Document Rpymg9qqg0m6ex7rwoY5yQNmv

ft s SesTo s GUIDELINES: ASBESTOS HANDLING IN THE CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY Edition 1 November 1978 G DPMC-00150 MEMBER INFORMATION REPORT 137 The Chlorine Institute, Inc. 342 Madison Ave., New York. N.Y. 10017. Additional copies of this pamphlet are available at nominal cost. LAM 006636 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Scope 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Disclaimer 1.4 Approval 1.5 Revisions 1.6 Reproduction 2. ASBESTOS USE IN CHLORINE MANUFACTURE 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.I.1| 3.1.5 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3. REGULATIONS United States OSHA EPA-Air EPA-Was tewa te p EPA-Hazardous Wastes DOT-Hazardous Materials Canada Workplace Air Water 4. CONTROL PR0CE0UI 4.1 4.2 it.3 4.4 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.6 <1.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4 General Purchas fng Receiving Storage Using-Diaphragm Depositing Sorting and Weighing Protective Equipment Housekeeping Personal Hygiene Spent Asbestos Wash Area Disposal Water Re-Use Landf111s 5. EMPLOYEE PROTECTION 5.1 General 5.2 Caution Signs and Labels 5.3 Respirators 5.4 Protective Clothing 5.5 Housekeeping 6. EXPOSURE MONITORING 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 9.1 9.2 Hygiene Monitoring Personal Monitoring Environmental Monitoring Records Employee Access and Notification Medical Surveillance Pre-Placement Periodic Termination Record Retention Employee Access 7. EMPLOYEE TRAINING Operating Procedures Respirators Protective Clothing Personal Hygiene Smoking 8. REFERENCES DOL (U.S.) EPA (U.S.) Mi seellaneous Other Information Sources 9. APPENDICES Analytical Methods Regulations (U.S.) DPMC-00151 LAM 006637 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 SCOPE Increased awareness of the health hazards of asbestos, coupled with regulations promulgated by governmental agencies over the past several years, emphasize the desirability of developing guidelines for the safe handling of asbestos fiber and waste products by chlor-alkalI producers. Industry and government share concern and responsibilities to insure the health and welfare of workers and the general public that might be exposed to asbestos, especially that which is airborne and can be inhaled, by providing safeguards to protect them from hazards associated with asbestos mining, transport, fabrication, use and disposal operations. This pamphlet Is limited to considerations relative only to asbestos safe handling and disposal practices applicable to the chlor-alkali industry. Examples of satisfactory asbestos control practices, where given, are intended to be only Illustrative and are not to be construed either as having universal applicabl11ty or representing the only available or suitable means of control. DEFINITIONS In this pamphlet the following meanings apply: Asbestos means chrysotile, amoslte, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyl11ite, and actionolite and. In the case of OSHA regulations, those of such fibers that are longer than 5 micrometers. (The chrysotile variety accounts for most of all fiber used In the U.S.). CFR means the II.S. Code of Federal Regulations. POL means the U.S. Department of Labor. EPA means the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. INSTITUTE means The Chlorine Institute, Inc. NIOSH means the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. OSHA means the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor. OSH Act means the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (P.L. 91"596). Particulate asbestos material means finely divided particles of asbestos material. Visible emissions means any emissions which are visually detectable without the aid of instruments and "which contain particulate asbestos material. DISCLAIMER The information in this pamphlet is drawn from sources believed to be reliable. The Institute and its members, jointly and severally, make no guarantee, and assume no liability, In connection with any of this Information. Moreover, it should not be assumed that every acceptable procedure is included, or that special circumstances may not warrant modified or additional procedure. The user should be aware that changing technology or regulations may require a change in the recommendations herein. Appropriate steps should be taken to insure that the information is current when used. These suggestions should not be confused with federal, state, provincial, municipal or insurance requirements, or with nationai safety codes. APPROVAL The Institute's Environmental Protection Committee approved the First Edition of this pamphlet on February 13, 1978. ^ REVISIONS Suggestions for revisions should be directed to the Secretary of the Institute. REPRODUCTION The contents of this pamphlet are not to be copied for publication, in whole or in part, without prior Institute permission. 2. ASBESTOS USE IN CHLORINE MANUFACTURING Most of the World's chlorine is produced by the electrolysis of brine in either mercury cells or diaphragm cells. In the electrolytic process, it is necessary to keep chlorine separated from the alkali metal hydroxide co-product to prevent chemical reaction. In addition, hydrogen produced with the alkali must be kept separated from the chlorine to prevent potentially violent explosions. In mercury cells, separation is achieved by hydraulic seals which separate the chlorine and spent brine in the electrolyzer from the decomposer where the alkali metal hydroxide product and hydrogen are produced. No asbestos is involved. DPMC-00152 LAM 006638 3.1 3.1.1 In diaphragm cells, separation is achieved by use of a diaphragm which is basically a porous mechanical barrier separating the anolyte and catholyte chambers- Brine is fed to the anolyte chamber where the chloride ion is electrolized to chlorine. The depleted brine and the cation percolate through the diaphragm to the cathode where hydrogen and alkali metal hydroxide are produced. The key to successful operation of a diaphragm cell is the diaphragm material. To be suitable, it must have the following properties: - sufficient mechanical strength; - high chemical resistance; - low electrical resistance; - readily depositable on the cathode with uniform thickness and without voids; - appropriate physical structure to permit percolation of depleted brine with minimum back-migration of hydroxyl Ion; and - acceptable service life. These properties are of prime Importance as they have a very significant effect on both capital and manufacturing costs. Asbestos Is uniquely suitable as a diaphragm material, as It exhibits a most favorable combination of these properties. Asbestos is a general term covering a group of impure, naturally occurring magnesium silicate minerals which exist in fibrous form, One of these Is the mineral chrysotile which is made up of comparatively long and strong flexible fibers. It is a highly hydrated magnesium silicate of general composition, Hg6(OH)gSii{O|0. Over 95% of the asbestos mined is chrysotile and it is the form used for diaphragms by the chlor-alkali industry. A great deal of research has been done to study the behavior of asbestos in chlor-alkali cell environments to explain its unique behavior. The deposited fibers do not merely function as a deposited mat such as is found in a filter bed. The gel layer that forms in the mat under proper cell diaphragm depositing conditions plays an important role in the performance of the diaphragm, particularly in minimizing back-migration of the hydroxyl ion. North American consumption of asbestos for chlor-alkali cells in 1978 is estimated to be in the order of 3*500 tons per year. Asbestos consumption per ton of chlorine produced has been significantly reduced over the years through advancements in cell design, Improved brine purification techniques and new anode materials. Asbestos diaphragm life has been increased very significantIy. The first major increase occurred with the change-over from carbon to graphite anodes. More recently the change to metal anodes has extended diaphragm life by some three to four fold compared to experience with graphite anodes. A newer development, resin bonding of the deposited asbestos fibers, ?s expected to increase the stability of asbestos diaphragms and further extend their life. Asbestos is the universally accepted material for chloi--alkali cell diaphragms, and if handled properly, it can be used and disposed of safely both with respect to worker health and protection of the environment. 3- REGULATIONS UNITED STATES Currently in the U.S. regulations applicable to as.bestos have been issued by the ERA, OSHA, DOT, Food and Drug Administration, the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the Mining Safety and Health Administration. Only the first two are of direct concern in the operation of chlor-alkali plants. States may also promulgate standards which can be more stringent than the Federal standards. OSHA The stated purpose of the OSH Act Is to ``assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions". OSHA's activities are the development, promulgation and enforcement of Federal safety and health standards; the development aspect is shared with NIOSH. The current OSHA asbestos standard was published in 37FRII3I8 (June 7, 1972) and is embodied in 29CFR1910.1001. In summary, the standard: * Establishes an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) worker exposure limit of airborne asbestos at two{2) fibers per cc of air longer than 5 micrometers. And, as a ceiling concentration, the regulation states that no employee shall be exposed at any time to asbestos concentrations in excess of 10 fibers per cc of air longer than 5 micrometers [29CFRI9I0.1001(b)(2) and (3)); * Prescribes various methods of compliance, including engineering methods and controls such as isolation, exposure, dust collection and exhaust venti1lation, and work practices including rules governing wet methods, handling of asbestos products etc. [29CFRI910.1001(c)(1) and (2)3; * Permits for purposes of compliance the use of work shift rotation (preferred) and respirators on1y 'n certain work situations. (See 5.1). The regulations further specify the type of respirators to be used under various conditions [29CFR1910.1001 (d) (!) and (2)]; * Provides that employers shall provide and require the use of protective clothing for employees exposed to asbestos concentrations exceeding the prescribed ceiling level. [29CFR19I0.1001(d)(3)}. DPMC-00153 LAM 006639 `Prescribes that employers shall provide change rooms at any fixed place of employment exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fiber In excess of allowable exposure limits, and two separate lockers or containers for each employee to keep street clothes separate from work clothes. (29CFR19I0.1001(d) (4)]; `Provides for the labeling, transport and laundering of asbestos contaminated clothing, Including off-premises laundering [29CFR1910.1001(d)(4) (l11) ; `Establishes a method for measuring the airborne concentration of asbestos. (See 9.l) [29CFRI910.1001(e)j; `Establishes monitoring methods and frequency relating both to the work environment and individual employees, and requires that employees or their representatives be given a reasonable opportunity to observe the monitoring and to have access to monitoring records (29CFRI9I0.1001(f)J; `Prescribes rules for the posting of caution signs in areas where asbestos concentrations may exceed the allowable limits, and labels to be affixed on raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris or their containers [29CFR19IO.1001(g)); `Establishes certain housekeeping requirements including the cleaning of the work place and asbestos waste disposal [29CFR1910.1001(h)1; `Establishes certain recordkeeping requirements governing Individual and environmental monitoring exposure records, employee access to exposure records, and employee notification of exposure to asbestos [29CFR19IO.1001(1)j. `Requires preplacement, annual, and work termination medical examinations and the maintenance of, and employee access to, medical records [29CFR1910.1001 (j)]. 3.1/2 3.1.3 3.1.4 EPA-Air Emission standards on asbestos applicable specifically to the chlor-alkall industry were published by EPA In 3BFR6820 (April 6, 1973) and amended 40FR48292 (October 14, 1975), as part of the Clean Air Act's 112 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP). They are embodied in 40CFR Part 61, Subpart B. In summary, the standard: `Provides that there shall be no visible emissions to the outside air (i.e. air outside buildings and structures) or directly from chlorine manufacturing operations if they are conducted outside of buildings or structures [40CFR61.22(c)); or, `Provides, at the owner/operator's option, use of specified methods to clean emissions con taining particulate asbestos material before such emissions escape to, or are vented to, outside air [40CFR61.22(f) and 40CFR61.23); `Requires asbestos waste generators to insure that the waste is disposed of in a properly operated disposal site (40CFR61.22 (j) and 40CFR6I.25); `Establishes reporting requirements in connection with the handling of asbestos-containing waste materials [40CFR6I.24]. EPA-Wastewater PL 92-500, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, as amended (PL 95-217), requires that industrial sources treat their effluent by applying the "best practicable control technology currently available" (BPT) by July 1. 1977. Effluent limitation guidelines establish the degree of effluent quality necessary to meet BPT limits. Though not specific for asbestos BPT total suspended solids limitations applicable both to existing and new diaphragm cell chlorine manu facturing operations are established (415.62(b)! as follows: Oaily Maximum 30-day Average Maximum kg/1000 lbs/1000 kgCl? 0.64 IbsC12 0.64 kg/1000 kgCl2 0.32 lbs/1000 lbsCI2 0.32 EPA-Hazardous Wastes Regulations pursuant to Subtitle C of PL 94-980, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, have not yet been promulgated. Such regulations as do currently apply to the handling of asbestos-contaminated wastes are embodied in the NESHAP regulations discussed in |3.1.2. 3.1.5 3.2 3.2.1 3 .-2.2 3.2.3 DOT-Hazardous Materials Regulations relative to commercial asbestos shipments were published by DOT in 43FR56664 (Oecenfcer 4, 1978). They are embodied in 49CFR, Parts 172 thru 177; see 9.2.1. CANADA Canada is the Western world's largest producer of asbestos and supplies about 35 per cent of the global production. As is the case for U.S., both Federal and Provincial regulations are applicable. Workplace No Federal regulations have thusfar been promulgated. At the provincial level, the Quebec Draft Regulations dated February 1975 propose to reduce the present allowable level from 12 fibers/cc (all forms > 5 micrometers) to 5 fibers/cc. The workplace standard for the province of Ontario, however, is 2 fibers/cc. Ai_r Federal Clean Air Act regulations for asbestos promulgated July 13, 1977 require that air emitted to the atmosphere from crushing, drying and milling operations and dry rock storage shall not contain more than 2 fibers/cc of air (fibers being >5 micrometers in length and having a length to width ratio of > 3)* Water No Federal asbestos regulations have yet been promulgated but they are in process of development. At the Provincial level, it has been established with the Quebec Ministry of Environment that "Asbestos sludge must be prevented from entering the water course and can only be removed from the site after consultation with an Environmental Official". DPMC-00154 LAM 006640 4. CONTROL PROCEDURES 4.1 GENERAL This pamphlet is limited to considerations relative only to asbestos safe handling and disposal practices applicable to the chlor-alkali industry. Examples of satisfactory asbestos control practices, where given, are Intended to be only illustrative and are not to be construed either as having universal applicability or representing the only avallable or suitable means of control. 