Document VG1K7doDjdDbe8kaVMO3Z56q8

tow . ,1 ' v-'V-' -<THE. PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE" OF THE ' PERITONEAL ^ .TISSUE TO DUSTS INTRODUCED AS FOREIGN BODIESL. - V'Bjr Jbsde WT Mrr.umr,Acting AtrUirmt Surgton, .sad" B. B. 3*tm, Swvw%. -r-.-.i-r- .i'! '*"'. U*Umi Stat** Pttblic.MtakK Srne#' -" \- ''' * ; I* -.:* hv; :r ^ >*> 'iir.T- ^ ' '^T3i physiological responseof thebody tissues to dusts of various ` kinds has beena subject ofmuch, interest im the past few years,and '^",-the opinion that the injurydue to dust is chemical rutherthan ghysiy 'T--callin action has recently-gained greater ground.. Mayrogoiriator Gardner, . Gye, and others have conducted experiments on the action - of inhaled dusts., - Kettle , (1, i)*-hasr'studied the. response to dusts infected into the subcutaneous tissues and intratracheally, andPoli-- eard.(,.l) has used the cornea and conjunctiva in his recent studies. In. 1924, experiments were begun.at the Pittsburgh station of the - United, States Bureau of Mines to determine the action and fate of . various dusts when injected into the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs (5). The conclusions reached at that time were that live animal .tissue in all parts of the body tends to react in essentially the same maimer to foreign bodies and that fibrous tissue is formed in the peri* toneal cavity by quartz and is not formed by limestone and coaL This paper reports * continuation and. elaboration of these earlier .`-studiee. . . .. :r : . Owing to the length of time required to obtain a reaction by inha* . Iation methods and the desirability of determining the harmfulness of a dust in a relatively short time, other-methods of introducing the dusts , to be studied were considered. Injection into the peritoneal - cavity seemed to give the most promise, because of the relatively cir- - cumscribed area of the cavity, the ease in controlling the amount of the dose, and the preservation of the sterility of the material intro duced--a factor to be considered in inhalation and intratracheal - methods. Mortality following intraperitoneal injection 'from peri tonitis or peritoneal damage was found to be negligible. Identical reactions were found in each animal injected .with the same dust under the same conditions and examined at the same time interval after injection. (Animals in groups of from 5 to 20 were used' for eech.aet of teat conditions.)- Therefore the fact that the reaction to- the dust involves both epithelial and connective tissue is of ho disadvantage. ...^ The- reaction is essentially the same microscopically as that pro duced in the lungs, and the gross appearance of the dust nodules is sufficiently differentiated to afford a means of classifying the physio logical response to the dusts. In the series^ studied here, there were . three types of reaction; namely, an absorption or dissolution of the 1 I'm tba Offlea* lataBM Hnhoa and SanlWIm. UtUt tgant laOirntm rmlirtrmt cud- iq norUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DIO NOTCOMEFRO^ if S FILES ANO CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG' INDUSTRIES, INC. dust; u-profiferatm reaction the-dnstnei nor disappeared fro? change in ita-'disttil be dlscussed'tthrwft ; - sxmju " It was'desirable It conform aaelbsely'as to be as smisll.as'poti Xl composition-- ^Partic standard sxeves-were The 32mesh size the greater facility w obtained by pasting 43 microns m size. In a later serin, t method of tiutriatioi fractions of the sam less than 51 tion, soapstone, mess median size of the d microns, with soaps; particle size appears physiological respond seen that the air-sep; under indust were preferable, bee the particles that hoc same gross reactions, study, can be used i particles. Water" ee; o o possibility f remove during a change in th I..- .1-- ncesiQi: A; weighed portion suspension wexe.piact ih a hot-air oven for I physiological saline s added, the bottle wa whole was thoroughly of fine dust causes a air-bulb syringes of 7 BB~0019*27 l 1- " ` ^ **9' -**.* ' .-Ti*&*T 'j-!1-*:"..* -"*'V#* '**'**;**"-^*i".**i /*t''.'>*>' U '`Ut** \>l vi**;<."* -^'''"; '"*"V:*.: ,, T"VA*>** j - - uiat-. AL dust,, aproliferativereactio^iiA,;r--a:n" d-an* inert reaction. ' In 'the inert reaction the-dnst neither caused an increase-in the size of the-nodules nor disappeared.from, the tissues; instead there was more or leas a change in its/distribution.in the peritoneum.