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' B rie fin g to P r e s id e n t's S c ie n tif ic A dvisory Ccmmlttee 3 Kay 1963 by C5R Agency P e rs o n n e l a n
...
POSSIBLE HSALTH HAZARD 0? PHEaXTACSTATSS AS RELATED TO DEFOLIATIOW'OggSATIOSS
.....
i a Vietnam
T h is r e p o r t t u s a a r l s e s t h e b r i e f i n s g iv e n 9 Kay 19 S3 by members o f t h e CBR
Agency t o t h e P r e s i d e n t 's S c i e n t i f i c A d v iso ry C om m ittee. 4 Form ulae - F ig u re 1 shows th e fo rm u la s f o r 2 ,4 * 3 d lch lo ro p h cn o x y * acetic a c id
and 2 , 4 , 5*T tr ic h lo r o p b e n o x y a c s tic a c id T hese s u b s ta n c e s a r e u se d a s th e a c id s ,
s a l ts , e a te rs , and o th er c h m ic a l fo re s . The m ix tu re, "P u rp le", c o n sists o f
f i f t y p er cen t n*butyl 2,4*3, t h i r t y p e r c en t n -b u ty l 2 ,4 ,5*T, and tw enty p er cen t
iso b u ty l 2,4,5-1
E stim ated P o ssib le Poaa o f "P urple" - Zable 1 illu s tr a te s an attem pt to e sti*
a a t a t h a d o se o f " P u rp le " w hich n i g h t h a v e re a c h e d n e a who w ere ex p o sed to th e
s p r a y . The m a x im a q u a n t i t y o f " P u r p le 1* d e l i v e r e d i n a n y a r e a was tw e n ty * fo u r
pounds p e r a c re . T h is q u a n tity was d e liv e r e d in two p la c e s on two s e p a ra te days.
T w enty*four pounds p e r a c r e i s e q u a l t o 250 mg p e r s q u a ra f o o t . The s i s e o f
th e se d ro p le ts would m inim ize in h a la tio n and fav o r body su rfa c e contam ination
In fo rm atio n o f o th e r chem ical a g e n ts shows th a t th e amount o f ag en t f a llin g on a
%man p e r u n i t o f a r e a l a a b o u t s e v e n ty * f iv e p e r c e n t o f t h a t f a l l i n g o n an e q u a l a re a o f th a ground. A o n e -h u n d re d * ten pound man would have a b o u t 1 6 .2 sq u are
f e e t o f body su rfa c e . Only h a lf o f t h i s , 8 .1 sq u are f e e t , would be exposed to
th e s p ra y . T h is , th e maxim is q u a n t i t y o f sp ra y w hich c o u ld r e a c h t h a man would
b e 30 m g/kg, IF t h e man w ere i n a n a r e a o f maximum c o n ta m in a tio n on two days o f
sp ra y in g .
'"
The T o x ic ity o f P h e n o x v a c a ta te s - T a b le 2 shows LD50 d o se s f o r phenoxyace*
t a t e s In v a rio u s sp e c ie s o f an im als by v a rio u s ro u te s o f a d m in is tra tio n . Most o f
th e p u b lish ed d ata r e f e r to th e p a re n t a d d s o r s a l t s . However, t h is inform atlor
j e r ^ n e n t s i n e t h e t o x i c i t y o f t h e v a r io u s f o s s a can ba i n t e r r e l a t e d [NOTS:
** i
a th e v a lu e s g iv e s in th e column under "P u rp le " e r e d i f f e r e n t from th o s e
'an in th e s e a t i n g o f 26 A p ril 1963, b ecau se o f f u r th e r v o rk a t C3$U , Work dose
: a r t h e m e e tin g o f 9 May 1963 i s g iv e s i s a l a t e r r e p o r t ]
l a to x ic doses e l l fo sse o f th a compounds
roduct m uscle a t i f fn e s s , a ta x ia , p a ra ly s is , coma, and death These a ff e c ts a re
,
in ila r i s a l l anim al species i s very high dosage acu te v c s tr ic u le r f ib r illa tio n r
tay occur*
Bote th a t a l l forms o f 2,4-D and 2*4,5-r
4*
have roughly sim ila r t o x ic i ti s s , i s a l l anim al sp e c ie s, and by a l l ro u te s o f ad
m in istra tio n , o th er than th e percutaneous route "Purple" i s such le a s to x ic per
cutaneous ly than by th e o th er ro u te s o f adm inistration* C lothing g iv es a d d itio n a l
^ faction and i t h a s'n o t been p o ssib le to k i l l clothed r a ts v ith a p p lic a tio n s o f
12.5 mg/kg# Dogs s a y ba c o re s e n s i t i v e th a n o th e r s p e c ie s t o t h a p a re n t compounds* * * T a b le 3 shove l e t h a l d o s e s i n mg/k g a s c a l
c u la te d from p u b lis h e d d a ta by th e B lis s method* Where c o r e th a n one a u th o r i s
sh o w combined d a ta -v e re used* Three columns p r e d ic t th e d o ses v h ic h m ight k i l l -
1/100, 1/1000, o r 1/10000 - i f a l l o f th e cospound e n te re d th e body by th e in tr a -
p e rito n e a l o r th e o ra l route* The p re d ic te d v alu es v e re o b ta in e d by ex ten d in g th a
d o s e - r e s p o n s e r e g r e s s io n l i n e to t h e LD 0*1 and LD 0*01 v a l u e s o n l o g - p r o b l t g ra p h
*s
paper Note, c h at a l l o f th e s e v a lu e s a re h ig h er th an th e 30 m g/kg, v h ich i s th e
g r e a t e s t d o se v h ic h c o u ld h av e re a c h e d th e man i n m axim al s p r a y c o n ta m in a tio n *
Remember a l s o t h a t t o x i c d o se s by th e p e rc u ta n e o u s r o u t e v o u ld b e t h r e e t o te n
tim es h ig h er than those shovn here fo r bare sk in and perhaps t h i r t y tim es g re a te r
fo r c lo th e d skin*
S a fe ty Record o f Ph& r.oxyacctates - The o u tsta n d in g s a fe ty re c o rd e s ta b lis h e d
/ f^n-ie su b sta n c e s d u rin g -n o r a th an f i f t e e n y e a rs o f e x te n siv ei o p e ra tio n a l us I s
, germ ane Co t h i s d is c u s s io n *
'
r
-
.'
