Document RpeQ1a0ZgMGV9BnNOrzD28mqE

Improved Machinability Claimed for Lead-Bearing Steel HLl recent developmenl ol Ledlov. Tnew lead hearing. tree cutting, open hearth steel, marks another for ward step in the progress id the steel and metal working industries, tor \ears the development of a material combining the good qualities of open hearth steel, with the economy of easy machinability. has puzzled industry. Ledloy 1120. according to reports, has solved this problem, improving ma chinability from 30 to 60 per cent over standard SAE 1120, and ma chines more easilv. even, than high sulphur Bessemer screw stock (SALXI112 i. Ledlov is the Inland Steel Companv's copyrighted name lor steel of anv composition which has been al loyed with lead and in which the lead is uniformly dispersed. According to the manufacturers, the lead is usually added in amounts from .15 to .30 per cent bv a special process which as sures the uniform distribution of the lead throughout the steel. By this pro cess. the state of dispersion is so fine that the lead can not be seen under a microscope and has no effect on the physical properties of the steel, but greatly increases the machining rate. Vi ithin the limits of accuracy in test ing. the strength, ductility and resist ance to impact are apparently un changed by the addition of lead. The improved machinability claim ed for lead-bearing steel is reported in figures, shown in Table 2. based on actual production runs on cold-fin ished Ledloy by leading cold drawing companies. Cold drawn Ledlov machines, it is TABLE 1 --REPOUTED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LEDLO'i Ketiulm- SAF. 1120.. Ledloy 1120. . Kejziila r SAF 1045.. Ledloy 1045.. Yield Strene:th Ultimate lbs. [ter sq. i n. strength Flung. 2 in. 43.300 44.080 61.790 02.280 37.2 36.5 (In the nati iral hot rollec1 condition ) 01,550 64.750 94.350 97.900 28.5 28.5 1 Vr emit < .liarpv ni*d. aiva impact ft. Ili- 05.1 36.4 03.7 35.0 503) 22.8 52.0 2.3.8 ported. more rapidl y than .35 per cent carbon screw stock SAE X1335. Also, according to tests, the improved machinability on the addition of lead is not confined to regular or cold drawn screw stock, but increased pro duction can be obtained with higher carbon grades, as shown in Table 3. It is further claimed that tool life is increased from 50 to 200 per cent with Ledloy. despite the increased machining speeds permitted, and that it may also he carburized and treated similarly to ordinary carbon steel. The presence ol lead has no effecl the "normality" of the steel and full case hardness and tough, durable cores are developed by heat treatment. In welding, the strength and ductility of the welds are apparently not af fected by the addition of lead. Also. Inland Ledlov forges the same as other steel of similar analysis. It fills the dies well and gives clean ,rp impressions with flash that is easily trimmed, another quality oi adv antage in many of the uses In which this new steel may he put. TABLE 2--MACHINABILITY Case 1: Form, thread, drill, ream and chamfer. High sulphur Bessemer screw stock (SAE-X1112I Ledloy 1120 (Increased production 29.4 per cent. I Case 2: Form, drill, knurl and chamfer. High sulphur Bessemer screw7 stock (S.AE-X1112) Ledloy 1120 (Increased production 34.3 per cent. I Case 3: Box mill, center, tap. form, cut-off. High sulphur Bessemer screw stock (SAE-X1112I Ledloy 1120 I Increased production 33.3 per cent.) Increase in tool life...................................................more than Time per Part 43 secolld- 9 0.7 HI) 60 " 200 per cent. TABLE .3 Typical party n inch benefit in machining by tid ing Icailctl Wee/ [' ,;T1 M IN LAN U Time per Part SAE 10-15 Ledlov 1045 j Both sample. 68 .ennui. j oil quenched 51 " j and drawn at ! 1000-F. (Increased production 33.3 per cent.) SAE 1085 ,2 seconds i Both samples Ledloy 1085 50 " ( annealed. (Increased production 28.0 per rent.) L2J LIA25AS3 Lead Plumbing Proved Best in San D iego Hospital n ,,;j piegn County Hospital. The ohI buildings at the left have lend plumbing that neici alien tumble, while the new buildings. at right, hale hail trouble with newer plumbing that is not lead STRIKING example of the ser- unit, despite onlv It) vears of service, A viceabilit\ and long-time econo the plumbing has given continuous my of lead plumbing is given by thterouble and requires constant repairs. San Diego County Hospital. San Durabilitv and freedom from Diego. Cal. The original buildings of trouble are important factors for ihis hospital were constructed 32 architects to consider when specifying ^ears ago. All wastes, traps, toilet plumbing materials. In this respect, bends and vents in these buildings are rarely does such a direct comparison lead. Water services and supplies are come to light wherein two systems of also lead. All the original lead plumb plumbing are installed in the same ing is still in service and has never group of buildings under similar con given any trouble to date. ditions. It gives conclusive evidence \'ew additions to the hospital were built in 1928. The plumbing in the new group is not lead, nor are the SPECIFY MATERIAL water services and supplies. In this that in the long run lead is more eco nomical and less subject to stoppage or corrosion that mav result in unsanitarv or troublesome conditions for architects' clients. It is only natural that lead pipe should give better service. It