- These reactions will ,, /'It was.deairabl&lfor the particle'size of each dust in the series.to - conform as closely as possible to that of the other dusts used, and also to be as small as possibla'without a change in the physical or *hAmifnl composition.".' Particles passed. through 100-, .200*,' and .325-mesh standard sieves; were used, in one series of tests with several dusts. The 325^-mesh size was found to be the most suitable, because of the greater facility with which a reaction is produced. The particles obtained by passing' a dust through a 325-mesh sieve were less than 43- microns in size. ` In a later series, a Poller type air separator (6) was used. This -4 method of eiutriation did not separate all the dusts in the- series into fractions of the same size; yet it did produce, with ode exception, samples less than 5 'microns in maximum measurement. The excep tion, soapstone, measured 8 microns as a maximum particle size. The median size of the dusts used in this series varied from 0.75 to 1.7 microns, with Soapstone at 3.5 microns. Such small variations in particle size appeared to be of no importance in comparing the 3 physiological'responses produced by the dusts. It can be readily seen that the air-separated particles more closely approximate those inhaled under industrial' conditions (7). While the smaller partides wen -preferable, because of their greater assimilation by the cells, the particles that had been passed through a 325-mesh sieve gave the same gross reactions and, in- the case of all dusts mentioned in this study, .can be- used in place of the more difficultly obtained smaller particles. Water'aeparation was not attempted, because of the possibility of removing soluble portions of the dusts and. thus pro ducing a change`m. their chemical composition. -** .. .-i . . .AT. ;f# * ; TSGHHXQTTS OF IWTHXPISITONlUX INJZCTlOIfS A. weighed portion of the dust and a few glass beads to facilitate suspension were placed in a small wide mouthed flask and sterilized in a hot-air oven for 1 hour at 150 C. After cooling, sufficient sterile physiological saline- solution to make a 10 percent suspension was added, the bottle was closed with a sterile rubber stopper, and the whole was thoroughly shaken'. Owing to the fact that a suspension of fine dust causes a locking of the plunger of a hypodermic syringe, air-bulb syringes of 3-cc capacity were used.. Any small hypodermic JS&SSSSSSSt*OF - 0!0 bb -.X 9 "^ i BY Pf^,INDUSTRIES, 1N^ THENTICATED >, i_u^5 S^VaZSWSSCi rjFSfi&r. aMfegBS jyy. -'r* t /-StTij x . * i-- * -i : -r-J' 82. : syringe,.fitted with. & rubber bulb in place of the plunger,.,will serve the purpose^. ^Needles of. 21r-ar-24-gage werefound most suitable.for the - injections ~ The needles .and .syringes were sterilized in boiling water ibefore use...-'-' ^ i- : if ^3".^*';'''' -The-hair on the.rigbt'side of the' animal'a abdominal wall was | *Kiz'-~: ^ dipped,and.tincture-of iodine was applied.. Por injection, 2 cc of the - 10-percent suspension, equivalent to-OJl g of dust, was introduced, ;.t-intraperitoheally, into each pig. ah the iodine-painted site. As the- * S needle-was- withdrawn, 'a very small quantity,, about 2 drops, was '* ^ injected into the subcutaneous tissue, to serve as a marker of the I ?" site- dlmjection- This marker made it- possible to observe whether- any trauma was produced by the introduction of the needle into the peritoneal' cavity and ita effect on the reaction instituted by the dust. 'i^W: Certain groups of animala were injected"with air-separated mate 1 =^k' rial and other groups with 325-mesh material.. . The former were killed and examined 7, 14, 30, 56, and 60 days after injection; the latter at the same intervals and also at 112 days. ^; msmntunON or thz dust in tbs PzarroirtAi. cavitt With the exception of bituminous coal, the greater part of each of the dusts- in this series was-found in the peritoneum of the anterior abdominal wall; the most dependent portion of the peritoneal cavity. The site of the nest largest collection was the omentum. Small nod ules and dispersed collections of particles were also found in the ingui nal canals, on the mesentery, liver, intestines, testes or uterus, and diaphragm. - A very little was occasionally'found on the posterior abdominal walL In the case of bituminous coal, the greater portion was found in the omentum and mesentery, while a relatively small pert was present on the anterior abdominal walL As a basis of com parison (in describing the reactions caused by the dusts), the nodules formed on. the anterior abdominal wall were used, since they were more accessible and were more constant and uniform in appearance. The response in the omentum or at any other point in the peritoneal cavity