Document V39mDjGJYX5km6dY0Z401Y0r8

-,r:. f '.-^:#SiS LEAD INDUSTRES ASSOCIATtON,IN& 292MADISOM MIME, f !I I i I 2 Lead gets the noise out I j Two go\ernment agencies are agreed.) on one thins: it will cost U.S. ia.J rlustry S31 -hi!lion iner the next three! years to meet proposed in-plant 85dlH noise levels. The unanimity shared bvthel Occupational Safety & Health Admini istration and the Environmental Pri tection Agency is not necessarily shai bv industry. As the Chamber of Co: merce points out. OSHA data and sub! sequent reduced economic impact estej mates, are in many cases based oC `"arbitrary estimates" of the cost of noi^ reduction. Anyway you read it. the costj and the impact can he shattering. ; LIA has taken an educative and pra| matic stance. In case history after cal history, it has been documented that lea sheet and lead loaded vinyl curtain offl reasonable options both to the originl equipment manufacturer and to the plai manager faced with a remedial noii problem. The noise control article # pages 12-13 of this issue of Lead Magi zine is typical. One-pound lead ioade vinyl curtain, with a reduction of 6-9dB can be made at approximately $6.85 pcj square foot, including installation cost* LIA publicity and advertising in th| market garner unprecedented respond One wonders why there are not wof suppliers and marketers out there to tsU advantage of this major market. L 1*26?q >0 25% savings achieved by solar powered, battery-operated microwave system solar-powered, hattery-operated tric powered microwave transmission A microwave "repeater" relay system equipment and the electric power lines jor telephone calls and other forms of required to operate them and building .oninniniration mav be the answer for roads to construct and maintain them is inducing the costly investment normally expensive and time consuming. associated with the installation of such To help solve such problems, GTE .vstems. The first commercial installa- Lenkurt. a San Garlos. Calif, subsidiary ,|on of such a system is providing the of General Telephone & Electronics l^rst telephone service for a remote Corp.. has developed a solar powered, Navajo Indian outpost in 1 tah. battery operated microwave repeater re The new svstem uses solar generated lay svstem. ,.nergv stored in lead-acid batteries. It It eliminates the need for power lines, Joes not require the amount of elec generators and other support systems. tric energv standard microwave systems The svstem, called the Lenkurt 70DF1 need and is therefore far less expensive RF Repeater package, can be transported to install. Provisions to provide power bv helicopter to remote sites. It includes lines to the site are eliminated as are a weather-proof equipment cabinet; two provisions to house electric power gen solar panels; lead-acid storage batteries; erating equipment. It is for these reasons two shrouded dish-shaped microwave an the new svstem can he installed at about tennas: and a wood-pole structure for one-fourth the cost of existing stations the overall installation. powered bv specially installed transmis Solar panels conversion medium sion lines. The sun's radiated light is converted Microwave repeater relay systems directly into electrical energv through focus radio signals like a beam of light. the two solar panels. Mounted side bv The signals are relayed from one point side, the two panels were supplied by to another over line-of-sight transmis Solar Power Corporation, an Exxon af sion paths through use of repeater sta filiate headquartered in North Billerica. tions which are usually about 30 miles Mass. Each panel contains 36 individual apart. Generally- speaking, the higher the silicon semiconductor solar cell "wafers" line of sight, the longer the distance a about 314-in. in diameter. microwave radio signal can be trans Four lead-acid alloy batteries are mitted. It is for this reason that most used to store excess electricity. The bat microwave stations are installed atop teries have the storage capacity to pro high mountains. Installing totally elec vide operation for up to 10 times the daily requirements to operate the sys tem. Each of the six-volt batteries pro vides 80 ampere hours of storage. It should be noted that battery capacity varies according to the location of the repeater site. While 80 ampere hours is sufficient for the application in south eastern Utah, batteries for a repeater station in Alaska would require a higher amount of storage capacity to compen sate for longer periods of darkness and cloudiness. All equipment is mounted on tw o tele phone poles connected by a catwalk 20-ft. above the ground. Galvanized pole guvs provide the structure with added strength to withstand 100 mph wind loading. The lead batteries are located in a box beneath the platform which also prov ides shielding from the sun's heat. GTE's installation for the Navajo out post currently has the capability to trans mit 36 telephone conversations simul taneously. Although not fullv utilized at present, the svstem is expected to be operating at full capacity by next year. According to the company, the svstem is available to telephone companies, railroads, pipeline companies and other organizations which operate microwave communications. In addition to remote locations, the 700F1 can be installed on the tops of buildings or other structures where its features of compactness, sim plicity. and reliability are advantageous. i J*o solar panels supplied by Solar Power Corp . convert sun's light into electrical power tor microwave repeater system. Four lead-acid alloy batteries, located in a box beneath the 20-lt high catwalk store excess electricity. GTE Lenkurt engineer measures the specific gravity in electrolyte in the lead-acid alloy batteries. I/s 26791 3 Lead helps solve homeowner The cost and availability of energy, as well as the rapidly increasing prire lead battery pack, depending upon the number of batteries, can provide limited of maintenance and upkeep are problems power for a number of days to maintain all homeowners are facing. Adding to such essential services as lights, refrig these problems are those dealing with the erator, water pump, heat pump and home environment, which is under in sewer pump. creasing attack from a varietv of bother Lead batteries can also play an im some sources of noise. portant role during "brownouts". When Architects and builders specializing in electrical power drops below 96\ elec the residential construction market are tric motors, gears and other components beginning to think of new solutions. For can be severely damaged by the sudden one. thev are becoming increasingly decrease in revolutions. With a standbv aware that lead can be used to reduce battery system, the utility's reduced household energv, maintenance and up power ran be cut out and the batteries keep costs, and to solve noise problems. will supply the proper voltage. Some of the pressing problems faced Lead batteries can also serve as the en by homeowners include: ergv storage center for a home equipped Energy shortages due to brownouts with solar power installations that pro or downed power lines. In some areas duce electricitv. Such installations can the shortage of natural gas has created include either a combination of wind critical energy shortages for both cook generators and photovoltaic solar cells, ing and heating. Added to the problem or large-scale units of either device. De are financial losses due to spoiled meats pending on the size and capacitv of the and other perishables stored in freezers photovoltaic or wind generators, they can and refrigerators. The rapidly escalating be used to supplement energv from elec cost of energy is also creating severe fi tric utilities or to provide all the electric nancial problems for many homeowners. energy required. Household noise emanating from dishwashers, food mixers, clothes wash ers and dryers and other appliances can disrupt