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432 CHAPTER 30 1959 Guide Follow (he procedure for slab-on-grade construction, Step 9. Step 10. Total Panel Output Follow the procedure for slab-on-grade construction, Step 10, substituting heat flow downward (&} for the apportioned down ward and edgewise heat flow ($). Step 11. Fluid Circuit Follow the procedure for slab-on-grade construction, Step 11. Step It. Boiler Size Follow the procedure for slab-on-grade construction, Step 12. Installation Details and Accessories The dPKtgn of the two-pipe, direct return forced circulation system which is used in a panel heating system is described generally in Chapter 28, Hot Water Heating Systems. In addition to the usual valves, a balancing valve should be installed in.the supply or return connection of each panel in order to permit the heat output of the panel to be balanced with other panels in the same sone. While all piping should be designed to minimise trapping of air or water, few'panel heating systems can be installed to be completely free of air traps. For that reason, panel heating systems cannot usually be filled by flooding nor drained by gravity alone. The system can be filled and the air removed if the system is flushed with a sufficient flow of water. To empty the system a flow of compressed gas is used to assist gravity drainage of the water. Provisions for both flushing and blowing should be included in the piping. De vices for the collection and venting of the gases that will appear during operation should also be provided. Controls Automatic controls for panel heating differ somewhat from those described for convective heating because of the thermal inertia characteristics of the panel heating surface and the increase in the mean radiant temperature within the space under increasing loads for panel heating. However, many of the control principles for hot water heating systems described in Chapter 28 will also apply to panel heating. (See also Chapter 43.) Panels such as concrete slabs have large heat storage capacity and continue to emit heat long after the room thermostat has shut off the supply of heating medium. In addition, there is a considerable time lag between thermostat demand and heat delivery to the space due to the large part of the heat which must first be stored in the thermally heavy radiant surface. This inertia will cause uncomfortable varia tions in space conditions unless controls for detecting load changes as early as possible are provided. In general, the temperature of the heating medium supplied to tiie panel surface should be varied in accordance with outdoor temperature but precautions must be taken to prevent the introduction of excessively hot water which might damage the panels in the event of control failure. A manual boiler bypass or other means of reducing the water temperature may be necessary to prevent too rapid drying out of new panels (see section. Embedded Piping for Ceiling Panels, in this chapter). - Due to the increase in MRT (mean radiant temperature) within a panel-heated space which necessarily takes place os the heating load increases, the air temperature under such conditions, theoretically, should be lowered in the order of 1 or 2 degrees to maintain comfort. In ordinary structures with uuiiuu! mfilt*faon loads the luQtmvd reduction in air tem perature is small and, consequently, a conventional room thermostat may be used. In panel heating systems, lowered night temperatures will produce unsatisfactory results with heavy panels such as concrete floors. These panels cannot respond to either quick increase or decrease in heating demand within the relatively short time required, with the result that there will be a very slow reduction of space temperature at night and a cor respondingly slow pickup in the morning. Panels of light weight construction, such as plaster or metal failing* and walls, may respond to changes in demand with sufficient rapidity to obtain moderately satisfactory results from lowered night temperatures. However, very little fuel saving can be expected even with the light panels n1ai the lowered temperature is maintained for long periods. If reduced non occupancy temperatures are employed, some means of providing a higber-than-normal rate of heat input for rapid warm-up is necessary, or a long warmup period should be provided, as explained in Chapter 28. Warm Air Panels The first three steps in the design of warm air panels are the same as those outlined for warm water panels and the same performance curves' can be used. The balance of the design can be determined from the data in the Chapter on Forced Warm Air Systems and Manual 7-A of the National Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Association. Electric Panels Electric panel heating systems can be designed by using part of the procedure for warm water panels as a guide. See also Chapter 17, Electric Heating. Step 1. Heat Loss Follow the procedure for warm water panels, Step 1. Step t. Required Panel Output Follow the procedure for warm water panels, Step 2. Step 5. Panel Surface Temperature Follow the procedure for warm water panels, Step 3. Step 4 Panel Heat Lost Determine the heat loss from the panel, using the panel sur face temperature found in Step 3 and the factors in Chapter 9, Heat Transmission Coefficients of Building Materials. REFERENCES 1 Standard Specifications for Gypsum Plastering, Including Requirements for Lathing and Plastering (American Standards Association, A 42.1, 1946). 