was, however, the same as that found on the anterior abdominal t&a. walL . Nodules were only infrequently found in the peritoneum at the site of the entrance of the needle--so rarely, in fact, that it was safe to assume that the trauma produced by the introduction of the needle was negligible. i ; * " - ' *v" ' - - dhzsioxs nr FZBtTONXAL CAVTCT _ Adhesions between the various abdominal viscera and the anterior abdominal wall or omentum were- at first thought to be of some sig nificance. . However, it was noted that while the presence of adhe sions was more frequent when dusts of a high silica content were used THIS DQCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED; BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. - / ^B2fl 2*92--9~J 2423 t ** and correspondingly stone, they were no) definite- conclusions formed occasionally content:' - They- wen mals injected with c these dusts .decrease tests- progressed: It was a result of the i the peritoneal cavity of irritation were tri while such a simple would be of value in rence is of such irretion depend so mud importance. . TEZ TEBZTO rJl CalciU?--Caldte, formed nodules whii | dumped. A w*nll *:t about the edges of 11 sided before the end oedema were evidei tuted by the dusts, size as th interval t this decrease in sizt pigment particles, w and later covered ti peritoneum. The < small area of fine, b o These, in turn, soon | This type of reactio i peritoneal cavity, lu | one of absorption. . one-of absorption, tissues was much all yet there was such in 90 and 112 days all of the dust will | > Fm loUad ipv. Ci tt putictat. U4 misiMl*. * A o*d P*nwytTM I 0.4: Iran and liamlmm obMaI ulirlT raundad Mirit*, Ukl| v'.'r 'MR*-** W-'.J SBKl.gllg, ri` V'.v -,-. v\'. and correspondingly less frequent with, such duets-u calcite and lime stone, they were not of sufficient constancy to be used to drew any definite conclusions as- to the activity of the dust..* Adhesions were formed occasionally by calcite and by limestones of a very low silica content They were-likewise present to a- marked 'degree- in the ani> mala injected with cement; yet subsequent observations showed that these-dusts decreased-appreciably in amount in the-tissues as the tests progressed! It was concluded that the formation of adhesions was- a result of the initial foreign body injury caused by the dust in the peritoneal cavity:Various attempts to alleviate this initial stage of'irritation were tried without success.. It can be readily seen that, while such a simple response as the formation of peritoneal, adhesions would be of value in interpreting the activity of the dusts, the occur rence is of such irregularity and the factors involved in their forma tion depend so much on chance that their presence is of no particular importance. .- THX FZBITOKXaL BS3FONSK TO THE1 VARIOUS DUSTS Calcite}--Calcite, after, being injected into the peritoneal cavity, formed nodules which were irregular, more or less discrete, but often clumped. A small amount of congestion and oedema was noted about the edges of the nodules in the early stages, but this had sub sided before the end of 30 days after injection. This congestion and oedema were evidently due to the initial foreign body injury insti tuted by the dusts. The- nodules became progressively smaller in .size as the interval between injection and examination increased, and this decrease in size was accompanied by the production of brown pigment particles, which were first noted at the edges of the nodules, and later covered their entire surfaces and diffused into the adjacent peritoneum. The original dust eventually disappeared, leaving a area of fine, brown pigment particles at the site of the nodule.*; These, in turn, soon disappeared without the formation of scar tissue. ` This type of reaction, namely the disappearance of the dust from the peritoneal cavity, has been designated, for the sake of description, cs one of absorption. .: . - itfTuatona.S--Limestone caused a reaction' similar to that of calcite, one of absorption.^ .The rate in which the dust disappeared from the tissues was much-slower than in the case of the purer Iceland spar; yet-there was such a marked decrease in the amount of dust found in 90 and 112 days after injection that it can be safely assumed that all of the dust will eventually disappear. The initial foreign body :] > Vo* tntond ipar. nCtlaanlal aaaiyate flilfftim mrlouata, 984; iflloa. u pataaat. tbdkaiWS. tl parUefca. 