Document VGDkVMnMpeN8ayj6RO3XdaYJg

I AN > INDUSTRIAL ETCHOT SORYZT car .t h e mins . 07 TEE ACOT WHITE LEAD AND COLOR TORES * HUERAIXK (DETROIT) ICCCHIGAN i i i I I t PARTICIPANTS: ' Representing ! The Sharwin Williams Company j Dr. I. 2. Ware, EzeeutlTe Researeh Director Representing Aeme White Lead and Color Works C. A. Cambell, Tice President and Qeneral Uanager C. T. Ellis, Paetory Uanager L. C. James, Superintendent of Tech' nieal Service J. A. Hutchinson, Technical Super intendent of Lacquer Manufacture Representing The Industrial Health Conservancy Laboratories Car87 P. McCord, U.D. William Prsdrlek, D. Sc. Herbert Walworth, Chem. Eng. fan Johnston, Technician Lucille Richards, Secretary t Period of Study--tfuly 12, 1937 to August 12, 1937 J { j i *l REPORT PREPARED BT TEZ INDUSTRIAL HEALTH CONSERTANCJT LABORATORIES k i > 10 Peterboro, Detroit, Michigan j i N16643 Acne White Lead and Color Works Hamtrarack (D e tro it) Michigan 1 ! .i i v ms is a cosrxmnsix. r epo r t f r % t f i l 0007-SWP-000030698 IRTHOroCTIOK The b4t ant of an Occupational Disease lav in the State of haa .provided inpetua to many aanufaeturars to eetabliah vlth reeeonehle certainty the extent of expoaurea to occupa tional dleeaeee existing In their planta. Michigan*a Occupational Disease Lav vaa signed by Oovernor Murphy on June 0th and proepectlvely vlll go Into effect near October 1st. A dlacuaalon of the inmrlts of thia lav oonatltutea one aeetlon of thla reporta The lone White Lead Cospany, located at 8250 St. Aubln, Haatramck, haa. In the paatt provided many aervlcea re lated to the eonaervation of the health of lta esployaea, and nov falla iaio the category of thoae Michigan Manufacturing Establishments that dealre to obtain more extenaive information vlth reference to poaalble Injurious expoaurea connected vlth work oondltiona. Thla long.eatabllahed manufacturing oonoem, engaged In the production of various linea of pelnta, lacquera, vaniahea and other eoatlng materials, asployed the Industrial'Health Conaervancy Laboratories to carry ont a comprehensive Investigation of all of Its vork conditions vlth the aim In vlav of detecting unvested exposures and If such were found to devise vays and means for the elimination or control of such undesirable conditions. In the conduct of this vorkt the follovlng objectives have governed the employing ooopany and the investigating group. 1) What are the health exposures, potential or actual, associated vlth the manufacture of paints, varnishes, lacquers and other coatings? *) So any or all of these expoaurea exist In the plants of thia Company? 3) Ire these exposures potential or actual? 4) Are there actual disease states prevalent ' ' unag worker* tr*o*abl* to work in tb* plant* a* tb* *onro*? 0007-SWP-000030699 5) That measure* should be takan by this Coapaay fully safeguard the health of Its employees? 6) Are conditions Is the plants of this Coapsy average, superior or inferior on comparison with other plants Is this .Industry carrying out relatively similar operations? . 7) What,program of endeavor should be provided for the procurement and saintesanse of high standards as to industrial hygiene, in the event that a need for such a program exists? 8) What is the legal responsibility of this Coapany in the event that objectionable conditions exist or in case actual occupational diseases may be detected? In order to gain necessary information rela tive to the aforeowntloned objectives of the study, the Investigating group have been given full access to the entire premises, records, pro cedures and practices of this manufacturing ooapany. In particular, appropriate technical studies hsve been carried out, including dust counts, air analyses, determinations of gases and vapors, the measure ment of Illumination, noisa, together with general appraisal of every portion of the activities of this Colony's plants* Through necessity, the scope of thia inves tigation la limited to industrial hygiene and distinctly doss not embrace such other related topics as mechanical safety, fire hazards, explosion hazards, disability compensation, relief association activities, sick ness from causes unrelated to sork, etc. Although casual concent may ba made In the report to these matters, no attempt has bean made to furnish ooqprehenalve discussions of these other probins. Inasmuch as a satisfactory arrangement with respect tc the medical care of injured workman, the physical examination of A applicants, ate. already exists, only limited comment is mads in this report relative to the Uadicel Department. The limited Information bearing upon routine medical department activities is furnished with the thought that OOOl .svrt- .000,'03010 ticb discussion should be brought to the attention of physicians at the Besrr ford Hospital for their consideration and advices. The entire attitude governing the present investigators grows oat of the desire not to interfere with the existing satisfactory arrangement with the ford Hospital. .This, industrial hygienic investigation in the plants of the Acme White Lead Cospany represents epprorlaately thirty days' work for four qualified persons, headed by Sr. Carey p. KaCord, an experienced investigator. This investigation has led to the present extensive report, which furnishes in unprejudiced fashion a couplets appraisal of the potential and actual exposures provided in the Coapany's plants. In nearly all instances, ways and wans are suggested for the elimination or control of undesirable conditions. The prime purpose of this report is to acquaint the aanageawnt with its present condition and to provide adequate guiding material for a continuous program of plant protection. The title page of this report records the names of the Company's representatives who day by day participated in the problems of this investigation. In addition, it is desirable that recognition be given to a much larger number of officials, superin tendents, foremen, chemists, personal sipervisors and others who con tributed to the investigation and the preparation^ of this report. The workers of the Industrial Health Conservancy laboratories take occasion to thank all parsons connected with the Acme White Lead Company for their cooperation in the acquirement of valuable data leading to this report* 0007-SWp. 00307 MBtX DUNK* 58175 STM-ARY Ho two paint manufacturing establishment* present identical health .exposures. Cf the nine plants Investigated by these workera, orer a period of years, each one stands out as an entity, celling for different methods of appraisal and different remedial procedures. The investigation conducted In the plant of the Acme White Lead and Color Works has disclosed a series of potential and practical exposures calling for varying degrees of lsprovement. A record of the Investi gation made and the recommendations proffered constitute the contents of this report. By way of susxnary of the elaborate discussions shortly to follow, a number of Items may be shown, epitomizing the hlg: points of the Investigation. These now follow: 1) Ho gross exposures exist In the plant immediately threatening the health of large numbers of workers. Z) A large number of moderately Important situations have attracted attention end have led to auggeatlons for Improvement. 3) The type of occupational disease most likely to appear In thla plant le Industrial dermatoses--*kin Inflammation of varied aorta. 4) The most significant exposure detected through suitable Inquiry la related to liquid materials used as solvents, thInners and vehicles chiefly as found In the Lacquer and Tarnish Departments. 5) Lead compounds, although widely distributed--intentionally and unintentionally--constitute less of a hazard to occupational disease than la true for Exist paint mnufacturlng establishments. _6) The total list of raw and intermediate materials manipulated In this plant embraces larse numbers of substances of potentially harm ful nature. 0007-SWP-000030703 SUK.JLHY No two paint osnufaeturlng establishments present Identical : health exposures. -Ot the nine plants -investigated by these workers, i over a period of years, -each one stands out as an entity, celling for i different methods of appraisal and different remedial procedures. The Investigation conducted la the plant of the Acme White Lead and Color Works has disclosed a series of potential and practical exposures ! calling for varying degrees of Improvement. A reoord of the investi gation made and the recommendations proffered constitute the contents j [ of thla report. i By way of stancery of the elaborate discussions shortly to follow, a number of items may be shown, epitomizing the hlgv points ! of the Investigation. These now follow: 1) No gross exposures exist In the plant Immediately ' threatening the health of large nunfcers of workers. 2) A large number of moderately Important situations have attracted attention and have led to suggestions far Improvement. 3) The type of occupational disease most likely to appear In this plant Is Industrial dermatoses--akin inflammation of varied aorta. 4) The most significant exposure detected through suitable Inquiry is related to liquid materials used ea solvents, thlnners ! and vehicles chiefly as found In the Lacquer and Varnish Departments. 5) Lead oompounda, althougi widely dlstributed--lntentionslly and unintentionally--constitute less of a hazard to occupational disease than la true for mo'st paint sanufacturlng establishments. 6_) The total list of raw and Intermediate materials manipulated ' in this plant embraces large numbers of substances of potentially harm ful nature. 0007-SWP-000030704 7) At this rery tine a few case# of characteristic or borderline occupational diseases are believed to st among workers casually observed. This nunfrer includes a mild incipient ease of i lead poisoning, one borderline case of benzol poisoning, two or three low-grade skin affections and two instances of involvement of the eyes with pterygii, which oondition is not charaeteristieally occupational in origin, but well may be so regarded. 8) Primarily this investigation has been directed to physical conditions rather than to the physical status of workers. Only such examinations of workers have been carried out as were necessary in appraising the extent of exposures in work environ ments. 9) The old age of many buildings introduces a detrimental effect in the procurement of the best possible type of work conditions. 10} At the present time, the plant management is lacking in adequate facilities for supervising work conditions in relation to health problems. 1I The chief recommendation made by these investigators involv- ing mechanical installation, is with respect to the following depart ments or work places: 1) The varnish department, including the manufacture of carbon-nitrocellulose peste, presents proved health exposures warrant ing the Introduction of several items of protective equipment. Among I others, these include remedial devices associated with a) the manu t facture of paint and varnish remover, h) the nmnufacture of glycerol anhydride type of resins, c^ the filtering of reelns, d) the manufacture of cold cut varniabeS, e) the blowing of fish oil. 2) Drum and other container cleaning with alkalies is now carried out under conditions thet are not praiseworthy end cell for the institution of Improved conditions. 3) Present practices comected with the disposal of waste and refuse introduces potential legal hazards as well es exposure for workers of this con?>any. A better type of procedure for meeting 0007-SWP-000030705 this situation is suggested. 4) The Lacquer Department has lees, found to contain grossly hlih concentrations of mixed vapors of substances, some of which are iaiown to be distinctly toxic. Owing to the statement that extensive .alterations are an early prospect, no -detailed items; of .protective equipment are specified, but the definite recommendation is made that in connection with the rearrangement a to be made, facilities be intro duced for the elimination of toxic concentrations of vapors, 5) it no known point is the concentration of lead in the etrasphere such as to Justify the installation of dust collecting equipment. Education of workers and changes in common practices will maintain the lead concentration within tolerable limits, 6) Illumination in this plant, while not grossly inadequate, is far below desirable standards in many portions of the plant. In addition, many fixtures are worn out and in a few places where safety lighting equipment should be universal, unprotected lamps are inter spersed with safety lamps, Apart from these major considerations, this report discusses scores of comparatively trivial items calling for remedy. In the eggregate, the significance of these minor items approach in importance the major matters discusssd. Conditions found in this plant reflect obvious interest on the part of the management in the well being of its workers. At no time has any evidence been encountered that the management is disposed to avoid responsibility for undesirable work conditions or to be niggardly in the furnishing of necessary moneys to rectify wrongs. There la no evidence of willful neglect or a desire to place personal responsibility on workers fbr their misfortunes connected with injury or ill health. Conditions found at the time of our first entry into this plant were such aa to nBke Improbable any large number of cases of occupational diseases per year. If the major number of recomarenda- 0007-SVVP.000030706 tlotta made in connection with this report ere put into operation, it is believable that apart from occasional skin affection, no oc cupational diseases will arise except on rare occasions* Finally, it is the Intent of this report to maintain that if the major recommendation herein made are applied, this plant will then be ready to face with equanimity any requirements that may be made by state or local legal agencies, trade unions, worker committees and insurance carriers witb respect to occupational i disease exposures* i j t \ i t* ! ! I # i i i GSNIEAL PLANT DESCRIPTION Historical ------------ r The Acme White Lead and Color Works waa organized in December, ^334, jrith a capital ntock of $10,000* The active non in the original organization were Messrs. Thomas .Neal and W. L> Davies. Earlier, Ur. Neal had been engaged in the insurance business and prior to these in surance activities bad served as an engineer, i!r. Davies had been con nected in the capacity of salesman with Farrand, Williams and Clark, which is now IdcEeason, Farrand, Williams. This business was founded with the idea of manufacturing paint and marketing it; in cans. The first product was "Neal's Carriage Paint", the aeles of which repldly increased. The volume of business grew from $30,000 during the first year of operation to millions within a few years. Tills rapid expansion called for increased financial resources, which were furnished by lieaars A.E.F. White and H.K. White. These gentlemen were connected with the D. Ji. Ferry Seed Company in the respective capacities of Tice President and Auditor. These gentlemen served as directors of the Oonpany during the early years of history, as did also lor. Neal and lir. Davies, in respective capacities of General Ainagar and c President, until the transfer of the Conpeny to the Sherwin Williams Cospany in 1921. During a portion of thia period, tbtee members of the group, nemely Messrs. Neal, White and '.Yhlte served aa directors of the old First National Bank. During this period the General Motors Corporation suffered financial distress and from this bank and other Detroit banka obtained $15,000,000.00. Ur. Thomas Neal, because of hla banking connections was made President and General Manager of the General Motors Corporation, which position ha con tinuedm to occupy over a period of years. Ur. Neal, while not active in business, is still interested in the affairs of this company at the advanced age of 78 years. 0007-SWP .000030708 In the building up of the integrity of the Acme V'hite Lead end Color coipeny, Neal displayed great interest la the Company's ettr'; >r,a 3114 provided at one tine that all employees might obtain stock in the Company at low cost, to be peid for through time pay* ments. Those employees who took advantage of this opportunity were well repaid "when years after, "this organization .-was absorbed by me Sherwin Vlllliams Company* The original location for this company was on Grand Hlver Avenue end Fourth Street. Soon the company outgrew these small Quarters and moved to the present location during or near the year 1896. The affairs of the cospany prospered and rapid expansion took place. A number of concerns in related enterprises were purchased. Among others were the Peninsular Pelnt and Varnish Cospany, acquired in 1904. The identity of this company is still retained as a sales department of the Acme V/hite Lead and Color Vorks. In 1911, the Lincoln Pafct and Color Cospany was purchased, which company still functions as a sales division of the present organization. Fsrller, in 1908, there was purchased the properties and business of the Howley Lead Cospany of St. Louis,, which acquisition led to the building of the large structure north of the present office building, fcr the manufac ture of white lead, by a then new process. This activity was con tinued for several years until favorable arrangementa were made with the National Lead Company for tha supply of this raw material. At the seme time (about 1913) the manufacture of lead oxide was likewise discontinued. Also, about 1908, there was purchased the John Briggs Cospany, which engaged in the manufacture of whiting, aa well as paint. A little later this company acquired the K.S. Tibbetts Cospany of loa Angeles, California end San Diego. Although the Tibbetts name has disappeared, these plants are still operated as divisions of The Sherwin 'i71111ama Cospany. ' The absorption of these cosrpeniea and others led to the cre ation of an' outstanding smnufaeturing establishment in the field of paint, varnish and lacquer manufacturing. In 1920, it was deemed r desirable to dispose of the Acme White Lead and Color V/orka to the Sherwin Williams Co05any of Cleveland, Ohio. At that time it appeered to liessra. Davies, Heal and White necesaary to maintain large quantitiea of raw materials, celling for heevy investmenta. By this time these pioneers were approaching old age, which fact served aa as in fluence .leadlng"to -the disposition of . the Company's possessions -to The Sherwls Williams Coapany. Since 1920, this Cleveland Corporation has completely owned and controlled the activities of this Company. Since 1920, marked changes have taken place in the paint industry, but this company, serving as an allied unit of The Sherwin Williams Company, has more than kept abreast with the Industry's progress and at the present time its affairs ere superior to those at any time in its history. The operation of this ooi^iany from its first organization has been characterized by concern for the well being of workers. Long \ before such matters became common practice in this City, ifr. !?eal provided rest rooms, fostered the development of an employee relief association, encouraged partiea, picnics end outdoor recreation. The result of this interest in workers is reflected in the feet that up to the present time 113 testimonial watches have been awarded employees in the service of the oompany for 25 years or more. At the present time, *8 of the company'a work force have served for 25 to 50 years, althougi only one pereon falls into the fifty year period. Since the acquisition of this company by The Sherwin Williams Company, in March, 1920, the Detroit White Lead ..'orka baa bean absorbed and now functions solely aa a sales division. At the present time, the local officers of the Acme White Lead and Color Works, an allied company of The Sherwin Williams Company, are: Ur. C. A. Campbell, Tice President and General Manager, Ur'. R. H. Stephens, Treasurer and Controller, Mr. ?. L. Knapp, Secretary, and , Mr* C. T. XLlla, Factory Manager. At various times, the name of the Conqjany h9S been different, such as the 'i.otor City Paint Conpany, Interstete Paint and Varnish Company. Since Larch 2, 1920, the nsne Acme /hlte Lead and Color TTorks has been used without interruption for the designation of this allied company of The Sharwin './illiams Cocpany. Thus the Acme Vhite Lead and Color ..'orka briefly sketches its 53 years of honorable history. Physical Properties: The main plant of the Acme Vhlte Lead and Color .forks is located in the City of Detroit (Hamtramek). 'The plant covers some 14 acres and is bounded on the Vest by St. Aubln Avenue, on the South and Last by the Michigan Central and Grand Trunk Railroad tracks, and on the North by Denton Avenue. The plant la made up of some forty odd building, which vary in construction from wooden frame to fire-proof steal end concrete. Practically all manufacturing takes piece in the more modern buildings, the older frame buildings being used almost entirely for raw material storage and warehousing. The lacquer plant, paint plant end enamel plant all face St. Aubln Avenue. The main office and one brick warehouse for finished stock also faceSt. Aubln Avenue. The balance of the plant, namely the varnish works and warehouses are back of these buildings. Acme TThlte Lead and Color '.Torka engages in the manufacture of a general line of protective coatings, for both interior end exterior use, as well as materials for Industrial uses. These may be divided into four distinct lines, paints, varnishes, lacquers and enamels. The paint plant is housed principally in building #2, which is a two-story brick building. In this building are manufactured all paints of the oil type both for trade sales and Industrial use. L'ixlog is done on the second floor and grinding on the first floor. The varnish works is housed in several buildings, due to the need for considerable tank space for storage. The varnish works not only supplies the trade but also supplies the other manufacturing units with varnishes for use in the manufacture of paints and enamels. r I f ^bere are storage tanks available for the storage of finished varnish In excess of one million Gallons. These tenks are all connected by pipe linos to the paint and enamel plants for their use. All tanks for finished varnish ere housed in heated build ings. Directly behind the vernish works ere the outdoor tanks for storing raw snterials for both factory and vnralsh manufac turing use. These tanks are also connected by pipe lines to the factory end nave a total capacity in excess of one million gallons. The lacquer plant is housed in building #4, which is a two- story brick building. Practically ell grinding for the lacquer plant is done in the enamel bulldl ng, and in a snail building ad jacent to the vernish works. Only the thinning and shading is done in the lacquer plant. The first floor is devoted entirely to the filling of lacquers while the thinning and shading are done on the second floor. The second floor is also devoted to small batch pro duction on lacquers. The enamel plant is housed in building #46, which la a four story building of brick concrete and steel construction. Ifixing is done on the fourth floor, grinding on the third floor, thinning on the second floor and filling on the first floor. Part of the first floor is also devoted to small batch production. This building being the newest building used in the manufacturing end of the business is also the best laid out. The gravity system is employed, starting on the fourth floor with raw mterials end ending on the first floor as finished enamel. The raw materiel warehouses, buildings 15, IS, 20 end 26 ere all located at the north end of the plant, adjacent to Denton Avenue. These ere all one story wood and corrugated Iron buildings and are used entirely for the storage of raw materials. The main office is centrally located, facing it. Aubin Avenue. This is a two-atory brick building and is used solely for the clerical and executive offices. The maintenance shop is housed in building which is a one story brick building. General mechanical work is done by this department, tad maintenance of machinery throughout the factory. The drum cleaning department is housed in building ,'=ZZ, '.enertil cleaning of drums end buckets used throughout the factory is done in this department. The printing department occupies the third floor of building y21. General printing of advertising rateriel ana stationery is done here. Also the assembling of color cards end advertising displays takes place in this department.* The balance of this building is used for the storing of finished stock. Buildings 13, 12, 16 and IS are ell uaed for finished stock storage. Products: At the present time, this company produoes for ftle, under varied trade names, extensive lines of house and industrial paints, essentially ell types of natural and synthetic varnishes and an extenalve variety of'lacquers. In addition, sales are made of certain preducts elsewhere oenufactured by the Sherwin V/iIlians Company, such, for example, es insecticides. The trade names of this company's products are readily available through published advertising bulletins. ITumber of anployees! Factory Hourly Sreloyees Selerled Employees Female lisle Female 379 74 54 0 Office Salaried Snployeee Hale Female 19 21 (factory office) 52 147 (main office) 71 168 TOTAL 746 4.2 of this employed group ere colored; with the exception of four or five engaged in Janitor work around the offices, they all work in the factory Tils census of employees does not include certain salesmen, sales managers, trench organizations' personnel or the personnel of retail stores. Tnulcyecc' jervice Provisions: This company fosters., but docs not operate the Acme Thite lead and Color T7orks 2c?loyees Belief Association, which was organized in 1900. Any employee of the company is eligible for membership in this association, membership being divided into two classes. In class 1, the edmission fee is .75 and the nonthly dues ere .52. In the second class, the admission fee is .50 cents and the monthly membership charge is .26 cents. Benefits from the first class of membership are .>12.00 a week on sccount of sickness and >75.00 as a death award. ?or class 2, the weekly sick benefits are $6.00 and 350.00 is payable as a death award. A maximum of eight weeks' benefit is the limit for any one sickness. The funis of the association primarily are derived from membership fees, although the company itself contributes to the associa tion at irregular intervals as the need arises. Further details as to tne Baployees' Relief Association ney be found by those interested in the printed constitution and by-laws readily available. In addition to the local relief association, life insurance and certain other benefits are proffered the employees of the Acme VThite Lead end Color ,:orks by the parent corporation, The Sherwia "'llliams Company. Through legal requirement, liability Insurance is provided in full compliance with the lews of the State of Michigan. At the pre sent time, this is limited to coverage for occidental injuries, but in a short time this coverage will extend to occupational diseases in compliance with a new law in this state, not yet in effeot. The Cafeteria: Owing to the peculiar geographic location of this company, which is somewhat inaccessible to restaurants and other sources of foodi a lunchroom or cafeteria baa been opereted .'ontinuously since 1396, the time of first occupancy on the present location. Although this service to eaployees tea never paid for itself, it ia regarued aa highly desirable aa a convenience to ell employees who may care to make lias of this facility and in carder to encourage the adequate con6urption of wnolesome food. radical Services! Through arrangement with Henry ?ord Hospital, care is provided for injured employees and to a limited extent the sick em ployees of thia company. Pre-employment physical examinations also are made oh all applicants at the hospital. In addition, a graduete nurae .is on duty during ell work hours, functioning in the small first aid station centrally located in tbe plant. Labor Organizationi The workers of this oontpany are not organised into any group with national affiliations. Without any connection with the manage ment, the workers maintain their own local labor organization for deliberation of problems of interest to employee groups. The manage ment regards thia group with favor and duly considers and acts upon such matters aa may be brought to the management's attention by represen tatives of this group. Cotpany's Attitude to Worker Protection: 1 statement made by Ur. A. C. Campbell, Vice President of * The Sherwja ."ijUiama CespanyT-in ehajqe of the Acme Shite Lead end Color Tforks, relative to the promotion of the well being of all em ployees follows: July 26, 1S37 "The loco T7hlte Lead and Color iforks, and I believe the Institution's attitude toward eaployees is rather briefly summed up as follows: Te believe in the right of an employee to a wage which not only provides mere sustenance, but provides as well for some of the pleasures and good things of life, which will vary to quite some extent with his willingness and ability to produce. tfe believe in steady, continuous work and deprecate the necessity for extended lay-offs. 5f# believe it to be tne employer's duty to so arrange production that pealcs and valleys will "oe sinicized as greatly a a tbe a-.ture of tbe busi ness will permit. ;Te believe and acknowledge our responsibility towards,.*he workman in jured eltber thru accident, or because of his occupation, end feel it our duty to stand by even and considerably beyond the requirements of the laws of the ?ederal Government or the State of Michigan. jje .believe in the worker's right to continue on Ms Job.so dong es he is loyal,-efficient, industrious, capable end physically able. Tie believe it to be our duty to privde a certeln sustenance for our superannuated employees. ye believe in the right of the employee which will permit him to appeal to higher authority than his immediate superior, thus eliminating to a large degree the possibility of enmity or favoritism entering the picture. He believe in providing the best working conditions possible com&ensurate with our business. Tie believe in a 40 hour week, and only such overtime as is necessary for tne so far inevitable peaks of the business. He believe in the inalienable rights of the worker to choose his employ ment; to work for whom he pleases at such wages as he is willing to accept free from coercion on the part of the employer or any other organization or group either inside or outside the plant. He believe in short in the rights of labor as well as the rights of capital, and lastly we believe that cepltal and labor each recognize that neither can do without the other, end, therefore, each must be not only tolerant recognizing the risk of capital end the sweat of labor, but must be co-operative in the true sense. We not only believe in the above course of procedure, but are prac ticing this procedure to tbe beat of our ability in dealing with our fellow workers in this Institution. > (Signed) C. 1. Campbell Tice President and General Manager. r-*S r \ Acme Wait* Lead and Color tforlca Haatramck (Detroit) Michigan A T.wftiT. ASPECTS 0? OCCOPATIOK1L DISEASES At the rear of this section of the report nay be foond a copy of the recently enacted Occupational Disease Lav of Id.chi gen. This lav, vhleh haa sot gone .into affect, probably sill becoae affective near October 1st of this year. Hot for tvo or three years vlll the full pur* port of several portions of the lav becoae established through precedent and court action. It is therefore unvi.se that any attempt; be made to interpret the significance of certain portions of this lav. On the other hand, solely vlth respect to nadleal fea tures of the lav, it is possible to asks, vlth reasonable assurance, a fair mount of interpretation. Suoh a medical interpretation nov follovss On June 8th, Governor l&irphy signed "An act to amend the title of aet ntnober ten of the public acts of the first extra session of nineteen hundred twelve, entitled 'An act to promote the velfare of the people of this state, relating to the liability of employers for in juries or death sustained by their employees, providing compensation for the accidental Injury to or death of oployees and methods for the payment of the same, establishing an Industrial accident board, defining its powers, providing for a review of its awards, making an appropriation to carry out tha provisions of this aet, and restricting the right to compeasatlon or damages in such eases to such as are provided by this act,' as amended, being sections eight thousand four hundred seven to eight thousand four hundred eighty-five, inclusive, of the oospiled levs of nineteen hundred twenty-nine, and to. add thereto a new part to stand as part seven, and to consist of sections one to thirteen inclusive," providing Michigan's Oc cupational Disease Aet, which bears the final desl^wtlon of "Senate Enrolled Aot Ho. SB", this new lav probably vlll become effective ninety days after the adjournment of the Michigan Legislature, or about October 1st. In view of the feet that Michigan is without legislation of this particular character, it may be advantageous to present from a medical point of Ties some of the r 1 f*etures of thla nv lav. It nut bo reoognlxed that not tor tvo or thraa I yaara will enough decisions bare bean made by the Comlaalonera of the i jMpartsent of Labor and Induetry, aaaoelatad with court daelaiona, to provide ! gg adequate understanding of tha application of thla lav. further, It But : be reoognlxed that any medical interpretations here made are at beat tsnta! tiee and although the dealre la to avoid expreaalon of opinion aa to legal | aattera, Inevitably medical and legal altuatlona are intertwined. | n.MPal Provlalonat t- Thla Michigan Occupational Disease Lav la of the achednle variety, providing ooverage for aone thirty-one ltena, eoae fev of vhleh are blanket In their realfloatIona, mia act represents an aaandment to the now slating Induatrlal Aeoidant Lev of 1912. While the prevent amendment appeara to be week In administrative features, thle situation la largely righted through the feet that the entire procedure, with some fav exceptions, governing the application of the Acoldent Condensation Lav will apply to thla amendment vlth referenee to occupational dlaaaaaa. Apparently no aapaxate election la provided for either tha aaployer or tha employee, apart from tha elective featuree of tha baale lav of 1912. This nav lav provides ooverage and other benefits only In the ease of disability or death from the disease and not solely because a dlaaaaa exists. The ease benefits provided for disability growing out of Industrial acci dents are extended to occupational dlaaaaaa, except In the case of silicosis end other dusty lung dlaeaaaa, where It la apeelflad that id no ovant shall such compensation exceed an aggregate total of three thousand dollars. A system of apportionment of responsibility for the payment of condensation and other benefits la provided* If tha employer at the time of the onset of disability kali have reason to believe that previous exposures lad to the occupational disease In question. Coverage becomes applicable provided there ie any exposure to the causes of any alleged occupational dlaaaaa at any time after the effec tive date of this lav. However, with the knowledge that exposures antedating the effective detc of this lav probably vere tha principal cunsea of tha ^faction, provisions are made that if disability arises In the ease of silicosis r other dusty lung disease during the first calendar month In vhleh this act 0007-SWP-000030719 become* effective, the total responsibility for compensation shall not seseA 9500.00, and In the second Booth *550.00 and so on. This ns* lav contemplates the use of a aedleal oomission, consisting of three qualified, impartial physicians, whenever Bedleal Batters are In dispute In regard to tay occupational disease claim, A aedleal report, when signed by at least tao of the three members of the aedleal oosmleslon Is by lav final and coneXosive as to the condition of the claimant with respect to the alleged diaase or diseases. Adequate provisions are Beds for the tines of notice and claims. This act does not apply to cases of occupational diseases originat ing prior to the effective date of this act, nor does It apply to agricultur al, nursery or orchard pursuits under any clreuastanees. A General Estimate from a Medical Point of View of the Strength and Weakness of this Law. It la granted at the outset that no legislation of this character Is likely to be perfect or anyvhere near free from flaws when it aakes Its first appearance as an act. At once the opinion is expressed that In this nav lav good features outvelgh the objectionable ones and that this lav la vlthout espeelal leanings either tovard labor or employers. Justification no leas exists for the contention that this lav Is veak in s o bs respects, both because of objeotlonable amissions and Inclusions. This lav does not bear the earmarks of intelligent guidance by qualified physicians and others fsBlliar with the occupational disease situation in Michigan. In aany respects, this lav Is the type that might veil have appeared tventy years ago In the State of Michigan and very definitely does not Beet the needs of the lanedlate period. However, all In all, this lav la oonaendable as a start and Its deficiencies Bay be remedied through sup- 0 plamental le^latlve action, if, as, and vhen objectionable eontente vork undue hardship either on industrial workers or employer groups. In short, this lav should have the support both of labor and of capital. Pie Schedules Prom no known records available In the State of Michigan la T it possible to forecast th* experience likely to arise in the application of this la*- The schedule of 31 items embraces some occupational diseases likely to arise with comparetire frequency ia this State* Other items are aot like ly to lead to reported eases oace la ten years* torsorer, occupatloaal diseases aot listed as .items a the .schedule are .likely to arise Tilth a greater fre quency-than the majority of those items appearing on the schedule* A better basis of oomperleon may be found in the occupational disease experience of a sister state, Ohio, which la operating under a schedule similar in many respacts to the Michigan schedule. The Ohio Occupational Dlseasa Law has btsa in affect about sixteen years, which time is sufficient to hare built up an srtenalre experience, useful in anticipating Michigan's prospectire experience. Its lndlridual items are now Hated, as they appear in the law, and in each ease are followed by soma medical connsnt. Disabilities arising from Caused by 1. Anthrax Handling of wool, hair, bristles, hides or aklna. Anthrax la a bacterial disease, commonly called "wool-mortars' dlseasa*.The bacteria responsi ble or their spores may lie dormant for a wary long while in hair, wool, animal bristles, akin or hides* The hair or skin of goats la the moat cocoon source of lnfeetlon. Sheep hair ia perhaps second. Casas hare appeared among dairy workers, brush miksrs, particularly abaring brush mskers and workers in wool. Instances of anthrax as an industrial disease are quite rare, but on occasion widespread outbreaks do arise,, lnrolring a large percentage of exposed workers. This fact Justi fies the appearance of this item on the schedule, but in the nine year pariod beginning in 1928, no slngla ease waa accepted for eoapenaetlon la the State of Ohio. Technically speaking, anthrax aa it arises in industry should be regarded as an accident-and not as aa occupational disease. This, howeTsr, is matter of definition and this item does appear on many occupational disease schedules throughout the world. In the absence of a seTere epidemic, each as took place three years ago la an Bantam woolen, mill town, it la prsdleted that thla item will product few eases for consideration by Michigan's Coanlsslonsra of the Department of Labor, and Industry. 2., Lead Poisoning or its Sequelae Any proceed lnrolring the uaa of or direct con tact with lead or its preparations or compounds. Thla occupational disease la one of the matt i^ortant appearing on the schedule. There are perhaps not less than sixty distinct industries f 3, Zinc Poisoning or Its Sequelae, A, Mercury Poisoning or lta Sequelae. la the State of Michigan making uaa of atatalllo load or s o b* one or aora of tha oonpounds of load. Tha chief source of danger to lead polaoaiag la aaaoelatad with breathing of lead duat or lead fane. Zagaatad lead, aueh aa la the form of paate or paint, laaa frequently glwes rise to lead poisoning, lead la not absorbed through the akin la toxic quantItlaa, except la lta or ganic compounds, anch aa tetraethyl lead, aueh aa la uaed la gasoline. Vlth rare exception, lead doea not produce local action, each aa a deraatltla. In Ohio, la the nine year period ending la 1936, 1269 cases hawe been compensated aa properly traceable to industry as the aouroe of the lead poisoning. Any process lawolwlng the use of or direct contact with zinc or Its prepara tions or compounds or alloys. Zinc polaonlng la a eoaparatlvely innocuous disease, usually limited to metal fume fewer from zinc and ooiwonly found la brass foundries, gtlwanlxlag plants, etc, "Zlac ehIlls", "brass chills"."braziera chills* are comnca names for zinc poisoning or zinc metal fume fewer, This la an acute disease, without nay known chronic form, A more serious form of sine poisoning may arise whan sine oxide In fame form, such as arises around galwaalslag work and brass or nine foundry work ooaea In contact with such other wapors as sulphuric or sulphurous add, leading to the formation In the air of sine sulphate. Such e chemical In the air may glwe rise to uleers of the stomach or other serious Inflammatory processes. The eowpounds of sine may glwe rise to entirely different typea of manifestations. Zinc chlorids, for emuple, may lead to serlons skin affections. Zinc sulphate may produce gastro intestinal disturbances, Xwen zinc stearate powder, such aa is widely used aa a baby powder, may oc casionally lead to minor skin disease. I^rarltles la zinc, such as lead or arsenic, are ordinarily responsible for the chronic dlaeaees coamonly at tributed to zinc. This Iton the schedule Is destined to lead to a fair suaber of claims, many of which will prows to be unwarranted. Workers with molten zinc are frequently ower-alooholie, since the action of the zinc la such as to produce an Insatiable thirst la acme lnstaaees, Hesort to exeesslwe alcohol sometimes results la more ewll oonsequenees than those produced by zinc itself, The Ohio experience, in nine years, rewaals an awarage of eaten oases of zinc polaonlng per year. Any proceee lawolwlng tha use of or direct contact with mercury or Its prep arations or compounds. % 5. Phosphorus Poisoning or its Sequelae. 6. Arsenic Poisoning or its Sequelae. Mercury poisoning at an oeeupatloaal disease Is quite ooanon la the fur cutting and bat ask ing iolustry. As even sore serious type of disease la found aaong aorkers la those states la which mercury Is mined, such as Texas sad California. Local mercury poisoning is quite eonon la the oartrldge Industry. Oeeaslonsl eases arise la ooaaeetlon with insecticide asnufaeture. la the State of Michigan, Mas in.staneae of poisoning, have come to light la.the Instrument Industry, aaong attendants la hos pitals, sad possibly aaong technical workers la laboratories and la chemical Industries. Tbs uss of asreury la snail quantities Is eo wide spread that ea occasional ease Inevitably will appear la connection with the application of thla act. However, la Ohio, no caaaa appeared la the nine-year period mentioned under Item 1. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with phosphorus or its preparations or compounds. Actual easaa of pbosphorua poisoning are now quite Infrequent. Phosphorus poisoning is a tradition throughout the world because of dire ful experiences relatsd to ths manufacture of -old fashioned matches. Of thrse kinds of phos phorus, only ths whits or yellow Is outstanding ly harmful. With ths dlsappaaraaea of ysllow phosphorus la the manufacture of matches, phos phorus poisoning was largely limited to ths manufacture of fireworks and warfare material. Both of these sources of cases are at the present time relatively unimportant, particularly In the State of Michigan. While eases of true phosphor us poisoning are rare. Injury from phosphorus com pounds are somewhat more frequent. These include phosphorated hydrogen, which at times is an im purity in acetylene, phosphorus aa found la phospho-bronze, phosphorus aa an Ingiarlty In ferrosllieon steel, phosphorus oopounds In fertilizers. AH told, the array of compounds is so largs and so diversified that a faw cases may aria# in Michigan. However, only on# caae has appeared In the Stats of Ohio during ths past alas years. Any process Involving the use of or direct oontaet with arsenic or its oonpounds or prepare tlons. Arsenic poisoning conceivably may arias In almost any Industry'. Largely, thla Is due to the fact that arsenic la an Impurity la many Industrially used substances, such aa pignuts, paints, acids, sprays, metals, ate. This matter of arsenicas an Impurity la lngiortant since only very small quantities of arsenic are necessary to produce J 7, Poisoning by Wood Alcohol. 