Document VGGeerNwqpyYy16Y309Z7KLog

'V . '--VT- -: 'V.* 4--' - y fjt.- :y.mas .*' ;:v - % - THE RMUC HEALTH SIGHOTCAHCE OP ATMOSPHERIC LEAD Rprinted fro* the ArtMm of IMiwanUl hilth, tcrabtr, 1961, Tol. 3 (pp. $6e-574). Cofyricht 1961 tgr the Aoerlcaa Medical Aaeodetloo (nbliihtl under the auepicee of the Board of fraataoa. IV . - ' <%V*si4iS4JSs ' Dlatrlbuted LEAD lWWSTOtS A3S0CUTKH, WC. - 292 Modieon Avenue How Tort 17, H.T.  eoactfli It At W dkdm|d la motor *#hid* rrtmk la addrtwa to atmotftosic tom, p*oph taftal tad Isditls had trtudi it wirMy pnam ia load. mor. tad The Public Health Sax* ltd it tadi ta ah'^adnai aababac*. tfl M|mri o( tha UaHad Stale* ptyoiatina ut apua< to K ia toaw Iona. Significance of WMt lokraUr Smita (nr fedostnal expo- fc tor* lu*t baaa tstaUishtd, tuck exposure* maefy bln canfarKM); m8 ma > Atmospheric Lead bm of rcUfmijr baklijr pcoftc. Cnmnwi wkf Ofwifu, ia oddiftoy ifed (he aide mWI w the twHy the oid wtfl -- (he jfif. Theretoe, the feft mitokm of (he peblic hakh fenrd of Wad a remittoe etot of to to eaawptibW wpawo of l toaarm.nj tlttvosrtMk itotoau MUM BpMff- Dona( th* fax yaar Ac Orrisim of Air ftdhasoa of A* Public Hakh Scrricccaa* dadad mcnl sarrayi to nteiia tafonaatioo f mnmititf Ac racer of blood tad aria* A had iQnrrnnlinrw enstitf ia Rpnwatf that d artca tad rural popotatram. Sca lar data ant dbninad inn a pap f 1*C Biiiaata Afpouaatriy Mood tta^tot tad 2S0 ariat pptchaaM vm IwTV task aitaifatttioat rttlahd to aa-cJaoad tad *o*V*d. h h'topad 'caaslr* otptat to h*d tore beta td ahrmawt win proaida tcaac dttard by phy* that aad iaittliipto. Ot ana coacarahf da potaoKd pabto toahb the tout of toch aridrwtt. tdcriUc that* . httatd of itaaaphaaic had. aad A* the tote teca established ftc indawry. Dope data the aril ter** a* a tot* la* for cotthis to J|ioaad of iaioramioa An tot parties ariA ttoto cNtiard aa eltor Wadi'S, hear rtataad caactni rrccody abost A* torard of had aa aa ahtonw Mato Partiralitr had kcatribatf to Aa taaUcot atnaapdat* by A* und aatiw of toft coal aad wood aad by rrrtaia babafrial aaataiw AanArr toart* of larttaiitu "EtoSSd hrpihto Mar tt HU Ub Di|irtiaHtHato.iiliaafto. In Mh Hah ImatMMdMr NIHtob topi t*iilw W PontMtol Wrath faard aaf Tartolwd larks Inara. Onaaral WraMi Ismrr* *af Tnhh( rwa). MM InWur (Mr. Kaaaa). Blood aarapha far lad aaalyth mA laiatd from appaoaiamrly 19 people la , **A of d dtha aad from Id parson* ia I nwtl ana. S tapirs of apprrwhnsSrl/ 10 ' ' ad. aolaam ana* draws Arouph lisd-frtt asadha iato had-fn* Vincsiain. Fran JS% of A* asbjatta ia tach srtaa toatha, a w|k spectres af aria* was collected A hadfrre becth*. Tha nmanwanra* rxlw- btf s* Sa nsril saaipfim Mr prvdsdad ^ coBsrttoa of oriot apaoawat. Tha f chit* f .^v'VVv - i. ' ' ^vv^r-* : ' / %t wirfT7d were New OrictM, Dell**, Don In eonjtmctton with the medical Mfxcts tv, Chkafo, Sew York, m4 Godnoeti; of tV toiler mtryej ecrometric manure Che tiftfir rwil Am m hi (tuln) OtiA meat) of the worittof ttmeoamcnt wore TV wbjcta weft mM Iron wlutnwri made annnwdy. PirtkeUa toed con- t cAfiil Uood nlUctiai |ttm Only ceatretiom at brettfctof Iroto mere deter- pmcnt who He4 lived to in im for it auef with Staples hi-rotame umphn lcat S ynn ttrft todadrd in the mrrtyu Smpiert were totaled to imi aupwird A mriil kitfory, wh*ch wu rfeuind from end* Mkjrct, prondcd ie{motion concernktf rrfrdmce. ocrapitioM dorinf the pul 10 yon, in4 