4.2 PURCHASING While the handling of asbestos is presumed to start when a box car or truck is received at the plant, there are some earlier opportunities for minimizing later handling problems such as at the time of issuance of purchase orders. See 9*2.1. It is recommended that purchase orders be written to the vendor which includes two items, namely; (I) palletizing of the asbestos bags in the rail car or truck, and (2) provision for a shrink-wrapped coating of Visqueen or other non-porous material covering the palleted bags. This procedure is especially effective in preventing torn bags and minimizing the threat of loose material during unloading. In addition, the palletized, shrink-wrapped packaging procedure allows ease of movement to the confinement areas. In plants that do not have forklift unloading, it is suggested that asbestos shipments have sufficient dunnage included to prevent movement and damage to the bags during transport. 4.3 RECEIVING Where asbestos is received in palletized form, whether by rail car or truck, the contents should be carefully inspected before the unloading operation begins. If broken bags or loose asbestos are in evidence at the time, a heavy duty vacuum cleaner should be used before the major work crew is called for the unloading operation. A heavy duty bag vacuum cleaner closely approximates the blower/bag system recommended by EPA for emission control. Broken bags should be enclosed in a heavy duty plastic bag before the vacuum clean up is started. That person charged with the initial inspection of the shipment should be equipped with an approved dust mask (5*3) as well as wear suitable protective clothing (5.4). If unsafe conditions exist all other individuals should be kept away from the area until such time as the condition is corrected. When transporting palletized asbestos to storage, care should be taken to prevent puncturing the bags with the forks of the truck or damage by running into corners or loose objects. The plasticwrapped pallet cover makes it possible to unload even during inclement weather, if desired. The operator of the fork truck should have available a dust mask and wear appropriate protective clothing if the situation warrants. An effort should be made to keep to a minimum the number of employees used for the unloading operation, while at the same time avoiding any safety risks. Contract labor used by the plant must be protected in the same manner as a permanent employee. Workable agreements between the company and the contractor, preferably in writing, should be clearly understood and adhered to at all times. 4.4 STORAGE An important aspect of the total asbestos handling program is an appropriate storage area. All plants require an inventory of asbestos on hand for normal operations, and careful thought should be given to the storage area design. Ideally the asbestos storage area should have no direct interconnection with the primary work area of the cell renewal operation. The entry should be sufficiently large to permit easy access of the forklift into the storage compound. The entry door should be equipped with a rubber gasket on the sealing lip to provide for a reasonably tight system. The ceiling should be as low as possible to limit unused space and at the same time provide the clearance height needed for pallet stacking. The approach to the storage area must be appropriately marked with a caution sign stipulated by OSHA regulations (29CFR19.1001(g)]. When an access way exists between the asbestos storage area and the major work area of a cell renewal operation it should have a well-fitted door with good weather stripping. The door should remain closed at all times and should be marked with an OSHA-approved caution sign. In such cases it is recommended that the storage area be maintained under a slight negative pressure. Another means of storage is the "assigned" railroad car, if trackage is available near the operation area. This method not only insures improved condition of asbestos shipments but also decreases the amount of handling and the potential for spillage. The rail car must be properly marked with warning signs. A first-in, first-out inventory system is recommended and, thus, if possible, the storage area should be designed and appropriately sized to accomodate this type of inventory control. The logic of a first-in first-out inventory control is simply that this control reduces problems associated with long term storage of asbestos bags. The asbestos storage area should be kept clean and free of loose asbestos fiber. This can best be accomplished with a common sense approach to housekeeping. Wooden pallets should not be allowed to accumulate in the storage area. Any area or surface showing signs of asbestos, whether on floors, walls, or pallets, should be vacuumed using an appropriate industrial-type vacuum cleaner. 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C ^ E tn to n 3 . to i h : `e . A to M M O A 0 E 5k h o to h h a i 3 E to to to OEO O M to tr 0 . . 3 to E 44 4J 44 44 M 53 to to to 0 3.H Hrl 53 OH A a to to * M H H H C to M 44 to CO > <<<454545454 j e to to 51 0 to H *H M a *H w EO M 3 to O 3 *H 44 A H 3 M n A 0 44 O HH <`(u)oi4>a4JA& a <M I E A to A to > -H to A A H H <U to i 44 t4 44 rH C to to a44 P U W tT M 54 44 44 53 P A O H < H tr 54 44 to nan o <5 H -H 54 M 54 A Opfe3CA54AE3 3 54 e 0 to H 44 to Zli 6 DA-H3 04 <tt S <0 DPMC-00163 LAM 006649 5172.101 Hazardous material* table. 9.2.1 DOT Regulations 49CFR Parts 172 et al PART 172--HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TABLE AND HAZARDOUS MATERI ALS COMMUNICATIONS REGULA TIONS 1. In 172.101 the Hazardous Materi als Table Is amended by adding a new entry, immediately following "Arsine," to read as follows: j* i uMrn n c > o u m. 4 O> 190<H>% lUe 0% C0 +4* oCOUM 5 ^MU b ^*1 *c40 u 4 V wA ti *34 w cc kS s w* *-4 S A vs A 4T U *IJ? b* v-r*i S Y S PAST 173--SHIPPERS--GENERAL RE QUIREMENTS FOR SHIPMENTS AND PACKAGINGS 2. Section 173.1090 is added preced ing Subpart N to read as follows: 173.1080 Asbestos. (a) Asbestos includes any of the fol lowing hydrated mineral silicates: chrysotilc, crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite asbestos, tremolite asbestos, actinolitc asbestos, and every product containing any of these minerals. (b) Commercial asbestos is any mate rial or product containing asbestos that has commercial value because of its asbestos content. (c) Asbestos which is immersed or fixed in a natural or artificial binder material (such as cement, plastic, as phalt, resins or mineral ore) and man-' ufactured products containing asbes tos or any materials or products whose commercial value is not dependent on their asbestos content, are not subject to the requirements of this sub chapter. (d) Commercial asbestos must be of fered fer transportation and trans ported in ti) Rigid, airtight packagings such' as metal or fiber drums, portable tanks, or , (2) Bags and other non-rigid packag ings that are dust and sift proof. When transported by other than a pri-. vate carrier by highway, bags and ether non-rigid packagings containing asbestos must be palletized and unit ized by methods such as shrink-wrap ping in plastic film or wrapping in fiberboard secured by strapping. . PART 174--CARRIAGE BY RAIL 3. A Subpart M Heading is added im mediately following 174.812 to read as follows: Subparl Ai--Detailed Requirements for Other Regulated Materials 4. Section 174.840 is added to read as follows: 171.810 Special loading and handling requin-mcr.U for asbestos. Asbestos must be loaded, handled, and unloaded, and any asbestos con tamination of rail cars removed, in a manner that will minimize occupation al exposure to airborne asbestos parti cles released incident to transporta tion. (See 517 .1090 of this sub chapter.) PART 175--CARRIAGE BY AIRCRAFT 5. Section 175.640 is added to read as follows: $ 175.610 Special requirements for other regulated materials. Asbestos must be loaded, handled, and unloaded, and any asbestos con tamination of aircraft removed, in a manner that will minimize occupation al exposure to airborne asbestos parti cles released incident to transporta tion. (See 173.1090 of this subchapter.) PART 176--CARRIAGE BY VESSEL 6. Section 176.006 is added to read as follows: $ 176.906 Stowage and handling of asbes tos. Asbestos must be stowed, handled, and unloaded, and any asbestos con tamination of vessels removed, in a manner that will minimize occupation al exppsure to airborne asbestos parti cles released incident to transporta tion. (See 173.1090 of this sub chapter.) PART 177--CARRIAGE BY PUBLIC HIGHWAY 7. Section 177.C44 is added to read as follows: 5 177.811 Other regulated materials. Asbestos must be loaded, handled, and unloaded, and any asbestos con tamination of transport vehicles re moved, in a manner that will minimize occupational exposure to airborne as bestos particles released incident to transportation. (See 8 173.1090 of this subchapter.) NOTE: These k$CFR Regs, are effective April 30, 1979. DPMC-00164 LAM 006650 9.2.2 EPA Regulations AO CFR Part 61 Subpart B--National Emission Standard for Asbestos 61.20 Applicability. The provisions of this subpart are ap plicable to those sources specified In 1 61.22. 61.21 Definitions. Terms used In this subpart are defined in the act, in Subpart A of this part, or in this section as follows: (a) "Asbestos" means actlnollte, amoslte, anthophyllite, chrysotlle. crocldolite, tremollte. (b) "Asbestos material" means as bestos or any material containing as bestos.. (c) "Particulate asbestos material" means finely divided particles of asbestos material. <d) "Asbestos tailings" means any solid waste product of asbestos mining or milling operations which contains as bestos. (e) "Outside air" means the air out side buildings and structures. (f) "Visible emissions" means any emissions which are visually detectable without tiie aid of Instruments and which contain particulate asbestos material. (g) "Asbestos mill" means any facility engaged In the conversion or any Inter mediate step In the conversion of asbestos ore Into commercial asbestos. Outside storage of asbestos materials Is not con sidered a part of such facility. fh) "Commercial asbestos" means any variety of asbestos which Is produced by extracting asbestos from asbestos ore. (1) "Manufacturing" means the com bining of commercial asbestos, or In the case of woven friction products the com bining of textiles containing commercial asbestos, with any other materlal(s). In cluding commercial asbestos, and the processing of this combination Into a product as specified In 5 61.22(c). (j) "Demolition" means the wrecking or taking out of any load-supporting structural member and any related re moving or stripping of friable asbestos materials. (k) "Friable asbestos material" means any material that contains more than 1 percent asbestos by weight and that can be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder, when dry, by hand pressure. (I) "Control. device asbestos waste" means any asbestos-containing waste material that Is collected In a pollution control device. . (m) "Renovation" means the remov ing or stripping of friable asbestos mate rial used to insulate or fireproof any pipe, duct, boiler, tank, reactor, turbine, furnace, or structural member. Opera tions In which load-supporting struc tural members are Wrecked or taken out are excluded. (n) `"Planned renovation" means a renovation operation, or a number of such operations, In which the amount of friable asbestos material that will be removed or stripped within a given pe riod of time can be predicted. Operations that are individually non-scheduled are Included, provided a number of such op erations can be predicted to occur during a given period of time based on operating experience. (o) "Emergency renovation" means a renovation operation that results from a sudden, unexpected event, and Is not a planned renovation. Operations necessi tated by non-routine failures of equip ment are Included. (p) "Adequately wetted" means suf ficiently mixed or coated with water or an aqueous solution to prevent dust emissions. (q) "Removing" means taking out fri able asbestos materials used to insulate or fireproof any pipe, duct, boiler, tank, reactor, turbine, furnace, or structural member from any building, structure, facility, or Installation. <r) "Stripping" means taking off fri able asbestos materials used for Insula tion or fireproofing from any pipe, duct, boiler, tank, reactor, turbine, furnace, or structural member. (s) "Fabricating" means any process ing of a manufactured product contain ing commercial asbestos, with the ex ception of processing at temporary sites for the construction or restoration of buildings, structures, facilities or Instal lations. (t) "Inactive waste disposal site" means any disposal site or portion Whereof where additional asbestos-con taining waste material will not be depos ited and where the surface Is not dis turbed by vehicular traffic. (u) "Active waste disposal site" means any disposal site other than an inactive site. (v) "Roadways" means surfaces on which motor vehicles travel Including, but not limited to, highways, roads, streets, parking areas, and driveways. (w) "Asbestos-containing waste mate rial" means any waste which contains commercial asbestos and Is generated by a source subject to the provisions of this subpart. Including asbestos mill tailings, control device asbestos waste, friable as bestos waste material, and bags or con tainers that previously contained com mercial asbestos. (x) "Structural member" means any load-supporting member, such as beams and load-supporting walls; or any non load-supporting member, such as ceilings and non-load-supporting walls. 18 FR 8820. Apr. 6, 1973, *a amended at 3( R 15398. May 3. 1974; 40 FR 48399, Oct. 14 975; 42 FR 12127. Mar.2. 