aa brug resadurs of advanced *hrrvf< rpr|M. 1W io* llurare <4 impuriur* o the sutraix or xrwism of bad in wrote of tk pmteitiri )v| <har*r trrWk of sirayv of hrw-angb UiurwUiwg hh i^ra/ toj*l (nviiig rf tongb toiuli ** Miflinj by Atwjicr aiJ Otaimrrs {tH). FJfnu were ftuvit to be frproVM pn the amount and Uol c4 unpurtuea la the bearing hquid. The apphraurMi <4 rkmwwMkil srvhfuques so ikenwat changes of Structure ia bad due to thraal or mrchaiural prucewrs uai leprearnwd by Kaiser (5ff) aa aa excriknt coraplr* mrot to convemkmai methods. Certain rrpmrnwthe changes occur during Brl'ing and which are sensed and analysed by arotoKj| ap> paratua. Kttkasksl Metalhsegy. The ioffuroce of tnuH amnunts at bad on the irttok and Cshgue pruprftsrt t* V\E lOtft, 1643, 66M, 4140, and 4V*0 swei waa detmaiaed by Brock and Sim lair (XT. I^ad has hide influence on the msdr properties, and he mean luigue Emit 4 the baded steel was sigfuh* canthy redured osdv at ultimatr irnak Mrrngtha aim* I V^.OCO p ai. Notch srmiimty of the steel waa affected od> dightiv. Al Mrrwrs above the endurance lunit, baded lOtfl and 41toy tembd to give lunger fatigue life with snanth specimrna. Stmdur Infurtnatioa b not Avadalile ia thb report on the other treb oe on rowhed rpecimrm. Foe caat steeb (nAutr *g from 0 12 io 0 20% bad, higher macKinabthry ratings and improved Antshes are noted over sotular Aoolraded sterb (6C). Aa eecelbnt treatwe f() has been published with a view to extending their use in ordnance applications. The economics of thb attitude appears irrefutable. F.ffn-x of strew on fecrysulliaatlon of bad during creep were studied by GffViui (JO- The strain mcessary * initiate rccryMalltuiiun of high purity bad during creep has been determined for (he range of strewn from 300 to 1)00 p.s.L (constant bod). Fjorotiatty, re* crystallization occurs at higher strains with higher stresses, grain sue after re* crystaJItzatiua becoming smaUer with Incrrjw-d Mresa. The performance of tuft solders at elevated temperatures and pttwurrs indicates the superiority of high-tin alloys under cyclic loads at 2)7* F. {X). SouQ additions of maa- ganesr, chromium, boa, nickel, get* omnium, and cerium improve the per formance <4 a 70 tia-30 bad solder, 0C M, MO. % FAtf a HritOtt ISM 1451 ri*aa MiUMUui LIH2008* --f X MAHtUll Of CONVtVOON but **<Jy ilr U'^r ifiw lavfi**d a V U *t> fa wl 4>trf H Mh r^n | Vatk (4 |*Mff catdr. |4.r f*.