r
' S ine 1947 s o r e Chan th re e -h u n d re d s ill lio n
pounds h a v e b e e n p ro d u c e d an d u s s d Co c o n t r o l v e g e t a t i o n on a c r e Chan fo u r-h u n d re d
m illio n a c r e s o f la n d i n Che U n ited S ta te s * H ates o f a p p l i c a t i o n ra n g from one-
s ix te e n th to o n e -h u n d re d -six ty pounds pax sere* The annual p ro d u c tio n i s e stim ate d
to sxcssd f i f t y a i l l i o n pounds and f i f t y a illio n acres a rs tre a te d annually*
* **
T hese h e r b i c id e s a r e r e g i s t e r e d b y t b s US
D epartm ent o f A g ric u ltu re which means th ey a re co n sid ered to be (l)'n o n p o is o n o u s ,
(2 ) n o n co rro siv e, (3) noninflansaable, (4) a v a ila b le in q u a n tity , (5 ) econom ical,
%
and (6 ) e ffe c tiv e . The D epartaent o f A g ricu ltu re m aintains co n stan t c o n tro l in
a re a s v h a rs h e r b ic id e s a re ap p lied * {Hiring f i f t e e n y e a rs o f e x te n s iv e 'u s e th e
c> a rta e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e h a s n o t r e c e iv e d a s i n g l e c o m p la in t o f I n j u r y t o hum ans,
liv e s to c k , w i l d li f e , o r s o i l from th e phenoxy h erbicides* K ajo r m an ufacturers
have c e r t i f i e d t h a t none o f th e workmen in t h e i r f a c t o r i e s have shown any i l l e f -
facts* Commercial spray o p e ra to rs re p o rt no adverse e ff e c ts except fo r a very fe v
a lle r g ic s k in re a c tio n s* These companies re p o rt v ery fev claim s fo r damage to
A liv e s to c k and none o f th e s e have been proven* Only f iv e s u s p e c te d human in to x ic a -
*i
Cions have appeared in the .literature in all of the years that these herbicides
have been used*
m
The use o f th ese h e rb ic id e s i s not re
s tr ic te d to th e U nited S tates* The R ussian s c ie n tif ic p u b lic a tio n , "P ro te c tio n o f
P la n ts from P e sts and D iseases, pp 55-57, 1961", re p o rts th a t in th e re c e n t years'
f iv e a i l l i o n h e c ta re s o f g ra in , crop in th e S o v iet Union have been tr e a te d annu
a l l y v i t h 2 , 4 - D. T u r th a r , s y s te m a tic tr e a tm e n t f o r t h r e e o r fo u r g e n e r a tio n s has
not affected th e q u ality of the grain.
A n o th e r p u b l i c a t i o n , " P ro b l in Zcocook*
s , Moscow, No 1 1 , pp 8 6 -9 0 , 1961", s t a t e s t h a t i t l a p la n n e d t o u s e t h i r t y - n i n e
thousand seven- hundr ad f i f t y to n s o f p h en o x y acetates on t h i r t y a i l lio n h e c ta re s
i s an' e f f o r t to- in c re a s e food production
A th ir d p u b lic a tio n rob lea s in K u tri-
t i o n " , by t h e M e d ic a l S t a t e P u b lis h in g B o u se , Moscow, Bo 4 , 1961, s t a t e s t h e torn-
i d t y and c a rc in o g e n ic ity o f a g ric u ltu ra l chem icals vas in v e stig a te d by th e In te r-
d e p a r t a c n t a l Ce om m ittee f o r th e S tudy and R e g u la tio n o f T o n ic C hem icals a t t h e S t a t e S a n i ta r y I n s p e c t i o n O f f i c e , USSR. The p h e n o s y a c e ta te s v e r s among e ig h te e n
approved f o r a p p lic a tio n I t v&s s t a t e d Chat cro p s t r e a t e d a e p r e s c r ib e d w ith
2,4-D p re s e n t no. danger when consumed ee food
F rid a y , 26 A p ril 1963, a com m ittee o f
m e ric a a e x p e r ts on h e rb ic id e s n e t a t Edgewood A rs e n a l, M aryland, t o c o n s id e r th e
'u s e o f p h en o x y aeetaces in Vietnam* They concluded th a t no h a z a rd to h e a lth v as
In cu rre d a s a r e s u l t o f th e q u a n tity o r th e method o f u se in th a t o p e ra tio n .
C aco d y llc A cid (F ig 2) - In tome o f th e o p e ra tio n s in Vietnam c a c o d y lic a c id
v a s used The maximum d o sa g e a p p li e d v a s f o u r pounds p e r se re *
D etailed d a ta on caco d y lic a c id a re more sp arse
th a n t h a t f o r th e 2 ,4 -D and 2 ,4 ,5 -T What i s a v a i la b l e (T a b le 4} i n d i c a t e s Chat
th e a rs e n ic a l Is only o n e -th ird as to x ic as th e phenoxyacetates M oreover, th e p
amount o f eaco'dylic a c id p e r a cre vas only o n e -s ix th th a t fo r th e phenoxyacetates.
2,4-B 5-
TABLE 1
POSSIBLE DOSS OF PU?.?LSM BY DELIVERY METHOD
Ground Dosage
24 lb s (10.9 k g )/a c re (43550 sq f t )
250 a g /s q f t
\
ft
Ground/Xan Dogate R atio 1 og/#q f t on ground O *75.og/sq f t on oan
A v a ila b le Body A rsa on P rona Xan (n ak e d )
0.75 sq a c ta r s (o l sq f t )
(250 ag /sq f t ) x (0*75
) * ( 3 .1 *q f t
)
(ground dosage) x (nan/ground r a tio ) x (a v a ila b le bo d / area)
1519 a o /a a n 50 kg (body v alg h e) "
1519 eg 1519 ag
TABUS 2
TOXICITY OP PHKW0SYACETATE8
(
S p e c ie s Hat
R ab b it
Route
ip is It pc pcc lv ip 1(5 it
A cid 3750)
2 .4 -0 S alt V ----5(2(2)-589(2) 66G (2)-805(1)
400(2) 000(2)
Li)50 tnp./kfi____ :___________ ____________________
_____ 2 . 6 ,5 -T .
Mixed B utyl A cid Mixed B utyl "Purple*' ( 6 )
E nters
C aters
436
620(1) 527(1)
481(1)
448
. * 543
3309
>12500
6 2 6 (1 )
2 1 2 (1 )
573 638 501
pc 1351
pcc
m-
Dog ip
is it
1 0 0 (3 )
100(3)
-
353
305
Mouse Guinea f i g
C hicks
--PC --
ip
i<:
ip in ij5 -_
368(1)
6_r.9 m
369(2)-426<2) 3 7 5 0 ) ____
576(2)-600(2) 5 5 l(l)-1 0 a 0 (2 )
713(1)
8 4 3 (1 ) 2(U )(1)
-
3)9(1)
m ax 310(1)
9 6 0 (1 )
250(1) .