1977] S 61*22 Emission standard. (a) Asbestos mills: There shall be n visible emissions to the outside air fron any asbestos mill except as provided li paragraph (f) of this section. (b) Roadways: The surfacing of road ways with asbestos tailings or with as bestas-containing waste that Is gener ated by any source subject to paragraph (c), (d), (e) or (h) of this section l prohibited, except for temporary road ways on an area of asbestos ore deposit; The deposition of asbestos tailings or as bestos-containing waste on roadway covered with snow or Ice is considere "surfacing." (c) Manufacturing: There shall be n visible emissions to the outside air, ex cept as provided in paragraph (D- of th! section, from any of the following or erations If they use commercial asbestc or from any building or structure 1 which such operations are conducted. (1) The manufacture of cloth, core wicks, tubing, tape, twine, rope, threat yam, roving, lap, or. other textile ma terials. (2) The manufacture of cement prod ucts. (3) The manufacture of fireproofln and Insulating materials. (4) The manufacture of frlctlo products. (5) The manufacture of paper, mill board, and felt. ) (6) The manufacture of floor tile. (7) The manufacture of paints, coal tags, caulks, adhesives, sealants. (8) The manufacture of plastics an rubber materials. (9) The manufacture of chlorine. (10) The manufacture of shotgu shells. (11) The manufacture of asphalt cor crete. (d) Demolition and renovation: 77 requirements of this paragraph sha apply to any owner or operator of demolition or renovation operation wfc intends to demolish any Institutions commercial, or industrial building (ir eluding apartment buildings having moi than four dwelling units). structur facility. Installation, or portion therec which contains any pipe, duct, bolle tank, reactor, turbine, furnace, or stru( tural member that Is Insulated or firi proofed with friable asbestos materia except as provided In paragraph (d) (1 of this section: or who Intends to rent vate any Institutional, commercial, or lr dustrial building, structure, facility, 1: stallatlon, or portion thereof where mo than 80 meters (ca. 260 feet) of pipe 1 sulated or fireproofed with friable a bestos material are stripped or remove or more than 15 square meters (ca. 1 square feet) of friable asbestos mater) used to insulate or fireproof any dui boiler, tank, reactor, turbine, furnace, structural member are stripped or r moved. (1)(1) -The owner or operator of demolition operation is exempted fre the requirements of this paragraph pr vlded, (a) the amount of friable asbesl material In the building or portl' thereof to be demolished is less than meters (ca. 260 feet) used to Insula pipes, and less than 15 square meters (c 160 square feet) used to Insulate or fir proof any duct, boiler, tank, reactor, tv DPMC-00165 LAM 006651 bine, furnace, or structural member, and :b) the notification requirements of par agraph (d) (1) (11) are met (ii) Written notification shall be post marked or delivered to the Administrator at least 20 days prior to commencement of demolition and shall include the in formation required by paragraph (d) (2) of this section, with the exception of the information required by paragraphs (d) (2) (ill), (vi). (vii). (vUi).and (ix). and shall state the measured or estimated amount of friable asbestos material used for insulation and fireproofing which is present Techniques of estimation shall be explained. (2) Written notice of intention to de molish or renovate shall be provided to the Administrator by the owner or opera tor of the demolition or renovation oper ation. Such notice shall be postmarked or delivered to the Administrator at least 10 days prior to commencement of demo lition, or as early as possible prior to commencement of emergency demolition subject to paragraph (d) (6) of this sec tion. and as early as possible prior to commencement of renovation. Such no tice shall include the following informa tion: (i) Name of owner or operator. (ii) Address of owner or operator. (ill) Description of the building, struc ture. facility, or installation to be de molished or renovated, including the size, age, and prior use of the structure, and the approximate amount of friable asbestos material used for insulation and fireproofing. . (iv) Address or location of the build ing, structure, facility, or installation. (v) Scheduled starting and comple tion dates of demolition or renovation. (vi) Nature of planned demolition or renovation and method(s) to be em ployed. (vii) Procedures to be employed to meet the requirements of this paragraph and paragraph (J) of this section. (viii) The name and address or loca tion of the waste disposal site where the friable asbestos waste will be deposited. (lx) Name, title, and authority of the State or local governmental representa tive who has ordered a demolition which is subject to paragraph (d)(6) of this section. (3) (1) For purposes of determining whether a planned renovating operation constitutes a renovation within the meaning of this paragraph, the amount of friable asbestos material to be re moved or stripped shall be: (A) For planned renovating opera tions involving individually non-sched uled operations, the additive amount, of friable asbestos material that can be pre dicted will be removed or stripped at a source over the maximum period of time for which a prediction can be made. The period shall be not less than 30 days and not longer than one year. (B) For each planned renovating op eration not covered by paragraph (d) (3) (1) (A), the total amount of friable as bestos material that can be predicted will be removed or stripped at a source. (ii) For purposes of determining whether an emergency renovating op eration constitutes a renovation within the meaning of this paragraph, the amount of friable asbestos material to be removed or stripped shall be the total amount of friable asbestos material that will be removed or stripped as a result of the sudden, unexpected event that necessitated the renovation. (4)The following procedures shall be used to prevent emissions of particulate asbestos material to outside air: (I) Friable asbestos materials, used to Insulate or fireproof any pipe, duct, boiler, tank, reactor, turbine, furnace, or structural member, shall be removed from any building, structure, facility or installation subject to this paragraph. Such removal shall occur before wreck ing or dismantling of any portion of such building, structure, facility, or in stallation that would break up the fri able asbestos materials and before wrecking or dismantling of any other portion of such building, structure, facility, or installation that would pre clude access to such materials for sub sequent removal. Removal of friable asbestos materials used for insulation or fireproofing of any pipe, duct, or structural member which are encased In concrete or other similar structural ma terial is not required prior to demoli tion, but such material shall be ade quately wetted whenever exposed dur ing demolition. (II) Friable asbestos materials used to Insulate or fireproof pipes, ducts, boilers, tanks, reactors, turbines, fur naces, or structural members shall be adequately wetted during stripping, ex cept as provided in paragraphs (d)(4) (lv), (d) (4) (vi) or (d)(4) (vii) of this section. (ill) Pipes, ducts, boilers, tanks, re actors, turbines, furnaces, or structural members that are insulated or fire proofed with friable asbestos materials may be taken out of any building, struc ture, facility, or installation subject to this paragraph as units or in sections provided the friable asbestos materials exposed during cutting or disjointing are adequately wetted during the cutting or disjointing operation. Such units shall not be dropped or thrown to the ground, but shall be carefully lowered to ground level. (iv) The stripping of friable asbestos materials used to Insulate or fireproof any pipe, duct, boiler, tank, reactor, tur bine, furnace, or structural member that has been removed as a unit or in sections as provided in paragraph (d) (4) (ill) of this section shall be performed in ac cordance with paragraph (d) (4) (ii) of this section. Rather than comply with the wetting requirement, a local exhaust ventilation and collection system may be used to prevent emissions to the out side air. Such local exhaust ventilation systems shall be designed and operated to capture the asbestos particulate mat ter produced by the stripping of friable asbestos' material. There shall be no visible emissions to the outside air from such local exhaust ventilation and col lection systems except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section. (v) All friable asbestos materials drat have been removed or stripped shsil be adequately wetted to ensure that such materials remain wet during all remain ing stages of demolition or renovsrion and related handling operations. Such materials shall not be dropped or thrown to the ground or a lower floor. Such ma terials that have been removed or stripped more than SO feet above ground level, except those materials re moved as units or in sections, shall be transported to the ground via dust-tight chutes or containers. (vl) Except as specified below, the wet ting requirements of this paragraph are suspended when the temperature at the point of wetting is below 0*C (32*F). When friable asbestos materials are not wetted due to freezing temperatures, such materials on pipes, ducts, boilers, tanks, reactors, turbines, furnaces, or structural members shall,>to the maximum extent possible, be removed as units or in sec tions prior to wrecking. In no case shall the requirements of paragraphs (d) (4) (lv) or (d)(4)(v) be suspended due to freezing temperatures. (vii) For renovation operations, local exhaust ventilation and collection sys tems may be used, instead of wetting as specified in paragraph (d) (4) (ii), to pre vent emissions of particulate asbestos material to outside air when damage to equipment resulting from the wetting would be unavoidable. Upon request and supply of adequate Information, the Ad ministrator willdetermine whether dam age to equipment resulting from wetting to comply with the provisions of this par agraph would be unavoidable. Such local exhaust ventilation systems shall be de signed and operated to capture the asbes tos particulate matter produced by the stripping and removal of friable asbestos material. There shall be no visible emis sions to the outside air from such local exhaust ventilation and collection sys tems, except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section. (5) Sources subject to this paragraph are exempt from the requirements of SS 61.05(a), 61.07, and 61.09. (6) The demolition of a building, struc ture, facility, or installation, pursuant to an order of an authorized representative of a State or local governmental agency, issued because that building is structur ally unsound and in danger of imminent collapse is exempt from all but the fol lowing requirements of paragraph (d) of this section: (1) The notification requirements spec ified by paragrmh (d) (2) of this section: (ii) The requirements on stripping of friable asbestosmaterials from previously removed units or sections as specified in paragraph (d) (4) (iv) of this section; (ill) Thewetting, as specified by para graph (d)(4)(v) of this section, of fri able asbestos materials that have been removed or stripped; (iv) The portion of the structure being demolished that contains friable asbes tos materials shall be adequately wetted during the wrecking operation. (e) Spraying: There shall be no visible emissions to the outside air from the spray-on application of materials con taining more than 1 percent asbestos, on a dry weight basis, used to Insulate or fireproof equipment and machinery, ex cept as provided in paragraph (f) of this section. Spraynon materials used to insu late or fireprbof buildings, structures, pipes, and cdhdults shall contain less than 1 percent asbestos on a dry weight basis. (1) Sources subject to this paragraph are exempt from the requirements of DPMC-00166 LAM 006652 61.05(a), $61.07, and $61.09. (2) Any owner or operator who In tends to spray asbestos materials which contain more than 1 percent asbestos on a dry weight basis to insulate or fireproof equipment and machinery shall report such intention to the Administrator at least 20 days prior to the commencement of the spraying operation. Such report shall include the following Information: (1) Name of owner or operator. (li) Address of owner or operator. (ill) Location of spraying operation. (iv) Procedures to be followed to meet the requirements of this paragraph. (f) Rather than meet the no-vislbleemission requirements as - specified by paragraphs (a),'(c), (d). (e), (h), (J), and (k) of this section, an owner or op erator may elect to use the methods spec ified by $ 61.23 to clean emissions con taining particulate asbestos material be fore such emissions escape to, or are vented to. the outside air. (g) Where the presence of uncombined water is the sole reason for failure to meet the no-visible-emission require ment of paragraphs (a), (c), (d), (e), (h), (J), or <k) of this section, such fail ure shall not be a violation of such emis sion requirements. (h) Fabricating: There shall be no visible emissions to the outside air, ex cept as provided in paragraph Cf) of this section, from any of the following op erations if they use commercial asbestos or from any building or structure in which such operations are conducted. (1) The fabrication of cement building products. (2) The fabrication of friction prod ucts, except those operations that pri marily install asbestos friction materials on motor vehicles. (3) The fabrication of cement or sili cate board for ventilation hoods; ovens; electrical panels; laboratory furniture; bulkheads, partitions and ceilings for marine construction; and flow control devices for the molten metal industry. (i) Insulating: Molded insulating ma terials which are friable and wet-applied Insulating materials which are friable after drying, installed after the effective date of these regulations, shall contain no commercial asbestos. The provisions of this paragraph do not apply to insu lating materials which are spray applied; such materials are regulated under $ 61.22(e). (j) Waste disposal for manufacturing, fabricating, demolition, renovation and spraying operations: The owner or op erator of any source covered under the provisions of paragraphs (c), (d). (e), or (h) of this section shall meet the fol lowing standards: (1) There shall be no visible emissions to the outside air, except as provided in paragraph (J)(3) of this section, dur ing the collection; processing, including incineration; packaging; transporting; or deposition of any asbestos-containing waste material which is generated by such source. (2) All asbestos-containing waste ma terial shall be deposited at waste dis posal sites which are operated in accord ance with the provisions of $ 61.25. (3) Rather than meet the requirement of paragraph (J) (1) of this section, an owner or operator may elect to use either of the disposal methods specified under (j) (3) (i) and (il) of this section, or an alternative disposal method which has received prior approval by the Ad ministrator: (1) Treatment of asbestos-containing waste material with water: (A) Control device asbestos waste shall be thoroughly mixed with water into a slurry and other asbestos-containing waste material shall be adequately wetted. There shall be no visible emis sions to the outside air from the collec tion, mixing and wetting operations, ex cept as provided in paragraph (f) of this section. (B) After wetting, all asbestos-con taining waste material shall be sealed into leak-tight containers while wet, and such containers shall be deposited at. waste disposal sites which are operated in accordance with the provisions of $ 61.25. (C) The containers specified under paragraph (j) (3) (i) (B) of this section shall be labeled with a warning label that states: Caution Contains Asbestos Avoid Opening or Breaking Container Breathing Asbestos Is Hazardous to Tour Health Alternatively, warning labels specified by Occupational