| tut* tV ^h j w m phx^ah, driaW uf wxtnula* wrs aging (KAiiitrmiii, iml k. kaitrf / the fr aifrnn *4 tkiy A ruowiury u |i'fn d Jaia tm vln trupiafrd oma! nMUn^i <* uumum frith trirrrtwft to rt t4 bad (JC). rflei t f kl <Murtg on iiuiv kiM fa* ur drawing. r*(fl I LwMifig, o4> fmiig, faffing, a<*j in urmui parts such M (jmrri shot fry biadr*. autra/t grn, brirlflft, guns, hydraulic r\ findm, Md landing |r4rt. M<riiw ftiytkt nf N<dMob Thf effrrttxenrwi uf bad 4 ftmnu furld Ut trm ttMiukstty dnri*fr*f aard by (hr ttirttUoA u h retemng in the ItPtitMrr. Onr r<Ktid ilinun my iKit f thr thfrfad nr% M hat tni in M. Vudirt on tV shielding requirements hr ihipairtti uf mruiKinnril um^fn ttttr mtttinrd | '/>) Trwilf ind mcromm wmpki, krrjdiii.d <( Mttr/uli Tminc Rmiur U lung prr*h. lut to far thi(yd la rarrim tu dUAl Lb* niuna li m rraHiwumdrd 1U1 IndnMM omw be pnmdrd that has a minimum bad tha farw uf 6 fane hr* fa* the tide walls, t inrhrfaw the top, end S lathe* fur the Urfhxn. TV Inside roQttinrr ipm ihiiuid Hu t 4 nfuimm dinwrrr 0/ I*, 1 inches end a hnfht of 9* 4 iorltn. Wh a carttrr pnmdrt ^wre and iHit Uii^ fur the shipment T two uoipW. An "(v t ix m)" prr* nit mi be obtained fan shipment of aampb* haxing an actixitv firetrt Uu a 2.7 cosin Mentally allowed by the Ifttmun CumrarrtT (otwniiwa. Nm ifTito fw (tnimi ittrmuifn frith fauddnsp ka farad live iHrniumn larton far bad and iron dwrkting slabs wrd frith pant gamma muari 1.7)). Othrr "i4k" shields are b u w bring wrd tt wr dated fair use in our bar* puwftrd rfiips, aircraft, rackets, and deeke* rwrntiaj to the wfr nwritrnl and handling *J 1a4opr*. lofamuiiufi on the screening rflrrt of bad and other heavy mrub again* pniM ray* (7/3) ibiMi (hat screening ability deprdi on thr c<*ffu k m \4 ad* urpthm, which ii a functkxi f femity and atomic numbrf, and fur the fadhiwr* ing nrltfa bnrar* in the order: iron, bad. tungMrrwopprr-nkfaet, or Wigittfritkiei, liinptrn, uranium. In primary shirId nuirmii studied fur hIC (it)), shields ft bad. mild tart, and bad mild t(rr| romfanatkm* ant conddrred. I^arge quamitin uf bad can be umj through the me of buratrd am. If amraUud nmakitt prufdema ran be mixed. Results of lOubiw rua K'c Im, hautt imo o4>dh<fr. a**i t*n*l niqsjrtt) kM u> stud** in |tx ( iHn* |njii)nt iuAfgvfiii(a far the durfa) uni, aU bad. aQ mi) Mrrl, iml a (et)na<i>*4i of owfad sarr| and bad Anaol < ur' rm in srvrf a) V fafrd Mrr odwiams to be M the order 01 to n a, n 0 to 0 I. and 0 ) to 0 9 ad prr tear VHtth mpni to |Hnk a> <*, trmfc *i * taei was rw.fdr U oaat uf the ririua* IV nuti* mum rakulasrd pmetratam fan any mnfriunm of tunn afiiuai and tot cunhguratmas fraa 2 ato prr tear. frradMtiun common mo f the hm (anbuuuia under SIC primary shield tank (oadttkiMt were alto undertaken fan (fro btuto) oJotiune. The mulo. yrt to far trbaard V (he Atomir fftcrpr Ciwnmiwet. kruk) ptnr very inJinna tiw. TV amxipaard uorg in bad dur to (V marked mharuun uf (immi mumm rnunaong bi^n water a> the rrmki of aniuui Innimt Lead a* a (riaiiu dwrld |frt r m ant being ns ptaerd by beawd *arr m thd a|>pVa* tm. It ia 4 rear tf reducing the aunt fcxai cf gamma ralutna genrmird or rautird. .VarJute paititn and rintna flum bun bad urpu irradutnl by