8. Poisoning by ban Injury. Within the experience of thle writer, ereenlc poisoning hae been caused by the pig ments on wall paper, the plgaente that enter into the oolorlng of window ehadea, pigments formerly need in impregnating leather, from the handling of eulphurio add containing areenie ae an im purity, in the melting of lead, in which areenie wee preaent only aa a minor contaminating ingred ient. In the State of Ohio during the paet nine yeare, 15 eaeea of areenie poisoning here been accepted for compensation. In Viehigan, a similar experience in predictable together with the reaeonable expectancy that an occasional severe outbreak will eriaa with the elmultaneoua imvolvement of fairly large groupe of worlcera. Any proeasa Involving the use of wood eloofaol or any preparation eon teluing wood nleohol. Ifaie subetance, alao known aa methyl alcohol and methanol, may be derived naturally from wood or may be made synthetically. from the language of thia item in the law, it will require eourt deeialon to determine whether the eynthetleally made methanol la aubject to coverage. Proparly speaking, aynthetle methyl alcohol la not wood aloohol. Begardleaa of the aouree of thle material ita action la the aame. It la a aouree of aevere damage and beat Imown aa the cauae of permanent total bllndneaa. Other injurlea arise, including nephrltla, hapatltla and aide dlaeaae. Aa little aa one apoonful of wood aloohol haa produced death. It may enter the body through the alcln, through inhalation of Ita vapors or through Ingestion aa a liquid. Regardless of the portal of entry, the nature of the Injury produced la in general the same. The use of wood aloohol in industry has bean subject to rather wide fluctuation, largely depending upon public opinion hostile to ita use. One of the famous early outbreaks of occupational dlaeaae In this country ocourred among tha "Ban bury hattara", where wood aloohol was used aa a solvent for ahellae used In stiffening hats. * During the prohibition era, wood aloohol led to hundreds of deaths because of the misuse of indus trial wood aloohol or materials denatured with wood aloohol. It tha preaent time, wood alcohol ia used in some paint coatings, paint removers aa a danaturant and ethyl aloohol an an anti-freese and aa a solvent. Interstate shipments of wood alcohol are subject to appropriate labeling of major units. Industrial wood aloohol'poisoning lad to only three awards In tha State of Ohio during tha past nine years, food aloohol poisoning will occasionally arias in tha application of this set, but tha greater number of poisonings throughout the country may ba traced to improper'non-industrial uses of this dangerous aubatanes. Any process involving the f 0. Poleonlng by carbon bisulfide or its se quelae, or any sulfide. The language of this Item la such aa to provide coverage for very ntmerous derlvatlvea of coal tar benzol. So dleatmller are aome of the chemi cals covered that the dlseaaea produced have little or nothing In eoanon. Tor example, the clinical states produced respectively by benzol and dlnitrobeszol are entirely different entitles. The chief manifestation of benzol poisoning la the destruction of -the eellalar elements of the blood through Injury to the blood forming organs, while the chief manifestation of dlnltrobenzol poisoning la asphyxiation, resulting from the formation of methemoglobln, Jl s extensive aa the array it ehaoleala extended coverage under this Item la. It Is chemically true but not necessarily legally or judicially true, that ooverage has not been extended to the much more widely used slstar chemicals to benzol, name ly toluol and xylol. These substances are homologuea of benzol rather than compounds, but If re garded as compounds they are methyl compounds rather than any of the varieties specified In tha language of this Item. Benzol Is no longer widely used In dry cleaning plants or as a solvent for paints, lacquers, varnishes, etc. There are someforty industries in Michigan that might make use of benzol, but disasters during the past twenty years have built up widespread objection to Its use. Deaths have occurred from tha use of benzol In the rubber Industry, In tha leather Industry and In dry cleaning. Under this Item, many cases will be reported under the allegation that the chemical responsible is derived or derivable from benzene as the basic substance. This Item will constitute one of the most difficult for the Com mission to apply with any full assuranea as to facts Involved. This will besoms apparent when mention la made of hundreds of pharmaesutlcals derived from benzene, hundreds of dyas and scores of obemleals, enjoying technical application throughout Industry. Zn tha State of Ohio, 63 eases led to awards during the past mine years. Any process involving the use of or direet contact with carbon bisulfide or Its preparations or conqounds, or any sulflda. This disease is said to arlae In tha following industries! iamonlum salts makers, artificial allk makers, asphalt teeters, carbon bisulfide makers, celluloid makers, eementere (rubbar shoes'), earnest mixers (rubber), dry eleanere, dryers (rubber), enamelera, glue workers, Insec ticide makers, match factory workers, ell extraetore, paint makers, paraffin workers, putty makers, reclaimers (rubber), smokeless powder makers, sulfur extraetore, tallow rafinsre, vulcanlzara. Of greater Importance in this Item than the mention of carbon bisulfide Is the supplemental language ( "or any sulfide*. This extension paves tha way for ooverage for a considerable ntaber of other chemical*, Including for enable hydrogen sulfide, a very deadly 91a. Hydrogen sulfide In any measurable Quantity, such aa reflected by one part In a million, la dangeroua. It la pro* phesled that an extensive number of eaaee will be reported under thla Item and that more Till arlae from hydrogen eulflde than from carbon bisul fide, In Ohio, carbon bisulfide haa led to '.thirty uaeee during the past nine yearn. 10. Poisoning by Hitroua Pumas or Its Sequelae. Any process In nhleh nitrous fumes are evolved. Popular Interest was attracted to this Item, due to the Cleveland Clinic disaster a few years ago, whan the burning of x-ray films, oonslstlng of nitrocellulose, gave rise to deadly nitric oxide, gases, which may arise In a variety of Industries. Whenever nitric acid comes In contact with organic metal, nitrous gases appear. Whenever very high te^eretures react on the atmosphere, nitrous gases may appear. In the State of Michigan, claims revolving about nitrous gases chiefly will be de rived from the arc welding Industry. The aetlon...... of these gases chiefly is limited to the respira tory tract, leading to profound edema, particularly of the lungs. This item inevitably will lead to spurious as well as genuine disease claims. Among welders,'almost any respiratory diseases, sueb as pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiectasis and even tuberculosis will serve the basis of claims. It is in cases of this ehsraeter that the Medical Boards provided for by this law will be called upon for differential diagnosis in the weighing of medical evidence. Fortunately, tie manifestations of ths aetlon of nitrous gasss are fairly typical, so that unwarranted claims should not lead to great difficulty In their detection In order that they may be eliminated from favorable consideration under the provisions of this act. 11. Poisoning by Klekel Carbonyl or Its Se quelae. Any process In which nickel carbonyl Is evolved. This Is ons of the unimportant Items In thla law. `Ada substance Is formed when carbon monoxide Is passed over powdered nickel and is an Intermediate step In the Hand process of nickel production. When eases do arise, they are severe In nature, associated with profound edema along the respira tory tract, shortness of breath, high fever, eough and bloody sputum, high pulse rate, with damage to the brain. This writer has anvar seen a ease of this rare disease and has no reason to believa that any high frequency of eases will appear In the State of Michigan. This Item does not appear os many schedules for other states so that so pre cise statistics for this country are readily available. 12. Dope Poisoning (poison* ing by tetreehlarmsthane or any substance used as or In conjunction with a solvent for aeatata of cellu lose or nitroeallulosa), or Its Sequelae. Any proeeea involving the uae of or direct contact with any substance 'd as or in conjunction with a solvent for acetate of cellulose or nitrocellu lose. This inelegant tax-sinology is such as to include sores of solvents used in costing and similar.in dustries. She embrasure includes hydrocarbon sol vents. such as benzol, toluol, xylol, solvent naphtha, many aloohols, many esters used in con nection with varnishes, lacquers, paints and other coating materials. Sines this one item la blanket in its extant, it is impractical to refer either to symptomatology or to statistics of frequency. No less, it is asserted that this item will become of outstanding importance because of the vide use of coating materials in connection vlth automobiles trucks, furnitures, etc., such as are produced in this state. IS. Poisoning by Formal dehyde end lta Prepara tions. Any prooeas involving the use of or direct contact vlth formaldehyde and its preparations. Formaldehyde as a gaa is uaed us such only in a fee industries, such as for fumigation. It is veil knovn, through msdiaal use, as formalin, a 40? vater solution of the gaa. Wherever exposure la provided, this substance is highly dangerous, since it produces a direful disease. Its manufac ture and that of its oo^tounds constitutes one of the chief exposures. Other exposures may be found in the synthetic resin industry. It is a product of the decomposition of vood aleohol. Yery fev eases arise in industry so that its inclusion in this lav vlU probably not lead to any very great frequency of claims. 14. Chrome TJlesratlon or lta Sequela* or Chroms Poisoning. Any process involving the use of or direct contact vlth chromic acid or bi chromate of ammonium, potassium, or sodium or their preparations. Chromium scarcely ever leads to poisoning, but Instead only to loeal lnjury, such at "chrome holes" or nasoseptal perforations or darmatltis. Kasai perforations are not disabling and very seldom are local ulcerations totally disabling. Unfortunately, cbromlw compounds in contact vlth flash are not neutralised so that Injurious action .la persistant, leading to under-mined, jug-like uleere. Occasionally, vorkars become sensitised to chromium so that the asst trivial subsequent expoaurea lead to troublesome elds affections, astb me, etc. It is foreoast for this item that large numbers of eases will appear, but that the chief '  number *111 involve medical treatment eipeneea ratbar than oompensatlon tor lost time. la Ohioi where this disease was made compensable la 1931, It Is noted that 382 eases bare appeared la tbe past alas years, only a portion of which were awaj-'*-'i '-.npenaatlon dan to sbsenee from tbe schedule during tbe earlier years of this period# Not all forms of chromium ara Injurious, certain waleaeee of chromium ara Innocuous and In addition many compounds of chromium are without Injurious properties. Chromic acid, chromic oxides and chromatee are the chief offending agents. Under the Michigan lew, this Item, referable to chromium, will be a troublesome one, because it Is about the only agent tor which compensation is provided that Is used la plating. It least twenty other substances used In plating are injurious, but It will be human nature to attribute all Injuries re lated to work to chrome, provided chrome is used Instead of the non-oompenaable agents. 15. Xplthellooatous cancer or ulceration of the skin or of the corneal surface of the eye due to tar, pitch, bitumen, mineral oil or paraffin, or any compound, product or residue of these substances* Handling or use of tar, pitch, bitumen, mineral oil, or paraffin or any compound, product or real due of any of these sub stances. A growing body of Information establishes full wall that skin cancers amy be produced by various Industrially used substances, chiefly coal tar derivatives. In proportion to the exposures, the number of cancers Incurred Is low, only 13 In the 9tate of Ohio during the past nine years. It is possible that chemicals other than those . mentioned may produce epithelioma, such, for example, as wheat germ oil. Id. danders. Cara of handling of any equine animal or the eareass of any such ani mal. This Is an old time Infectious disease, belonging to the boras days with livery stables, drays, and racing tracks. The disease, which in horses la called "farcy" la transferred to men and la then called glanders. However, other animals may trans fer this diseased It la quite rare. The writer has never seen a east In a htsnan being, but has eaan many in animals. Not a single case baa appeared In Ohio, I believe, from the origin of the lav In 1981 and certainly notin the pest nine years. This sort of Item should have been left off the schedule sad might very well have bean replaced by aome useful item, slich as carbon tetrachloride. 17. Compressed dir Illness or Its Sequelae. Any pxoeesa carried on in compressed air.  Wherever underwater work la dona, aseh tunnel construction, diving, soma types or eofferdaa work, workmen may be subject to tba effects of Increased atmospheric pressure. Aa an occupational dlaaaaa probIan, this dlaaaaa la usually associated from time to time with aoaa outatending project such aa tba building of an underwater tunnal* It la oosncndabla that thla dlaaaaa appaara vpon the aebcdula agalnat tba day of tbaaa apaelal projects. However, It mat be recog nized that apart from aueb activities, fa* lnduatrlaa arc likely to proTlda any oondltloa whatever of bigb ataoapbarle preeeura. No laas, it la to be atraaaad that in Oblo'a experience, to which rafaranca la regularly Bade in thla rerica, 170 eaaea hare appeared during tba' pact nine yeara. It la to be noted that 121 of tbeae occurred In the yeare 1929 and 1930, which undoubtedly would proTe on lnweatlgntion to be naaoolated with come one or two underwater projaeta* 18. ICLnera' Diseases, including only cello.- > litla, buraltli, ankyloetoolaale, tenoeynowltla and nystagmis. Any proeeaa Inwolwlng mining, It la unfortunate tbat any group of diseases ahould be set apart aa "itinera' diseases* when, ea a matter of fact, tbaaa apaelfled dlaeaaaa are not apeelfie for xinere and for the mart part are already eowared by othc Item of tbla law. Buraltle and tanoaynentla are cowered by Item 2d. Hywtagaua, while a wary coraaon nincra' dlaaaaa la Xurope, la scarcely known to oxlat la tbla oountry. It requires aoaa thirty yeara of exposure prior to the appearance of aoat eaaaa of nystagmus la Scglaad. In fiig- land, nysta^us la tba mat prevalent occupa tional disease, at least amag alnera, but In tbla oountry superior work conditions have led to the atetaaent of United States Public Health Officials tbat it la non-exiatiiat. When tbla disease does arise, It la mstly non-disabling, la at least frequently a nauroala and la the basis of aueb milagering. Ankylostomiasis is a fancy term for bookeora disease. Thla disease has appeared la the Bines of South Africa and In Wales and la a faw other places where lack of aaaltatlon leads to indlaorlmluata dafaoatlon throughout the alnlng area. Tbla writer baa bean unable to locate ]any authentic figures Indicating any existence of hookworm disease la the State of Michigan, exoept a few Instances of the disease Imported froa other states and chiefly Southern States. Although tba City of Detroit la exten sively populated by Southern nagroes, so ease of bookworm has bean reported, so far aa known. 19. Cataract la Class Workers. Processes In the manufac ture of glasa involving exposure to the glare of aolten glass. 20. Radiat Poisoning or Disability du to radio-* otIt * properties of substance* or to roentgen raps. (x-ray*). 21. Uatbyl Chloride Poisoning. It 1* possible that this Item should bar* been axtandad to include nore than glass worker* and *mbraea all worker* expoeed to emanations froo any l&eandaacant material such aa molten Iron, braaa, ateel, etc., Also, this ltaa would bare bean morn acceptable If It bad extended coverage to eye condition* other than cataract, aueb aa corneal opaqueness, retlnltla, ehoroldltia, etc. Such need*, howerer, may be rectified in coming year*. Also, actual experience may ahow that aueb caeca are ao Infrequent aa to be unimportant either through lncloaion or exclualon. Do thin writer'* beat knowledge, the glaaa induatry In tba State of Michigan at the present time la wary limited ineofer ea molten gleee 1* concerned. Any proeeaa Involving the nae of or direct contact with radium or radioretire subatasea or tba uaa of or direct exposure to roentgen rays (x-ray*). A few small plants In the State of Michigan art carrying out radium dial manufacture. A maoh larger number of person* era exposed to the harmful action of x^aya. Ona of tba chief action* of the roentgen ray la to produce sterility both In the male and In tba female. Such sterility should not be adjudged to constitute disability. Skin diseases from roentgen rays are quit# common and should lead to compensation, swan though such affliction possibly may not be strictly interpreted as radio* poisoning. The majority of these cease, however, will require medloal services only rather than madleal service* and compensation. A fair number of roentgen ray.workers In this state have such deformity of their hand* reuniting from x-ray exposures as to justify an Interpretation of totel disability. Any procaas involving tbs uaa of or direct contact with methyl chloride or its preparations or com pounds. This substance baa attracted attention chiefly be cause of deaths produced by tba see of It as a refrigerant} doubtless there are other uses than aa a refrigerant, but thea* are sot extensive. Casa* of methyl chloride poisoning chiefly have arisen under aon-induetrlal oonditiono, such aa among householder* or apartment resident* exposed to the deadly action of methyl ohloride escaping from leaky refrigerators. However, In tba manu facture of refrigerators using methyl chloride as a refrigerant, considerable numbers of oaaas have taken place, particularly in Indiana. When methyl chloride poisoning arises, It la eutstentlelly methyl alcohol poisoning, since mathyl chloride decomposes into methyl alcohol within the body. The cases In Michigan will be few and far between, allies tba uaa of methyl chloride as a refrigerant is on the wan*. It would be much more practical to have introduced sulphur dioxide on this schedule Instead of mathyl chloride. 22. Carbon lionoxid* Poisoning. Any proessa involving direct erposurs to carbon monoxide in buildings, sbsds or *nelossd places. Uost carbon aonozids poisoning should be accepted tor condensation purposes as an accident, which they truly are. Heretofore, they have been covered la this State as accidents and the shift to a clas sification within the domain of occupational diseases will lead to a great deal of eonfualoa. A true ehxonlo form of carbon monoxide poisoning resulting from long oontlnued or oft repeated exposures to low concentrations of the gas is denied by most workers, but recognized by a few. On the other hand, the sequelae from an acute carbon monoxide poison ing are fairly conaon. These, no lass, migit very well be handled the same as the sequelae to any accident. It Inevitably will come about that almost every workman engaged la any occupation leading to the formation or presence of carbon monoxide will bo prone to blame any infirmities that arise on this gas. There are difficulties ahead for the Comnission, Hedleal Boards, enployers and insurance eotvsales ooanaeted with the settlement of carbon monoxide claims. S3. Poisoning by sul phuric, hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid* Any process involving the use of or direct contact with sulphuric, hydro chloric or hydrofluoric aeldn or their fumes. The wonder is that nitric acid was not included In this list. A possible answer may be found In that moat of such eases will be covered by Item 10. A further wonder la that this item did not include in addition to mineral adds, organic adds, such as aestie, which groins of adds in the aggregate cause more occupational diseases than the mineral acids. One reason for this is that sulphuric sdd doss not evsparats. left wide open, lte volume will not appreciably dimin ish. It only enters the rtmosphere ae a vapor in considerable quantities In sssodstion with steam or Is ths rssult of ths evolution of bubbles, such as in pickling work. Direct contact with sulphuric, hydrofluoric or hydrochloric add naturally will give rise to accidents. Casas arising following continuous or frequently repeated exposures to vapors era rare and comparatively unimportant. Eroded teeth, bronchitis and gastro intestinal inflammation are characteristic of mineral aelda and more especially sulphuric add. 4. Besplratory, Gastro intestinal or Physio logical Nerve and Eye Disorder* due to Con. test with PetmJns Product* and their Any process involving the use of or direct contact with petroleum or petroleum products and their fumes. It is unfortunate that each a departure should have been made in this item, specifying peculiar aspsets of petroleum poisoning rather than making an all-inclusive item such as "petroleum poison ing* or "disability from petroleum products*. The language of this i^ortant item la such to exclude dasaga to the liver, kidneys, kin, ate. Tbia ia one of tba most important item* oa tbe Hat, aa tba derivatives of petroleum ara almost aa legion aa tboaa from coal tar. Chief among tbeae ara gasoline, laroaaaa, naphtha, Stoddard'a solvent, light olla, haarjr olla, togatbar with thalr many derivatives aad oonfiounda, possibly laclodlag a variety of chlorinated hydroearbona. Ia Ohio, SI eaaaa bareappeared during the paat.nine years. 25. Disability arising from Bliatara or Abraaiona. lay proeaaa involving oontlauoua frlotioa, rubbing or Tlbratloa earning bliatara or abrasions. Heretofora aueb tbinga aa bliatara and abraaiona bare bean compensated aa accidents, whieb tbay chiefly are. However, there ara typee of bliatara arlalng not from acoldantal and fortultona circu- ataneaa, but froa long auatalned, rapetltiva motions. Therefore, there oan be no objaction to thla item, although there will be andlaaa confualoB aa to whan a blister or abrasion la tba result of an aeeldent and whan it ia an oc cupational disease. Uore work for tba Comission and Uadical Boards. 88. Disability Arising from Bursitis or Synovitis. Any proeaaa Involving continuous rubbing, pres sure or vlbrationa of the partn affected. Itli ia a good item, aa tbara are andlaaa tools opsrated by air, electricity, water, ate. leading to ineaaaant vibration. A typical exasjsle ia known to all in tba noisy, vibrating concrete drill, widely in use in street repair work. Bak ing days and nlghta hideous for those nearby, but frequently leading to Inflammation along tendon sheaths of the operator. Kora difficulty will be experienced in associating buraiti# with industry, in that tbara ara Many causes of bur sitis other than work, infection being a primary ona. In Ohio, whare tenosynovitis has bean oospeneated as an occupational disease since 1989, there have bean 189? instances of tenosynovitis of the hand in the peat eight years, and 166 instances Of bursitis about tha knee Joint in the aaaa period. Thus it nay be seen that synovitis or tenosynovitis nay beoone tha outstanding ltaa in Michigan's occupational disaaae aehadula. 87. Dermatitis (venenata) Amy proeaaa involving tha una of or diraot oontaet with acids, alkalies, aelda or oil, or with brick,, cement, lias, con crete or sorter capable of oausing daxmatltls (venenata). This ltaa, which should have been a blanket one, is unfortunately dram la the Mlchlgu Act, 0007-SWP-000030732 f SS. Hernia. 29. Stone Worker's or Qrinder'e Phthisis. apparently because of lack of familiarity with the many causes of occupational dermatitis. Instead of a proTislon apart from acids, alkalies and oils, it is limited to "brick, cement, lisa, concrete and mortar". There nhould hare been oorerage for those hundreds of akin diseases which make up 65> of the total number of occupa tional diseases. There are no less than 700 causes of akin disease in industry, while this act stop* off into the by-path of brick, earnest, kllne, concrete-and mortar. Uore caaee of derma titis will arise among florists, gardeners and nurserymen than from all the workers is brick, emnent, lime, concrete and mortar throughout the atate. In Ohio, 7,660 cases of dermatitis hare arisen in the past nine years, with only 19 in 1936 arising from lime and eamant. In that year, 930 eases of dermatoses arose, which was 68.4 of the total number of compensable oaaes. This item should be the first one changed in any modi fication of this law, dearly recent in origin and resulting from a strain, arising out of and in the eouree of employment and prompt ly reported to the em ployer. It is just a little ridiculous to class hernia as an occupational disease. This ridiculousness is further apparent in the limitation language about this item, whloh speciflea that it must result from a strain". Thus the rery definition of an occupational disease breaks down. A strain is inevitably an accident. As a matter of fact, hernias are foramostly congenital and are neither accidents or occupational diseases. Accidents may lead to pre-sxlstlng hernias costing into prominence and making themselves first known to their victims. It is not very Important, however, into which category hernias are placed, both being anomaloua and induetries at this time expect to be saddled with responsibility for them in moat in stances. In the ease of a valuable worker, it will naturally be the disposition of employers to procure the repair of hernias la order to safeguard the worker's interests, earning and producing capacities. No less, the qualified occupational disease worker cringes Just a little bit to see hernia appearing in any list of characteristic occupational diseases. Quarrying, cutting, crushlug, grinding or polishing of stone,' or grinding or polishing of metal. 9tona worker's or grinder's phthisis was an ex cellent term:about 1896, but is not very im portant in the concept of dleeaee in this day and time. "Phthlela* then and presumably now is descriptive of old fibroid tuberculosis. The condition to which this term "stone worker's or grinder's phthlala" formerly applied is foramostly silicosis. Doctors now know better, or should. On medical matters, legislators should be guided by doctors, but good ones* T 30, Silicosis Mining. The wonder la why easpeneatlon for silloosis we a 11mltad to mining. There ora at laaat SS Industrial in Mlehigen providing axpoiurss to eiliea. The workman who develops silicosis In a foundry is just as disabled, Just as naady( just as datarring, just as subjaot to pain. Just as afraid of daath as tha workman espoaed to sillea in mining. XL. Pneumoconiosis. Quarrying, cutting, crush ing, grinding or polishing of mstal. Apparently in the minds of tha legislators, there was a three<mray desire to establish compensation for some dusty lung disease, namely *stone workers' phthisis", "silicosis*, and "pneumoconiosis", "Fneamoeoniosls" means dusty lung disease, but the only pneumoconioses of significance are silicosis and asbestosis. There is no metal that will produce a disabling pneumoconiosis and it is noted that in this list of en^loymeats the mining of metal is omitted. Let it be understood that such dusts as silver, platinum will not in them selves produce a dlmbllng pneumooonlosle. Its Medical Board: This act falls to provide a fixed Medical Board, but perhaps does better in that provisions are made for the appointment of a Commission of three qualified physicians, for the consideration of every individual disputed ease. The report of this Coanisslon, whenever signed by any two members of the tbree<*an board, definitely binds the Industrial Commission, insofar as medical facta are oonoemed. This la an admirable feature. It appears, from the nature of this provision, that the Medical Conmlsslon will not be casprlsed of the same physicians on any large number of eases. If it so happens that some Comissions are little qualified and render questionable services, other Coumlssions will be better qualified and may be expeeted to render valuable services in the adjudication of occupa tional diaaaaa claims. Definitional The definition of an occupational dieeaaa appear ing in thla act la not elaborate, but la fairly good. Eowevaq there are no definitions es to what constitutes a number of occupational dlaaaaaa, aueh as "silicosis", "stone worker's phthisis'', "pneumoconiosis*, sto. This amission will leed to oonfuslon unless definitions are prepared in eoaneetion with eases acted upon by the Conniasion, which thus may serve f T as praeedenta. Omissions from the Schedule! Earlier discussion baa bees preaested aa to the significance of the various Items of the schedule; alao some earlier oomaent baa bees made aa to the worth of the aehedole ltaelf. Through repetition, It nay be enphaslzed that the aehedole la lta entirety la limited In lta worth, both beeauae of tha omission of many needed Items end beeauae of re- atrletlona plaoed upon the extent of application of eoTerage In some lsatanoes, aueh as the limitation of "silicosis" to "mining*. It appears that there la no eoTerage for such Important ltema aa carbon tetrachloride, triehlorethy- lane, cyanlds, many forms of shin diseases, eye diseases other than cataract (except cancer), etc., etc. Extent of Corerage! It la noted that compensation la provided only for disability or death from a given occupational dlaease and not merely from the fact that such a dlaease exists. This is salutary. However, many \ instances will arise In which claims will be nude because of the existence of a dlaease which will call for alert activities on the part of the medical, claims and legal departments to Insist upon the enforcement of the provision that disability la required as a requisite for compensation. Even In the absence of disability, It Is not probable that medical relief will be la order, which provision should not be combated, beeauee In the absence of medical relief, actual disability may develop. Monetary Awards: . It appears that the rates of payment and extent of payment for occupational diseases are the same as for. accidental Injuries, exempt la the ease of silicosis, possibly pneumoconiosis, phthisis, etc. Here It seems established that a maximal of three thousand dollars la provided. Common law Action! This law provides coverage for those cases In which there has-been even, trivial exposure to specific Injurious substances 'after the effective date of the law. This means that some coverage, but not necessarily full, is extended to large numbers of canes, the chief ex posure leading to which took place prior to the enactment of this law. f Thia step i regarded at eonnendable and to be favored. Undoubtedly a fair number of claims will arlaa shortly after the beginning of the operation of this lav, la vhleh no lnjurloua eipoturs any be abova after the effaetlva date of thla lav. Such caaea vill require adjudication on vhatever beala they Bight have been aettled if thla lav had not appeared* The Boat important question to be ooneldered le vhetber occupational dlaaaaea not appearing on the achedule aay lead to eonaon lav action, or instead if aueh caaea aay not be Bade the baala of any clala vlth the proapeet of favorable action. Such a natter aa thla la naturally for legal and Judicial decision rather than medical. Insofar aa a physician is entitled to sake any coment, the opinion la expreaaed that occupational diseases not on this schedule aay not be Bade the basia for action at eomoon lav, vhleh vill be given consideration by the Courts. The reasons for this interpretation are the title of this bill, 1) vhleh in its last phrase reads "and rsatrletlag the right to compensation or damages in such caaea to such as are provided by thla sot" and 2) the language of Seotlon 12, vhleh reads nothing in thla act shall affect the rights of an ssploye, or hla dependants, to recover compensation in respect to a disease to vhleh this act does not apply, if the disease, apart from this act, is one for vhleh compensation is payable under the other provisions of this act", but aore important than either of the teo foregoing, the fact that this lav constitutes an amendment to the compensation lav of 1912 and inposes upon this new section of that lav the same restrictions attending the basic lav, vhleh in one portion clearly states further that the employer operating under the provisions of this act shall be subject to no other liability vhatsoever in connection vlth claims graving out of vorkar injury, rule this provision of the early lav has always existed, it nov takes on peculiarly nev significance in vlev of the addition of this occupational disease section, for these three reasons, it appears to this vrlter that the vorker afflicted vlth an occupational disease not covered by this nev act is vlthout legal recourse under ordinary elrearnstaneee. This vrlter hastens to emphasize that thla la a matter for interpretation by the Comisslon, by the court and possibly by the supreme court of the state. T payment for Icembera of iiedlcal Coanlaalonk: This law proridea for tbe payment of the services of the physicians serving on Uedleal Boards from general funds areliable to the Department of labor and Industry* Bo charges are made directly upon Industry for tbe provision of any such services* Apportionment of Compensation and other Benefits under thla Act: This lav provides, under certain circumstances, that tbe cost of awards made and other benefits shall be shared by tbe last employer with previous employers, providing similar exposures. Any appraisal of the procedure provided should ha made by legal peritoneal and not by physi cians. Viewed from a strictly medical point of view, the opinion baa been formed that the application of tbaaa apportionment provisions will be diffi cult. A corralary to thla statement la tfaet new employees should be subject to a batter type of physical examination than heretofore with raspaet to occupational dlaeasea, occupational dlseast exposures and to types of pre vious employment. It la emphasized that from the point of view of the em ployer, It may become necessary to diny employment to persona who may harbor occupational diseases in faet or who have bean so extensively exposed to make occupational diseases acquired in other employments a reasonable future ex pectancy. Addition of Kew Items to the Schedulet It la not known that Items not now appearing on the list may be added by other than legislative action two years hence, In the abeenee of epeclai sessions of the legislature* Reporting of Occupational Diseases! Two hills era now awaiting aetlon of the legis lature calling for the reporting to the State Department of Health of all occupational dlaeasea. Since such bills have not been enacted Into lavs, It la not possible to maka any msltarlous consent at this time* Costa of Occupational Dlaeaaa Coverage Under thla Acti The coat for occupational disease compensation, madleal relief, etc. will approximate 2% of the present: coats for accident comp.aetlon, etc. If contrariwise, claims for addltioml occupational dis eases, not appearing on the schedule, are settled In a different mnur, but at approximately tha same rata, only meritorious eaaea are extended benefits. then the total coat for the two classes of occupational diseases should not exceed 3j of the present oost for accident condensation, etc. In the TTnlted States, the average cost for each case of occupational disease froa 1920-29 was $191. The amounts paid for the eoraaonost diseases were as follows: Toxic vapors, gases and fuaes, $414; "germs" $322; Irritant dust and fibers, $298; toxic fluids $52; and miscellaneous Irritants $47.00. Possible Tolcer: Under the provisions of this act, with respect to dusty lung diseases, Including sillooals, the provision Is aade that If disability or death arises during the first aonth after the effective date of the law, entire responsibility on the part of the employe may be liqui dated by the payaent of $500.00. nils opens up the possibility of auch of fensive action on the part of vicious etdloyers. Disability Is sot soaething that may be determined by the worker biaself, but la large measure Bay be determined by physicians acting la good faith. Any employer, under this provision, conceivably aay find It desirable to examine all workers In his enploy during the first aonth after the effective date of this act and In the event outstanding degrees of silicosis or other dusty lung disease are found, It aay be well within the physician's Justifications to announce that such workers should not continue further employment and that total disability at least for that fora of employment in fact exists, whereupon it appears that such eases aay be permanently disponed of upon the payment of $500.00. Total Number of Occupational Diseases Per Tear In Michigan: During the period of legislative, agitation con nected with occupational diseases, large numbers of persons have gained the Impression that the numbers of cases of occupational diseases In this State will be comparable to the number of accidents, or at least that the number is to be reckoned In aany thousands, such as ten or twenty per year. This Is a fallacy. It la unwise to make any close prediction, but there Is soae warrant for maintaining that throughout the State, there aay not be more than 1000 or 1200 cases per year Of genuine occupational diseases of the type covered by the Michigan law. Of course, during tha first year or two the number of clalas will be considerably higher, owing to lack of familiarity on the part of physicians, attorneys, employers and workers T beoauae of lack of precise knowledge as to the nature of occupational diseases, etc. Rrmatltutlonallty of the Uichlgan Occupational Disease lawt Any such natter is remote to the donain of nedlelne, but already there are sons legs* idlings to the effect that the constitutionality of the law nay be questioned and that attacks nay be nede on the law by ttinlng Interests. Suppleaental Interpretationi This rerlew and comment is made within that week in which this naasure becane a law through the affixation by the Ooyernor of his signature. Undoubtedly there are faulty interpretations herein. This writer wishes to be the first to recognise the necessity for modifying and extending the views hare expressed as additional experience and Information beooaes available through the application of this neer law. B. DISCUSSION 0? THE OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE Lit WITH PARTICULAR Rlggrarm* TO THB ACME ./HITE LEAD COMPANY. '' Of the 31 iteas appearing; on the schedule, it is most likely that not nore than IS nay lead to legitimate claims in this plant as now operated. Three of these items refer respectively to Item 23, "blisters and abrasions'1, Item 26, "bursitis or synovitis" and Item 28, "hernia. These items of course nay appear in any factory and are to no wise characteris tic of paint manufacture. This leaves eleven items for which exposure may be provided in the paint Industry as a natural consequence of contact with materials manipulated. These eleven items aret 2) lead poisoning, 3) sine poisoning, 6) arsenic poisoning, 8} benzol poisoning, 9) carbon bisulfide poisoning, 12) dope poisoning, 13) formaldehyde poisoning, 14) chrome poisoning, 22} carbon monoxide poisoning, 24) petroleum poisoning, 27).derma titis. Without any proof, except that growing out of past experiences, these eleven characteristic items are arranged in order of anticipated frequency of cases. because of lock of precise knowledge ee to the nature of occupational diseases, eto ConetltntlonalltT of the Michigan Occupational Disease Lawt day ouch natter la remote to the domain of medicine, but already there are .;<** legal rumblings to the effect that the eonatltutlonollty of the law ay be questioned and that attecka ay be mede on the law by mining lntereata. Supplemental Interpratatlont Thla renew and consent In made within that week In which thla manure becan a law through the affixation by the Governor of hla algnature. Undoubtedly there ere faulty interjnotations herein, Thla writer wlahee to be the flrat to reoognlse the neeeaalty for modifying end extending the vlewa here expreaaed aa additional axpalenoe end Information beoomea available through the application of thla new lew. B. DISCUSSION OF ms OCCUPITIOmt DISZ1S8 LAW WITH PIBTICCIIR HRwggQ TO Tig dCME .iHITg LM COMPdNT. Of the 31 ltama appearing on the achedule. It la moat likely that not more than IS ay lead to legitimate In thla plant ea now operated. Three of theee ltom* refer respectively to Item 23, bUstars and abrasions", Ita 26, "bursitis or oynovltia* and Item 28, 'hernia Theee ltema of course ay appear in any factory end are to no wile characteris tic of paint manufacture. Thla leava eleven ltama for which exposure ay be provided In the paint Industry as a natural oonsequencs of oontaot with aterlala manipulated. These eleven ltaa orat 2) lead poisoning, 3} sine poisoning, 6) arsenle-pelaenlng) 8) teasel patoujilhd, V) eafBda'ttlBlflda Tin 1 mi 111T qg| K1 i1ii|ii |ie I an i1 iib 1~1 finalliliiili |n 1.......1 ngj Til iiliiias MlwmMrTil.MMMiimffl. PSi I > ' h I W7~ST'*-~~ Hill. "" Without any proof, except tat growing out of pest expsrlenoea, these eleven characteristic Items are arranged in order of anticipated frequency of cases. 1. Dermatitis. 2. Lead Poisoning. 3. Dope Poisoning. 4. Petroleum Poisoning. 5. Benaol Poisoning. 6. formaldehyde poiwonl^g (from synthetic resins) 7. chromium Poisoning. 6. Carbon tonoxide Poisoning. 9. Zinc Poisoning. 10. Carbon bisulphide Poisoning. 11. Arsenic Poisoning. It is to be understood that this list is prophetic and at best is without great significance. In the absence of some unusual outbreak, such as of skin disease, it is anticipated that of the diseases appearing on the schedule as now provided, this Conpany will have not more than ten genuine esses of occupational diseases per year. Probably this statement should be qualified for the first year after this law goes into effect, when, in all likelihood there will be considerable agitation connected with long existing eases, which no less are entitled to compensation if additional exposure is provided after the effective data of this law* C. .Tl'T)ICj L rfOBS. Another section of this report is extensively devoted to a general discussion of medical work in this plant. The follow ing items with particular reference to medical procedure connected with the new occupational dleease lew should be regarded as supplemental. 1) The occupational disease lav provides for the apportionment of responsibility in case the employer believes that an occupational disease originated in part or pn toto in previous employments, for this reason, whenever applicants are being considered for employment, careful work histories covering previous employments should be obtained. These histories should provide not only the names of previous employers and their addresses, but also the precise work performed. This procedure may not be vary laportant Immediately after the law goes into effect, but la the course of a few years, such records will lead to substantial savings in some Instances. 2) At the time of making a physical examina tion and the taking of medical histories, every applicant should be questioned as to his having suffered previously from occupational diseases of any nature. Both negative end positive statements in this respect should be signed by the applicant. A provision of the law la such that if a worker wilfully mis-states his past experience with occupational dlsaasss, ha Is mentitled to the full proTlsions of ths occupational dlseaso act. 3) It tbs time of making physical examlnatlons and the taking of aa&lcal histories, mors cars than heretofore should bs exercised in preventing the employment of workers extensively exposed to dust such as silica or lead or to any other substance that say provide a background of latent disease of occupational origin, for example, it would be most unwise to employ an applicant with tan years' exposure as a sand quarryer, sandblaster, pottery worker, miner, etc, 4) If there be in the plant one or more workers who are known to harbor an occupational dleease such as silicosis, lead poisoning, etc., such workers should bs made the recipient of careful re-examination shortly after the law becomes effective,, if there be any likelihood that at any future time such workers may become a claimant for a condition that existed before the application of the law. The law makes provision that such cases, at least of dusty lung disease, may be completely disposed of in equitable fashion at a lower rate.immediately after the effective date of the law than will be true after the law has existed for a few years, at which time it is unknown that this statement applies to all occupational diseases or solely to dusty-lung diseases, it any rata, tha theory of the law is such as not to tax ths employer beyond a limited amount for those casee foremostly produced prior to this law, * 5) One of tha most troublesome features of this law with reepeet to dlagnoals will be in oonneetlon with akin diseasee. In any event, not more than half of tha skin diseases that arise among the workers of this plant will be of occupational origin. Of this one-half, not more than 1/5 apparently will be covered by the present language of the lav as act forth in Item 27, Is noted elsewhere in this report, the pro visions made for occupational dermatitis are somewhat unsatisfactory from tha point of view of the worker. 'In particular, tha language of the law is euch as not to affset tha majority of operations engaged in in thla plant. 6) Slsewhere la this raport mention Is mala of tba rarloua places at which exposures are provided la the operations of this plant to tha various substances specified la the list above as potentlal sources of occupational dlasaaea. In most lastanoes, adequate Informa tion Is furnished as to diagnostic procedure* notwithstanding all of the foregoing discussion. It Is pointed out that the Governor of this State has called an extra session of the legislature for August 1st and thereafter and that one of the Items for consideration Is the revision of the Occupational Disease law. This may mean that the entire law here discussed will be extensively modified* STATE OF MICHIGAN 59TH LEGISLATURE REGULAR SESSION OF 1937 Beetle Bill Ns. IN Introduced by Seniten Hlttle >nd Burke SENATE ENROLLED ACT No. 28 (Ordered to be known u the "Hlttle-Bjirke-Rowell-Smith-Uartin Act") AH ACT to amend the title ot act number ten of the public acte of the firot extra aeaaion of nineteen hundred twelve, entitled "An act to promote the welfare of the people of thie atate, relating to the liability of employeTM for injuries or death auatained by their employes, providing compenaation for the accidental injury to or death of employee and methods for the payment of the tame, establishing an industrial accident board, defining its powers, providing for a review of its awards, making an appropriation to cany ont the provisions ot this act, and restricting the right to compensation or damages in such cases to such as are provided by this act," at amended, being sections eight thousand four hundred seven to eight thousand tour hundred eighty-five, inclusive, of the compiled laws of nineteen hundred twenty-nine, and to add thereto a new part to stand as part seven, and to consist of sections one to thirteen inclusive. The People of the State of Michigan enact: Section 1. The title of act number ten of the public acts ot the first extra session of nineteen hundred twelve, entitled "An act to promote the welfare of the people ot this state, relating to the liability of employeTM for injuries or death sustained by their employes, providing compensation for the acci dental injury to or death ot employes and methods tor the payment of the same, establishing an industrial accident board, defining its poVers, provid ing tor a review of its awards, making au appropriation to carry out the provisions ot this act, and restricting the right to compensation or damages In such cases to such as are provided by this act," as amended, being sections tight thousand four hundred seven to eight thousand four hundred eighty- five, inclusive, of the compiled laws of nineteen hundred twenty-nine, is hereby mended, ud s new part is hereby added to said act to stand as part #eren, and to consist of sections one to thirteen inclusive, said amended title and added part and sections to read as follows: TITLE An act to promote the welfare of the people of this state, relating to the liability of employers tor injuries or death sustained by their employes, pro viding compensation for the disability or death resulting; from occupational injuries or disease or accidental injury to or death of employes and methods for the payment, and apportionment of the same, establishing an industrial accident board, defining its powers, providing for a review of its awards, making an appropriation to carry out the provisions of this act, and restrict ing the right to compensation or damages in such cases to such as are pro vided by this act PAST VII Sec. 1. Definition. Whenever used in this act: (a) The word "disability" means the state of being disabled from earning full wages at the work at which the employe was last employed; (b) The word "disablement" means the event of becoming so disabled as defined in sub-paragraph (a); (c) The term "occupational disease" means a disease which is due to causes and conditions which are characteristic of and peculiar to a particular trade, occupation, process or employment Bee. 2. The disablement of an employe resulting from an occupational disease or condition described in the following schedule shall be treated as the happening of a personal injury by accident within the meaning of this act and the procedure and practice provided in this act shall apply to all pro- ceedings under this part, except where specifically otherwise provided herein: Disabilities arising from 1. Anthrax Caused by Handling of wool, hair, bristles, hides 2. Lead poisoning or its sequelae or skins. Any process iuvolving the use of or direct contact with lead or its prep arations or compounds. 0007-SWP-000030745 n 3. Zinc poisoning or its sequelae Any process involving the use of or direct contact with nine or its prep arationa or compounds or alloys. 4. Mercury poisoning or its sequelae Any process involving the use of or direct contact with mercury or its preparations or compounds. 