nwiiaf bihiti. A brief medical hiMry u Aotal from ud fr> MmJ ftil---f-- tManlca aaM of hertaf the hiftot eoMotnlioBi of atmoephenc toad. Additional a^yftof wee conducted for particobte toad uetof mqumttol tape uiBpim. Organic lead content aru uwaaared vtt the Umco Lead to Air Apptmm alao (ram a giuup o( 88 men UpowJ M trtimwy Aanlytio of t--pl an y--1 wnowU cl motor rchmSt odom In ebrir wocVinf nmmnmwo Tbwr mot trt tmpbiyod M an atto iMfMiai fadlrtjr td a ntnndar aalMOHm pnp oper ated br a k<|f medrmner* city- Blood tampim were dram from Ac 88 moriaatn on Monday and (ram 86 of Ant m oa Friday of (he mmr ook. Al Ac bent tbt A Uood tamtdt oraa drawn, a mint aparimtn UTM dnM ln> cad nrima Tb* Al Uood and trial aamplu wit aan- yaod al Ac Ounpabonal Hiatt Rcacardh cod Tnwtag FwUjr, hUc Hntt Serv let, Gnrimari. by Ibt |iottAai idiariricd m A* U5PHS Mbod (or Land in Air and B**o*irl Umrid-t ebebirnnr meth od. The 95St rcmfilcnct imtnal for theft* Uood aompiea daterminod in dua` by Chat method waa loond to bt *0010 mg. ptr 100 pa. o( Uood. Uaed ipaonalyno urial and medxal binary torm tmfioyrd In o( data (ram 45 dopEcut aanyh*. Anol- (b* ciaamtnicy torttya alan waa mtd in ym lor panktiaielmd in air tmpli* tram (bit aat madt in Ifat aaaat bboratory naiof dm Tht Mb iaipdbn and malmw h o m (a- UiPJii. Method. Orphic had oraa ribtxi art homed in adjoini* bmldcnp. anelyitd tcdorimatricaly by dec mrdiod cl ' Tbe bupeniaa tome term aa the principal , **4,"W**", ' ^cht (or ntiraeiaf dmmft ptiformanct and ' " rand vocduMM of al (ypoa I motor **- Inrtty Data Udt*. Dnriaf Ibt inaptaion, Cb* (ina Tbt Uood and trine Imd omnnCrariatf act be variant pbaatt of acwltrnian. dr- bde Mbjtctt (ram 6 mban aitaa mod t criecatkm. and bffinj. AfproumaMiy ml location art thenra in TaUr L Tb* VffO ttbirica art inaptetod aadi month, mtan (or al Ibt mban Uood crnipig end ' r*> JV jH?-- -.-V*"' * J s*C& *5^ CfW? a x c h iv is 0/ ffxmoJWffjvr.dJL h e a l t h 1 TIU t Jrffumty DirtrAmtim tf IW Utf CdM (MU4M|WIOVMilM **am aauam IK4M l4M 4M4M **4* W*W M N Cut TMta^ti If f U 4J WfciamlM hifMtf TM iMeta* Oj CQO mg/100 goi Mt blood; (Sc imm exposed iodmdiaah are exhaled is tbs value for rural Uood aampfer iru 0X)M corepotatkei of (be means for (be urban aad mg/100 gm. Them is ft highly significmt rural areas, (be composite mean vela* for difference (f<041) Utuuui the** mean (he urban blood samples becomes 0019 nhttt. The composite naa for urban urine mg/100 gm, bat for (be rural mmplrs k srnpki ra 0.022 mg. per tiler. T)m mas remains at 0014 mg/100 gm. vtaa Uood lead of tSpe Nbjeeti from When (be remit* of (be Uood kad deter whore urioc iiwplei also were obnimd t o minations from (be community surreys are tbc not u (be value for tbc caorr (roup. grouped by sea. age, aod smoking history. Aa mmitutioB of (be frequency d*Mri- Ihe rabies are as sBustrated in TaUe 3. baboo of (be Uood aailpo, aa doia in Tbere is a highly significant difference TaUe 2, demonstrates (haI over 90% of (be between (he average Uood kad rabies for values ia both the urban and rani arcaa art male* sod femsSea from both urban and A Ww OjOJI m(/l00 (a whole Uood Mem rural arms. Him (he samples from in&* W values slightly under 0.030 mg/100 gm ham viduslt with an occupational exposure to been observed repeatedly when (roups of kad were excluded h (he compulations. people with no bom occupational expo- (be mean rabsei remained