Safety and Health Standards of the Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) under 29 CFR 1910.93a(g) (2) (li) may be used. (il) Processing of asbestos-containing waste material into non-friable forms: (A) All asbestos-containing waste material shall be formed into non-friable pellets or other shapes and deposited at waste disposal sites which are operated in accordance with the provisions of $ 61.25. <B) There shall be no visible emis sions to the outside air from the collec tion and processing of asbestoscontaining waste material, except as specified in paragraph (f) of this section. (4) For the purposes of this para graph (j). the term all asbestos-con taining waste material as applied to demolition and renovation operations covered by paragraph (d) of this sec tion includes only friable asbestos waste and control device asbestos waste. (k) Waste disposal for asbestos mills: The owner or operator of any source covered under the provisions of para graph (a) of this section shall meet the following standard: (l) There shall be no visible emis sions to the outside air, except as pro vided in paragraph (k) (3) of this section, during the collection, processing, pack aging, transporting or deposition of any asbestos-containing waste mate rial which is generated by such source. (2) All asbestos-containing waste ma terial shall be deposited at waste disposal sites which are operated in ac cordance with the provisions of $ 6125. (3) Rather than meet the requirement of paragraph (k) (1) of this section, an owner or operator may elect to meet the following requirements in para graphs (k) (3) (1) and (11). or use an alternative disposal method which has received prior approval by the Admin istrator: (I) There shall be no visible emissions to the outside air from the transfer of control device asbestos waste to the tailings conveyor, except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section. Such waste shall be subsequently processed either as specified in paragraph (k) (3) (il) of this section or as specified in paragraph (J) (3) of this section. (II) All asbestos-containing waste material shall be adequately mixed, with a wetting agent recommended by the manufacturer of the agent to effectively wet dust and tailings, prior to deposition at a waste disposal site. Such agent shall be used as recommended for the partic ular dust by the manufacturer of the agent. There shall be no discharge ol visible emissions to the outside air from the wetting operation except as specified in paragraph (f) of this section. Wetting may be suspended when the ambient temperature at the waste disposal site is less than --9fi*C (ca. 15*F). The ambient air temperature shall be determined by an appropriate measurement methoc with an accuracy of 1*C (2F) anc recorded at least at hourly intervals dur ing the period that the operation of th< wetting system is suspended. Records o: such temperature measurements shall tw retained at the source for a minimum o two years and made available for inspec tion by the Administrator. (1) The owner of any inactive wash disposal site, which was operated b; sources covered under $ 61.22 (a), (c) o (h) and where asbestos-containing wash material produced by such sources wa deposited, shall meet the followlm standards: (1) There shall be no visible emission to the outside air from an Inactive wast disposal site subject to this paragraph except as provided in paragraph (1) (5 of this section. (2) Warning signs shall be displays at all entrances, and along the propert line of the site or along the perimeter o the sections of the site where asbestos containing waste material was depositee at intervals of 100 m (ca. 330 ft) or les: except as specified in paragraph (1) (4 of this section. Signs shall be posted li such a manner and location that a perso may easily read the legend. The wamln signs required by this paragraph sha: conform to the requirements of 20" x 14' upright format signs specified in 29 CF) 1910.145(d)(4) and this paragraph. Tb signs shall display the following leger in the lower panel, with letter sizes ar. styles of a visibility at least equal to tho: specified in this paragraph. UGEND Asbestos Waste Disposal Site () Do Not Create Dust Breathing Asbestos Is Hazardous q to Tour Health I Notation O 1" Sans BerSf, Gothic or Block ^ Sans Serif, Gothic or Block 14 Point Gothic Spacing between lines shall be at lei equal to the height of the upper of t two lines. (3) The perimeter of the site shall fenced in a manner adequate to de1 LAM 006653 access by the general public, except as specified In paragraph (1) (4) of this | section. (4) Warning signs and fencing are not required where the requirements of paragraphs (1) (S) (i) or (U) of this sec tion are met, or where a natural barrier adequately deters access by the general public. Upon request and supply of ap propriate information, the Adminis trator will determine whether a fence or a natural barrier adequately deters ac cess to the general public. (5) Rather than meet the requirement, of paragraph (1X1) of this section, an owner may elect to meet the require ments of this paragraph or may use an alternative control method for emissions from Inactive waste disposal sites which has received prior approval by the Administrator. (I) The asbestos-containing waste material shall be covered with at least: 15 centimeters (ca. 6 Inches) of com pacted non-asbestos-containing mate rial, and a cover of vegetation shall be grown and maintained on the area ade quate to prevent exposure of the asbes tos-containing waste material; or (II) The asbestos-containing waste material shall be covered with at least 60 centimeters (ca. 2 feet) of compacted non-asbestos-containing material and maintained to prevent exposure of the asbestos-containing waste; or (ill) For inactive waste disposal sites for-asbestos tailings, a resinous or petro leum-based dust suppression agent which effectively binds dust and controls wind erosion shall be applied. Such agent shall be. used as recommended for the partic ular asbestos tailings by the dust sup pression agent manufacturer. Other equally effective dust suppression agents may be used upon prior approval by the Administrator. For purposes of this para graph, waste crankcase oil is not con sidered a dust suppression agent. (38 FR 8828, Apr. 8, 1873. as amended at 39 FR 15398, May 3, 1974; 40 FR 48299, Oct. 14. 1975] 61.23 - Air-cleaning. If air-cleaning is elected, as permit ted by SS 6122(f) and 61.22(d) (4) (tv), the requirements of this section must be met. (a) Fabric filter collection devices must be used, except as noted in para graphs (b) and (c) of this section. Such devices must be operated at a pressure drop of no more than 4 Inches water gage, as measured across the filter fabric. The airflow permeability, as determined by ASTM method >737-69. must not exceed 30 fti/mln/ft* for woven fabrics or 35 fti/mln/ft' for felted fabrics, except that 40 fti/mln/ft* for woven and 45 ft*/ mln/ft* for felted fabrics Is allowed for filtering air from asbestos ore dryers. Each square yard of felted fabric must weigh at least 14 ounces and be at least one-sixteenth Inch thick throughout. Synthetic fabrics must not contain fill yam other than that which is spun. (b) If the use of fabric filters creates a fire or explosion hazard, the adminis trator may authorize the use of wet col lectors designed to operate with a unit contacting energy of at least 40 inches water gage pressure. (c) The administrator may authorize the use of filtering equipment other than that described In paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section if the owner or operator demonstrates to the satisfaction of the administrator that the filtering of par ticulate asbestos material Is equivalent to that of the described equipment. (d) All air-cleaning equipment au thorized by this section must be properly installed, used, operated, and maintained. Bypass devices may be used only during upset or emergency conditions and then only for so long as It takes to shut down the operation generating the particulate asbestos material. (38 FR 8828, Apr. 8, 1973, as amended at 40 FR 48302, Oct. 14, 1976] 61.24 Reporting. The owner or operator of any existing source to which this subpart Is applicable shall, within 90 days after the effective date, provide the following Information to the administrator: (a) A description of the emission con trol equipment used for each process; (b) If a fabric filter device is used to control emissions, the pressure drop across the fabric filter in Inches water gage. (1) If the fabric filter device utilizes a woven fabric, the airflow permeability in fti/mln/fti; and, if the fabric is syn thetic, indicate whether the fill yam Is spun or not spun. (2) If the fabric filter device utilizes a felted fabric, the density In oz/yd*. the minimum thickness in Inches, and the airflow permeability In fti/mln/ft*. (c) For sources subject to 55 61.22(J) and 61.22(k): (1) A brief description of each process that generates asbestos-containing waste material. (2) The average weight of asbestos- containing waste material disposed of, measured In kg/day. (3) The emission control methods used in all stages of waste disposal. (4) The type of disposal site or incin eration site used for ultimate disposal, the name of the site operator, and the name and location of the disposal site. (d) For sources subject to S 61.22(1): (1)A brief description of the site. (2) The method or methods used to comply with the standard, or alternative procedures to be used. (e) Such information shall accom pany the information required by $ 61.10. The information described in this section shall be reported using the format of Appendix A of this part. (38 FR 8828, Apr. 8, 1973, as amended at 40 FR 48302, Oct. 14, 1975] 61.25 Waste disposal sites. In order to be an acceptable site for disposal of asbestos-containing waste material under S 61.22 (j) and (k), an active waste disposal site shall meet the requirements of this section. . (a) There shall be no visible emissions to the outside air from any active waste disposal site where asbestos-containing waste material has been deposited, except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section. (b) Warning signs shall be displayed at all entrances, and along the property line of the site or along the perimeter of the sections of the site where asbestoscontaining waste material is deposited, at intervals of 100 m (ca. 330 ft) or less except as specified in paragraph (d) of this section. Signs shall be posted in such a manner and location that a person may easily read the legend. The warning signs required by this paragraph shall conform to the requirements of 20" x 14" upright format signs specified in 29 CFR 1910.145(d) (4) and this paragraph. The signs shall display the following legend in the lower panel, with letter sizes and styles of a visibility at least equal to those specified in this paragraph. IXGEXS Asbestos Waste Disposal Sit* Do Not preate Dust Breathing Asbestos Is Hazardous to Tour Health Notation 1" Bans Serif, Gothic or Block %" Sans Serif, Gothic or Block 14 Point Gothic Spacing between lines shall be at least equal to the height of the upper of the two lines. (c) The perimeter of the disposal site shall be fenced in order to adequately deter access to the general public except as specified in paragraph (d) of this section. ~ (d) Warning signs and fencing are not required where the requirements of paragraph (e)(1) of this section are met, or where a natural barrier ade quately deters access to the general public. Upon request and supply of ap propriate information, the Administra tor will determine whether a fence or a natural barrier adequately deters access to the general public. (e) Rather than meet the require ment of paragraph (a) of this section, an owner or operator may elect to meet the requirements of paragraph (e) (1) or (e) (2) of this section, of may use an al ternative control method for emissions from active waste disposal sites which has received prior approval by the Administrator. (1) At the end of each operating day, or at least once every 24-hour period while the site is In continuous operation, the asbestos-containing waste material which was deposited at the site during the operating day or previous 24-hour period shall be covered with at least 15 centimeters (ca. f inches) of compacted non-asbestos-containing material. (2) At the end of each operating day, or at least once every 24-hour period while the disposal site is in continuous operation, the asbestos-containing waste material which was deposited at the site during the operating day or previous 24hour period shall be covered with a res inous or petroleum-based dust suppres sion agent which effectively binds dust and controls wind erosion. Such agent shall be used as recommended for the particular dust by the dust suppression agent manufacturer. Other equally ef fective dust suppression agents may be used upon prior approval by the Admin istrator. For purposes of this paragraph, waste'crankcase..oil is not considered a dust suppression jagent. (40 FR 48302, Oct^H, 1976] DPMC-00168 LAM 006654 9.2.3 D0L Regulation^, 29 CFR 1910.1001 1910.1001 Asbestos. (a) Definitions. For the purpose of this section, (1) "Asbestos" Includes chrysotlle, amosite, croddolite, tremolite, anthophylllte. and actinolltat (2) "Asbestos fibers" means asbestos fibers longer than S micrometers. (b) Permissible exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers--(1) Standard effective July 7, 1972. The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed five fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (2) Standard effective July 1. 