>1250
*
( 1 ) Roi.o & Hyman, Am J Vet lie d , Vol XV, Co 57s p 622, 1956
' ( 2 ) (1111 & C b r l l s l a , J In d llyts & T ox, 2 9 :8 5 , 1967 '
( 3 ) D r i l l h l l l r a t i k a , Arcli In d ilyg 6 Occup Mod, 7 :6 1 , 1953
( 6 ) CllDL
-7
TA3LS 3
LETHAL COSES FOR PISSromCSEATES
S p e c ie s
R oute Uo o f AaL-sals
L. 250
- , ag/kg *
Rat Guinea Fig Mouse
Rat Guinea F ig Mouse
-
P 72 ip * 43
io 200
ig is
is
is
ft
90 166
13
20
it is
Guinea F ig is
Mouse
_ _ _ i z __
40 2 27
512 590 3C-? 637 630 481 357
527 330 373
------ "" LDl ' LD0.1 LD0*01 S/kg og/kS tag/kg
....................-?
H efarenee
,|
m
2,4-D
*
223 170 296 235 nhVp.wn 165 240 130 231 170 . 390 375 237 205
IA>.5-T
235 230 252 220 156 113
133 H i l l , 1947
195 H i l l , 1947
U O H ill. FitElweh.
133 u n i , ( u & *.dA)
,
130 H i l l, Rove, F itsa u ^ h , (Na) I
340 Rove, 1934
i
135 Rove. 1954
:
i
195 Rove, 1954 195 Rove, 1954
93 Rove. 19 54
1
6-
TTGCaS-
(c a 3)
oa
9
TABLE 4
LETHAL SISSSIg DOSES OF CACOPYLIC ACID IN RATS
H jaber o f R ati R o u te LD50 LD1 LD0 . 1 LD0 . 0 1/* .
T ine to Death
- Ad - In trag aatric - 1350 0 3 /kg
700 ng/kg 565 ng/kg 480 ng/kg
- <24 hours
-10-
P IA SLq
4*0
"tC *, i
^M*0
/ J L j^ ^ r s ^ t y X .r^ -7
fv ^t 4*~t>
L C r^t
"k * J h s h 0'l*>~cfiLA*+Cm~
' % o
j b * *
^^^n?
TV.
--&
/& & **% ,
( lL ^ L ^__
^ a U ^ jL
IW ^
^m- V ^ U o /La- - * ^
< .b x
'U rvx ^ xjc.- C*3
S isu ^ >
0 ^-
-^ --
x ^ j , - v _ - y s J .S x J ' j J ^ 4
I t) 2 ^ r u ^ 5 fe *^ ^Vw-^O'W wA?
y*.
lr+~~~ J$,4?^~**C*m
' 7/ V w '
l^C -"w <
* * '* - < - * '
y~
.
3^'
V?- . 'S
jL/Ui ^ i^X i.
` !?*"
* J i
w%(^ - ^ y |
/.
y i c*+ *~~dr ^jj^A<.^3*c ,,
`^ *r k>
w /\.^<- t
" ^vv^v
?
e ^ < # r -
cJ^. ^- --
\
j4 c - ^ q
r ir*-
Z--O X""*0 -o *
j^-J
/
4
, fu v '-A jj r v n - i
^
UDL I,
ft
' /v t^ o
-C 0-O " ,,
I Z --q ^ < C ^ < ,
^L c"V < ^--
/.' -6-(
- w
U D \ ffUr)^o
O c d c 'ts 's - C it^ ts z }
<n c ? v ' , ^T L c*^--
7^-
J^A*& *s-C *~.
--
/r
A & 9 -&
^ >
Uv^pW ^^rJM W *
i
/ ' rM ' W O
U --
/{ U -
U D f c to
X Jb
'*r$*
.X *0 ^ *(/--
{>**-<?
. aJU**+Q+m /^*o 1 K C
/<--
5-< ^__ ,cr*^Su^-ce
a M/C^ ? i
^ aL^i ti
/C k *A ***~
L V A -/
C / T ^ ^ j i ^ C '**'*C
TU , K
iM ^ }
--D Y"?
/X ^ 7
^"Vv. t L .
sf ^ ij^ j^
*X -
--C>/
.
JU-A^
* / / / / t o Z--D /
y r - w -^ '
n> *;A/ *.--i
I^3^U ^ r=
4^*-^-
b )&
/ '-ft
-fcC~* " C U -*- i . ' * -
ACDTE ORAL TOXICITISS 2.4 P
es
Form
*
A nim als
P u r i f i e d Na P u r i f i e d Na P u r i f i e d Na
C rude Na * Combined a l l S a le s
24 18 12 18 90
e nea Pigs icks gs
Na A cid
Na Na A cid A cid A cid A cid
44 60 : 20 166 29 18 30 12
LD50
mg/kg 670 612 697 677 637
665 375 '*89 630 357 4SI 401 100
1 LD1
mg/kg 311
! 158 324
167 240
. 379 . 187 | 193 ` 231 } 237 * 390. : 135 ! : 59
LD1 ' Tower 9 57.
162 44 155 45 164
271 129
90 174 ; 164 i 273 ! 53 11570
R eference
H ill - T ab le 2 , 19*7 H ill - T ab le 3, 1947 H ill - T ab le 4 , 1947 H i l l - T a b le 3 . 19'*7 H i l l - T o ta l d a t a , com
b in e d Na + KH^
Rowe * 1954 Hove - 1954 F itz h u g h H i11-R ova-Fitshush Rowe * 1954 Rowe - 1954 Rowe - 1954 D r i l l - 1953
i ;
x ^ k ^ T
& -U ' b y
c g !Q t~ * t' * T - i - 0 ( v r ^ x - i T
w ti ^ _
tr V J 2 s * ^ X X ^ V'O --
< * V-- J Li~ ^ S ^ ' f~
fn V&~ a . TU. SJr*- &;'-
& **& lc*$ ' Ef' SfQ***- ^ $ - 3 ^ * t t L 4 w >
0V- .j 1r
J t - !Le~L4''mts*
* l^s\S O ^ C ^ C jL ^M , \
--
JU ^
/V^* \
- W r'V 'A -
-Ti C ^ r v ^ |> M .f J .- f - W ~ - N , L o ^ / u ^ W K .
t u .