Imtfr atrahlung have bra ofnerxed at angby brtuecn 21* and and mrrgirr bn tfrrrn JO and 1*0 me r. (if)). By tm of arvetal uy that farwwx, the (Sum from bad base Vm reparafrd into Urge angb patf productaan ami aranrring of pot panitln ungwxafly prulum) at 0*. Untoarttfuto ryted bum a wul bad taeyet by 2Vmr t. brrnoatrahlung wni frum a fartatroo ttr vbarmd by mram of irrui prutom in our bar ftoaabaurfr < 'i/3). IV angular dfrtnho* dun of the tuwr rnrrgenc pbotoorvifwii war nearly iaitnipt. ApphraitiM of Iqud bad and bad Jfani far rhiriding. Art suapenamn, and beat trander fan du laird the need far iidnrmatiim on meting rktracirnMki Meal trander (urfakirati Cue molten bad-birDU(h nrtretic are pmrnirf fan ftufr in annuh nemAy Vated at a e*n*i4it rate, by VUa and ('net <nf3). iHamrtrT ratu* of I.V> and 1.74 frrre tnvruigatrd and muhi were ob lainrd in Mtl munbrn from W to 1UK3. Bantuth-bad ruortae and pure bnmuth p-netratam uf graphite* of varioui denaitb* under V)0" (1 and prta aurrr up to *0 p iL fr aa of the order of m'gnitude of 1.0 grain prr aq- era uni* fbnn throughnuc (he graphite (90). Bunuith fraa abnebrd fan than the euiectk but the oxxlaruxa rate of bia* muth frouU be pruhibruxT. TVrc waa Vary aitriJing in ntrgm maapfamt frith the bitfttoth and the eutectic. la the yudirt of puwble tractor furb conaiating of the ftwiwuljfc material w* pmfaxl in a fa|ukl metal, n*et 44 4 Hw or 44 |uiu In d <a^*wti i j o > tamuig the fur I, tovrfr^ttpn *4 k*<l- uranium tywem ka* dv 4n* creparay M the fawtitier (mnuig (hr aJufality 14 uranrum ie n<V farad, end an rtjaiuneM m*rfnng faalmt* Mum eUuy in cuntart mm *t art)* ('. fav | nmtfa ehtm^d that ui frum dtduMrto of uriNun man > rn {ft)) |n an ftfut to anfamiul aer batty the pit44rfl owurrumg a durry learvu, inmal n|erweMi uary ( )fc I tK and r<>| M bqmd bad, bumuih-farad, and baanmdt ha*w her* lompfarlrf. Cwritliw There art b on the <mr af bad < ln ka) (iMMruun drfrrve oraom TV Aral drafai uuh its uer in ^tvtfarg ir> faarry rumanrt, awah tmMunc arid, iu-r deirfaywnrnia in bad .. utnar Una* o*er the part S yean, and a gewrul Crratmmt of each of the arthdi fan intoJUnf bad fur tamaiw amee t\T The latter urmrat bauln tV (ondukm ubkb frarrant a pntvula* method and pnerdum be mq fa art ing that nrthid. fmwru tm aedudi am dnented and an nkmutnr caae biatory ia duummtrd TV rrood artkfar relatea the wpnrarn 4 4 large mining and amrlung nmpw uuh bad and aniunomal bad m tboacal and nirtaUurgkal plane nautnatmi {tiF). Many lurrmAJ bit tnto ratiuaa are dmrubrd and pamtaW refarirmc it made to tbe omo *4 anb> mnial bad ut nuny ipplraom wrr othrr (sMsvoim grain on a omaioa bam Lmh, a dtu ua> d bad<acd brick tinMnaian Wum rirunemn rnaceptiuefr on (V famureaa 14 bad aa a auppirmmt m acid bvi (TD. It further treat* the detada cf that npr of cuAMmctam afakfa