1.4 mieroca. * A 11(1 (ml* rmwlimlt ttaaataaa. Gluteal analytee Calcium ostta. *4.4; mat 0.4: (run and aluminum oUdaa, 0.4; aillaa, LI pweaot- Tatnmaplte tiamlnailoa alnwart i it. teat* ulariy roonrtad oalata. Martian ala o1 tba partlclaa, 1.U microoa- this document WAS NOT a RECORD Of PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT-C0ME FROM HIS FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BCTOiaNOUSTRIES. INC. | BB 0019930 t | ji-. 7 l&X >." T. .-T-V,^. .',"??,r^'. ' _*__' *' J"'- " ''H'-f,.* ~~*`'Z' - QJ " ->'!:.timtjomo*-. ^ - -v . i >v *-. '!r'``.;.' -*- '_ty .,,"- * i 'J.*-.. . i;; `i irritation 'and the production of the brown pigment and its* disap* Kr-'`* vpearance from the peritoneum-without-the formation of scar tissue was identical with the process produced bycalcite. * ' - Pneipitated calcium carioruite/--Precipitated caliMnm carbonate . i produced a^ tissue response very- much like-that of calcite and lime* stone.` The formation of the nodules was identical in character, and i-5 :-s^Vr the origmal'dust disappeared in about: the same length, of time as in : l the-case of.-calcite; yet more brown pigmentation was produced, which : Iingered.in the tissues for a-longer time than did that formed by the ' calcite. '-This increased production of pigment, might be attributed to.the fact that the dust was in.a state-more easily assimilated by g8;.~ % 'r?y the cells. 5 The pigment particles were much smaller in size and much y greater, in number than those produced by either calcite or limestone. . No evidence of scar tissue formation was noted in any of the animals 5 examined. The-reaction was dearly* one of absorption.. ' . . GypsvmS--Gypsum eventually produced a response similar to that -r ; of calcite. In the early stages the dust appeared to lie inertly in the peritoneum without any appreciable change. By the end of 30 days a slight decrease in the amount of dust was noted, and by 90 days . this decrease was marked. The color of the nodules became pro gressively darker as the interval between injection and examination increased? but the production of brown pigment, noted in the other three dusts, was absent. Fine, dispersed dust particles, more or less isolated, were noted in the peritoneum. These may have been the . remains of nodules or else particles disseminated by phagocytes. The diminution in the size of the nodules and the disappearance of 5. the dust from the tissues ware not sa rapid as in the case of calcite, limestone, and precipitated calcium carbonate; yet this response was . sufficiently marked to designate the reaction as one of absorption. . . - Portland cem*n*.T--Portland cement produced a reaction slightly - different from that caused by calcite, limestone, precipitated calcium carbonate, and gypsum; yet the ultimate outcome appeared to be one '.. of absorption. The initial.fareign-body irritation was quite severe-- " so marked, in fact, that 1ft of 36 guinea pigs injected with this dust died during the testa. This was probably due to the chemical prop- : erties of the cement. The animais that survived showed extensive : peritoneal congestion and oedema in the early stages. After this. - reaction had subsided, the dust decreased in quantity, with the for- '. motion of a light brown pigment, similar to that produced by calcite, ia.0:al to* pwttdM. B pwwat U i is itaa ions at raasdad (naslw sad tanooJv rtwaboMol eryitsl, aod apprailmaMlr 70 psrtstrt tnomitad partfcts* otrypsiun. Msdisa Sza of U psrtidw LI olem 1 PMmfiapto-a aiaimnaHoa stand osnul pasttud ossnsot. TO* pantdsa vws stap sod aaoniar. adlaa a at tta oartteho LQOndnaso . ... this, document was not a record of jr-ftEGONDUSTRIES, INC..0J0 NOT^COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT-pE* AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. -. . m i 1 .1 u'rOo - ss: s * i1 t i 2j 1 a i 0019931 4> raw Lr^zILv^cy, ,ipw* U&S2-** J!sy s*SB*3S?g f &2 ^uni '^KScii. lx. ;e r i 7"bb""oo19932_J> w.sr0,^ * * TS FILES AND CANNOT pElut5?^FR0M BY PPG INDUSTRIES,%*. AUTt^ri^ATE? V*V- li& ** ;.s:rirr^  -j I - j ;:-T~~- f-Jt r, vl<-**V-\ V -IJ -. :r s?3a 2 ."' = '' ~- ~-~~u7i ."2- '; "'.- ' -' ';',--\C:::--. *- -"' - -V - . . ' . ^-C-.. . - .* - _ ..- . .' ' * .* . . - - ` ^ -V itk-J-T- j. I *.^A. . THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES* INC. %v ..< . *. . * 9v0**1 "* --* M j ~~BB~00^9933~J_ 2427 v * r BB 019934 | THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIESJNC.---" j^iSf>g51^Wr^g^^^-s^'aiggg^s,\ <* I I; ;tj ^ai i >? 'i r*M *! s :i % ,;l ! *i4tJ :j M limestone,. and prt I days after injectioi in the peritoneum, will eventually disi Cteartz.