-^Z C /" ''^ lt'- A. Ca *
, *T-C-
*
^^
fc-*\ 7 ^
^
- & -'-- (>- tr > ^ ^ * j^ ^ e J L
<J 'T 3-j ~ 0 \ J - C ^-''< -_*jx
H : G -***& -- V W r i . -- f c ^ r *
JL - A st* L ` " . '^ 'L
't '* ~
l& a C C u
L t^ L < J L
b 'sJ jU J L ^ p
* U f 'h ^ J )
2 -/^ , r r
<_
4ft
o f ^ U - * C ~ ^ ~ * -K .. J > 1 i^'3S--,'* A- ^ s ?
fc-.
`T O - v
6 -v t,
- * /*
l^ c x * _ C - ,
ORAL TOXICrriES 0 ? 2 .4 .5 T
j Species
ii | R ats
Guinea P ig s M ice C h ick s
Form
No o f A nim als
A cid . Add ; Acid ; Add
40 20 27 33
- LD50
mg/kg ` 527
389 373 ! 312
l LD1
mg/kg
. 285 252 156 144
j LD1 : Lower 957.
R eferen ce
: 2S0 i 171
69 83
, Rove Rove
! Rove Rove
~TcrV-c*J*^
/? *** Vi M
^ % ^ 4 ^ 'V * -'^ -
lA rC fc L * . "D6 - 0
r iAi
J~M /'C-
<^-
.i^*C-v^--
V<-.' '- C # l - , /*) --4 *
<r T U - - ^ S - - t ^ A i c T3C-? y / V c O i L ^ * \
L r & S - V ^ V l^ T'-~_,iV`"- ' *'*''' ' ' W l*3 'J-q
_ &-+~C-.
-^^y~uv^v% _
V
*. A '-'b -lx 't
'S-
'fe fc rr* fc * f*
<tJ. / ,
..> :U -i-psAl
C-C o s t> ^ o ^ L -
W^V1
^ A . . <5 f -
U f.JL L
/
4 -0 /J
t 'w-^-a4^C
2--
/? f
f
A jC * - Z - i< ___
! r`
^ i t-/.
-o
ACUTE TOXICITY O? PURPLE
nrmnm
ACUTE TOXICITY OF PURPLE
Rouee & Doses a g /k g
O ral LD50 LD1 LD1 (9 5 )
is
LOSO LOI LDI (95) 1C LOSO LOI LDI (95)
LOSO LDI LDI (95)
I -R aC s 1
566 213 124 ! { 586 : 121 i 64
569 244 . 107 ! 1 5562 3178 I 2034
R abbits
Dogs
1994 363 178
12034 493 40
i 1 *250 j > 850
1
500 >250
I
>1250 :
j
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LETHAL DOSES OF 2 . <t D TH ANIMALS [Given In s a lin e )
S p e c ie s
Route
Rat
*
Sodium S a lt Sodium P u rifie d
. tp Guinea Pig Sodium P u rifie d
ip Guinea P ig ' Sodium Crude
ip
LD50 mg/kg
589 576
*
600
Rat
Rat , House
\ Rat
Sodium P u rifie d
oral
Sodium Crude
oral
Sodium S a lt oral
P ure Ammonium S a l t
ip Crude Nil S a l t
4P
_ ip _ o ra l
612 677
697 396
426 670
LDl
LDl R a tio s Lower 95 LD50/LD1 LD50/LDK957.)
mg/kg
R eference
257 127 413 309 160 15
*
158
.A4 1
167 45
324 1 155 y .^
263 191
178 99 311 162
2,3 1.4 3.7
3.9 4 .0 2 .2 1.5 2.4 2 .2
4 .6 1.86 40
14 15 4 .5
2.1 4 .3 4 .2
H ill t. C a rlis le - Table 3
JIIM.T 29. p 8 8 . 19A7 11111 i C a r l i s l e - T ab le 3 JI1I&T 29. n 8 8 . 1947 H ill f. C a r l i s l e - T ab le 3 J1IIJ.T 29, p 8 8 , 19A7 Low LDl because r e s i s t a n t a n imal fla tte n e d slo p e.
Itili h C a ritsle - Table 3 J III&T 2 9 , p 8 8 , 1947
H ill & C arlisle
J1HAT
29.
p 89.
UHI & C arlisle
JIII&T 29, p 8 9 ,
UHI & C arlisle
JIII&T 29. p 89. H ill h C arlisle
JUI&T 29. p 8 8 .
- Table 1947 - Table 19A7 - Table 1947
- Table
1947
4 5 5 2
nt
acote israAmrroHZAL TOZiciTTes n
Specie*
Fora
Ho. A nim als
Rat *
Guinea P is
-
* H ice
*
P u r i f i e d Na Ha + KH4 C rude Ha 4
P u r i f i e d Ha Ka + NH4
P u re Hd4 C rude NH4
Ha + NH4
24 .72 24 24 36
40 40
200
uso
ng/kg .539 512 600 576 590
396 426
369
lda -01 ng/kg
257 223 . 160 413 296
263 178
200
LD1 Lover 95Z
127 156
15 309 172 191
99 190 .
R eference
B ill - T abi. 3 H ill - Combined d a ta H ill - Table 3 H ill - Table 3 H i l l - Combined d a ta H ill - T able S H ill - Table 5 H ill & Fitzhugh*
*
;
-
*
' ACUTS ORAL TOKICITISS 2 .4 D S
S p e c ie s
Fora
Ani-ials
KiC*
P u r i f i e d Na
P u r i f i e d Na
P u r i f i e d Na
Crude Na
* Coabined All Sales
24 13 12 18 90
1*050
a g /k g 670 612 697 677 637
R ats
*
Hice Guinea P ig s
Na A cid
Na Na
A cid A cid A cid A eld
44 665 60 375 20 489 166 630
29 357
13 431
30 401 12 100
LSI
mg/lcg 311 158 324 157 240
379 137 193 231 237 390 135
59
101 _ Lotrer 957."