conversation and make it difficult to concentrate on other household tasks. Maintenance and repair of roofs are more costly than ever before due to in creases in the price of labor and mate Photovoltaic solar cells are providing partial energy requirements at two solar energy demonstration homes: SOLAR ONE. Newark, Delaware, and DECADE 80. outside of Tucson, Arizona. SOLAR ONE. built by the L'niversity of Dela ware's Institute of Energy Conversion, rials. Since lead can help solve all of these problems, housing construction represents a significant growth market for this metal in the future. Was the first such structure lncorp.or* system for directly converting sunlit lo both heat and electricitv for do use. Decade 80. a product of the C Development Association, has a array that powers low voltage appl,ai) and the door's electronic latching dev' Acoustical privacy is important Acoustical privacy is often overlook^ in the design of conventional homes Th expanding use of household app|janC( and the sounds of everyday living ^ creasinglv impinge on auditory nerv^ The excellent sound attenuating propej ties of sheet lead provide a high degrq of acoustical privacy. Sheet lead can used as part of a composite panel systeu to wall off appliance rooms and othej house areas w here noise is a problem. ! This appliance foom uses sheet lead, combined in the wall panel system, to decrease noise from clothes washer and dryer, seen at right. Noise from sewing machine, seen at left, on counter, is also reduced by the sheet lead system. ILZRO house serves as example To illustrate how the residential build ing industry can take advantage of lead's benefits, the world-wide lead industry has sponsored construction of a house that incorporates the latest uses of the metal as a construction material. The result of a research and development program undertaken by the Interna tional Lead Zinc Research Organization (ILZRO), the house also makes exten sive use of various forms of zinc con struction materials. Built by the Rhode Island School of Design, the house is located near Providence. Among the innovative uses of lead for the house is the use of lead batteries for standby power in case of emergency. This reserve battery power can be a lifesaver in areas where power failures may be frequent, or where utility repair units are distantly located. A no-maintenance Standmg*seam lead sheet root over clerestory area ot ILZRO house demonstrates technical feasibility and low-maintenance advantages of this metal as a roofing material. 4 LIA26792 efgy and maintenance problems l"1 \Vlien properly installed, such walls n dramatically decrease the noise throughout the house. A typical sound ,olltrol panel system might include com4jte materials that consist of fiberglass [^illation bonded to 1 to PA pounds er sq- ft- 1 psf1 sheet lead, which, in turn, is bonded to a galvanized panel. \n example of lead's superiority in controlling: noise in housing applications p a luxury apartment complex at Montauk. L. N. 'i. Excessive noise was re duced bv installing 3 psf sheet lead under the carpeting on the wood Hoor of the top apartments. At the John Hancock Tower in Chi cago. the problems involved the contain ment of noise in machinery rooms, as Hell as between residential apartments. Sheet lead applied to the exterior walls of the machinery rooms, and into closure panels between partition ends and win dow mullions in apartment walls pro vided the solution. Lead roofing resists corrosion Lead's prime advantage for roofing is in its resistance to corrosion. As the lead sheet weathers, it develops an attractive grev patina that needs no further pro lection from the elements. Recently, there has been an increased use of sheet lead for architectural applications both in Europe and the L.S, These involve exterior roofing, siding and fascia of hotels, apartments and private residences. For example. 300 sq. ft. of sheet lead was specified for the steeply pitched roof of a boldly contemporary house near the shore in Atlantic County. N. J. Sheet lead was selected because it combines the corrosion resistance needed near the ocean, and the aesthetic need for a clean plane for the steeply-pitched, skylighted roof. In addition, the standing seam of the roof design echoes the vertical lines of the textured siding of the house. In England a technique, introduced a few years ago. of adhesively bonding sheet lead to hardboard is gaining quick acceptance for the roof fascia of hotels, apartment buildings and offices. The pri mary objective of using sheet lead bonded to a substrate is to decrease the total weight of material required to a given area. The practice also eliminates so-called ``oil canning", wavy lines that can be seen in installations involving sheet metal that is not supported by be ing bonded to a rigid material. Current examples of lead adhesively bonded to hardboard include the Glouces ter Hotel in West London, where it is used for roof fascia and to cover the rooftop of a structure housing mechan ical equipment. Also, the roof fascia, and adjoining top floor window sills and mechanical penthouse sheathing of a new office block on Baltic Street in Lon don. The same technique can be used for housing construction in this country. New lead-calcium-tin alloys were used in the construction of the ILZRO House rather than conventional wrought lead alloys. The former have the special ad vantage of being more rigid, thus lend ing themselves to preforming for indus trial production. The inherent stiffness, strength, ductility, and physical integrity of these new wrought lead alloys facili tate handling, feeding and coiling by conventional equipment. These charac teristics also permit fabrication by most of the common sheet metal techniques, including punching, expansion, emboss ing, roll forming, drawing, forging, bending and related operations. The ma terial can be turned, bored, threaded, drilled, tapped, etc., by standard ma chine or hand tools. On the ILZRO House, one of the wrought lead sheets is 1mm 10.040-in.) thick, while the other is 0.8mm (0.32-in.) thick. Both are 35.5cm 114-in.) wide and in coil form. The list of lead applications in the housing construction industry is ex pected to expand as both builders and architects learn about the advantages of the metal in solving a variety of main tenance. upkeep and noise problems. 1 Sr Acoustical privacy In residential housing can be achieved by adding sheet lead to the interior partitions to cut flow of noise from one room to another. Installation sequence is shown in these photos. L IA26793 Lead waterproofs fifth floor gardens at new Walter Reed Hospital Artist's sketch ot new Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C Existing hospital, which the new facility will replace, is seen at left. The world-famous Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington. D.C.. care units, water seepage would be detri mental to patient care. tends to the health care needs of military Over 480.00 pounds of 6-lb. (.3/82-in. personnel and their families, as well as thick) lead was needed for this applica high-ranking l .S. and foreign govern tion. The lead used contains per ment officials. The complex includes ex cent antimonv and an arsenic content of tensive medical research and educational 0.07 percent to provide for increased facilities in addition to a hospital. corrosion resistance and to decrease To modernize the Center's health care function, a spectacular new 1.280-bed hospital is being built to replace the ex isting outdated facility. The seven-story hospital, which will cost some SI34 mil lion. will include a variety of specialty clinics and diagnostic facilities. thermal expansion. The lead sheets measured 96-in. in width, and varied from 197-in. to 240-in. in length. Thev were transported to the construction site in rolls on flatbed trailers and lifted to the fifth floor bv crane. Of the total amount