1 Manual 7A Design and Installation of Warm Air Ceiling Panel Systems (National Warm Air Heating and Air Condi tioning Association). * W. H. McAdams: Chapters 4 and 7 (Heat Transmission, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1954, 3rd ed.). 4 T. C. Min, L. F. Schutrum, G. V. Parmelee, and J. D. Vouris: ASHAE Research Report No. 1576-- Natural con vection and radiation in a panel heated room (ASHAE Trans actions, Vol. 62,1956, p. 337). * Cyril Tasker, C. M. Humphreys, G. V. Parmelee, and L. F. Schutrum: ASHVE Research Report No. 1444--The ASHVE Environment Laboratory (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 58, 1952, p. 139). * L. F. Schutrum, G. V. Parmelee, and C. M. Humphreys: ASHVE Research Report No. 1473--Heat exchanges in a ceiling panel heated room (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 59, 1953, p. 197). Panel Heating 433 j L. Schutrum,-G. V. Parmelee, and C. M. Humphreys: ASHVE Research Repobt;No. 1496--Heat exchanges in a floor panel heated room (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 59,1953, p. 495). L. F. Schutrum and C. M- Humphreys: ASHVE Research Report No. 1499--Effects of non-uniformity and furnishings on heating performance (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 60, 1954, p. 121). L. F. Schutrum and J. D. Vouris: ASHVE Research Re port No. 1516---Effects of room site and non-uniformity of Dane! temperature on panel performance (ASHVE Trans actions, Vol. 60, 1954, p. 455). H. H. Macey: Heat loss through a solid floor {Institute of Fuel Journal, 22-128, p. 369). n e. L. Sari-ftin and W. S. Harris: Performance of covered hot water floor panels, Part I--Thermal characteristics (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 62, 1956, p. 55). a A Subcommittee of the TAC on Panel Heating and Cool ing, R- L. Maher, Chairman; W. P. Chapman; H. T. GUkey; P B. Gordon; E. F. Snyder; and J. M. Van Nieukerken; and by ASHAE Laboratory Staff Members, L. F. Schutrum and C. M. Humphreys: ASHAE Research Report No. 1600-- Thermal design of warm water concrete floor panels (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 63, 1957, p. 239). i* a Subcommittee of the TAC on Panel Heating and Cool ing, R. L. Maher, Chairman; W. P. Chapman; H. T- Gilkey: P. B. Gordon; E. F. Snyder; and J. M. Van Nieukerken: and by ASHAE Laboratory Staff Members, L. F. Schutrum, G. V. Parmelee, and C. M. Humphreys: ASHAE Research Report No. 1559--Thermal' design of warm water ceiling panels (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 62, 1956, p. 71). BIBLIOGRAPHY B. F. Raber and F. W. Hutchinson: Trend curves for esti mating performance of panel heating systems (ASHVE Trans actions, Vol. 48, 1942, p. 425). B. F. Raber and F. W. Hutchinson: ASHVE .Research Re port No. 1192--Panel heating and cooling performance studies (ASHVE Transactions,'Vo1. 48, 1942, p. 35). F. C. Houghten, Carl Gutberlet, and E. C. Hach: ASHVE Research Report No. 1193--Radiation as a factor in the feel ing of warmth in convection radiator and panel heated rooms (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 48, 1942, p. 65). B. F. Raber and F. W. Hutchinson: Panel heating and cool ing, analysis (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 47, 1941, p. 285). E. J. Rodee: Operating results of a residence radiant wall heating system (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 47,1941, p.. 123). H. F. Randolph and J. B. Wallace: Performance of a resi dential panel heating system (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 49, 1943, p. 235). Radiant heating {Heating and Ventilating, March' 1941, p. 35). F. E. Giesecke: Radiant heating and cooling {Heating, Pip ing and Air Conditioning, June, July, August, September and October 1940). T. N. Adlam: Calculations forradiant heating {Heating and Ventilating, October 1931). C. O. Mackay, L. T. Wright. Jr., R. E. Clark, and N. RI Gay: Radiant Heating and Cooling (Cornell University, En gineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 32, 1943). R. G. Vanderweil: Design method for panel heating systems