imtnUwr 10 Uiiauim drtixabb faefrit. nnooi, and the mrriu of radomctixe naupn fan the Vvaiiun of baka. Lrd dr*nc- tfaon fan the* txpe of (onuuun ka* ah fad tofray* been difht utl and fan corw idrralde fawn in tfawi tmr and to fraatage uf marvhuunL It , kuwexer, remingly rendvalde m a drawback, brrauar of the rver-inerranag drxefai^ Drill and lie if intnpr inHm^in la biekltrig rocwrurttoOL, ik far* luvior of trad under vartuua rtaad.-Vn of applkatinti, inrhaling onutt wuk other building DUMruk, panruUHy cuncrete, ami mrthudi uf xlug e cornrting Ctiluce, w m treated by luw* (5)> Onutumona were drawn on the most efficient use of bad in it Uimn to cunoua pnJkbm*. A fgw of re pans over the part 40 yean on nmnua of bad in toneme coxrrt normal ron- ctrtr and that made frith trig or 1452 MMATtUl Am WtoidIMlO OdMOTty LIA20085 u a o a n o n% AUOYS effort to additfrai to ft' *i*i, *1*4 rstrtmJ t^vihin itKr*41 i it ' lk<lr(bm(U fSj>'*t4 f9/.) kM ^rvT^n] * e^t^fawm d*sgt*40 1 ikr k|tt4lrf 4IM4W tiUk 4 MOfal 4a estimating the p m fcjn^wwn* fahaefrr to kad tn o4vo**s to van mg pH and A* t4ftw| [uvwiik Kui, as bn^Hl o m< (n tMi n warn fata. Ml wr br Majt&nd m i iw to lk immiUr rxafttr to kartjuUtk rtua 4a peteued A^Jmsimrnm Iwlt44 U'/r) has n^ukVd on ik ^<4reu4< pi 1 ^wt duipun i* h ad bi drkaika mi ik crysiaiUnr ^Aaw i pm>a m tire* bdr ipfin. TV Uarfiv iuntft mi dar nudif prudurt ( *--rd m kad vmVr enadiUMi otioinrd ia ik Irmd-rnt td rrtt M krtkr iiHrrpmfd m tk Ij mh to ik diagism. On ik to ik electric and r4n tnahmail profs'?* Mrs d ilphj And kti 4m ri ri/>i iku drprpikn> a tkw i\|rs Uiutc ddn ts nnwdrrri* k Rortald (//). Aadic pdsnMtM to brad hi sulfuric *to sairr rwdi'rai to Tffs n^itta kadi to Irrn cd slflukH/H wh nmi M\fra m ik surface. Tk soswM mi not iN>(ni is irUird a ot>n afTvdufr ami tivnaaa; ir VW ia ik mdy art a Ur|r number id Irad slkn l`>dt;rssal An fwrOnM roa ndw<im to a brttrr ondrrcandsng id sndrr|iuund tamno-- prvkras, aiabr W lUaunud I bid'), cxspprw* iW biu) report oa Kudrt (uadatrd brut 1110 k H'4 ia an mit mit kid banal pn> grim and Ubifitun ttuks mi ekctntal aad rbtinrkmril apna TV data a brad vr veer vsksUr and mwa radfd to atowd or arm* m the muigatani mi Wad conuM Adding to dir (noirriwfiy Is ik paprr mi Vars and fkkaafy (/.*). Ihn charartmse the a fate curraaa mi kad dtraih as the result a/ suab far vufaubr bm ands ia ik baa d nm to rate vrd to part cat4r. .Vs m, dir k attributed to dr artom to bacteria which hidwdysc d aad "* to pksni IsfifsatoHiL Another ineewigatiun imitated ia I MO to the Panama Canal 7M rrntb thr cor* tona propmirt d brad and other tortaii and afai rtpctrd to far natural tropicaJ envimewnmea Cor I, 2, 4,1, and 14 peart (/F) l'p so |1V yi imr-- 0 through (hr l^rsr period were renamed and ruiisnrd. The itpei timpurt kad with mpti to rates far