Document VGJ20yoxV0ve7QNd3b4763kOq

FILE NAME: Avondale (AVD) DATE: 1971 July 20 DOC#: AVD147 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Memo - Mt. Sinai School of Medicine Proposed Recommended Practices SHIPBUILDERS COUNCIL OF AMERICA W A T E R G A T E S I X H U N D R E D I W A S H I N G T O N , . C. 2 0 0 3 7 Ju ly 20, 1971 To: ACCIDENT PREVENTIO N CO M M ITTEE S u b je c t: M ount Sinai School of M edicine P ro p osed "Recom m ended P ractices M anual of A sbestos H andling in Shipbuilding and R e p a ir" A re v ise d d raft of the p ro p osed "R ecom m en ded P r a c tic e s M anuel of A sb e sto s H andling in Shipbuild ing and R e p a ir", p rep ared by D r. Duncan A . H oladay, D epartm ent of Com m unity M edicine, Mount Sinai School of M edicine is attach ed. The new d raft in clu des recom m en dation s subm itted e a r lie r by Council m e m b e rs through the ad hoc com m ittee on which M r. H arry Howard of Bethlehem Steel C orporation se r v e s a s the C ou n cil's re p re se n ta tiv e . A s m a y b e n o ted f r o m D r . H o la d a y 1s^ c o v e r in g l e t t e r , a fu r th e r review of the p ro p o sed m an ual is d e sire d . It is req u ested that such com m ents a s m em b e r s of the com m ittee m ay have on the re v ise d d raft be forw arded to M r. Howard, Bethlehem Steel C orpora tio n , 701 E a s t 3rd S tr e e t, B eth leh em , P a . 18016 with copy to the C ouncil by A ugust 6. R. H. M ereness A s s is ta n t to the P re sid e n t PLAINTIFF'S e EXHIBIT SBCA 5047 MiM mV ' V' * ^ MOU NT SINAI S C H O O L OF ME DI CI NE oj The City University oj New York F I F T H A V E N U E A N D 1 0 0 T H S T R E E T - N E W Y O R K , N.Y. 10 0 39 of Commnmly7>!(dicin' J u l y 12, 19 To: From: Members o f S h i p y a r d Manual Commi ttee Duncan A. Ho l a d a y and W i l l i a m B. R e i t z e i ri\ Encl osed i s a r e v i s e d rough d r a f t o f t h e pr oposed s h i p y a r d manual'-- J~ which i n c o r p o r a t e s s u g g e s t i o n s and comments s e n t i n by t h e commit t e e members.' We wi sh t o e x pr ess o u r t hanks f o r your r e v i e w o f t he o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l and t he s u g g e s t i o n s which you made. P e r s o n a l l y , l c o n s i d e r t h i s d r a f t to be a c o n s i d e r a b l e improvement o v er the * o r i g ina 1 v e r s i o n . ' Copies o f the f i g u r s a r e not enclosed because our Xerox machine w i l l not reproduce glossy photographs. However, the l i s t o f cap t i o n s w i l l g i v e you a t l e a s t some c l u e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e f i g u r e s , i f - you have a d d i t i o n a l m a t e r i a l , such as p h o t o g r a p h s , sket ches o r sug gestions f o r f i g u r e s which would improve t h i s document, please l e t us have i t . ` " You w i l l n o t e t h a t t he s e c t i o n on v e n t i l a t i o n i s s t i l l b l a n k . We have read the m a t e r i a l in the pamphlet s u p p l i e d by Bethlehem but would a p p r e c i a t e any a d d i t i o n a l t h o u g h t s on how to use mechani cal v e n tila tio n to control dust aboard ship. . We would a p p r e c i a t e i t i f you c o u l d r e v i e w t h i s document and l e t us have your comments by August 15. As you p r o b a b l y know, an i n t e r n a t i o n a l symposium on s a f e t y and h e a l t h in s h i p b u i l d i n g i s b e i n g - h e l d i n H e l s i n k i August 3 0 - S c p t e m b e r 1, 1971- We w i l l be l i s t e n i n g a v i d ly fo r any h e lp fu l thoughts that are presented a t the conference and i t would be h e l p f u l i f we had your o p i n i o n s o f t he manual to compare w i t h what o t h e r s p r e s e n t . DAH: 1 kh Enc 1. DRAFT 5 / 2 6 / 7 1 1. 