has thick walls made of the most durable com mon metal. Its flexibility takes care of ground and building settlement with out damage or strain to pipe or joints. It does not clog with corrosion prod uct or discolor water, and the smooth inner bore of both pipe and joints minimize danger of stoppages result ing from lint. hair, or other solids in the water. Its advantages are main and the San Diego Countv Hospital plumbing brings them out admirable. Such excellent service means much to the public and is of great benefit to architects specifving lead plumbing. They are assured of durable, troublefree installations that bring good will and increased business. We are in debted to Gordon Taylor, business manager and superintendent of the hospital, for the facts about its plumb ing. > t Lead Makes Durable, Non-Staining Chimney Flashing NE of the important advantages and other building materials. Even O of lead for flashing and other the most perfectly designed home may sheet metal applications is the fascoton appear tacky and unattractive that it does not discolor adjacent ma due to such staining. terials. Rainwater running down the This possibility has been definitely lead does not take into solution com ruled out by flashing with lead the pounds which produce permanent, un- chimneys of the Long Island residence sightlv stains on paint, brick, stucco, shown in the photographs. The flash ing was installed according to the standard practice for fine lead work, as described in LEAD. Julv. 1938. Thus, this home, designed by Frank C. Farley, of New Nork. is assured of permanent, water-tight joints at the chimney intersections, at the same time eliminating ugly discoloration. Close-up lieu ot i lead chimney flush ing General view of I Loop Island home t wheie chimneys were flashed with non-staining lead i i| lit [3] L Many Applications of Fine L< f ieu <>t the nnt \ursc\ Horn,the kina' Counn 11 o'!>i in/. wind> i n c <> r fi i) rate' man \ appliedlion ' ot lead work INE lead work is an outstanding the two front wings of the building. F feature of the new Nurse's Home Drawings show the installation of recently completed as part of thethese parts. The spandrels. 51 g ft. by Kings Countv Hospital. Brooklyn. 3 ft., were hung bv lead cleats on N. \. This hospital, erected in 1932. welded iron frames. The completed incorporates in its design some of the unit was then set into place in the ma largest and finest examples of modern sonry. The ends of the vertical mem architectural lead work in this coun bers of the iron frames were bent back try. i LEAD. Nov.. 1932. Jan.. 1933.1 and hooked over and under the ma The lead work on the original build ings has been so outstanding in its ap pearance and performance that it was only natural and fitting to use the same metal on the Nurse's Home. As was the case before, the lead work in cludes spandrels, frames, flashing, gutters, downspouts, finials. cresting, fleches. louvres and dormer windows. Most striking in this work are the spandrels and vertical frames. Made of 4 lb. hard lead stamped to the archi tect's design, the spandrels extend for six stories, three rows wide, on each of sonrv at the bottom and top ol safl the windows and securely bolted. Spandrels were looselocked into hard lead window flashing at top and bottom and let into folds in the continuous vertical frames on each side ol the spandrel. These vertical frames wen run in 8 ft. lengths abutting one another, with a piece ol lead-coated copper soldered in back of the upper end of the lower of two abutting sections, lap ping behind the top section 3 in. This makes a water-proof joint without tying the two sections together. Hard lead flashing built into the masonry at the side was folded into the frames in > " STANDARD DETAILS Soldered - V Detail of orna mental lead gut ters on the new Murse's Home View s hou'i ng lead cresting, ridging, fleches on the roof peak and also leadcovered dormers, lead flashing, gut ters and leader- heads 'I ^J .'4 rrr.n vv i --------------- <4 r [4] LI A25465 Kings County Nurse's Home the same way as the spandrels and frames were joined. All joints were filled with \ ulcatex Non-Hardening Compound. Bv thus allowing the span drels and frames to move treelv in all directions, there is adequate provision for expan sion and contraction of the metal. The attractive hanging gut ters on the Nurse's Home are of 4 lb. hard lead. The leaderheads are cast hard lead. Flashing is t lb. soft lead and in no case do lengths exceed 8 ft. Hard lead was also used to cover the ventilating louvres in the towers and to cover copings. Lead copings should be in ILS CiKNDREL in s t al l at io n 4 hurtZuri'wtmc < m >ide view oi the A lira's' llnrnr 'huu inp the leadc o cere d louvre> and other lead uorl. lengths not greater than 8 ft., with loose-locked seams, and should he locked into continuous cleats secured in the masonry along both edges so that the lead coping can expand and contract independently. On the peak of each tower is a handsome lead ridging and cresting, topped by two slender lead fleches. Dormer windows, covered completed with lead, are built into the roofs. Lead, renow ned for centuries for its durability and beauty, is an ideal ma terial for sheet metal work of all tvpes. Its economv. ease of applica tion and fabrication into varied shapes and designs, and the beautv of the gray patina attained by weathering are outstanding