5. Phosphorus poisoning or its se Any process involving the nse of or quelae direct contact with phosphorus or its preparations or compounds. 6. Arsenic poisoning or its sequelae Any process involving the nse of or direct contact with arsenic or its prep arations or compounds. 7. Poisoning b.T wood alcohol Any process involving the nse of wood alcohol or any preparation containing wood alcohol. 8. Poisoning by bento] or nitro-, Any process involving the use of or hydro-, hydroxy-, and amido-de- direct contact with benzol or nitro-, rivatives of bentene (dinitro-ben- hydro-, hydroxy-, or amido-derivatives sol, anilin, and others), or its se of beutene or its preparations or com quelae pounds. 9. Poisoning by carbon bisulphide Any process involving the nse of or or its seqnelae, or any snlphide direct contact with carbon bisulphide or its preparations or compounds, or any snlphide. 19. Poisoning by nitrons fnmes or its Any process in which nitron* fume* sequelae are evolved. 11. Poisoning by nickel carbonyt or Any process in which nickel carbonyl its seqnelae is evolved. 12. Dope poisoning (poisoning by Any process involving the use of or tetrachiormethane or any snb- direct contact with any substance stance need as or in conjunction used as or in conjunction with a sol with a solvent for acetate of cel vent for acetate of cellulose, or nitro lulose or nitro cellulose), or its cellulose. seqnelae 8EA-2S 13. Poisoning by formaldehyde and Any process involving the nse of or It* preparation* direct contact with formaldehyde and its preparations. 14. Chrome nlceration or it* sequelae Any process involving the nse of or or chrome poisoning direct contact with chromic acid or bichromate of ammoninm. potassinm, or sodium or their preparations. 13. Kpitheliomatona cancer or nlcer Handling or nse of tar, pitch, bitu ation of the akin or of the corneal men, mineral oil, or paraffin or any anrface of the eye, dne to tar, compound, product or residue of any pitch, bitnmen, mineral oil or of these substances. paraffin, or any compound, prod- net or reaidne of any of these anbetancea 16. Glanders Care or handling of any eqnlne animal or the carcass of any such, animal. 17. Compressed air illness or its Any process carried on in compressed aeqnelae air. 19. Miners' diseases, including only Any process involving mining. cellnlitis, bursitis, ankylostomia sis, tenosynovitis and nystagmus 19. Cataract in glass-workers Processes in the manufacture of glass involving exposure to the glare of molten glass. 20. Radinm poisoning or disability Any process involving the nse of or One to radio-active properties of direct contact with radinm or radio I anbetancea or to Roentgen rays active substance or the nse of nr di (X-rays) rect exposure to Roentgen rays (X- rays). 1 21. Methyl chloride poisoning Any process involving the nse of or direct contact with methyl chloride I ' or"its preparations or compounds. i 22. Carbon monoxide poisoning Any process involving direct exposure to carbon monoxide in buildings, sheds or enclosed places. 23. Poisoning by sulphuric, hydro Any process involving the use of or chloric or hydrofluoric acid direct contact with sulphuric, hydro- chloric or hydrofluoric acids or their fumes. 24 Respiratory, gastrointestinal or Any process involving the use of or physiological nerve anil eye dis direct contact with petroleum or pe orders due to contact with petro- troleum products and their fumes. lenm products and their fumes 2T>. Disability arising from blisters Any process involving continuous or abrasions friction, rubbing or vibiation cansing blisters or abrasions. 26. Disability arising from bursitis Any process involving continuous rub or synovitis * bing, pressure or vibrations of the parts affected. 27. Dermatitis (venenata) Any process involving the use of or direct contact with acids, alkalies, acids or oil, or with brick, cement, lime, concrete, or mortar capable of causing dermatitis (venenata). 2d. Hernia Clearly recent in origin and resulting from a strain, arising out of and in the course of employment and prompt ly reported to the employer, 29. Stone worker'a or grinder's Quarrying, cutting, crushing, grind phthisis ing or polishing of stone, or grinding or polishing of metal. 30. Silicosis Mining. 31. Pneumoconiosis Quarrying, cutting, crushing, grind ing or polishing of metal. Sec. S'. If an employe is disabled or dies and his disability or death is caused by one of the diseases mentioned in the schedule contained in section two of this part and the disease is due to the nature of the employment in which such employe was engaged and was contracted therein, he or bis de pendents shall be entitled to compensation for his death or for his disable ment, and he shall be entitled to be furnished with medical and hospital services. all as provided in part two of thii act, except a* hereinafter stated in thii part: Provided, however, That if it shall he determined that each employe ia able to earn wage* at nnotlier occupation which shall be neither nnhealthtnl nor injurious and such wages do not equal his full wages prior to the date of his disablement, the compensation payable shall be a percentage of full compensation proportionate to the reduction in his earning capacity. Sec. 1. Compensation shall not be payable for partial disability due to silicosis or other dust disease. In tiie event of temporary or permanent total disability or death from silicosis or other dust disease, notwithstanding any other provisions of this act, compensation shall be payable under this part to employes in the employments enumerated in section three of this part, or to their dependents in the following manner and amounts: If disablement or death occurs during the first calendar month in which this act becomes effective not exceeding the sum of Are hundred dollars; if disablement or death occurs during the second calendar month after which this act becomes effective not exceeding the sum of Are hundred and Afty dollars; thereafter the total compensation and beneAts payable for disability and death shall increase at the rate of Afty dollars each calendar month. The aggregate amount payable shall be determined by the total tuuouut payable in the month in which disablement or death occurs. Iu no event shall such com pensation exceed an aggregate total of three thousand dollars. Bee. 5. Neither the employe nor his dependents shall be entitled to com pensation for disability or death resulting from such occupational disease, unless such occupational disease is due to the nature of his employment and was contracted therein, or in a continuous employment similar to the one in which he was engaged at the time of his disablement, within twelve months previous to the date of disablement, whether under one or more employers. The time limit for contraction of the occupational disease prescribed by this section shall not bar compensation in the case of an employe who contracted such occupational disease in the same employment with the same employer by whom he was employed at the time,of his disablement and who had con tinued in the same employment with tbe same employer from the time of contracting such occupational disease up to the time of his disablement thereby. Bee. 6. In case the employe is alleged to be suffering from an occupational T ] and there thall be a dispute with respect thereto, the said board, or ur member thereof, shall appoint a commission of three qualified impartial physicians to examine the injured employe and to report. The report, when signed by at least two of the members of said commission, shall be final and conclusive as to the condition of said employe with respect to the alleged disease or diseases. Members of the commission shall receive each compen sation for their services as shall be fixed by the board, to be paid from the appropriation to the department of labor and industry. Sec. T. For the purposes of this pavt the date of disablement shall be rich date as the board may determine on the heai-tug of the claim. Sec. 8. Uo compensation ahall be payable for an occupational diaeaae It the employe, at the time of entering into the employment of the employer by whom the compensation wonld otherwise be payable, or thereafter, wilfully and falsely represents in writing that he has not previously suffered from the disease which is the cause of the disability or death. Where an occupa tional diaeaae it aggravated by any other disease or infirmity, not itself com pensable, or where disability or death from any other cause, not itself com pensable, ia aggravated, prolonged, accelerated, or in any wise contributed to by an occupational disease, the compensation payable shall be such propor tion only of the compensation that would be payable If the occupational diaeaae were the sole cause of the disability or death as such occupational diaeaae, as a causative factor, bearing to all the causes of such disability or death, such reduction in compensation to be effected by reducing the number of weekly payments or the amounts of such payments, as under the circum stances of the particular case may be for the beet interests of the claimant or claimants. See. 9. The total compensation due shall be recoverable from the employer who last employed the employe in the employment to the nature of which the disease was due and in which It was contracted. If, however, inch disease was contracted while anch employe was in the employment of a prior em ployer, the employer who is made liable for the total compensation as pro vided by this lection may apiieal to said board fov an apportionment of inch . compensation among the several employers who since the contraction of inch diaeaae ahall have employed anch employe In the employment to the nature of which the disease was due. Such apportionment shall be propor- tioned to the time each employe wee employed in the service of each employ ers, end ehell be determined only after e hearing, notice of the time end piece of which shell have been given to every employer alleged to be liable for any portion of such compensation. If the board finds that any portiou of such compensation is payable by an employer prior to the employer who is made liable tor the total compensation as provided by this section, he shall make an award accordingly in favor of the last employer, and snch award may be enforced in the same manner aa an award for compensation. Sec. 10. The employer to whom notice of death or disability is to be given, or against whom claim is to be made .by the employe, shall be the employer who last employed tfce employe during the said twenty-four months in the employment to the nature of which the disease was due and such notice and claim shall be deemed seasonable as against prior employers. The require ments aa to notice aa to occupational disease and death resulting therefrom and the requirements as to the bringing of proceedings for compensation for disability or death resulting from such occupational disease shall be the same as required in section fifteen of part two of this act, except that the notice shall be given to the employer within one hundred twenty days after the disablement. Sec. 11. The employe, or his dependents, it su requested, shall furnish the last employer or the board with such information as to the names and addresses of all his other employers during the said twenty-four months, as he or they may possess; and if such information is not furnished, or is not sufficient to enable such last employer to take proceedings against a prior employer under section ten of this part, unless it be established that the occupational disease actually waa contracted while the employe was in his employment snch last employer shall not be liable to pay compensation, or. if such information it not furnished or is not sufficient to enable such last employer to take proceedings against other employers under section ten of this part, such last employer shall be liable only for such part of the total compensation as under the particular circumstances the director may deem just; but a false statement in the information furnished as aforesaid shall not impair the employe's right unless the last employer is prejudiced thereby. Sec. 12. Nothing in this act shall afreet the rights of an employe, or his dependents, to recover compensation in respect to a disease to which this T act don not apply, If the diaeane, apart from th! act, i* one for which compenaation i< payable nnder the other proviaions of this act. Sec. 18. Thii act (hall not apply to caw* of occupation*! diaeaae in which the l*t injuriooa eipoenre to the harard* of *nch diaea** occurred prior to the effective date of thii act. Thii act thall not apply to any employer or employe in agricultural induitry pr in the nnnery or orchard bnainea*. or to any labor Incidental to farming, including repain on building* and other property in connection therewith. Approved. Seeretuy of the Boat*. Clerk of tie Bona* of Bepraaeatativi*. Governor. f | I| Rif MATERIALS AND POTENTIAL HAZARDS The paint industry ordinarily makes ua of a greater number and a greater variety of rev material* than almost any other. Moreover, the number of dangeroue substances that are handled In the paint induetry da.higher on a percentage baala of the total number than la true for alaoat all other equally large Industrie*. The Acme White Lead Company, beeauae of the nature of it* manufacturing operations and sale* activities provide* a list of raw materials of various types exceeding that-found in any other paint establishment investigated by these workers* By no means, does the presence of a dangerous substance in a factory establishment mean that'inevitably injurious effects vlU be produced. Similarly, it doe* not follow that the large number of raw material* coming into this plant means that the nature or number of exposures is necessarily high. Whenever any dangerous substance is present in a work place, its very presence constitutes a potential threat to workers in that vicinity. However, of the total number of potential exposures, the percentage of practleal.ones may be comparatively very low. Such is the ease in this plant. These remarks preface a long listing of raw materials finding their way into this plant together with the approximate consumption for a reoent twelve months' period. These investigators have noted those substances that are known to have caused damage to workers either in other paint establishments or in other industries making use of the same or very similar materials. Necessarily the concent associated with any one item is-very limited, for example, scores'of pages ml git be written describing'the, ill effects of benzol. Insteed, it is neeeeeary to limit aueh comment to s few lines. In a few instances, it has proved Impossible to obtain any information relatlvs to the toxic properties of ome egenta. These aubstancea are catalogued as possessing unknown proper* ties es to toxlelty. Those substances possessing wall known dangerous properties art starred In order to attract additional attention to the faot that they should be manipulated with respeet. N16643.02 . No attempt baa beta made la tbla elaborata Hating to include finished products la all instances. Inevitably sons intermediate stages appear as raw naterlals; also certain finished pro ducts are re-used in the manufacture of other products. Notwithstanding, this omission of concent on finished products, it may well be recognized that scoa possess degree of dangerous properties. Tor exanple, paint and Tarnish removers, as used by the consumer, are substantially as dangerous as the raw materials entering their manufacture. X listing of raw materials, with various items of concent now follow^ on crosswise pages* ^. -- SA-gCUt 0007-SWP-000030754 Hand Scraping of Post Agitator Tank* After Burning. Definite Lead Exposure in the Absence of Protection. Filter Type of Reeplrator Adequate. Respirator* Should be Veil Fitted and Veil Serviced. Acne Tbits Lead and Dolor Tories Hamtraaelc (Detroit) Michigan I ii ol tt ' H O ^ "5o5fl5S e <o * pft Hw XMW M _ 4? N s s 9?e M oo MfiS4 O H 5M Og* &Ht V 3a m tacx9 MN< 0o : h 4* m s g 2m m a ** s a K mH S3 0 5.5 - 0 gg| -8 X X 0* 0. , 0 8 Si4X4 k 8 m H KK 0M f KSS 0t M S 5 to M 0 * ** g M 9g0o OM X 4* M SS& 2Ufi <9 MH M 4M* m * * u M M O M 0X ) mv <a0 O M rt ........... so M 8 Sl*%s SS*m x S jS-M M fc$ O > 8 m V^l 00. 8 8 No o <-4 4* h V. X M V 0W 0 8 U 44 4* SJ 4* 31 s?gO4 a . ` 0M 0 90 0. U h 0. 5 M h & Vi H e U Ct 0 m g S g? K*4o3 5mM34o3j o B X 0 3 O 0 UM s M M M ^ 90 a <9 tt M V o O0 to M 4* 09 9X ^ 0 X 4* 0 xM 4* 0 XV 9 Ov 5 X9 4* 0 4* 8 ft X 0 499 MOM 0 4* g MO S*N 5 4* M 0 5 s e 4 *0. 9 Vew :* 25 e 49 0 5 4* _, M A 9 M MK MtaO4Mu* mOi 12 r s SSfl i. t 85S 9 _ MMO s s ftS ft m m mm M X &0 0 4* O 8.5 M Pi 4* 0 0 4* 5 &8S is! ft 01 M VI 0 0C M 0 X 4* M 0 K 0M MOM V 4O0* V 0M 0toV 3 S : 8**4 0 9 M 4* 0 N XM OM v0 M 9 X Mm V m w O V o MM. O.M M 61 Ml X O M MI M M 0 XX0--3 0 mm 4 0 H MM A MOM X M K. Xa SO M M X MM 0 M 0 XM M 0 O O B Vi M OS ! X0g %4 .S XX ss M M M 03 0 9 0 I!. 03 |l KX oS 0M mM --In I SW *0 0) 8n g A O brr 51 g 28 n. 4xE s M O tp *M M xm oeo* 8 8 .11 * w sI ts 2s"8 I3 512 Xx . MM M X M AM NO oBXO B8 MMi C9O {A  SA *4 h H ai oI aa UI H4 bO 43I Se B5* * *4 *4 *as$ fl o S5 B *85 4* 8 wIa*f*s9flfJB i^*da0 a s.B .5. S5a.|5g5 S-ti3H tss s s!wS312 Its a 3 9 43 ^K4 f0l HW 4afl <0 <0 o & b p ,, *< s a* r e* i*h0 5* .l0*aoJ< Snf2 85 a*ft3S .* H?l| *1SaH . I sslfcjss0 . et HM C 0 fl * .ft. fl 0 0 40 X .S2.S4 9fS^Si c s ? H5 X H fit 0 *4 e V a -i 0 OH &o 0 0 e 0 0 o a ifl ja1^ a4u* & a o H &o$3& ?S!hau d3* o \I' AWO '0 w*<4K4H.* 455I0**-.43U* . 0 iiss*; S<8 * J o oo t8+tss&s .84 -0544 V!* i ii!i:?s I i *4 4* in 3 i# #H 4 a * ft . a fc *p -*a SS & < t< t a * 4* issa g x it .&g sl$5 rzw s^.lss^s-^sa^*awI- JO W* 40 0 0 & Sisilll a 4* C <5 8 0 2 a ^<44 f5il 0 *04fl asa &. lass- as J3 0 4 S S4 CihSaSa * a 3 3 J hS-'**a**O_d4 *Ja.as"f4l *ao _0 # 0^ O0 *0 a0 0_ 0 *4 h ^|8 .ss-jE4* *833 %1 S 2%B s *2 a* P ** 64iSGi aS5 5Sf *3: %i~** J Ml HH*A^f0i l:si S DJ 0 iJg as* Is 3w o 5 I I 3 as8 00 430 v 1 3 t 0. 3 a T \ !A 1I> * 0 .fOa I <*40 44 0K 80 5fcfi 2 O *4 O w400** 09 hfa 0 ma I 5.HK 4* 5 S*5 H ^ 001 33 3-*.23 &Z -.0 8 o ** -4a* 0 S jd 4 "o 0 p6 4 & 0 0 0 0 si Ast; h 0 a* to *4 0 855 O ** 0 0 H 4* <0 0 P Hh o 0 3 0 .3 8 SS54* fa 0 fa 5 * bo 35 3*ia h 9 Ah I 0 4* a 0 o 44 fOi, A0 a 0 00 11.1 i&s*s&s8 ^l5 M 54 r* 000 o0a 0 2 0 *H *4 O :i o 4m o0 ufa P H _ O *H 000 A ^fa 4* P 4 *4 O 0fa4 030 _0 f00a4 0 O0 Ab0 H-04 0 fa 8 0 0& H O0 PH 4* H 0 fa 9 e Bfa _0 ;0fl4 0 4* O 0 0 H 4* S as 84* 0 4* 0 43 0 a 0*.f0c*0Is * 0 3go fa 0 I;s s0 O asK 0 0 43 PH 0 A0 SSS * H JO o0 S d 20 0 0H 404 0H 00 fa H *fa4 00O H0 0V H P0 012 a 2 t0 0 0 4* *4 *0 0 1 a 8 s:0 5 Se K H 0 IS 5 5 i R24* 0 tE'iS0 p? 0 *4 0 4 4* 0 H 4* 0 fa 0 4 fa JJ3 .s ^0*4 *4 000 . fa*9 H0 3 fa-M C0k H9 00 w 3* JS s? i850 |fao*4 s| 2 0 0 0 fa P neon *a4 fa ^ NO* SB0 0 & 0 i'a 0 0O 000 S15 ft ii! rsss 1 0 0 0u 0 a a 4* fa 0 0 1 *^5 i 0 0 4* O 0 fa * o S3* I fa 0 fa fa s HH 3 0 S 0 5O & e 8* 0 0 Ctf fi &S Ms 8-"S' s A HA --* H h 85 S TS 4 H 0 0H 4* 0 01 ill <0 0 H fa O 0 ;5 H 6)0 s I 2 S 01 0 Cod* # Nam* 'i Taotory COnauaptlon Goupoaltlon Torlo Piopsrtlea 377 P laatar o f P a ri* 3,984 934 oalolun sulphat* X a s a n tla lly harmleaa Section of Chemical Laboratory. Juat ea Continuous Attention la Paid to the l'ecbnleal Aapeeta of Paint Products, so Highly Skilled. Consideration Should be Extended Possible Dangerous Exposures Throughout the Plant. acme vfhite Lead and Color rforka Hemtramck (Detroit) lilenigan 0007-SWP-000030763 T 9! !,, I s 5 4. S .a o a ! 3 I * r4 Mama ft "3*A4 &4I3QMs4^j 9 jaH h 1st:82^C k u0e4 O Oa *4U4 %*o44 91-4 *4 ft O 3 $ 3 S 3 r4 CO 4 *H 04* h9 ft4* s S 0QOO4* II 3355 2 5 noo 5.1 g oou 2o. 5mo &^K OOU O S.&flo83S *s| 4* O 4 fl wi *4* 0X300 4f*l 4* aeC0 o 4* c A# 3 * sH 4h*O*; H 4* fl 4 *4 fl HH O <*4443 4K^> v4 s &40ca40 o<^h o0ao 4H ilh0t01 O0f0l. 40f4*l fl 4O* f0t *K rs' aofol m*4 *H 8 |8 fi S i e 3 as 0 !l:o esjs .351 s :s. 3 1 3 *S S ;P fris8 O O0*0i0O4 5350 H8H 8f-H4 - oOo *o4 r- a XI 4 d Code# Nans Faotory Coapoeltion T o il a Properties 122S 1/2 3eo. R .3. Cotton 08,883 100)k 1 /2 3eo. n itra te d co tto n * As such* n itro c e llu lo s e Is n burned, may g ive rla e to h ig oxides o f nitrogen gases. A subatanoe may be w etted w ith natured w ith methanol and a t T iL u o 0o0ep-mHoitahto, *4 a^ xii 4< -0vH h e 44 00e Hoa *h0a H" 0 >*^ *4 ^ _ 0 S3 & 0 0 w04 0 a i a S5olio'i <0 ^ 4* 0 0O ABK, 0gVh V8A #V, * fAVt BiV, "BHM6 a4 * *4 o -& 11- i2 0 0 ' S3 0 u AV 00 p AW WAh WA0 m^+J 4Bg*i 0 m9 0 & o> 0~4O000V>3 o a i> a^ h pa 0 W0d0K ,2 M u 0 ;j5 \BC <_ u 0 -h H o a -40 .f0-i S <3 *4 o 44 <0a 83 0 --o *a0B9fie0<v*h 0hH0 Vi O 04 *4 s I0 O 0* N 0 o S eS grg#h 8S MH O 0 . w -*dhTl?h2Pt> O J # V 4 fSl 0094* $4 fl E0 0Ort A4M* o n 5o K0 f0l ^4 SE3 b44 0w Aw a* ^^ 0 O *3 o 0 I Ke -51 8 1 0 .8 I4 H $ M 0 4* sic s o o h 4* a 32 4 4 4* 4* ii : e -h 4* fl400 H H 3 o 0 4a 0u'Hm (Bie 0 & M0 1 s s fi 0 n & O 03 CO ^0O,O4*o 0c Wh h 0 4* 40* 00 *3 $3H 1814 Petrolatum Paste 1,844 Steoollne amber petrolatum paste. Possible source o t low-grade Code# X817 Name Surfez * Faotory Oonaunptlon 7100 C o n ^a itlo n Treated calclua oerbonate. , . n Toxlo Properties Calcium carbonate e s s e n tia See Item OS. * Ck l % s p. & 9 .9 o I Is<0 HO- 0 <0 a 4* a&X W S $ Jxx- _ gC *N4 H H<0 3 8 a4 4* %4 8 tc w3a o4a4 0 4* 3 *4H> OC H X 49 S U Is a h *8 4* 8** s? 44 t8 s s *3o p. ess& -.3u Co& A* 4aw*4 323 99 H *> * | a0 o 4* OH *4 a e 4* O9 *4a4* J4S H. * 'S'S 9 4* | 385 B H .O K 4* O k 4o* S O a. o B 9*3^ ^9 '3 9 B 8 fe 2 h 4 e w si s M 4* 03 H WOO S2 . I** S09 4_O*Q4444H4O09 OWf9*pci H ft* 8 v04 | Ao"4 10877 Lafca Turkey Red (lig h t) 8,418 (z) 20$ organic dye 00$ blanc flz e Thle dye may oonteln fre e a n llln which Is to z lo end possibly a skin I r r it a n t * As here used, not known to he im portant. T I att tsc a fi & a0 oPi <0 8 0oa04b a 0 0 .1 Vi e a 1 o I 0*03 8 o * 0b O 0* I ?! a ao O -H * fi I- 0 I <S II ll IIfi otS w W Si fWr 8S 4* 4 8 4* 9* I. 8 O B. 4* a S 4I0S* m B * II 40 40* *0 Sis m <00 0V hh2 a fl :: &b 8 f i5 | I* Ie f 9* I *sss $ Hs M M JJ 9 i CMD ID CD 8 . J 8 M JC M 8* Sn 8 ** ^ H OH !! ii| li f00i0f0i*_O as* 8 fS S h a, sail 3k a T O fl h 9 53 + a sB_ BB-a^ ^s 44* BB fa B fa H 7 fl N 52 e <fhl ?*a a ofl ^fl *:. B B 2 0. 3 5 8" a 33 J3*.* g2SSJ 3 B 4* * a s 4* fHl 4 'A B U B a p.4* x Sk SJ? 3 13 u 0 3 B o. B B 4* fa iH b a B B V o a H 4* 4 B fl O O fa 4 0 * *4 4* o fl B fl fl 1-4 4 A fa fl I B fl o B 2A 2 8 e oa o O M B fal iH B B B *0 B B B P a BS pi fl *0 B O fl o *fl B 5 B H B 4 O 5 55* & fl <H fl 4* 4* fa fl *4 4 H m| k 5 8 II B B a B B 4* B <2S 55 S 3 a * B Cft M fl fl o 4 a fl B 4 O B 2fa *4 oo BBB O i O fa fl *4 8 -8 B B B H a 3 fl fl *4 <M a aB a B fa* Z* fl B c fa <H O 4* . 3 omuSmi 3*8 53 * BO. B" &o c &S s :fls4<*H 353 8 111 fa fa 4* O O 32 33 II a J :i i *H 4* H 21 5a 51 i c4* 4 fBl fBa fa fa fe " 5 oa 9 4 0 fe e S3 o o h s. 4 4* 53 3 ffS *0 H6 l1 1 8,5 $ .00fa1- g s 1Q i s 8 5 *3 3i1 iI 55 (N 72 o if 55 BO 09 is s Pi I I & * *,, I 6 0) F Bfa OB ! I Sifa -- ^ B A 1 * 3 n i 55 fa O 4 a o IP s sM IQ n K Mm & m M K$3 0 J3 S t <0 s 8 8 I 8 XI tct & 3 1 a S OM Ht s ,0 05 g5 AS 3ee general dlscusaion under Item 1576, d rrs, ao *si0s. a sMa** 0 403 4a04 h4K4 9a 4do4 A 4* &|5 * t 0 0 4* J4aa44 0ft r*-4 a 4* 4* s u oa u s *a 4<^343 3M o *4 3| 4 4* OO C 43 JB 0 0 5 S SS 4* 0 a0- SJS VOWt 0 4> 00 0 0uO. ft* 0 4* 0K a0 2.- 0 4* 4aft 43 0 84 d* 4o* 52 0 w * *0* Afc JV 4a4 2J0_5 M 40* aa*.4os* *a4. 4a* 00 0 A 0 A 4ft fl a 4* 04 0 . O' 4ft 4* 0 5 2 0 5 aa 5 ss-sa^ a 4* 8 <3 ii t .3 iiM 0 4e0* a40o* lhN0UoO ^So ?0 s 8 a 5 fl 4* 0 A 00 0) o .40003 a 44 f ao %%H 2 43 n K Is t 1*1 SH 104 a0 r4 e I S a: 8 8 3| .S5So S s44 *s 3I 8H <s SMI S$ oo 44 a A O 0 4* 0 CO A o* 4 a i* <8 "* S 3 a a4* M fl 4 4* <h a ft OC 4f4l 4a4 0 *4o4 :a 0 44 !h g < &i Q 44 0 0 o 0 <4 B0 4* O < 8ft 2 H 0 0 1 0 # mineral s p irits . L iq u id Petroleum Naphtha 327,874 g a l. (benziae) Y H0 4 0O N** sss "00 fHl & s ao d 53 a'Ao c a 8 fl . % I 1-3 WJ5 c *0 Sfl r?0 l&S e g < ja u- ft <h a aa I *4 u0 u 0 .0a -.4fl (fl (4 4004 4* fl O 59 h fl fl 0 44 f6l0 foIlf 5} to -5 3 :i-o * tO - s509 e M to 5&t; sss f&l u. t09 oi K 0 M 6 *h00 4* M H *4 # a 4 O Ha0 o ^ 0 a 30 # f"0l *4 0 4* 0*0*0O 0S$ *s H O -4* flow -f4 Ofl fl 0 40* 5a9 0* f0l 9 44 0 4* 0 H a fl O0 o K4* 0 ^ 0 0 4-4 M 0 fl 4 4 0 4 0 fl 008 a" M *4 m O iss 0 64 0 fl 4* fl 4* * 0O 00 90 fOl H 0 0 S *1& 3 * S h'h 3 (OH *j 4 0 0 0O 8O 5f9l Ot U 0 ,4.^0 f0l-f0l 90 ES. 0 fl 4* 4.1H 23 . 44 0 0 <4 fl 4* 60 0 O Itf4 o o fl9 44 4 4 fl 4 44 0 *4 4* fl 44 0 0 60 0 UO0 4O0 400* i< ' *4 *4 44 5: |I.-3 s. 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S5^04.|81 ft g 2P a <S >4 0 S'fiooisoPfel fct e< 44 h4* U<fl< -40_an4@9df0000t fBt0f0i .00 4004^oft2fso<c-i ft fl 8 < 0 S`C<0* -S fEUoc> So . eo. s $ x9> fit 4* pr 44 fKt co JS 4* JO I & 4* 44 (04 4f4t 0O |4 49 0 ft 09 ft 0 _ O' 44 f0t %O4 f8t 4O* f0t ft 'I Specimen Tormlaa for Coating Coapounda. Thi*wjg,ax Bases. Etc., together with a Discussion of tbV*To> lclty Resulting from Complex Mixtures. Foremostly, the preceding discussion deals vith lndiTldual chemical substances-and fairly simple mixtures; Thus, content has been made upon such basic substances as benzol, toluol, ethanol, butanol, silica, naphtha, manganese, chromium, lead, cadmium, etc. In paint work, it is inevitable that mueh activity will canter about the use of mixtures of various types of solvents, thlnners, bases, etc. On this account, there is now presented a series of formulae showing the composi tion of a variety of oompounds utilized In the making of still more cooler products, After the listing of these formulae, brief discussion Is pro vided concerning the toxicity of these confounds. Representative formulae 1. lacquer Base #223 Deep Para Red 23# 10109 Para Toner, Deep 12# (113) Saw Castor Oil 28# (1820) Dibutyl Phthalate 24# (1851) Zster Oum Solution 13# (1519) Damar Oum Solution Of these five Ingredients, three still represent oo^ounded articles, namely (10109), (1851) and (1519). Thus (10109) Para Toner, Deep is made up of an organic color and calcium carbonate. The Xster Cum Solution consists of 650# of ester gum and 350)1 of (584) xylol'and further Damar Oa Solution consists of 474# of 1239, Damar Oum, plus 185# of (584) xylol plus 341# of (330), which Is 95)1 ethyl alcohol. Thus it oomes about that under the soaswhat Innocuous term "Deep Para Red" there lurks the possibility that In the successive stages of manufacture there conceivably might be brought about distinct exposure to two subataneea definitely known to be toxio, namely toluol and xylol. 2. Thinner 04516 (1628) 110 gala. (149) Benzol 50 gals. (2611) Isopropyl Acetate 10 gals. (1167) Butyl Alcohol 30 gals. (1170) Butyl Acetate. % Under this term "thinner", use Is made of four solvent materials, all of which are known toxic agents and two of which are distinctly dangerous. However, It Is noted that the very formula carries reference to "caution* as required la connection with the use of benzol. Since this formula may not be taken as representative, the formula for a second and more widely used thinner is here shown In the following item: (1516) *V Oride Thinner Aeme Use 3. 807.3 lbs (1170) Butyl Acetate 49 (2611) laopropyl Acetate 81.5 * (1686) Special Naphtha Brioi-ii109 " (584) Xylol 241 " (241) Toluol 27 (1167) Butyl Alcohol Again It appears that in the more or less standard thinnera, liquid substance* capable of fairly-ready evaporation widely are used. This consent stands distinctly in relation to the complaints being made by these Investigators about the undesirable work conditions In the Lacquer Department. 4. (1696) 1/2 Sec. Base Lacquer (Cotton Solution) 415 lbs. 1226 1/2 sec. Nitrocellulose 106 ft (2611) Isopropyl Acetate 166 * (1170) Butyl Acetate 28 it (1167) Butyl Alcohol 15 tt (330) . Grain Alcohol 225 ft (241) Toluol 45 w (584) Xylol. Again the concent may be made that such a cotton solution po tentially Involves exposure to dangerous solvent material. 5. (2619) T-245 (him Solution V-8632 374 lbs.T-245 Rezyl Gum . 93.5 * (1170) Butyl Acetate 93.5 * (2611) laopropyl Acetate 280 * (241) Toluol 6. Lacquer Tint 507, Canary Tollow 142 lbs. L.B. 20? 14 lbs. (1651) Ester Gum Solution 59 lbs. (1519) Damar Cum Solution 613 lbs. (1807) Cotton Solution 52 lbs. (1616) Solvent Base B Of the foregoing five Ingredients, themselves representing com plex compounds, all require still further analysis In order to reach the individual constituents. In this case, further analysis is not here listed to save space, but the point remains obvious, that In all Instances wide spread use la being made of substances, the toxicity of which Is well es tablished. . 7. Synthetic Base 507, Deep Green .5 lb. 547 St tt 11024 ft 11025 6 ft 1195 9.5 ft 1538 47.5 ft (2142) Aluminum Stearate ' liilorl Green Chrome Green (light) Bone Black Zinc Sulphide Synthetic Oil Ittxed Tarnish (2142) is (1257) high flash naphtha and (3085) para thinner. certain of these Ingredients may further be broken down* In turn, Here again, under terminology that discloses no hint as to possible dangerous material, we are dealing with lead compounds, chromium compounds, high flash naphtha and other substances of potentially harmful properties. T The objective ia Bind la presenting this discussion of the Bakeup of compounds is to point out that with practically every ramification of paint, varnish, Issuer and other ooatlng manufacture, theoretical oppor tunities for exposure almost regularly exist. It is not argued that actual and practical exposures prevail, hut Instead It Is maintained that these toxic compounds, being so widely spread, might, on occasion, give rise to eases of occupational diseases at almost any point In the plant. The Toxicity of i&xturea of Harmful Substances In the world of Industrial toxicology, much ia known about the dangerous properties of a great variety of Individual substances, Including liquids, solids, dusts, vapors, gases, mists, etc. Ways and means have been devised for measuring ths concentration of these various agents under divers circumstances. Then, however, these substances are found as mixtures In the atmosphere and particularly as mixed gases or mixed vapors, an enormous lack of Information exists. It Is well nigh Impossible, with any of the equipment and pro cedures now available, readily to measure on a percentage basis the presence of such vapors as those from benzol, toluol, ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol. Isopropyl acetate, glycol, when these substances, or any similar grouping, co-exlst. fflth reasonable certainty, the extent that various constituents of a vaporous mixture may be estimated from a knowledge of the respective chemical and physical properties. Ebwevar, in complex mixtures, this accuracy may still provide far a thirty or fifty per cent error. Equal difficulty Is enoountared la delineating the effects of Indi vidual members of a group of mixed vapors or gases. To soma extent, the action of one particular constituent may mask the manifestations of harmful action of aome other constituent. In Industrial hygiene work, this situation gives rise to a well recognized but little known field of mixed intoxication. Such a situation exists In the Lacquer Department of this Plant. Here It is known that a very high concentration of mixed vapors Is widely present, but It Is net known that this vapor concentration Is T paramountly nede up of any on* vaporous material present, sucb ee toluol, xylol, butanol, etbanol, naphtha, acetates, or others. By oomon consent, under such circumstances, much significance is attached to the most toxic body present in a mixture and to assume that at least a portion of the Tapora present arias from this outstanding agent. In the ease -of the Lacquer Department, such significance. Is to be attached to toluol and to butanol. Because of the inability precisely to measure quantitatively the presence of harmful vapors in mixtures of vapors, it becomes necessary to stress the inportance of providing preventive appliances and practices such as will largely eliminate the entire lot of disturbing vapors or gases. V niDimurion srarar la order to present a better understanding of the results of this surrey, seme of the faetoz entering into the recommendations, Appearing later in .this report, are first briefly considered. These factors relate to the store ooaaon defects of industrial illumination, such as (1) intensity; (2) quality (color or spectral .composition); (3) distribution; (4) steadiness; (5) diffusion; and (6) direction. One of the most important factors of industrial illumination is the Intensity of light, ^he time required for a worker to see an object is dependent upon the quantity of light on that object. For example, it requires twice as long to see at- 3 foot candles as at 30 foot candles, where the industrial worker has defective vision, the time element Increases and since a large percentage of industrial workers have defective vision, illumination Intensities become an important factor. The quality of light as mentioned above refers to the color or spectrol distribution of that light and it is generally agreed that light which approaches diffused daylight is best fras an industrial point of view. In most artificial lighting installations the light employed is too yellow. `his fact becomes of even greater importance where color judgements are to be made. Eegardless of these facts, however, ordinary light is entirely satisfactory if all other factors of illumination have been properly considered. The distribution of light in any workroom is an exceedingly Important factor in industrial illumination. The ideal situation exists when the general workroom Illumination is high with local lighting fer those areas requiring close work. In ease of defective distribution, the worker in. the-well lighted area is unable to see for a period of time when walking into a relatively dark area. This condition of course presents a definite accident hazard and produces ocular fatigue. The unsteadiness of artificial illumination is the source of fatigue due to constant demands upon the eye for readjustment. This T factor is of little Importance in this plant, but in plants where low frequency current is used, it becomes an important factor. Frcm the industrial standpoint, diffused light plays a very important part, since writers in properly diffused light avoid rapid fatigue and dyestrain. Diffused light does not produce sharp, dense shadow* which are a proliric cause of industrial accidents. In general diffused light is furnished by providing frosted glass reflectors, lndlrectlng lighting and reflecting surfaces. In roost cases of industrial illumination, direction of light is of little importance when proper diffusion end distribution of light is furnished. However, if the eye receives direct reflection or is in direct line with the source of light, careful consideration should be given. ^iese two conditions produce glare which permanently injures the eye end affects the nervous system. Since the factors of illumination mentioned above directly \ affect the workman's physical condition or the quality and quantity of work produced, illumination become* an Important consideration for this company. In making this survey and recommendations, these factors were kept in mind at all times. Hie unit of illumination is the foot candle and it is in these tens that the field data and lighting requirements are specified in this report. Hie instrument used in this study for the collection of field data wt.s the '.Veston Foot C andle lister. Its size and the rapidity with which readings can be teken make it particularly adaptable for the conduct of a surrey of this type. Hie field data were collected with the assistance of Ur. I. U. Glynn who located the various manufacturing departments and obtained certain necessary information. . In general this surrey was conducted in the following manner. First the building and floor or department nisabera were recorded. General observations were then made and recorded of the general conditions affecting illumination such as conditions of fixtures, cleanliness of windows and skylights, cleanliness of fixtures, condition of walls and ceilings, position of outlets and a general evaluation of the present lighting conditions. Information as to the kind of day and whether or not the eus wai shining wai alio recorded* Foot candle reading* were then taken at the plane of work end at operator's position. Although readings were not taken at all points of work, representative readings were taken in each workroom which gave an average picture of the working area. In the case of the general offices, readings on every second or third desk were made. The.surrey covers the manufacturing departments, general offices, laboratories, printing department, maintenance department, power house and certain other miscellaneous work plaeea. Although very few. if any. readings were- taken in warehouses and stairways, certain observations were made and some consideration is given in this report. Discussion On the day which the survey was conducted the atmospheric conditions were sanewhat changeable. During the greater-part of the forenoon the sun was either partially or entirely hidden. The visibility was generally poor. However, in the afternoon the sun appeared and disappeared several times, but in general visibility was good and the sky bright. The changing atmospheric conditions necessarily affects illumination readings and in making the specific recasmendations these factors were taken into consideration. In general it was considered that outside atmospheric oonditions increased the illumination readings by 30-60JJ. However, in some cases it was believed that outside light was almost entirely responsible for the foot candle readings obtained and recommendations were made accordingly. In still other eases, outside illuainatlon entered in little, if any. Keferring to the specific recommendations whioh follow It will be noted that in certain eases no suggestions were made to increase illumination. In seme of these cases the illumination is already sufficient while in other cases it is believed that the illumination will be increased sufficiently providing the general reeemendations are followed. It xu noted that in several manufacturing department a of thia plant a reflector was being used which was equipped with a screen ever its face. Although this type of refleetor proteets against >jr?|)j|gf Utf (fiber dmi|l it flltlFI SUt a Mr percentage of the light, thus reducing its' efficiency. Thle type of reflector also traps considerable dirt .and unless it is cleaned frequently* the light furnished the workroom it reduoed to a minima. In a previous section of this report a mention of glare eras made. Throughout this plant it was observed that many workmen were exposed to glare. In many departments, especially the storage rooms, large mnbers of bare lnps were used as a source of light. Aside from the fact that these lamps produce glare which causes injury to the workmen, the efficiency of such illumination is very low. A large percentage of the light produced by these lamps is absorbed in the eeiling. If these lamps were equipped with approved reflectors, all light would be directed toward the floor whioh would probably result in adequate illumination for this type of work place. In still other eases, reflectors of an ancient type whioh hstcenot been properly maintained were being used. One of the greatest factor* in the low foot candle readings observed throughout this plant was the accumulation of dirt on the source* of light. Sine* it 1* possible for dirt to out out praetieally all of the light from a particular souroe, it i* reason* able to believe that the general level of Illumination has been greatly reduced in thie pleat through dirty fixture*, window* end skylight*. Sine* refleeted light play* an Important part in industrial lighting* it is believed that the general level of illumination has been reduced through poor reflecting w xl IIs and eeilingi. This condition wa* in evidence in many departments of this plsnt. Referring to the accompanying table, there were two ease* in which deck lamps were recommended where it wan not feasible to Increase the general illumination. The lsmp referred to is the X. 2. S. Lamp #778. This lamp is especially made for offices and is approved and recontended by the Illuminating 3-mgineerlng Society. Recommendations; Aside from the individual recommendations appearing in accompanying tables, the following general consents 'are in order, if it cay be assumed that nearly perfect illumination is to be ob tained. It ;ls pointed out that the standards-set in-this .section ere quite high and in some measure almost unattainable In this es tablishment with some old buildings. On this acoount it seems only fair that theae investigators recognize that if the company cornea within 15# of attaining the high standards set that a very'good Job will have been accomplished In Improving lighting in this plant. In abort, all recomneaiationa made throughout this aaetlon may be discounted 15# should the need arise. 1) Wash walls and ceiling or paint walls and celling In general offices (main offices). Xf feasible, this should also bs done in many of the manufacturing departments. 2) Clean lighting fixtures in all offices and printing department and clean once each month thereafter. 3) Clean lighting fixtures in all other departments and clean once every two months thereafter. 4) Replace burned out lamps and those lamps which have had 1000 or amors Sours of service. Change lamps every 1000 hours of service thereafter. 5) Wash windows end akylighta and repeat process at least twice each year. 6) Replace old type of reflector with new approved type in all cases where old type ia now being used. ' 7) Install approved type of reflector where bare lamps are now in service. 8) Hake frequent checks of the lighting system to insure adequate maintenance of equipment. 9) Eliminate all open lights In those sections of the plant dominated by safety light equlpnent. It Is <;ulte foolish to install 80$ of spark proof loops and than intersperse 20$ of unprotected leaps. Such is reported to be the case in a few departments. * aO0 8 C8 92 Q & 1 ua :fc0 C8O 0 60 a a*a > * sf 8c 40VJU M ,S0 22= en0 +a I? 8V g0 i as sg mSSnSnSHSHBtOS^NonS^HSHSHBS SHSCSM O8H8H8g8iHS Ch S Mo. *w* U, K tO-OnttOooCM M>2 OHflOOOQCM QHO OCM O?CMO0H HHtOOCO 8CO0 tooo<0e*e*toQ H^H 8to S j > * * escectcstee s A* A* * * * 5C?n SSI "** 3e 0 CO 88 to CM '5 S88 lO CM IO iig# **. M CM tO H H H 8 8 CM * M e A a m3aa a 0a .3* .O JO *0 t ii n 0 hO A aa Aa0 a0ao aa w% ja ja 0a 0a <3 W Se i S&' AA S3 J3 M I3I I 4* A ' AS A 2= AA 3* 0an0 aa aO xg tl d * a gs m fwac* wS, |sa 5 U 2 'r-i F ie ld Data and Results T c s g s0 V t0O ->O% pP 0 n o20 0 0P 6S t ? 0 a<d 0 00 Pm0 S3 W0 P>2O P0 2- 00 Sp0 00 fn 0e Pn c *0 0 * as Si i Z CO 8w d0 s PP0t00o * i1I| 1!| 1 m\ < !a * ! *3 1 1 ! &e 3 n0o 0000 5 a s* a .O>% PsPt000*o 0 06 *.0 orH !' O 1 *9> 2*3 2S 8i-l *M ! i O0 Ki-0.J'0 P P 4* c0a H00 S* 0 d SC B0 3H P0 0*4 40* a0 w*aa Oo '8 88: 8 OCO O O** W Ot- O <I 0300008 Ok ift ? <0 t> r-t ret* H*f> tOo 9882 lO0>WG5HB*e-CD0oScDiSB,Ni0 IH3 .-s0o s 4 CO 95 3S| to N i AktSfBtKKKtett to o8 8 ! n44Atic>M<f>Hoinn>^0j] H CO H I H O t to 00 =*! 3 0 rt I U *3 S 10 2 at O ato V 0p 2 OiC 0 hQ O *0 H 3 O 3 1 % 3S n 3b n gI| 3`0 P A 54 23 to 0 32 H3 SS .t 3jj3 iS S m f *o sSCO3 o uaa, < a ^ ? to CpS 2.<"5> la! *> *> o 4 W V* 3* S'eOH n01 iUt O a s sO I*0 - e . a 5: ** H H 4* V AS I K tCOO Q INf) QCO C 10 oIf*) OS) 10 n rnt CO n*> HOOtOC-OtteO J (0 >(O CO . tCoO o If) If) CCO* HJt HCO t> HN OCD Q?) 01 OCM Or) Uri )3QO* Q3 On If)lfc)i HJO#tooBoOo O Cl 1 1 OPQg '80 A O Sn Bs< *4e* HSOCO w CO CO CO 4` '4 H OH CO CO CO 00 CD CO CO i <J c o 4 i A t CO CO CO t * t w* e A Not a0 mS s 4o* 0 p s* CO *1 g N r^OtN ^ o h Jc ms nogi Q w H p$ o 4* 4 8 4* 1**5 5 a b 8 ac 8 h S3 a S 4** 1 H M f0c A O H0 3* s* 3S* SP ' 5 o 0 3 S' s * s S* 0*34 H23fc> wM 8 0 , gif00 NS M8 * 3 O a a h o; I 4* 0 4a* 0 || CO H IIt Na JU 81 Q,,0 c4o 6a0 ^ , 8 1 S3 iff 3^^Nfc*, a3Uqop j:aBhj cu b E-* a iw1 In A *3 3 JB HJn a OHH U4 tl r* ci ** m igH -a aS o_ qSCDOQ 4HHa* 4HHa c lA if) CO O AN o co c m oo co a to rl> ci i (i t CM to so * ei J> to CO <*< c i - OtoI SC O <-c ^to Qrt H 1 hO otf rtt HettO C"* rH iJ>A 88 5 aa** a mo_ CM 5 i CD to a a ** 3& t0Os COO QH S CO ao xos <U SA .iI $^r,rI^O' t h n 0) , H tO fe < Vi 'h i.01 ill if# l* l 50>. 2H. ak4 OAA A 8 d a < I *O0H W*o* {*/o*I A ** W n* J-53 #as A H wm*t w< < < < 0w H 1 w A Reccvnmebdations Minimum S td . . td f o o euntm *x0 I 0 0 oaxo at * : 3$ I fa 8 : %x ! 3* II1I 40oW* ^4&0*1IIIII Ii o5 -TaO ! fb i Ba X .0 0 to *0 * 0 I >9 0 i 0 <X0 X pH .0 0 ** 3* +* f0t H 50: TO 0 ft H a0s W_ ** fa 4* fa no uv ssss i.% 88H!x10 1ttoo0 8 nI OIOrtt eg CD tO 88 tOO tiOl WI CIi tf> OJ 10 H H H S3 o cO O OtoJ CtoD WH OOO 8**8 88 68 Mt AI lHfl OVO O H1 H1 O*OO 58 * 5H moo oo o r-t O H H cwii ei* > i1s0 ' is "0 *A-I1 PI* <0 10 A ' * ' ^33 10 03 10 o c4 i ! o H 10 J>6 i 40 o* t 3 iA * xPiermc a M s do fle PercentC a n Reading ________________________________ Std Foot Foot Candle * ffi 0 * 0 03 OJ 58 A&HtCO 01 w ci iA M* a* OJ to c* CO 03 Hk h CO c5 H H <0 0t* s$ I a h.8,: 0 a a a, t 4* w4* *0 ' fa fa faQ * * 0 g S*1t 8 a 809 ^fal 18TO _ * ao 2 I a TO il 0 3A q -^Nf0*a .< s a a s3f<dt3 0 fi *fo**t *o fa S s&_a o_- O -H H H 3 T' M ES'S lcS5 f* as HO S pH Q *r&s sitexa ,0 ~ fot* a5 wja *0* vox 0TO 3Oad Si & 0 p o s itio n uo i v*. fa 4O4 44 ! 8 CH 4) Vi >A oto .OK h *od * I II 44** s8 J>Z 15 IS Seca oo c m > o -<-( CM tt*f ct>ooo tOlA C* CM i 8 .VOi ^*W ssssss $S8 S8S WH A 8 As Increase Wattage by 50# Replace- Old R e fle c to rs w ith Approved f n WW+A> QU0 S3 53 Uw 2s m aes feg **v 0 e0 SI 2a,u 3 to H S2 *S* *0 4C* 4f 8 15 3 23 SS OK* v*. #8H ,>4 tf 4* 4 g ,,- AW f-fl i ~* u0 *0 w* a4 1S ua 2 1333-1667 100-233 100-333 25-100 50-250 100-233 e (Nft 5r2t 2eO A U) 10 W O Ck CO oe*i>cowe* C* V0 0 VO 1 8 35 e*a r-<j <JC4* rC4D h h * 60-160 37-100 S i o ift io vOI HI *Ht 588 2Qw Mc m iAo Mfr- Q2l-5l Ot* ^8^Ot>(>HOQo. o vD 8-5 3-8 Drum Cleaning D ept. > 0} W p" <! >* A !i. 5* < & tOo I I I 4 O I J?St&oot i )41 t H I H fcf iwS is o 3o rt 5 *0 4* *d ri ^a i *_o u I 44 a0w 's if 4* H P o art ^ u *3 X&O i d(SS I! J13rt SO I H i 'I1I OJd 0HWm- ! t IH 0 | | H 4* fl) t | X W 44 t t 4> 0 0 I !* ! ! A I <* o* 4* 0O C'e-`'*P:e-2$ t e* ^ t-HI fi OO Qto Oh O*< OO25O w H rt rt H tO H e** H trtt CJ (0 CvJ H H N H teo* ttNfot >oH 8 M^jjogio^nni $ 8 2 8 tOQrttoooc-to to oa to ^ HNH HH 4* oo Pm * T3 w H M A * * * <4 A ococowcocpcpcj OMcicOMcgci^: HHH n H H Ho 2H AAe CMi : H*o 9_ u3 4* S % rHlOtOHK)Q25< MH H**`H*`C-tOOC*HfHHH^ o OH Ht O25 rtotHeo*hWh ooQca P W u<Q X .a to 55 I a I 0 2 I Hefjoa o #o<3 ud jo0 ,4*044000 4? 0N OOP< H0 p, AO '35&l55^g& h Kh mh o o m ;.3a33ag P I 0 H A *d A 1 S3 2 CO 4* p0H 4 s a to QO ,S0 H o a a& .. e -No ofct o0 *41 u *o 0 ho %x 0 0 *4 2 if 3H *40 0* H * fl S r0H, *4*>> S3 P 3 ! > t <0 ii ci IJ * lO >s .Q I 8u a to e* OijQirQtt4os>tNoCio>-tto> IO iO tO pH H W CO pH t0coIot(IcoMoIt0ooit0ooI epHoNtowtNoI oOTeN***W s C*o ilwAtoO- c^toSOCivHiMNto^QO^ WWto MH^H t. r00HOOQNOIONIA>i N tO tt pH 0 i H H rt H fk -2h JO tO N _ SO CO 0 l V4 <U ,4] 8IJICD|8QC8OO8COa Hlc3i H[4?rctliP3iA*Nr?tOe'jy4lA7*4fflOo<?O0Ol*OSO8nO,*no ODH 0 H H e* _O Sp* 0 0I HotoI HotoI nOI woI c 4> CO o e e e c w* Ho 0 0 0 O H 0 ffl 8' C to o O O I Jt i N : HHHH 4 "5, +* s 838 1a |H3,0S'03 pH lO pH t* P 9S3fteiOh*CO^tOlOOON ^ ^HJ HflH H rt CO Q W Q w CM CO * 0 rH H ^ H O0 O 0 O nA^.00000 aa2.,4*j+*<aoBao0aoo*a9o<aoo JO3 0 !te n rt ****** to(D0f tONH S IP s s 0000000 HHH h 0 ffl O 0 0 0 Q mmas. 0000.U0.U*4V *Q4440** 404** 0r0* 2 *9 *9 H2 *? 3 O W W O Ch 0 pH pH AA eSiS alas HS 0 *0 *& % S3 & S ?o o o o . ^ A C|3I0^ Hp(HHHhk&A pH H p.H. *-* C,,0t, 4 0 r8i S<-j 8*2 *b2 T oc G 09) 0 2O $O 0 tC rH 6 * JO *o* aa *3 8 o :o !<S 4 O 0a q c1 SCO S8WZ M *fHl fOl Hf00ca PiH-.%eofofiaa g **faHot uc n>. ^<fna ^n3: w0 H Q ft 4O* II ass0u0.0a*... .