1n t r o d u c t i on Much o f t h e equi pment i n s t a l l e d in s h i p s r e q u i r e s ther mal i n s u l a t i o n . Because o f i t s d e s i r a b l e and, in some cases.,,; i n d i s p e n s a b l e , p r o p e r t i e s , a s b e s t o s i s w i d e l y used as a component o f i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s . A p p l y i n g , remov ing or handling i n s u l a t i o n can produce a i r b o r n e dust which contaminates the workroom a i r . I n h a l a t i o n o f asbestos f i be r s can cause s e r i o u s i n j u r y to t h o s e exposed. Many .studies' have found t h a t cases o f a s b e s t o s i s , lung cancer and p le u ra l and p e rito n e a l mesothelioma have occurred f o l lowing exposure to airborne asbestos fib e r s .. . Cases o f a s b e s t o s d i s e a s e s have been r e p o r t e d in men who a r e n o t u s u a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t o be a s b e s t o s w o r k e r s . P i p e f i t t e r s , s t e a m f i t t e r s and welders and shot b l a s t e r s , fo r ex ' ampl e, may remove i n s u l a t i o n in t h e c o u r s e o f t h e i r work. Members o f t h e s e a n d ' o t h e r t r a d e s f r e q u e n t l y work in t h e a r e a s where i n s u l a t i o n is bei ng a p p l i e d o r removed and thus a r e p o t e n t i a l l y exposed to airborne asbestos dust. Dusts o t h e r t han a s b e s t o s , such as some forms o f d i a tomaceous e a r t h , may a l s o be i m p o r t a n t . However, l e s s is known o f t h e h a z a r d whi ch m i g h t be c r e a t e d by such exposur es as occur in sh ipy ar d work. The general goal in a l l i n s u l a t i o n work s houl d be to m a i n t a i n a c l e a n e n v i r o n m e n t . 2 Although areas of r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w i l l d i f f e r from yard to yard, one responsible person, perhaps the i n d u s t r ia l h y g ie n is t o r the s a fe t y o f f i c e r , should meet with the j o b superintendent and the jo b fo r e m a n t o survey the job before any work is s t a r t e d . The o b j e c t o f t h i s survey would be to de t er mi ne what dust problems m i gh t be c r e a t e d and the areas where they w i l l be. This committee should then recommend p r o c e d u r e s t o r educe d u s t e x p o s u r e s d u r i n g t he co mp l e t i on o f t h e j o b . The commi tt ee r e p o r t should be made a v a i l a b l e to t he c ost e s t i m a t o r s as w e l l as those con cerned f o r the day-to-d ay work schedule. Controls w i l l i n c r e a s e costs and c o n t r a c t o r s should be aware o f the p r o cedures which they w i l l be r e q u ir e d to f o l l o w . Operations which gene r a t e la r go amounts o f dust include ! . Hi p- on t o l ` o I d i lu.u !.1 1 i 011 * 2. Mixing asbestos mortar 3 . C u t t i n g i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l e i t h e r on s i t e or - in. f a b r i c a t i o n shops * B lo c k i n g o r hammering on b l o c k o r p i p e co v e r in g to seat material 5. Warehousing and storage o f m a te ria l * 6. Clean-up and waste handling. P a r t i c u l a r e f f o r t s s houl d be made t o c o n t r o l d u s t d i s persion during these operations both to reduce peak exposures and to p r e v e n t general contamination o f th e atmosphere of the work area. ' 3 The f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s o f t h i s manual d i s c u s s ' i n de t a i l procedures which have been found u s e f u l in reducing a t m o s p h e r i c c o n t a m i n a t i o n by i n s u l a t i o n d u s t s . These p r o cedures have been assembled from research o f our Laboratory and from several o t h e r sources, w ith major co n trib u tio n s made by t h e programs d e v e l o p e d a t t h e Puget Sound and Long Beach Naval S h i p y a r d s . \ * * I I . C o n t r o l o f A s b e s t o s - C o n t a i n i n q Dusts by Use o f S u b s t i t u t e M a t e r i a 1s S u b s titu tio n of m a te ria ls containing reduced proportions o f a s b e s t o s o r no a s b e s t o s a t a l l , i s becoming