ikaiiwa, nickel, tine, copfvf And arwiiasl steei Cbrnifl. A n-tadun between the catalytic effect mi cupprr sa otl oaida* afaliiy and cumanram to osb with mpect to lead aad awdnctsoo farannf platogt to brad and i<ffaot is regained k IMi i Kiiimi wl li'nuNsn <1/1. A tmatmrwl id an<hurTtat a<fa,i* *w a ski (nm Ik ii<s*a is^riiMi sal tkuto>iic drpmtam kx Kia|<i lur had-nobr( afan nauauwng up to b^i kad srrt outlinnj fa mkr Rua* alaa tovewigmr* (M/.'i TKit si Mnuiti tturrvla rest* ik t i^ tom fa k-.Vg aihsKne water *to *n>)is drturaOAtrd br king and uthrrt t/;) TV rtunrb 4* iluna/vom wfah n kUtrd rnmjMus fairs to i UmI * l% iKsl d bare skauiuq a hni npard to butltng watrr far lU) faun arc kad ksiu( Isartlh, the ouaslsrr mi papers ptr> smod at the VnrnciaOtimK Sartv'l snitiiil --reung and their ticks brat rep. rrarnt ik s>^c to presrat kad --f <m iieemphed bitsrt toif ta cctaio* bo: n*ko, Csesatt aad hihitm yartiH to _ band amailai itotnui tsnnsca i aad fwfatartrtUtj to at) U/i (*P> ban lna OntStcs ' Hit* ifitWa la fit toaary iff hO-W)i tad tiaitsth to oa faa tod tans4i otto FVO. IsO. tod teO fainharti asm--ton (if) vn CfF) Thr cianpaw 1 sot and iantofac ritoseitw Won to thr gaseous pnxhtcta to the pr- rkisa to kad (ntlstr have kn malted be lesrtRMH brroem TSO* and b2* C. (AT IkmsJ Atuapnim to alpha- kad ande and kad ciffaasir were mjdied be Gnffuha aad (inuenb (T ami ftretd <JC). The wwdy to kad Mak rauih htnetsc* and the reactons naethtnasm, oberraa far kad cataasir, thr sdid phaar* far--rd far there sttgrs to dmnnpasto-- were fawad to hr T\j O ndt), 2fW> fbCIh, and fid) in order to tarrranng maprsiwn (inwih to kad atifatr mwah waa farthrr inwstigated far WiO-m (jr.*). The Lead Industries Aanciatom pufa feahrs qiurtrdy Ike sugoiK Lemi (Iff), ofarh cwm --any new tsars aa wefl as new slants on the old. Annual sevww wucirs were prepared fac 0 ptrftw< ato M*msag Jarmml (/.7/i. M iKWITkUl AMP CWI1> --o Cmmo t iv (y//) and the "Year Rook to the Ajstrrsran Bunas to Metal .katisin" ( 5if). "IV l^ad to Control RLrhnrry Caim--no** (W) drabs with the Utrst practice* in kad chemical construe* tom oho h rt{ioa hw hi get hen Iftullt with ha*l linrd rip*-}***ot A lie*ctr on brafal sirrIt {/'If-, oas potdkshed fa the t M}*f ui | n 4l Vnhf^ V. A. IV<d lmwnrtx#a 01U1 the strw %4 rrtetmhag mtv4Mi\al net *r4 L ai r*to~W /too* UH) mi- fard h^tios* rcgarrit Sfjr ith atotoe 4a otfT^drtr piuM pxftcetm In br tod in pt*>'*\iiig highosa Oiintuiai Sleet tjni CeotovOto is (,'//) cdferrd spnifoatoan far kad 1 kautk bli4*n drstfwsge aoms. "Lead to the Orjmar Imitonn* (Jif) as tup pkmrohrxi fa an oaa denned to enano fit far sffdrstan to ftaaa, and fa* tompersntoe |han as famling ns- brnais 4r ensaafa tdrsuisn tadui m the tndtocry. TV- mrm iu^dnoat 0 thr *,f.ar>tk prdu mi (hrmarr n*>MW a artM on annealing mrtafc skh (tvra adds* tomal mrrj!!