R eference
162 44 155 45 164
271 129 90 174 164 273
53 11570
'H i l l - T able 2 , 1947 H ill - T ab le 3 , 1947 B ill - T able 4 , 1947
Hill - Table 3. 1947 Hill - Total data, cca-
blned Ka
Rowe - 1534 Rowe 1 9 5 4
Flt?hugh Hlll-3.ovw?itz hu
Rove 1 5 5 4 Rowe - 1954 Rowe - 1954
Drill- 1953
il
ill-
ACUTE ORAL TOXICTTIES
v . r . Rove & T.A. Hysas Am J V et Med, V oi XV, lo 57; p 622 , 1954
Species * A cid
R ats
375
L350 -
2,4 D
2 4 5 T
50:50 Brush H ille r
fU S a le H i* =d B u ty l A cld E sters
Mixed E u ty l 277. - 2 ,4 0 E s t e r s 277. - 2 .4 .5 T
805 666 (2 )
620 500
431 1070
H ice
363
Guinea Pigs 469
375 (2 )
551 1000 (2 )
713 389 848 381
940 800 750 1160
R ab b les Dogs C h ick s
800 ( 2 ) 100 (4 ) ' 541
424 2000
ICO ( 4 ) 310
712
1420 4000
(2 ) K i l l L C a r l i s l e - J Xnd Hys & Tox; 2 3 :3 5 , 1947 (3 ) B jorn & H o rc h e n * S c ie n c e ; 103:479, 1943 (4 ) D r i l l & H ira tz k a - A rch Ind Hys & Occup Med, 7 :6 1 , 1953
ORAL TOXICITI5S OF 2 . A .5 T
S p e c ie s
F o ra . Anisia fI s
R ats Guinea P igs M ice
C h ick s
Acid Acid A cid Add
40 20
27 33
LD50
ng/kg 527 389 373 312
LDl
ag/kg 235 252 156 144
LSI Lover 951
280 171
9 83
R eference
Rove Rove Rove Rove
TOSICITY or 2.& D IS FTS3
R eferen ce G erk in s. 1943 Hanson, 1952 H a rris o n & R eas, 194 6 King & Pen found, 1946
>
Dosage 100 on 1 lb/acre 2000 o=3 100 ppm
65 oca 675-850 c m
630 ppm
100 lb s /a c rd in 3 -f t pond
E ffects
i'o d criice t o i n v e r t e b r a t e s ?'o c s n a tc t o v i l d l i f e in c a r s has L050 f c r c a t f i s h , a in n j vs Some d e a th s in bream s and b a a s * Sore deaths in cam 2 i-h s i2 r, LD50 f o r c ln n o v s Ko d e a th s i n b l a e g i l l s o r ninnofca i n 29 days
" i u c t . J li|>L O )
EFFECTS OP REPEATED DOSES OP FMEN0XYACETATE3
.
Compound 2,4 D 2,4 D
ron Brush K ille r
2,4 0
Animal R ats
R ats
Route O ral
D iet
S teers Oral
R abbits In jected
Dosage
E ffects
Reference
10 m g/kg, 3 tim e 3/w eek, 4 weeks
No e f f e c t s
Rowe & llymas
30 mg/kg, 3 timofl/veelc, 4 weeks
No e f f e c t s
Am J V et Med, 19:
100 mg/kg, 3 tim es/w eek, 4 weeks D ecreased growth cloudy
' sw elling of liv e r
300 iuk/Icr. 3 t lines/w cck. 4 weeks
D eath s
100 i4
100 ppai - 113 days 300 ppm - 113 days 1000 ppm ^ 113 days
No e f f e c t s No e f f e c t s Toxic e ffe c ts & deaths
Ibid
3000 ppm - 12 days
Toxic e ffe c ts s a c rific e d
%%
100 mg/kg - i s days
Some p a th o lo g y o f
Ib id
liv e r , kidney, & Cl
500 mg/kg - 3 days
tract No e f f e c t
500 mg/kg - 2 days
Decreased a p p e tite
1000 tng/kg - 3 days
Du-ith
50 mg/kg - 4-13 dooes
N othing re m a rk a b le some H i l l & C a rU l
k id n ey d e g e n e ra tio n J - 1 Hyg & T ox, 19
hyperpliaals o f bone
marrow, decreased hgb
100 mg/kg - 3 - 7 doses
D ecreased h&b, d eg en cra-
Clon o f kidney, hyper-
phasis of spleen,
2,4 D
2,4 D 2.3.5 T
* Dogs Dogs
lv iv
25 m g/kg/day - 6 days
Bleeding guua, leg
Ib id
u lc e rs
50 rag/Ur/d a y - 23 days
2/2 deaths
10 m g/kg, 5 tim c s/w cc k -9 0 days No e f f e c t
D rill & lU rstcks
20 mg/kg 5 tlm es/ueck-O O days
D eaths Arch 1 Rye Occ Med.
CONCLUSIONS! In summitry anil a T i e r c a r e f u l r e v i e w o f lu x i en I o g i c a l
lulir r r l u i c i l lu 2,4-1) anil 2 , 4 , 5 - T u l n a llie k n owl e dg e us to llie manner t h e s e m a t e r i a l s have liccu used f o r d c f o i l u l i o n i n m i l i l u r y s i l u u l i o u s i n S o u t h e a s t . A s i a , no l i c n l il l i a n i r d I s o r was i n v o l v e d l o man o r d o m e s t i c a n i m u l s f r om the amounts o r manne r th es e m a t e r i a l s were used in the aforementioned exercise.
i
fr*
\
ACUTE TOXICITY 07 PCaTLS *
R oute & D oses Bg/kg
O ral LOSO LD1 LDl ( 95)
l LOSO LDl . LDl ( 95)
it LD50 LDl LDl ( 3 5 )
LD50 LDl LDl ( 95)
. R ata
R abbits
Dogs
.
566 213 124
L/ /
586 64
569 244 107
--
-
1?
1994 - 3 6 3 --------178
"0
'
5 0 0 -
<?