more common in ship construction. Before a material is substituted for as b e s t o s , c e r t a i n p o i n t s must be c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d . From a h e a l t h p o i n t o f v i e w , one must guard a g a i n s t t h a t which has happene*d in o t h e r e n v i r o n m e n t a l s i t u a t i o n s - - where in t h e d e s i r e t o m i n i m i z e use o f a s u b s t a n c e w i t h some known h a z a r d , .'ni mi t It'd subs t.'iiiov h.is burn subs t. i Ut Led whi ch l a t e r t u r n s out lu hr ul the <>l` Iu i / . i I'd. . A second c o n s i d e r a t i o n must be: w i l l meet engineering s p e c i f i c a t i o n s and w i l l I t quately under conditions o f use. t h e new m a t e r i a l perform ade M a t e r i a l s c o n t a i n i n g reduced amounts o f asbestos have been used in the f o l l o w i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s : b A . F i b e r gloss fo r blank et and pad f i l l i n g Amosite blanket covered with asbestos cloth 1c a standard mat'&rial for making vaivo and flange pads. Substitution of the proper grade.of fib e r glass as a pad f i l l e r not on ly reduces asbestos dust during f a b r i c a t i o n and i n s t a l l a t i o n but also tends to lessen the problems during subsequent " r i p - o u t " . Asbestos c l o t h which has been t r e a t e d w i t h a dust suppressant is a v a i l a b l e and i t s use should a l s o be encouraged. B. P i j > < \ v i ' _ r i i u j i u k I J ' j I / h k_ w i j J i _ j y y l u r e d . p . s b f v . J o i ; Ulll I (Mil Over the years the manufacturcrs o f calcium s i l i c a t e m a t e r i a l s have been s t e a d i l y reducing the p e r centage o f asbestos f ib e r in t h e i r m a te ria l. Serious c o n s i d e r a t i o n should be gi ven to those products con t a i n i n g lower amounts o f asbestos f i b e r . Several B r i t i s h firms have introduced a s b e s to s -fr e e calcium s i l i c a t e b l o c k and p i p e c o v e r i n g . To d a t e , however , t h i s m a t e r i a ] has no t been a d e q u a t e l y e v a l u a t e d in the U n i t e d S t a t e s to d e t e r m i n e how i t w i l l p e r f o r m in use. i l l . R e d u c t i o n o f Dust by Changes in Wor.k Methods In many o p e r a t i o n s , changes in work p r a c t i c e s w i l l r e duce dust dispe rs ion very s i g n i f i c a n t l y . A l l of the pro-  5 cedures discussed in t h i s se c ti o n have been u t i l i z e d ' a n d . i , found to be e f f e c t i v e . " . _____ _ . A, Mixing Asbestos Mortar T h i s o p e r a t i o n has u s u a l l y been done a t the job s ite . While the time spent in mixing is quites h o r t , c o n s i d e r a b l e dust is produced. A t e s t e d method o f control is to mix the mortar dockside and package the mixed mortar in several containers for transporta tion to the job s i t e . Mortar is a v a i l a b l e packaged in s e v e r a l size.:; o f p l a s t i c bn<|S wh i c h have a spout thr ough whi ch w a t e r i :J i 1 1 Lr educed. S u f f i c i e n t w a t e r is added to moisten the mortar; a f t e r premixiny, the bag is opened and t h e r e ma i n i n g w a t e r added. The c a r ton in whi ch t he bag is packaged serves as a mi xi ng box and wa s t e c*o n t a i n e r . E i t h e r o f t h e s e methods m i n i m i z e s d u s t d i s p e r s i o n a t t h e j o b s i t e . One c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e pa cka ge i s i l l u s t r a t e d in F i g u r e 1. ~ a B. P r e - c u t t i n g p i p e c o v e r i n g and b l o c k in t h e f a b r i cation shop. Hand-cutting o f pipe covering and block should be k e p t to an a b s o l u t e minimum. Bend s e c t i o n s , p i p e cover l en g t h s and blocks should be c u t in the f a b r i c a t i o n shop on e x h a u s t - v e n t i l a t e d equipment. The proced u r e used a t t h e Puget Sou nd' Na v a l S h i p y a r d i s shown in . ++ A