^>00 u0 *9ofa ot o o 0 oo oa> oo 88g8S88S8S3S8gg SN SCf) SSH SSHSSS >ooon N^V000 wortrtrtoort o >Neo 9900h(Ow ncsn00Nn^ foOt 0 O opH ,Ae w etteefKKBcttstEtce e t c e t t H *s0 s- *s* 0 |f<t S f 0009>Q tO lO tO iO tO jjioioo>egoio^iogeB^iOc> Q H <DW 3; & f8t- a! 5 I ______ ____________ ) In c re a s e W attage b y 100>. '.Msh o r ) .P a in t N a ll. A lth o u g h the Windows j on the East and South A ffe c t the ) General Illu m in a tio n , the Desks Minimum Recommendations S t d Maximum 3td> 30 SO 90 160 Percent o f Candles 03 s *a 5O34* 5 *' H3 Cxh* *i o 4a0 V 0 .O * il & 4> S 0 H I? 3 8Srt 'K] 2.3 S Kt. C |JBS-HSn cP "o>0 *ao S8 8 # I u > <S W i O Q O o O OslQinOiO)iO<O!iOiiaQnQ9OiOiiOsO)iOt9OnO5OfO O2 Ow< <Oo .i cw-sn-oco DONQNonnfK.toiao*QtNOaototnrtiMDp?t9-ea'Nt-Nt' s mrrtt ccettcccccctccccce ceeccrc o> to e w n oiortio^ino<orto>o>oo w 8' Percent o f 80 33 60 107 3td. Foot Foot Condle Reading P osition P907-SWP-000030818 fl o 888 e- p o o cv n o H .3 A, II * 4* 68m a ono## Dw EUh g wtf 1 NOISE One of the most neglected aspects of i'--..atrial hygiene centers about the ill effects produced by noise. In truth# the Aeme plant is not outstandingly noisy on comparison Kith some other. indartrie s . euch as'the automobile .Industry. Prior to mentioning# by way of example# several noisy places end practices in the Acme plant# a series of comment is introduced into this report# bearing on noise. These items of coaaent have been made by various persons in this country and in Europe# and are not especially directed to industrial noises# but instead include street noises# disturbed sleep# etc. The items now follows Statements made by Sir Robert Armstrong-Jones# C.B.E., 11. D#> C. Sc.# etc. "The ordinary worker# if he is to support himself and his family and to oarry on# has a pre-arranged and proper setting for his period of rest# and kit life is of necessity one of routine. Be goet to bed tired and exhausted# but he is repeatedly roused# and his sleep disturbed by loud and most distressing noises. Be rises in the morning shaky# confused and unrefreahed after his so-oalled "night's rest." Bis health suffers, his work deteriorates and he eventually joins the highly sensitive neurasthenic, who juaps even when the clock strikes and he may in consequenoe of loss of sleep end hie life in the asylum# or he may try to get sleep from drugs and so become an "addict" to sedatives or to drink. In any ease unless he can seeure natural sleep his health is ruined." Statement by Professor George Robertson, B. D. eto# "The effect of noise, especially prolonged noise# on the nervous system may be in the nature of a constant strain and drain on nervous energy and this may lead ultimately to exhaustion. It is this action of noise# causing nervous and mental exhaustion# that leads to neurasthenia. This seems to be a much more comon disease now than formerly. ...The eonsequenoe of neurasthenia# apart from the misery it entails# is a loss of national effieienoy# which is an Important matter in these days of struggle and competition....It it alleged that lots of sleep ooeurt either.at a cause of a symptom of mental breakdown in about 75 percent of the cases....Undoubtedly lots of sleep is one of the eautet of insanity -- and the production of sleep one of the means by which insanity is prevented and also cured." Report of the Committee on the Effect of Noise on Bumaa Beings. "This eomittee# after a study of data ao far made avail able through research# declared that the continual pressure of strident sound to Which New Torkers are subject tends to produce 1 \ ' impairment of hearing, to induce hamful strain upon the nervous system leading to neurasthenic and psychasthenic states, to cause loss of efficiency of workers and thinkers, and finally to inter fere so gravely with sound, refreshing sleep that rest is difficult and in acme cases impossible. Aside from the effect which constant noise has upon many individuals and particularly upon their hearing, the committee found that the abatement of noise is imperative because it Interferes with sleep. Browing children, many invalid* and *11 convalescent patients are in need of complete quiet during the day ea well as the night. In addition to these. New York contains many night workers who must obtain their necessary rest during the daylight hours. ihea facts make it elear that a partial abatement of noise during the night nill not fit the need of a city as large and diverse as this, Ihe whole chorus of sound must be decreased at all hours." Sunnsing up It* preliminary report, the Committee on the Effect of Noise on Human Beings found thati "Hearing Is apt to be impaired in those exposed to constant loud noises. Noise Interferes seriously with the efficiency of the worker. It lessens attention and makes concentration upon any task difficult. In the attempt to overcome the effect of noise, great strain is put upon the nervous system, leading to neurasthenic and psychas thenic states, and necessitating frequent recuperation in the country to maintain mental effioienoy and alertness. Noise interferes seriously with sleep, even though in some eases it appears that the system is able to adjust Itself so that wakefulness does not result. It is well established that, in addition to these other evil effects, the normal development of Infants and young children is seriously interfered with by constant loud noises." Statement made by Professor Henry J. Spooner in the Gulldhouse Uonthly liagaxine. London. Novmnber 1929. "Noise -- the most insidious and harmful plague that has ever affeeted the htmm raoe. One of the moet serious aspeets of the noise problem is that of sleeps particularly in cate* where mental wakers end invalid* are concerned. Normally about a third part of our livs la given up to sleep, that "sweet restorer of tired nature." Now aeleno* tell* ut that thoe* who think most and do most mental work require most sleep, and that if the recuperation doet not equal the expendi ture of the brain's energies, that organ withers, causing insanity. The ancient torturers wall knew that persons prevented from sleeping always died raving mwnVaos; and the Chinese torture of the noise, and the inquisition sleep prevention.'were baaed upon this fact. Count less people living near late-traffle noises are deprived of sufficient eleep and are thereby injured in health, even when the bddroom windows are closed to keep out the dial But the danger to health and life is greatly Increased in the cases of invalids who are deprived of that vital balmy repose; life's nurse, sent from heaven to create us anew, day by day. Aece 17hlte Lead and Color fforka Hantramck (Datroit) Hichi gam i 0007-SWP.000030822 Statements from radio talk by Lewis E. Brown. Chairman* Noise .Abatement Commission* over Station WEAF* January 26* 1930. "It has been *hownVynd pa radventure of a doubt that Eearlng is undoubtedly affected by exposure to continuous noises. Noise interferes seriously with the efficiency of anyone engaged in mental tasksj it affects memory and the ability to concentrate. . In an attempt to compete with noise, great strain is put upon the nervous system leading to neurasthenic and psychasthenic states. Noise interferes seriously with sleep* and this is of serious import in the osse of the sick and convalescent. The normal development of infants and young children is seriously interfered with by constant loud noise." Tests made in the Department of Neurology at Bellevue show thlsi "Noise is more harmful to the brain than powerful drugs. The fact that people can cot eoneestrate so well under the influence of noise has a profound influence on our daily * working lives and on the work of school children and college students. It has been shown that hearing is definitely affected in those persons who are constantly exposed to loud noises. Noise interferes very seriously with the efficiency of the worker. It lessens attention and mekes concentration difficult. In attempting to overeene the effects of noise* great atrain is put on the nervous system -- leading to neuraathenie and peyehasthenie state*. Noise may break or interrupt deep* may make sleep disturbed snd unrefreshing, or may produee insomnia. The lack of sleep or the inability to obtain refreahing sleep -- because ef noise ~ represents a definits insult to the organism's normal physiology. It is a well established fact that the normal development of infants snd young children is eeriously interfered with by oonateat loud noises. It is a proven fact that, to the buey braLn worker* to the sick, to the nervous* or to the wakeful, noise is a serious menace to which adaptation may be impossible." * In this plant it should be.a general polioy to eliminate* to the extent praetleal* all possible noices* Within the plant itself there are three elesees of noise now specified! (1) . Noisy machine*. Example* - filter pump* in varnish filtering room* ball mills. (2) Noisy praetlees. Exmaples - faulty operation of ean lid dating ` work* Incessant ringing of auto call belie (S) Unnecessary noise nude by workers in quiet areas such as unnecessary whfctling. shouting. etc. in laboratory area.' It is at once granted that all noise may not be eliminated from this plant. However some noise may be completely irradieated and some may be mitigated in large measure. Three items are here discussed for the purpose of indicating control measures. (1) The noise produced in connection with tin lid stamping is ohiefly due to the falling of tin on tin after the lids are stamped. In due course each of the two girls observed working on this operation will become partially deaf and in time partially permanently deaf due to this continuous din. By simply arranging for these dated lids to flow from the maehine without dropping,much of this noise may be eliminated. A few simple tricks such es keeping the piles of lids small through using a small rather than a large container for receiving these lids and avoiding metal receptacles will add to the noise abatement. (2) It is a practice of this plant, in searohing for persons absent from their offioes through the ringing of the auto call belli to keep up this ringing somewhat Indefinitely, and for some such period as ten or fifteen minutes. Such a bell looated near to these investigators' office has necessitated postponing considerable work until nights or Saturdays and Sundays. Undoubtedly other porsons are similarly affected. There is no such thing as "getting used to" the noise, even though a person consciously fails to notice the noise present. The hearing apparatus registers every sound, even though a person's consciousness does not. # It has been observed that the same call is repeated large nwibers of times, believed to be as high as forty or fifty. In the absence of emergencies would it not be sufficient to limit these auto calls to six or eight ringings and then repeat after an Interval if the person sought does not respond. (3) Workers in the filter press rooa inevitably will be made partially deaf by the noise of pumps. provided this noise as heard by these investigators continued. Possibly this noise nay be irradleated through the remedying of mechanieal defects. Conceivably other types of pimps -may .be .substituted. If neither of these suggestions are practioal. then at least workers in this area nay be furnished ear plugs of inexpensive type such as are manufactured by Flents Product* Co.. Zno.. 103 Park Avenue. Hew York. H. Y. As an iteo in a general program of industrial hygiene noise abatement should be included. Hew operations should be considered in terns or whether or not excessive noise will be produoed. Defective machinery such at worn bearings should be repaired in order to eliminate excessive noise. Through education workers should be encouraged to avoid continuous whittling, un necessary shouting tueh as take* plaoe within eertaln office areas* at the present time. 0007-SWP-000030825 BLOOD EHHXKATIOirS Whenever typical lead poisoning arlae*, no difficulty la en countered in nelcing a diagnosis. On the other hand, when persons are Buttering from long existing lead poisoning and conversely whan p*sons are absorbing lead but do not have any clinical lead poisoning state, preoise diagnosis is Dost difficult. Ibis second situation, that is "lead absorption" is most lnportant to lead using industries. It the present time, the best knownnsthod for determining minor Intakes of lead into the bodies of workers is through the application of *at la known as the "Baso philic Aggregation" Test. This examination is quite simple and is based upon variation in the type of red blood cell, which change apparently con sistently takes place whenever workers are absorbing very minor quantities of lead. In the City of Detroit, in the past two years, approximately 200,000 of these tests have been carried out by various laboratories and various technicians. In some Instances the work may have been performed badly, so that the results obtained were not entirely reliable. Under our own control, approximately SO,000 such tests have been carried out, all of which we believe to be free from technical imperfection. This test is positive in certain other disease states besides lead polnonlng, includ ing all of the anemias. Workers exposed to the fumes of benssol, toluol, xylol and possibly other liquids used in paint work provide positive tests. However, for substances other than lead very much less is known about the test* A detailed description of this test is to be found in an aeeonpanylng reprint entitled "Basophilic Aggregation*Teat in the Lead Poisoning Epidemic of 1934*45*. Also a second reprint is provided en titled "The Atmospheric Content of Lead and Its Correlation with Baso philic Aggre&tlon Teste in Exposed Storage Battery Workers". The second reprint is based on a small study in the storage battery Industry, but the data there furnished say wary well be applied to the paint industry in showing a correlation between the quantity of lead present in the air and blood changes in workers breathing that sir* In this plant, 103 persons hare been tested by this basophilic aggregation method. The details of these1 tests shortly will be presented. Those workers showing a result of 2$ or higher may be regarded with definite suspicion of hawing recently absorbed lead. Those below 1.5$ ordinarily may be regarded as normal. Between 1.5$ and 2$ is an uncertain zone, but no great attention is paid the findings in this bracket. Kama Dept. B REDACTED t Lab. Technician " Clerk " Technician nn tt m nm ft ft Dft ry Hi* ft Enamel ft ft ft ft Lacquer, Hirer Aluminum Mixer Dry Mix Enamel Lacquer Mixer ft ft ft ft ft ft Dry Mix Enamel ft ft ft Lacquer Mixer Dry Mix Enamel Lacquer Mixer Dry Mix Enamel ft ft ft Lacquer Mixer Gen'l work In Lacquer Tube filling Wet Mixer ft ft Tube filling Dry Mixer Supt. House Faint ' Fasts Faint Filler Wet Mixer-paint Dry Mixer Wet Mixer Dry Mixer ft ft Tube Filling Dry Mixer Wet Mixer Tlnter Dry Mixer Drum Cleaning ft ft 0.5$ 1.0 0.5$ 0.7 0.8 1.0 . 0.4 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.2 0.05 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.3 0.7 1.6 0.0 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 . 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.2 0.4 0.9 0.8 1.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.4 1.7 0.9 1.0 Wlille Most Container Labeling la Performed Automatically Some Hand Work la Done Involving Skin Contact with Irritant Paate and at Times with Lead on Terne Plate Contalnera. Acme White Lead end Color Works Bamtramck (Detroit) Michigan 0007-SWP-000030828 REDACTED Dept. B.A. wet Mixer Tube Tilling Mix Foreaan Paste paint foreman 0.4j 1.0 0.8 1.7 Dry Mixer " 1.1 .0.6 7 '* Paint and Varnish Remover 0.5 1.5 Varnish Technician Varnish Ooolcer Varnish Oust 'warehouse Varnish Research 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 Tllter Varnish Varnish Gum Warehouse l.S 0.6 Varnish Cooker Drum Cleaning Varnish Oooker Lacquer Grinder 1.0 0.4 1.5 . 0.6 Varnish Fllterer 0.7 Lacquer Thinner Varnish Cooker Varnish Cooker Varnish Thinner 0.6. 0.9 0.9 0.3 Receiving " 0.6 1.4 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.9 * * yard gang * 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 Yard man Receiving * yard gang 0.6 1.0 1.3 * 0.3 * Sup't 0.7 * 1.6 0.9 0.8 " 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 Labeling 7 0.6 0.9, 1.0 7 , 0.9 0.4 8.7 Janitor 0.9 1.8 Yard man (refuse pile burner) 8.5 CONTROLS Pnexpoaed to Lead Vice President Factory Manager Survey Director 0.5 0.7 0.8 Continually series of basophilic aggregation tests are being nade on persons wholly unexpoeed to lead, and ineataucb as lead in ssail quantities is so widely distributed throughout this plant, no large number of control tests have been Bade directly in the plant. We, however, are Influenced by control tests continually being Bade in .other .portionsof the City, The average-worker, unexpoeed.to.lead, presents a basophilic aggregation test -of approximately .8$, From the abowe list, those persons showing near 2$ or over 2$ arei Heme Pept, B.A. REDACTED Terd Ran (Refuse Rile Burner) 2.5$ Pry Mix taiama1 it n n * 1.9 2.0 2.2 labeling 2.7 It la belle-red that these persons ere absorbing lead and conceivably might become clinical oases of lead poisoning, At this writing, four of those fire parsons bare been interviewed, three of whoa are hale, free from complaints and free from the ordinary signs of lead poisoning, A fourth, . on oasual examination, presented evidence of weaknees in the right hand and forearm; he also showed a suggestive lead line on three teeth. It is believed that this man is a borderline case of lead poisoning. However, if any one of these workers suffered- a gastro-lntestlnal upset or some ordinary infection, or engaged in an alcoholic bout, they might beoome cases of lead poisoning. This, however, la unlikely except In the case of the fourth workman. Three of these workers are employed in the Cry Mix Department, where a lead exposure Is known to exist, A fourth handles containers Bade from terne plate material and her hands are almost regularly liberally coated with black lead material, presumably a lead oxide, rubbed off of containers. The fifth burns the refuse pile which la known to con tain a fairly high percentage of lead. It Is thus maintained that an appropriate exposure has been shown accounting for the blood condition .described. In at least two other sections of this report, additional discussion is extended to the natter of lead exposures in this plant. In order to avoid undue repetition, no further consent is made at this tine, but other sections will Include certain recoseendatlona bearing on these allgitly leaded workers. 1090 AMXKICAN JoUBKAt OF PUBLIC HEALTH As far as is known among the large process of preparation and staining, >( number of cases, there have been no prefer to use the term *' Basophilic proved deaths, little profound en- Aggregations," which term uniformly cephalitis, very few instances of wrist appears in the subsequent discussion drop or foot drop, etc. With certainty of this test and our experience with it, it may be believed that there have been which now follow, milder degrees of neuromuscular in juries, encephalitis, etc. The outstand- b a s ic mu n c ip ms ing and almost uniform manifestations In normal adult human life, the coo. have centered about involvement of the tent of erythrocytes in the blood stream gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by is maintained on a fairly uniform level excessive fatigability and blood changes, by the ordtrly entry of new cells from Already the work conditions that the bone marrow replacing those that produced this recent epidemic of lead have been destroyed, poisoning have been modified in many These new cells are essentially plants to the extent that large numbers mature, only about 1 per cent ex. of additional cases of lead poisoning are hibiting any of the several knows unlikely. In some plants elaborate characteristics of Immaturity. In boot protective devices and procedures have marrow, during the formative period of been introduced. As yet no practical erythrocytes, an entirely different substitute has been found for the lead- cytology takes place varying with the tin alloy, inasmuch as certain other stage of development of the red cells, alloys that otherwise might be used Readily there may be demonstrated may not be used due to prohibitive nuclei, protoplasm, and basophilic costs, undue shrinkage, etc. All in all, substance. In due time a change sot it may be stated that at least in some known for any other cells of the body ' automobile plants the lead hazards occurs; a chemical (hemoglobin) re- have been brought under control. places the protoplasm and the nucleus This recent epidemic has provided is extruded. The erythrocyte is then us a long sought opportunity for the ready tor its chief function in the extended investigation of a diagnostic circulatory blood. These phenomena procedure first utilised by us in 1924.* are set forth admirably in Key's' Already a publication* hat been made fundamental paper on erythrocytic on this recent experience up to the cytology. The mechanism which liber- time that 1,600 tests had been carried ates cells when mature and conversely out At this time the results of nearly retains undeveloped cells is not known. 8,000 tests are available for the ap- However, the functioning of such > praisal of the method. This test ismechanism is well established, based upon the enumeration of the Under conditions in which toxic total number of basophilic containing agents exert an action on bone marrow, cells in the blood, in distinction to the and under other conditions in which widely used procedure of enumerating physiologic demands are made, in- preformed stipple cells, the value of creased numbers of erythrocytes- ester which method is now somewhat ques- the blood stream. As examples of the turned. The method as carried out is former may be cited lead, benxoi- similar to that lately used by Jones and toluol, xylol, possibly arsenic and his associates.4 Since the basophilic chlorinated hydrocarbons, such si formations as seen in the microscope do carbon tetrachloride; oi the latter the not exist as such in the blood stream effects of high altitudes constitute as and art artifactually produced in the obvious instance. The chief charac- Ba s o p h il ic Ac c u s a t io n Te s t .1091 ttristic o( these liberated immature cells is the presence of basophilic substance. Polychromasia (polychromatophilia), punctate stippling, and reticulation are but different manifestations of one phenomenon--the presence of basophilic substance. The exact form of this basophilic substance existing in the un altered blood is little known. Probably the picture observed as polychromasia after staining is nearest to the natural state of this material. The impression furnished by all available evidence is that of thousands of ultramicroscopic particles in add suspension, or possibly in their innate form in add solution. Reticulated cells probably are produced only as a result of laboratory manipu lation and thus while not being true artifacts are laboratory creations. With suitable laboratory facilities one b able to observe through the microscope the actual formation of reticular processes in cells not previously exhibiting such reticulation. Through variations in laboratory technic, the experimenter may produce at will in a single blood smear all the well known varieties of reticulation, as fragmented, anasto mosing, wreaths, mossy forms, etc. If the artificiality of reticulation be ac cepted as fact, then such terms as " reticulocytosb " conceivably may be regarded as anomalous, in so far as these terms betoken the existence of reticular forms in the circulating blood. However, stippled cells are believed to exist as such in the unaltered blood. Through unknown processes, the ultramkroscoptc particles observed is poly chromasia or the basophilic materials in add solutions, are caused to arrange themselves into masses dianeteristic of stippling. From the literature these concepts are well borne out in sub stantial publications, brief excerpts from which are now recorded. Key* notes: If ta ladhridual reticulatad edl be watdud carefully during the pcocuat ut eUUag, the net can be teen to grow under the eye of the observer u though it wen being formed by precipitation of the substance front the surrounding medium. li is difficult to conceive that fixatives cause e definite network to break up into ultmmicroscopic pertiries and become uni formly distributed through the cell (ix., polychromatophilia). Fixatives tend to fix Ultracellular products fit tflu. It b conse quently felt tbit the conclusion b warranted that the reticular network as seen in supravitally stained erythrocytes b formed only during the process of staining and that no suck structure exist* in the unaltered erythrocyte. My observations lend to the belief that the granules ot punctate basophilia ate formed of the same basophilic substance which in simple anemias gives pictures of polychromatophilia and that because of the pathologic process the substance b aggre gated into small granules in the cell (punctate stippling). With Wright's stain allowed to dry on a slide to which salt solution and Mood b added, no polychromatophilia b teen but t definite basophilic reticulation slowly appears in the basophilic erythrocytes. Basophilic substance (in, at a term) b preferable to " reticular substance " since reticulations ate artifacts due to the action of a stain on a substance distributed uni formly through the cell. In Hawes's * work no distinction was made between polychromatophilia and stippling, but when tots! percentages of the two were tdded the results cor responded with fair constancy with the total percentage of reticulated cells enumerated by other memos on the same blood. Such differences as were encountered were attributed to dif ferences in the delicacy of the methods used and not to any true excess of reticulated cells. Jones4 observes: " This (basophilic) substance is demonstrated either in the form of polychromstophilia, punctate basophilia, or reticular designs.-depend ing upon the staining method used." Basophilic substance long has been regarded ss the foremost blood finding in lead poisoning, but to in over whelming extent reliance has been 1092 Ame r ic a n Jo u r n a l o r Pu b l ic He a l t h placed upon the determination .of stippled cells. Recognition that polychromatophilia, punctate stippling and reticulation are but different aspects of the same material, should prompt the placement of greater diagnostic de pendence upon examinations for the totality of erythrocytes containing basophilic material. Of the three forms of basophilic substance, stippled cells ate the least common. The positive diagnostic significance widely attached to the qualitative finding of stippled cells in suspected lead poisoning is be coming more and more questionable; conversely less uncertainty is believed to attend the quantitative determination of all basophilic erythrocytes. TECHNICAL MtOCEDUEX The blood of normal human adults rarely contains more than 1 per cent of basophilic erythrocytes. The aver age in our experience lies between 0.4 and 0.8 per cent. With workers ab sorbing lead without clinical manifesta tions and in early lead poisoning, the percentage commonly ranges from 1.5 to 4.0 per cent, with occasional findings up to 20.0 per cent The tone between 1.0 and 1.5 per cent represents the threshold, findings within which bring open to doubt. In the absence of other pathology, any .finding in lead exposed workers of, or in excess of, 1.5 per cent at once suggests the probability of lead absorption. Findings in excess of 2.0 or 3.0 per cent are to be associated with an increased imminence of clinical lead prisoning. Search for these basophilic forms is best made in faked cells, When taking takes place some of the basophilic sub stance probably leaves the cell with the hemoglobin. The remainder, bring insoluble in water, salines, and some stains, collects in masses, strands, and reticula, as laboratory artifacts. Such forms are far more visible than poly- chromatophilic cells and are more numerous than stippled cells. In our first work 2 a thick, even blood smear was entirely lalced. The number of basophilic aggregations in an average of many uniform microscopic fields was interpreted in relation to our clinical observations of the persons examined either as controls or us leaded patients. This procedure justly has been criticized as not readily transferable to others for quantitative work, since the making of uniformly thick smears by divers per sons is most unlikely. Under rigid research conditions this earlier method will yield quantitative results but now is not the preferred procedure. The technic now employed is here pre sented: The Sussmann-Wrindel stain ad vocated by Jones is quite satisfactory when its several ingredients are pure. The formula is as follows: Toluidiae blue .................................O.S.ga. Borax ............................................... 0.05 gm. Methylene blue solution (Loeffler's) S c.c. Distilled water.................................. 100 ex. Our experience with this stain has been that it is not uniform from one batch to the next. Most of the trouble may be traced to the toluidine blue. Of six samples of this dye recently pur chased by us from various supply houses, only one was found to be satis factory. A modified Manson's methylene blue yields more consistent results. The formula is as follows: Borax........................................... 1.0 gm. Metbykne blue...........-............... 2.0 gm. Distilled water (be&iag)......... 100 cc. The borax is dissolved in the boiling distilled water and to this is added the methylene blue. After filtering, this stain is ready for use and provides a stable, satisfactory, and uniform stain for at least 2 weeks. If used for long periods, a progressive formation of r i j ' .Ba s o p h il ic Ag g r e g a t io n Te s t * JOM rtc(Oi.TJ l. i) udSchuafttaticcd r(ryc.t|cy,>,ipt aWtiaiasUoMl tnd llUt. Ufttbc iU cMitui pcaadan m uUm elide. precipitate may appear. However, due to the low cost and ease with which this stain is prepared, we consider this a small handicap. This stain is less stable than the Sussmann-Weindel, but in our experience gives more trust* worthy results. Thin, even blood smears are made on slides and allowed to dry.' The proper drying of these smears becomes im portant. If permitted to become ex cessively dry, that is, longer than 12 hours, some of the basophilic contain ing cells will not lend themselves to aggregation of their basophilic material. On the other hand, insufficient drying facilitates removal of cells during the spirting period. Ordinarily the opti mum time lies between 1 and 3 hours. Under peculiar industrial conditions, involving high temperatures and low Ftevu Itt. Tjrpie*! teieroeeooic (rea ftaed pertiM MVW slid* m i> Figerr 11, prartUag wekkrd. ittiMd ltd Hoad etlk. 14ms el Whippk grid eied u gvidt hi coeetieg my hr art. humidity, or conversely high humidity, special consideration for the drying period may be required. After drying, one-half of the slide is overlaid by a strip of filter paper, as set forth by Jones, and cautiously there is applied with a pipette or dropper the minimum amount of methyl alcohol C. P. (methanol, wood alcohol) re quired to moisten the filter paper until it clings to the slide. This is allowed Fv k II. Trpleel ikmcepk 1*14 Imi Mthnd kkcd portiM ( llitfc pfTMU*g lUtfllM bu> philit tfgrtgeiieM. Fict'U IV. Scnl<*cfceaaUc dnwleg ( * bMaphilic apgfTgatioB Itt tokrd red hired cell, hfewoe itaie. Mtfiiiauoa it erigieai davieg: 17,000. 1094 Ame r ic a n Jo u e n a l o f Pu b l ic Hx a l t h to dry until the filter piper becomes loose. The slide is now submersed In a Coplin staining jar, containing the Manson stain, for approximately 10 minutes. The time is of minor im portance since a readable stain may be bad in 2 minutes, and on the other extreme it is impossible to overxtain. After staining, it is necessary to wash the slides through 3 or 4 rinses of dis tilled water. In some dties tap inter may be safely used for this purpose. Air drying of the slides is recommended, ' The microscopic arrangements as used by us provide an oil immersion ob jective and a 10X ocular, which is fitted with a Whipple grid. The outer lines of this grid determine our microscopic field (Figure III). The average field in a good preparation contains approxi mately 150 red blood cells. Before counting, the slide should be examined for an area showing suitable distribu tion of the red cells. In the unfixed portion of the slide, customarily 10 consecutive fields in two parallel rows are counted, making a total of 20 fields, but in the more evenly distributed slide 20 consecutive fields. Then moving to the fixed portion of the slide, 5 ap propriately corresponding fields are counted (Figure I). The basophilic aggregations are then expressed as a percentage of the latter. Thus, if in the 20 fields counted in the unfixed portion of the slide there were found 76 BAs (Basophilic Ag gregations), and if in the 5 fields of the fixed portion 1,000 red blood cells (or 4,000 in 20 fields), the obvious percentage is 1.9. The physical features of the BAs are best presented in the accompanying photographs and photomicrographs (Figures II, IV). The color of the cells varies with the stain employed. A clear, brilliant blue is obtained with the Manson stain. A hand tally is used in the enumeration of the cells. UCENT tisnis During 1934 and the fint two-thirds of 1935, approximately 8,000 exami nations were made, using the technic just described. The examinees repre sent employees in 16 plants and 6 dif ferent industries. Included in the 8,000 tests made are several hundred controls usually obtained from office groups. The lead exposed workers were dis tributed over the following industries: lead pigment manufacture, paint and other coatings manufacture, soldering, lead casting, lead oxide manufacture and application, and lead smelting. In some plants, but not aU, concurrent determinations were made as to the amount of lead in the atmosphere ex pressed in terms of mgs. of lead per 10 cu. m. of air. In the aggregate, 416 quantitative lead determinations were made. The results from the baso philic aggregation tests have been cor related with the findings of the quan tity of lead in the atmosphere breathed by exposed workers. During 1934, basophilic aggregation tests were carried out simultaneously with stipple cell determinations, and in some instances with hemoglobin mea surements and total red cell counts. Very early it was established that no consistent correlation was present. In many persons wholly tmexpoaed to lead an occasional stipple cell was en countered and among lead workers ap proximately $0 per cent presented large numbers of stipple cells in the absence of clinical lead poisoning, and often after 3 months of no exposure to lead. The number of stipple cells in lead using workers without clinical lead poisoning ordinarily was lower than 3,000 per milhon. The qualitative demonstration of stipple cells proved of no value in the diagnosis of clinical lead poisoning or in the making of decisions as to acceptability of men for continued work. Many workers regularly exhibiting stipple cells in .Ba s o p h il ic Ac c s x o a t io n Te s t 1095 their, blood smears passed through the entire automobile production season without illness and without any lost time. In similar fashion it arts found that no significant diagnostic values resided in the routine determination of hemoglobin percentages or in total red cell counts. Over and over high per centages of basophilic aggregations were detected with no significant changes either in the hemoglobin or in the erythrocyte counts. For this reason all blood work other than the basophilic aggregation tests was abandoned as routine procedure in plant surveys, although complete blood work was carried out in the management of clinical cases of lead poisoning. The trend of findings from 8,000 basophilic aggregation tests are now shown in three specimen tables. Table I comprises the results from 25 representative controls. In estab lishing normal ranges of basophilic cells only such persons were utilised as initial* R. T. E. T. j. jL. H. 0. 0. S. M. K. F. R. H. H. D. M. C. C. C. 0. L. W. F. ) F. W. H. K. W. B. J.K. H. F. W. K. E. S. C. W. R- B. L. K. C. V. ftr Cmi Base 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.9 O.S 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.4 O.S 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.7 O.S 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.4 initial* c. s. V. 0. J. U. T. t. 1 Kc. r. A. SI>. T. G. B. C. S. T. W. K, V. t. c. S. P V. T. A. C. F. N. S. H. 1 c. 1c c. c. T. L. s i. r C. B. taut n ftr cm Matapkiik 4ft C*iit 41 2.1 ST. 1.2 4| 1.4 34 3.5 4* l.t 4} 3.2 47 3.2 JJ 2.3 i7 0.4 30 t.s 31 s.s 29 1.4 U O.T 30 2.0 3B 1.4 3* 1.3 45 l.f IB 1.4 33 2.1 33 O.S IT 1.4 40 2.4 33 S.S 4T 1.4 SO 1.3 Urn* / Tima am Tmtatjai 14 Jftltfl 1 ymn 4 pun 4 ytnn 7 yarn 1 jwtr 4 toatW 4 pttfi 2 ymn 10 aottha 2 mot\*n i ymn B Tn S Tun 4 MMkl 1 MUk 1 ymn 3 ymn 4 jWI 2 ymn 3 ymn 4 ywi 4 t wi 4 Tn 21 yaan were known to be essentially unexposed to lead and definitely unexposed in industrial pursuits. Almost without exception control examinees-present less than 1 per cent of basophilic contain ing cells. In Table II may be found the re sults ot 25 workers in an atmosphere containing lead to the extent of 14 mgs. per 10 cu. m. of air. In contrast to the control table just preceding, a fair number of these examinees present findings above l.S per cent. It is among workers having such findings as these, that clinical cases of lead poison ing may be expected to arise. Almost uniformly it has been noted that the higher the lead content of the atmos phere the higher the percentage of ex posed workers showing positive baso philic aggregation findings. On the other hand it has not been found that the percentage of basophilic cells in creases with any uniformity in keep ing with increases in the lead content of the atmosphere. An occasional worker may yield as high a figure as 10 or 15 per cent of BAs but this is not the rule and the majority of affected JOM Ame r ic a n Jo u b n a l o t `Pu b l ic .He a l t h workers regardlessof the amount of the exposure will present positive findings in the ringe of from 2 to 6 per cent. With the procurement of better work conditions, as reflected by lowered quantities of lead in the atmosphere, there occurs a corresponding diminu tion in the number of persons showing positive tests, although there is a lag of from 1 to 2 weeks before this drop may be demonstrated. This correla tion between lead in the atmosphere and positive blood smears is reflected in Table III. TABLE lit ' BAtotatue Aocatfeamw Tnrr Mmn Woaamh Btrou Aim Arm t ms Lia i> Cciimu> Ttow Was Rttunt mu TS ms >. m 10 u. m. r An to 4 ate. rca 10 eu. k . r An. Cutma Tims : SJDa v i. Imiittt M. V. T. S. A L. J W. H. C. H. J. T. K. $. c. s. C. M V. K. M. S. c. c. C. 1. j. s. D. 0. D. T. W. W. J. K. C. A c. c. p. A. A I. L. r. p. *w Ctmt $. 4. CtUt Wkm 19 or. a. / Air Omiamtd tt mt ,i uu 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.2 4.J 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.S 2.2 1.1 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1 I.S fm Ctf t, A. CtUt IT4m 20 n. m. 0t Air Cmttktti 4 mg; / Ln 4 0.1 0.2 1.0 4.4 0.4 1.4 0.4 2.0 2.4 1.4 O.S 0.9 0.1 1.0 1.2 2.2 2.2 4.0 1.2 O.t O.S 1.4 O.t 2.4 S.2 This specimen material is charac teristic of the entire investigation, with one exception. In one plant, manu facturing a great variety of pigment materials, lead poisoning was known to be present but the basophilic aggre gation tests were not found to be in keeping with our general experience. The assumption is that because of the multiplicity of chemicals manipulated some biological antagonistic factor in terfered with the usual reaction of the embryonic red cell to lead. The chief application of this test has been in the routine examination of large groups of lead exposed workers. The results of such tests have been utilised as a guide for the transfer of workers to less hazardous departments, in the appraisal of the degree of ex posure in different departments, in de termining the - effect of preventive measures, and in the differential diag nosis between lead poisoning and con ditions simulating this disease, but in routine work its greatest single value has been associated with the detection of malingerers. During this epidemic in some plants, as high as 90 per cent of all exposed workers have simulated lead poisoning presumably in order to be eligible for insurance and sick bene fits during the nonproductive season in the automobile industry. In some in stances this basophilic aggregation test has been accepted as a sufficient cri terion for the weeding out of these malingerers. GENEXAL COUKENT In persons exposed to lead, other wise free from disease, the defection of basophilic containing red cells in per centages in excess of 1.5, and par ticularly in excess of 2 per cent, sug gests lead absorption and the possi bility of approaching clinical lead poisoning. Inconclusive proof is available that this test may be positive after exposure to other substances such as benzol, toluol, xylol, arsenic, etc. Occasionally in infectious diseases number! of baso philic aggregations above the usual may be found. Manifestly in anemias and other types of . diseases involving the red blood cells, normal ranges may be exceeded. The length of exposure to lead ap- .Ba s o p h il ic Ac g k e g a t io n Tx s x .1097 pears to have no significant bearing upon the basophilic aggregation find ings. Two weeks' exposure is ample to bring about increased numbers oi basophilic containing red cells. New workers employed alongside of workers employed for a longer period are prone to show a greater frequency of response than the older workers. In prolonged chronic lead poisoning the test described appears to be of limited value. The recession in the number of basophilic aggregations may be definite in long existing lead poison ing even in the presence of frank manifestations. Under such conditions punctate stippling may persist. In many publications the minimum amount of lead that may lead to lead poisoning is specified as from 1 to 2 mg. as a daily intake. While this figure may represent a primary threshold at which an occasional case of lead poisoning may arise, it is our experience that many hundreds of workers continue at employment in concentrations much higher without demonstrable impairment Without denying the possibility that a daily in take of 1.5 mg. of lead may produce lead poisoning, the belief is expressed that the practical threshold may be considerably higher and in the general range of from 4 to 8 mg. At least, yean of exposure to such concentra tions have not led to a single recognised case of plumbism in several plants included in this investigation. One of the practical advantages served by this test as described lies in the fact that large numbers of persons may be examined daily. In our ex perience, a single worker has been able to collect as many u 300 specimens per day. Laking, staining, and cell counting, subsequently carried out, necessarily must be at a slower rate, but on a single day, as many as 70 counts have been made by one ex perienced technician. This rate of work stands in contrast to stipple cell enumeration, which if properly carried out ordinarily yields not more than 20 determinations daily. StlXMAXY In the 1934-1935 epidemic of lead poisoning in the automobile industry, 6,900 basophilic aggregation examina tions of the blood were made. In ad dition during this period 1,100 tests were made in other industries, thereby totalling 8,000 tests during the investi gation. This number includes approxi mately 500 control examinations made upon workers unexposed to lead. Positive basophilic aggregation tests, the method for which is described in detail, have served as an index for lead absorption prior to the appearance of clinical manifestations of lead poison ing. This test has proved to be of value in the diagnosis of early cases of lead poisoning. An approach to this test was described by us in 1924. Through technical improvements, made by others and by us, this procedure is now suited to application by any physician or laboratory carrying out any blood examinations. The basic principle in the basophilic aggregation test is the enumeration of red blood cells containing basophilic substance, in contrast to the customary procedure of qualitative or quantitative examination for stipple or polychromatophilic cells. The native state of basophilic ma terial in unaltered red blood cells is not known, but in the process of laking and staining red cells this substance may be artificially aggregated into readily visible masses. In normal human adults, these aggregates rarely exceed 1 per cent of the total number of erythrocytes, but-in lead exposed individuals the percentages ordinarily lie above this normal maximum, when considerable lead is being absorbed or when clinical lead poisoning is im 1Q9J virAu z s ic a n Jo u b n a x . Pu b l ic Hk a l x h minent. Findings of percentages above 1 to l.i per cent and especially above 2 per cent in persons exposed to lead at once suggest lead absorption and the possibility of approaching lead poison ing, or tbe actuality of early lead poisoning. In chronic lead poisoning this test usually is not, but may be, positive. As lead poisoning progresses to extended chronic!ty, tbe reliability of the pro cedure diminishes. This test has been utilised in lead-using industries to de termine the number of exposed workers absorbing lead, as tome proof of ex isting lead hazards, as a guide for the transfer of lead absorbing workers to lead-free departments, as a measure of the efficacy of preventive devices and practices, and as a means for tbe de tection of malingerers. There are varied types of diseases leading to positive basophilic aggrega tion tests, but in groups of workers in lead industries, presumably normal ex. cept for the possible effects of lead ex. pouires, the positive basophilic aggrega. tion test stands in some relation to lead absorption and its subsequent action. urzaxNCzs l. Dau. A. Aa EpUmlc W UU !NhM> Cu m* br Ike SuAftpwWa tt AataaiAUr aiS /. Mtfl. .. VI. 1:141 (Oct). 1914. ~ i. McC4>e. c. r.. answer, Omar t, M etba. Mliafldc. TS> Smptnfc Asnwtac Ta la 1mi Main JJJtJl.. SKIMS (Mar ll> 1414. 1. McCart, C. K BaUn. V. X. aal .Uaca Ju. Tk 1--apUltc AtfHitiM TtM I* Uti Ahmrrtln> ud Imd Fitanil*. Ta Yat Ahm ltt Fte* Uk . Jmdmit. Mti., 4, 4:110 (Apt.). 4IMS. . JM. ft. ft. TW Eattealtaa W Cttk (ftatkalaeyttt) by tmmimtkm W Ortmn State Fite. Fte. Mmtik J44:1011 (Am. ll). ttlJ. 5. Sty. |. A. State . Irytiracyln, te SfccU IliImM t* fttecalaa, raliitaaaaitetnta ate MHacteteria. ifrA. Itma. Jfte* lt:Slt (NV.). 1011. 4. Hmw u , h I. A Sttey of tte ftrtfcaM IA Btoad Cmrrnck by Umm ad VteJ Steal* Mate*: Ita ftalattei la Myrbwiaptaflii ate IMpaH*. tetfw M. & S. K 141:404 (la*. JO). 