essentially ua~ ore lo kad have beta mrveyed* changed and were Mill highly ngnificaa^y Among (be W tadhriduaU from arbaa different arcaa having blood bad tmb greaser Cbm Grouping of (be nrban and rural popuh* OjOJO mg/100 gm, 14 lad a bon occupy ilions into 3 arbitrary age classifications u> tmnal exf^mire to kad Three of (he 5 eakd no notobk tmdency toward increase persons from (he rural area baring Uood or decrease of Uood kad level with age. kad value* greater (baa 0030 mg/100 gm There is a highly significant difference also had a bom occupational exposure to between (be mean values foe Uood kad cots* kad If (be rah** for time occupationally ccmrttiqns in smokers and nonsmokers Tans Mhw f S**, dMWfwbr fffrtwj m KM Leaf farnNkw Oum tsu* haw an wr* * h tm t -t INmmM Mas* 0*a SM sas s tw n sas Omasa* WmlM taaStMrmom sm sns sns Mi sm . sm sm w lauw imam I4K4IS ISMW mam laun sIBM aw $4 I4C su ./ m m m IS m as 9 nwusww SSMaSWaS taaSfSSs mOa* . sm m sm am m sm aau >m mam mam amam lain aaaam amam amam V* % JMi c f.'ss? : ,, i - ATHOTTHOUC LEAD Taata 4--*W ad t'rW tw CiwwIiB OewytUMIy Er/wf Vew m IDunrated In Tabtr 1 Ai m, Ait lu|Ujr and brim* At todaatrial Araabold Wt atpniheant diflerrescr Vida lor boh arbaa wahir- AD waluca lor organic lead cooeea- lad rural fTtwpa. tralioa wen bciowr iV enlnlmum drtcrtablt The abphely bipher blood and serine load beewl of Ac Md aamplieif butrumtaa (14pp. Itrele preacat b (be 8ft m crpoatd to per cubic Barter). Mi ommntt of wchiadar exVtat in Aeir ctntorairy arorUnf rariroomer* m lbtm* m Table 4. A tipsi&eaot oorrcletioa mi abaenred tonal (hr lead nha esbtamed from repbcate anplo for <6 of Ara* mm. TV rorrsdiliaa esreftciee* for Ar replicate blood tad Briar (ample* wen Cneesmint Became of Ac drcumaUacca under aiidi Ar aunnya arerr enodoctod. Aar wraa ta iled opportunity to atilue acientilic aaitydbip peuccdurea ia Ar adcrtioB of Ar aobjccta. +04 and +04 rripcctiwtiy. Sms* of tV participaata ia A* ttsasma- oity wm;i aho wrrr expoaed to imaal Wvrii of BtmoapVnc Imd ia Atir cuitomaey aaorbbsp rariraanrat Mimnn tad Fiammition of the rtacltaat data baa act rmalcd any rwidener of board aamjfiasp ia any of the mentored characteriaCica esf Am aubjecta. Three data repreaetst a addition to Ar publiihcd rrpeeeta of blood drierra. peatmen. |u atatioo attendant!. and and uriar lead concrnuatiow be people frbm tinn wot aaonp Ar onapalioaa lap ia Ai United Slate*. ftprrMated. TV mraa vahica for It baa beta reported that Ar blood lead load toacaatralma far adi of iVac gtoapa concentration of normal NorA Amcricma C' am pah* tmUtr to Ar foerspnarte arbaa wiA no occupational lead mpoatur range* mean. Henmrr, Ar anal ntanben of la- from ODI to Oj 06 ay. per 100 pa. of aabolr dmdmla ia Am* particaiar job danilo- blood. Valuer la camera of OK tap. per time preclude Atir ear for prrdictim of 100 pm. art detected rarely bt aortaal M- waVei rxprctrd lor Ar (mtral population eiduala wrho do not ctpcrltnc* unuaual eat- of mb occupational (tempo. poaurr. and moat are between 001 and 0.04 TV arrmertrir mewiureenenee obtained at atp. per 100 pm. Normal bsdrriduaJ valor* At ate of Ar municipwl aeato laapcctioo for arbw bad concentration raapra front centre and pop art ptewtwed la Tablr S. 0XH to 008 mp. per bier wba Ar 24 hour AM mraaaermmu lor M|UX lead urea *amj4e volume ia a Star or more. TV ahn for tbiplr arbw temple* vary from 0005 to 0.12 mp. per