r 6 F i g u r e 2. Cut sectio ns a r e dipped in water apd then packed in p l a s t i c bogs which a r e l a b e l e d to i d e n t i f y t h e l o c a t i o n where t hey a r e t o be used. Th i s p r o c e d u r e i n s u r e s t h a t t h e c u t s e c t i o n s a r e s t i l l damp and r e l a t i v e l y d u s t - f r e e when t h e y a r c a p p l i e d . The p l a s t i c bags a r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e a t t h e j o b - s i t e s f o r use in c o l l e c t i n g wastes. C. P r e - s c o r i n g bl o c k s I n s u l a t i o n b l o c k s s houl d n o t be scored a t t he . j o b s i t e . Blocks which have been pr e- sc o re d b y .t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r can be purchased, o r s t a nd a rd blocks can be scored in the f a b r i c a t i o n shop using an exhaustv e n t i l a t e d gang saw. I). I tr'.U In t i ng |>i_pg . 1;<mib i _ i _ < m _j Iuy j*|n |>_ m * Sumo p i p e a s s e m b l i e s a r e q u i t e i n t r i c a t e and arc troublesome to lag while in place. A sa tis fa c to ry method o f doing these j o b , p a r t i c u l a r l y during ship re p a i r , whi ch is employed by t h e Puget Sound Naval S h i p y a r d , is to remove the assembly in c o n v e n i e n t l y s i z e d s e c t i o n s and t r a n s p o r t them to t h e ' s h o p . Here the o l d i n s u l a t i o n is removed, any necessary r e p a i r o f the pipes performed and the assembled section re-laggcd. Not o n l y i s dust d i s p e r s i o n r e du c e d , b u t i t is much . more c o n v e n i e n t to r e - l a g t h e s e c t i o n in t he shop than 7 when I t is i n p l a c e s h i p b o a r d . Any i n s u l a t i o n whi ch i s damaged d u r i n g t r a n s p o r t and f i t t i n g i s r e p a i r e d a f t e r the sections are in place. E. H a n d - c u t t i n g a t j ob s i t e s ` Some h a n d - c u t t i n g a t j o b s i t e s i s u n a v o i d a b l e . However, d i s p e r s i o n o f dusts by t h ese o p e r a t i o n s can be minimized. Figure -3' i l l u s t r a t e s a p o r t a b l e down-draft t a b l e which is used by the Puget Sound Naval S hi p yar d. T h i s t a b i c has f o l d i n g l egs so i t can be c a r r i e d down companionways and s e t up c o n v e n i e n t l y to t he work. A small i n d u s t r i a l vacuum c l e a n e r is the source o f ex ha u s t . Scrap is dropped i n t o a p l a s t i c bag and a drop- c l o t h is p l a c e d on t he deck under t he equipme'nt. These procedures r e s t r i c t hand-cutting work to r e la t iv e l y small a r e a s r e d u c e dust dispersion and f a c i l i t a t e clean-up. F . F a b r i c a t i o n o f Pads and B l a n k e t s Pads f o r v a l v e s and m a c h i n e r y , shou1d be f a b r i c a t e d in the shop whenever t h i s is p o s s i b l e . Amosite has been l a r g e l y r e pl a c e d by f i b r o u s g l a s s f i l l i n g w i t h covers o f asbestos c l o t h which has been t r e a t e d with dust s u p p r e s s a n t s . F i g u r e U i l l u s t r a t e s an e f f e c t i v e means f o r s u p p r e s s i n g d u s t d i s p e r s i o n . The f i b r o u s g l a s s b l a n k e t is u n r o l l e d , dampened and r e - r o l l e d . T h i s 3 p r o c e d u r e i n s u r e s t h a t a l l t h e b l a n k e t w i l l be dampened. The b l a n k e t and asbestos c l o t h shapes are cut in the l a t e r a l d r a f t booth .' Fig ur e 5 i l l u s t r a t e s an other .sys tem f o r dampening pad m a t e r i a l b e f o r e c u t t i n g . As t h e r e is no l a t e r a l d r a f t booth in t h i s s h o p , . a l l t he operators wear resp ira to rs . G. Housekeepi ng and C l e a n - u p . E s s e n t i a l p a r t s o f a d u s t c o n t r o l ' prog ram a re housekeeping and clean-up procedures. Meticulous a t t e n t i o n must be given to measures f o r r e s t r i c t i n g s p r e a d o f d u s t and l a r g e r w a s t e s . F i g u