consumed, 18.000 lb. of lead burning bar was used to join this sheet The fifth through the seventh floors lead moisture protection system. of the hospital are cantilevered to ac The lead lining was installed bv six commodate a series of eight open-air lead burners from Baltimore Lead Burn courts. The areas, which are 58-ft. wide ing Corp., Baltimore. Md. A hand-op and range from 58-ft. to 200-ft. in erated, battery-powered fork lift was length, will be landscaped with trees, used to handle the lead. The rolls were shrubs, planters and reflecting pools. moved from the crane location to job This will enable patients and staff alike site on the truck's forks. The rear of to enjoy a garden-like environment with the vehicle was then emploved to ma out leaving the building. neuver the lead into exact position and These courts are situated between the to unwind the rolls. patient rooms on the periphery, and the core of the building. Enclosed walkways divide the courts and join the areas. The lower three floors of the hospital will house most outpatient clinics and such services as radiologv. the labora tories, central materiel and supply; and administrative offices. The upper four floors will contain in-patient services. Lead checked for leakage In tin' first installation step, the con crete base of the- courtyard areas was covered with a cold-applied brush coat of bituminous coating, followed bv an asphalt-impregnated fell coverins. The sheet lead -ystem was then laid down with a minimum overlap of 2-in. in both directions and the end joints and seams were burned t joined l. The company then conducted a 24-hour hydrostatic! water test, involving blue colored water, j to check for leakage. After the watertight integrity of the lead membrane had been determined, a layer of asbestos felt pa per 1A-in. thick, with a thin plastic coat ing. was installed. The areas were then.; hot tarred and topped with a lightweight: concrete. This prepared all eight courts! for landscaping. Construction agency for the hospital is the L.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Baltimore District. The project's archi tectural team is Stone. Marraccini & Patterson and Milton T. PHueger Asso ciates, a joint venture, both of San Francisco. Calif. Because the eight courts are open to the sky it was necessary to install a waterproof lead membrane over these areas. Since the fourth floor is totally devoted to 16 major operating rooms, as well as intensive care and convalescent Battery-powered fork lilt truck eases chore ol moving lead for waterproofing one ot eight outdoor courts on fifth floor of new Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C Two other courts in the process of completion are seen in background. LI A 2679 4 6 Future computer may increase data processing speed from millions to billions per second .ead plays key role in Josephson Junction .sed in rhis experimental IBM computer switching Mice. It is estimated that the device would snapie computers to process many times mer than transistor models. 4 tour-bit multiplier using Josephson devices occupies an electronic chip about V4*ln. square ind contains 45 gates. (A gate performs a single logical operation such as "and" or "or.") individual Josephson devices are relatively 150 by 90 microns, and the minimum 'wawidth used in the circuits is 25 microns. The '*it-hand portion ot the chip contains four adders, while the right hand portion confams an accvmuiator-shilt register and control circuitry. Transistors have revolutionized data processing from the time they were to the other without a voltage drop. If the current exceeds a critical value, or if first used to build computers almost 30 a magnetic field is applied, a small volt years ago. Beginning with their introduc age drop occurs across the barrier. tion in the late 1940's, the use of transis Because there is only a small energy tors increased the rate of data processing difference between the two states, and from 500 operations such as additions the metal remains superconductive at per second, to about 10 million today. all times. Josephson devices can switch Such transistorized computers process with astounding rapidity and very little data in the form of electronic "words" power dissipation, thus providing an that consist of binary digits called "bits" ideal computer switch. of information. However, the transistors cannot be used to build the super-fast Lead alloys aid switch operation computers that are needed to forecast A major problem faced by IBM re weather, explore space and perform a searchers was to find a metal or alloy variety of other jobs. They require multi for the super-conducting metallic strips. billion arithmetic operations per second They needed a material that would allow --a task that cannot be economically or the Josephson device to work at as high realistically accomplished with transis a temperature as possible without intro torized data processing equipment. ducing undesirable side effects. Although Super-fast transistor circuits are lim they found that pure lead would work, ited by the heat they generate. The faster a lead/indium/gold alloy proved to be they operate, the more heat. Dissipating superior. The alloy's higher transition the heat requires the transistors to be temperature improved the flow of elec placed relatively far apart. The time re trons across the insulating barrier, thus quired to transmit electrical signals from improving efficiency. one circuit to the next then limits the A typical experimental device pro overall speed of the computer, no matter duced by IBM containing 51 Josephson how fast the individual circuits operate. circuits can perform multiplications in IBM has developed an experimental about 12 nanoseconds (billionths of a electronic switch that is designed to over second). A memory device containing come these problems. The switch may 300 such circuits can read out stored permit computers to process data from information in about 5 nanoseconds. 10 to 100 times faster than transistor Much higher speeds should be possible models. Use of the devices, called Jo as device design and fabrication tech sephson Junctions, permits switches to niques are refined. be as close together as desired and con The physical effects that produce the sequently decreases processing time. Al high speed of the Josephson device were so, because the Josephson Junctions originally predicted by Brian Josephson, don't generate as much heat as transis an English physicist, in 1962. Follow up tors, the size of computers could be dras research at IBM brought the knowledge tically reduced. that these effects could provide an ex The high speed data processing capa tremely fast computer switch that would bility of the Josephson device results require very little energy. Many prob from the use of a physical effect that lems still must be solved before com occurs at temperatures approaching ab mercial units will appear on the market. solute zero. At these low temperatures, These include regulating the electrical many metals achieve a state known as power inputs to the precise requirements, "superconductive." In this superconduc encasing a Josephson-based computer in tive state, electric current flows freely a convenient package and developing through an extremely thin insulator sep reliable fabrication techniques. However, arating two metal layers. This can be there's a good chance that computers accomplished in two ways. In one case will be able to operate many times faster the insulator acts like a super-conductor thanks to switching circuits made of su itself and current flows from one metal percooled lead alloys. LIA26795 7 Passengers riding in tram car high above East River have a dramatic view of Roosevelt Island's apartment complex seen at left just below front of car, which is en route to Manhattan. View of tram car as it parallels Queensboro Bridge en route from Manhattan to Roosevelt