tar. Accordiap to Coodoum and Cibataa* "Lead btteabaiien rarrly oeewn. and Aca only ia ba mildeat manilratation. II A* mraa arietary conceatratim ia kept below 010 mp. per tar. aad II A* capoaort la ccmtrcflrd to cemtinuoualy Aal aay abylc MiawaTWirMiaaTanaaa ata driermmatkat rarely rarweda 0.15 ay. [ar Htftt*- 44 1 0 ! i" Yc: - r' `v ' -v`: Safe bloud levrll hive boa le* preeiatly Mud, but the upper limit ku been tentatively placed at 007 mg. per 100 gm. of whole blood, la load kouicalica, value* usually ranf* Iran 009 to 0J mg. per 100 pm* The taa valuer (ce blood and win* lead oanceMnnoM laund in the community urvtya ere all WTthm the recognijed nonnal ranfe. Not only were the meanI within thia range. but not one o( the iodtridoal value* exewdod normal lioita. There l* a ugniheart difference between the average blood lead mnceotralioM o< the etna and rural (roup*, the latter Karine the lower value. Vouk's** *tudy 1* la tenement with thia hndmg. That a contract in explain to atmospheric lead may account hr aome ad thia difference U suggested by data obtained by the National A*r Sampling Network.1* la IS dtiev (population over 300000) of the United Scatev, the recorded ranfe In avertfe atmoapheric had value* emend* (rum biffa of 9iaf. per cubic meter to a bar ot 0 Sef per ndiic meter. Value* obtained in nrawirbail area* ranfed (ran 01 to ft9*f. per cubic meter. Although atmoapheric lead rahaet appear to be lower la rural and mburbaa arraa than la urbta treat,' differences in eapoaure to lead la food or water ought alao account for the disparity in blood and urine had level*. The bifhrr blood lead level* otrerred aaumf men. both la the urban and rani fnwpa. may be attributed to a freater <*poture to ad wurce* of lead. Difference* in dietary and smWunf habo* a* wed at difference* in caponier to atmoapheric lead, may wed account foe the disparate value* To the beet of ow knowledge there have brta ad ftpocl* la the literalure that bear directly on thi* point, but Ihere ba* been much dureMien ccmcerainf the difference la the lacidcacu la had puiseninf la die 2 ton According to many observers,1 the incidence of had poiactMif it h*fhtr in women than ia men worker* in had mduKrtc* However, llwmltcvi* ha* Mated lhal many of three ode* are net (oxtnm bveauae of failure to conaider certain essential difference* b* the nature of the work tad cundiliont of ex. poture within the tame industry, Hamlhoa1 *l*o noted that the variation ia the incidence of had poitoninf may depend upon toch catricaic factor* a* diet, ahrdsottam, and varioua diacaaet rather than oa any htnato *cx difference. Ahhoufh had it * cumulative wdutanre kt the body, Ka acrumulalicm in body tissues ia dependent on the rate of daily absorption. Kchoe, Qnlak, and Story f have thowra dial three doe* not appear to be any relationship betarcu lead cemrentratioa in the akdeton and age. Our data do not reveal tignibcart difference* bstateu blood load value* at different ape*. Three obaervatiooi qtf (hat blond hud concert!a!ion* reflect a dynamic equilibrium which uwmSy cxiata between the had abaorbed and exoetad and that retained in the body. Tbia equilibrium may be dnturbed when abaueptmn become* markedly altered, when excretory penceaea ere impaired, or when there 1* mtunml mobiliiation of body atorea. The aw of had ar*rn*tt mi *a insecticide on tobacco plant* baa prompted the ngu tkm that had may be inhaled dunnf smoking, drvjvte tvidtnce fut die gresitM amount of had prevent in tobacco probably remain* In the tub mad far as aactaUac had end.had A oxide.