r e 6 a g a i n shows use o f a dropclotn under a work area and v i v i d l y i l l u s t r a t e s how much wa s t e w o u l d . b e d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r t he general area o r to lower decks i f one were not used. F i g u r e 7 shows use o f an i n d u s t r i a l vacuum c l e a n e r to c o l l e c t dust and small sc ra p. Areas should be cl eaned up a t t h e l unch b r e a k and the. end o f each s h i f t . In .ill i hie i n , workmen s h o u l d </.lt\in up ( . hei r own u h m *,. WIic.re. work r ul e: , p r o h i b i t l l i i : . , (he c l i M i i - u p crew should be under the d i r e c t i o n and s u p e r v i s i o n o f the i n s u l a t i o n foreman to insure t h a t proper a t t e n t i o n is given to this important subject. s i V. R e d u c t i o n o f Dusts by Use o f Local Exhaust V e n t i ' l a t i o n A , V e n t i l a t i o n o f la r g e power to ol s - ' Band Saws . ' E x t e n s i v e use o f band saws bot h in d o c k s i d e \ m f a b r i c a t i o n shops andyon l a r g e r sh i ps such as a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s , in t h e ve sse l i t s e l f , make emi ssi ons from band saws a m a j o r s o u r c e o f a s b e s t o s d u s t . F i g u r e 8 shows t he dust cl oud which is produced by use o f an u n - c o n t r o l l e d band saw. C on t r ol d e v i c e s f o r such saws have been 'known f o r ye ar s and a r e r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e . C o n v e n t i o n a l low v e l o c i t y , high volume systems using a n e ga ti ve p r e s s u r e bag house f o r a i r c l e a n i n g a r e u s u a l l y more . p r a c t i c a l in a f i x e d i n s t a l l a t i o n f a b r i c a t i o n shop. F i g u r e 9 shows use o f a s i m p l e d e v i c e whi ch i s v e r y e f f e c t i v e in c o lle c tin g dust produced during cutting of large diameter pipes. . . Because some d e g r e e o f p o r t a b i l i t y is d e s i r able in a temporary shipboard fa b ricatio n area, a high 1s ^17 v e l o c i t y , low vol ume d u s t c o l l e c t i o n tm-in is d e s i r a b - l e f o r such use. In F i g u r e 10, a band saw equipped w i t h J. it t h i s system is shown^. The t a b l e top has been removed t o show t h e p i c k - u p ho od ' a n d d u c t . The a i r mover- is an i n d u s t r i a l vacuum c l e a n e r which p u l l s about 50 cu b i c f e e t o f a i r per minute past the saw blade a t a v e l o c i t y o f over 10,000 f e e t per minute. This system Is a v e ry / ftvu if c! 10 e f f i c i e n t dust c o l l e c t i o n . U ni ts such as t h i s can al s o be d e s i g n e d t o c o n t r o l du s t s pr oduced by t a b l e saws and gang saws. . B. V e n t i l a t i o n o f Hand Power. T o o l s High v e l o c i t y , low volume c o l l e c t i o n systems c o n t r o l dust emissions from most small power tools ad e q u a t e l y . Sa be r saws f o r c u t t i n g p i p e c o v e r i n g and r o t a r y saws f o r c a t t i n g a s b e s t o s cement boar d a r e w e l l c o n t r o l l e d w i t h t h e s e sy st e ms . F i g u r e 11 shows a sa be r saw equipped w i t h t h i s system in use. I t is a p pa r en t that l i t t l e dust is escaping. , ' V. Reduction o f Dust by D i l u t i o n V e n t i l a t i o n _ 1 II V I . C o n t r o l o f Number o f Workmen Exposed t A . . S c h e d u l i n g o f . i nsu l a t i o n Wor.