1976. The 8-hour time-weighted average air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed two fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method pre scribed In' paragraph (e) of this section. (3) Ceiling concentration. No em ployee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers In excess of 10 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method pre scribed In paragraph (e) of this section. (c) Methods of compliance--(1) En gineering methods. (1) Engineering con trols. Engineering controls, such as, but not limited to. Isolation, enclosure, ex haust ventilation, and dust collection, shall be used to meet the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section. (II) Local exhaust ventilation, (a) Local exhaust ventilation and dust col lection systems shall be designed, con structed, Installed, and maintained In accordance with the American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, ANSI Z9.2-1971, which Is In corporated by reference herein. (b) See { 1910.6 concerning the avail ability of ANSI Z9.2-1971, and the maintenance of a historic file in connec tion therewith. The address of the Amer ican National Standards1 Institute Is given In $ 1910.100. (III) Particular tools. All hand-op erated and power-operated tools which may produce or release asbestos fibers In excess of the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, such as. but not limited to, saws, scorers, abrasive wheels, and drills, shall be pro vided with local exhaust ventilation sys tems In accordance with subdivision (11) of this subparagraph. (2)Work practices--(1) Wet methods. Insofar as practicable, asbestos shall be handled, mixed, applied, removed, cut, scored, or otherwise worked in a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of airborne fibers In excess of the ex posure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section, unless the usefulness of the product would be diminished thereby. (II) Particular products and opera tions. No asbestos cement, mortar, coat ing, grout, plaster, or similar material containing asbestos shall be removed from bags, cartons, or other containers in which they are shipped, without being either wetted, or enclosed, or ventilated so as to prevent effectively tire release of airborne asbestos fibers In excess of the limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section. (III) Spraying, demolition, or removal. Employees engaged In the spraying of asbestos, the removal, or demolition of pipes, structures, or equipment covered or Insulated with asbestos, and In the removal or demolition of asbestos In sulation or coverings shall be provided with respiratory equipment In accord ance with paragraph <d) (2) (111) of this section and with special clothing In ac cordance with paragraph (d) (3) of this section. (d) Personal protective equipment-- (I) Compliance with the exposure limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this sec tion may not be achieved by the use of respirators or shift rotation of em ployees, except: (1) During the time period necessary to Install the engineering controls and to Institute the work practices required by paragraph (c) of this section; (II) In work situations In which the methods prescribed In paragraph (c) of this section are either technically not feasible or feasible to an extent Insuffi cient to reduce the airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers below the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section; or (III) In emergencies. (lv> Where both respirators and per sonnel rotation are allowed by subdivi sions (1), (11), or (111) of this subpara graph. and both are practicable, person nel rotation shall be preferred and used. (2) Where a respirator Is permitted by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, it shall be selected from among those ap proved by the Bureau of Mines, Depart ment of the Interior, or the National In stitute for Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Health, Educa tion, and Welfare, under the provisions of 30 CFR Part 11 (37 F.R. 6244, Mar. 25, 1972), and shall be used In accordance with subdivisions (1), (11), (ill), and (lv) of this subparagraph. (1) Air purifying respirators. A reusa ble or single use air purifying respirator, or a respirator described In subdivision (II) or (111) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section, when th celling or the 8-hour time-weighted aver age airborne concentrations of asbesto fibers are reasonably expected to excee no more than 10 times those limits. (II) Powered air purifying respirators A full facepiece powered air purifyin respirator, or a powered air purlfyln respirator, or a respirator described l subdivision (ill) of this subparagrapl 6hall be used to reduce the concentre tlons of airborne asbestos fibers in th respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section when the ceiling or the 8-hour time weighted average concentrations o asbestos fibers are reasonably expecte to exceed 10 times, but not 100 time: those limits. (III) Type "Cu supplied-air respirators continuous flow or pressure-demon class. A type "C" continuous flow or pres sure-demand. supplied-alr resplrato shall be used to reduce the concentre tlons of airborne asbestos fibers in th respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this sectlor when the celling or the 8-hour time weighted average airborne concentre tlons of asbestos fibers are reasonabl expected to exceed 100 times those limit* (lv) Establishment of a respirator pro gram, (a) The employer shall establish a respirator program In accordance wltl the requirements of the American Na tlonal Standards Practices for Respire tory Protection, ANSI Z882-1969, whlc Is incorporated by reference herein. (b) See 11910.6 concerning the avail ability of ANSI Z88.2-1969 and the main tenance of an historic file In connectioi therewith. The address of the America National Standards Institute Is given 1 11910.100. (c) No employee shall be assigned t tasks requiring the use of respirators 1 based upon his most recent examinatloi an examining physician determines thr the employee will be unable to functlo normally wearing a respirator, or th* the safety or health of the employee c other employees will be impaired by hi use of a respirator. Such employee sha be rotated to another job or given th opportunity to transfer to a different po sltion whose duties he is able to perfort with the same employer, in the same gee graphical area and with the same senior lty, status, and rate of pay he had Ju: prior to such transfer, if such a dlfferer position Is available. "<3) Special clothing: The employe shall provide, and require the use of. 6pe cial clothing, such as coveralls or simila whole body clothing, head covering gloves, and -foot coverings for any em ployee exposed to airborne concentre tions of asbestos fibers, which exceed th railing level prescribed In paragraph (b of this section. (4) Change rooms: (1) At any fixe place of employment exposed to airborn concentrations of asbestos fibers in ex cess of the exposure limits prescribed l paragraph (b) of this section, the em ployer shall provide change rooms fc employees working regularly at the placi (11) Clothes lockers: The employ: shall provide two separate lockers or con talners for each employee, so separate or isolated as to prevent contaminatio of the employee's street clothes from hi work clothes. DPMC-00169 LAM 006655 (ill) Laundering: (a) Laundering of asbestos contaminated clothing 6hall be done so as to prevent the release ofialrbome asbestos fibers In excess of the ex posure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section. (b) Any employer who gives asbestos- contaminated clothing to another person for laundering shall inform such person of the requirement In (a) of this subdi vision to effectively prevent the release of airborne asbestos fibers In excess of the exposure limits prescribed in para graph (b) of this section. (e) Contaminated clothing shall be transported In sealed impermeable bags, or other dosed. Impermeable containers, and labeled In accordance with para graph (g) of this section. (e) Method of measurement. AH de terminations of airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers shall be made by the membrane filter method at 400-450 X (magnification) (4 millimeter objective) with phase contrast Illumination. (f) Monitoring--<1) Initial determi nations. Within 6 months of the publi cation of this section, every employer shall cause every place of employment where asbestos fibers are released to be monitored In such a way as to determine whether every employee's exposure to asbestos fibers Is below the limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this sec tion. If the limits are exceeded, the em ployer shall Immediately undertake a compliance program In accordance with paragraph (c) of this section. (2) Personal monitoring--(1) Sam ples shall be collected from within the breathing zone of the employees, on membrane filters of 0.8 micrometer po rosity mounted In an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8-hour timeweighted average airborne concentra tions and of the ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers. (11) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (X) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and' pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of em ployees. In no case shall the sampling be done at Intervals greater than 8 months for employees whose exposure to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section. (3) Environmental . monitoring--(1) samples shall be collected from areas of a work environment which are represent ative of the airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers which may reach the breathing zone of employees. Samples shall be collected on a membrane filter of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for (he determination of the 8hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations and of the celling con centrations of asbestos fibers. (11) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the. Initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of the employees. In no case shall sampling be at Intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposures to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the exposure limits prescribed In para graph (b) of this section. (4) Employee observation of monitor ing. Affected employees, or their rep resentatives, shall be given a reasonable opportunity to observe any monitoring required by this paragraph and shall have access to the records thereof. (g) Caution signs and labels. (1) Cau tion signs. (1) Posting. Caution signs shall be provided and displayed at each location where airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers may be in excess of the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section. Signs shall be posted at such a distance from such a location so that an employee may read the signs and take necessary protective steps be fore entering the area marked by the signs. Signs shall be posted at all ap proaches to areas containing excessive concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers. (11) Sign specifications. The warning signs required by subdivision (1) of this subparagraph shall conform to the re quirements of 20" x 14" vertical format signs specified In { 1910J45(d) (4), and to this subdivision. The signs shall dis play the following legend In the lower panel, with letter sizes and styles of a visibility at least equal to that specified In this subdivision. legend notation Asbestos ________________ Dost Hazard-___ Avoid Breathing Dust____ Wear Assigned Protective Equipment. Do Not Remain In Area Unless Tour Work Re quires It. Breathing Asbestos Dust May Be Hazardous To Tour Health. 1" Bans Beitf, Oothlc or Block. K" Sans Serif. Oothlc or Block. 14" Gothic. 14" Gothic. }4 "Gothic. 14 point Gothic. Spacing between lines shall be at least equal to the height of the upper of any two lines. (2) Caution labels--(1) Labeling. Cau tion labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products containing asbestos fibers, or to their containers, except that no label Is required where asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other material so that during any reasonably foreseeable use. handling, storage, disposal, processing, or transportation, no airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section will be released. (11) Label specifications. The caution labels required by subdivision (1) of this subparagraph shall be printed In letters of sufficient size and contrast as to be readily visible and legible. The label shall state: Caution Contains Asbestos Fibers Avoid Cresting Dust Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Serious Bodily Harm (h) Housekeeping--(1) Cleaning. All external surfaces In any place of employ ment shall be maintained free of accu mulations of asbestos fibers If, with their dispersion, there would be an excessive concentration. (2) Waste disposal. Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equip ment, and asbestos-contaminated cloth ing, consigned for disposal, which may produce In any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, processing, dis posal, or transportation airborne concen trations of asbestos fibers In excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be collected and disposed of In;sealed Impermeable bags, or other closed. Impermeable containers. (1) Recordkeeping--(1) Exposure rec ords. Every employer shall maintain rec ords of any personal or environmental monitoring required by this section. Rec ords shall be maintained for a period of at least 20 years and shall be made avail able upon request to the Assistant Sec retary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and to authorized representa tives of either. (2) Employee access. Every employee and former employee shall have reason able access to any record required to be maintained by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, which indicates the em ployee's own exposure to asbestos fibers. (3) Employee notification. Any em ployee found to have been exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbes tos fibers In excess of the limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be notified in writing of the expo sure as soon as practicable but not later than S days of the finding. The employee shall 'also be timely notified of the cor rective action being taken. (j) Medical examinations--(1) Gen eral. The employer shall provide or make available at his cost, medical examina tions relative to exposure 40 asbestos re quired by this paragraph. (2) Preplacement. The employer shall provide or make available to each of his employees, within 30 calendar days fol lowing his first employment In an occupation exposed to airborne con centrations of asbestos fibers, a compre hensive medical examination, which shall include, as a^hinlmum, a chest roent genogram (pdSterior-anterior 14 x 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi..). (3) Annual examinations. On or be fore January 31, 1973, and at least an nually thereafter, every employer shall provide, or make available, comprehen sive medical examinations to each of his employees engaged In occupations ex posed to airborne concentrations of as bestos fibers. Such annual examination shall Include, as a minimum, a chest roentgenogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to Include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi.,). (4) Termination of employment. The employer shall provide, or make avail able, within 30 calendar days before or after the termination of employment of any employee engaged in an occupation DPMC-00170 LAM 006656 exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical examination which shall Include, as a minimum, a chest roentgenogram (pos terior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit .symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV,,). (5) Recent examinations. No medical examination is required of any em ployee, If adequate records show that the employee has been examined In ac cordance with this paragraph within the past 1-year period. (0) Medical records--(1) Mainte nance. Employers of employees examined Pursuant to this paragraph shall cause to be maintained complete and accurate records of all such medical examina tions. Records shall be retained by employers for at least 20 years. (11) Access. Hie contents of the rec ords of the medical examinations required by this paragraph shall be made available, for inspection and copying, to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of NIOSH, to authorized physi cians and medical consultants of either of them, and, upon the request of an em ployee or former employee, to his physi cian. Any physician who conducts amedlcal examination required by thisparagraph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employee all the Infor mation specifically required by thisparagraph, and any other medical In formation related to occupational ex posure to asbestos fibers. (39 PR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at- 41 FR 11505, Mar. 19, 1976] Subpart I--Personal Protective Equipment 1910.132 General requirements. . (a) Application. Protective equipment, including personal protective equipment for eyes, face, head, and extremities, pro tective clothing, respiratory devices, and protective shields and barriers, shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sani tary and reliable condition wherever It is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or environment, chemical haz ards, radiological hazards, or mechanical lrritsmts encountered In a manner capa ble of causing Injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or phys ical contact! (b) Employee-owned equipment. Where employees provide their own pro tective equipment, the employer shall be responsible to assure its adequacy. In cluding proper maintenance, and sanita tion of such equipment. (c) Design. All personal protective equipment shall be of safe design and construction for the work to be per formed. 