Island. Lead batteries atop car provide emergency power (o run two-way communications equipment and lights for cars. One of the most innovative housing ideas to hit Yew York City in re the aerial tramway, which connects Roosevelt Island with Second Avenue cent times is a new island city situatedin Manhattan, is probably one of the on a 2Vj>-mile-long, 800 ft. wide stretch most prominent? transportation innova of land in the East River between the tions. The 3600-ft. long, two-car tram boroughs of Manhattan and Queens. way parallels the Queensboro Bridge, Called Roosevelt Island, the complex is one of the major arteries linking Queens a mini-citv that offers residents coop and Manhattan. Rising to a height of erative and rental apartments; spacious 250-ft. above ground at its highest point, recreation areas; churches, schools, the tram provides passengers with a pic stores and its own fire house. Added to ture postcard view of Manhattan and this is a spectacular view of Manhattan surrounding Queens. and an excellent vantage point for ob The tramway, the first aerial cable car serving the variety of ships that continu commuter line to be installed in the U.S., ally ply the River. But perhaps the most can carry 1500 persons per hour in each unusual aspect of Roosevelt Island is its direction. Time for each one-way run is unique aerial tramway and an electric a quick 3Y> minutes. Price for a one-way bus, the primary means of transportation. trip is a $.50 token. For both residents and visitors alike. In designing the aerial tramway for Roosevelt Island. VSL Corp., .Yew York and Los Gatos. Calif., included an emer gency backup power system as a precau tion against electrical power failures that could strand passengers in the tramway cars. An integral part of this system is lead acid batteries w hich store the stand by electrical power. Lead batteries play several roles David Ozerkis of VSL Corporation ; reports that lead batteries plav three I separate roles in the tramwav's emer gency power backup system-- To supply electrical power within a stalled tram car. Lead batteries are stored on the roof of each tram car. To keep the tramway's electrically op erated system operating in an emer gency. Standbv batteries are located in 8 LIA 26796 jfi9 innovative residential island Mechanic prepares to charge one ot the 3500-lb. lead batteries which power the three electric buses bn Roosevelt Island. In the event ol an electrical power failure, stranded tram cars can be returned to the stations by a standby diesel started by a 24-volt lead battery (circle). the power station. To provide emergency power to start a standby diesel, which drives a hydrau lically powered auxiliary drive. Batteries are located adjacent to the diesel which is also in the power station. Each tram car contains two 21-volt lead batteries. They supply power for lighting within and outside of the cars and two-way telephone communications between the tram car and tram stations on Roosevelt Island and in Manhattan. The tramway's safety system, according to Ozerkis, can best be described as a monitoring system which continually checks the various safety components of the tramway. Should a power failure oc cur, two 24-volt lead batteries and one 18-volt battery at the tram stations will keep the monitoring system in operation. Finally, in the event of a power failure the standby diesel drive with a hydrau lic motor can be put into service to bring stranded cars to the stations. The diesel is started by a 24-volt lead battery. Says Ozerkis, "Even if there is a total power failure, the battery-powered emer gency backup system will give us the necessary power to keep the tramway safety system operable. Electric buses blend with environment One of the most appealing features of Roosevelt Island is the almost country like atmosphere that pervades. Although only a river separates the island from one of the largest cities in the world, the residents find themselves surrounded by trees, parks and a variety of flowers. Added to this setting is a quiet and clean environment, the result of a rule limiting the operation of internal combustion vehicles on the Island. Car owners park in a central garage, and use electric buses to get around the Island. At present, three fume-and-noisefree buses, each powered by a 4800-lb., 36 cell lead battery operate along a twomile, 16-stop route between the garage and the island's tramway terminal. One bus operates on an around-the-clock ba sis while the other two are added during rS. rush hours--6 to 9 A.M. and 4 to 7 P.M. As the result of the initial success of these electrics, plans are being made for the addition of more battery-powered buses in the future. LIA 26797 9 Lead alloy coating enhances beauty and drama of new entertainment center Exterior view of dramatic terne coated stainless steel roofing and siding used to provide cover for Robin Hood Oelf West. Interior view of Robin Hood Oeil West shows portion ot huge stage, which is equipped tor full-scale operatic productions in addition to symphonies, more than 5.000 seats are protected by terne coated steel roofing and siding. The architectural community is be coming increasingly aware of the since it is easy to form and has virtually no springback, an advantage in fabri aesthetic and practical advantages of cating architectural components such as fered by lead alloy i terne) coated stain roofing, gutters and downspouts, as well less steel iTCSl. tor example. New as Hashing and fascia. York architects MacFadyen/De Vido The architects also used lead alloy's recently made extensive use of TCS to attractive appearance to an advantage in achieve the eye-catching series of geo designing Robin Hood Dell West. The metric planes, shapes and vertical ele roof's multi-faceted surfaces, as seen ments that distinguish the exterior of during the day from various angles, pro Robin Hood Dell West, one of the coun vide an interesting contrast of light and try's biggest outdoor musical "tents." shadow. At night, special lighting plays Located in Philadelphia's Fairmount off the surfaces in glimmering patterns Park, the new music center will primar ily serve as the summer home of the that change with each point of vantage. The #40 terne coating on the TCS famed Philadelphia Symphony Orches tra. However, it is one of the few such facilities designed for full-scale operatic productions. In addition to providing the attractive soft-gray appearance of lead, the structure's roofing and siding offer the strength of steel. used for Robin Hood Dell West has about 1.16 oz. of lead alloy per square foot. This translated to about 7.25 lbs. of lead alloy per square. The roof re quired 800 squares, and the terne coated stainless was produced by Follansbee Steel Corp., Follansbee, W. Va. The architectural focal point of Robin Hood Dell West is its dramatic 80,000 Lead helps TCS wear well sq. ft. TCS roof. This shelters some Terne-coated stainless steel does not 5.000 seats, as well as the huge perform have to be painted, a particular advan ing stage. An additional 10,000 specta tage when the material is used for roof tors can be accommodated outside. ing. TCS weathers in the atmosphere Terne coated stainless steel is pro without danger of unsightly staining of duced with modern metal production surrounding surfaces. The high lead con technology that combines the strength of tent of the alloy applied to the stainless steel with the centuries-old corrosion re steel surface helps make this possible. sistance and ease of maintenance ad In addition, lead helps to provide the vantages of lead alloy. The lead alloy, soft, gray architecturally attractive color. comprised of 20 per cent tin, 80 per cent More than 7,000 TCS panels were re lead, is mill-applied to the surface of the quired to install the roofing and siding stainless steel. The chrome-nickel stain for the structure that covers the seating less steel, known