* CagWn and Hobb** h**e reported that urth certain rifarrttrv tested. 0J*f. of had per puff could theoretically hr inhaled, la ow Mirvey* there i* a highly ngniheart difference between the blood lead value* far tmohers and nammaherv However, to II*m accurately the crestributien of toiolcttg to the Wxl body hud burden, carefully designed, balance Modus would bt required. Such experiments should include the messurumext of the total dally intake of lead from al faourer*. at wet! at measurement of the total twiput of confund human subjects obetrud over a period of thne. The average Wood and win* had Icvcta of thaw employee* exposed to unusual amount* of motor vehicle exhauM In their working environment r aignilitantly higher I rat I. Urn, mi 1 ATUOSrHUlC LAAD m dun the average valuer found In the arhaa rtaidenta who atr not *o expened. However, the man value* for (hit reposed croup are wed within the normal rinfc, and not txie value exerrds (hr normal Until. Theae bdinfa are in artnrdance with the invettigat of Krhoe.f He haa found that carafe mrchiaiet can Ik differentiated from peraona ia the prone! population on the haul of slightly larger output of lead in their urine and a slightly higher cuwentntion of Iced in their blood. The medical hinorica were designed to obtain information in aurvry population! concerning the pretence of overt kidney, liver, lung, and bone diKaK. ai well aa any record of treatment for lead poiaoning. All of theae factori may affect the lead level of body fluid* Althagh lever*1 Individual! gave hinorica auggeathre of kidney or liver diteaae. fa* no matinee wai the lead level markedly elevated. Summary When raptkeie blood end urine sample* Approximately t ,000 human Mood aamplee were collected, the correlation between the and 2J0 urine apartment were canceled and bat and second aample ana (renter for the analyaed for lend content during the fmM blood than for the urine epeewnma. Thia year. The aamplee were obtained in 6 major greater degree of corretanon for blond ritice and I rural ana in the United Scant. aamplee ia ctematml with Kehee'a observa Thr analyrrr for lead were done at aac ; tions. Hia scathes* hare ahown that the US. 1`ublic Heahh Semes laboratory ea> eonrentration of lend in blood earn only Maying the U.S.P.H.S. Method for lad. within extremely narrow Smite from day to Ihu from the subjects were groped day earepe under condition! incolring con* to provide cempariaon of (be lead leash owner* nod highly variable lead eapoaurc. on the buait of geographic location, amt, ' However, there ia a markedly ertnter varia tion in the amount of bad in aanfir ttrioe apeewnena ccfVctr3 feSmThe aame mdriidnal occupathmal expower to lead, age. and i rooking habita. Highly tignibant differ- . eucea were obaerved adxa blood lead con* owe rtfatrirfy ihort intervals of time. eeMrationa were compared for urban aad Kehoe M baa pointed end that atuM varia rural grnupa and for amokrra and DOBtion! are lately a ftmctiou of the vohnne amoberv Higher Mood and urine had Imb , of urine excreted uheu the etdianc ia tow, aho arere detected conuStntSy xmex^ uerips the concentration ta high, and vice eeao.' men rxpoacd to unuaual quanritiea of aehleo.3J Are*her factor ia the dhemraticat that