1910.133 Eye and face protection. (a) General. (1) Protective eye and face equipment shall be required where there Is a reasonable probability of In jury that can be prevented by such equip ment. In such cases, employers shall make conveniently available a type of protector suitable for the work to be performed, and employees shall use such protectors. No unprotected person shall knowingly be subjected to a hazardous environmental condition. Suitable eye protectors shall be provided where ma chines or operations present the hazard of flying objects, glare, liquids. Injurious radiation, or a combination of these haz ards. (2) Protectors shall meet the follow ing minimum requirements: (i)They shall provide adequate pro tection against the particular hazards for which they are designed. <I1) They shall be reasonably comfort able when worn under the designated conditions. (ill) They shall fit snugly and shall not unduly interfere with the movements of the wearer. <iv> They shall be durable. (v) They shall be capable of being disinfected. <vl) They shall be easily cleanable. <vll) Protectors should be kept clean and in good repair. (3) Persons whose vision requires the use of corrective lenses In spectacles, and who are required by this standard to wear eye protection, shall wear goggles or spec tacles of one of the following types: (I) Spectacles whose protective lenses provide optical correction. (II) Goggles that can be worn over corrective spectacles without disturbing the adjustment of the spectacles. (ill) Goggles that incorporate correc tive lenses mounted behind the protective lenses. (4) Every protector shall be distinctly marked to facilitate identification only of the manufacturer. (5) When limitations or precautions are Indicated by the manufacturer, they shall be transmitted to the user and care taken to .see that such limitations and precautions are strictly observed. (6) Design, construction, testing, and use of devices for eye and face protection shall be In accordance with American National Standard for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, Z87.1-1968. 1910.134 Respiratory protection. (a) Permissible practice. (1) In the control of those occupational diseases caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors, the pri mary objective shall be to prevent at mospheric contamination. This shall be accomplished as far as feasible by ac cepted engineering control measures (for example, enclosure or confinement of the operation, general and local ventilation, and substitution of less toxic materials). When effective engineering controls are not feasible, or while they are being in stituted, appropriate respirators shall be used pursuant to the following require ments. (2) Respirators shall be provided by the employer when such equipment Is necessary to protect the health of the employee. The employer shall provide the respirators which are applicable and suitable for the purpose Intended. The employer shall be responsible for the establishment and maintenance of a res piratory protective program which shall Include the requirements outlined In paragraph (b) of this section. (3) The employee shall use the pro vided respiratory protection In accord ance witn instructions and training received. (b) Requirements for a minimal ac ceptable program. (1) Written standard operating procedures governing the se lection and use of respirators shall be established. (2) Respirators shall be selected on the basis of hazards to which the worker is exposed. (3) The user shall be Instructed and trained in the proper use of respirators and their limitations. (4) Where practicable, the respirators should be assigned to individual workers for their exclusive use. (5) Respirators shall be regularly cleaned and disinfected. Those Issued for the exclusive use of one worker should be cleaned after each day's use, or more often if necessary. Those used by more than one worker shall be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after each use. (6) Respirators shall be stored in a convenient, clean, and sanitary location. (7) Respirators used routinely shall be Inspected during cleaning. Worn or deteriorated parts shall be replaced. Res pirators for emergency use such as selfcontained devices shall be thoroughly Inspected at least once a month and after each use. (8) Appropriate surveillance of work area conditions and degree of employee exposure or stress shall be maintained. (9) There shall be regular Inspection and evaluation to determine the con tinued effectiveness of the program. (10) Persons should not be assigned to tasks requiring use of respirators un less it has been determined that they are physically able to perform the work and use the equipment. The local physician shall determine what health and physical conditions are pertinent. The respirator user's medical status should be reviewed periodically (for instance, annually). (11) Approved or accepted respirators shall be used when they are available. The respirator furnished shall provide adequate respiratory protection against the particular hazard for which it is designed in accordance with standards established by competent authorities. The U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, and the TT.S. Department of Agri culture are recognized as such authori ties. Although respirators listed by the UB. Department of Agriculture continue to be acceptable for protection against specified pesticides, the UJS. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, is the agency now responsible for testing and approving pesticide respirators. (c) Selection of respirators. Proper selection of respirators shall be made ac cording to the guidance of American National Standard Practices for Respira tory Protection 21882-1969. (d) Air quality. (1) Compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration shall be of high purity. Oxygen shall meet the re- DPMC-00171 LAM 006657 qulrements of the United States Pharma copoeia for medical or breathing oxygen. Breathing air shall meet at least the re quirements of the specification for Grade D breathing air as described in Com pressed Gas Association Commodity Specification G-7.1-1966. Compressed oxygen shall not be used in supplied-air respirators or in open circuit selfcontained breathing apparatus that have previously used compressed air. Oxygen must never be used with air line respirators. (2) Breathing air may be supplied to respirators from cylinders or air compressors. (1) Cylinders shall be tested and main tained as prescribed In the Shipping Container Specification Regulations of the Department of Transportation (49 CFR Part 178). (11) The compressor for supplying air shall be equipped with necessary safety and standby devices. A breathing airtype compressor shall be used. Compres sors shall be constructed and situated so as to avoid entry of contaminated air into the system and suitable in-line air purifying sorbent beds and filters in stalled to further assure breathing air quality. A receiver of sufficient capacity to enable the respirator wearer to escape from a contaminated atmosphere in event of compressor failure, and alarms to indicate compressor failure and over heating shall be installed in the system. If an oil-lubricated compressor is used, it shall have a high-temperature or car bon monoxide alarm, or both. If only a high-temperature alarm is used, the air from the compressor shall be frequently tested for carbon monoxide to insure that it meets the specifications in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph. (3) Air line couplings shall be incom patible with outlets for other gas sys tems to prevent Inadvertent servicing at air line respirators with nonresplratde gases or oxygen. (4) Breathing gas containers shall be marked in accordance with American National Standard Method of Marking Portable Compressed Gas Containers to Identify the Material Contained, Z48.11954; Federal Specification BB-A-1034a, June 21, 1968, Air. Compressed for Breathing Purposes; or Interim Federal Specification GG-B-00675b, April 27, 1965, Breathing Apparatus, Self-Con tained. (e> Use of respirators. (1) Standard procedures shall be developed for respi rator use. These should Include all infor mation and guidance necessary for their proper selection, use, and care. Possible emergency and routine uses of respira tors should be anticipated and planned for. (2) The correct respirator shall be specified for each job. The respirator type is usually specified in the work pro cedures by a qualified individual super vising the respiratory protective program. The Individual issuing them shall be adequately instructed to insure that the correct respirator is issued. Each respira tor permanently assigned to an indi vidual should be durably marked to in dicate to whom it was assigned. This mark shall not affect the respirator per formance in any way. The date of issu ance should be recorded. (3) Written procedures shall be pre pared covering safe use of respirators in dangerous atmospheres that might be encountered in normal operations or in emergencies. Personnel shall be familiar with these procedures and the available respirators. (i) In areas where the wearer, with failure of the respirator, could be over come by a toxic or oxygen-deficient atmosphere, at least one additional man shall be present. Communications (visual, voice, or signal line) shall be maintained between both or all individuals present. Planning shall be such that one individ ual will be unaffected by any likely inci dent and have the proper rescue equip ment to be able to assist the' other(s) in case of emergency. (11) When self-contained breathing apparatus or hose masks with blowers are used in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health, standby men m<ist be present with suitable rescue equipment (ill) Persons using air line respirators in atmospheres immediately hazardous to life or health shall be equipped with safety harnesses and safety lines for lift ing or removing persons from hazardous atmospheres or other and equivalent provisions for the rescue of persons from hazardous atmospheres shall be used. A standby man or men with suitable selfcontained breathing apparatus shall be at the nearest fresh air base for emer gency rescue. (4) Respiratory protection is no bet ter t.hm the respirator in use, even though it is worn conscientiously. Fre quent random Inspections shall be con ducted by a qualified individual to as sure that respirators are properly se lected, used, cleaned, and maintained. (5) For safe use of any respirator, it is essential that the user be properly in structed in its selection, use, and main tenance. Both supervisors and workers nha.il be so Instructed by competent per sons. Training shall provide the men an opportunity to handle the respirator, have it fitted properly, test its face-pieceto-face seal, wear It in normal air for a long familiarity period, and. finally, to wear it in a test atmosphere. (I) Every respirator wearer shall re ceive fitting Instructions Including dem onstrations and practice in how the res pirator should be worn, how to adjust it, and how to determine if it fits properly. Respirators h.n not be worn when con ditions prevent a good face seal. Such conditions may be a growth of beard, sideburns, a skull cap that projects under the facepiece, or temple pieces on glasses. Also, the absence of one or both dentures can seriously affect the fit of a facepiece. The worker's diligence in observing these factors shall be evaluated by periodic check. To assure proper protection, the facepiece`fit shall be checked by the wearer each time he puts on the respira tor. This may be done by following the manufacturer's facepiece fitting instruc tions. (II) Providing respiratory protection for individuals wearing corrective glasses is a serious problem- A proper seal cannot be established if the temple bars of eye glasses extend through the sealing edge of the full facepiece. As a temporary measure, glasses with short temple bars or without temple bars may be taped to the wearer's head. Wearing of contact lenses in contaminated atmospheres with a respirator shall not be allowed. Sys tems have been developed for mounting corrective lenses inside full facepieces. When a workman must wear corrective lenses as part of the facepiece, the facepiece and lenses shall be fitted by quali fied individuals to provide good vision, comfort, and a gas-tight seal. (ill) If corrective spectacles or goggles are required, they shall be worn so as not to affect the fit of the facepiece. Proper selection of equipment will mini mize or avoid this problem. (f) Maintenance and care of respira tors. (1) A program for maintenance and care of respirators shall be adjusted to the type of plant, working conditions, and hazards involved, and shall include the following basic services: (1) Inspection for defects (including a leak check), (11) Cleaning and disinfecting, (ill) Repair, (lv) Storage - Equipment shall be properly maintained to retain its original effectiveness. (2) (i) All respirators shall be in spected routinely before and after each use. A respirator that is not routinely used but is kept ready for emergency use shall be Inspected after each use and at least monthly to assure that it is in satisfactory working condition. (ii) Self-contained breathing appara tus shall be inspected monthly. Air and oxygen cylinders shall be fully charged according to the manufacturer's instruc tions. It shall be determined that the regulator and warning devices function properly. (ill) Respirator inspection shall in clude a check of the tightness of con nections and the condition of the facepiece, headbands, valves, connecting tube, and canisters. Rubber or elastomer parts shall be Inspected for pliability and signs of deterioration. Stretching and manipulating rubber or elastomer parts with a massaging action will keep them pliable a{id flexible and prevent them from takmg a set during storage. (lv) A recorcTshall be kept of inspec tion dates and findings for respirators maintained for emergency use. (3) Routinely used respirators shall be collected, cleaned, and disinfected as frequently as necessary to Insure that proper protection is provided for the wearer. Each