*--Quartz ' manifested by oed " duat in thexperito: .. creased in size. '1 together,. forming ' present on the-surf was that of cellular COcal irritation suppli -^presumably will cc these nodules disap ^-is now being detenu 3in the tumor masse: cells, it seems likely ~ type f reaction, foi "J one of proliferation. 3 - Chat}--Chat cam ;; nodules produced b , than those formed j found 90 and 112 c : than those noted in same as that of the j> the duration of the _ ddedly one f tissue o o - Flint}*--Flint ca pearance to those p what smallerin size of time. ' The respo. Soapiton*}1--Soai first 2 weeks'after ii namely,, an initial ft I tionwasn tserene -f * * injection and auto; rounded, became flu ular, and numerous 31 Qreaad nek mail U Ut THIS imTT'cSi FcWnILuEiU-S^*J'A.T-Nr-<-D-.-E-C;- 'ANNOTBIBDENAOUITCHHOEaMNtiETOIuCFtRAt'OT0ME, BY PPG INDUSTRIES, 'INC. TMTICATED .'Tba warn pndnttIres dte. >--niililMi.ih.H B pmot ot Urn tOkm vac aa' * Ftncir Bond raantrtrai ~.Sfoor}*-inolMUM ihow*d qmrti or ** MHm u dttm i `A -`-4, 9 4 Iimmtone^ and preapitatecT calcium carbonata. At .th end of 90 daysafterinjectdon a. large amount of this pigment was still present m the peritoneum. Experiments to-determine whether this pigment will eventually disappear are now in. progress. ` .;<hcarfx--Quartz,' after-aminitial stage- of foreign-body irritation,- t '-manifested- by oedema- andfcongestion. about the collections of the dust in the peritoneum, produced nodules which progressively- in creased in. size. These nodules, - when occurring in clumps,. fused . together, forming, a" single large- mass. -' Numerous capillaries were present on the-surfaces and throughout the nodules. The appearance was that of cellularproliferation and was apparently due to the cheim- - cal irritation supplied by the. solution, of the silica in the tissue and ^ , presumably will continue as long as any silica remains. Whether -- these nodules disappear with or without the formation of scar-tissue - is now being determined; but, inasmuch as the majority of cells foundTM, CD in the tumor masses were macrophages, fibroblasts, and fibrous tissue- - cells, it seems likely that scar tissue- will be the logical result. This type of reaction, for convenience of description, will be referred to ~ one of proliferation. . . f; } Chat.*--Chat caused a reaction similar to that of quartz though the ' ' nodules produced by the action of the dust were much larger in size - than those formed by the more pure rock crystal; The nodules J found 90 and 112 days after injection were markedly larger in size . I than those noted in 7 days. The color of the nodules, which was the j) same as that of the dust introduced, remained constant throughout i the duration of the tests. The reaction produced by chat was cidedly one of tissue proliferation. - <"D O - FiintJ*--Flint caused the- formation of nodules identical m ap- pearance to those produced by quartz. They were, however, some what smallerin size than those produced by chat in the same intervals of time. The response to this dust was clearly one of proliferation. - - Soapaton4.n--Soapstone produced the same type of reaction in the first 2 weeks after injection that was noted-in all of the other dusts; namely, an initial foreign body irritation. This early fixation reac- . tion was not severe and subsided quite rapidly. As the time between - injection and' autopsy increased, the nodules, at first raised and rounded; became flattened and spreading. ^ The edges became irreg ular, and numerous 'fine dust particles were noted in the peritoneum around rote autel at Ugh partly. Chtekal analyte atearod patent rilkm. NmonW* aiamUiatloQ tbowadla. irymnim, normal qaam. MadianteaoftbaparridaA UmJaoaa. Thawteapiuduatftwnttia miwomtVw otlaari and ringoral. ChamtelanalyteibtndTUpmnl tflkm. PwmopMn rmlitloo tbo--d gifts and ctmrt. tetaad with limoclta. prodoaitnatlot. Atent S patent at tterilte van norai, ongnte qott tngmonro. Madina ate at tte paRtete, LSiunu. " rinaly ground nauytaanJn qonrtt. dwkd analyte abated Mil patent rilte. tangnpMa ammlnatlim iligand quote at high purity. Mxlkn ate at Cm partlrte. Li mlam. n CPamical analyte iboirad ailte. <A8; mtctnm orida. 1.7; and magnaatnm qrtda. 3A3 patent. fa*o- gmpblaaaatpaHan abated abate jOpatentaitrorooIttAabawm patent aa talc, and abates mrnarifa i at Cm patriate, Liakraoa. ------------------ THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORQ .... | BB 0019936 PPG INDUSTRlE^JNC. DID NOT 60ME PROM- -- IT'S FILES AND Cfc&NOT BE AUTHENTICATED l 2430 BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. SSI Wm r- T-* --! i*j v /."'. XnsvTlfcint - - * *;*.? .. 