* -- 5 5 0
_Bu
'
5562 3178# -
2034
12034 493 40
1250
Ilu*: ny>i uj
Compound
2,4 D Ha
2,4 D li.ilta 2,4 0
Ha 2,4 D
N:i 2,4 D all:: idatalne 2,4 D
2 ,4 *> a a l t .8 o p rca;y le n te r
2,4 D .a o p ro p y le s te r
- 2.3.5 T _ 2.4,5 t
EFFECTS OP REPEATED OOSE3 OP PlIEHOXYACBTATES
Animal Mice
llata
Route sc
Feed
Dosage
1/3 LD50 (90 m g /k g /d ay ) fo r 3 months
About 6 mg/kg/day-24 days
R u ts
Feed
i 95 mg/kg/dny-lOO weeks
Doga
Feed
12.5 m g/kg/day-100 weeks
Chicks
Sheep Cows Horaea C attle Sheep Sulne Chicks
O ral 200 rcg/kg, 3 tiiacs/w cck, 4 weeks ( a c u te o r a l I.D50 " 300*745 m.`*/kft)
P a sc u re About 2 .7 7 l b s / a c r e f o r 12 days
P a stu re
4 lbd/acre)
3 .3 l b s / a c r e ) *p r ^ 3.3 lb s/acre^
8 Steers Oral
16, 17, 52, 55, 114, & 161 mg/Ug/day-78 days
2 S teers Oral
50, 58 oiR /k/day*l54 days
E ffects Ho e f f e c t s Ho e f f e c t s Ho e f f e c t s Ho e f f e c t s Ho e f f e c t s Ho e f f e c t s
Ho e f f e c t s
Ho e f f e c t s
%
Ho e f f e c t s
Reference " Bucheri Proc Soc Exn B io l & Med. 19/ U lll & C a r lis le , It
F ltz h u g h
F ttz h u h
Bjorn & Horthcn S c ie n c e , '1940 H ltchell, et e l. J AuIkmI S c l . 194 Grigsby & FarueU M ic h A g r Cap S ts Qt B u ll, 1950
Anderson, A rndt, Codbey, Jones JAVMA, 1949
# **
ACITS TOXICITY OF PITIPLS
O ral & -*?/kg
?.at 3 io i t oc
12.5
4/4
7 .5
6.25
5 .0
. 3.75 3.13
ft 6 /6
2.50
6/6
1.83
7/7
1.25
10/10
0.94
7/10
0.75 8/10
0.63 6/10 6/10
0.50 4/10
0.47
0/10
0.33 0/10
0.31
1/10
0.25 1/10
0.16
2/10
0.125
0/10
0.03
2/6 1/6 0/6 0/6
5/6 6/8 2/6 0/8 0/6 0/6
D eaths T* b e l t s it
PC
c
CO23 ip i t
3/6 8/10 2/6 3/8
2/8 0/6 0/6 1/6
0/6 1/5 0/6 *5/4 2/4
0 /6
0/6 0/6 0/6 0/4 0/4
0/6 0/4 0/4
0/6
ce
0/4 0/4 0/4
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P x$Vf* M t *-*- Cr~*p+% ~f-
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s- '*'*'t^-w; ''W ^ '
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S lid e 25 ..r > 63
OSAI. T o s t i c m s s OF 2 .A .5 T
S p e c ie s
F o r a . A*nitra fI s
R at* Guinea P ig s
H ice C h ick s
A cid A cid A cid A cid
40 20 27 33
LD50
a g /k g 527 389 373 312
LD1
=S/*S 235 252 156 144
LSI L<r:sr 951
280 171
69 83
R eference
Rove Rove Rove Rove
TOXICITY 0? 2 A D IS FISH
R eference Gerkitv*. 1943 Hanson, 1952 H a rriso n & R ees, 1946 King & Fenfound, 1946
#
Dosage
100 non 1 Ib/aere 2000 non
100 ppa 65 owa
675-350 n :n 630 ppa
100 1b s /a e r d in 3 -f t cond
E ffects
i'o d a r^ c e to i n v e r t e b r a t e s J'a c a n a te to v i l d l i f e in c a r s h n s 1050 fo r c a tf is h , ainnovs done deaths in breaas and bass
Scr?e d e a th s in c a m
2 4 -h o u r, LD50 f o r minnows Ko d e a th s i n b l u e g l l l s o r in n o 5t3 In 29 days
EFFECTS OP REPEATED W lC S OP PIIEN0XYACETATE3
Compound 2,4 0
2,4 D
ron finish K ille r
2,4 D
2,4 0 2,4 D 2.3.5 T
AnIras1 Rata a R ats
S te e rs
R abbits
Dogs Dogs
Route O ral D iet O ral
In je c te d
Iv Iv
Dosage
E ffects
R eference
10 m g/kg, 3 tim es/w eek , 4 weeks
No e f f e c t a
Rowe & Hyniss
30 mg/kg, 3 tlfiLOs/veek, 4 weeks
No e f f e c t s a Am J V et Hed, 1934
100 mg/kg, 3 tim es/w eek, 4 weeks Decreased g routh cloudy
' availing of liv e r
300 mR/h'!. 3 tlines/ucp.k. 4 weeks
D eaths
100 ii
100 ppm - 113 days 300 ppm 1 1 3 days 1000 ppm 113 days
No e f f e c t s No e f f e c t s Toxic e ffe c ts 6 deaths
Ib id
3000 ppm - 12 days
Toxic e ffe c ts -
s a c rific e d
100 rag/kg * 15 days
Some p a th o lo g y o f
Ib id
liv e r , kidney, & Cl
tract
500 mg/kg - 3 days 500 mg/kg * 2 days
No e f f e c t Decreased a p p e tite
i
1000 mi*./kR - 3 days
D uith
50 mg/kg 4*13 doses
N othing re m a rk a b le some U l l l & C a r l i s l e
k id n ey d c g c n c ru tla n J - 1 llyg & Tox, 191
hyperpliaols o f bone
m arron, decreased hgb
100 mg/kg * 3 - 7 doses
1D ecreased h g b , d e g e n e ra
tio n o f kidney, hyper*
phasls of spleen,
lym phoid. A*bond marrow
25 m g/kg/day - 6 days
B leeding gums, leg
Ib id
u lc e rs
50 rag/kg/day - 2.3 days
2/2 deaths
10 m g/kg, 5 tim c s/w cc k -9 0 days No e f f e c t *
ID r i l l & U lra tc k a
20 tng/l:g 5 tim es/w eek -90 days
D eath s
Arch 1 llyg Occ Med.
b i l a n -> Itpi. U J
Compound
2,4 D Na
2,4 D M it 8 2,4 D
Na 2,4 D
N:i 2,4 D all;:* idatalne 2,4 D
2 ,4 ') a a l t
.so p riv y le n te r 2,4 D
.a o p ro jy le s te r
2,3.5 T 2,4,5 T
EFFECTS OF REPEATED DOSES OF FIIEHOXYACETATES
Animal H lce
llata
Route sc
Feed
Dosage
1 /3 LD50 (9 0 m g /k g /d ay ) Cor 3 Months
About 6 mg/kg/day-24 days
R ata
Feed
1 95 m g /k g /d a y -100 weeks .