-ir\w*l data *K\ Ami f Ih fag thr nerd br a mapH ajunr to data in 01 Car os ondrfxnmnd umnuo ia tnttnnrd I Ibnootrt iht/D "la> dergnasnd (lenmn," immig 4b yra4W mi mr*fib smd mcarg. I uuffr. so- ertht riMt neering soenik Lndtif 4 rwiUra a trnsn a kad wnh tor/ol data on (umnm as wefl as nthrr sp> pkstan areas t sif) ta* (It Om e. SS Un 10. 1^ (2> Cm<wt /... w-- to Ci -- k IV, y^ 4 - ww mv () fiaa. 1 h', `Uiij (mm1 I n to dw Wut V-V% rt Ijfnan bmtr Paper LMWOTI, :-i Nwrkar fa |WfiW and Vrwr < .at n or, ffuk* drtpfan, m* (4 heo. I /IW J *#~wc4 W /VtW aa,w I, V) <hstwr m'i. (If bktfrV I !*'. (41 Jtk oto AW*. May 4. I-Ka. Cf fc~d. It A. k. M t. "I'saiw Ui latm,* IKth Meeting, faBaliromto Vwt*, Rvffaix 4 br- Sfa l', 1 w IM (iwifnmnM 11`. 1 PaSTWt Research frsfTsas (IA) .Vires, PI.7V * !*, (If I0 1-1 <m*.. OAi Rwds. X. /. A^J SO, Xn. 1, 444 tlWs (J.M Rfae--. I, fasget. r. A, PW'/ Ae4 Apu. 12, 91 *J2 lei') <4A) /*to. V)U (V\ Brefaira. IL . *'fVw4>y to I/*** Vtoltdr. Usd MrwV, sis<1 Usd Triluritr," l' A >sesl (frdnsiwe lsfMturT, Nivto B'tt 44H l(A k/jer tyfei <113*0 . A'Wt (i\i Irthostoi, Usa, I. hwiiwdi, T, luvwb, A. Asa Afa /Waa. IS, No. S, 2'i 92 (IM**. TA) Hale. R R_ bb(Mkr. D. t, ps*tf / iw*. to vk> i, m [ Nos raker 1^**. ttA> Kwnphm, I. X, PeUita, R. L, AH< Am. Id, fa L 1I9/-7 (fh IS, IM"). VOC Mb MO. % PAAf IIMWIU 11-- 1453 ftostn yoaai wsiwawa I LIA 20086 fturttuu Of comrtuoON (94) F, (J, F., K, /w, itt,pp m '+ j*k I, p i i (HSl I <-> *. I, / Jw. IH, ft7 44 (MU) (HA) KUrm, It A, IUIa i, A II, Cam. A f M , IM. I4, *> l*t (It V*. (liM rbl, r. An.Pt, K. <4rA ti. 241 4 VJ P)7*. (11A) F'mv m, W ft, IrMip^M, I U, P9y* Mm IM, |tl94 <) r. P, P'4' (14 \) V W W, Miatarf W 4m h<fn(Ki 4 HA. r*'*. t*4 M#," iViltumri | V,mm f, lixtt* iWimt a * SuiirfT, Nf lurk, l"4 (ISV StmAUmmnk. H l_, InraU, C tJ. Ku n u t v *, O f M..UP*, A L, OWfw ^<4 Hi I an, p :* <iw n. inti (liA) Vi *> Iriri, A, "linl mt * 0* fUur 9<><t>mrm W 0 >*. >" A. ('4imm llikf4,f)Ktt noVw,i" tinlMWl l)n atus, llnlrwkrwj Vk v t . Stw lrk. 175*. Ffc|iiiil MfUftwfy (IBi If A. (Xtlnm, A, Cm. j r*,. n, j* i) <it 5*). UBf i.A4r, t>, /. amf Ckm. 244 142 V <P54). (>' IUmm, W, 5Ut*la, f, / fr*. llurfhfw, M, 515 17 <JW in i. (4ft) lk*4rr. r. I. J A* V*Wa 99, h. 2. 4* p7 < JtmPr |44*. 0fti Kiwi, J . H4 Mirf tft, Nm I 2, to 42 <1 d-. (4*i M ik w W, W . ILu iimi, M . At*uM 9, 44* 441, ( Vmcua* If VI) (HI OimaAl. ffti M>knvLi, V fN T^ik mm. X A, fa W*W Atmdtmmd. ft O'. >1-41 (17)4) im Rm*l. <9B) pr**d, A <:. Wocmfr*. W A A* Opt (11, >442 (P54 <m tif Mil. <9t> Tmrt. A. I. J, Mm. M~it ftft (9), 407-12 (iTi^-ryj. (I4fti I'wkMt, i, Kh 4 Cat* ftmJk 19 0). 47> <4*5 (mS/ U JifHor). 