86 *V"i .. dri^-v . adjacent to the edge* ofthe nodules.'' Collection*-of these paxtides' i\ m,: were-.found at various' other points in the peritoneum. The amount . z| .itr#.-r, ' f.dust mths peritoneal cavity found 90 and 112 days after injection Zfr- - .was approximately the-' same as- that noted', in T days. The injected 1: ?';;- - dust was-neither absorbed nor did it institute a cellular proliferation. ;. - The only change noted was that of the distribution of the dust in the * ` peritoneum. The-particles became more wide-spread in.their dis- - fi peision as the interval between injection and, examination increased,. ^ and'thia- dissemination, was shown microscopically' to have, been ,, - effected by macrophages. ' No appreciable change in the quantity of . Ter* dustwas noted in-112.days after injection; and, inasmuch- as no dia- - solution of the dust or ceflular proliferation occurred, this type of reaction^ for the sake of description, will be- referred to as one of inertness. /. v ' 1 /" ' - CarbfrrundumJ*---Carborundum, or silicon carbide, produced essen tially the same type of reaction as soapstone.. The initial stage of foreign-body irritation was not as severe, and the distribution of the fine-dust particles in the later stages of the tests was more extensive. -Though the nodules became more flattened and spreading, the amount of dust found in the peritoneal cavity 90 days after injection was approximately the same as was noted in 7 days. The material is apparently a- noninitafcing, insoluble, foreign body and is readily transported throughout the peritoneum by phagocytes. As no ab sorption or cellular proliferation was noted, the reaction can be called .1: one of inertness.-7 *". - - i ... -. J**xler*` nmjs.151--Jewelers' rouge, or ferric oxide, behaved in the peritoneum in a manner similar to that of soapstone and silicon car* !! bide.- The nodules became flattened, and many dust particles were . extensively disseminated throughout the peritoneum as the time interval between injection and examination lengthened. .The amount . of dust observed 90 days after injection was approximately the same - as that found in 7 days.. The response of the peritoneal tissue to this dust is therefore one of inertness.' - / " ' >. -.* f7f3Sa **i*t - Anthracite coaLM ^--Anthracite coal produced a more rapid response '' following- injection than did soapstone, carixjnmdum, or jewelers? rouge." Minute dust particles were noted in. the peritoneum adjacent to the nodules as eariy as 7 days after injection.. By 90 days this ; distribution was quite extensive.. The amount of dust present in the . : tt to* pKtWH. lu ataoaa M-Hftn rffl annlMiteaddclBBSaairdMdtdnMb Tinuffirhin nmlmtlm ihirnrt i THiti riirirrniimnti Mfiaa, astiarci partida. Utianfit* ot VB partkM*, (LM mkxoa. .:i.: . " A Pwnytnni mthracil*. fOBrtpaioTrtiin>rlini ibowd abort M parcart aa ooai and fparoart mtmrwt%ttkrm*nri*U. Of tba boar, abort to paranttpp**nd**<|iMtttiadi abort 40 pmaterafett* adatlu. and null* Stadias aba a< tba panfwbti 0.73 oiont. ....... > - A aaalrtaUar la ptirnnphignmwtlnn to tba* drlbari tofcotaota 14. Ifadlafrabaaf tba pat- WAS nnr '7"bb"o019937^ ` CO?-30 6p i""----------------- BY PPG <NWew^5" OjcoiWt FROM 2431 B peritoneal cavity 91 as that found in. 7 coal dust was-inart Bituminous coal, dum, jewelers* mm insoluble in.-the p similar to those of dust particles throu With this dust very mal wall, the mos cavity to which inj j majority f the nr Many small nodul O found in every po dust present 90 da; that found in 7 day j Precipitator aahJ* tion similar to that The nodules behav soapstone. Relath I surfaces of the da: particles, os the dn of the original grn- not as extensive os the same as was foi appeared to be no cavity or cellular pr in type. ** - 1. A definite qua ihtraperitoneaUy in- 2. Busts of two material with partic | f air-separated ma I 8 microns in size!' 3. TliS Tiim .1. ip J 14, 30, 36, and 112 air-separated materi I 4. The response c| nwnwThiBk. p*cr U*Ur akua. MUu sz> ir rtuui Pmnbiak. rwr mwts. aidtt. ud dir. \fr ^"Caawtrt mart br Pmrmphtottaffifaai^o Bad#opo/CT7WUl|*i^CMtjt I - , "* * `^VeieV *74.4*1. fcw1, m ZggSTSP peritoneal cavity 90 days after injection was approximately the.same as that found in. 7' days,.therefore it was concluded, that anthracite coal dust was-inert in reaction. - ,- Bituminous coal*^-Bituminous coal, like soapstone, carborun dum, jewelers'rouge, and anthracite' coal, appeared to be inert and insoluble. in. the peritoneum. .The nodules behaved in a manner witeilur to those of the above-named dusts, and the- dispersion of the dust particles throughout the