1401. A The Atmospheric Content of Lead --And Its Correlation with Basophilic Aggregation Tests in Exposed Storage Battery Workers-- INCE "the list published Ob e y P. Mc Co r d ,* clinical lead poisoning than S report1 made by these workers on the use of He r b er t ,T. Wa l w o r t h , and arise out of employment in . larger plants. This paper is the basophilic aggregation j** Jo h h s t o h and Pmm> E. Pis h er , based upon a survey of minor test as a measure of lead ab- Detroit Miehipon manufacturing plants in one torption and early lead poison- city where the total number ing, the number of tests made of employees in any one plant u2%nd9Wer. our control has increased to approximately As the use of this method extends, it inevitably Conditions of Work rinartehley UexscueaeldPse1t0ty. Plant becomes desirable to seek out the nature and ex AT ONCE it is necessary to draw a distinction tent of correlations that may be established be SX between those plants that merely assemble tween the findings from this test and those from battery parts and those other plants which carry urinary and fecal analyses, atmospheric concen out substantially all operations necessary in bat trations of lead, clinical manifestations and other tery manufacture. Without exception, work con blood changes such as are frequently carried out ditions in the assembly plants are far superior in relation to examinations for lead absorption and to those in the manufacturing plants, and on the lead poisoning. Already some investigative work whole, these assembly plants are not highly culp has been carried out for the purposes of determin able with respect to producing lead exposures. ing the extent of these correlations, but only In the city concerned in this investigation, it under conditions that preclude disclosure. Lately, was found that as little as $400 would purchase a limited inquiry has been directed to lead ex sufficient equipment to carry out storage battery posures in a aeries of small scale storage battery manufacture and that an additional $200 would plants. The results, while not elaborate, unfail purchase raw material!, sufficient to start opera ingly indicate the- association of high basophilic tions. These plants customarily operate under percentages in workers exposed to high concentra conditions without any adequate exhaust or vent tions of atmospheric lead. These results, together ilating systems and without any machinery for with pertinent comment, have led to this report. the enclosed mixing of lead oxides into paste-- The Use of Lead in the Stonge Battery Industry instead the mixing may be carried out in open devices such as tubs or barrels. Without excep IT IS not the design of this minor publication to tion, no facilities, or inadequate facilities, were describe in detail the various steps in storage found for bathing, consumption of food, change battery manufacture, potentially and often practi of garments, etc. In the 13 battery plants investi cally leading to lead exposures. Adequate de gated, more than half make use of no more than scriptions may be found in publications by Hamil two workers. In many of these plants, it is found ton/ Wigdortschik and Kupritz,*-4 Balsac, Lafont that no two manufacturing processes are carried and Feil,* Wells* Greenburg, Schaye and ShUon- out at any one time; starting with the unmixed sky,1 Russell, Jones, Bloomfield and others.* dry lead oxides, operations are carried out step In general it may be noted that the chief opera by step to the point of the completion of the bat tions are the mixing of lead oxides preparatory to tery, ready for sale. Activities in these plants grid pasting, pasting of mixed lead oxides into not only are highly seasonal, but ordinarily are grid plates, casting of lead grids, plate forming, highly intermittent. Several plants operate not lead burning, battery assembly, lead salvaging, more than five days in any one month. During and miscellaneous janitor and clean-up work. In this period, sufficient batteries may be produced a few plants, lead oxides are produced on the to tax the selling capacity of the organization premises, but only in the very largest of establish concerned. These factors tend to mitigate the ments. Ordinarily, chief exposures grow out of probability of lead poisoning, but even so, on a the manipulation of the dry lead oxides, the pre proportional basis, this industry and this type of paration of grid paste, the application of paste to the industry, produces more clinical lead poison lead grids, the cleaning and inspection of plates ing than any other industry in this city. Em prior to forming. In addition, practical exposures ployment ordinarily is so distasteful that workers frequently grow out of lead reclamation and jani rarely remain for more than one or two months, tor services. and the .cessation of employment is often brought As a general rule, freedom from exposures to about by the actuality of lead poisoning, for lead in this industry is in proportion, to the size which there is no required compensation in the manufacturing plant. Large establish this State. Often circumstances are such that no ments, almost without exception, have introduced monetary responsibility may be imposed upon protective devices, automatic features and other these small employers. This work is classified bv safeguards to the point that clinical lead poison- some workers as a "last chance" job, in which the mg is a rarity. Conversely, in every eitv a few labor turnover is enormously high, due to the oc Petty battery manufacturing plants are likely to currence of the almost inevitable lead poisoning exist, operating in two or three rooms under con or to the procurement of more desirable work. ations obviously exposing all workmen. In the Other plants in entirely dissimilar industries fre aggregate, these plants produce definitely more quently inherit clinical lead poisoning in the ab Bum* # IWoMritl Kyfiat, Dtvanmrat of Hnltb, Dft sence of exposures in their own plants, but aris ing m workers who have been able to abandon Page 353 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE June, 1937 employment in low -types of storage -battery fact .3. Famine: ories. ' The lead oxides as handled by the paster are In.making the study of this stratum of the stor in the form of a paste and as such are of little age battery industry, the work was divided into significance, except if taken into the body through three parts, as follows: the mouth while smoking or other similar pro. 1. An engineering survey of each plant was cedures. However, it is usually found that the first conducted to establish familiarity with the pasting tables are littered with dry lead oxides various manufacturing processes. and dusts are easily thrust into the air while the 2. Collection of air samples and the determina paster is working. Ibis may be caused by drop tion of the concentration of lead at the various manufacturing operations in each plant. Other samples were collected to indicate the general workroom atmospheric content of lead. 3. Blood specimens were secured from all em ployees working at the time the plants were visited. From these specimens, basophilic ag gregation cell counts were made. Two or three weeks elapsed between collecting air samples and making the basophilic aggregation tests. This delay in the malting of basophilic aggregation tests was through design, inasmuch as there is a known lag with respect to the time of exposure prior to the appearance of increased numbers of basophilic aggregations. This lag ranges from one to three weeks. ping of tools or otherwise fanning the dry dusts in carrying out his regular work. Because of the dose proximity in most eases, of the mixer and pasting table, the exposure at these two positions is found to be about the same. 4. Bu s k in g : The exposure connected with the lead burning operations is probably the least hazardous of all the manufacturing operations, except assembly and forming and charging, because of the short period of time the operator is actually burning lead. Approximately 75% of the operator's time is spent m placing of plates and posts on the rack This does not mean that he is not exposed to lead at all times, however, because he frequently stirs up lead oxide dusts which accumulate on the table. Health Hasards and the Various Operations 5. As s emb l in g : The dust exposure accompanying the assembl ALTHOUGH it is our belief that exposures con ing operation is not great, as the only lead oxide nected with the various manufacturing pro handled is in the form of dry pasted plates. cesses differ greatly, it is difficult to demarcateProximity to other and more dangerous activities these exposures because all operations are usually represents the outstanding source of injury. carried out in the same work room. In other 6. Fo r min g an d Ck ar c in c : words, it is believed that the mixing operation Providing these operations are confined, the might contaminate the air of the whole work worker will not be exposed to lead. room with lead, and greatly affect the lead find ings around the burning table, which may be only Experimental a few feet from the mixer. No less, the individual manufacturing operations briefly are appraised with regard to their health hazards. 1. Mu t in g a n d Ca s t in g : THE apparatus used for collecting air samples for lead determinations was a modified, Greenburg-Smilh impinger apparatus.' The ap paratus consists of a rotor pump which is equip ped with a standard orifice and measuring devices The melting and casting operations will be con for metering the air. The pump was connected sidered as one because of their close relation. In to an impinger tube and the lead collected in the all cases, the operator stands close to the melting water. These samples were obtained as near as furnace and does casting. In those plants which possible to operators' positions and at all man are using unhooded furnaces (this is usually the ufacturing operations. In general, air samples case) the operator is exposed to lead fume aris were taken over a period of 20 minutes at the ing from the molten lead. The extent of this rate of one cubic foot per minute. lead fume depends upon the temperature of the After the samples were collected, they were molten lead. The higher the temperature is, the treated according to the method of Harrold, Meek greater the quantity of lead being expelled into and Holden," and the lead determined. Calcula the air. In no case were these lead pots controlled tions were then made to convert the amount of with thermostats and as a result the temperature lead in the sample to milligrams per 10 cubic of the molten lead was much higher than neces meters of air at standard conditions. sary. In this survey, this fact greatly affected In addition to making lead determinations, baso the lead exposure connected with lead melting philic aggregation cell counts were made of all and casting. workers. The blood of healthy human adults 2. Mix in g : rarely contains more than 1.0% to 2.0% of baso It is our opinion that the greatest hazard con nected with the storage battery industry, as con ducted on a petty scale, accompanies the mixing operation. Large quantities of lead oxide dust are usually expelled into the air, both in trans ferring the oxides to the mixer and when the mixer is first started. Because of the small part icle size of these dusts, they are suspended in the air and gradually float to all parts of the work room. Although this operation is carried out only philic cells. The percentage of basophilic cells for those workers absorbing lead without clinical manifestations is usually 2 to 4, while in some cases the counts may be as high as 15%. Finding* of 2% or greater at once suggest lead absorption. Table 1 is a combined table, showing the re sults of lead determinations and the basophilic aggregation counts. | Comment on Experimental Study 'I Ofor short periods of time each day, sufficient lead oxide may be expelled to cause serious exposure throughout the work day. F THE entire number of controls, it is to b* noted that not one person yields a basophilic : aggregation percentage in excess of 1.7%. A* , 0007-SWP-000030843 I 1 Vw- 6, No. 6 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE Page 359 many times pointed out, this is characteristic oi the healthy, unexposed adult. On the other band, of the total number of battery workers, including those persons performing only clerical services, presented basophilic aggregations in excess of 2% of the total number of red blood cells. While this percentage may seem high, it is to be em phasized that the conditions of work .in most places were favorable to universal lead poisonig. The lack of proof of universal lead absorp tion or lead poisoning probably is due only to the iatermittency of work, not' only on a seasonal basis, but on a month by month basis as well. Whi'e no physical examinations were carried out, n ia xnown that several of the persons here classified as showing lead absorption were in stances of early lead poisoning of clinical type, which impression was formed from casual in spection and from offhand remarks made by workers in the course of survey activities. While these basophilic ..aggregation tests num erically represent only a small fraction -of the near 25,000 that have been conducted, they are regarded as possessing significance in that they were made on workers exposed to high atmos pheric concentrations of lead in a combined form. riant jjo.1 Ko.2 *0.3 Ho. 4 fto.3 *0.6 *0.7 *o.t Table L Ataaaapherie Lead PeterrnlneHane aad Carreapaadlat B. A. Cmata Portion PVCaisrrtinieg s________._.._._.__. __ RtCld&C --rTtTinnitnir Melting and Casting Lead Burning _____ __ Blank _______________ Lead per 10 cubic meters of air (In menu.) ... 6.4 *346.0 - 3.8 ... 7.7 *. 23.8 00.0 Pasting _____........________ --6.1 Mixing -......... -------- --------------- ---- 6.6 Melting __________________________ 12.0 Blank _________________00.0 Worker B. A Cell Count (percentace) 6.8 .................... 3.0 Melter and Cuter______________ 10.0 Melter and Carter ......___________ 5.0 Lead Burner " 14 Anembler __________ 1\ Office" Worker----------- ...... ...... 1 fi IS 11 no an Pasting , Mixing , Melting Melting Blank _ Bunting Burning Blank _ 1.8 2.3 4.9 2.7 0.0 033 2.00 0.00 Pasting Mixing Melting ____________________ WP1ioTr>ktrro_o_m___--_--_-_--_--_-_- _----_- -_--_--_--_-- . 3.1 . 23.0 . 2.8 0.53 , 0.00 Pasting ................................. ............. 3.9 Pasting ..___ ___ .---------_______T]--- 7.8 Mixing ____--_.. 16.7 Workroom ...... ......... ........ 3.6 Blank---------------------------------- --- 0.00 Pasting Pasting .... Melting Workroom Blank____ 4.1 3.7 2.03 2.23 0.00 Pasting . Pasting . Pasting . Mixing . Mixing . Mixing . Burning Blank.... 2.8 334 2.80 1.22 7.10 1.01 5.43 Manager Baby_______________ Burner ------.---------------------- ,-----1.1 Burner Helper ----- ---- --------------,, 1.0 Foreman ..--- ..----------------,---------- o.7 Fireman ___________ 0.9 Charger 1.4 Manager __.......__ _ 0.6 Repairer _______ ...........__ __ 1.5 Shipper 13 Assembler ....... 1.2 Former and Charger ................... 1.4 Paster ....___ 10.2 Paster 3.2 Helper ... .... 3.0 Caster ______.....___..............__7.7 Asiembler-Charger8.5 Paster ___ ,,_____ ___.............. 2.0 Assembler Paster Office Worker .......... Office-Plant Worker . Office Worker___ 4.0 63 1.0 2.0 2.S Paster , 2.4 Wrecker __-_____ fr_,,. Foreman ___...__________ Paster ___ ...____ ........... Wrecker __________ _ Handy Helper ______ ____ RebuiJder ........................ Wrecker ............ Rebuilder _____ ___ ___ Assembler .................... . Assembler ........................ Manager ........................... Wrecker ______________ _ Melter and Caster ........... 4.8 3.3 9.8 3.8 1.7 1.7 3.5 2.1 li il Page 3S0 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 1937 iIn general, wherever a high conceniiition of lead subsequently check counts may be unreliable was established in the atmosphere, this was ac S. Some batches of dry stain are inherently companied by an increase above the usual of unsulted to this test because of chemical impu^ I basophilic aggregations in the blood of exposed ties which lead to unwanted and inaccurate re! : workers. suits. < Comment Some laboratories report in connection wjtj, i instances of proved lead poisoning a percentage AS THE application of the basophilic aggrega of basophilic aggregations 'in that zone regarded tion test, as a measure of lead intake in by us as within the usual limits for unexposed 1 creases in extent and in value, it becomes highlypersons. Appropriate investigation of all circus. desirable that this method come into no degree of stances usually establishes that as a result of some - disrepute because of deficiencies in technical pro technical inaccuracy, the full number of h.,- ; cedure. From extensive correspondence that has philic aggregations potentially present are not - Wllj Itt m Mens, or Lcao on a v c ma m b a on rue*ear b a i.s MOHS. OR LEAD 04 a v e r a s e a.* ft HlSMEST BA 14 MOHS, or LXA0 Ot a v e r a s e a.A. i.i HioHtsr -A ie mo h s . or Lean u.t Avcaase B A. 44 H tonesr B A so M6MS. Or LCAO l Av e r a o e b .a . o HienesT b a . is Sc h e ma t ic d r a w ims Ih d ic a t in o Lime Op e r a t io n ih a lxAO u s in o INDUSTRY. WORKERS w it h Hio h BASOPHILIC ASSREBATION COUNTS (A A3 ARC TOOHO On l y In Th a t Zo n e w h e r e a m Hearns Op l e a d Ou s t e d Pa r t s Ca u s e s Hio h At mo s p h e r ic Co n c e n t r a t io n Op Ua d . O wm wim h o u a s AssoRmeH WORKER WITH IXAO ASSORPTMN AS SHOWN BY EA.TE3T IXAO e x p r e s s e d a s miu j ma ms p c ** is c u m. o p a ir BA. EXPRCSSEO AS Rfc CP TOTAL RtO CELL COUNTS grown up about this method, it becomes well established that some unfavorable results are related to demonstrable technical difficulties. A number of these are now mentioned: 1. In the preparation of the Manson stain, best results will be obtained if the boiling water to which1 the borax is added is allowed to cool to room temperature prior to the addition of the methylene blue. Otherwise, a precipitate may be formed in some instances. 2. The Manson stain is best used in covered jars, into which the slides to be stained are sub merged. However, prior to the staining of any batch of slides, the surface of the stain should be skimmed off with a sheet of filter paper, in order to remove possible accumulations of precipitate, which sometimes forms at the surface. 3. From slides sent in for examination, it has been determined that the greater number present blood smears so thick as to make enumeration difficult and onerous. A single layer of discretely separated cells is desirable. 4. The use of xylol, alcohol or almost any other solvent commonly employed in the cleaning off of cedar oil leads to the removal from the slides of many basophilic aggregations, to the end that being recognized as such and counted. In one , instance, an industrial technician reported a 12$ i basophilic aggregation in a known case of early { lead poisoning. A more experienced worker, malt- i ing a count on the same slide, detected a percent- * age of 4.6 of basophilic aggregations, which i> expectable. ! No known reason exists for any recession from the statement that healthy persons, unexposed to lead or other sources of increased basophilic aggre gation counts usually will not present percentage* of basophilic aggregations in excess of 1 S. al- l though very rarely apparently normal person) I may present a percentage near 2. Such person), i on investigation, usually may be shown to exhibit ; an undue amount of oral sepsis, a tonsillar in- ; fection, sinus disease or some little apparent and . comparatively unimportant condition. One accompanying schematic drawing is de- j signed to present the application of the basophil* I aggregation test in spotting exposure points t lead using departments in industry. In the factory department leading to this drawing, s11 of the approximately four hundred workers em ployed were sent to the dispensary during the course of a two-day period for the purposes o! Vot. 6, No. 6 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE Page 361 supplying blood sr-cei' for basophilic aggrega tion examination. These workers were sent to the dispensary without any selection as to precise work points and no information was procured by the examiner as to types of employment--in fact no information was procured other than the name of the employee and his badge number. In due time, basophilic aggregation counts were made with the result that nine workmen presented counts well above the normal range. Then with the colored pin system, all workers were spotted on a blue pnnt of the work department concerned. Through this maneuver, it was established that without exception the workers showing positive tests were employed at identical duties located in an area with a radius of about 30 feet. Then and then only quantitative determinations of lead in the atmosphere were made through the method described by Han-old, Meek and Holden1*, at this point and at other appropriate stations in the en tire department Only at this one location was the concentration of lead sufficiently high to have induced lead poisoning and to have provoked the high basophilic aggregation test encountered. From this storage battery work or from any other investigations in which correlations have been sought between the quantity of lead In the atmosphere and the B. A. test, it may not be main tained that with any given increase in the atmos pheric content of lead is there a corresponding and commensurate increase in the percentage of baso philic aggregations in the blood. It is unlikely that any such precise conformity ever may be demon strated, since the content of lead in the atmosphere in most work places obviously varies from hour to hour and day to day and even greater difficulty is encountered through the fact that the basophilic aggregation count determined on any given dav probably is influenced by a lead intake of several days' priority, and possibly as much as two or three weeks. Therefore, no contention is made with res pect to a correlation other than the demonstrable fact that in the sustained presence of an atmospher ic lead content above that which is tolerable, or in the presence of other lead exposures, such as a proved carrying of lead to the mouth by fingers, there will arise in due time among workers so ex posed increased percentages of basophilic aggrega tions extending beyond the range regarded as usual for tinexposed and healthy persons. In view of statements frequently made that there is no known tolerance to the action of lead, the issue is frequently created as to why all workers under apparently equal exposures do not uniform ly present increased basophilic aggregation per centages. The response and explanation leaves no uncertainty as to the rationality of this occur ence. The intake per day or per any other consid erable unit of time by different workers engaged in substantially the same work markedly varies due to a number ol factors, such as the efficacy of the nasal passages as a barrier to the entrance of dust, the rate and depth of respirations, different heights of workers which introduces variables as to proximity of the breathing tone of workers in relation to exposures, the manner in which work ers manipulate tools, such as blow torches in the burning operation of storage battery manufacture, nd lastly the variations in hygienic habits of dif ferent workers as to cleanliness,, change of gar ments, etc. It is therefore expectable and almost inevitable that some workers will exhibit evi dences of lead absorption or lead poisoning while their fellows sppear to be unaffected. Summary: IN AN industrial city, an investigation has .been made of work conditions as to lead exposures in a series of very small storage battery manufac turing plants, some of which were operating under manifestly objectionable work conditions. As a part of appropriate engineering hygienic surveys, lead determinations were made of the atmosphere in all operations. Later, and with due regard for an inevitable lag period, basophilic aggregation tests are carried out on the blood of all workers. In those plants leading to quantitative deter minations of lead in the atmosphere in excess of the threshold of tolerability, corresponding baso philic aggregation tests were likewise such as to fall beyond the tone characterizing healthy, unex posed persons. Conversely, in those plants provid ing no .high amounts of lead in the atmosphere, no workers exhibited basophilic aggregation find ings beyond the percentage accepted as charac teristic of healthy unexposed persons. . --------. ;' WaanpMlte A#fttetlen That Control* Cnexpaned. Healthy Adalta Worker B. A. Cell Count (percentage) Technician Secretary Salesman gal--man gal-man nmtiit . ..._____a_________1.2 .................O.ft . ..........1.7 0.4 o.$ OS ------.-------,--------------------------_________.0.8 ..........0.5 ._______....._____ _________0.8 ..............,.lir,-T-,..................... .................0.7 ft.fl !A ........................*"* _________1.2 Aft 1ft in ft* Aft ft ft ft ft _____ 1.1 .............. Oft .............. 15 ........... ft 7 ....... 00 . ... .. ft 7 Cl--k Manager Cl--k . ...... ..-.O.ft 11 ^ ...................... ...................0.4 ________________________________________________i.O ...____0.5 ..._______0.8 ................. 04 .................. Secretary _______ .................IS ____________ ______ ______0.7 Citations: 1. MeCoan, C. P., Houm, T. R., and Jo s ms t o n , Jam: Basophilic Aasrefatton Teet In the Lead Poiaonini Epi demic ol 1834-55, Am. J. Pub. Health, 25:1088 (October), . * H*v j w o i, Aun: The Storefe Battery Industry, J. Jndust. Hv8>, 8:548 (Aucust), 1821. 0007-SWP-000030846 Page 362 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE June, 25j) 3. W,,.rc..-.-eimc, E., ind KuMim, E.: Lead nd Cue< paralysis is most always due to bony pressure^, in th Manufacture of Lead Storage Batterie*, Cigitna especially if it takes place at the time of injury Truda, No. 9:19,1926. 4. WiCBomacsnc, E., and Kerim, E.: Introduction of Labor Hyfiene in the Manufacture of Accumulator*, Arb. It is rare that a cord is so torn or lacerated at th, time of injury as to cause a complete paralyse Leningrad Iitft. Geiwrbehve., 3:122, 1930. Then too, in most cases a torn or lacerated c o m 5. Bal s ac , Lat o h t , and Feb.: Lead PoUontn* Betultin* from the Manufacture of Storofe Batterie*, J-A-M-A., >3: J412 (October, 31), 1923. ,,_ , . C. Wu a C A.: Remark* e Acute Lead Poiaooins: It* prevention, dtamnei* and treatment (In the Rotate will not cause an early subarachnoid block as bony pressure. This is an important point to be kept in mind in differentiating the cause of the block and the paralysis. Cases in this group which battery lnduitry)., CanadAfAJ., 22:123 (June), 1930. 7. Guoratmc, L, So u t h A. A^ end Saxjoitwrr, H.: A Study of Lead Poiaonlnc in a Storase Battery Plant V. S. Pub. Health Rep.. 44:1906 (July 12). 1929. _ do not have major manifestations of cord pressure are not surgical. A reduction of the fracture ^ a Hawley table with use of the fluoroseppe is the 9. Gatcmunc, L., and Btoourms, J. J.: The Implnfer proper treatment. DuR Samp]in* Apparent*, V. S. Pub. Health Rep., 47;<54 Certain cases with bony pressure, immediate (March), 1932. 9. Rtrsaxu. A. Em Joxra, R. R., ButoMroLD, J. J., and other*.: Lead Poiaoninf in a Storage Battery Plant Pub. paralysis and subarachnoid block call for surgj. cal intervention. I am less inclined to turgety Health BulL, 203 (June), 1933. than formerly, and this is because of our result* 10. HAoaotn, G. Cm Mx o l S. T. and Ho l d ix P. R.: A Practical Method for the Rapid Determination of Lead when Found in the Atnioephere, J. Jndwt. Hyp., 19:724 (December), 1930. with conservative treatment. We always toy ( reduction first. This is done on a Hawley table with the use of a shock proof fluoroscope and without anesthesia. I am of the opinion that no Fractures of the Spine' fractured spine should be operated until a reduc tion has be-en attempted. --The Surgical Atfeet-- Surgery should be resorted to in those case* in , which x-ray shows bony pressure ion the cord, in I Ric h a r d Bu t t o n , MD, MiltedpeviBe, Georgia in which there is a total paralysis occurring at the time of injury, and in which there is a com- I EmtafktbteltlnmTtcrhruowohwndaeavoehaecrceWFeoiiSIorcmoeeuddlabaneraNqdwtiebesreehetrutptppuplooiicehsloiynoeoorTeseoaprtolraeetodichoonrnndttscre:HneeessnynatebgassgsadanuItlsolipialulerS;loechtsaotietC.rifwiiarnotamgfteonnistwgtar.omrdhllinedncCeesocsenumltasdoyaooaoatraodspccaettrpnFwdtnklhmrpnuodooingmredemnetoorevoairreahdorpoteridapnreosannwhmlvenrrcgmlnnoesersuyndijaisrdntaudoiisdtspwaebeoinrlreomensomrqeiesgcotnrcjhyftninhdonulusnoeer.naeay.ieetmoaigcuinmrfrryvktormueotycfehoeeeeabaasefrtfffruattucyoriprnnehwfanfausaeantracrlriteruoernlnaeavcmeaoysxepguograccetdgfrmt-eoluierieoiftalanrrennclouoseryiamwmrtydctmcvaeeldrhevhoyicoreiioolvsnminieeendignodrrsnsercgganroodegiaokne.ioecr,sstnccr,ntnd.nwnawiey,twofersd.itocalrmpd*tahhvweaIaiehsrroTnenpeiibeiaircryccihdtnnoIhnlctriwyhnmtyhhdeieyotu,ehuecoehmllfwprdthsywolxmurdsresiects:ugfaa-noounphiarstruoesndaenghaumauridianptlncdiglesnoeoesclsyelresdephysieerf-rrt,r,.orttpimnccitottna*ispnoffsahshythiaooeplnoufaaruitfetpaaetabhImrtsuidiectettlanntsdtanetaiiteetecrhloeppell.oyelteowepo.rtlewlnedrnroteo-unbsaerrerefhsdaetietfwrsmtIlvssbsshurSoeaoafsfaeseshocwituoirtcnpbcestnlenmirguahiodhlopkneutehvaagtsrreauyunioeoroeegroneranlo.enolraaadt,rd,orbnenkfh.atfrfwtibmirpeItdoraiyetcselIshabeatiweiennm-idhiIbreteoycmnmt.cmtrhdyaoeeieesnhrtamoettaduelp,uyappealmvicitdpasoaapntr.esmnrovtitrehte-nienurneessnooikvennoetaeuabeml.sueemretrgasiapwarheIajaennaressoypbngryjeli.ra.atutujspyIatrtae.odurirsasnompridaccefnbhegorucImocniawighptyeentonohenuarirotrcnmigaehteojnaanjdlnfmiuooupsaoesnodyavslaneaoyrtifdrlsrpeurdahltwiotneysruysepiahlcsneetdletitsmdauafrssfsechidmeiataaesprrnpmseevtpeeaolagsotiealea.ieaslclatl-nnisereeiscyptsnrpikabttiucndemersadpweaftaieaeyreauehrt.noenerlhecsastaatlanliaoaiytt.oyttteftlenseohioyuoutnolrItstfyeniterwltm,timntsIodswiotrtroyomrafwcoeheeiiua.umysipsnderbwsmmamxmccnipleecrdtauvadhtrptipoooaahoat-eiopauaeamthtoioernvvrtrnhcsdmnuihoodtinnerneeliseeihs*idyt.vf-t-, e cal. Our objective in this class is just the same as in any type of fracture, that is to secure anatomic, economic, and functional restoration. Occasionally for various reasons a proper reduc tion of this type of fracture is not done early. It may then become necessary to resort to surgery because callus formation and contractions grad ually cause cord compression. In the second group are placed those cases which present immediate evidence of x-ray, neurological and manometer changes. These changes vary from moderate neurologic distur bance to a frank paralysis with complete sub arachnoid block. The neurologic disturbance may be due to alight bony pressure, edema, hemorr to have him die four days later from a ton mesentery and ruptured cecum. This experience certainly made me look around more carefullySurgical intervention in spine fractures is be coming less popular. This is due to several fac tors: first! most of these injured who would be considered surgical are fatally hurt; second, the use of reduction under shock proof fluoroscope, and third, receiving these cases after paralyse has existed for 24 hours or longer . In conclusion I would say that when definite indications exist for "surgery we should not hesi tate. I would warn against foolishly fast surgery- Most of these cases are referred to us and often times it takes courage to refuse an operation hage, or cord and dura laceration. The complete when it is urged on you by a colleague who is * good friend. After all nothing is to be gained by Pnwretd t tWt AJ)aw*l Mmatif of tht AvodHta C operating on a patient who will get well without AiUna W Pwm Roil Rood, <k Wmtrs Railway Gaorpa Railroad, at Atlanta, Caargu. March jo, i*j j . Alabama, and ibe it and one who will die with it. 0007-SWP-000030847 The Technical Material* on Lead Analyse* are Canbined with Those on Dust Count* and Are Presented in the Pollowing Section N16643.04 LEAD A1ULT52S The chief source of lead taken Into the bodies of paint workers is respired dust* Apart from organic lead compounds, lead does .not .enter ."through -the .portal -of .the akin. Sons lead, is transferred to tbs nouth by the hands, in handkerchiefs, and froa lead dust deposited on the lips. Soae of this lead reaches the intestinal tract and may be absorbed* About fire times as auch lead is required for the storage worker, entering the body through the intestinal tract, to produce lead poisoning as is true for that taken Into the longs. In other words, practically all of the lead entering the lungs Is absorbed, while perhaps not aore than 1/5 of the lead Ingested is absorbed. The chore being true, appropriate aeasureasnt of ataospherlc lead protides the best index of contaminated air in a giren paint plant. Serenteen such samples hare been collected at suitable points In this plant. The method of collecting measured quantities of air used by us Is that described In the United States Public Health Reports, Vol, 45, No. 12, Larch IS, 1932, "The Construction and Use of Implager Dust Sampling Apparatus*. In brief, the apparatus employed consists of a motor driven rotor type of pump, oarefully calibrated In such a fashion as to pass through the apparatus a predetermined amount of air per alnute. The usual rate is one foot of air per alnute of tlae. The dust In the air Is thrown out of the air through the procedure of Impinging. Thus the air Is stripped of Its lead content and the lead is retained for analytic purposes. An accompanying picture portrays this equipment. After the collection of samples, analyses were carried out by a new method which is described in accompanying reprints of an article entitled *A Practical Method for the Rapid Determination of Lead Then Found in the Atmosphere*. This aethod is highly sensitive and whenever the need arises will measure very alnute fractions of a milligram of lead. Theoretically, soae lead compounds are aore toxic than others. This is based on differences of solubility. The sulphate is knoic. to be 0007-SWP-000030849 T. osre Insoluble than the carbonate for example. Practically, these dif ferences are of little importance, except for thet quantity of lead taken' into the gaatro-intestinal tract. So far as known, all respired lead eventually is absorbed and becomes available for damage to body tissue, So far as this report is concerned, mo variations in degree of ingiortance :is ascribed to any one compound of lead. Just what quantity of lead taken into the body dally will produce lead poisoning is speculative. By common consent, many published articles and many legal standards set the threshold of danger at 1,5 mgma. of lead in ten cubic meters of air, The last figure cited approxi mates the quantity of air breathed by a workman in the oourse of an el s^t hour day. Prom our own experience, we have come to believe that the dally Intake quantity required to produce lead poisoning is considerably higher v! and on the order of 8 mgms. It la difficult to prove this point, so these investigators Join in the "eonnon consent figure" of 1,5 mgms and endeavor to devise conditions that will provide exposures below that point. The practical fact involved is that most persons will not acquire lead poison ing at the level mentioned, that is 1,5 mgma. per day, but occasionally one worker will. Not all persons equally exposed will provide the same response to lead. Those who are aloohollc, those who are constipated, those who are given to repeated infections, such as common colds, those who are afflicted with gaatro-intestinal upsets, those who have nasal abnormalities, and those who breathe rapidly are more likely to acquire lead poisoning than wholly | normal persons equally exposed. The counting of dust particlea is not a I proper procedure for the measurement of exposures to lead in any plant. Since, however, lead la never used as such alone, in most operations it has been deemed appropriate to sake duet counts along wltb lead analysea in order to have in hand some information aa to the general dustiness of the air concerned. The method used in particle enumeration ia well de scribed in that United States Public Health Report above cited. Below is furnished a tabulation of the lead analyses end duat counts made in this planti I 1 Sample #1 House Paint, Bry Mix B, loading mixer, with dry lead pignente. 40.3 ngma. of le9d per 10 eu. meters of air over a 20 minute sampling period. Bust: 46,200,000 particles per cubic foot. (Note: In subsequent samples, it is assumed that lead in air is measured per 10 eu. meters of sir and dust in particles per cubic foot) Saaple #2 Bouse Paint, Dry Mix B, loading mixer with dry lead plgoents. Lead: 7.6 mgas. over 20 minute sampling period. Bust: 13,400,000 Sample #3 House Paint, Dry Mix B, loading mixer with dry lead pignemts. Lead: 8.7 m^s. over 11 minute sampling porlod. Bust: 10,100,000 Sanmle ;H House Paint A, loading mixer with asbestine and other nnteriala. Lead: _15^4_mgs. over 10 minute sampling period. Bust: 10,100,000 Sample #5 Aluminum Bronze Mixing Room B, wetting down aluminum powder with solvent. Lead: 6.5 mgos. over 10 minute sampling period. Bust: 24,800,000 (approximately) Sample #C House Paint B, Chrome (been Bry Mix. Lead: 13.8 mgns. over 10 minute sampling period. Bust: Over 2X^000,000. Sample 47 Houae Paint B, Chrome Yellow Bry Mix Lead: 10.5 mgas. over 8 minute sampling period. -- I, Bust: 66,400,000. Sample #8 White Enamel Mixing, 4th Floor, B-4 Bept. Lead: 5.7 ages, over 7 minute eespling period. Bust: 21,300,000. Sanole #9 White Enamel Mixing, 4th Floor, loading ball mill. Lead: 8.0 ngma. over 12 minute sampling period. Bust: 45,700,000. Sarnie #10 White Enamel Mixing, 4th Floor, loading mixers. Lead: 2.B mgns. over 5 minute sampling period. Bust: 34,800,000. Sample #11 White Enamel Mixing, 4th Floor, loading mixers. Leal: 1.4 mgms. over 10 minute sampling period. Oust: Over 23) 000,000. Sample 112 Bouse Paint B, Dry Mixing, Second Floor, mixing Ferrite Ochre, lead: 1.5 mgms. orer S minute sailing period. Oust: .45,700,000. Sample #13 House. Paint B, General Air Sample, lead: 2.2 mgas. orer 22 minute period. Oust: 6,230,000. Sample #14 House Paint B, Dry Mix, Second Floor, Mixing French Ochre, lead: 4.4 mgms. orer IS minute sampling period. Oust: 167,000,000. Sample #15 Resin Room, Gum Warehouse, Tarnish Department, loading tarnish pots with gums and resins. Oust: 6,700,000 oter 7* period, Bote: Sample collected In dilute aloohol solution, which dissolved most of the dust. Sample #16 Resin Rocm, Gum Warehouse, Tarnish Department, loading varnish pots with gums and resins. Lead: 0.35 over ten minute sampling period. Oust: 16,900,000. (dust badly agglomerated. Count definitely too low) Satale #17 Nitrocellulose Milling Room, Deportment 0-6, operating Banbury Mill. Oust count over 15 minute sampling period 2,920,000. Satyla |>lfl lacquer Mixing Room, Second Floor, Dept. D-4L, dumping nitro cellulose Into lacquer mixing tank. Lead: 0.1 mgas. over 20 minute aampllng period. Dust: 5,300,000. Sample #19 Stone Dreasing Room, facing mill stone on laths. * Lead: 0.6 mess, over 30 minute amapling period. Oust: 1,290,000. From the above list, It may be noted that the following loca tions show lead concentrations above 1.5 mgms. per ten cubic meters of air: I 1 Bouse Paint, Pry liix B Bouse Paint A Aluminum Bronze Using Room House Paint B, Chrome Green Dry lilx House Paint 3, Chrome Yellow Dry lulx White Bnemel Hiring House Paint 3 (general air) House Paint B (mixing French Ochre) 40.3 mgas. 15.4 mgma. 6.5 mgas. 13.6 mgns. 10.5 ages. 5.7 mgma. 2.2 mgms. 4.4 signs. She problem* . created by this .lead .exposure are..discussed In a subeequent .section entitled "Lead Problems''. Additional Hates bade by Dr. Fredrick: 1) The low type of dry mixers used In this plant have little to be said In their favor from a safety standpoint, but from a dust control standpoint appear to be preferable to the higher forms with underneath drives. Huefa less dusting occurs during charging at the mixers and the workers' breathing zone Is well above the localized cloud of dust which Is emitted. \ 2) Then Interpreting these data, collected In nineteen representative areas about the plant, It must be remembered that stumer time conditions prevailed, with high humidities and excellent window ven tilation. Unquestionably higher dust concentrations will prevail In winter months when the relative humidity is correspondingly low and the doors and windows tightly closed. 3) The present wet type of grinding and chiseling practiced In the stone dressing department appears to have the silica dust problem well under control. Such practice is highly cosoandable and should be con tinued. 4) The dry mixing and the wetting down of dry aluminum and other bronzing powders Is accompanied by large clouda of metallic dust. It la suggested that whenever possible, the m% aterial be wetted down In the original container and subsequently manipulated In paste form. The wearing of proper^designed respirators tends to alleviate the exposure. 5) It was observed that respirators were almost universally worn during the dustiest phases of the operations, but ware removed as soon as the work was completed. This practice affords no protection against the resident dust concentrations in the air, which may remain high for considerable lengths of time In the absence of frequent air changes. The Quantitative Detentlnetlon of ailnute iraeea of Lead Salle for Highly Specialized Sqjlpoent. Sea Accompanying Reprint for Description of Method ?or Atmospheric Lead Analyses Cerried out in This Investigation. Acme White Lead and Color Works Hamtremek (Detroit) Michigan f 6) further It is believed that proper servicing end maintenance of respirators is not being made. All respirators should be cleaned and inspected dally in a special department far this work and by an experienced workman. In order to avoid the need of two respirators for -every man, this -work should be done at night after the regular shifts have ceased work. Every workman in dusty areas should have bis own respirator cleaned and sterilized dally and worn by no one else* 7) The respiretora in use, in the writer's opinion, are of a satisfactory type and probably the best now available for protection against lead and other dusts, 8) The exposure to high concentrations of organic dust in the gum warehouse, especially during varnish pot loading operations should be viewed with suspicion. Suitable control and protective maanure should be inaugurated in the near future. At the present time, these workmen do not use respirators end only natural ventilation is provided. Certain experi mental work, if done, might successfully reduce the dusting of the resins, I iblstening with water, alcohol or alcohol-water solutions may be both feasible and adequate, S) The enormously high counts and the extraaely snail particles found essoclated with samples taken about color pigment mixing operations indicates a real need for dust control in the form of local exhaust hoods. ! The mixing of chroma pigments presents an especially dangerous exposure to both j lead end chromium, Respirators of the type which are used at present will I protect against the lead, but not against the possibility of chrome derme- i |. title end chrome ulcers. The chemical eoapositione of other color pigments i in use are not known to the writer, but unquestionably provide similar ex posures to other metals and irritating agents. 10) liixing caulking compound releases numerous asbestos particles into the air as show by oounta made about this manufacture. Ho wet the extent of the exposure is sufficiently limited that the use of resplratoi by exposed workers and the introduction of some general exhaust ventilation into the work room will prevent the appearance of aabestosls. T 11) la conclusion it may be said tbat the dust conditions J of tbs leas 'Jhite Lead and Color ;/orks, as pictured by the several dust counts bere reported, are not alarx&ngly bed and do not require tbe eppllca* j tios of drastic and limed late control measures. However, this company should | consider as a long range course of action tbe gredual reduction of ell .high j :durt exposures In the plant, either by installation of local exbaust hoods, I increasing the general ventilation, changing aanlpulation procedures and processes, or a oonbinatlon of these devices. i or Imnut Bt mb s a u Tmb mw t It, r A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR THE RAPID DETERMINATION OF LEAD WHEN FOUND IN THE ATMOSPHERE* G. C. Hu l b o u ), S. F. Mrxx a k o F. R. Ho l d b n from tto |rfiutrial Byfient Zitpertmni, Ckrytlet Corporation, Dotroit, Uiekifon HE determination of lead is that too many of the methods require Tsmall amounts found in sir equipment not available to the average has been carried out is the worker in industrial sanitation, we past by some modification of Faprior-pose in this method to limit the ball's chromate method (1,2). These use of expensive or special equipment. modifications include those using the The details of the sampling ap S-diphenylearbaxide developed by Ca- paratus can be obtained from papers zeneuve (3) as an indicator for hex- written by Grtenburg el of. (18) and avalent chromium. Kehoe (4,5) and Bloomfield (19). Ordinary items of others found this method inferior to a Fyrex laboratory glassware will be the spectroscopic determination (6, 7) only other items of equipment neces especially when used for biological sary. material. Electrolytic methods have Sampling procedure for lead.--Using also been proposed (8) as have various a modified Greenburg-Smith impinger colorimetric procedures (9, 10). Re and air sampler, one collects ordinary cently a number of investigators (11, lead dust composed of lead oxides, 12,13,14,15) have developed modifi etc., in 250 cc. of lead-free distilled cations of Fischer (16) and Leopoldi's water. For some lead compounds and (17) dithisone method for the quanti lead fumes where it is best to collect tative determination of lead for use is the sample in a dilute nitric acid solu various types of investigations. We tion, one uses 10 cc. of concentrated have for some time used a modification nitrie add (C.P., 8p. G. 1.42-1.43) of this method for the determination in the 250 cc. of distilled water. Inas of lead in air. much ss we, for the sake of conveni Inasmuch as we know of no other ence and accuracy, in evaporation, method which permits one to collect ordinarily use 500 cc. Pyrex wide- and analyse so many samples of air mouth Erlenmeyer flasks with 250 cc. that may be lead-contaminated, we of distilled water, the quantities of describe here the sampling and analys add and subsequent reagents are ing procedure in the hope of contribut based on that procedure. Should one ing to the development of rapid and use other collection bottles, containing accurate methods for the determina less distilled water (75-150 cc.) as in tion of toxic substances in the field of some types recently described (20), industrial hygiene. Since it is felt modified reagent amounts should be 'Itaesivsd (or publicatioa May X, 103A used. 724 i ! ! N16643.05 / wJ. It, no. toI DITHIZONE METHOD OF LEAD DETERMINATION 725 The sampling time for quantities of CmdacaL An a l y s is Ie*d which will approximate 1.5 or less . Preparation oj Solution*-Prepire mg. per 10 eu. m. of sir should be (1) 5 ^ KSt mmonium citrate from 30 to 40 minutes. In areas joiution from citric acid by the addi- where the amounts of lead are greater of ammonium hydroxide until just than 1.5 mg. per 10 cu. m. of air, the .iv.i;n. p.p.y, time of sampling should be reduced (1) to per cent solution of potassium according to the concentration at the cytnidt. amounts of lead analysed by this (3) j^ estradice sofution.--Mix method are in the neighborhood of is cc. of 10 per cent potassium cyanide thousandths of a milligram, and should Nation and 20 cc. of not exceed 0.1 mg........................ citrate solution with S3 cc. of concen- The sample Is collected either with trated asunoruuni hydroxide (Sp. O. the 10 cc. of concentrated nitric acid 0.9), ^ tben ^ 450 ec. of wtttr. added or in pure distilled water. If (This solution is used to neutralise the collected in pure distilled water, add exeea> ^tnc acid, and provide the the name quantity (exactly 10 cc.) concentrated nitric add after eoUection. The sample is boded in the onguial sampling flask until the quan* tityu slightly less than 90 ec. After cooling, place in 100 cc. volumetric flasks. Wash the sampling flask with two 5 cc. portions of distilled water and add this wssh water to the volumetric flask. Then dilute to the mark with distilled water. Remove an aliquot portion of 5 ec. wueh quaxx* tity will contain approximately 0.5 cc. pr0per pH of from 9.5-10.) (4) BMUone extractTM utuium.-S cc. potman cyMide i0 per cent, 15 cc. concentrated ammonium hydroride to 500 cc. of water, (5) Ditkitmtofuon.-25 mg. dithiUne per liter of pure chloroform, standard lead solution.