0i> Vw Dmh , j , v* P*yw* n, 422 4 (July 1 7j. (|>, WfMA Cl t). SPrby, O D. Dur, I. L, fu. Am. A*4. Mmm4 JS*r -<n fo9 (H, 57-VI. (19)7,; J Umdt 9 (19)7). (nit Aik*, a , lUMry. w. ), / PV CW 40, 254 4 (11)4). MmUa ImI liHihity (tO In Hl I. C*, -Su4 W IJnira- UH Atrial CnWiAfl M TiUnrW," NP-4V9, ftntrlk Mowmi Immu *. TV*fm MftjflMnriul LA, CnhwhaM, (J4K Atay *0, I1S7, (20 ftruk, O. W, Suwlafc. G. M., "lnm%iik* W Ii Ih m Uuarai* tabn of LrxW Altoy *^r Ntkd 14417, Ffatl rrport, IJ.U TAM 105), IttiHOlf UfiMtllf, Drat. f TWurtiuJ *4 App(H MnluM^ UHmm, tit, SrpWml-r IW4 (UAc* 4TIh k 1 ImvA FI 121 *94). OO Cdkim, A (^ / A) Af*W# M PL I, tft-4 (VpwmPr 19)7). (4C) naoi tf.tt A. /Vau- Al Ju . U. p. 7ft (rawer Appar Jim * Nm. 29,1417 -25 (Tetri *y 1147) (Pi m M4)}). (50 Fiflff, K. C., IL kt, -Fit . Imi i i i W 8am Vj * Anfcto* H Ck- iiHil Tmpmtum *d Prrawrn,** lympmiam o h Soltkv, ASTM Spec. TmA Pub. 199, Am. Sue. Tnaw il*. toriok. pp. 105-14, 19)7. (4Q tOp, W. Amo, D. A. A Ar IM> 5 (4<m tV tH7) (Ml (` 4 I bp* 4 . <NA># 4 |iU*l Lt<bn, U^4 W*K~ PS 111*17 (I11-1. ftfmfra# Pbfflm m4 Wh W iwba (|| S^4ia*f , t ptm, N Y. Il*al*l P)<t h 9V1 4 ftr W Alarm* Mhi UruKimai Ur- trt--1 M. la* 1 M*iK II, I'^l," r**U>L 4r.UwM Fd* 14. 111a) ' 1 Ma t ( In krta *4 Vf < * > (7I. U t*. V/M*| 15, 42 5 Ja*ab*ry H4*< ()!>' <. P. riimorr U~rkl M*> *Tb*k V*)a," CV.AO4tC.l04, (W Ah i la<mw r|ar. |U*>M IV. iri (WWI U . Wh iM*, <*. (<. Al ^l-1-4 (Mt VII), V4- l<*;i Ub.1 Apr4 4, in') KKba* mt TntHWiJ Vnn:. (4t>> Vl^rr. |L I!. Snt.MmM. (1 t. 4m r+m S, 44 ( Vueml ID'*. (At)i Hi Ilf Ntn4rua (In , Vfr*wr L*> Ifft Lb*. I<U) talk, ftr. mrwaii tm Vu[ual J MntUurfHil < UXVkOU, CiMrMt 4T ! `-I ->rft Wal Ur 2". 11441 \t Ifaa at Inkaaijl Sat mn (40 Mm, IL A, (W. O I . ~IUm I r i4rt aa (/! ftnwurh h r-rl4( h H * Aamha* AUV-4144, a .l a.------ |'m , Srvkrirv, laH. o4 ligiH iim fti*Hk. (*nnUf ftr- il fhyrrl, IrMral AMI M.IN* |A i)a*r 22, |1A4) (OCw* mt rk Mai Vtiarai ft)1 WUHrWk, K . Pi<ur>l* /Vw4, 4 (2 . >* 42 il 'H). (to- lim. VL t, Awpbraw. W F_, fs< Jba If*. Scr. i. 77 41 (Urt I, (1f)` kaut, W, C, "prfrfjOai Uafbm U tMlnrM Pw<n bv lr*l S^.HA Um*,H CP-;:*2, l^ifi lln MiliBH|ajf tot, tnul ka-Oun (4rL IrV It, 19)7) (!*<< mt TnW c*l Antmcai. (1C) AJnjMVr. A L, Am, X'wfmM W Alrt*k M Trufatai btmiHrtf. Pi 1. lrf MrtUk L'anl ami lU- mI I tiiHi-j 4# Part Mnali **J A Ifwwil Suri14 KIUf. Nitil RwirtkLA.AWMpAU (I. ID? UC( LrWk. |, M.VAo.lac (Kaln cm 0*4," 1124 mrrtaMf, iJniruihfmral SmwtT. Su**K <A4r* 17*7. (5C) bnUMM, A V- Tmar m. O. A, flA riW. f^H4, I M ^ No. 7,45 49 (>Wt 1757) vm Summ*. (40 lf*W<P. L.OmPM. ^U4a), 1917, pp U12 *7 <50 Wa, F. L. /M. k l 1050 41. (40 Kmc , S. OmtwurtK, W. II, Akwlu. J, Tr^p, If. P^ Grm M 49.92 4 (lA44wt 17)7). (*t.i Mu IUWt , P- i.. "1^*4 And ftntk (wratrartKHi,'* 0ri*r<l Induainr Vym- puMom. NaUnul AmriiOuf of Curro fuf kf luarnco, 1 `l *4. 