worker should be briefed on the Cleaning procedure and be assured that he will always receive a clean and disinfected respirator. Such assurances are of greatest significance when respira tors are not individually assigned to workers. Respirators maintained for emergency use shall be cleaned and dis infected after each use. (4) Replacement or repairs shall be done only by experienced persons with -parts designed , for the respirator. No attempt shall be made to replace com ponents or to make adjustment or re pairs beyond the manufacturer's recom mendations. Reducing or admission valves or regulators 6hall be returned to the manufacturer or to a trained technician for adjustment or repair. DPMC-00172 LAM 006658 (6) (1) After inspection, cleaning, and necessary repair, respirators shall be stored to protect against dust, sun light, heat, extreme cold, excessive moisture, or damaging chemicals. Res pirators placed at stations and work areas for emergency use should be quickly accessible at all times and should be stored in compartments built for the purpose. The compartments should be clearly marked. Routinely used respirators, such as dust respira tors, may be placed in plastic bags. Res pirators should not be stored in such places as lockers or tool boxes unless they are in carrying cases or cartons. (11) Respirators should be packed or stored so that the facepiece and exhala tion valve will rest in a normal position and function will not be impaired by the elastomer setting in an abnormal position. (ill) Instructions for proper storage of emergency respirators, such as gas masks and self-contained breathing apparatus, are found in "use and care" instructions usually mounted inside the carrying case lld..,,, > > SOtl e EXHIBIT NO. 1 soti e (Reproduction Permission Obtained) .soti e Asbestos Fiber hrysoti e Material Safety Data Sheet JOHNS-MANVILLE CORP. & SUBSIDIARIES P.O. Box 5108, Denver, Colo. 80217 Emergency.Telephone No: 303-770-1000 Chemical Name & Synonyms: Chrysotile Asbestos Trade Name & Synonyms: Asbestos Chemical Family: Fibrous Mineral Silicates Formula: Mgs (SijOs) (OH)* HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS Paints, Preservatives & Solvents Pigments, Catalyst, Vehicle, Solvents, Additives and Others Alloys and Metallic Coatings Base Metal, Alloys, Metallic Coatings, Filler Metal plus Coating or Core Flux, Others Hazardous Mixtures of Other Liquids, Solids or Gases Chrysotile Asbestos Fiber Approx. 100% (* For TLV --See Section V) TLV (Units) N/A N/A * PHYSICAL DATA Boiling Point (F.), Vapor Pressure (mm Hg.) Vapor Density (Air=1), Solubility in Water Appearance and Odor: White Fibrous dry material --no odor Specific Gravity (H20 = 1) Percent volatile by volume (%) Evaporation rate (=1) N/A N/A 2.4-2.6 N/A N/A IV FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Material is non-flammable. No fire or explosion hazard m/m HEALTH HAZARD DATA Threshold Limit Value OSHA Exposure Limits Effective July 1,1976. The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed two fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air. Ceiling Concentrations. No employee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer than G micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air. (Refer to OSHA Standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust, Federal Register, Volume 37, No. 110t-Wednesday, June 7,1972, paragraph (h) (2). Emergency and First Aid Procedures Avoid breathing excessive dust when handling, dumping and mixing. See caution label on bag. VI REACTIVITY DATA Stability Incompatability (materials to avoid) Hazardous Decomposition Products Hazardous Polymerization Stable N/A None Will not occur __V__II__ SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES Steps to be taken in case material is released or spilled Vacuum clean spillage. Repair broken bags. If sweeping is necessary, wet down spillage. Use approved respiratory equipment when required. Waste Disposal Method Disposal of waste in accordance with OSHA Standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust, Federal Register, Volume 37, No. 110--Wednesday, June 7,1972, paragraph (h) (2). WHIM SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATION Respiratory Protection Use respirators as recommended by the OSHA Standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust, Federal Register, Volume 37, No. 110--Wednesday, June 7,1972, paragraph (d). Ventilation Control with mechanical dust collection equipment to within TLV. (See American National Standards Institute booklet, Z9.2 --1971). Other Protective Equipment Use special clothing as required by the OSHA Standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust, Federal Register, Volume 37, No. 110--Wednesday, June 7,1972, paragraph (d). IX SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS Precautions to be taken in handling and storing Maintain good housekeeping practices. Vacuum clean waste and place in closed containers. Other precautions SEE CAUTION LABEL ON BAG. While the information and recommendations set forth herein are believed to be accuratees of the date hereof. JOHNS-MANVILLE MAKES NO WARRANTY WITH RESPECT THERETO AND DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FROM RELIANCE THEREON. Johns-Manville DPMC-0017 4 Asbestos Fiber Sales P.O.Box 5108 * Denver. Colo. 80217 (303) 770-1000 Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd. * Asbestos Fiber Division P.O. Box 1500 Asbestos. Quebec. Canada JIT 3N2 (819) 879-5433 LAM 006660 43 0 0O *5 0 O 0C XZ 0 H C 0 ce O 0H 43 0 0 C M O 0 000 4> H 0 43 CH 0 ok 0 MM 0 44 9 9 43 H O 43 9 0H M 0 H 000 m a 0 O 0 X2 ' . 0 DMH 0 0 a 0 43 0 *} 0 m *a *J 0*43 ' H 0 43 M 0 -- 0 9 0 0*5 C *5 H C 0 0 0 V M 0 0O 43 9 0 0X2 . X2H C 0 43 0 0 O' 43 0 0 0O > 0 - 43 0 O C H 0 COM M 0 H OH 5> H 0 H C C-HBOHI O' Id H - *m 4>ici,m-h x2*o > MX) OHDC OB b M M H 0 * O M 44 *0 0^ O ViMJ n HO 0 4J C *5 0 O M H k M M > a0 00 o h a 0k*5S HMO0CU CH X H 0 0 CO' 41 O' H H-PH 9H44 Ha *H O 00 X03<HM on * . nod H>vn x: 0 je . 0<MVHOn,uDU e O' O' **J 263-S09>i a V ttHS6<HtlOl0>HX9 id H : 0 . 4>IIO 0 G E Id H . . 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C O ll H O' O 0 0 44 H W a 8 43034J 8 0 O' u 0 0 XZ * H H 44 44 44 0 4* H 0 * 0 Q 0 X ci H H H 53 0 0 C 0 H ll 44 H 0 be 0 43 U 0',0 9 Q H W 4> C H C 0 <C 0 43 0 a 0 U 0 0 44 0 0 900 0 OO 44 G 0 Oil 000 OH. 43 43 0 53 0 > *- ** c 44 0 4> 0 44 44 0 44 0 W 44 3 0 a u & 44 0 H H u O O 3 E 0 H *3 44 53 m 3 w 9 H 0 0> H 44 53 a 44 0 44 44 0 11 0 0 0 0 4> 44>000H <0140 C 0> 0 a u 44 0 0 0 OH 0H43 044 llH 044 u 0 H O' O 0 . c0 00C M3 3 4) O H fl fH 3 a x> CL 53 TJ O H 0 c H 44 0 CH H 0 XX 9 > 000 a44 m 9 0 a c 0 H 44 C H H 0 E OHU0O9 44 H H 53 XZ 0 43 0 D 44 0 0 0 H 0 K c M c M C O 3 0 c 0 O 44 43 0 H CO w fl H F H O 0 44 53 CMHU^COULMO han ooHUoaao G W 43 0 0 C 0 5 4> 3 H 0 ( N 0 in SO ff CD H u 0 O 0O 0OOO Ve f- M T~ ` CL & DPMC-00181 LAM 006667 : to u 0 x *h I I T0J 0LHl vlii XLJ H *+- 0 i 0vi *o *w x IIi: uX*0oOM vu(wpi 9. .,C-3tEl>0lo>v>. w Cc0i *j 0 "iv: v6i L. wO L TJ o4E1. qMJ C L0I * , 'ULI S(9-:: *-i L. -H T3 . U V* ' 0 li I X01 LHI CO I LI vi CL 3 ' E(9 vTJ-i Xci vEi Li U :* - . i-Hi 0I1- C01TC3l 9M 3 vi H eo CL 01 0U XVi LI U L x > Vi.vf EX XLVi L-i LoI vcoio X L01I TVJ X3 O 0 0 Li >O01 *0Uo1 - L0C1i - X vi O vH . 4J TJ X 03 Xo Ll u 00 cO .o* (d <o > ci uX ou O. 0 X e9 eit U 41 O H C &V O6 TV3i vUEi T0C3 0 *> Li oV04 x*"LH> X0(0 !i51 M0 0E - X vi M 0 0 ii (V 0 > CI -li oVi o U 00 0c > E v. *1 X vi I 0 0 Vi o U H > Vi 40 0 n o. II X0 X 00 o *o vi c 6 0 -HOC 6 0 I <M 3 vi " rX O 3 : Li o o ) Li U 00 vi 0<L0) L01 LCVi > *J V 0 01 0 v6i vVi L01i LcI x3 X 01 u 00 U v4>41i -XOH V0f1ti B01 O3 V40i LHI Vi X01 X0 Mc n C1Q rol IoI 3c *h On 0 <-i vi +| *0 cl a BO> 3 O vi von c Cl B CL M -O ft -H 3 O' 0 vi H vi 0 0 IM I XH XHOOo*r0i **H C0l0*D- LI o0E1 vi -H ' O M C I Vi 0 c 0 0 I TJ -h I 0 00 o 04 0 C H L 3 Vi vi i-i v0i L0I "* UVji c 0 H. 00 L 41 H L( I O C 0Vi LI ft 9UXOO > vi 0 Li *0 x LI 60 0 00 0 1 0 Vi LI >s C Vi i x ft u2 0 V> 3 e H Tt 3 "* > 4 LI OO0 OO ) *0 0 Vi 0 O 3 r<l r-4 0 <-4 M c 0e03 0 Vi M T3 00 0 -a c vi v --X c O 0 o v4 I v4 X 0 -V tSS * LI Vi 0 Hi TJ ox o a> c o Vi O 0 0 vi Vi LI 40 X 0 VI 6000 X oX 1 H o Li 3 Vi Vi X C 0 LI LI <T\ DPMC-00182 LAM 006668 ij.5 container that will be sent to an approved asbestos landfill site. A1ternatively, the area may be washed into a waste asbestos collection system or the asbestos wetted down and picked up. It is suggested that a periodic inspection of the storage area be made by a supervisor and that inwediate action be taken to prevent or reduce the possibility of airborne asbestos fiber. USING-DIAPHRAGM DEPOSITING A potential exposure to asbestos in chlor-alkali operations occurs when it is being prepared for use in making diaphragms. When handling industrial bags from storage to point of use, care should be taken to be sure that the bag is not split or open. A supply of large heavy duty plastic bags should be available for containing any broken bags before movement is allowed to take place. Those employees working in direct contact with asbestos should wear an approved dust mask and appropriate protective, clothing. 8ags of asbestos to be added to the diaphragm bath should be moved carefully to prevent or minimize any dust emission that may arise. Bags should never be thrown or dropped as this will result in asbestos contamination of the air. There are a variety of safe ways of handling dry asbestos in preparing for diaphragm depositing operations. Regardless of the approach used, it is imperative that emissions of dry asbestos in the worker breathing zone or to the ambient air be controlled to within regulatory limitations. The mere weighing and dumping of asbestos Into a depositing bath without benefit of a vacuum venting system to contain and trap asbestos dust should be avoided. As a minimum, asbestos bag cutting, emptying, sorting, weighing and slurry preparation should be performed under a vented hood; see Figure I. A more sophisticated approach would be to perform such operations in a tightly sealed, vented enclosure into which the operator inserts his hands in gloves fastened to the inside of the enclosure. A.5.1 FIGURE 1. ASBESTOS DUST COLLECTOR Written detailed operating procedures should be available to workers and it should be determined they are being followed. These should include information as to the types of protective clothing and masks to be worn, including their ultimate disposal; checking of vacuum and exhaust ^ system; details of slurry make-up operations; shut-down and housekeeping procedures etc. -- Sorting and Weighing Greatest care should be exercised in opening asbestos bags, especially if not done within a sealed system. A suggested technique is to use a heated knife to cut the bags. Bags should be fully slit, always under a vacuum vent system, and carefully folded over to allow emptying of the bag with a minimum disturbance of the contents. Bags should never be shaken. Any necessary delumping of asbestos similarly should be done cautiously to minimize dust release. Empty bags should be carefully folded with slit area inside, again within the sealed or vacuum vent system. Within that system they should be deposited in a lidded, labeled container reserved for the purpose or placed in a labeled, plastic bag that is tied or otherwise fastened shut. When only partial contents of a bag is required, the bag should be resealed effectively, such as with wide duct taoe. to contain the remaininq asbestos. Weighing of asbestos should be done, again within a sealed or vacuum vent system, in such a manner as to minimize dust release. The same applies to preparation of the asbestos slurry. Containers of weighed asbestos must have a lid in place as soon as the proper weight is obtained. DPMC-00183 LAM 006669 Protective Equipment Workers involved in asbestos bag transfer and slitting, sorting, weighing, and slurrypreparation operations should wear an approved mask or respirator as well as suitable protective clothing. Housekeeping Upon completion of operations any asbestos fibers should be removed, such as by a vacuum hose. The work area should then be carefully flushed down with water; hitting dried asbestos with high/ medium pressure water might cause some of it to become airborne. Personal Hygiene Used dust masks, gloves, and other protective clothing should be removed and placed in the labeled receptacle(s) set aside for the purpose, and the receptacle then should be closed or otherwise fastened. Non-disposable protective clothing should be inspected and any fibers vacuum-removed; clothing should not be air blown, shaken or brushed for this purpose. Workers should wash hands and face before leaving asbestos-contaminated areas. SPENT ASBESTOS Wash Area Asbestos diaphragms need be removed and replaced at some frequency depending on cell type, brine quality, and other variables. The wash area should be constructed with a smooth surface to prevent asbestos from adhering and drying, and from becoming a possible source of airborne asbestos. The area should also contain a trench system for receiving and carrying away the asbestos to a sump or pit. If possible, some sort of minimum sloping of the concrete floor should be used to facilitate drainage. The collection trench should be covered with removable type grating to allow for ease of clean-up. After use of the wash area and at the end of each work day, all areas should be carefully flushed to remove all traces of asbestos. If water use is a problem the area can be initially cleaned using a large rubber squeegle; final wash down then can be accomplished with a minimum quantity of water. Disposal As is the case with diaphragm depositing operations, there are several alternate ways of safely disposing of spent asbestos. Separation of spent asbestos from the diaphragm water wash generally is accomplished by approved pond settling or by filtering, such as in plate and frame filters. The system chosen will depend largely on the availability of space and its optimum ultl1izatlon. Ponding and settling of asbestos-containing cell renewal wastes can be facilitated by the addition of a polyelectrolyte flocculant. Pond size will, of course, depend on the volume of waste to be handled, climatic conditions, etc. Ponds will require occasional clean-out of settled materials; this can be accomplished by a carefully-planned clam shell bucket transfer operation with the solids being emptied Into covered, water-tight trucks for transfer to an approved landfill disposal site. Conventional plate and frame filters effectively remove asbestos particles* and require regular maintenance. Filtered asbestos should be deposited Into a suitable water-tight, covered container, for eventual transfer to an approved landfill disposal site. Such containers should be kept wetted to prevent any airborne asbestos and must bear the required OSHA caution label. Water Re-Use if water reuse from a diaphragm renewal operation is contemplated, some treatment prior to use may be necessary . Landf111s Landfills into which asbestos wastes are deposited, whether on or off-premises, are strictly controlled by EPA [40CFR61 .25], as are reports pertalng to same (40CFR61 .24]. Transportation of wastes to contract disposal sites must be accomplished In accord with any applicable regulations. 