Doga
Feed
12.5 m g/kg/day-100 weeks
Chicks
Sheep Coua Horace Cate la Sheep Sulna Chicks
O ral 200 mg/kg, 3 tlraes/w celc, 4 weeks
( a c u te o r a l f*D50 -- 3M0-765 n**,/kn)
P a s tu r e About 2 .7 7 l b s / a c r e f o r 12 days
P a stu re
4 Ibd/ucre)
3_ .3_
)
lb s/a c re )
for
12
d a 1y s
3.3 lb s/acre^
8 Steers O ral
16, 17, 52, 55, 114, &
161 m g/kg/day-78 days
2 Steers O ral
50. 58 m g/kR/day-154 days
E ffects No e f f e c t s No e f f e c t s No e f f e c t s No e f f e c t s No e f f e c t s No e f f e c t s
No e f f e c t s
No e f f e c t s
a
No e f f e c t s
Reference *
Bcher, Proc Soc
Exd M o l & Med. 1946 l l l l l & C u r l l . l e , 194:
Fitzlm gh
Fltzhugh
Bjrn & Northen S c ien c e. 1948
H ltch ell, et 1. J An lins 1 S e i . 1946
G rlgaby & F a rv e 11
Mich Agr Exp S ts q t B u ll, 1950
Anderson, A rndt, Codbcy, Jones JAVMA, 1949
*
CONCLUSIONSi
In summary uiiil l i f t e r d i r e f u l r e v i e w o f l u x i r o I U |;i c u t (lu U r r r l u l e i l I n 2 ,4 -1 1 m id 2 , 4 , 5 - T u l u s llic k n u w l e i l g c u s l o llie Mimiici* t h e s e t a u t e r ! i l l s h a v e h e c n u s e d f o r d e f o l i a t i o n lu m i l i t a r y s i t u a t i o n s in S o u t h e a s t A sia , no h e a l t h h u a i i r d i s o r was i n v o l v e d t o man o r d o m e s t i c u n i cauls f r om th e amounts o r mauner t h e s e m a t e r i a l s were .used in th e aforementioned exercise*
ACraS TOXICITY OF PIIR7LS
Route & Doses q g /ic g
O rel LOSO ID I LDI (9 5 )
B LOSO LDL LDL (9 5 )
it 2D50 LDI LDI (9 5 )
2D50 LDL LDL (9 5 )
. Rats
R ab b it*
Doge
566 213 124
586 1994 -
363----64 173
569 244 * * 107
-
*
- Q 500 -- 50
5562
3L7S? 2034
12034
493 40
> 1250
a ,rD
ACUTE TOXICITY OF ?-J1PL2
Oral & -fr/kg
?.at3 1*5 it pc
12.5
4/4
7.5
6.25
.5.0
3.75
3.13
6/6
2.50
6/6
1.83
7/7
1.25
10/10
0.94
7/10
0.75 8/10
0.63 6/10 6/10
0.50 4/10
0.47
0/10
0.33 0/10
0.31
1/10
0.25 1/10
0.16
2/10
0.125
0/10
0.03
2/6 1/6 0/6 0/6
5/6 6/8 2/6 0/8
0/6
0/6
0e3ths abbits
iP it P
Dora ip it _ PC ..
3/6 8/10 2/6 3/8
2/8 0/6 0/6 1/6
0/4
0/4 0/6 1/5 0/6
'iik 2/4' 0/6 *
0/6 0/6 0/6' 0/4 0/4 0/4
0/6
0/4 0/4 0/6
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PO SSIBLE HEALTH HAZARO OF PHENOXYACETATES AS RELATED TO DEFOLIATION OPERATIONS IS V IE T NAM
1 Formules*
.% '
. '
Figura I shows the formulas for 2,4-Q, dlchlorophenoxy-ecatlc acid
i and 2,4,5-TJ trlchloropheneecyacetlc acid* These substaneas ara used as the
i acid*, salts, esters, and other chemical forms* The fixture, "Purple,**
consists of 50i h-butyl 2,4-0; 30S n-butyl 2,4,5-Tj and 20i Isobutyl 2,4,5-T*
2* Estmated Possible Pose of "PuraIs*"
Table* I Illustrates an atto*?t to estlaate the dosa of "Purple" which night have reached men who were exposed to the spray* The moxJeum * quantity of "Purple" delivered In any area was 24 lbs p er acre* Twenty-four pounds pe r acre Is equal to 250 ra/sa ft* The size of these droplets would minimize Inhalation and favor body surface contamination* Information of ethe chemical agents shows tnat the amount of agent falling on a nan per unit of area Is about 75i of that falling cn an equal area of the ground* A H ' M b man would have about 16*2 sq ft of body surface* Only half of this, 5*1 sq ft would be exposed to the soray* Thus, the maximum quantity of spray which could reach the nan would be 30 mg/kg*
3* The T o x ic it y o f S in g le Doses of Phgnoxvacotates*.
T a b le 2 shows LD50 doses o f p h en oxyacatates In v a r io u s s o o c le s o f
an im als by v a rio u s ro u te s .o f a d m in istra tio n * Most o f tno p u b lish e d data re
f e r to th e parent a c id s o r s a lt3 * However, t h is In form ation Is p e rtin e n t
s in c e th e t o x ic it y o f th e v a r io u s form s can be I n te r r e la t e d * In t o x ic d o se s,
a l l fo re s o f th e compounds produce m uscle s t if f n e s s , a t a x ia , p a r a ly s is , c o re ,
and death * These e f f e c t s a r e s l n l l a r In a l l anim al s p e c ie s * In v e r y h ig h
d o s a g e s , a c u te v e n t r i c u l a r f i b r i l l a t i o n may o c cu r*
* K ota th a t a l l forms o f 2,4-D and 2 ,4 ,5 -T havo ro u g h ly s lm U a r t o x ! -
e lt t e s , In a l l anim al s p e c ie s and by a l l ro u te s o f a d m in is tr a tio n , o th e r than
th e p e rc u ta n e o u s ro u te * " P u r p le " I s much la s s t o x i c p e rc u ta n e o u s Iy th a n by
th e o th e r ro u te s o f a d m in is tr a tio n . C lo th in g g iv e s a d d it io n a l p r o t e c t Icn and
I t h a s n o t been o o s s lb le t o k i l l c lo t h e d r a t s w ith a s p l l e a t l c n s o f 12*5 gm/kq.