--: Standard industrial hygiene practices call fo r i s o la t in g operations which contaminate the atmos phere with toxic m ate ria ls. Areas where insulation work is being done under c o n d i t i o n s in which dust might ' be c r e a t e d should be i s o l a t e d by p l a s t i c c u r t a i n s o r o t h e r means. Whenever p o s s i b l e , work shoul d be sc hed u l e d t o - m i n i m i z e t h e numbers o f o t h e r tradesmen in t h e a r e a . Ship c o n s t r u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n s a r e more r e a d i l y scheduled than- a r e ship r e p a i r o r s h i p - b r e a k i n g j o b s . However, e v e r y e f f o r t s h o u l d be made t o keep t h e num b e r o f men exposed a t a minimum. In p a r t i c u l a r , r i p - o u t o f o l d i n s u l a t i o n should always be i s o l a t e d and i f n e c e s s a r y perf or med on an o f f - s h i f t . T r a i n e d work ' men s u p p l i e d w i t h p r o p e r p r o t e c t i v e equi pment shoul d al wa y s be used f o r r i p - o u t work and i t shoul d be scheduled for rapid completion. V I I !*;r son, i I P I'n I.<m: l i v e T<|ui])monL In a d d i t i o n to dust suppression and dust con t r o l procedures, personal p r o t e c t i v e equipment is o f te n neces sary to reduce exposure and l i m i t the spread o f contamina t i o n . The e q ui pme nt d e s c r i b e d be l ow is- used in c o n t r o l programs. 12 A. P r o t e c t i v e C lo t hi n g . P r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g i s r e q u i r e d to ke'ep con t a m i n a t i o n c o n f i n e d t o t h e work a r e a s . One ne t ho d is t o i s s u e d i s p o s a b l e c o v e r a l l s whi ch can be removed when l e a v i n g t h e work a r e a o r some- t i m e p r i o r t o e n t e r i n g e- t h e ' l o c k e r foom and p l a c e d i n - p l a s t i c bags f o r d i s p o s a l . A s a tisfacto ry type of protective clothing consists of resin impregnated paper co veralls. These are inexpen sive, read ily disposable, prevent spreading contamina tio n to laund ries and e l i m i n a t e p i l f e r a g e . They are .worn f o r one s h i f t , t hen removed and p l a c e d in p . l a s t i c bags f o r disposal wi th o t h e r a s b e s t o s - c o n t a in in g wastes. These co veralls provide s u f f i c i e n t protection fo r a l l but extreme conditions. ' B. R e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i v e equi pment - * Even i f dust s u pp r es si o n and dust c o n t r o l p r o - cedu res a r e used, some o p e r a t i o n s g e n e r a t e so much d u s t th a t i t is impractical to maintain s a t i s f a c t o r y atmos ph e ric concentrations o f asbestos f i b e r s and r e s p ira t o r y p r o t e c t i o n must be p ro v i d e d to t he workers. A v a r i e t y o f r e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i v e equipment is a v a i l a b l e from which devi ces s u i t a b l e f o r v a r i o u s s i t u a t i o n s can be se lected. American National Standard Z88.3-1971, S.afety Guide fo r R espiratory P ro tec tion Against Asbestos-Con t a i n i n g Dusts should be r e f e r r e d to f o r d e t a i l e d i n f o r m at i o n . I t is emphasized t h a t u n s a t i s f a c t o r y amounts o f 13 r e s p i r a b l e dust can be p r e s e n t in the a i r even though conditions a re not v i s i b l y dusty. The fin e p a r t i c l e s which can be in ha le d s e t t l e s l o w l y and w i l l remain in t h e a i r f o r some t i m e a f t e r b u s t - d i s p e r s i n g work has ceased and the a i r is a p p a r e n t l y c l e a r . 1. Ai r-suppl led Rospi r o t o r s ' E x t r c m e ly 'd u s t y j o b s , such as r i p - o u t o f ol d in s u la tio n where dust concentrations are very high, re q u ire use o f a i r - s u p p l i e d r e s p ira t o r s which w i l l . d e l i v e r c l e a n , d u s t - f r e e , a i r to a fa c e p ie c e o r hood. Two g e n e r a l t ypes a r e a v a i l a b l e : a i r - l i n e and s e l f powered. ' ' . * a. A i r - l i n e resp ira to rs in which a i r is sup p lie d to a hoot, helmet or facepiece give the greatest degree o f protection. A i r ' is fed to the f a c e p ie c e from a compressed a i r - l i n e . The a i r source must be l o c a t e d in an uncontaminated . area and i f the source is not s p e c i f i c a l l y de signed f o r breathing purposes., a temperature sensi ng a l a r m must be i n s t a l l e d on t