-l.598 gr. le>ul (recrystallised) in 1000 ec. 0f 0.1 per cent nitric add solution, l cc. of this solution - .001 gr. lead m j jcl<j . lOee'ot above is diluted to 1000 cc. of concentrated nitric add. It is Whence 1 cc. of the dilution solution important to add exactly 10 cc. of m [t*&. nitric add and no- more. Too little acid will cause destruction of the dithisone reagent. Too great an amount will lower the pH Wow 9.7 which is the alkalinity to which the lead extractive solution has been adjusted. This has been shown to be me optimum pH by Clifford and Wichmann (21). The reagents have been adjusted to care for all commonly interfering metallic ions, but this will not be true unless the described conditions are followed precisely. All reagents should be of the highest purity obtainable, DetaiUd pnadvrt.-lS cc. of the extractive solution is placed each of the Squibb separatory funnela- Exactly 5 cc. of the unknown .ample contained in the 100 cc. volu metric flask is added. Then add the dithisone solution from a burette in 0.3 cc. portions, shaking the separatory funnel after each addition until a slight purple tinge is noticed in the chloroform layer. The dithisone in 0007-SWP-000030858 T 728 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY (De,, tut Lead extractive solution containing the ,of the 10 mg.-per X. dithisone reagent lead, until n slight purple tinge which will be sensitive with the di- appears, one adds a known volume of thixone already sdded, up to about known concentration of the dithisone 0.015 mg. of lead. Should the color reagent. These concentrations are so still be cherry red, it is recommended adjusted as to give colors ranging from that 5 cc. of the 25 mg. per L. solution green through blue-green to purple be used. This will increase the lead shades, and finally a cherry red. which can be determined up to about We have found it advantageous to 0.05 mg. If still larger quantities of use small known amounts of the weak- lead are present, one may add the est dithisone reagent for the unknown successive increments of the 25 mg. sample and the same solution for the per L. dithirone up to about 25 cc. standards nearest the unknown in when the sensitive limit will be lead concentration. reached. This procedure will allow a Then by adding a definite volume top limit of about 0.25 mg. to be of the stronger solution, the unknowns determined. It is recommended, how- having larger lead content may be ever, that a smaller aliquot portion of determined. Other standards will the total lead sample be used, should then be made up containing larger one have over 0.15 mg. in the sample, known quantities of lead and the Draw off the chloroform layer contain- dithisone will be added in two portions, ing the lead dithisone complex into one, the known amount of weak the comparator tubes and compare dithisone as added to the weak stand- with the standards. The greatest ards, and the second portion of sensitivity is found when using the stronger dithisone as added to the deeper purple shades, unknown sample. The standard lead solutions made By following this method of adding as previously described are the same the dithisone reagent, an unknown volume as the unknown sample. They containing up to 0.2 mg. of lead may must be treated exactly as the un- be accurately determined. Most rou- known sample. It is cautioned that tine work demands no more than four the analyst should never compare to six standards. unknown samples which approach to Detailed procedure.--Collect sample near cherry-red color. It is further as previously mentioned. Add 5 cc. recommended that when greater aecu- of the unknown sample contained in racy is desired the number of stand- 100 cc. volumetric flasks to 15 cc. of ards be increased so that the range in lead extractive solution. Shake thor- lead content is never more than 0.002 oughly and add 5 cc. of the dithisone mg. between any two standards, solutioncontaining4mg. perL. Shake Diteuuion.--This procedure has, in vigorously. This amount and concen- addition to a greater accuracy, the tration is very sensitive for from 0 to advantage that larger samples can be 0.005 mg. of lead. If the dithisone analysed with no sacrifice in accuracy, solution turns a cherry red indicating Using this modification with an aliquot that the unknown contains larger of 1 cc. of the 100 cc. sample, it would amounts of lead, one then adds 5 cc. be possible to analyse air accurately 730 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY |Du., int .Results obtained using th modified method eompared to results obtained by the method when ail exeeae di thisone ia removed are ahown in table 2. Tbeee figures indicate that an analyst familiar with the variations in tints produced by addition of excesses of dithiaone can obtain results accu rate to leas than 3 per cent of the lead present. The error it of course greater when very small quantities are an alysed. For this reason, the analyst should so choose his sample aliquot that it contains between 0.005 and 0.15 mg. of lead. This is not difficult after a short familiarity with the method. The speed of the method is not appreciably affected inasmuch as the extractions with dithisone extrac tive solution are eliminated. IirrDirauNCX or Mx t al Io n s The only interference which occurs with dipbenyithiocarbasone in the solutions used is that due to stannous tin, bismuth and thallium. We have neglected thallium because of the small amounts of this material used in industry. Bismuth and tin do not interfere due to the excess ammonium hydroxide and ammonium citrate which remove these metals while in combination with dithisone. It is not known how completely this pro cedure removes the interferences. It maybe that compensatory errors cause the removal to appear complete. However, it has been observed that, in the analysis of air containing solder particles with a composition of approx imately 50 per cent tin and 50 per cent lead, no appreciable error is evident. The following experiment was made. Air samples containing the unknown material were divided into two equal parts after the addition of nitric add. One portion -was treated as suggested by Clifford and Wichmann (21) for removal of tin and the lead then determined by the "mixed color" method. The other portion was treated by the "one color" method described in this article. No appre ciable error was evident. The results are shown in table 3. TABLES (Ll*AuiArJoTvBwna) (TiuU>UroMnOrT>ta) n*. 1 0.021 0.022 2 0.02 0.022 3 0.04 0.040 4 0.013 0.011 TABLE 4 Lus Forma nr Paxssucs or lirrxarsxrxo Eiaxxm* tiAiimn 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.04 M4tfVMTB **. 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 VTOT*AAVV9MW UA> ucot um #. 0.021 0.01 0.010 0.041 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.041 It may prove advantageous if a problem involving bismuth and lead should arise to remove the bismuth by Willoughby's procedure (22), al though it appears that reasonable results for routine work can be ob tained without such preliminary re moval if quantities for analysis are above 0.01 mg. This stand is taken in view of the errors of air sampling but cannot be condoned should ex treme accuracy be desired. d tol. It, w. 10] DITHIZONE METHOD OF LEAD DETERMINATION 731 These results shown in table -4 were standards that ate used in the analysis obtained by using the method as given of the unknown sample. We have in the general procedure, using the used the method for other determina dithisone extractive solution to remove tions than air analysis and, in such excess dithisone. In actual practice, cases, it is of course necessary to where it is used with lead, the inter determine an accurate blank. This, ference is found to be negligible even however, we find in most cases to be when the shortened routine method O'.OOl mg. or less. This is not true is used. for various organic materials requiring Companion ofthree methodi.--It was digestions and other manipulations. found that, when using a modified In conclusion, it should be explained indirect chromate method, results that the value of this procedure is felt were invariably higher than they to lie in the rapid sampling and analy should have been. As used by us, the sis of lead in air to the end that control excess of standard hexavalent chro of industrial hazards may be accom mium was determined colorimetrically plished. Much difficulty in studying using diphcnyicartaside as the indica complex industrial problems arises be- tor, after lead chromate had been i>s separated by filtration. TABLES Our results seem consistent with Acruax Samus w it s IxTxansnro Sea- the spectroscopic results obtained by sraxcas Passsrr another laboratory, and about the same order of accuracy as other results uiOmwOiMim.Uufrlii unnsuuoiKwft previously presented. Discussion of error in air analysis.-- The accuracy of this method when a 0.01 mg. sample or more is taken for analysis is certainly greater than #. 0.025 0.035 0.033 0.054 0.017 0.024 0.018 0.031 . 0.0153 0.0355 0.0161 0.0227 needed when the etTOts of sampling technic are considered. Inasmuch as cause not enough determinations can there is no point in having a method be made in the time allotted for such much more sensitive than the whole study. process of collection of sample and analysis, it is felt that, because of the BomiaKT speed in analysis and the smaller We have presented a means of sampling time that is directly related collecting and analysing lead in any to the smaller quantities of lead which form using a minimum of expensive can be accurately analysed, this equipment. No colorimeter need be method is much superior to the used if this procedure is followed, and methods previously used in lead analy the only special equipment needed is sis of air samples. the air sampler and impinger. It is It is further to be noted that no recognised that by making blank blank has been found necessary be determinations Pyrex separatory fun cause the same solutions and amounts nels and high purity chemicals are not of chemicals are used in up the required. T 732 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY [Dee., 18 * BIBLIOGRAPHY I. FarmBiu, L. T.: Lead itudie*. Esti minute amounts of lead in urine. mation of minute amounts of lead Canadian Med. Aaea. J., 33, 648 in biological material. Tate Joes., (1833;. 4,4(1823-23). 13. Wic b max x , H. 8., Mu s s at , C. W., 3. Fa is s a l l , L. T.: Lead etudiee. A rapid Hauls, M., Curross, P. A., Louos- method of analysing arise for lead. BST, J. H,, am Vonsss, F. A., Js.: J. Biol. Chem., 60,485 (1824). Methods for determination of lead 3. Cat moron, P.: Bar la dipbenylcarba- in foods. J. Assn. Official Agr. ride, reach! trie eeuible de quelquee Chem., 17, 108 (1834). composes metalliquee (cuivre, mer- 14. Wiirrsu, O. B., Ro s ik s o k , B. M., cure, fer an meiimiim, aeide chro- Lams , F. W,, am Miuss, E. J.: mique). J. de pharm. et de chim., 13, Detennination of lead. J. Ind. Eng. UO (1800). Chest., Anal. Ed., 7,365 (1835). 4. Enos, R A., Tuun, F., am 15. WlLSJKl, E. 8., Ja., Wil l o o u b it , C. E., Cbo l as , J.: Os the normal abeorptioa Ksamrss, E. O., am Stan, F. L.: and ezeretios of lead. Tsra Joes., Determination of minute amounts of 13, 357 (1833). lead is biological material. Ibid., 7, 5. Enos, R. A., Teamah x , F., am 83 (1835). Cbo l as , J.: Normal aheorptios and It. Fracas, B.: Uber den Nechweie von excretion of lead. J. A. M. A., 104, Schwermetellen tnit Bilfe von "Dithi- 80-83 (1835). eon" (Diphenytthioeerbuon). An- 8. Cs o l as , J.: The qoastitatin spectro- gew. Chem., 43, 1025 (1828). Mikro- graphic determination of lead in chemie, 3,318 (1830). urine. J. Am. Chest. Boo., 37, 104 17. Freesss, H., am Lsorout, G.: Colori- (1835). metriech* Beatimmung von Blei und 7. Cbo l as , J.: Quantitative epectro- EupfersutDithiion. Angew.Chcm., graphie detenninatioo of lead is bio- 47,80(1834). logical materials. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 18. Ean, B. H,, Sk it s , G. W., Mt s s s , Anal. Ed., 7,387 (1835). W. M., Ts o s t s l , L. J., iKOSta, M., 8. Curross, P. A., am Wic s mas x , B. 8.: Methode for determination of lead in foods. V. Electrolytic method. J. Aeeoe. Official Agr. Cham., 17, 133 (1834). 8. Wic b k ab s , H. 8., am Vonsss, F. A., Jn.: Methode for determination of leadin foods. VI. Colorimetric dithisons method. Ibid., 17,130 (1834). 10. Vdssse, F. A., Js., am Curross, P. A.: Methode for determination of lead in foods. IV. Colorimetric eulSde method. Ibid., 17, 118 (1834). am Osssmsso, L.: Comparative teats of instruments for determining atmospheric duets, etc. U. 8. Pub. Health Bull. no. 144 (1825). 18. Bl o o k t is l o , J. J.: The sampling and analysis of industrial duets. Am. Pub. Health Aasn. Year Book, 18351836, p. 86. 30. Bates, T,, Wasssar, H., am Ds ik s u , P.: Modified form of the GreenburgSmith impinger for field use, with a etudy of its operating characteristics. Tsui Joes., 14,8 (1833). 21. Curross, P. A., am Wicsnaxw, H. B.: II. Al l t o s t , N. L., am 8raisemu, Dithisone method for the determina G. H.: A new method for the deter- t tion of lead. J. Aeeoe. Official Agr. mination of lead is organic material Chem., 18, 180 (1836). with special reference to dyeetufie. 23. WiLLOoqssr, C. E., Wil u ami, E. 8., Analyst, 37,440 (1833). am Eb a s k s b, E. O.: Determination 12. Rose, J. R, am Lscaa, C. C.: A new of lead. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. method for the determination of Ed., 7. 385 (1835). i I* 0007-SWF-000030865 Apparatus Used for Collection of Samples of Atmosphere Containing Dusta, Lead and Other Contaminants. Acme White Lead and Color Works Hamtraack (Detroit) Michigan 0007-SWP-000030866 Additional Connent by pr. Fredrick on Lead Analyses and just counting Hsthod of Sampling and Counting All samples were collected la lvad free distilled water by the size procedure is described under the heading "Dust.* Adequate precautions were taken to prevent the accidental contamination of the sample with-lead. Blank determinations on reagents and solvents used demonstrated their very low lead content. In every instance th average blank value was deducted Trot the total lead content of the sample. The lead content of the samples was determined by the dlthiso.no method of Holden, i.'eek and Harr old, described elsewhere in this report. All results are expressed in terms of milligrams of metallic lead in 10 cubic meters of air at standard condition of temperature and pressure (00 and 760 am Hg pressure). Caamente on Results and Hecopaendatione The maximum concentration of lead which may be present in the atmosphere without danger of lead abs rrption taking place has been fixed at 1.5 mg. per 10 cubio meters. This volume of air is a close approximation to that breathed by the average worlcnan during an eight hour working day. However, in our experience, the- threshold limit before Xsad absorption takes place as revealed by the basophilic aggregation test is nearer to 5 mg. for most people. In epite of this fact, a better legal position will result if the concentration of lead ie kept within the 1.5 mg. limit. Due consideration must be given to the fact that samples were usually collected during the most intensive liberation of dust and thus tend to show maximum values. The general eight hour level will not run so high. For dxample, the mixing of paint involving the use of dry white lead produced atmospheric concentrations of from 8-40 PbACte^ while a general air sample taken in the roam at greater : distances from the operations showed only 2 mg. The wearing of lead , dust type respirators during the changing operations greatly reduces the exposure. Most operations in the houee paint B department gave rise to high lead concentrations. The dry white lead used canes in small barrels. It is the oractice of same workmen to empty the barrels on the floor in front of the mixer, shovel the contents into it, and sw#p up the bal--n:e -ith a oroan. This proced\r< giv-;:- rise t; excessive leei ccnc-sntr-.tl ns. The operations siuiied in tr*ts 1, 2 ini 3 were practically Identical except that in test 1 the mixer was charged ace !-v tc the ib'vo described procedure. In ter.ts 2 and 5, the lead was shoveled cr soured directly fraa the barrel into the mixer. The eorrespending atmospheric lsai contents were 40.3 mg. 7*7 mg., and 3.7 mg. 'er 10 eubis meters of air. The mixing of colored pigments such as lead chromate and especially leaded chrome green leads to very high concentrations of lead dust in the atansphers. It is suggested that exhaust hoods be supplied on sixers of these aateriale ime time in the near future. It should be noted that most Trench ochres contain large amounts of lead and can bee me a serious source of contamination. General lead conditions in the enamel mixing department were coo . illy a few operations seem to give rise to high lead ccneentr-.tions. The use of respirators should continue at all dusty operations, especially if any lead containing eonpounds are to be used in the onamel foraulae. The mixing of caulking c as pound is attended by a rather severe exposure t: l-;i. The mixing of aluminum bronzing powder gives -ise to surprisingly high lead concentrations, perhaps due not to the operation itself but to general room conbmination froa other nearby lead using operations. Lead in significant concentrations wae not found in the dusty operations sampled elaewhere in the plant. Attention is called to the practice of burning lead containing materials in the yard of the plant. Such work may give rise to lead exposure, as may the removal of accumulated ashes frem the burning. Analysis.of the ash pile showed it to cantain frem 3-10 per -cent le .dp even after passage through a 325 mesh screen. The burning out and scraping of pots contaminated with lead containing vrnish may give rise to a significant lead exposure. Workmen engaged in scraping these pots should wear respirators of proper deeipa. The general lead exposure in this plant, while not bad, could be appreciably reduced without undue expenditure of money. 1 General exhaust ventilation should be installed inall lead using departments and local exhaust hoods supplied for very leady operations. Better wash roan and looker roan facilities should be provided for lead workers. The coapany should insist upon worlasn completely changing their clothing before leaving the plant, and supply overalls to be worn in the plant if neeeseary. Under no eircwstancee should the eensuBotion of food be permitted in lead using departments. LEU!) PROBLEMS On a qualitative basis, lead may bs found la almost srsry portion of this plant. It is found in raw aatsrial warehouses, in mixing dapartaonts, in Tnrnisji dspartasnts, in connection with tho (Hking of aluminum paint, in tho stons drsssing room, in tho lacquer department, on tho waste pile, in connection with papor baling work, on stairways, etc. This statement is of relative unimportance. Lead has been used in this plant for approximately 42 years. It has been tracked from lead using departments to remote container cleaning operations, in small quantities it has been wafted by winds through the various yards- until inescapably precise teats made for lead anywhere would disclose some of this substance. However, the quantity present, except for a few localities, is unimportant in appraising practical lead poisoning exposures. Two other sections of this report are devoted respectively to atmospheric analyses for lead and examination of blood of workers for evidence of lead absorption, is noted elsewhere, only one worker is at this time suspected of having any degree of lead poisoning, although not every worker in the plant has been examined. That section devoted to lead analyses in truth reports several places where lead concentration in the atmosphere well exeeeds tolerable limits, but this fact in itself does not servo as a guarantee that lead poisoning will arise. Offsetting this high concentration of lead are the facte that respirators are fairly faithfully worn by exposed workers, also the.operations lead^g to lead in the air are sp-lntarmittant as to'preclude Continuous eipjpsurqa ' ' '/* Nov after these preliminary statements, an attempt is made to answer the self-imposed questions - "Can lead poisoning arise in this plant1", "Are numerous cases eminent?", "At what points may eases be expected?", "hat steps my be introduced to avoid lead poisoning?". The answers now follow N16643.06 Seoticn of Dry Mix Departa-nt botn White and Colored. Operation Lead to Mineral Du:tc in Atmosphere Ineluding Lead Duet. Dustiness Favored by Vibration frcm Overhead Shafting. See Dieeussion under "Lead Analyses," Acne White Lead and Color Works Haatramck (Detroit) Michigan (1) "Can lead poisoning arts* la thi plant?" So widely distributed li load throughout this plant that la pit* of alaborata precautions, it would not bo surprising that at raro interrala aporadle easas of ganulaa load polaonlng would ariaa. It would not ba tha laaat aurprlalag if tha drum washer * -dsreloped typioallead -poisoning, or.rthat the woman -paster mf gerne plata eaaa daralopad load poisoning) or'that tha poat agitator tank elaaaar daralopad thia diiaaaa. Za ahort, and to raaort to rarnaoular Urn# aakin's of load poiaoaing ara about thia plant' . (2) "Ara numerous eaaaa eminent?" * "Thara will ba found undar praaant and uniaprored eoaditioaa only rare eaaaa of load polaonlng. Zha raaaoaa for thia afe apparent, lie human body ia able to ataad tha aetioa of day by day small Intakes of load without injurious manifestations,, furthermore, lead, while ararywhara praaant about this plant, is not taken into tha body in appraeiabla quantities under ordinary circumstances. The nara fact that a mixer ia eoatad two inchea thiok with hardened lead and oil does not constitute exposure. Zt ill only whan such lead finds entry into tha body either through tha lunga or tha v gastro-intestinal traet that difficulties may arias. Za spite of the absence of prospectire large numbers of lead poisoning eases, a few parsons at all times probably may be prowsd to ba absorbing lasd." (3) "At what points may easas ba expected?" "If lead poisoning cases arise at all they ara most likely to appear at the following work points, in order of importancat (a) lard work, if.this includes burning of refuse or baling of leaded paper bags (b) Janitor work in enamel or house paint departments (e) Cleaning of post agitator tanks after burning (d) Cry mix room of paint department (e) Cry mix room of enamal department (f) Manipulation of terns plate cans (g) Crum and container cleaning (l) Ston dressing (j) Varnish onIcing (t) Ifaintsnance department because of repair job* on leadad machinery (1) Paint recovery section, including small ordar aaotion % for dry color*.* U) "lhat atop* nay ba introduced to avoid laad poieoningT* "(a) The use of laad in paint*, axoapt for oolor purpoaaa, i* definitely on the aana, being replaced by such other mineral* a* lithopone, titanium, etc. Zbie trend should ba encouraged, and one of the steps in any program of lead control in paint mill* should center about the diminishing use of lead. (b) Personal hygiene of worker* brought about through education is a definite factor in the avoidance of lead poisoning. Workers should be taught that lead is poisonous, that its general source of entry is through the lungs in: breathing, that the searing of respirators serves as a barrier, that lead may be transferred to the mouth in connection with eating, tobacco chewing, smoking, etc., that constipation favors lead poisoning, that the use of alcohol promotes lead poisoning, that the drinking of milk in some measure diminishes the likelihood of lead poisoning, that personal cleanli ness is a factor -- that is, the avoidance of elothes dusted with lead, the removal of lead from hands and forearms, etc. (c) Small tricks in the handling of leaded raw material in this plant play an important part in connection with lead exposures. As ahown in another section, some lead in barrel* is dumped on to the floor near mixing machines, then is shoveled into the mixers. This practice produces more lead dust .than found under any other circumstances in this plant. This practice should be stopped once and for all time, and promptly. Conversely, the careful dumping of lead from bag* resting on the lip of mixers leads to comparatively little duet. Some workers, in emptying begs having contained lead, bang and alap the bags about producing excessive lead eoneentratioa in their immediate vicinity. Others achieve. to empty ths bags with rary few notions and very littla scattering of land. Obviously, tha latter is preferable and should be encouraged. (d) Every worker should be trained to wear suitable respirators at all times when lead is being stirred up as a dust. This applies to mixers, janitor workers and on oeeasion to yard workers. The two typee of respirators here in use are both commendable 'but neither type are well serrioed, and partieularly the Ellison respirators are negleeted. Some one person, and an intelligent person, should be given the duty of inspection, cleaning and testing respirators. The few in use in this plant calls for no elaborate cleaning equipment or any great amount of time expended in this work. Soap and water are the best agents for cleaning solid parts of respirators and carbon tetrachloride is a good detergent for the felt type of respirator after these hare been bioen in rererse.direction. Some few respirators in use in this plant are so neglected as to present shaggy whiskers, in part representing an accumulation of dust on tha felted surfaces. (e) Accumulations through the years from faulty janitor work has lead to encrusted machinery, floors and other portions of the plant. Cay by day some lead is ground off by walking and hand trucking and this lead is tracked in all directions. Lead as a constituent of general dust settled on stock, machinery, unused portions of floors, rafters, etc., so that whenerer any draught is present lead dust is stirred up and endlessly blown about. Tire haxards are increased by accumulations on equipment, floors, walls, etc., so that altogether it is desirable that increased effort be made to get rid of at least 75 per cent of the accumulated lead bearing incrustation widely present in this plant. This statement applies particularly to the enamel department and the house point department. (f) No workers in definite lead areas should be permitted to consume food in these areas, or anywhere, without proper hand cleansing. Some etates prohibit the consumption of food in lead using departments and conversely such states require the providing of suitable eating places.. This commendable law does not exist in Michigan so that the elimination of eating must ba laft to tha control of tha manufacturer, along with tha intelligent cooperation of hi* workers. Vary definitely no food ahould are. antar tha top floor of tha two department doing dry nixing (g) Hot a great deal of any tort of Janitor work ha* bean observed around nixing department*, except for tha laying down .of puddle* of paint restorer and ipant lacquer for tha purpose of softening up floor incrustations. Cry sweeping ha* bean obeerred and wat weeping ha* not bean obeerrad, although this nay exist. It would ba vary helpful if Janitors sweeping up lead accumulations such as in tha Bixing department might wear respirators during this operation, the watting down with water ot a solution of epsom salts might ba used to allay tha dust,and further, if careful avoidance might ba carried out not to stir up unnsosssarily any lead bearing dust. (h) No need for elaborate dust collections has been found in this survey, it least, up to tha present time this need has not bean demonstrated. If the vary simple remedies discussed in this section are carried out, and faithfully eo, it is believed that lead concentrations may be kept within safe limits. (i) from a hygienic point of view, no objection ahould be made toward the use of chewing tobacco by lead exposed workers, provided the tobaeeo is introduced into the mouth with clean hands. The reason for favoring tobaeeo chewing is that workers involved will invariably spit out tobaeeo Juiee that may contain lead, whereat in the absence of tobaeeo in the mouth, saliva might be routinely swallowed', thus introducing some lead into the system. (J) from time to time batches of workers should be subjected to blood examinations for lead as a test of the efficacy of preventive measures. If workers present positive basophilic sggrsgation tests, something is wrong, either with the worker or his work conditions in relation to lead expoeures. The finding of consistent positive . 1. tewto should lead to additional remedial steps. (k) With respect to those workers handling tSra"plate containers, it may be pointed out that the lead on^JnTplaU, which is oxidised on -the surfas#, rubs off on to ths hand* of workers in the form of lead oxide. Every worker handling these leaded cans any show you his or her blackened hands. This lead is then transferred to the south and sons portion of it inescapably is swallowed. Small traces of lead from these cans is thrown into the atmosphere as ths cans are bu^ed about, in eonneetion with filling and labeling/ etc. 'This atmospheric lead is not enough to produce lead poisoning. The hand transferred lead is the important matter in this situation. These workers should be encouraged to exercise extraordinary care *0 putting fingers into or about their mouths when they are coated with turn plate lead oxide. (l) Yorkers with dry color materials often fail to realise that these substances, particularly the yellows, oranges, lemons and greens may be rich in lead. The wearing of respirators and the same precautions named in this general discussion should be exescised by color workers. (m) Znaswch as women are likely to be affected more seriously by lead poisoning than men because of their child bearing function, many states prohibit the use of women on any lead work. It is not known that any such law exists in Michigan. The contrary is believed to be true. This question light, however, be brought to the attention of Vp, McGregor, the resident attorney. In any event, no women workers should be called upon to carry out duties involving definite I, M* lead exposures. The handling of turn plate cane is not regarded as constituting a definite exposure. (n) Summary -* Vhat this plant needs more than anything else in the control of lead exposures is a first class clean up, followed by day by'day cleansing' measures that will avoidths accumulations now present. During the extensive clean up period, added exposure will be brought about. This is inevitable. Second, the more careful wearing of respirators at ths immediate time :f temporary exposure to lead would go far in preventing actual lead poinoning cases. Third, the mducation of workers is needed in regard to the best type of practices in handling materials to obviate lead dusts or other lead exposures. VAPOR DETER1X-TXON3 This phase of the Investigation was carried out by Dr. Fredrick and la not strictly divided Into special departments, such as lacquer, varnish, etc. -The suggestions and recoaasniations made by Dr. Fredrick are here typed, Just as prepared by him, but In some Instances in later sections Dr. ileCord has modified the feeommendatlona made by Dr. Fredrick as not being practical at this very time. No fixed standards may be set for all chemicals giving rise to vapors, but a few may be mentioned. For benzol, toluol, xylol, solvent naphtha, wood alcohol, chlorinated hydrocarbons and butanol, the threshold of danger is about 100 parts of the vapors per million of air. In mixtures such as found in thinners, which may contain some toluol and xylol, along with various ace tates, alcohols and naphthas, the threshold of beginning possible injury is believed to be about 200 parts per million. For petroleum distillates, including gasoline, kerosene, mineral spirits, naphtha, Stoddard's solvent, without admixtures with more dangerous substances, the threshold of beginning danger is perhaps higher, on the order of 300 parts per million. Dr. Fredrick's data end ooament now follow: Lacquer Department. Portable Centrifugal liachlne. Tbla Operation Gives Riae to Disturbing Quantities of Hlxed Vapors. See Text for Discussion of Remedial Measures. Acme v/hlte Lead and Color Works Hamtramck (Detroit) Michigan r ! Testing and Sampling Conditions All test* for organic rep or* were made with a Vine Safety C 1. Appliance Company Combustible Gat'lndicator> an instrument capable of expressing in terns of its lower explosive limits the concentration of any flammable gas for sdiich proper calibration has been made. A % knowledge of the lower explosive limit of the .gas;under consideration makes possible the calculation of its concentration. Approximate information may be obtained about any combustible vapor providing the composition is known, even though the instrument has not been precisely calibrated for that material. Obviously only very general data may be deduced from the scale deflections produced by complex mixtures such as lacquer solvent fumes* In order to minimise errors in sampling due to air ourrents* dilution and intermittent release of high concentrations of vapor* numerous readings were taken about each work area investigated* The values reported show the average range of gas concentrations encounter ed. All samples were taken at the nose level of worloaen engaged in the operation under study* and as close to his faoe as possible. At the time these samples were taken* all windows and doors were open and the natural ventilation so provided was good. With the exception of spray booth*, virtually no mechanioal ventilation in the form of hoods* exhaust fans* etc. was provided. It may be reasonably predicted that tests taken under winter working conditions -with doors and windows closed would show substantially high*? results. -General Findings and Comments i, general vapor content of the atmosphere in both the * *ecohd floor lacquer rooms was found to be near 600 p.p.m ^^.`IRobi^ly^the upper limit of concentration'which may be tolerated for - -'''long-periods of time without marked harm to the workers so exposed. Windows were open and natural ventilating condition* good. Vapor concentrations about lacquer tank cleaning operation* and lacquer clarification with oentrifuges were found to be as much as ten times 1 Lacquer Department. Portion of Post Agitator Tank Section* These Tanks Bait Fairly High Concentrations of Uized Vapors at Breathing Level of Workers. This Picture also Typifies the General Unsightliness Characteristic of Several Portions of this Plant. Acme White Leal and Color Works Kamtramck (Detroit) Michigan the probable safe value. Nltro cellulose-carbon black nixing and nilling produces enomous concentrations of denatured alcohol vepor (2500 - 7000 p.p.a.) to which the worker is exposed for periods of several hours. It should be pointed out that th$ methanol concentration in the vapor . is probably higher than that in the liquid owing-ta its higher volabillty. Excessive vapor concentrations (500 - 1000 p.p.a.) were found near the agitator tanks in the DIF Ensnel Thinning and Filling Department. The manufacture of paint remover, composed as it is of benzol, methanol and acetone, all highly volatile and toxic materials, produces a serious exposure to dangerous vapors. Although windows and doors were open, from 200 to 10.000 p.p.a. of vapor were found. A safe concentration would not exoeed 100 p.p.a. Vapor oonoestratlons about the varnish filter presses (100 - 500 p.p.a.) were not spectaoularly high, but due to their highly irritating character possibly create a condition dangerous to the health of the exposed workers, especially men engaged in cleaning the presses. The possible presenoe of phthalio anhydride and other phthalie aoid derivatives should Increase oonoem over conditions in this area. Concentrations in other areas wwre not alarmingly hlg)i during the period tests were made. It must, however, be considered that ventilation conditions were probably at their best. Similar tests made under winter conditions with windows and doors dosed ..will show muoh higher values. - _ - - Attention is"alVed to-the practice of cleaning floors and machinery.with the paint remover described elsewhere in this report. Observations made in the Enamel Mixing Department showed paint remover vapor to be present in concentrations of from 100 - 500 p.p.m. in the general workroom air. The condition existed throughout Spray Booths T7bererer Found Is the Plant Require Modification In Order to Obtain Complete Protection from Injurious Exposure*. Acme Shite Lead and Color Sork* Hamtremclc (Detroit) Michigan the entire working day. The widespread use of lacquer thinner for hand, washing end miscellaneous cleaning is no.t praiseworthy and leads to undue exposure to these Tepors. The extended use of shellac in hand labeling end color card preparation may lead to sethanol intoxication- * It has been observed that practically without exception exhaust stacks on spray booths are inadequate end permit the return of exhausted material into the buildings through open window's, These stacks should be raised to et least fire feet above roof level. The blowing of fish oil, end to a lesser extent linseed oil, results in the formation of highly irritating products, probably unsaturated aldsbyd.es such as acrolein and croton aldehyde. These Tepors are exhausted Into a short stack. Unless unusual wind conditions prevail^ excessive concentrations of these materials become distributed in the several work areas. An appropriate exhaust system should be provided for the centrifugal clarifiers on the first floor Lacquer Department, The nitrocellulose mixing and milling machines are producing a ssrlous exposure to aloohol vapor. Their enclosure in exhaust hoods similar to those on the enamel roll mills will successfully reduce this exposure. Installation of Individual exhaust hoods of proper design bn the vanish filter presses Is advisable. It appears that an unusual amount of leakage of hot varnish takes place In the fil tration process. In order to reduce the general winter time level of advent vapors in the various work places, it is suggested that adequate flogy level exhaust fans be installed througxout these' areas. (All tests made Tuesdsy afternoon. July IS. 1937 and 'Wednesday. July 14, 1937) lacquer Department, second floor. General room air average-600 p.p.m. Cleaning -tanks -with thinner, a eosmion practise - '4000 - 5000 p.p.m. Lacquer Department, first floor General room air - 200 - 400 p.p.m* Filling cans - 400 - 600 p.p.m. Centrifuge elarlfioation - 2000 - 4000 p.p.m. leak cleaning rith thinner - 4000 - 6000 p.p.m. Paste Color Tube Filling (3 or 4 girls) - 200 p.p.m. (Carry over from Laoquer Department) ' Around grinders in color tube filling area - 200 p.p.m. (Carry over from Laoquer Department) Color eard spraying - 100 - 200 p.p.m. Some spray carries back to operator. Small batoh mixing roam Uixing table 100 - 400 p.p.m. At spray booth - 100 p.p.m. Shellac filling - denatured alcohol - 125 p.p.m. Laoquer solvent storage (large tanks in an unventilated shed) - 100 p.p.m. Nitrocellulose-carbon T Department ML - Laoquer - Second Floor General room air average - 500 p.p.m. Cleaning tanks with thinner, a cannon practice - 4000>5000 p.p.m. Department D4L - Laoquer - First Floor General room air - 200-400 p.p.m. .Filling cane -.-400-600 p.p.m. ' Centrifuge clarification - 2000-4000 p.p.m. Task eleacing with thinner - 4000-6000 p.p.m* i Department Past color tube filling (5-4 girls) - 200 p.p.m. (Carry over from Lacquer Department) i Department Around grinders in color tube filling area 200 p.p.m. (Carry over frost Lacquer Department) Color Card Spraying Department - 100-200 p.p.m. (Some spray carries baok to operator) Department 21 - Small Batch Mixing Room Mixing Table 100-400 p.p.m. At spray booth - 100 p.p.m. Department D8F - Tarnish Shellac filling - denatured alcohol - 125 p.p.m. Field Tanks Laoquer solvent storage (large tanks in an unventilated shed) 100 p.p.m. Department D6 Bitro cellulose-carbon black mixing denatured alcohol - 55007000 p.;m. Department D6 Hitro oellulose-oarben black milling - Average - denatured alcohol 2600 p.p.m. (Prooess lasts 4-6 hours at a time) 0007-SWP-000030885 Department D40 - Stone Kills Quail grinding - not over 100 p.p.a. Onhooded roll Bill* - 100-200 p.p.a. Vapors very irritating. Hooded roll mill* - wall below 100 p.p.m. Grinding with laoquer solvent - 100-600 p.p.a. Department D4 Houaa paint nixing tanka at one end of enamel grinding room. - below 100 p.p.a. Department L (little) Houae Paint - Seoond Floor - 100-200 p.p.a. largely laoquer fuaee from laoquer Department next door. Department B Houae Paint Grinding - Firat Floor - no vapor* in measurable oonoentration*. Labelling Department nearby alao ahowed no vapor*. Department D4F Enema1 Thinning and Filling General air oondition* - 100 p.p.a. Around agitator tank* - 300-1000 p.p.a. Girl atraining box ear paint 200-400 p.p.a. The aolvent vapor* in this Department are quite irritating and in general are not laoquer thinner*. Paint Remover Department 50# bensol end 50% of a 75# methanol - 25# acetone solution used a* solvent. Son* crude paraffin added to retard evaporation of the remover on work. Emptying bensol drugs into tank from second floor, window* open - 280-700 p.p.a. Sea* for "methyl aoetone" drum* - 1000-10000 p.p.a. Filling 1 gallon oan* on first floor - 200-10000 p.p.m.. 1000 p.p.a. Department DIO being most frequently enoountered. .^Filling dnas with "aynthetlo" vairlah at synthetio storage tanks - 200-400 p.p.a. of laoquer thinner vapor 1 Department D-1CM Cleaning varnish filter press * 200-300 p.p.m. Vapor* are very irritating* e*peoially to the eye*. Filtering varnish on filter prec* - 100-200 p.p.m. Department D6F Tilling (par rarni*h - no Tip or* Filling lacquer thinner - 200-400 p.p.m* Varniih labelling near lacquer thinner filling room 100 p.p.m. or le*. I* said to be much higher at time*. Department D8U Varnish coolcing - no measurable concentrations. Varnish codling - no measurable concentrations. Varniih thinning at pits - traces - below 100 p.p.m. Spray Booths ^ Nuaerous spray booths were tested and were found to be virtually free from vapor leakage at their throats. All tests were made afternoon of Tuesday* July IS* 1937 and Wednesday* July 14. 1937. TABNISH 1AKU7ACTDR2 An outstanding portion of this plant's operation is repre sented by the Varnish Department. Here practically all classes of varn ishes are manufactured, using vegetable, fossil and synthetic gvxss. In addition, 'there are a number of ancillary operations conducted, such as the manufacture of paint and Tarnish remover, the preparation of nitro cellulose carbon scale, etc. from our investigation, ire are topressad that a number of ' objectionable conditions exist, calling for some medial action. These deficiencies may not be rated as constituting gross exposures. On the other hand, they are of such severity as to be reckoned as practical exposures. As some proof of the actuality of these conditions, we are noting that there now are eaq?loyed in this department two workers with double pterygium, which disease of the eyes msy wsll have been oauaed by the irritant action of materials used or created in thie department. It ia impossible flatly to atate either that the condition of these eyea was or was not caused by the materials in use. Legally the answer is in the affirmative, further, there appear to be a number of persona with chest diseases, one of whom now is in the Hospital, one recently has been in the Hospital and several are said to be working but co:q>lalnlng of cheat affections. Third, widespread complaint axlata among the man as to tha injurious effects growing out of work at various points. This is notably true of the manufacture of glycerol phthalate, the filtering of varnishes, and the bloving of flab oil. In the following listing, these injurious practices and operations, ere described', discussed; iu$d Insofar..es possible' remedies i-are- suggested. 1) Varnish Filter Freeses Thie section of the Varnish Department makes uee of six filter presses. When these are in operation, a fair amount of leakage takes piece, the quantity of which varies somewhat with different types of varnishes. All lead to some leakage, some to more than others. In tha N16643.07 0007-SWP-00003Q888 |P p Filter Seotlon In Varnish Department. High Concentration* of Noxious Vapors Fare Found 1b this Workroom* Acme White Lead and Color Works Baatreack (Detroit) Michigan process of knocking down these presses, additional vapors enter the air. As a general result, this room, in spite of Its very high oeillng, Is thoroughly contaminated with vapors of whatever constituents go into varnishes, but chiefly nsphtha and related petroleum derivatives. By actual testing, the concentration of vapors was found to be high. These tests are reported in a special section devoted to the measurement of vapors of lacquers, varnishes, :1 dinners.,, solvents, etc. It is in this;room that one of the two workers with petryglum is employed. The superintendent of this department agrees with these Investigators that this room eonstltntes one of his most objectionable work points. In the opinion of these investigators, It in desirable that hoods be Installed In this workroom. Conceivably general ventilation might be introduced. This, however, will call for the removal of so ouch air per minute as to be expensive. It seems preferable to recoemend that an Individual hood over each filter press be Installed, that these hoods be fitted with suitable oondulta leading to a central stack which In turn should lead to the roof. This central stack should be equipped with a blower and the Individual conduits should be equipped with dampers so that when only one or two filters are In use, others may be dampened off as may be required. This Installation probably will call for the Introduction of Increased heating facilities because of the continuous removal of air from this room. 2) Cold Cut Room This room, which Is located in Building 41, houses, e variety of operations of somewhat dissimilar nature, but all giving rise to high concentrations of dangerous vapors. Roughly the vapor concentration is 1000 perta per million of air, when not more than 200 parts per million ' may be regarded as permissible. -Mot only do workers in this particular ~ room complain, but nearby women workers,' -lebellngWarnls h'andU;similar -'I duties, complain of vapors from this workroom. After due consideration, these investigators have oome to the conclusion that so many changes would be required in order to protect all operations In this room, that the cost B i MlMm Natural Stack Action Connected with Varniah Cooking EUminatea High Vapor Concentratlona about Stock Rooms. This Stataoent Does not Apply to Phthollc Anhydride Work. Acme White lead and Color Worka Haatraack (Detroit) Michigan would be prohibitive and perhaps would cost acre than the creation of a new work place to house these operations. Accordingly, the suggestion la made that all of these operations be re-established In some other better suited place end that at the time of such installation, there be Installed suitable exhaust systema as will keep the vapor concentration level , within permissible limits* Wo attempt ;is here made "to Indicate a new location, type of arrangement or other facilities leading to acceptable results* One of the worst features In this room Is the lack of safe guards for belting. Tor example, in one location an unguarded belt runs up directly over a series of steps so that the workmen oust climb under an unguarded belt In order to reach the work platform* 3* Tank Storage Problems. This department Is provided with an unusually large array of storage tanks. It Is gratifying to note that already a fair number of these tasks are equipped with carbon dioxide gas overblanksts and at this very time an Installation is being smde that will provide such gas for a larger number of tanks. The use of this protective procedure Is to be conaesded In ell ways and at all tlmas* Thoae tanka that do not lend themselvea to the application of carbon dioxide should aa rapidly aa Is expedient be replaced by others that do. At this time there appears to be no way of measuring whether or not cerbon dioxide actually la pre sent In a tank. This uncertainty should be removed through procedure to be devised by tbe Chemical Department. A very sizzle test may ba devised for this purpose. Inasmuch es fatalities end severe accidents connected with Snrage tanka for varnishes and raw materials are associated with entry Into tanks. It seems desirable to dlaeuaa in some detail protection against such aecldenta. We are therefore oopylag Into this report e similar discussion chiefly derived from en investigation in another plant. So ter aa known, this materiel is applicable to ell varnish and similar storage tanks. The type of asphyxiation or aeute intoxication that may arise varies from substance to substance. In the case of benzol, benzol vapors themaelves are responsible. Sufficient benzol vapors to produce death may ha praaaat la a taolc that baa bean treated over a period of days by team, hot water and air blowing. In the caae of linseed oil, the - damaging agent nay be carbon dioxide, possibly with a trace of carbon mon oxide , or there may be an o^rgen deficiency. In the caae of Tarnishes, rapors from the Tarious volatiles, through their, combined -Action, -nay "lead to asphyxiation. The following statements nay be pertinent to the situation: 1. Ho workmen should enter tanks unless absolutely necessary. . 