factors that have made lead so widely recognized. Its use on the Kings County Hospital buildings is a tribute to the keen foresight of the architect, for fine lead work is alwavs serviceable and decorative. The architect for the Nurse's Home was LeRoy P. Ward, of New York. Miller and Doing, of Brooklyn. N. Y.. did the ornamental stamping, and the Brooklyn Roofing Co., Brooklyn. N. Y., were the sheet metal contractors. Dr, cal tough Detail of one of the cast lead ornamental leader-heads tin". ' mill- Angle view oj the N urse's Home showing six stories of orna mental lead span drels on one side [5] LIA25486 1 White Lead Paint for F S.A. National Housing Program In nit nit m r uhilr li-'tu/ jminh'il home hull I hr the ('. S.A. in I.mi si ic;c. IT ns/i; I nuther of t hr Longview group of inrm houses, com- p/eied In the nu'inn-intlc pingmiii 7i.OL'RTrSY FARM SM l'lT\ AD M[N I sTHAT '' ,\ \ El! 33.000 farm houses and 0 nut-buildings built by the Farm Security Administration deeided to engage in a low-cost con struction program in which expendi htauvres for improvements on farm units been painted with pure white lead and could be amortized in full over a pe oil paint in accordance with the Fed riod of forty years without any form eral specifications for this material. of subsidy. Existing construction work Operating under the Department of was to be completed and strict limita Agriculture, the Farm Security Ad tions were laid down for new low-cost ministration was created in January, construction, in general 82.200 for 1937. to take over the work of the Re houses in the north, and S1.500 in the settlement Administration, that of re south. settling and rehabilitating distressed Since structures built under the old farm families. Confronted with in program greatly exceeded these lim creased demands for economy in gov itations. a complete revision of the ernment expenditures, the new agency methods of building design and field Reur riew of a farm house painted with white lead in Sedalia. Mo., under the F. S. A. operation was necessarv. Faced with this problem of providing low-cost buildings meeting the large space re quirements of farm families, Captain R. B. Lord, Coordinator and Director of Construction, effected a number of important changes. Architectural de sign was modified somewhat to make use of certain basic principles adopted to minimize construction costs. New designs made use of standard mate rials only, procurable in quantity, and of certain standard sizes, thus reduc ing waste to a minimum. The careful attention given the problem of painting led to the adop tion of pure white lead and oil as standard, for white lead meets ade quately all the requirements for lowcost building. It is readily available, easily prepared and applied, effecting a saving in time and labor costs. Its excellent durability and high coverage bring the cost of painting to a very low figure over a period of years. The use of white paint is a definite improvement over the traditional drab barn red. The fact that painting a structure a cheerful color tends to lift the morale of the family residing in the structure, is a salient point that few people realize. Light colored farm buildings are more attractive and agreeable to live in, a factor which has been definitely noted bv the Farm Security Administration where farm families have taken a new lease on life and changed their mode of living sim- [6] L IA 2 54 87 |v [iecau?e thev are given a neat in which to li\e. This seems to |rniae the calloused and slovenly planners of a life-time and supplant ||ieIU with a desire tor neatness and ,,,od home management. In this wav. ~ lute lead helps to further the social uell as economic welfare of the farmerThese advantages ot pure while lead and oil are elfectively demon strated hv the great success attained in ,hc painting of these thousands ol Unit houses and out-buildings. I . 1C h t ( V l C U d ('Hinted p null/ \ lintf'C :n >cd<iltu. M <>.. another h . >. ,1. huildmii Lead Alloy Increases Smoothness in Automobile Rides I E AD-A NT I MO N \ spring inserts I help to a large extent in solving the problems of the automotive "ride engineer", according to L. R. Paton. ot the Packard Motor (.ar Co. It is the Jutv of the ride engineer to establish proper damping ol the sprung masses in cars in order to develop a smooth and comfortable ride. Bv making use of tip inserts of leadantimony. lubricated bronze, and rub ber. a new Packard spring, it is re ported. can be given definite control calibration and remedies the disad vantageous features of conventional leaf design. The characteristics. X. Y and Z. of these materials are given in Table 1. X represents the static or breakaway value, a characteristic used to obtain tire absorption of minor road irregularities and for restraint of pitching tendencies. \ and Z are two varieties of kinetic friction, both of which provide for Iow -1requencv damping, up to lUO cycles per minute I sprung mass frequencies:, while \ also provides for high trequenev damping. 