5. EMPLOYEE PROTECTION GENERAL Asbestos can cause serious health probelms unless It Is properly used and handled. Excessive exposure to asbestos dust can cause human disease, specifically pulmonary fibrosis, carcinoma and pleural mesothelioma. The qualification of the health risk associated with specific airborne concentrations, fiber dimensions, and the chemical composition of the fibers, however. Is inexact. In addition the problem of estimating the magnitude of the risk Is complicated by the 20- to 40year latency period between the onset of exposure and the appearance of disease. Consequently, human exposure must be reduced to within allowable exposure levels. Regulations require that engineering controls, such as, but not limited to, isolation, enclosure, exhaust ventilation, and dust collection, be employed to meet the limiting TWA and celling level exposure concentrations [29CFRI910.1001(c)]. They also require, insofar as practicable, that asbestos be handled, mixed, applied, removed etc. in a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of airborne fibers in excess of the limiting worker exposure concentrations. Compliance * While filters are effective for asbestos particles or bundles, It has been suggested that they are not effective on smal 1 fibrils. DPMC-00184 lam 006670 5.2 5.3 5.k 5.5. may not be achieved by the use of respirators or shift rotations except in those work situations where (a) prescribed engineering control methods and/or work practices are technically not feasible or feasible to an extent insufficient to reduce the airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers below permissible TWA and ceiling concentrations, and (b) during emergencies; in those instances, and where both respirators and personnel rotation are practicable, personnel rotation shall be preferred and used (29CFR1910.1001(d)). CAUTION SIGNS AND LABELS Caution signs must be provided and displayed at each location where airborne concentrations of asbestos may exceed limiting worker exposure concentrations (29CFRI910.1001(g)(1)] and at and around asbestos waste disposal sites (40CFR61.22(1)], The signs must be of such dimensions and posted in such a manner that a person may easily read them and take necessary precautions and protective measures before entering the area marked [29CFR1910.1001(g)(1) and ^OCFRbl.22(1)(2)]. It is recommended that caution signs be posted wherever asbestos Is handled or used. Caution labels must be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scraps, waste, debris etc. containing unbonded asbestos, or to their containers (29CFR1910.1001(g)(2)], including sealed, leak-tight containers of asbestos-containing wastes (e.g. empty bags, dust masks, disposable clothing, sludges etc.) destined for ultimate disposal at approved landfill sites [k0CFR6l.22(j)). RESPIRATORS Where use of respirators are permitted they must be selected from those approved by either the U.S. Bureau of Hines or NIOSH/Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (29CFR1910.1001(d)(2)] (See Ref. 8.1.1) or other appropriate approving authority. 0SHA General Industry Standards on Respiratory Protection [29CFR1910.1001.I3M require that a respiratory protective program be established by the employer and that the respiratory protective equipment used be effective. (See also 29CFRI9I0.1001(d)(2). It is recommended that employees wear an approved dust respirator whenever there exists a good possibility of exposure in excess of allowable standards. This is especially applicable when performing maintenance work on dust collector components. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING Regulations require that workers exposed to asbestos in excess of the allowable ceiling concentration of 10 fibers/cc wear protective clothing such as overalls or similar whole body clothing, head coverings, gloves and foot coverings; such clothing must be employer-provided (29CFRI910.1001(d)(3)]. It is recommended that protective clothing contain no pockets or side openings. Employers also are obligated to provide change rooms for workers in situations where workers may be exposed to asbestos fiber in excess of the allowable TWA and ceiling concentrations, and two separate lockers or other containers for each worker so separated or isolated as to prevent contamination of the worker's street clothes from his work clothes(29CFR1910.1001(d)(k)], Many employers prefer to provide disposable-type overalls although reusable ones are permitted. In the latter case, anti-static, cotton polyester fabric of fine weave has proven highly satisfactory. Laundering, whether on or off premises, should be done in such a way as to prevent airborne contamination in excess of allowable limits. Where contract laundering exists, it is incumbent on the employer to inform the launderer (preferably in writing) of this obligation [29CFR1910.1001(d)(M); it is also recommended that the operation be inspected on a periodic basis. Soiled protective clothing, whether of the reusable or disposable type, should be placed in sealed, impermeable bags or other closed, impermeable containers which must bear the required caution label (29CFR1910.1001(d)(4) (iii)j; [ftOCFRfil.22(j)]. Use of water-soluble laundry bags, if available, would minimize exposure potential in handling operations. It is recommended that protective clothing be issued and collected on a daily basis. Soiled disposable type protective clothing should be considered to be contaminated with asbestos and, therefore, disposal must be in accord with EPA regulations (kOCFRbl.22]. Reusable clothing should be vacuum-cleaned prior to placing in containers for laundering; they should not be shaken, brushed, or air blown. HOUSEKEEPING All external surfaces in any place of employment must be maintained free of accumulations of asbestos fiber, if with their dispersion, there would be an excessive concentration (29CFR1910. 1001(h)). This can be accomplished with the use of a controlled central vacuum system or dis posable-bag vacuum cleaner designed so that there is no discharge of asbestos from the filter. 6. MONITORING Prescribed monitoring involves both industrial hygiene sampling and medical surveillance programs. 6.1 HYGIENE MONITORING Both personal and environmental monitoring are prescribed. The sampling frequency and patterns must be such as to represent with reasonable accuracy the worker's exposure levels. For workers whose exposure to asbestos may reasonably be forseen to exceed the limiting TWA and ceiling concentrations, the intervals must not exceed six months [29CFRI910.1001 (f)l. Workers or their representatives must be given opportunity to observe any required monitoring, as well as access to results of same. DPMC-00185 LAM 006671 6.1.1 Personal Monitoring Samples for determination of both TWA and ceiling asbestos concentrations must be taken within*the worker's breathing zone; See Figure 2. FIGURE 2. ASBESTOS SAMPLER 6.1.2 Environmental Monitoring Samples must be collected from areas of a work environment that are representative of airborne concentrations of asbestos which may reach workers breathing zones. 6.1.3 Records Environmental and personal monitoring records required by OSHA regulations must be maintained for a minimum of 20 years and, upon request, must be made available to OSHA and NIOSH authorities and their authorized representatives [29CFR1910.1001(i)3. 6.1. A * Employee Access and Notification Present and past employees are guaranteed right of access to hygiene monitoring records pertaining to their individual asbestos exposure. Employees exposed to asbestos in excess of limiting TWA and ceiling concentrations must be notified within five days of the finding and of corrective action being taken [29CFRI910.1001(1)(2) and (3)]. It Is recommended that records be kept of any such notifications. 6.2 6.2.1 MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE OSHA regulations 129CFR1910.1001(j)(3)1 provide for medical surveillance of workers "engaged In any occupations exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers." Required medical exami nations must be provided, or made available, by the employer.* Pre-Placement A comprehensive medical examination Is required within 30 days of a worker's assignment to an occupation involving exposure to airborne asbestos. As a minimum the examination shall include: 6.2.2 6.2.3 *Chest roentgenogram (Posterior-Anterior, IV' x 17") *History, to elicit symptomotology of respiratory disease *Pulmonary function tests, including forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVj^q) in addition, it is recommended that a complete smoking history should be recorded, including average daily consumption. The examining physician shall make a determination of the ability of the worker to effectively wear a respirator. Period!c Regulations require that employer's provide or make available a comprehensive medical examination at least annually and including, as a minimum, those elements listed in 6.2.1. Termination Regulations require that employers provide or make available a comprehensive medical examination within 30 days before or after termination of employment including, as a minimum, those elements 1isted in 6.2.1. 6.2. A Record Retention Employers are obligated to maintain all medical records for a minimum of 20 years. * An administrative interpretation is provided in OSHA Program Directive #300-16 (10/11/78); the term "exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fiber" Is interpreted to mean "exposed to a minimum of 0.1 asbestos fibers larger than 5 micrometers per cubic centimeter of air." Also, that medical examinations are required for any 7 to 8-hour time-weighted average concentration of 0.1 f/cc, or for a greater concentration. DPMC-00186 LAM 006672 6.2.5 Employee Access Contents of records of required medical examinations must be made available for inspection and copying [29CFR 1910.1001 (j)] to: *The Assistant Secretary of Labor for OSHA and/or to his authorized physician and medical consultants; *The Director of NIOSH and/or to his authorized physician and medical consultants; *Upon request of an employee or former employee, his physician. 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7. employee training The effectiveness of a program for the safe handling of asbestos depends In large measure upon the manner it is implemented by workers. Management has a responsibility not only to provide a safe workplace but, through detailed work practices and adequate protective equipment, the means t>y which employees can protect themselves in the event of excessive airborne asbestos emissions, inherent and fundamental to the sucess of the program Is the need to provide regular worker training in the handling of routine job assignments. operating PROCEDURES it is recommended that workers having a potential for exposure to airborne asbestos have available to them, and follow, written operating instructions specific to their job assignment. Management should determine that these instructions are being applied. Preparatory to being assigned to a job having a potential for exposure to airborne asbestos, workers should be apprised of all hazards, and proper conditions and precautions concerning asbestos use or exposure, including personal hygiene and housekeeping practices. 00L OSHA Form 20 "Material Safety Data Sheet," or the equivalent, should be kept on tile and readily accessible to workers; See Exhibit No.1. Review of the contents of MSDS's is a valuable tool for worker orientation and periodic training exercises. Other valuable sources are indicated in 8.4. Respirators i' Employers are obligated to have written standard operating procedures governing the selection and use of rospi rators [29CFR1910.134(b) (3) and (e)(5)]. The employer respirator training program must include, as a minimum: *The nature of respiratory hazards in the workplace and how to select respirators *Use of respirators and proper fitting *Capabi1ities and limitations of respirators Cleaning, disinfection, inspection, maintenance and storage of respirators Dates of training and subject matter presented should be retained by employers. Protecltve Clothing Operating Procedures should incorporate information on the selection, use, care and disposal of protective clothing. personal Hygiene High standards of personal hygiene should be established and maintained. Workers should be prevented from eating in areas where asbestos is stored, processed, used or disposed. They should be instructed to wash hands and face before eating. S moking Employees should be made aware that it has been established that cigarette smoking greatly increases the risk of developing lung cancer in persons exposed to asbestos. On the other hand, asbestos workers who do not smoke cigarettes, and who never have smoked regularly, have shown no greater frequency of lung cancer than the average person who does not smoke. In any event, smoking should be permitted in assigned areas only. DPMC-00187 LAM 006673 8. REFERENCES 8.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.1# 8.1.5 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.3 8.3.1 8.3*2 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 PHEW (U.S.) "Certified Respirator Equipment" (12/15/75) and "Cummulative Supplement" (6/77) and/or later issues. Available from DHEW, NIOSN, Morgantown, W.VA. 26505 "Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Asbestos," Report HSH72-10267 (1372). Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 "NIOSH Manual of Sampling Data Sheets - 1977 Edition". Available frcxn DHEW, Center for Disease Control, Cincinnati, OH 4$226 "NJOSH Revised Recommended Asbestos Standard," DHEW Publication 77*169 (December 1976). Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 "Membrane Filter Method for Evaluating Airborne Asbestos Fibers," NIOSH Publication TR84 (1978). Available frcxn the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 EPA (U.S.) "Electron Microscope Measurement of Airborne Asbestos Concentrations, A Provisional Methodology Manual," EPA Report 600/2-77*178 (June, 1978). Available from EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. "Evaluating and Optimizing Electron Microscope Methods for Characterizing Airborne Asbestos," EPA Report 600/2-78-038 (June, 1978)." Available from EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. "Preparation of Water Samples for Asbestos Fiber Counting by Electron Microscopy," EPA Report 600/4-78-011 (January, 1978). Available from EPA Office of Research and Development, Athens, GA 30601. MISCELLANEOUS `Measurement of Asbestos Exposure," J. Occupational Medicine 10:1, 21 (January 1968). "Asbestos: An Information Resource," DHEW Publication (NIH) 78-1681 (May 1978). Available from office of Cancer Communications, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, M0 20014 OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES Asbestos Information Association, 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway, Crystal Square 4, Arlington, VA 22202 Johns Kanvllle Corporation, Environmental Affairs Department, P 0 Box 5108, Denver, CO 80217 9.1 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.2 9. APPENDICES ANALYTICAL METHODS EPA Method for Asbestos in Water NIOSH Sampling Data Sheet j?2.02 (Sept. 4, 1975) REGULATIONS 9.2.1 9.2.2 DOT : 49 CFR Parts 172 - 177 " EPA : 40 CFR Part 6l 9.2.3 D0L-0SHA : 29 CFR 1910.1001 DPMC-00188 LAM 006674