using copper tubing (ASHVE Journal Section, Heating, Piping ana Air Conditioning, November 1947, p. 123). J. M. Ayres and B. W. Levy: Air temperature gradients in a panel heated room (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 54, 1948, p- 131). W. P. Chapman and R. E. Fischer: Graphical solution of radiant panel areas {Heating and Ventilating, January 1948, D. L. Mills and L. J. LaTart: Embedding coils in radiant heating panels {Heating and Ventilating, December 1947, p.75). D. L. Mills and L. J. LaTart: Radiant heat with copper tub ing {Heating and Ventilating, November 1947, p. 95). D. L. Mills and L. J. LaTart: Panel heat with copper tub ing--experiment in practice {Heating and Ventilating, October 1947, p. 65). B. F. Raber and F. W. Hutchinson: Experimental studies on panel heating tube spacing (ASHVfi transactions, Voi. 63, 1947, p. 369). S. Konso: Panel heating--a basic discussion {American Artisan, October 1946, p. 68). John E. Peterson: Solar house heated by a warm air floor panel (American' Artisan, December 1946, p. 83).' A. B. Algren: Design data for a warm air floor panel {Ameri can Artisan, January 1947, p. 141). C. S. Leopold: The mechanism of heat transfer, panel cool ing, heat storage {Refrigerating Engineering, July 1947, p. 33). Radiant Heating--Simplified Design and Installation (Copper and Brass Research Association, 1949). C. M. Humphreys, H. B. Nottage, C. V. Franks, R. G. Huebscher, L. F. Schutrum, and D. W. Locklin: ASHVE Re search Report No. 1387--Laboratory studies on beat flow within a concrete panel (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 56, p. 175). L. E. Hulbert, H. B. Nottage, and C. V. Franks: ASHVE Rrawnwrer Report No. 1388--Heat flow analysis in panel heat ing or cooling sections (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 56, 1950, p. 189). C. F. Kayan: Electric analogger studies on panels with im bedded tubes (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 56, 1950, p. 205). A. B. Algren: ASHVE Research Report No. 1345--Ground temperature distribution with a floor panel heating system (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 54, 1948, p. 321). F. W. Hutchinson, D. L. Mills, and L. J. LaTart: Losses from a floor-type panel heating system (ASHVE Trans actions, Vol. 57, 1951, p. 37). C. M. Humphreys, C. V. Franks, and L. F. Schutrum: ASHVE RERRARfu Report No. 1418--Field studies of heat losses from concrete floor panels (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 57, 1951, p. 221). N. S. Billington; Losses from heated floors {Journal of the Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, June 1953). E. L. Sart&in and W. S. Harris: Heat flow characteristics of hot water floor panels (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 60, 1954, p. 103). F. C. Houghten, S. I. Taimuty, Carl Gutberlet, and C. J. Brown: ASHVE Research Report No. 1213--Heat loss through basement walls and floors (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 48, 1942, p. 369). R. 8- Dill, W. C. Robinson, and H. E. Robinson: Measure ments ofHeat Lossesfrom Slab Floor (National Bureau of Standarils, Building Materials and Structures Report BMS 103). H. A. Bareither, A. N. Fleming, and B. E. Alberty: Tempera ture and heat loss characteristics of concrete floors laid on ground {American Artisan, March 1950). N. S. Billington: Heat loss through solid ground floors {Journal of the Institution of Heating ana Ventilating Engineers, November 1951). J. R. Jamieson, R. W. Roose, and S. Konso: Warm-air perim eter heating: Part III--Heat losses from floor slab (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 58, 1952; p. 217). M. Baker, J. M. O'Byrne, and A. M. Levy: Estimating the heat loss from slab floors and basements {Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, November 1952). N. S. Billington and E. W. Shaw: Experiments with inter mittently operated floor panels {Journal of the Institution of Heating ana Ventilating Engineers, June 1952). N. S. Billington: Heat loss through solid ground floors--II {Journal of the Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, November 1952). H. R. Martin, P. R. Achenbach, and R. S. Dill: Effect ofEdge Insulation Upon Temperature and Condensation on ConcreteSlab Floors (National Bureau of Standards, Building Materials and Structures Report No. 138, October 1953). Aydin Umur, G. V. Parmelee, and L. F. Schutrum: ASHAE Rtiemitm Report No. 1528--Measurement of angular emissivity (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 61, 1955, p. 111). C. M. Humphreys, C. V. Franks, and L. F. Schutrum: ASHVE Research Report No. 1426--Laboratory studies of the thermal characteristics of plaster panels (ASHVE Trans actions, Vol. 57,1951, p. 363). L. F. Schutrum and C. M. Humphreys: ASHVE Research