peritoneum was particularly widespread. With this dust very few nodules, were formed on the anterior abdom inal wall, the most dependent portion of the animals' peritoneal cavity to which injected material would naturally gravitate;, but the majority of the nodules were consistently found, in the omentum. Many small nodules and diffuse areas of dust particles were also found in every portion of the peritoneal cavity. The amount of dust present 90 days after injection waa approximately the same ea that found in 7 days; therefore the reaction waa one of inertness. Precipitator osA.1*---Precipitator ash, or "fly ash", produced a reac C/1 tion similar to that of the other inert dusts mentioned in this series. Ui The nodules behaved similarly in their progress to those formed by soapstone. Relatively coarse, black particles were noted on the^ surfaces of the dark gray nodules. These were evidently carbotrj particles, as the dust was of mixed composition. The disseminstigfc. Oo,_ of the original gray dust composing the bulk of the sample, whitenot as extensive as that of the coals, was well marked and apparentiy^ the same as was found with soapstone end silicon carbide. . Aa the] appeared, to be no disappearance of this dust from the peritom cavity or cellular proliferation, it seems safe to class this dust as inei in type. -C UHIUBT I. A14definite quantity (0.2 g) of dust in suspension was injecteKdJ . mtrmperitonealiy.into guinea pigs. r . U-i . J ` 2. Dusts of two' particle-eize groups ware used--one of screened^ material with particles less than 43 microns (325 mesh), and the othefc^ O of sir-separated material with particles varying from less than 2 to " 8 microns in siie.1; . 3. The animals injected with the coarser material were examined 7, 14, 30, 36, and todays after injection, and those treated with the air>eeparated material were examined after 7,14,30, 56, and 90 days. 4. The response caused by the dust in the peritoneal cavity waa rnn nu^imL raoof tnoi 1 to 3 PMCMt iBHIMirt Bally all aidta. M*dteSMO(tt*pwtkla, USttlnaa. vyram PaoaaymuUaL PaaafiaphlaaTinilnartnaibpwad tra 1 BMlippvetawni mtaocryyaannJwo OOPant, maalailyy tnm, calelu, tad day. Madias tbmti tbapartteiM, LIS akroaa. " CoOaetad Son stack! by afrctrln pndpitMiaa. Cltatnlrml martnation tsLLoovvart 44.7 parrooatnt tUlea. rwnenphln aninlnatlnn *n--rrt inaii imdat aamuTMd yui^ai4aMfapWUitalMmqaarti<ncaMW.eakiM,aadML Martian vtaat tba parfSlai. LUmtarxa/"' "w OP i'TT00-9MTI'. jJ'S HLESAND PROM^--" ' ---------------------- SV PPG. BE AUTHENT,CAVED " ' m to . t 2432 gp m .constant ni all of'the injected with. an. individual dust and' could be classified.as aaabsorptioa, proliferative, or inert reaction. :-`!- ,.*5..Ih the absorption reaction the-injected dust, disappeared, from " if - .the peritoneal cavitywithout the production of scar tissue.:', - \t i. ~':Z 6. In- the proliferative reaction the nodules produced by the dust 3j !i '' continued to increase in size up-to 112 days after injection, the maxi- ^ ' mum duration of the testa in this series. ' ^ w || %' ` '^77 In .the inert reaction, the amountof injected dust.remained ap- i* 'rV --' prorimately the same-in the peritoneal'cavity throughout the various ^ ,'J -J periods, hut the nodules became more fattened and fine particles of C2- .r l:. ... ^ust werecaxxied over rather extensive areas in the peritoneum by phagocytes.- - yV . -r- f - -, 8- Caldta, limestone, precipitated carbonate, gypsum, and cement exhibited an absorption reaction. - 9. .Quartz, chat, and flint produced a proliferative reaction. - '10. Soapstone, carborundum, jeweler's rouge, anthracite coal, bitu minous coal, and precipitator ash were inert in reaction. : i h: i ' 3 r. I cn r UJ 3 -i u_. 4U O - ?---vr CONCLUSIONS *zv-. ;;---r - ~r- The tissue of the peritoneal cavity responds actively to a dust introduced as a foreign body, and this response is of such a character that it may be used as a basis for the classification of industrial dusts from a physiological standpoint. In this report,'dusts of uniform chemical composition or those definitely known to produce or not to produce were used, and for this group the reaction occurring in the peritoneal cavity was uniform and constant for each dust. It seems probable, in view of the nature of the reactions, that dusts of mixed chemical composition will produce zesponsee to those f and in this aeries of dusts. V - . Tests of longer duration are now in progress to determine the ulti mate' fate of the dust m the peritoneal cavity; yet for-purposes of obtaining a definite response to any dust 90 days, .appears to be a sufficient time interval between injection and examination, v.; i". . j ' acxNowLXDQitnrr ___ . . * - J|v >. * - 1 'J- - - ' I. 