as Type 304, is pro area and stage. The roofing and siding duced in a condition known as `'dead were installed by Warren-Ehret-Linck, a soft." This permits ease of fabrication Philadelphia roofing company. Accord ing to Bob Linck. president of the company, no unusual problems were encountered in installing the TCS since it haadies in much the same manner as lead. To allow for expansion and contraction of the metal, the ends of the sheets were overlapped. It was not necessary to join the panel ends because of the extreme pitch of the roof, which was as much as 3-in. per ft., and the combination vertical and extreme "angle arrangement of the panels used for the siding. The large expanse covered for the roof made it necessary to provide for a comprehensive water run-off system. This was incorporated in a gutter system that extended around the perimeter of the edge of the roof. Pans for the gutter system, which'was incorporated in the overall design structure, were fabricated from 18-gage (.0478-in.) TCS. The same material was used to form down spouts to carry water run-off from the gutters to the ground level. Linck re ports that 50/50 tin-lead solder was used to join the roofing pans. Two electro-acoustical amplifying sys tems, one for outside, one for inside insure that audiences seated in the en closure as well as outside it can hear tit music and voices as clearly and distinctly as possible. The 5,000 interior seats ar angled downward toward the stage ti permit the audience seated outside th enclosure to have an unobstructed vie* The front of the stage is about 72-ft wide, 34-ft. high and the gross stag area is a monumental 14,000 sq. ft- * accommodate a full symphony orchestra as well as full-scale operas. 10 LIA 26798 Vapor-phase process insures quality control for difficult soldering applications ^_e|jable solder connections on parts ;vith unusual configurations or ge ntry are sometimes difficult to achieve. such parts can often be joined uicklv. easily and reliably with vaporLse soldering. ^ \'apor-phase. or condensation solder. ,, as it is sometimes called, uses the i ^li temperature vapor provided by 'ilina Huorinated hydrocarbons as the ; at transfer medium. The process. inch is similar to vapor degreasing, is jccoinplished within an enclosed spe.ja)|v -equipped tank. Soldering time aries from 10 to 15 seconds, depending 1(l the mass of the part involved. Developed three years ago. the tech nique has just recently become com:,,,>rciallv available. It lends itself to the .oldering ot complex shapes, w hile pro dding the exact temperature control and ,nintamination-free environment that are inherent in achieving a high quality end nroduct. The first step in the vapor-phase tech nique is to apply some form of solder, either paste, preforms, plating, or pre tinning to the surface to be joined. This is follow ed by the application of a mildlv activated rosin flux. The part is then towered into an enclosed stainless steel :ank containing saturated vapor of the iieat transfer fluid. Immersion heaters installed at the bot tom of the tank are used to bring the working fluid to a boil. At this point, vapor rises from the surface of the liquid, much the same as steam rises :rom boiling water. The only difference is that the liquid in this case has a higher boiling point ( 419 F I than water. The vapor's temperature is the same as that of the fluid, just as steam tempera ture matches that of the water. Cooling coils at the top of the open vessel are used to contain and condense the vapor generated by the boiling flu id. When the relatively cool part is im mersed in saturated vapor, the vapor condenses on it. like moisture in the summer air on a cold glass. The vapor energy is rapidly transferred to the part in the form of heat, thus uniformly melt ing the solder and joining the assembly. This uniform heating ability permits the simultaneous soldering of many compo nent parts, regardless of configuration. It also practically eliminates the chance of thermal shock. Process insures quality product The fact that soldering takes place in the vapor area and not in the fluid eliminates contamination. And the ex elusion of air minimizes the effects of oxidation on both product and flux. Thus, the process has a demonstrated ability to provide highly reliable solder connections without product or joint degradation. When the part is soldered and re moved from the vapor, it continues to drip condensate while it dries. Except for a small diffusion loss,, this conden sate drops to the bottom of the tank to rejoin the boiling fluid for recycling. The equipment needed for the vaporphase process is now commercially avail able in several size ranges. Some are supplied with a secondary vapor blanket for vapor conservation. The technique has been successfully employed by a number of companies involved in criti cal soldering processes. One manufacturer of vapor-phase equipment is Hybrid Technology Corp.' I HTC), Concord. Mass. According to HTC. a major electronics manufacturer found the vapor-phase process particu larly applicable in the soldering of studs and insulators to power control devices.. The rapid and uniform heating of the process permits the soldering of these devices at once. And the minimum tem perature exposure avoids excessive heat which tends to cause degradation. In this application. 60 TO tin lead solder preforms, flux coated, are inserted between the press-tit package and the stud. Typical reflow time is 15 to 20 seconds, and the resulting solder fillet provides optimum heat conduction be tween the device and a heat sink in application. The power control device is protected from oxidation during soldering and the resulting component is bright and shinv after processing. Productivity depends on the parts loading rate. According to HTC. the system's capability ranges from 7,500 to 10,000 parts an hour, with high reliability. Manufacturers of vapor-phase equip ment state that the reduced operating cost of the system makes it economically attractive for many soldering applica tions. This is especially true in cases where hand soldering or other difficult manufacturing procedures are currently- being used. Reportedly, the significant improvement in product quality and yield can often cover the capital cost of equipment and fluid expense and also provide a.reduction in manufacturing Costs. Source: Alpha Metals j3Dor-phase process is sttective in spidering electrical insulators and studs to basic semi-conductor :*er control devices. Resulting component is shown in foreground. The 60/40 tin lead solder preform, at *'t, is Inserted between pressfit package and stud. Reflow time averages 15 to 20 seconds. vapor conservation. Flexible lead products help solve noise control problems Companies involved in supplying products to the increasingly com for communities, and new regulations are constantly being promulgated. plex industrial and commercial noise To comply with the various Federal, control market are turning to lead to State and local municipal noise control help solve a wide variety of sound abate regulations, product manufacturers as ment problems. well as machinery manufacturers who Major factors that are adding to the complexity of industrial noise control requirements are the many Federal reg ulations resulting from the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). The regulations require manufacturers to limit noise levels to which employees are exposed. sell to commercial and industrial mar kets are turning to companies who spe cialize in noise abatement. Such c o o p panies know how to surround all types of offending machines with materials to either reduce noise to accepted OSHA levels, or to the point where an employee can perform more effectively or a com munity can live and work without both In other cases, employee productivity ersome noise. In many cases, these noise has been considerably increased by a control materials are either combined quieter working environment. Mean with, or wholly made from lead. It is while, both state and municipal agen for these reasons that some companies cies are placing more emphasis on en are becoming known for their use of forcing existing noise control regulations lead noise control materials. Lead used in many material For example. Industrial \oise C i INC) of Addison. 