2* No workman should enter a tank unless prerioualy it has been freed, as fiir as possible, of its contents* 3. No workaan should enter a tank unless closely guarded b7 another workman making obserTstion from the manhole or equivalent - opening. 4. No workman should enter a tank unless fitted with safety rope with which he may be withdrawn if asphyxiated* 5. No workman should enter a tank unless wearing a positive pressure respirator of proved suitable type. The all-service cannlster type is not regarded as suitable. Breathing through a hose in the absence of positive pressure is regarded as objectionable and insufficient. 6. No workman should carry ordinary electric light into a tank end so type of light other than those approved by fire and explosion regulations. 7. In case two men enter a tank, each should be guarded by a separate individual on the outside and eaoh should wear a separate safety line* 8. Under no circumstances should workers remain for prolonged periods in tanks. One half-hour is the maximum without emerging for a short period. - 9. Inmost instances? a positive pressure'respirator device should be of such type as to also provide eye protection* 10* Sue consideration should be given to the possibility of static electricity sparking or other sources of ignition in connection with work in tanka. The Storage of Raw and Finished Liquid Materials May Introduce Serious Exposures Connected with Leaks, Entry of Tanks, etc. Sea Discussion In Text. Acme White Lead and Color Works Hamtramck (Detroit) Michigan It is observed In the Acme Plant that a fair number of small leeks are continually present ebout tank erees. This statement applies not only to tanks themselves, but to valves, puzps, pipe joints, etc, Hhile no one leek was observed to be serious, In the aggregate considerable material Is lost and eventually a disaster almost Inevitably sill arise, * On the day -that this Item -was -written up. It -was observed, In connection with the es?tying by pumping of a tank car that continuous leaking was taking place In the pump Itself and from the flexible hose entering the storage tank. It was estimated that during the period of esptylng the tank es ouch as 20 gallons say have been discharged on the ground. In one place, bucket had been placed under the leak, but unfortunately the bucket likewise leaked. This criticism is not made of any individual or any branch of the management, but is simply the observation that the way; Is being paved for explosions, fires, aqphlxiatlon, Incrustation of machinery and general unsightliness, 4. rish Oil Problems. In another section of this report, one of these Investigators has Introduced some discussion of the difficulties attending fish oil and particularly blown fish oil. In small measure, the present discussion is a duplication of the consent there uade. Among the workers of this plant, the one thing that is known to ell as offensive are the vapors created in the process of blowing fish oil. The condition appears to be worse at some little distance from the point of operation than it is at that point. Those persons describe the offensive odor as being in pert animal odor, fishy in nature, end a some what pungent Irritating substance which it appears possible to disassociate from the fish oil odor. In short, one disagreeable agent is an odor, the other is a-b^irrltant;\The Important item, from a health point of view, is the Irritant, as odors do not themselves create diseases. They may foster nausea, loss of appetite, create neuroses, but they do not lead to organic disease. Heather conditions Influence the disagreeable features of fish oil processing. On occasion the vapors are blown back to the varnish area with the result that practically all workers may be observed with irritated eye* aa Indicated by profuse lacrimstion. This vapor or gas would very well serve as a powerful lacrlnetor for military purposes. This irritent is believed to be acrolein or some acrolein-like body. At least it appears to be an unsaturated aldehyde. Because of offensive properties, the blowing of fish oil is now oonducted at night and only on occasion. In addition to worker dlsooafort, when workers are present during the blowing process, some cosplalnts. are ..arising from fairly remote sources. During the present week workers at the Dodge Plant, approximate ly six blocks away were cotplelning of the disagreeable action of fish oil from some source, test of the workers were unacquainted with the source of the objectionable odor encountered. It is believed, but not proved, that it may be a rather simple procedure to get rid of the odoriferous.portion of this exposure. At the present time the vapors created are discharged through a conduit up on to the roof of an adjoining building, where there is a short stack. If near tts point of origin of this conduit, fairly near to the blowing tank, minute traces of chlorine may be introduced and dispersed, it is probably that the offensive odors may be eliminated. This method has been Introduced into tanneries, where similar offensive odors are produced by flesh, hides, skins and other animal organic material. Wallace and Tlernen manufacture chlorine deodorizing equipment, but It Is not known that any elaborate equipment be necessary, at least during experimental stages. It is believed that as little as one part of chlorine per million of vapors cay prove effective. Certainly the quantity will not be over three or four parts per million. The coirt therefore would be negligible and conceivably all that may be necessary is a small cylinder of chlorine with the type of; valve that may be cracked in such a fashion as to discharge minute, traces of the gas. The quantity of gas discharged readily may be-msaiursCsrby'the-Cheailcai Department. Ibis procedure should be tried out as an experiment, since practically no money is involved. If the odor is eliminated, approximately one-half of the problem will have been aolved. The above mentioned procedure will probably not eliminate the preaenoe of the irritant acrolein or aimilar body. Xn fact the chlorination of acrolein may enhance ita irritant qualities. Some aonsid- ration should he given to the possibllites of eliminating the irritant fraction of this vapor mixture by washing with appropriate soIt anta, such as dilute alkalies, sodium bisulphite, or otherwise. Since there are already on hand large numbers of tanks, it might prove to be practical to rig up a spray washer in some "tank.now on hand which Is .unsuited for other purposes. Equipment to control this problem is on the market, but is only available at a high price. The local chemical group, well quali fied as it is, should be able to create e spray method or some method for the elimination of this marked irritant. 5. Cerbon^ltrocellulose Killing and Mixing. One activity in this department apparently is unrelated, at least so closely, to varnish anufacture as to the making of lacquers. This is ths mixing and rubber milling of carbon with nitrocellulose. A troublesome exposure is provided not by the carbon and not by the nitrocellulose, but by the alcohol which is used to wet the nitrocellulose. This alcohol primarily is ethyl alcohol, denatured at least in part with wood alcohol. The percentage of wood aloobol is, however, so low as not to constitute the foremost exposure. The exposure is a mixed one of ethyl and methyl alcohol. The operations involved are 1} mixing and 2} milling. A separate nearby operation is that involving the' uae of the Eenbury machine, ualng somewhat dissimilar materials. The problem involved with the Banbury operation la mentioned in a later paragraph within this sec tion. Four times daily, for approximately two hours of the work day, material is being removed.by the.jjorkman from the..mixing machine. Two such machines ere present^;.but'anlfccue may .be>.ln use. At times both are in uaa. Correapondinglpvnti>^^;is|^ixa^hikaa"ire present', but only one may be in uae at any one time. It seams necessary that the worker or workers in this room ba protected against excessive aloohol vapors. For the milling machines, it is suggested that an appropriate hood be designed and installed immediately Roll Mill for Nitrocellulose Carbon Paste. High Concentration of Alcoholic Vapors Continually Present during Operation Call for HxhBuat System. Acme IThlte lead and Color Works Hamtramck (Detroit) Michigan r above each milling machine end that tie Tapors be conducted at least five feet abore the roof level with the aid of a blower* This hood should be loceted as low as possible on to tbe machine and if at all possib'.o -VLow the breathing level of the worloaan. For the mixing machine, the problem of exhaust is difficult, owing to. possible explosion hazards because of .t he dry .carbon, and nitro cellulose* almost inevitably fires or explosions msy be expected in flues connected with any exhaust system* Any general ventilating system is like ly to be somewhat ineffective, Inasmuch as worker projects his head and shoulders well into the mixer in process of removing the batch. It seems the best method to meet this problem may be to equip this workman with a positive pressure mouth and nose piece instead of the usual positive pressure hood of larger size. This will provide complete protection. Perhaps somewhat less expensive may be the use of an organic vapor respira tor with cannlater, which cannlstar la good for approximately eight hours of service. Least expensive of all would be the use of the ordinary cartridge type of respirator, the cartridge of which oontalns activated charooal sufficient for about one-half hour's continuous use. This last mentioned device, while cheapest, is difficult to control in that the effectlvity of tbe respirator at any given moment is somewhat uncertain and the cartridge must be replaced three or four times daily, depending upon the amount of use. If tbe choice of these three methods Is the positive pressure fece end nose piece, due consideration should be given to the matter of source of supply. The taking of positive pressure air for breathing purposes off of the usual plant pressure line offers some risks because of the high pressure likely to be provided in the plant pressure line. The thought underlying this entire discussion is that this small operation is a rather dangerous one and oslie for dome remedial action. The Banbury operation, and to some extent the operations just discussed. Involve more than usual fire risks. Already the Banbury machine has bean well fitted with protective devices against fire, but not against explosion. The experience of the company ia that fairlyfre quent fires are expectable, but explosions ere sot expected. The stand here takes is that explosions are not out of the question. It la suggested that the management consider enlarging the two windows sot present to Include the area between the windows and so to construct the window installation that this constitutes an explosion wall. This may be done at low expense and say prove to be both economic and a life .saver should there be .an explosion. The results from fires may not be limited to fire damage, but Instead may Involve Injury to workmen from the Inhalation of the deadly nitrous fumes produced on the burning of nitrocellulose. These nitrous fumes Involve series of oxides of nitrogen which are without warning properties and bring about no lrasedlete damage, but after a few hours* Interval fatalities may arise due to pulmonary edema. On the assumption that there'may be fires, all workers in this lnnediate area, including nearby buildings, should be duly warned to leave this portion of the plant even though the fire appears to be a small one. The burning of as little as 10# of nitrocellulose may give off sufficient fumes to kill all persons within the breathing zone within a distance of 100 feet. While this report doea not contemplate fire pro tection end fire prooedure, It is strongly urged that the possibility of fires and the production of nitroua fume a be considered and a program for avoiding exposure be created before any fires arise. Already there are on hand two all service masks which so far as knotm ara suitable for rescue purposes should the need arise In these two rooms. It Is noted In passing that these all service respirators should not be wan on the Inside of a tank where an adequate supply of oxygen la missing. These respirators merely filter out noxious gases without at all supplying oxygen when oxygen la lacking. What Is hare recorded with reference to nitrocellulose fires around the Banbury machine and milling operation' also applies to any other portion of the plant where nitrocellulose fires may arise. 6. glycerol Phthallc Anhydride Resina This type of resin manufacture Is the source of a fair amount of apprehension among workers in this department. Just what the Irritant involved la la somewhet uncertain. This may be Halted to tbe phthalle anhydride or conceivably to the heated glycerine and more conceivably ia the little known conpound produced by tbe combination of glycerine with phthalle anhydride under theee circumstances. It la poaalble that nore than one irrltent'la produced. It ia a well estebllahed fact that aome irritant is produced which leads to irxitatibn of the eyea, nasal .passages end bronchi. There la apprehension that oore serious daaage may be done, lead ing to ausceptlblllty to tuberculosis, pleurisy, chronic bronchitis, pneu monia end other such affections. This is not proved. The process leading to irritation is probably not just one but a combination of mixing, cooking, thinning, filtering and subsequent handling. The superintendent of thla department believes that ateck action is sufficient to take care of the vapors produced in the process of cooking. Of this these investigators are not equally certain. They are inclined to believe that the installation of fans within the stack for booster action under unfavorable weather conditions may be desirable. Ala may benefit the workers in the cooking department, but possibly may lead to tbe distribu tion throughout the plant area of increased quantities of phthalle anhydride "snow". Without any definite recommendation, it is pointed out that certain other planta have installed booster blowers to augment stack action. The recomnendation is made that the management give due thought to the merits and demerits of this sort of installation. The thinning of this type of varnish offers greater exposure than the cooking. Although the superintendent is convinced that tbe present installation is adequate and takes cars of all vepors, it is readily discernible that such is not the case. The hood over the varnish pot is only about one-half the area of the pot Itself. Visible fumes are observed not to be taken up through this hood. The stand has been taken by the superintendent that the hood must be smaller than the pot in order that the condensation drainage will be returned to the pot. This is a tenable position as the control of the condensate without wastage readily may be brought about. If the hood be made as large or somewhat larger than the pot, tbe lower edge may be rolled Inward and upward to constitute a gutter which at some one or two points may be perforated for drainage purposes into the varnish pot, through one or mare suitable apouta. This type of thinning is complicated by th fact that hydro carbon solvents, toluol and xylol, are Introduced into the varnish utile tot. Tte toluol and xylol bolls due to *tbe heat of the varnish. Enormous quant1ties of dangerous :vapors -are -given off from these hydrocarbons, .vhict are in addition to the lxTltatlon from the glycerol phthallc anhydride confounds. A third problem oonneeted with phthallc anhydride work is in the small room housing the filter presses for this type of varnish. As observed by us, oondltlons in this room were exceedingly bad. One of our own workers, spending only a few minutes in this room, acquired a minor pulmonary condition. Even thougi it be granted that Improvement should be made, it .is a bit difficult to offer any arrangement that will be entirely practical. At once the question arises as to the advlsiability of moving this filtering operation to tte general filtering area, for which certain recommendations already have been made. It is understood that this is not likely to be practical owing to the necessity for filtering this varnish hot and because of the desire to keep this troublesome varnish confined to one area. If we be wrong in this assumption, possibly the filtering of this varnish in tbe general filtering section, whan Improved, will be adequate. If the above aasusption be correct, consideration should be given to three possibilities} 1} general ventilation, 2) a hood immediate ly over the filter press and 3) the wearing of positive pressure helmet by tbe operator. Inasmuch as the varnish pot is present in the room containing hot vamlah, and inasmuch as this filter is of the portable variety, it seems mors practical to these investigators to favor the provision of positive pressure equipment for this one operator. If decision be made to use this type of equipment, such apparatus should be bought as will not be damaged by the varnish Itself. By this is meant that rubbar equipment might be softened up by tbe toluol vapors. Feinted equipment likewise might be quickly made unsightly. It is believed that an all aluminum face piece or synthetic rubber may he found available. Please note that no definite reconces&tions have bean made v beyond tbe recoarendation that ooasl.darati.on be given to this one or two nan work place. 7. Paint and Varnish Hanover Manufacture. Tills small operation Is located In Building 16, in a lead-to shed of ancient vintage. Paint and varnish .remover consists .of :the 'follow ing formulae: Paraffin Wax Benzol liathyl icetoue 3.30$ 50.25 . $*6.45 100 00 In this mixture, the benzol is the most dangerous substance, nie methyl acetone, which la not a true methyl aoetone, but a mixture of methanol and aoetone le second in Importance. In another section of this report, reference Is made to the concentration of vapors In various localities including the one under discussion. It times the vapors In this varnish remover work place ran as high as 10,000 parts per million,, but the average was only 1000 and the minimum 200. Not all of this may be considered to be either benzol or methyl acetone. Obviously a mixture exists. On the floor above, at the time the drums of benzol and methyl acetone respectively were emptied, the concentration ranged from 280-700 on benzol and 1000-10,000 on methyl acetone. It is to be understood that these concentrations were not general and not continuous. However, one worlaoan was present in close proximity to these high concentrations. The outstanding difficulty connected with the manufacture of. this product Is connected with the filling operation. This paint remover automatically fills into an open trough from which four more or less siphon units lead off to run Into small containers. Inescapably, a fair amount of spillage takes place and evaporation is constant during the filling opera tion. The temptation is to recommend that this manufacturing operation be moved out of the present quarters, owing to general dilapidation. It Is, however, understandable that there may be good reesona for utilizing that space as It la. It does seem scarcely warranted that any elaborate exhaust equipment be installed In so worn out a workroom. Ferbaps the under lying thought In this situation is this--that If any plans are contemplated T for norlog this operation, the serins should take place nor, prior to the lnstellatiuu of any exhaust or other type of protect ire equipment. Before Baking any recotstendations, it is here observed that a complete blood count was cade upon the one worker at this operation. The results ore here appended: Hemoglobin (corrected Sahll) Erythrocytes 4,600,000 leucocytes 6,200 Polymorphonucle era Large lymphocytes Small lymphocytes No pathology of red blood cells. 80 69 2J4 33-7, The outstanding laboratory erideace of benzol action is to be found in diminution in the number of white blood cells present. The normal end usual number approximates 7500 per cubic millimeter of blood. This worker shows 6200, which is not necessarily below the normal ranee, but at least i6 borderline, A second test is that recently described as the urine sulphate test, which was developed by the Bureau of Ulnes, A sample of urine was taken and tested and was definitely positire, indicat ing a benzol intake. Although these investigators may possibly be charged with a benzol phobia, it is recoanended that this operation be modified so as to provide no concentration of the mixture of vapors present in excess of 200 parts per million. This may be accomplished in any one of several ways. The dumping of the drums above the floor level requires only about ten minutes and thus is comparatively unimportant, even though the exposure be high. On the floor level, the filling operation may be made automatic or instead the filling operation may be carried out in the equivalent of a spray booth! that is, Immediately in the vicinity an exhaust fan may be Installed within a booth, in which zone the filling may be performed. One worker in this department exhibits a trivial dermatitis, which may be ringworm or may be oeueed by benzol or other ingredients of tie paint re mover, A third possibility, and the cheapest, of the lot, may be found in doing away with the open trough siphon system now in use, substituting for this filling directly from the closed tank and providing suitable respirators for the operators. f Tbs dilapidated shad, favored with the number Building 32 reelly should be torn down, ee no useful purpose is being served by It. The materials now housed there appear to be of as little value as the building Itself. If this building space Is truly needed, rebuilding should take place. * On the southeast corner of Building #12, there Is situated a low natal stack, approximately ten feet high, with which is connected a series of conduits from the vamlah thinning department and nearby operations. The greeter portion of vapors work their way upward toward this stack and are condensed before reach'lng the stack Itself and drain back Into their respective oonduits. This is not entirely true for a fair amount of complaint has been encountered that under certain weather conditions vapors are blown down from this stack and unfavorably effect workers In that region. The question Is raised, but may not be practical, and advantageous, to Increase the height of this stack by twenty feet and possibly more. miscellaneous Items: Another section of this report discusses skin hazards in the plant, Including the varnish department. liny of the pumps and similar equipment In this department Is In need of ordinary cleaning. Cospared with certain other plants, the machinery In this department may be classed as filthy. In the resin warehouse, a considerable amount of dust Is present and some of these dusts are explosive. Theoretically, a fair amount of skin disease should be present, but we do not possess sufficient evidence to condemn operations in this room. It eearns to be Justified that we maintain that throughout this department there Is a fair amount of disorder, accumulation of unused objects and materials. fine portion of the yard area la particularly bad, but this Is said to be due to repair operations now In progress. Resin dust has a way of plugging up the ears of workers t i i i i I I 1t leading to functional deafness without any organic disturbance of tbe near ing apparatus. One man, working with resins in tbe warehouse, appears to be bard of hearing in his right ear. nothing is known about this nan's condition, but it may be well to sand this Ban to Ford Bospltal to haws his eers freed of accusulated resin if in fact his partial deafness is due to this cause* T CC*" -.TM -Tv H .C XT--.TDATIL .v*TJTTi DI?AI\T1TZ*TT As oloewhere ebservsd, a oonsidcrabls portion of the LiJ..'.u." Dipartneat .7ork ii d:ns elsewhere. Ir.e nitrocellulose paste is pre pared apart fraa this plant. T%he milling a* carbon nitrocellulose seals is here carried out in the Tarnish Department. The milling of lacquer materials is here carried out its the Dnomel Department. Thus the Lacquer Department largely becones one of thinning, tinting, filling and labeling, notwithstanding this restriction of operations hers carried out, this lacquer department presents higher concentrations of vapors than any yet investigated by us where actual measurements were carried out. In another section of this report details are provided as to various teste made of vapors, gases, etc. throughout the plant. Also, certain limitations ara there shown as to the accuracy of the method used by us. Sven though the nethod employed poiseseee an error of 50fJ as a deviation fraa accuracy, there still is much too much vapor material in the Laoquer Department. It appears demonstrated that the high concentration of vapors about which complaint is being made is due to four souroes, as follows! 1) almost continuous cleaning of large and small utensils, including tanks, immediately on the two laoquer floors, hit particularly the first floor, using laoquer thinnars as cleaning agents. 2) the free uee of lacquer thinner or paint remover for floor cleaning, cleaning of work utensils, hands and forearms, etc. 3) the use of centrifugal machines. A) the almost total lack of any air exhausting equipment in this area. In that earlier section, dealing with vapor determination^ Dr. Fredrick has made various suggestions as to ways and means of con trolling vapor concentrations. Dr. Fredrick's ccmment should be con sidered, but in the last analysis this final comment is to be regarded N16643.08 0007-SWP-000030907 . as taking precedent over caaaent aide in other plsees. It ie distinctly recommended that within the Inequer Department there be installed an isolated roaa, well exhausted, for all cleaning of containers, portable tanks, etc. used in this departnent. This installation eseae to be imperative. In this email room there should * be installed a sufficient numupr of^tanks for the of such fluids as may be neeessary for cleaning purposes. All tanks, save those con- Due consideration ehould be given to spark proof lamps. It eeeme likely that this room should be Installed on the first floor, as the use for it is greater there. However, plans should be aade for the use of this cleaning room in connection with the work on the floor above. It has been represented to us by Ur. Hutchinson that extensive alterations shortly will be instituted in the Lacquer Department. If this be true, it is undesirable that major installations be made at the present time as regards vapor control. Whether or not these Innovations are Introduced, provision should be aade to maintain the vapor concentra tion level throughout this area between 200 and J00 parts per million of air with a preference for the lower figure. It la poesible that the centrifugal machine or machines will require an exhaust system, as this operation is a considerable offender. Conceivably the centrifugal machines might be made more or leas stationary in order to provide opportunity for the exhaust installation. The rather free use of lacquer thinner for all types of wash ing purposes in open tress should be discontinued by being centered in the lacquer utensil cleaning roaa above mentioned. Oa the second floor, it may be euffieient merely to introduce exhaust fans at about the floor level for the evacuation of accumulated vapors to the outside. Since extensive changes are in order in this department for production purposes, and since it is understood that these workers will spend a few days in this plant about six months henes, no further reeaa- aendatlcne are made at this time. However, this section cloaee witn the emphatic statement that at the time of cur testing, vapors were unusually high in this department. SJAMEL D"?ARTJSHT In many other eeetione of thie report activities in the enamel department ere dieeueeed. Seme, comment may be found in connection with .lead analyses, `vapor de ..erainations, duet counta, blood examinations, illiminatlon teats, etc. In two sections some recommendations are made by Dr. Fredrick in connection with his own examination of these premises. All thie being true, no reason exists for lengthy discussion of hygienic conditions in this department. Two items stand out with definitenessi (1) No major mechanical installations are required for this department under,immediate operating conditions. (2) This department, like many ethers, is badly in need of better janitor work, one good wholesale cleaning and considerable brightening up of unsightly places. More important casment is made in separate sections, such as "Dead Analyses.* i h o u s e arc s pec ial /An:: mak j ? isTuams bep.utaran Already In other eeetlone practically every consideration connected with thle department hat been included. Theee other * eetlsne refer to lead analyses, duet counts, blood determinations, illualnation tests, observations as to noise, janitor work, special means for the control of lead, etc. On this aocount, it is preferable not to repeat a record of these observations, but instead to refer to other special chapters. Two or three auall items are here made in connection with this departmenti (1) A fair amount of lead is being carried into the dry aluminum roan and the mixture of these two substances conceivably may Increase the inflammability of the aluminum, even though the lead be present only in traces. If practical, this aluminum work should be removed to less exposed quarters, in view of the fact that two wasen work in this department. This suggestion is by no means urgent. (2) Just outside the door of the alumimna room there is an acid soda water type of fire extinguisher which apparently is intended for use in the aluminum roan in ease of fires. If this were done, the Intensity of the fire would be greatly Increased. Instead, there should be located directly in the aluminum roan two buckets full of fins sand for use in smothering metallic aluminum fires. lasaio'jss a id s t o r a g e In the Northeast seetion of the plant area are a aeries of r - buildings used for warehouse storage and for antiquated machinery storage. In part these represent left-over buildings from the horse and buggy period of the life of the plant. Some ^ of the buildings are now devoted to garage purposes, liore centrally located In the plant area are the old calcimine building, the dry color building and the dry color warehouse. Considering this entire group of buildings as a unit, It may be pointed out that from the point of view of Industrial hygiene, this series of buildings are relatively unimportant. In special sections of the report, reference may be made to special items, such as illumination. In those buildings devoted to raw material storage, there are certain minerals of dangerous nature such as lead In various forms, silica, etc. Since movement of these saterlals takes place Intermittently and Infrequently, such as at the time of unloading cars, no hazards may be said to persists No visible dusts are present, no mechanisms for stirring up dusts 8re ordinarily operated and altogether no reason is known for taking any stand egsinst practices as now carried out. In that grot of buildings representing the very old type, such as Building #14, the old barn'building #39 and possibly one or two others along the East wall, It Is believed that they serve very little use ful purpose at the present time. The stored antiquated machinery does not ' appear to have a great deal of value other than for scrap purposes. Although the retention of these buildings has little or nothing to do with health problems, their presence Is of some significance in that it brings about an appearance of disorderline as- In that area. Without any definite reconomdationa, the question is raisediiaa. `toLSShe T&MHpf tearing down at- ljiast the' , old barn and shed and possibly other buildings. It is not known to be a fact, but possibly some tax saving may be accomplished by this step. 'These statements do not apply to that portion of Building #18 devoted to the manufacture of paint and varnish remover. N16643.1 This Venerable Tstablishacnt Betaine Sc es Antiquated Buildings of a By-Gone ?eri:d. Although Constituting No Distinct Hsalth Hazard, the ilenavil of Gaae of These Buildings erould Greatly Add to ths Sightliness of the General ?lar,t A,-trance. Acne Vhit: lead and Gol:r Torks Hast? nek 'Detroit) Michigan 0007-SWP-000030912 WASTE DISPOSAL Dua investigation has brought out a number of potentially Important facta concerned with the disposal of refuse In this plant. Three .Items are sow enumerated: 1) The wooden waste, chiefly derived from barrels, at the present time Is turned over to the City of Bamtraaclc, which, la turn, dis tributes this burnable material for fuel to indigent families. The under lying idea involved is commendable, but wherever lead, chromltm and other dangerous materials are involved, considerable risk is run in that poison ing may become the lot of persons not employed in the plant. Conceivably a legal risk may be involved, but this la a natter for the Legal Department to decide. Z) Paper bags, previously having contained lead or other minerals, are picked up by waste collectors not connected with the plant, who are permitted to enter the plant for this purpose. What becomes of this paper waste thereafter is not known, but theoretically, at any rate, a widespread exposure may be provided. Including the waste collectors, paper balers, paper sorters, etc. Again the question of legal responsibility arises. 3) On the premises, oonslderable material is burned. In the burning operation, highly lnflemnable solvents and thinners are thrown on to less burnable material. The tesseratures provided are such that in evitably there enters the air a mixture of all sorts of volatilized materials. These are spread over the nearby residence area.. It is believed that no real intoxicants are thus dlssaslnated', but if any complaints were to arise, it would be costly to defend claims that might be involved. All of this leads to the recommendation or at least the suggestion that waste materials be disposed of on the plant premises. The basic reason for this recommendation, supplementing the foregoing enumerated items, is the fact that chemioal analyses made on the ash pile where burning The Disposal of Waste and Waste Containers Xatroduees Possible Exposure for Workers and Possibly for the Public. The Construction of en Incinerator with Stack for the Disposal of all Waste on Premises la Suggested. Acme White Lead end Color Works Hamtremck (Detroit) Michigan j 0007-SWp-000030914 ! is carried out jfelded a percentage of lead which is the highest isstasce was 14.86# and in a sifted sacqile 5.7$. Is this connection, it say be pertinent to inquire if too such material .is sot reaching the waste pile, but no stand is taken is this reject. 2y accident .the period .of this investigation .coincides with the period that the accumulated waste heap was being carted away and loaded on to flat cars (or a flat car). By actual observation this process was noted to be distinctly dust7< The tender of this present dusip heap appears to have a very mild lead poisoning, la view of a 14$ lead content, the wonder is that store lead poisoning is not present in this man who constantly works around this refuse pile. After due consideration of this problem, a decision has been reached to suggest to the management that an incinerator be built for the disposal of waste. Ko attempt is made to pick out a location for such an incinerator. This incinerator should not be elaborate, but should be en closed at least as to walls and should be furnished with a stack. It should be so constructed that ashes and residual mineral material may be thoroughly watted before handling in order to obviate dustiness. The operator of the incinerator, when handling dusty materials such as bags, barrel staves, etc. should be required to wear a filter type of respirator. In view of the fact that the materials burned Include spent lacquer thlnncrs, solvents, oily materials, pigments, etc., a variety of hazards may arise unrelated to lead. Two examples are eltedt 1) The hydrocarbons entering liquid vehicles, when evaporated are distinctly toxic, S) Various coloring materials, but particularly ultramarine blue,;;may give rise to oxides of nitrogen, which are extremely dangerous '-even'in trheas. The filter type if resp'iiator will not provide protection against vaporc or gases which means that the incinerator tender should con tinually be alert to his protection by avoiding close proximity in the process of disposing of essentially all waate materials. Stack action ordinarily will entrain these unwanted gases. BRUM AND TANK CLEANING One* of the nsst troublesome features'of paint manufacture from the point of rise of worker protection is the inevitable department .derated to the cleaning of drums, tanks, buckets, etc. Some .of .these .containers reach the cleaning department smeared with lead containing substances and other materials of injurious nature, including skin lrrl- - tents. This is a minor hazard compared with exposures that may arise from the materials used in cleaning. The exact composition of the chemicals employed is rarely determinable, being trade secrets. It is known that these materials are strongly alkaline, that they contain caustic alkalies, tri-sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate or similar agents. These sub stances do not evaporate under oidinery circumstances, but when heated the created steam does contain these irritant materials which as such or when precipitated into the general atmosphare may become harmful. Further more, this process is coamanly a hot one. The presence of heat augments the irritant action of alkalies. Altogether this type of work is to be accepted as necessary, but rated as troublesome insofar as health of workers is concerned. In certain other plants, x-ray examinations made on the chests of wor*kers have revealed evidence of increased fibrosis in the lungs which, while not disabling, represents a low-grade disease state of the respiratory tract. On this account, three workers from the Department ! were subjected to x-ray examination at the Henry ford Hospital. The re sults furnished by that.Hospital are now shown: .REDACTED.w "Ihe x^rey of this man's chest was entirely negative for any pathology.'' y'.;.- u^ :' _ *' r *' _ "This man's cheat x-rays show some calcified hilar jg.glands on the ri'ght atd<f. with a calcified lesion ''sli the right':beree,^ probably an old tuberculous '' TT'tr--- *. t*. "process. No other parenchymatous involvement could be msde out, and there is nothing to suggest any ectlve'process in the lunge now." "The x-ray of this man's chest yesterday showed calcified glands in the right hllua area and marked ' .lnaroaaa in the bmnchn-wciiljr rmrvtttg,. but SO------ definite evidence uf lllVolve&ent in the lung paren chyma itself to suggest any tuberculous involvement or other serious pathology. It is possible that he, at one time, bad an infection which healed, and hence would give the markings mentioned." 1 Alkali Cleaning of Druaa and Other Conteinere. Alkali Vapors Continually Present. Situation Calls for Extensive Improvement, Including one or lbre Exhaust Systems. Acme White lead and Color Works Haatraack (Detroit) Michigan From the foregoing, it does not appear established that the lungs of these workers have been harmed to e measurable extent. This is fortunate, but does not free the plant from responsibility for betteriag work conditions in this Department, i number of suggestions ere now Bade, seeking isproved work conditions .for these employees. First, over the ella 11 tanks now installed, an exhaust system should be provided for the purposes of entraining and discharging alkali sapors and excessive heat created by these tanks. At once it is pointed out that this will not be eamy to do, beoause of the fact that the eonteinera to be cleaned are loaded into cradles and are bandied, by small block and tackle crane devices. On this account, the entrain ing hood will have to be constructed In such a fashion as to swing up ward and ba'ckward to provide clearance for the cradles. In lieu of this arrangement, possibly the entire intake of steam heat, vapors, etc. may be accomplished through the use of hoods, situated only at the back of the tanks. Still further the possibility exists that lateral suction may' be introduced on three or four sides of the tank through which the steam, etc. may be drawn first downward and eventually upward to be discharged above the roof level. In any event, due consideration must be given to protecting workers in the nearby Printing Department, to which Department these dis charged vapors msy be carried under ordinary circumstances. The withdrawal of large quantities of air through this venting system will lead to the necessity for an increased number of heating units in this Department during winter months. Whatever is done in the way of en exhaust system will probably require the installation of a fan system rather than the placing of dependence upon natural venting. Of this, however, these investigators ars not precisely certain. That portion of the work now devoted to drum cleaning already la fitted with natural stecka end is enclosed, except at the filling and discharge ends. These two portions are in fact enclosed, but necessarily are f frequently opened up for the introduction end discharge of drums. The type of stack present is not conductre to the best removal of Irritants and heat, but for the time being no recommendations are made for changes. In addition to the installation mentioned, it is believed' * . that there is a need for the general exhausting of air in this building. It is noted that a spray booth is present in this room for use in conjunc tion with the painting of drums. ifhan this hood la being operated, the air in at least some portions of the workroom is frequently changed. The question arises if it may not be advantageous to operate this fan at all times in order to bring about frequent changes of atmosphere. This, however, will place Increased loads on heating units during winter months. This entire building is somewhat ramshackle! and dilapidated. This very fact introduces no especial health hazards except possibly cold in winter. Ko leas, it seems desirable to suggest that this building be repaired in order to make it acre livable. This applies in some measure to the antiquated wooden platforms located about cleaning tanka. Some of these ere broken up. partly submerged in water and altogether are unsightly. Appropriate examination of these workers disclosed no evidence of lead poisoning. Is there any known system of carrying out these cleaning operations with oold solutions in order to eliminate excessive heat? 1 l I i j 1 | ! SKIS EXPOSURES Of all occupational disease** 65 per cent* or thereabout*, ere skin di*ease*. In a general paint plant the percentage of sJcin disease* should run higher. Primarily thi* is due to the nature of the raw, intermediate and finished material*. If refer ence be made to the long list of raw materials in this report* -it may be observed that not less than one hundred are rated as being capable of producing akin diseases. In particular* such substances as benxol* toluol* xylol* solvent aphtha* naphtha* mineral spirits and their combination leading to thinner** solvents* etc. are oapable of inducing skin diseases. Therefore many of the mineral materials entering paints and their coatings may Induce skin diseases. The chief offenders are those cimpounds containing chromium* particularly the chromates and oxides of chromius. Many resins* but chiefly synthetic resins are veil known as sources of skin diseases. These divers substences act to create skin disease* in different fashions. Some are direct Irritants* such as chromates* others injure skin by solvent action* thus depriving, the skin of its natural protective fatty coating.. The greater number are both irritants and solvents. Still others sensitise the skin and pave the way for chronic skin diseases. A few substanoes may produce low grads skin diseases by meohanical action. For example* earborundun used in stonr dressing may abrade the skin as well as abrading the stone. Actual burning of the skin with caustics may account for occasional extended skin injuries. Apart from actual work exposure possibilities for skin diseases are enhanced by the practice of many workers to wash up at the end of the work period in irritant solvents. All in all* a provocative source of skin diseases is legion in this paint plant, but not more so than in other paint plants with similar operations. It is a common truism in medicine that "whatever is looked for is spt to be found." The management is likely to express doubt that any skin disease is now present in this plant. Tbe*e investigators# without any search# have spotted several eases of skin diseases# not all of which are known to be traceable to work as their direct or indirect cause. The paint and varnish remover naker exhibits a dermatitis of one finger which is believed to be ringworm aggravated by contact with beniol and methyl acetone. Ore dry mixer has a definite skin disease of the face which probably is of aeon occupational origin. The two workers with double pterygium technically might be listed as suffering from skin disease# since the overgrowth of tissue in the eyes represents an extension from a contact layer of the skin. It is prophesied that a careful survey of all workers would lead to the detection of not loss than 25 instances of skin disease at this very time.. Skin diseases in the paint industry are prone to become more severe through complications resulting from Invasion by fungi (ringworm). The combination is a bad one. The chemical action of various liquids provides a cuitable bed for the growth V of fungi. In turn the growth of fungi prevent* healing of the skin and a vicious cycle is established. Since it is unthinkable that the scores of causes of skin diseases in a paint plant may be eliminated from the raw materials# it is pertinent to inquire as.to appropriate ways for prevention and control of skin diseases. A number of suggestions are now made. (l) Personal hygiene ia the key to the avoidance of industrial akin diseases. Workers should svoid washing in solvents and thinner* beyond the most meager neoessity. Soap and water is preferable# but not alwaya entirely efficaeious. If it be necessary to wash up with defatting agents# it is desirable that workers# at the end of the wash period# rub into the akin of the hande and forearms# and at times their faces# some bland emolient to replaoe the natural fat that haa been lost. Lanolin# cocoa butter# cold cream or even vaeellne may be used# although mineral fats are much less desirable than either animal or vegetable materials# (2) The choice of soap* is fairly important. Ho soap is entirely harmless to all skins. Soaps containing free alkali are most objectionable. Lifebuoy soap is irritant to many skins and more so perhaps than any other'ef the better known varieties of soap. Frequent cashing is preferable to wholesale rough washing one or two times during the day. (5) Workers upon the first sign of a dermatitis should not be permitted to continue work that involves additional exposure. These afflicted ones should either be removed to non- haterdous work for a few daye or else should be stopped from work altogether. (O Self medication with Irritant drugs naturally does more harm than good. Iodine, for example, commonly but aggravates skin diseases. If the condition 1* at all severe, medical services should be sought. In the absenoe of the necessity for > professional ears, bland treatment is preferable. Such blend treatment includes application of some one of such substances as the following 1 10>c tine oxide in olive oil oa.lomet,pkint lotion , hot soaks in aluainym acetate solution hot soaks in epaom salt solution (5) Certain operations regularly providing exposure to irritants should lead to the wearing of rubber gloves. This statement applies peculiarly to drum and oontainer cleaning work. How ever. after the inauguration of the skin disease the wearing of rubber gloves may aggravate rather than aid the skin disease. l (fi) In tome instsnoes it may prove to be possible to use some one or more of the protective ointments manufactured by the lillburn Company of Detroit or Parke Davis 4 Company. The I latter fins manufacture* a protective coating called "Tar Dermament." This, when applied to the akin, serves a* a protective barrier against the notion of a variety of irritant chemical*. (7) Some few worker* may *o frequently break out with kin disease aa to require elimination from all future work. This is more likely to be true for blondes than brunettes. By and large, in aeleoting new worker* a preference .should be extended, other thing* being equal, to dark ikinned workers, sinoe they are muoh less likely to acquire *kin diseases. However they are not entirely resistant. (8) Begroe* are wall suited for work requiring exposure to the kin of irritant ubstanees. (9) Eduoatlon on the part of foreman and others of the workers under them in ways and means to avoid skin disease is one of the most helpful ageneies in avoiding this unwanted, troublesome affection. By no means are all skin diseases arising among industrial workers of work origin. From many observations the opinion has been formed that even in the paint industry not more than one third of the akin oases detected are traoeable to work as the oause. Many workers suffer from aon# which is a non occupational skin disease. 