400 to 600 cvcles per min ute ( wheel bounce ). Characteristic \ is used to establish the jiggle-jolt compromise and to suppress wheel bounce. Z is used to control slow swings and to restrain pitching. By changing the antimony content of the lead-antimony bearings, which is varied between 5 and 10 per cent, the value X can be readily changed. Although such inserts show nearly the same value, dry or lubricated, they are usually lubricated to prevent glazing of the surface. It will be noted from the table that rubber has practically no X. \ or Z value. It is employed mainly to fill tlie remaining positions after the de sired calibration of inserts and insert positions lias been worked out. In starting control calibrations rubber inserts are used at all points and cer tain of them replaced by lead-anti mony or bronze until the desired ride effect is obtained. The lead-antimony inserts are espe cially useful in maintaining a Hat pitch-free ride because of their pe culiar difference in damping at low and high frequencies. The low fre quency value is large, approximately twice that of lubricated bronze, but its high frequence damping is low. An other advantageous factor is the ease with which the X value may he changed bv the antimonv content. Table 1--Characteristics and Effectiveness XY Z Tvpeof Bearing Static or High Breakaway j Frequency Friction ! Damping Low Frequency Damping Uses \ntimony- High: Ad- 1 Lead iustable by: Antimony Percentage Low High: Twice That of Bronze X and Z Lubricated 1 Low to Bronze Medium Medium Medium X. Y and Z Rubber Practically Practically Practically Zero Values ; None . None None of X. Y. Z L~ ] Magnified lieu of a typical spring, silencing the position nj spi in a tip inserts LIA254P8 New York City Adopts L.I.A. Calking Lead Standard EW YORK CITY has taken u N constructive step in the revised specifications it is now using for the purchase of calking lead and lead wool. In this specification promul gated bv the Board of Standardization. Department of Purchase, lead of a puritv conforming with the Lead In dustries Association calking lead standard is required. Other features of this standard are included, such as the requirement that the manufactur er's name, brand or trade mark must be cast in or legibly and indelibly stamped on each piece, or. in the case of lead wool, marked on the container. It is now recognized by progressive cities and other specification buvers that detailed, rigid specifications tor purchases best assure material of good quality. By adopting the Lead Indus tries Association standard. New York Lity has removed the element of chance from its purchases of calking lead and lead wool. This action fol lows shortly a similar one bv another Tvpicul cu\( iron unter main on which lead cuiking makes watertight, flexible and durable joints important and unbiased body, tire American ^ ater Works Association, whose standard, adopted in April. 1938. also conforms with the Lead In dustries Association standard. I LEAD. May, 1938.) For architects, engineers and con tractors who do not have the same test ing laboratory facilities, the Lead In dustries' Seal of Approval acts as the testing laboratory and assures highest quality. This Seal is stamped on calk ing lead meeting the Lead Industries Association standard and which also conforms to the American Water Works Association's and New \ork City's specifications, based on that standard. Thus, the individual buver or specifier can have the same protec tion in his purchases of calking lead and lead wool as the large city. He has this same protection, too. through the Lead Industries' Seal of Approval, in his purchases of lead pipe, traps and bends, bv requiring that this seal he stamped on all material. SPECIFY ^223^^33 MATERIAL SPECIFY MATERIAL Lead Pipe Perfect After Forty-Five Years7 Service ORTY-FIVE years ago, in 1893, a materials have been used and longer F lead water service was laid to sup than some, based on experience, can be ply the 14th Street Bank in Pittsburgh, expected to last. It is particularly true Pa. This year the street under which in this instance where the lead service it was laid was regraded and repaved. was installed under one of Pitts Therefore, it was thought advisable to burgh's busiest corners, 14th and Car install a new service at this time, and son Sts. The latter is the main traffic the old one was removed. It was found artery on Pittsburgh's South Side, to be in perfect condition, exemplify traveled by heavy trucks and other ing the long life characteristic of lead types of vehicles practically 24 hours services. a day. This means considerable vibra Now 45 years is not a particularly tion and movement in the ground, remarkable life for a lead service, but something that permanently flexible obviously this service had many more lead pipe with its bonded wiped joints years of life left in it. Yet 45 years is is especially suited to withstand. longer than some newer service pipe Naturally, when the question of what material to use for the new ser vice came up, the excellent perform ance of the old service was full justifi cation for replacing with the same ma terial. lead. This long recognized durability is but one of the many advantages that have enabled lead services to provide for years the ultimate in service pipe performance. In specifying lead, en gineers, architects and contractors win the confidence of clients, and, by re quiring the Lead Industries' Seal of Approval, are assured of highest qual ity material to realize to the utmost extent this superior performance. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE, WITHOUT OBLIGATION, IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS LIA25489 PRl VTFD I N U.S.A. KV U nt.IS It ERS f'!< 1 NT l N i, M SFW VOU FIT',