Coos nay be more s e n s it iv e then
s e e d as t o t h e p a r e n t c cso cu n d s* How
e v e r , even f o r doqs th e I n t r a p e r lt c n e a l and th e I n t r a t r a c h e a l LOSOs a re 358
and 305 rng/kg, r e s p e c t iv e ly , Tho 1350 by th e bare p ercu ta n eo u s ro u te Is
g r e a t e r th a n 1*25 gm/kg In t h i s s p e c ie s *
4 Tho T o x i c i t y o f ^anented In tra r> a rfto n e a l Doses o f " P u r p le " In Hens*
T a b le 3 shews t h a t 5 d a lly doses of 30 mg/kq o f " P u r p le " d id n o t . p ro d u c e an y t o x i c s ig n s o r c a u sa death In any o f 6 dogs* L a m e r d o s e s , ICO
eg/kg^ dld cause weakness and w e ig h t lo s s on th e 4 th day o f compound a d m in istre l i o n . D eaths o c c u rre d on th e 5 th - ICth day e f th e t e s t * The LD50 f o r "PurpJ by th e In tra p e rito n e a l ro u te In dogs Is 358 mg/kg.
-r
\- .
i.
/
*0 CHj c CH
c :
Cl
Cl -
t
Cl
CHj C CH
F ia ra i
' * . ,I i
i ' i.
"-
TABLE !-
*.
I
** B
tm
*
POSSIBLE DOSE OF "POPPLE* ST DELI YEW f^ETHOD
Ground Oosaos 24 lb s (1 0 .9 k q /a c re - 43560 sq f t ) . 250 g/sq f t
Ground-Man Dosac.e Satlo I mq/sq ft cn ground 0.75 iwj/sq ft on nan
A v a i l a b l e Body A rea on P rone Man (Naked)
\m
* 0 .7 5 sq asetors (S.t so f t )
,(250 ng/sq ft) x (0.75) x 3. I sq ft) 1519 mg
(ground dosage) x (nan/ground ratio) xCavallable body area)
1519 mq
1519 mn/rart
0 kg ( body we1y n tJ
30 irg/kg
*f
i%
3
TAJLc 2 TOXICITY OF PllENXYACETATES
( <
r ' k o u te orf
rn sri^ A n T T ^ r
Sp^clot .Administration11 Acid
Mx.*d d u ty
Fstorfl
Ibtf "(rWk* iV 2 ,4 ,^ -T field" * iilKud * i i r"
Cst^fB
Rot Pull* I t
Ip
lO It PC
pcc
Iv Ip
h It
pc pcc
5\2?)-m ?i
375(1 V, 666(?)*>0t)3(11
400 (2)
# 00 (2 )
620(1)
*
527(1)
401(1)
424(1)
1 7I2(|)
i
436 44U 943 3009
> i2 ,o a o
570 430 501 1351
CuIiisq P ig C h ick s
Ip h It.
pc
Ip lo
Ip . lo
*0
100 (3)
100 (3)
360(1)
469(1) 541(1)
369(2)*426(2) 375(1)
576(2)^600(2) 551(0-1000(2)
713(1) . 399(1)
1)40(1) 2000(1)
301(1) 3j0(|>
940(|) 759(1)
350
305 >1250
(I) Roua A Hymat, Am J, V#t Mod, Vol XV, No 97; p 662, 1934 (?) H I M A Carl Is lo, J. Ind. Hvn A Tox, 29iH5, 1947 (3) Drill A Hlratzko, Arch Ind ily'j A Cccup *^0, 7lf>l, 1953, (4) CfiDL
* In * Iritni'icrfrononl; It ? Intrnr,ns1rlct It Intrntrijchosi
pc pnrcutnnoous, boro;
*
TA3LE 3 TOXICITY OF FIYE DAILY ItfTRAFE'ilTWEAL DOSES OF "PlPPLE" IM DOSS
Sally Dose sig/kg
100
NO, Of Dons
*
6
Toxic
"0~3PV.S r ir f i's fay " :'*arns
Weight loss and weakness on
4th day
"^
6/6 5,6,6,7*7,10
+-
30 6
No to x ic signs
0 /6
3m . Safety Record of Phnoxyacetatas
The outstanding safety record established by those substances
urlng moro than 20 years of extensive operational use Is also germane to
>hls discussion
_
*
From 1947-1963 more than three-hundred million pounds Were produced
and'used to control vegetation on more than four-hundred million acres of
land In the United States* Pates of application ranged from 1/16 - 160 lbs
per acre* The annual production as of 1963 was estimated to exoasd fifty
million pounds and fifty million acres were treated*
These herbicides are registered by the US Department of Agriculture which means they are cons (dared to bo U.) non-poi sonous, (2) ton-corrosive, (3) non-inflamrnoble, (4) available In quantity, (5) economical, and C6) effective* The Department of Agriculture maintains constant control In areas where herbicidas are applied. During fifteen years of extensive use, the Department of Agriculture had not received a single complaint of Injury to humans, livestock, wildlife, or soil from tho phenoxy herbicidas, ajor manu facturare have cerMflod that none of tho workmen In their factories havo shown any III effects.- Commercial snray operators report no adverse effects except for a very few allergic skin reactions* These companies report ver/ few claims for damage to livestock and none of these have been proven. Only five suspected human Intoxications have appeared In the literature 4n alt of
the years that these herbicides have been used Cas of 1963)
The use of these herbicides Is not restricted to the United States. The Russian scientific publication, Protection of Plants from Pests and Diseases," 1961, op 55-57, reports that In the recent years, five million hectares of grain crops In the Soviet Union have been treated .annual ly with 2,4-D* Further, systematic treatment for three or four generations has not affected tho quality of the grain*
*V
Another-'publ 1cat Ion, "Problems In Economics," Hosccw, No* II, pp 86-90, 1961, states that It Is planned to uso 39,750 tons of phonoxyacatates on thirty million hectares In an effort to Increase food production.
A third publication, "Problems In Nutrition" by the ffedlcal State Publishing House, Moscow, Mo. 4, i J6l, states the toxicity and carcinogenicityof agricultural chemicals was Investigated by the Interdepartmental Commlttoo
for the Study and Peculation of Toxic Chemicals at the State Sanitary lnsnectlor Office, USSR. The phenoxyace+a+es were among 18 approved for applIcntlens.
It was stated that crops treated as proscribed with 2,4-D present no danger when consumed as food.
Friday, 26 April 1963, a committee of American experts on herbi cides mat at Edqawood Arsenal, Maryland, to consider the use of phenoxvacat'ites In Viet Noa. They concluded that no hazard to health was Incurred as a result of the quantity or the method of use In that operation.
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