01.) M-iUr4i-r. C. pmC it^Uw J7, Ml A ( V--J I75t). (90 Ptawku. AC. Lmo oo PJmi* (knwral 1' 'HM h i, CrMff SrlfO ifllwk k U Garftafcj*, lt*ppul Tnkoatam. No. 49 (July 19)7) (f.Y 442 dk Vo.) (CrracA). (10O Kmo mo WT, M. Nod. Bov. Aumlrtk. Cm )?9. (1757). (Ilf.) RwfrKi, ^"UwOwlinikil Phip fftio of l*1*< A h H Aondjc < ivruoiA of U*J i*>J Uod Ailun," 112th M1* taf. EJnTrm-fwwwol imkry, SofT*lo, Ortukcr 19)7. (IJO Arm*. I < . PWKamM*. f , (m- mriMaaniM ft, Ml 7 (JWy V^ol ri-i ii**ok, <|U ( Imtao*. A At, K-k --Mr*. N T fJaH/Wt tiW ml lift. No L 2o 2 (IWt 21. Ml*) iftwMM' (III (Mart, 1 , nl iMfbo, I ft , A iHi iwa. |., " 1 ar ul 1 # *.1 m (V**> *| arai *-. a-- < ^arf ('.mwrur- OH,'' I A < Ja ao *1 ('a*4rr*a, VlaNrral, C--aU. P`4 Crraok* (1| ) Ailrtt. * If, 5o4r. F. I, IWbi, A. "IV war A) mi* al * Al<r, !(*-* me luw Irmy ia (a*. fa/t II,** kAh VMNi.al Hrrtaar, WiaaN O ftm Vjrarrr. f1*ta#T*OfK, 1 * SO (2f) (aA 54' * , If . pVam ftXattno m Ul N.4mw, HrSW" bxA 5m i il klrrn*r, ,Wraa* Oramf Vj i art>, rStialmrtk, l*S4 |lfi lartr, || "P^xalntra' CVf<K* 4CAh V*mm! Vl/ximf, .WttM 1>T|*U( r-|, hl|rlatf|tk, I > '4 (4|) \rU-v.K l..(^.IU.."OTiaat *Oal |V Wttm Pr-^rtlK, of l* ad \frt*n* ,lr I tr* aJ I n to* v" VMl Aowaiol Vb-rtmg, AomvM CirtMH P.*4ar*V, P54 (If' lUrV, K. S, "fliaw f^olilru HI Mar loan Ntfro tU I- VIV V oal (mo pamJa ul \<i aral f ia< >li otlk h*. BoO. ami Nr< f MAh Waaol Afrrtaoe. Amma* Otarwc Srurfy, 1-MtWoaraA PU (ill .Ulurao, L (-, Aluraor, (1 , ku, F. P, "(VJ,auqfiM m>1 fmwlrt* Oa (, mt Uaf klHaUMalrO,1* 4CAh 9AfMual VIr i tao*. AavrraO 1 'rr amir Sawwty, pMOfwpfta, l"it MG> P I P . Utnari, J M. J fw Ut 19V, 5M 9. (2t* PrrrtU. L A. J Am. Cmmm. Sm- *l'l -5 ,Via* P)7). ex; i KiOvam*. a r . pw . m*(. t. Vr. 9, 217 22. Vtwrk I7)av (4C.. VMkaak, P t. (a^rUJ. I L, / 4m. tArm. Jm 79, 2U4l-4 <in7). PoUk* (lit) l/ol ImWmnrf W, 40 Lh I l.'ral V , San Wk, N. Y , /aW (211 > Iral V*cM /^W ftokf CmMrwfm Ao'r ft (PVi. (Wli Pad lalmm Amo. -pad m Hw Praoaar tndmtram ~ (754. (4lt) Pail liahMrri Am*., AW |aW r*A Pom 12 <PS7>. (Slti Pad Ia Io Oim Amo*-, mi "Year ArA of Ammraft Swnao of 5trial Mafia*ir v** m yt, ftUpfr Prm, York, P. PS9 (4I> VtaMrO, Cl L, ft, "P(IOmtf( klatrruk IfaadfaouA," Mitriw-tliH, Nra Y>h L. PM. At'Jlarknr, t AfwwakHf M#k" LiX^kprfU of Orttuory, td. by C. P (lak, ( (i. IfawWy, lUintaubt. New York. PM. (ill) Mullarkry, L I, |no Coo. (me 49, Imj - || (17)7); Umi Uim Atm*. IW 19. (911) AtulLariry, O I , PMf.. 9ML**jmfmmr V, 201-4 (,\prJ 1759). (10ft) ItuMuAft, At , NalL Bur. Sund-Jl rak, Cm (lilt) U. 5 5(7V9rp(t1.9CV)o.manw ,. OOtfflkkm* oof^f^^ TrrParal Vnirn Mta(mlun V*ar*ry on Pmlrd MrrK** PS 111917 (P)7). (1211) /rrtlrU R. |., P, Jk/imAf J. 1)9, in 5 iPfcmary I9M). (15H) Zarcfrbt, R. L.M 142, 247 (Jam. 4, 19)9). 1454 BfBMItlAt AMB MBMMtMB OdUttltt rvatM r. A A VywawwwiPi-.'jw-npya an jw.< . , VT'.^ '*?- ,'"11 iHiimHMMaMmHaiimiiiWMlH*iMMiMkHiili<itMiMliMiaMite^^ - a i--ami I in a m award I