111. uses lea(j more than a dozen different noise trol materials. They include free-ham, lead sound barriers, acoustical combined with sheet lead, acoustical sorbers combining lead with uili sound-absorbing materials, and | loaded vinyls. The Company sells th materials to individual companies have an in-house installation capabilit In addition, INC has a team of noj^ abatement engineers who specializeinstalling the company's products on custom-order basis. A typical problem the company hj, solved was achieved through the use of lead septum divided blankets to wall off sound. A large manufacturer of locorno. lives had such divider walls installed at strategic worker rest areas in the plant, thus reducing the noise in these areai 5 to 12 dB from the prevailing % d[J level. With the lead septum blanket in. stalled on either side of the work arej through the use of floor-supporttd strands, the company was able to comply with OSHA regulations. The lead septum blankets meet ASTME84 Class I H ame and smoke tests. Thi qualification permits elimination of other possible OSHA violations regarding flammability and tire resistance re quirements. Three steps required to curb noise INC stresses that a successful noise control project requires proper plan ning, appropriate materials, and compe tent installation. As an example, INC points to an OSHA-related problem in volving huge punch presses. The pressen, which were installed prior to the time For easy accessaPiiity, leaded vinyl can be attached to rings mounted to piping that hangs from the ceiling. Low-hung Paffles help dissipst* noise. p[(A regulations took etlect. were in lUh close proximity that thev generated ,,oise level which varied front between ^ to lOd dB. I'unclt press operators as e|| as nearhv plant personnel had to protected from the excessive noise. f,icli can be compared to the sounds I citv traffic. Tvi-ting space between the punch iresses had to he conserved to allow jrccss hv operators and maintenance K. [-i or i ui. Adequate air circulation ',,ound the maehinerv was also neces- ,irv. And the material used to cover the presses had to have a pood fire rating, it was for these reasons that a fixed en- Liostii'e was found to be impractical. To solve the problem. INC designed m encircling curtain harrier system in corporating the use of lead impregnated rinvl curtains. Access for occasional in spection. adjustments, etc., was obtained in parting curtain sections held together with \ elcro strips. l or die changes, ma- iur maintenance, etc., the entire curtain Artists concept of a combination fiber-glass/lead acoustical barrier used in chipping and grinding booths, enclosure can he moved vertically through the use of an electric hoist. The or for punch presses, screw machines and other types oi machinery. The system has a noise absorption capability on both the front and back surfaces, which are covered with impervious facings; and a lead noise barrier in the center, which is seen as the heavy dark line in the cut-away section lop of the enclosure was left open to round climatic changes ranging from At provide for air circulation and noise freezing to summertime heat. jbsorbing baffles were suspended above To solve these problems, the fan-type the enclosure near the roof to dissipate pump was surrounded with a metal noise deflected upward from the open frame system. A composite material con top of the enclosure. sisting of 1 pound per sq. ft. (psf) Ise of the circular leaded vinyl noise leaded vinyl combined with a 1-in. foam barriers resulted in a 7 to 8 dB noise material was used to form a wrap reduction from the 95 to 100 dB level. around cover around the base of the If needed, further noise reduction, from pump. A top cover with mitred corners 3 to 15 dB. could have been achieved, was formed of 1 psf leaded vinyl. with the use of absorber lining in com Installation of the sound control ma bination with the ceiling-mounted ab terials, which cost only $250, reduced sorbers. A 1-Va-in.thick compositeconsisting\ Outside noise offends too Another noise abatement program in ol acoustical foam bonded to lead- _ loaded vinyl can be used foenc/osemacrt/ne/y spaces to decrease excessive noise, daffies at top of enclosure dissipate upward noise. Large view shows volved a centrifugal fan-type pump lo cated outside an electro-plating plant. sliding door open to permit entry for maintenance while circled area shows how portal can be used to view machinery when door is closed. The noise output from the pump was at a noise level well above the community zoning limits. The pump operates con tinuously and a reduction of 20 dB was required to comply with local noise con the noise to the point where there was no violations of community regulations. Noise levels monitored adjacent to the pump showed a 23 dBA reduction. trol regulations. According to Alan J. Morris, Presi A number of factors had to be con sidered in reducing the noise levels emanating from the pump. Operation of the pump required axially flowing air for cooling. Occasional inspection was Necessary from the top of the pump. Voise control materials had to be ver min-proof, resistant to corrosive chemi cals, and be able to withstand year- Excessive noise rrom punch presses can be decreased through the use ol a leaded vinyl circular enclosure, which can be raised and lowered to permit access. To dissipate noise deflected upward from the enclosures, noise absorbing baffles also can be installed. dent and General Manager of INC, the company has worked with more than 300 firms to help solve their noise con trol problems. Some of these companies are nationally known and include Gen eral Electric, General Foods and Gen eral Motors. Others are less known com panies whose noise control problems were nonetheless just as significant. 13 Leaded steels: key to better machining Although steel's inherent strength is its primary advantage, it is this and as a chipbreaker to reduce friction and tool-edge buildup. strength that becomes a disadvantage I sers of leaded steels find that ma during the production of a wide variety chining tools have a longer life-span, of consumer and industrial products. require fewer tool grinds, and that They include steel parts and components downtime is reduced due to the steel's that must he machined to form the de mat hinabilitv. Additionally, dimensional sired shape and size. tolerances are easier to maintain, and Steel that has been alloyed with other quite often, grinding and debarring op materials is easier to machine than erations can be eliminated while time non-alloved steel. Machining non-alloyed for heavy cuts can be reduced. steels takes longer and can wear down cutting tools. The time it takes to ma Leaded steel solves chip problem chine the desired shape and size depends A typical example of the successful on how hard the steel is and how much use of leaded steel can be found at the it resists the force of cutting tools. Fric Davenport Machine Tool Co., Rochester. tion also builds up between the tool and \.