an immediate pa* cxpnwre to lend ia reflected more prorapely in nrine atnea. wherra* the bend level it a reflection of an indindnaTt revagr expoaure in the pad." An rxtreneou> factor that alae may partially exfiaia the Ur exhauat in their cmltunarr aroeWng^ cniiirruiaot Finally, theae aurveya demonatraied thr existence of aignibanrly higher Mood lead level* among men than among,. women, none of whom were occupationallyexfosed to lead. grealrr vanatality in urine Wad vahtra it the Although tignificM difference! were inermard opportunity for rohurninatien dnrmg thr collection of urine aprcimcnt. found balwten varioua daseibattens, tho mean vahwa for each group were erithia the sSWr Finally, it haa hern olnrrwd that urine lend teengnired normal range of lead concentra- Imela arc prtlly elevated afire expoaure to hoot. Not a tingle rah* exceeded the ac- j., organic lad compound* while Unrid con- cvpecd high normal limit of Off mg. per refitrationi Increake but slightly* It la an- lOD.gni. of arholc Mood, blrty that curb n[entire can nrrcnait for The data reported are offend aa aa ap thr tnemaed variation among wrmc umpfrs proximation of the Mood and urine lead uflmrd in thia aurvry time all atmmphene tcvrla aaaorialed arith eurrea* urbaa aad ^^mganir tod mmiurrmcnti were ijuite low rural living in the linked Su m*. The raauka <l6ng per cubic nwtrr). of theae aurveya tend to eupport pearicam /l/mev ft 4 0 * 1iT'-'T' IN...................... ARCHIVES or ENVIRONme n t a l h e a l t h ( report* eaocemiftf the human bod/a lead r Frfwr. R A ; CkU. J. aai Starr. - V.: ctAcmtratiom U U that tht inform. Imj o ooikvtcd will provNk a ttwful batit fur cunfiariacn whrti atixbra art uodcTtaVcn m lh future. Wf vwli h 0u 4 Dr L Oua TmSk lot Li * In Ur (4 <fc Mvtr. MkUarth 4*vml m*w oi t Manoaon. tM T, AkmMA Corm, m4 toltot to Konaat Bofafical Malarial i Nacci(> lL Jtoj R- A: A Cndnl AnnImI ai CWnM Piawn to < Ctoaal th|aw M U4 iiminimi. trfwu. i m st tt jsym (j--) mi * Kr*ar. tL A: Atolracl at toiormtu fra : i 0 H lUtmaM. U D. T*U to.*,*, It Adatl A KAm, Utl.H WulMflaA W"t A. Tall Saw'ttry Eapwvn^ Cnaif, Cm DC,MUW.i.. Sfawil \4rtmr, Cam- mm I|i~ml bf Aw Sapu Cwni W Aw ISflllNCII 111 PAk IUMi Smn to iiaialir frr* |mI <4 IA)1 Omm m! E I Ai ISM At I. Cmu t w , A, a4 Tnwnr. M : lot CU- ITM Ml CfW|`T, An <W m. iMt ***. IUk*Morr. WtOuw* * W*JUm Cowfaj. d U iwMMwi ai imtoll Intf la Mar IU4 PA *> tocrratol to 4 ai fat Ami am Ailrai l G*WS. tC.a4 1I4K M E. Tnmlrr IA KiAar. A A: E*p .,#MMaO( Cinitiinrti W Ceuttw* to tW Mm >M 1IS4-I71 (ISA) |*0. iewa Siwlr. Tahno Smm? (Majr M) |tff II KAm A A: V*al - % 1 ConitMr Lnt Pawmin | (hr U- IV. K* to liman aa Alain ntolie Lai Cato ; ?= ' hanti Mrrnt hvtua oJ (to Aw t mm |S*lw Htohh AaaanMM^ Ofrafinniil U4 Ei |mw a4 Lmd Pnwii. Awnaa fShhc Ifetldi A. tmtomi*. Wtolaaatoa. D C, ISA IR |*t*. It ISAAe lltokk Alin ai lamadaf TXL MRUtw, IMA la Maaor Fad. ISAAc llaol* Sarto * 4 Cmo*t. X : U4 Ntoim liw UmI Ka TXL Wtoltonna, DC. It* Cia^ lahw IM ft.-eMff (Sqt) IMS 11 Sarkr. L s; Bans, W E. aai Ttoao. 5 OcoAmm. LS,m1 GihMa. A; TW PWr. J V : Itomalaaw d L~4 to Air, Atofet OThpal Mi 4 TWifMwa U A Kw Oa> RJTt IWR V*A TW Xacwfllf Crwwa), lUi 14 VaaA V. R : Voider. K | WlAto. Ol A, h Hiaihm A. h Ciwunw, A. aal TiPtir. Mi ISrac. U: Kami Valato ai Ltoi Caatoto U : U4 IWnwifg. ftJu--rt. WMaa ft W4. Iratoto to Hatoaa Ha-t. AlR H Rato ALB. mi ' to V-` ` * ' ' m