'Special-acknowledgment is.made to the Metropolitan Life Insur ance Company, which defrayed part of the expenses incurred in this A ill study. "Acknowledgment is also made to the kindness of Mr. W. A. Sclvig and Mr. A. H. Emery, of the United States Bureau of Mines, for the chemical and petrogrophical examinations of the dusts used I in these experiments. The illustrations were made by the photog xapher of the Bureau of Mines. '^ ____ V*'1-*'1 1 88 019939^ "7? ' * .; if'S FILES, and CANWm BY PPG INDUSTRIES W' f Cpwe FR0M aut^NTICATD 2433 .' * ** (IV Kettle, E. H.i Jo- (2) Kettle, EL HL enc (3) Pollcard nod Roll (4) Pollcard sad Mow (June-1930). (SySajem, R. E_: Hi . Mines Report o (6> Roller. P. 8.: Iadi (7) Bloomfield, J..X: . STJLPHUIF DIO: METHODS OI By C. L. Wiuui Sulphur dioxide h for the disinfection of disease and that t basis of its employe century. While the tinable diseases, it fever--before the d mosquito, in the hop for the purpose of dt Fumigation with in the United States as a practical ship f: gases, a relatively bi j is, a mixture of earb tus proved too comb | fleas was considered ' While today in tin i placed sulphur,'the h tine stations, where fumigation crews tra. 30 percent of ship fu: In the use of-sul;| Service has never se this substance by bui I two ways: One has 1 pots placed inside th in a specially constru | large tubes into the Ptwuid tor prwmtmrtoo ts I t Uto --cm In tssl mu ost jd> jus lot iby Ld f ftu- [ L iter Ssts Snn sur:this `.A. ines, used 'tog (1) -Kettle, E-E-i Jour: Path-.4 Boot., 38: 395-408 (May 1932). (2) Settle, E- end HDton, E.r Lancet, 1: 5875: 1190-1192 (June 4, 1932). (3) FoUcardand Eollet: BulL d'hiefc, 8: 53-58 (February 1931). (4) PoUeard and Mouriquandt BulL d'fiiat. appL J phyeioLet pathoL, 7: 193-199 (June-1930). - (5) Sayers,. R- JLz Health Hazards in the Mining Industry. UH. .Bureau of . Mines Report of Investigation, no. 2880 (December 1924). (6) Boiler, P. S.:. Indust, and Eng. Chem. 4: 341 S. (July 15, 1932), (7) Bloomfield, J. J: Pub. Health Rep., 48: 961-968 (Aug. 11, 1933). l SULPHUR DIOXIDE FOR THE FUMIGATION OF SHIPS* f=d1 METHODS OF USE AND PROSPECTS OP IMPROVEMENT By C. I-- WtLLZAVS, Senior Surgeon, United State* Public Health Service \'f Sulphur dioxide has been used for many years in the United States for the disinfection of ships. The discovery that germs were causes i3 of disease and that they could be destroyed by fumigation became the basis of its employment for this purpose in the latter part of the past * century. While the procedure was utilized against all of the quaran- i . tinable diseases, it was employed most particularly against yellow fever--before: the discovery that this disease is transmitted by the mosquito, in the hope of destroying the virus, and, after this discovery, for the purpose of destroying the vector. Fumigation with sulphur was the principal method utilized on ships in the United States until 1914, when hydrocyanic add was introduced as a practical ship fumigant. Before the appearance of the cyanide gases, a relatively brief competition was set up by funnel gases--that U. S Q gg is, a mixture of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide; but the appara tus proved too- cumbersome for general use, and its failure to destroy fleas was considered a disadvantage for antiplague measures. While today in the United' States hydrocyanic add has largely re o y (u|z uj O uj CJ X placed sulphur;1 the latter is still in use at many of the smaller quaran tine stations, where it is economically impracticable to maintain < h-1: fumigation crews trained to use the more hazardous cyanide. About o? t- z 4 30 percent of ship fumigations are performed with sulphur. Oz 9-- utoj (j In the use of sulphur dioxide, the United States Public Health , Dh S Service has never seriously departed from the method of producing g O z cn this substance by burning sulphur, and has employed this method in J gtn.z<o d two ways: One has been to bum the sulphur, Hpots placed inside the spaces to be fumigated; in small lots, the other, to in iron bum it UJ KSt a^Kr--c2<c pin a specially constructed furnace, large tubes into the ship. For a from time which it sulphur was blown through furnaces were very o% Ooy 5c l Pr*prt<l tor pnmMatloa to lb* Ptraurnt Ceomltt** etth# tnurnatioMt OflU* *"MU U* toMCloi to Map utt anti puatUtea is the Bulfetia ilMiuai lor ^ucatf UO& -- ---------- . -- NOTH.. ' | Bfi 0019940 SG o cn XLa. c m 2434 i-i'CT COME