1 fair number of workers will present skin diseases due to the use of phenolphthalein laxatives of whioh there are many varieties on the market. Still other workers are sensitive to food, clothing, animal hair, flowers, etc. Finally it is observed that no claim for compensation under j I the new occupational disease law. involving skin diseases, should be I aeoepted for compensation purposes until a thorough investigation has been suide by a qualified physician. 1 CARBON i-OKOXHE In this plant, carbon monoxide la likely to be produced only In ooroectlon ~ltb fires used for cooking varnish, gas heated drying ovens, cook stove;, laboratory heating appliances, etc. Since this gas gives no naming and la entirely Insidious In Its action, it was deemed appropriate to make a fair number of tests for carbon monoxide throughout this plant. The type of instrument employed was the navy type, manu factured by the lines Safety Appliance Company for commercial pur poses, Tbla highly sensitive instrument reads directly In parts per million of this gas. Tests were made In practically every (mown place In the plant where carbon monoxide might arise, but particular ly about the varnish manufacturing department. No positive tests were found anywhere end -the conclusion Is reached that no carbon monoxide was present At the very time that the tests were made. It is observed that no tests were made around two blacksmith forges In the liaintenance Building, solely because these forges bad not been discovered at the time of these tests. Inasmuch as stacks are over these forges, it is not believed that harmful quantities of carbon monoxide are present. It Is noted that simmer time rather than winter Is the danger period for carbon monoxide. Some of the very appliances tested during these sunnier weeks might, In cold weather, show dangerous concentrations of gas. It is for this reason that a recheck Is urged about six months hence. At the present time, there is no reason to believe that any carbon monoxide hazard existe in this plant. 6643.14 0007-SWP-000030924 JANITOR. SERVICE The janitor work In *M.a plant, at vail aa In Boat induetrial planta, ia a much aaglaetad art. From time lamamorial, it baa frequently bean tba custom to turn janitor work over to handicapped persona, to * superannuated verier* .or to other .parson* vbo, .for one reason or another, Ay not be used on direct production employment. Still vorse, janitor work in many places ia carried out by the vorkers themselves in any given department. This practice sometimes eventuates in little or no janitor service shea the department is pressed because of vorkers being too busy. Then vhen vork is very slaek little or no janitor vork is performed because many vorkers are laid off. Continuing to speak of janitor vork ia general, and vithout reference to this particular plant aa yet, it is believable that neglect of janitor services readily may be the source of losses out of proportion to money necessary to employ such help. Sven vhaa good physical and mental types of workers are available for janitor vork, poor results frsqueatly arise bsoause of lack of supervision and lack of training. In truth, the janitor should be above average ia intelligence and should regard his duties aa of technical nature rather than a aongeriag type of employment. In this plant, many of its ills represent current or past lov types of janitor vork. The high concentration of vapors complained of in this report to a considerable extent grovs out of the faulty practices connected vith janitor vork, in vhich paint remover is poured on to the floor ia small lakes for purposes of softening up incrustations that have accumulated through the years. The faulty sveeping is in some mature responsible for the high concentrations of lead in the atmosphere found in various places. Failure to procure proper cleanliness through janitor vork la likevise the source of some lead in the atmosphere. Nov after these complaining introductory remarks, a number of suggestions are made vith rafarsne# to clsan up sorvleas. (1) Hint rsmovar, lacquer thinner or kindred solvents should net bs indiscriminately used for floor or vail cleaning purposes. The practice of pouring a gallon or two of paint ramovar or laoquar thinner oa to the floor in the midst of various workers going about thair duties ia dafinitoly condemned. If it ba daairabla to uaa aueb utariala for floor of:?'ii_g purposes, tha application should taka plass aftar work hours, should ba carried out by janitors or othar workers vaaring respirators, and further all windows should ba opanad * up and tha antire space .should .ba -vail ventilated prior is tha re entry of unprotected, workers. (2) Dry sweeping should not be permitted in any portion of this plant except office areas, storage areas for finished products, and a few other substantially dust free plaees sueh as labeling rooms. Tha practice of watting sawdust with lacquer thinner or paint reaorar is likewise bad. Xbr wetting purposes successfully may be uaad water, sawdust watted with water, dawdust wetted with oils or various chemical floor compounds in which sawdust or similar material, is treated with deliquescent chemicals. Xn a few places actual hoeing down of the floors and even the walls may be salutary. Sprinkling of floors with water in sprinkling cans, unless done judiciously, will in itself stir t up considerable dust. (3) In those areas in which lead is manipulated, or other dangerous substances such as chromium compounds, silica, magnesium aid rasing, janitors should be ealled upon to wear respirators. The two types of respirators seen about this plant are both good but tqr are not adequately serviced and soma workers complain that tha j particular onas furnished them do not fit. This item is discussed in < greater detail elsewhere. (4) If janitors are called upon to pick up and bundle up paper bags that hare previously contained dangerous materials, including lead, or if they are ealled upon to handle empty barrels that have contained such substances, respirators should be worn whenever any likelihood of dust production exists. (a) It is presumed that Janitors strictly devoting themselves to suoh work are not ealled upon to elean up the machinery or appliances, ta the other hand, in those departments where workers themselves are expected both to do Janitor work about their machines and to clean the aachines as well, it may be pointed out that many of the suggestions here md apply to mehint cleaning as well at strictly janitorial work, floor cleaningi ste* (6) As shown in another section, poor illumination is brought > bout in this plant to a considerable extent through tho failure to clean lighting fixtures. Approximately 30 par east of tha effective power of a now electric lamp ia loat if such a lamp is ccated over with * wattled dust. (7) Distinctly aora Janitor work ia aaadad in tha plant proper than la now being supplied. This doe* not apply to orrery single department but la oartalsly true for saucy. tha foregoing comment now leads to a definite recommendation. \ It is believed that the Janitor work la this establishment should be more centralised than at present, ill of the Janitor work carried out In the I I factory should be under the direct supervision of one qualified person who may instruct, supervise, guide and condenn workers performing Janitorial services. For purposes of administration it is probable that Janitors working in the office area carrying out ordinary Janitor work should report to some person having duties in the office section of the jilamt. In a subsequent section some comment is directed to the possibility of employing a supervisor for many types of employee in plant esrvices. This matter of Janitor work la there again discussed. i I I <i 1 | CUSTOMER PROTECTION < Tear bp pear ersrp paint manufacturer la the reelplaat of num erous oomplainta from dealers or ultimate consumers of paint produeta, either directly condemning some product as harmful or else seeking information as to safe procedures. While map complaints map be unwarranted, it still must be recognised that almost any paint product map lead to injury to human beings, j if grossly ill-used. On this account, it map be well to bring together rsrl- i ous items of information dealing with the protection of the ultimate user of paints. j first a number of typical formulae are presented in support of the contention that most all coating materials contain one or more well known injurious agents. White Proxlin laecuer #556 Zinc Sulphide Titanium Dioxide Zinc Oxide Zinc Stearate Raw Castor Oil Dibutyl Phtbalate Samar Qum Blown Castor Oil Toluol xyioi 1/2 Sec. K/C Ethyl Alcohol Butyl Acetate Butyl Alcohol Isopropyl Acetate Eater On Naphtha 7.08? 7.12 ,3.20 .20 1.65 5.20 4.10 .20 . 16.55 6.36 14.75 10.20 12.95 2.00 6.50 .20 1.75 ioo.'oj Synthetic Tarnish (21*3) Phthalle Anhydride 19.00? Glycerine 11.00 linseed Oil Patty Acids 15.00 High 71aah Naphtha 25.00 Xylol 26.00 Butyl Alcohol . ?3.00 100 00 Paint and Tarnish Remoter Paraffin Wax Benzol Methyl Acetone 3.30? 50.25 . ?46.45 100 00 N16643.16 Black Proxlln #66 Carbon Black 1.5* Black Dre Solution 2.6? 1/2 Sac. H/C 13. 90 Ethyl Alcohol 11.02 Dibutyl Phthalate 5.29 iiDberol 801 A. 01 Toluol ' 20.10 Xylol 3.12 laopropyl Acetate 5.50 Butyl Aeetate 15.74 Butyl Alcohol .75 Naphtha 16.00 6 5tc N/C .40 100.00* Chrome Yellow tacouar #807 lead Chromate 9.6* Raw Caator Oil 2.3 Dlbutyl Phthalate 5.0 Eater Oua 1.75 1/2 Seo. N/C 15.65 Ethyl Alcohol 6.6? Xaopropyl Aeetate 7.49 Butyl Aoetate 15.20 Butyl Alcohol 2.32 Toluol 14.47 \ Xylol 11.50 Naphtha 8.05 l60.003k lacquer Filler #400 Powdered Soapatone 25.96* Calcium Tlta&oz 6.46 lamp Black . .60 Blown Caator Oil 6.49 Amherol 801 12.97 Butyl Acetate 9.78 Ethyl Alcohol 5.27 Zaopropyl Aeetate 3.94 Naphtha 7.14 Toluol 13.45 1/2 Sec. N/C 6.29 Butyl Alcohol .65 Xylol 1.0 100.00* lacquer Eolith Paraffin Oil 8.52* t Methyl Salicylate .35 Own Sragaeanth .55 Water 75.72 Snow Ploaa Pllter Cel 9.63 Glycerine 3.53 Formaldehyde 40* .54 Neomezpln S.A. Cone. Powder 1.16 100.00* It it a well known fact that Boat old tine professional painters have Buffered from lead poisoning at sons tine In their life and ooat such painters show a few of the aequdQae of lead poisoning* Some reason exists for believing that on the average, the professional painter who starta his trade early In life probably lives several years less than the average tradesman In dissimilar, non-hazardous employments. It Is also known that many complaints arise from non^rofesalonal painters who assay sons jobs of painting. Because of these Involvements of these two classes of paint users, It seems desirable to set forth here a number of circumstances and practices that nay lead to trouble and to oonplalnts costing to thla Cospany. 1) Lead does not enter the body through the akin In sufficient quantities to produce lead poisoning. Thla Is not true of tetraethyl lead and other organic lead compounds. However, such are not known to enjoy any extensive use In the coating Industry. All Inquiries based on the assump tion that lead so enters may positively be replied to In the negative. 2) Lead In itaelf will not produce skin disease, on the order of a dermatitis. Frequently, couple inta arise intending to in criminate lead as a direct skin irritant. This Is not true, although certain lead compounds may produce a dermatitis. Lead chromate, for example, pos sibly may produce a dermatitis. This, however, is due to the chromium cosponant and not the lead cocponeut. 3) Among painters, the dry sanding of coated surfaces containing lead Is the eononest source of lead poisoning. This state ment may not apply to processes in which lead containing ooatlngs are j sprayed In the absence of suitable boothing. Otherwise, the statement as to dry sending applies. The renewal of paint by burning la less dangerous as a source of lead poisoning than sanding. I j 4) After lead is mixed with oil, or other vehicles, the ! hazard to lead poisoning is appreciably diminished. Lead does not evap orate in coated surfaces, nor In the course of painting does enough splash ing ordinarily take place to the point of entering the ucuth In adequate quantities to cause difficulty. This means that palntera, neither pro- 1 j fesaional nor amateur, should undertake to make their own paints, starting | Kith dry ingredients, ! 5) Painters, and particularly amateur painters, should not long work in closely confined spaces, such as closets, in the absence of ventilation. Professional painters frequently get into difficulties working in tanks in connection with painting operations, Almost any sub* stance will evaporate or otherwise give rise to harmful vapors in close I spaces to the point of injury, < ' 6) Paint removers are almost universally trouble makers, either from oostainlng harmful alcohol,a such as methyl, or dangerous j j hydrocarbons, such as benzol, which may lead to distinct poisoning, or I | otherwise the constituents of paint or varnish removers may lead to marked i skin irritation. Paint or varnish removing is at best a dubious enterprise i for the non-profeaaioaal when oazrled out to any great extent, 7) Turpentines are rather definite irritants to the skin.of \ many persons from direct contact and a minor irritant to the respiratory I tract of some persons. Some turpentines are mueh more disturbing than .I others. In the experience of these investigators, turpentines are trouble some in the order now listed, the first being the most irritating and so on down. 1. Steam distilled wood turpentine, Z. Sulphate turpentine, i S, Destructively distilled wood turpentine, j 4, Gum spirits turpentine, i As a general statement, and with some sxosptlons, the more turpentine Is purified, the more Irritating it becomes, nils is not neces sarily trus of stsam distilled wood turpentine, which now, by some manufac turers, may be so fractionated es to eliminate an irritant fraotion. The thought in this dlicuealon la that all persons making uaa of turpentine in paints should respeot the Irritant properties of turpentine, 8) Whenever linseed oil end possibly other vegetable oils are in process of drying, they give off or may give off appreciable quanti ties of oarbon dioxide and probably aarbon monoxide. The quantity that la created in one room la perhaps not sarioua, but in the ease of large areas, sueh ea the hold of a steamship, praotleal hazards nay be produced. Tbs point is that persona should not remain and particularly should not sleep in rooms, buildings, or other spaces ismedlately after painting. 8) Indoor spray painting should not taka place with or with out a lead content in the absenoe of boothlng, positive pressure respire* tors or other adequate protection. Spray painting is one of the great bones of contention on the part of painters. tfhlle the real reason for conplalnt may be economic, a case against spray painting is frequently brought out in connection with health exposures. The situation is fair ly simple and is namely that' spray painting calls for special proteetion of the painter and without such protection, spray painting is unwarranted and with good protection spray painting is laudable and commanilable. 10) Tor the sake of the oonaumer, as well as the paint maker, benzol, wood alcohol, chlorinated hydrocarbons and substanoes of oosparable toxicity should be kept out of all eoatlngs to the fullest extent possible. 11) Although this Coapany does not manufacture waxes for coating purposes, it is here recorded that such products have led to disasters for consumers because of dangerous contents of such products. 12) Xn general, all users of paint should realize that practically without exception, all coating materials call for intelligent use. Every type of paint product and related product contains one or more substances which conceivably might lead to disaster if handled with utter abandon and cosplete recklessness. This statement is not meant to condeam in any way paint materials, but Instead to esphaslxe that almost every substance about us, whether paint or otherwise, may lead to diffi culties when improperly utilized. It is hoped that out of the foregoing materials will be found \ useful faots for furnishing some information in response to the majority of inquiries related to oomplaints against your products* MEDICAL SSPASnOT | Medical Turk In tbl( plant la on a fairly lew level at thie time. In any plant haring aa many as 746 workers* whioh la tha Turk population of thia plant* tha ganuina day by day naads for medloal ears far azoesds tha aarrioaa randarad on the plant premises or.at tha Ford Hospital. It is gsnerally stated* - and Tidaly aooaptad* that *ln industry from S to 6 par oant of tha | Turk population Till pass through tha medical department daily j Tlth ganuina affeotlons of varying degrees* Khan tha number Yisiting tha plant* aadioal relief station markedly falls belem J that figure* ordinarily this refledts a lack of adequate facilities. ! lack of faith in tha parsons rendering the serrioes or laok of 1 knorladga on tha part of the woricers that aadioal serrioes are 4 | arailable to them* i, ; This argument does not maintain that this plant or any ' other industrial plant should make of its madioal department a j substitute for the family physician or the specialist* By no Mans does it urge that every condition effecting tha health of ! Torkers properly falls nithin the domain of serrioes to be randarad in aa industrial madioal department. On tha other hand* it is emphasised that tha maintenance of the health of the worker Tail sarras the interests of the management as Tall as tha worker himself. Bay by day doseas of workers develop minor conditions such as headaohe* menstrual disturbances* gastro.lntsstinal upsets* minor outs* bruises* abrasions* sprains* burns* eye inflammation* \ ate.* which rightfully should not lead to the worker seeking the i | aerrioas of a physioian or talcing time away from gainful employ1 meat. | Dally in thia plant some 50 or 40 workers should be j ministered to by the madioal department* Instead* practically no work la carried out on tha premise** the total number, of items of medieai care rarely exceeding 12 including redressing* the average approximating 6* The need for medieai service is somewhat obriou# in passing through tha plant when even external condition* '4 * } Vv < f 1 \> i I \i re in auffieient nwteri to attraot the attention of the pei*er-by. Then statement# art In'no degree to be accepted a* an unfavorable oritioism or condemnation of the arrangement with Ford Hospital or the nurae now In oharge of the plant't flrat aid station The eerrloee rendered by Ford Hospital in physioal ezaainatlo^^ *--d speolal examination of the unusual ease and the rendering of eaergenoy oare in oase of aooldent is of high order< but it has the same disadvantages as those*attending "absentee landlordism." So far as known, no one in the Ford Hospital is familiar with the work operations in this plant, nor are they in a position to properly Interpret disease states brought to their attention in terms of possible relationship to work at this plant, in example of this laok of oontaot with plant affairs on the part of Ford Hospital physielans may be found in the three workers sent from the dnm oleanlng departments during the period of this survey to the hospital for x-ray examination of the ohest. It was thought by these Investigators that the aotion of the alkilis in this work might very tell lead to heavy trunk marking in the x-ray film, resulting from the Irritant aotion of the alkilis. In truth, one of the three workers presented just suoh a condition which with fair certainty may be aseribed. at least in part, to the aotion of irritant work vapors, and yet in no known wise was work exposure on the one hand assoolated by the Ford physician with the x-ray condition found on the ether. The point is this, if Henry Ford Hospital physioiens are to be aeoepted as this company's industrial physicians and advisors, and if one physiolan carries out most of the work, then this physiolan at least should be familiar with the cMef operations carried out in this plant and the chief exposures potentially or aotually existing here. Furthermore, the opinion is expressed that more supervision should be exercised by the Ford physicians, as this plsst's industrial medicaljadvisors. on the activities of the first aid station. These physicians should be oonoerned in the type of skin disinfectants used, the medicaments applied, all to the end that cases given first aid hara prior to i i I i I I It |i 1 ! I \ being test to the hospital may aot be mistreated to tha point that the work of the hoepltal phyaielaa beoomes sore difficult. How with reipeot to the first aid station and the present nurse in charge, the equipment on hand is meager and faeilities for work are equally o. It-i* no wonder that workers Have little interest in the administrationvof the first aid department except as emergencies arise where the injured parties must be furnished immediate first aid oars, iis a result of non attendance at the first aid station, the management develops tbs notion that no more eases exist and that .the medical needs of the plant are being met. Such is not the case. With full adniration for many admirable qualities of the nurse now in obarge. the fact must be faosd that she is not qualified as an industrial nurse, she has long been out of nursing Sifirand is only employed beoause of unfortunate family olroumstanees. This nurse is not qualified properly to interpret medical services that should be available in this plant to the workers of this plant. She is not qualified to make tours through- out the plant for the purpose of building up faith in the medioal ssrvioes and stimulating the reporting of obviously afflioted workers to the first aid station for conference. Her is this nurse qualified to gain the confidence of large numbers of workers for the purpose of disoussing more serious medioal problems which should be referred to the family physician, for whatever ministration the family physioian may deem advisable. In short, these investigators, with out any ill will recommend that the present nurse exclusively devote her services to duties other than the chief nurse, meaning the continuation of duties she is already performing apart from nursing and that three steps be taken for the purpose of better safe-guarding the health of workers In this plant, these are. namelyi (1) The removal of the first aid station to a larger and better equipped location. (2) The acquisition of the services of a skilled Industrial nurse who may be responsible not only for the ordinary first aid services in the plant but who may serve as a health educator for the plant, and for the purpose of building up the first aid service here and (5) That close working relations i t \ be established with physicians at Ford Hospital to the and that he or they may be more familiar with the plant's operation and the potential aouroee of injury to worker*. Under the eadstlng cirewostanoes* it i* futile to attempt here a delineation of a proper firet aid or eduoatlonal program in this plant* or to aupply lleta of praetieal firet aid aedioamentei which to adrantage might be in daily nee* Severer* because of a more or lass urgent situation* two items of ooaaent are made. It appear* that the moat used or perhaps nearly the most used drug in this first aid station is broao seltzer* whiob is a proprietary aedioaaent* bellowed to consist chiefly of aeetanilld* which 1* a drug widely oondamned by the aedioal profession because of 1h# faet that addiotion readily tales* plaoe. Zt is eonoslrsd but not olelmed that this plant aay be producing a fine lot of aeetanilld addicts from the wholesale and unrestrioted dispensing of this dangerous drug* The seoond item here mentioned is with respect to the first aid treatment rff burns* sine* burns arc perhaps the cosaonast injury in this plant* Tannic aoid should not be used on minor bums. This agent is of great ralue but this value is limited to burns, of hospital severity* The 6 par cent tannic aoid solution oomonly used* if applied to minor blistering* doe* more harm than good* beoause it destroys little damaged epithelium. Lately commercial overture* have been made to tlu management to purchase an elaborate tannic aoid kit containing a variety of appllancas such as spray gun* bandages* tannlo acid* etc. So objection can be expressed against this kit cxoept that it la more elaborate than necessary in order to bring a high unit sal* prio*. Instead* what this eompaay.needs is a very simple spray jar or even an atazizer* a small quantity of 6 per cent tannlo aoid aolutien* facilities for making up more tannlo aoid solution* whioh* however* may be obtained at any drug store all at a oost of approximately 2.00. The nvmber of burns arising whioh will justify the ue* of tannlo aoid will not oxoeed on* a month. i II i1 \ l \ i i i As a substitute for tannic sold for minor turn*. grea*le* oin.tm.ent* coat lining skin anesthetics such i* "Anesthesia" or "Nuperoaine" ire preferable. Such ointoeat* ire widely u**d in the Detroit ichool* for minor bum* of pupil*, these anesthetic ointment* may be purehi*ed under great variety of name*. In thi* oity the on* marketed by the <7. F. Herts Co. silled "lan-Oxy-Caine" it regarded a* (itiifietory and i* low in prie*. thi* type of ointment ' * hould be on hind in the firet aid station* and ino* it i* harmles* should be plaoed in th* Tarnish miking department ind other hot areas where bum* may arise* although the praotie* of lay treatment* partioularly in department*, i* regarded with disfavor. Another argument for th* building up of a better serrioe in first aid grows out of a review by these investigators of ezperienoe with siok olaims of th* benefit association. A long list is provided whioh is said to eovsr th* 12 month period from 1935 to 1936. It is true this long list of fairly serious conditions may represent a fair measure of negleot from not having reached some of these diseases in their very early stage. Taking at random on* example* it is noted that a oertaim woman lost several weeks' time beoause of an infeoted eye. Nothing is known about the nature of this infeoted eye or its oause. but the general comment is made that there may have been'a time at th* very inoeption of this infeotion when judioious first aid rendered in the plant's first aid station may have obviated the entire situation* lost time and lost money. The burden of this long discussion is that the minor medioal problems in this plant of 746 employees are not adequately being met by existing medical facilities looated on th* premises. i : < | | ^ j. t j I *> j j mis c el l an eo u s itas Office Heat Problems \>:i :he aeoond floor portion of the office building, no cell* isg ia provided with the reault that work la carried out directly under a hot roof* However, due recognition la siren to the fact that tbia roof la altuated at a high level above the floor, Already a number of overhead fana have, been installed to evacuate accumulated heat and in'addition overhead circulating fane are being used to produce improvement in air motion, Many complalnta ariae during very hot aeaaone from wo ricere in theae office eectlona, which aectlona are fairly crowded, It la not eaay to maloe a deciaion that theae areaa ahould be equipped with celling and insulation, . Very hot apella in Detroit in any one aunsner do not aggregate more than fifteen or twenty daya. During thla time it must be true that a great deal of diacosfort exlata in theae offleea*. far longer eumer period, relative dlacomfort la the obvious- lot of thoae markers aaalgnad'to dutlea in the areaa under di acuaalon. The introduction of Ihna for the withdrawal of heated air already haa acoospliahed much, but atill oosplainta are reported to * be nuaeroua and appeala hare been made to theae inveatigatore for conaideration of the plight of theae worlcera. On thia account, the auggeatlon la made that the management determine the coat of introducing a celling, preferably of the eound ameliorating type, to be over-laid with euitable lnaulatlon material for heat abatement, Unless the oost la prohibitive, thla installation ahould be made. However, overhead fana, evacuating the then attic air ahould be maintained and at the same time limited evacuation of the air in the work area should be provided owing to the considerable congestion of workers there. Color Card Manufacture: Building 41, a detached, small structure, la given over to the manufacture of color oarda. In practice, color materials are sprayed on to suitable cardboard whereupon these cards are racked and work Is terminated until these cards are dry. Under favorable weather conditions two or three batches nay be run through per week but conversely when wet weather is present, it la sonetlnes true that only one lot per week nay be consisted. This operation intro duces a small but very distinct exposure. The large number of coated cards offer a high area of evaporating surfaoes leading to the pres ence in the workroon of toxic vapors. After due consideration, the conclusion has been reached that no new equipment of protective nature should be installed in this workroom, Inasmuch as it appears that oos^arative safety my be attained if the spray booth fan is continually operated whether or not spraying is being conducted at all times when evaporation la taking place. This mans that in this small room the concentra tion of vapors may be kept adequately low if the spray booth fan ia operated as an exhaust system. Blacksmith Shop; In the Maintenance Building, building #24, and in the black smith shop, thereof, there will be found two black stacks over forees that are Just about falling down and no longer serve the proper func tion of conducting smoke, carbon monoxide and other gases from the forge. These ataeks should be repaired, to Include cowls projecting over the fire area. These aprons or cowls apparently have existed I in earlier days, but have, worn out thxough much use. i I Seating facilities) (for women) 1t Apart from office workers and the Printing Department, tbs seats for women workers are distressingly bad. Women have bean ob served to work for their entire trek of duty seated on a discarded i*- i box or bucket. This statement does not apply to casual operation i of temporary nature, but instead to operations where day by day woman carry out substantially the same duties in sitting positions. Sea for exasgile groups of women working respectively on the first floors of the enamel and lacquer departments. There are a few bad seats in the Printing Department, but the larger number ere fairly satisfactory. ! t t ' ' | i i ! i i ! i Drying Oreaa; In Building 13, a battery of drying oTens are in operation, heated by gas. The greater number of these are adequately Tented, but four, apparently acre recently installed, are sot Tented at all and discharge immediately into the wcrkrooa ataosphere. This should be remedied, * Seasonal Variation; This work has been carried out during hot surraer msntha with all doors and windows wide open. This provides a set of circum stances unlikely to apply in bo d s .respects to winter tenths. In all instance! it may not be eesuaed that stateaente Bade in thia report aboelutely will be applicable to the winter seaeon. Elsewhere the recommendation has been aade that six tenths' hence a cheek-up atudy OTer a period of three or flwe days be carried out In order to bring out hygienic features in this plant peculiarly related to cold weather, Spray Booths: In Tarious sections of this report aention is aade of spray booths and at times specific reeoaaandatione haTe been aade. Now, as a general item, it is noted that throughout the plant the majority of spray booth exhaust pipes merely lead through the window or building wall and discharge lmnediately in the proxlalty of the booth itself. Consequently It may be Observed that Tapora ars occasionally exhausted through the booth to the outside, three feet away, and they immediately axe blown back into the workroom. Those discharge pipes that empty upward or horinontelly appear to be less efficacious than those dlscharg- lug downward, Is a general rule, but with s o bs exceptions, it.is quite .. desirable that these discharge pipes extent to the roof leTel and 5 feet beyond. The beat example of the item under discussion aay be found in Building 13. n Error* of Slat and faulty Eating Habit* Represent X Coman Shortcoming in the Life of Industrial Workers. Industrial Oafatari aa Should Uake Studlad Efforts to Supply Suitable and Appetising Food for Higher Percentages of Eaployees. Acme White Lead aai Color Works Hastraack (Detroit) Michigan ''I 000?. '* VVp, 0000 3094j Stone Dressing: In one other paint plant, two deaths among stone dressers were ascribed to silica dust from stone. On this aeeount, these Investi gators are somewhat alert to the possibilities of damage in this opera tion. In this plant It was found that stone dressing was carried out as a wet operation and that substantially no dust was produced, as shorn In actual dust counts. Ibis has lad to the conclusion that If opera tions at all times are as they were when tested by us, no dusty lung disease Is possible. Five men are said to worlc In this room, some of whom are "old timers".' Undoubtedly some of these man haTe worked under other oondltions where dust was produced. No less, It was deemed In expedient to obtain x-ray pictures on these workers since it seemed well established that even thougi they have silicosis, nothing existing under present conditions would augment that condition. Cafeteria: > la Is usually the case, the company's lunchroom is not very popular. It Is little patronized apart from the office group and even In this group many complaints are made about quality of food, dirtiness, difficulty In obtaining food, etc. It Is well recognized that whatever may be done will not please all persons and that whatever Is pleasing for 'the time being nay become distasteful a few weeks benca. On this account, these isreetlgators wish to sidestep any eleborata recommendations for Improving cafeteria service. Three things, however, stand out as of possible significance: 1) The greater number of factory workers should bs served under conditions satisfactory to themselves, either In this cafeteria or with food furnished by this cafeteria; S) This cafeteria should not take responsibility for the furnishing of food to bs consumed In lead using areas; 3) It appears reasonable to believe that much would be gained if the innedlate management of the cafeteria was of a little higher Intelligence order or If there might be a little more extensive supervision by the higher management. The chief point here made Is that something le wrong with tha cafeteria. Use of Salt Tablets: From observations Bad* oa several tours over tbs satire plant, the lspresslon has been gained that the use of salt tablets for purposes of combating beat Is not universal and further that where Installations have been Bade, supplies of salt tablets are not always kept available. InesBUeh as this Is the very season when salt tablets should be used and ! /* Inasmuch as the worth of this practice Is row well established, It Is suggested that a little bit nore attention be paid to the applying of : this helpful chasileal agent. Beat exhaustion, abdoninsl creeps, muscle ; cramps and gastro-Intestinal upsets, frequently resulting froa work under conditions of high teaperature, are all related to the fact that the body Is partly deprived of Its normal saline content through the lose of aodlua chloride' and other salts In perspiration. On a very hot suaner day, in work associated with hard labor, most workmen say ; perspire from 4-6 quarts of perspiration, which Bay contain as much ; as 20 or 30 grans of aodlua chloride derived fron body tissues. The use of aodlua chloride tablets la for the purpose of replacing this salt 1 lost In the course of perspiration. The drinking of water alone merely Increases the saline deficiency, produces increased fatigue and generally does not serve the Interests of the desalinized workmen. However, the use of water end sodium chloride tablets adequately Beets the physiologic requireaants of the body, provided sufficient salt tablets are daily ingested. It is cuatosarlly stated that the tablets should be used with every drink of water. Since s o bb workers drink such more water than others, this Is not an infallible governing procedure. It Is suggested that from 7-10 tablets per day is about the rigit number. Marking of Tolletsi Sr. Fredrick, who has Bads several couplets tours through the i plant, reports that many of the toilets are not Barked with such wording as "women", "ladles", "women's toilet" or "restrooB*. If this is .rue, j those unaerked toilet places should be appropriately marked. In eone states I j this is required by law. Ignored Work Places: In this report, leml fairly large work areas are scarcely mentioned. The reason for this Is simple, that no conditions have been encountered celling for modification of present practices, so far as health conservation Is concerned. This statement applies to the entire laboratory section, which Is only mentioned In connection with excessive noise and various warehouse and storage sections; where no known hazards exist. This statement Is equally true for the shipping department, where work conditions appear to be satisfactory. I FUTURE FROGRIM The mere making of this survey will bo of little value unless the majority of the recommendations art oarriod oat. Some few of the rsoosmendetions made may prove to be impraetioal or incompatible with industrial requirements. Therefore, the firat item relative to a future prtogram center* about the introduction of aome or all of the recommendation* embodied ia thi* report. Apart from the foregoing, the queatloa aria** aa to the deairability of future aurrey*. of additional examination of worker*, of additional maaauremant of air conditions, eto. it ' onoe the opinion 1* expressed that there should be a follow-up inquiry by these investigator*, or other* if there be a preference for other* approximately aix month* henoe for the purpose of appraising the worth of ehange* that may have been introduced. If the initial survey was made during the loner months, the eheokup survey should be carried out during sold weather, ae many difference* naturally will arise due to the effect of seasons. The converse of this statement also applies. This oheok-up survey should be limited in oharaoter and perhaps will not extend over three or five days. It is believed that it will not be neoessary that thi* plant eet up its own laboratory or purobaa* any elaborate equipment for the routine oonduot of hygienic tests such a* dust counts, vapor determination, blood exsmlnations. oarbon monoxide detection, eto. The reason for this stand is that in thi* plant there are no overwhelming exposure* and no considerable nuaber of oases of oooupational diseases. One great need in this plant is for routine inspection at short intervals.suoh as onoe weekly and oertainly not lees often than onoe monthly, of the entire promisee by one or more persons who will see the entire lay out in terms of health exposures. In tills plant there is no physioian. and the nurse in charge is not sufficiently qualified for this operation. It N16643.19 T ' < appears likely that the fire chief it not quellfled, although possibly he say becase tuited to these requirement*. Xt any rate, tone qualified person should oheok over.-at frequent intervals, the many scores of potential danger points brought out in this report. These inspections should not be perfuuotory. but instead should be systematic. The reoordt should be written up. orders should be Issued, and if neoessary the advices of these investigators or sane other group should be sought on troublesome points. Xt the present tine the use of lead in ooating materials is on the vane. To the extent that it is praotloal. this exodus of lead should be enoouraged. Xs sen item for future program, it is suggested that lead should be replaosd whenever the ohoiee between this and other minerals is equal. This statement also applies to bentol. wood aloohol and other highly dangerous solvents. Tear by year new materials are introduoed into the paint industry. It is to be hoped that any future program will inolude consideration of hew materials in terms of avoidanoe of health exposures on the part of workers in the feotory and the oonsumers. It is oonceivable that various chlorinated products may be proffered the paint manufaoturer. that efforts My be made to increase the use of bensol. that arsenie compounds may enjoy some favor. TShenever highly dangerous substances such as these are brought up for consideration, due thought should be given to the new dangers that may be introduced because of their manipulation on the plant's premises. In due time the extent of madioel work on the premises should be increased. The section of this disoussion devoted to the asdioal department is without sny eritieism of the expediencies of the present arrangement, but the fact must be faced that very little medioal work ie going on on the plant premises and conversely that there it a need for more. X future program should contemplate this extension. 1 I Zt m sot within the provisos of this protest survey to handle safety hasards.. So less* these investigators would be unfair to the management to emit the statement that aeohasioal safety at thle plant la at low ebb and that szaj improvements would be Justified. Therefore* a future program ehould contemplate inoreaaed aafety aotiritiea* both of aeohaaioal and educational * nature* Thia report inoludea aueh ditouaalon of the oooupational * diaeaae law aa sow axista and before it goet into effect* Zt la sow eaid that plana are being aade for the revesting of thia law within the next few weeks by the Legislature in epeoial aeaaion in Lansing. Zf* and when* thia revamping ia aooospllahed* there ahould be oonaideration of the then law by theae inveatigatora or other qualified peraosa in tema of the effeeta thia law will have upon the operation of thia plant. Za further relation to the oooupational diaeaae law* it nay beooae deatreble that eomewhat different typea of phyaioal examination be carried out by Ford Hospital pbyelelaaa. Thia* however*' ahould wait the appearaaee of the effeotlTe law. Zt appeal a to theae inveatigatora that if phyaioiasa at Ford Eoapital are to eontisue to aerve as the plast'a industrial phyaieiana that aoise one or Bore of these physicians, and particularly the one doing the greatest quantity of work* ahould visit the plant premises* ahould know of the operations involved* ahould read thia report and otherwise lnoreaae his eapaoity to fit in with the aedioal needs of this plant* Zt la difficult to diaaaaoolate any future program aa projected here from the recommendations made in other parts -of the report. Zt is therefore urged that for the time being a future program related to industrial hygiene eenter about thia report in its entirety as a guide. NET PE130NTEL After renewing ell of the discussion, date and recommendations * made In tbla report, these investigators are Impressed with tbe probability that tbe management should appoint some one highly qualified person, either now present In the organization or who may be employed, to be placed in charge of a variety of activities, chiefly falling Into the category of employee service* The need exists for a high type of supervision of 1) mechani- ' cal safety, which Is at a low ebb In this plant; 2) personnel problems connected with employment and kindred matters;' 3} first aid problems; 4) fire protection; S) the carrying out of the measures suggested In this report; 6) routine plant Inspection with respect to health- and accident exposures; 7) Janitors* It la not ergied either that all of these matters have been distinctly neglected In the past or that absolutely this type of service should be centered In one person* It is .argued that In this plant one of tbe outstanding shortcomings Is a lack of supervision of and consid eration for a lot of matters not directly related to production. So much work Is required that it may be dotted that these Items may be added to the long list of obligations of one or two persons In the manag erial group* Without specific reoonsnesdation, the suggestion Is made that much would be gained If a young, trained Industrial hygienist or cub engineer might be given a chance to.bring up to high order the types of services above discussed* I ESXATA Undoubtedly in a typewritten report of thie length Busy undetected typographical errore exist. Thaee unwanted ' discrepancies are almost inevitable in elaborate reporte of thie character. Of greater algnifieance ie the poeeibility of errore of onieeion and eonaieeion due to the short comings of these investigators, n t being entirely faaillar with all angles of paint manufacture. These investigators wish to be the first to recognize that they manifestly cannot spend two weeks on the work premises and thus master every feature of intricate v production operations. This report, therefore, is just what it professes to be -- an appraisal by industrial hygienists only partially familiar with the complex manufacturing processes involved in a large paint producing plant.