h e compres s o r o r a carbon monoxide, m o n i t o r i n g d e v i c e must bo. i i o . l n l l o d in Lbo a i r - l i n e . An I. i - I'r o o / o com pounds s h oul d n o t be used in Lhc comp r e s s o r sys tern; w a t e r v a p o r must be removed by d r y i n g and o i l m i s t s be removed by a f i l t e r . F i g u r e 12 14 shows a p l a s t i c , d i s p o s a b l e hood d e v e l o p e d by t h e Puget Sound Naval S hi p y a r d t o r s i t u a t i o n s where a very high degree of protection is recjUiivd. This hood is n v . i i l t i h l e commercially. The a i r - l i n e s h o u l d be lav.Lened to . t h e hoot! w i t h a cju i c k - d i s c o n n c c t f i t t i n g . . . b. S^Ud^-povrei^ed (a'i r - 1 I n e r e s p i r a t o r s co nn ect e d to a compressed a i r s u pp l y impose l i m i t a t i o n s on movement, and t h i s l i m i t a t i o n can be t r o u b l e some. S c l f ~ p o w e r c d resp i ra t o r s do not impose such l i m i t a t i o n s , b u t do add t o t he equi pment whi ch t h e workman must c a r r y and a l s o r e q u i r e c a r e f u l m a i n t e n a n c e . B a t t e r i e s must be r e charged d a i l y , f i l t e r s replaced and other main t e n a n c e done r o u t i n e l y . Workmen u s u a l l y p r e f e r i these devices to a f r - l i n e respirators. 2. P a r t i c u l a t e - f i I t e r i n q resp? r a to r s There are several types of p a r t i c u l a t e - f i l t e r ing re s p ira to r s . ' Those 'equ ipped wit h a half-mask f a c c p i c c c a r e c o n s i d e r e d most s u i t a b l e f o r use by i n s u l a t o r s . Onl y Chose a p p r o v e d f o r p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t a s b e s t o s d u s t by t h e U.S'. Bureau o f Mines sh ou l d be us ed. These d e v i c e s a re recommended f o r p r o t e c t i o n in those s it u a t io n s where the atmospheric concentra t i o n o f asbestos f i b e r s is a t r e l a t i v e l y iow l e v e l s . 15 A l l t h e recommendat i ons f o r resp i ra to r - f i t t i ng , t r a i n i n g o f workmen and m a i n t e n a n c e , d e t a i l e d in Z9 9. 3-1971 should be f o l l o w e d . a . R e u s a b l e p a r t ?eu 1a t e - f i 1t e r i n o r e s p i r a t o r s A variety of reusable p a r t ic u la te -filt e r ing r e s p i r a t o r s a r e a v a i l a b l e . To i n s u r e p r o p e r f i t t i n g , s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t makes s h o u l d be a v a i l a b l e from whi ch t h e workman can s e l e c t one. No one model r e s p i r a t o r f a c e p i e c e w i l l f i t a l l faces. Routine maintenance is absolute ly necessary to- re p la c e clogged f i l t e r s and leaking i n h a l a t i o n or e x h a la tio n valves. Unmo i n t a i n o d r e s p i r a t o r s pr oduce a f a l s e sense o f seenri ty . I t>. D i s p o s a b l e p a r t i c u l a t e - f i l t e r i n g r e s p i r a t o r s Operation o f an adequate r e s p i r a t o r main tenance program can be troublesome and, i f o n l y a few men ire i n v o l v e d , i m p r a c t i c a l . Di s p o s a b l e r e s p i r a t o r s a r e a v a i l a b l e which are designed to be worn f o r no l o n g e r t han one s h i f t and then discarded. inherently, these devices are not as rugged as a r e u s a b l e r e s p i r a t o r and no a t t empt s h o u l d be made t o use them l o n g e r t han one sh ft. V i l i . E d u c a t i o n onci T r a i n i n g No d u s t c o n t r o l pr ogram can be e f f e c t i v e u n l e s s workmen and s u p e r v i s o r s u n d e r s t a n d t h e ha zar ds a s s o c i a t e d > w it h the jo b s , the sources o f the .hazards and the reasons f o r f o l l o w i n g recommended p r o c e d u r e s c a r e f u l l y . U n d e r s t a n d ing is o n l y o b t a i n e d by e d u c a t i o n o f p e r s o n n e l and t r a i n i n g in c o r r e c t o p e r a t i n g procedures. For an education and t r a i