\. The company purchased a tape- the non-alloved steel and this requires controlled automatic bar machine to additional lubrication and cooling. All produce the outer spindles for their own these factors increase production costs automatic screw machines. Because the and. consequently, the cost of the com bar machine combined five separate ponents being machined. manual operations into one prepro One answer to minimizing such pro grammed automatic cycle, Davenport duction problems is the use of leaded projected considerable savings in pro steels. Lead is added to the steel ingot duction time. during pouring. Generally, about .15 to However, once in operation the equip .35 percent lead is added. The lead re ment's heavy metal removal capability mains in the solidified steel as a fine dis and combined cuts produced long, persion, and acts as a built-in lubricant stringy steel chips which threatened to clog the machine. Machine 0D found that removing the chips refJu.0ri considerable time, to the extent .1 ^ l i . 1 `hat j was impossible to run more than u machine at a time. As an alternative '1' lution, specially-ground, brazed. carbj^" lip tools were used but these only ' duced a few pieces per grind. And^ ccasion, heat generated by uncle chips welded w orkpiece. a fairly long drill i;n(0 ^the wi tThi heancoAinmveenritcioannaltIrostneeal ndw, a>s,tereplPnil[a,nceti tute ( AlSIl 161.15 steel produced /. Copperweld Steel Co., barren. Ohio (j is of interest to note that the use of in free-machining steels is of sufficient significance that AIS1 has recount such steels and has given them an ' i lead ) designation within the numerical code assigned I. Cycle time cut 51'2 minutes The advantages of leaded steel were immediately apparent. Unlike the long stringy chips produced by the unleaded steel, the leaded steel broke into small tightly curled chips that were easily cleared from the cutting area. And the first lot of spindles ran so well that the operator switched from tape to conven tional automatic control and began in creasing speeds and feeds. A one-hour cycle time was reduced to 8^4 minutes. Many of the special hand-ground, brazed-tip cutters were replaced with standard insert tooling which lasted for several hundred pieces. Dimensional tolerances and surface finish also im proved. According to Joseph A. Hoffman, Product Manager, Copperweld Steel leaded steels are not new. Lead has been added to carbon steels since the late 1930's. Alloyed steels have been pro duced with lead since about 1951 Hoffman reports that one of the rea for increased use of lead alloy steels the consistency of today's product. In the past, many machining adv tages of leaded steels were offset by I of consistency. With today's mod* steel-making technology, fine lead is < persed throughout the steel. This proves consistency to the point lead alloy steels can be used to their f advantage in producing steel that p vides higher machine speeds that crease production costs while main ing high quality. 14 LI A 26802 The 'TO's--decade of decision for electric vehicles V Exposition in ? ' cago. multi million dollar government funding to provide growth for industry The International Electric Vehicle Ex position and Conference. I April 2629 i at Chicago's McCormick Place will have a significant impact on the growth of the electric vehicle industry in the L nited States. Nearly 100 L .S. and for eign firms will display electric vehicles or components for vehicles such as bat teries. electric motors, etc. For the first time, there will be a major potential for the sale of electric cars, buses, and trucks exhibited at the EV Exposition and Conference. The Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Re search. Development and Demonstration Vet of 1976 has been funded in the amount of 8160 million to purchase ap proximately 7.500 battery powered and hybrid vehicles during the next three rears. The vehicles will be placed in ser vice throughout the country in a variety of situations that will be designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of electric and hybrid electric vehicles to perform transportation tasks now performed bv fossil fuel powered vehicles. Among the exhibits I Booth 7011 at the EV Exposition and Conference will be ``GoLIAth II", a modernized and updated version of the Lead Industries \ssociation\s i LIA ) lightweight battery powered truck that has been in demon; ition service throughout the U.S. and l.anada during the past four years. Modernized, updated version of GoLIAth, the Lead industries Association's lead batterypowered lightweight electric truck, is checked by technician ot Battronic Carp.. Boyertown. Pa., where latest in EV technology was incorporated before continuing demonstration service with LIA. '"GoLIAth I*\ which ha? been in service in more than 50 l .S. and Canadian cities delivering newspapers, magazines, hooks, printed material and performing pickup and delivery service for a variety of service industries, was given a new look for the show at McCormick Place. In addition to a new. streamlined body, GoLIAth will be sporting a variety of other innovations that will make it the most modern electric vehicle of its type produced in this country. Less obvious, but illustrating technical advances since GoLIAth's inception in 1974, will be a number of improved components that add to the efficiency and performance of lightweight battery powered trucks that weigh less than 10.000 lbs. For example, a major addi tion will be the first especially designed radial tires for electric vans. Produced by Firestone especially for GoLI Ath. the tires decrease rolling resistance and in crease driver comfort. 1 ruler-hood im provements include the latest electronic motor controller and a new "fuel' gage that shows how much charge remains in the battery system after completing a trip. Not to he overlooked is one of the newest maintenance-free lead batteries serving accessories such as lights, w ind shield wipers, heater fan, etc. Recause lead batteries are the most readily available economic energy stor age systems available today, they will likelv be the primary power source for most of the initial 2.500 electric vehicles authorized in the first phase of the elec tric and hybrid vehicle program. This fact will add emphasis to various re search and development programs now underway to further improve the per formance of lead batteries to power electric vehicles. The technical program for the EV Exposition and Conference includes tech nical, application and marketing pre sentations that are devoted to a non automotive market where lead batteries also dominate: materials handling equip ment. LIA has also been in the forefront in bringing the advantages of lead bat tery powered personnel carriers, work vehicles and special duty vehicles to the attention of end users. FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS AND DELETION PLEASE ATTACH OLD LABEL ADD ME TO YOUR MAILING LIST PLEASE CHECK INTEREST Q Painting Health & Safety Q Architectural & Building ARCHITECTURAL Lead Roofing and Flashing Detailed instructions on the simplest and most usual methods for forming or join ing lead for roofing and flashing appli cations. Complete specifications. Dia grammatic drawings. Sixteen pages. A-5 tion. Data is presented on a variety of tin 'ead as well as other solder alloys. Sev eral case history treatments of typical soldering applications are included. 