n ing program to be s u c c e s s f u l , both management and l a b o r must . be co nce r n ed and p a r t i c i p a t e . As w i t h a l l s a f e t y pr ograms, i t is e s s e n t i a l t h a t f i r s t - l i n e s u p e r v i s o r s be i n t e r e s t e d ?n and cooperate in the work. _ - 1 The harmful e f f e c t s o f ne gle ct o f procedures f o r c o n t r o l l i n g a s b e s t o s d u s t a r e n o t a p p a r e n t f o r mSny y e a r s . T h e r e f o r e , i t is more d i f f i c u l t t o c o n v i n c e workmen o f t h e n e c e s s i t y o f f o l l o w i n g r u l e s f o r working w i t h i n s u l a t i n g ma- 1 t e r i a l s than i f physical hazards were involved. However, those shipyards which conduct education and t r a i n i n g programs r e p o r t good success. ` . education in hazards associated with use o f in sulating . m a t e r i a l s and i n s t r u c t i o n in c o r r e c t work p r a c t i c e s should be Hi lililcd ill l| )|) is -| 1 1 i i"i* I m i l t i n g |>fog |\tin*. . l i l t tin* t inn* he i inj, IiuwcVi T , ( m i l l i n g uid cdili .) l. i i ill nuiul he done .il l iie \ l i i 11y. i t`d'. . This must be a co n ti n u in g program and should include not only i n s u l a t i o n workmen, b u t o t h e r s who may o c c a s i o n a l l y work w i t h insulation materials. ' . ` - Sh i pya rd Manua1 Figure 1 - . ' . / High temperature mortar packed in p l a s t i c bag. Wat er i s added to bag through spout and mortar moistened b e fo re opening. The moist ened m o r t a r is removed as r e q u i r e d and mixing completed in shipping container. A l l wastes are placed in co n ta in e r and sent to disposal a t end o f h i f t . . Photo courtesy In s u la tio n Industry Hygiene Program. . '}/'S "" iJt 4 < '. . 4 > T* 7 JL Shipyard Manual Figure 2 Procedure used a t Puget Sound Naval Shi pyar d f o r handling bend s-eccions. Sections a r e c u t in f a b r eu Li on shop, d i pp etf i n wo t e r on d p l a c e d in p l a s t i c bag. The bag is then * labelled with the jo b -s ite description. sir, & ,s M t/ + Shipyard Manual Figure 3 / P o r t a b l e d o w n - d r a f t t a b l e devel oped by Puget Sound Naval S hi p ya r d f o r use shi pboar d. L i g h t weight i n d u s t r i a l vacuum c l e a n e r used as a i r mover. Note p l a s t i c bag f o r scrap and d r o p c l o t h on deck. ' ' * V, T^ A V' 1 ji Shipyard Manual gure U .Dampening f i b r o u s g l a s s b l a n k e t f i l l e r b e f o r e c u t t i n g . Note l a t e r a l . d r a f t hood in which f a b r i c a t i o n Is done. This procedura is used a t ' P u g e t Sound Naval S h ip y a r d . /4 S hipyard Manual Figure 5 F a b r i c a t i o n o f pads a t Long Beach Naval S h i p y a r d . F i b r o u s g l a s s f i l l e r is dampened b e f o r e c u t t i n g . As no l a t e r a l d r a f t hood, is a v a i l a b l e , a l l operators wear r e s p i r a t o r s . > "n ) Shi pyar d Manual Figure ) Use o f small clean-up. industrial vacuum c l e a n e r f o r , ' Photo c o u r t e s y o f Puget Sound Naval Shipyar d. I Shipyard Manual ' Figure 8 . I . Dust produced by use o f an u n v e n t i l a t e d band savi. Wi t h o u t t h e bock l i g h t i n g used h e r e , much o f t h e d u s t woul d n o t be visible. f . \ ' Photo courtesy Insulation' Industry Hygiene Research Program. - \ f Figure 3 Shipyard Manua1 i Dust c o l l e c t i o n system fo r c u ttin g large diameter pipe sections. A ir is exhausted from the end o f the pipe f u r t h e s t from the cut. Photo courtesy In su la tio n Research Program. , Industry Hygiene S hip yard Manual A i r - s u p p l i e d p l a s t i c hood de v e l ope d by Puget Sound Naval S h i p y a r d . C o v e r a l l s a rc p u lle d over inner bib which holds the hood in p l a c e t i g h t l y . T h i s , o r s i m i l a r equipment, is r e q u i r e d f o r such op e ra tio n s as r i p - o u t o f o l d i n s u l a t i o n .