1-6 "Solder Puts It All Together for Manufacturer of Zippo Lighters" Two-page reprint from ProduCtmn Maga BATTERIES A Primer on the Lead-Acid Battery A condensed story of the principles of the lead acid battery and its chemistry, in cluding some of the fundamentals and definitions of aireet-current electric en ergy. Two pages. L-6 Lead--The "Clydesdale" Workhorse m Space Reprint from Space Wo'/tJ detailing applications of lead in space explore, ustrated Fou pages M-19 Ecology in the New Lead Belt Lead in Building A four part data sheet containing informa tion on -waterproofing, sound barriers, 'oofing and flashing and anti-vibrat'On ap plication. A-13 zine details product1 on so'denr- of light ers at Zippo Mfg. Co i-7 SOUND BARRIERS Electrics Get Key Post Office Tests Reprint of a feature from Electrical World describing tests on the suitability and economy of electric battery oowered de livery trucks for the Postal Service. L-18 Reonnt describes cooperation of indu,,ru and environmentalists m develop cnitlhwrn Uieeni.,i t-.w __ 0010b Lead, "The Cinderella Metal" CERAMICS Facts about Lead Glazes for Art Potters and Hobbyists Oetaned information on the proper formu- Directory of Acoustic Specialties Summary of available materials for sound insulation by barrier, damping and ab sorption methods. Sixteen page list of materials by brand name and manufac turer. Eighteen pages. J-4 Electric Work Vehicles A 12 page folder describing batterypowered short-haul delivery vehicles and comparing their economics to internal combustion delivery trucks. L-19 Booklet is reprint of talk eivxn *t First National Conference on Material! Availability / Utilization. C HendnrL* President, Noranoa Sales Corp a c J;* dian lead producer, discusses s u d o Iv pricing trends for the metal and tLh; sizes its signficance and value both nol 'at'on. firing techniques, handling, etc. of lead fluxed glazes used by art potters and hobby ceramists, illustrated. Sixteen pages. EMI Proceedings of First International Conference on Ceramic Lead a Major Factor in New Machinery Noise Suppression Systems Description of techniques used to lower machinery noise levels with lead and lead Battery Powered Electric Work Vehicles A 16-page bulletin on electric vehicles for short-haul, multi-stop commercial ap plication. Lists maior vehicle manufac turers as well as comparative costs and m the future. M-31 Leaded Grades: Answer to Free-Machining Needs Reprint reports on benefits derived frq-- using leaded steels for free machinm# Foodware Safety composites. Lists machines that normally electric vs. l.C. vehicles m closed-looped Case histories are employed to demon Top international experts in ceramics. Pood and Drug agency officials, and the international lead research community exceed noise level allowed by Walsh- Healey Public Contracts Act. Two pages. J-9 service. L-21 Battery-Powered Industrial Trucks strate that these grades can enaoi# partsmakers to raise production of'qyai >ty components with efficiency anq economy. M-32 met m Geneva m November. 1974 to dis cuss heavy metal release from glazed ceramic foodware. Full proceedings-- speeches as well as question and answer dialog--were taped, translated and tran scribed. 272 pages. B-13 Sheet Lead Plenum Barriers Detailed description of acoustical plenum barriers and how to install them. Mate rials and installation procedures de scribed and illustrated. Eight pages. J-10 Spark Energy and Cost Savings This 16-page booklet offers an m-depth look at the many factors favonng the pur chase of electrics for industrial applica tions. A pull-out set of work sheets allows the reader to determine how electrics Lead and Zinc Outlook 1976-1980 Booklet examines demand prosoects anq production for lead and zmc over the next four years. Current markets and growth applications are also discussed. 16-oaee* PAINTS stack up against 1C types m his own oper M-33 * -tw Lead Pigments Bulletin Brochure. 12-pages, describes the advan tages and varieties of lead pigments m anti corrosion paints. Covers red lead, dibasic lead phopshite. basic silicate white lead, basic lead ohosphosilicate, basic lead chromosilicate, basic lead siiico chromate. Lists major suppliers. F-7 Practical Application of Sheet Lead for Noise Barriers Discusses how the use of various thickneses of lead bonded to or used in con junction with other construction mate rials determines the Sound Transmission Class (STC) rating of walls and partitions. J-1S ation. L-22 Saving Battery Dollars--What You Need to Know Three-part reprint from Modern Materials Handling deals with proper procedure m picking the right battery for the truck and jOb. it also discusses considerations m battery charger selection. The third part Occupational Lead Poisoning .. . It Needn't Be ... A Manual for Managers Contains information of use to the indus trial manager on the safe handling of lead and lead products in industry. Types and permissible levels of occupational CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION & CORROSION PROTECTION Lead for Corrosion Resistant Applications Soft cover book, 156-pages, designed to familiarize engineers and engineering students with the corrosion resistance, design and fabrication data on lead and >ead-based equipment. Oefines plumbum series and corrosion resistance of series. H-6 Lead Chemicals Soft cover book, 334-pages, is designed as a working manual for the chemist or chemical engineer engaged in applied technology or pure research. Covers or- Lead Proves a Heavy Favorite as Sound Control Material A reprint of a feature from Product Engi neering illustrating lead's usefulness in sound attenuation to help meet OSHA noise requirements in factories and also on planes and trains. J-17 Specifying Lead for Noise Control Eight-page reprint contains guidelines to help architects and engineers fully utilize the advantages of lead as a noise control material. A number of case histories are included to show how some of these guidelines were used to solve a variety of commercial, industrial and residential noise problems. j-18 offers guidelines for planning an efficient battery charging-room layout. L-23 GENERAL Primary Lead Production Areas in the U.S. For schools, libraries. Il"xl4" map show ing locations in U.S. of most lead smelters and refineries, and lead mines. M-U Lead--a Modem Design Material Summary of properties and available forms of lead for radiation control, sound/vibration control, electrical energy sources, soldering and ceramics. Eight pages. M-15 Use of Lead in the Automobile lead exposure are discussed. Some prac tical controls and safeguards are sug gested. 16 pages, bibliography. M-34 FILMS Lead in Motion A 21-min., 16mm color film. Lead's prop erties and its potential for unlimited fu ture applications are explored from the viewpoint that an atom of lead--like all elemental matter--<s an arrangement of energy--part of a universal system. To order specify desired show date and one alternate date. No cnarge to borrow: viewer pays only return postage. N-2 Occupational Lead Poisoning ... It Needn't Be ganolead compounds, oxides and hydrox ides. sulfides and tellurides, Halides omary compounds, lead salts, lead chel ates. safety in handling compounds. Pur chasing price: $3.00. H-7 The Uso of Absorber/Barrier Materials for Noise Control Enclosures Four-page reprint is concerned with noise abatement applications within the 10 to Reprint of article from Mefa/a Wee* dis cussing m detail the various applica tions of lead in the automobile. Four pages. M-17 Lead Industries Association A 16mm. 20 min., sound color film. Nar rated by the environmental health experts of international calibre, the film intro duces the basic principles of a health pro gram for the lead industry. The intention <s to motivate the cooperation of both SOLDERING AND WELDING IS dB range. It describes an installation using a quilted absorber/barrier enclo Sixtean-page brochure contains brief de scription of Association's purposes, struc management and employees m develop ing an effective health program for their Solders and Soldering New 16-page booklet filled with basic in formation an soldering and the selection of the right solder alloy for the applica sure suitable for achieving these reduc tions. and presents the advantages of this material. Acoustical, economic, oper ational and maintenance aspects are con sidered. J-19 ture and management, history, function and maior activates. Current member list i$ included, along with other foreign and domestic trade associations with whom cooperation is maintained. M-18 particular operation. To order, specify de sired show date and allow one alternate date. Allow at least five weeks for de livery. No charge to borrow, viewer pays only return postage. N-3 PRINTED IN U.S.A. NAME, TITLE PLEASE SEND ME THE PUBLICATIONS MARKED BELOW WRITE IN CODE NO. COMPANY STREET CITY, STATE, ZIP CODE LIA26804