Document RpRr613y928Vzyrw8DVqNVGbv

' ' HISTORY OF SHEKTCN-WILLIA1S PRODUCTS .. BY ' ' : ' W. R. SIEPLEIN ' (Re-7/rltten for Talk before Chicago Jr. CLub) January 19th, 1938 The use of paint as a protective coating has come down to ua from remote antiquity. Even Koah "pitched the Arlc within and without with pitch" and the mother of Moses placed him in an ark of bulrushes which she "daubed with slime and v.-ifch pitch." At latar periods the Jews evidently used paint on their houses, as in JSremiah appears--"\7oe unto him that sayest, "I will build me a wide house- ceiled with cedar and painted with vermilion," (Even then it was bad taste to paint a house with-vermilion.) ^ Its uses for decoration and picture painting began very much oarlier. Pictures of bison, wild bear, reindeer and other animals have been found in some caves in Spain. These were evidently the work of cavemen and date from the Paleo- lithie age, probably 50,000 years ago. These prehistoric pictures are real masterpieces and are far superior to pictures of battles and hunting scenes on the walls of Babylon erected about 2500 yearsB.C. and wall paintings found in tombs in Thebes dating from 1500 B.C. ; The picture of the bison is in reality an animated cartoon, illustrating the animal running--the legs are shown in three positions, at the beginning, middle, and end of the stride. (Perhaps this was an inspiration for the present day movie cartoon artists--the artist may have been TTalt llisney's ancestor.) In the British Museum are many mummies elaborately decorated, the oldest of these is that of Menkara who lived about 4000 B.C*. Many beautifully painted things were found in the tomb of King Tutankhamen where they had lain undisturbed for 3300 years. These references seem to establish the use of paint at least 4000 years before the coming of Christ. The art of painting developed ouch more slowly than did sculpture. This was undoubtedly due to the crude nature of painting materials available rather than to the skill of the artist. Greek sculpture attained a high state of development as early as four or five centuries B*C. but the art of painting was not fully developed until the remarkable works of the Italian masters in the fifteenth . century. Pliny, who lived A.L. 23 to 79 and was killed when the eruption of Mount Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii, writes of painting as a waning art, but from the records there must have been some wonderful painters among the ancient Greeks. Zeuxis and his rival Porhassius about 400 B.C.\ according to legend contested as to which! was the better painter. Zeuxis ^aint^td grapes so truthfully .that the birds pecked at thorn. Porhassius painted a picture of curtains only--Zeuxis asked to remove the curtains so he might see the picture, Porliassius got the prize because it was harder to deceive man than animals. Apelles won the prize in a contest to see who might paint the most life-like picture of a horse. Peeling that he would not receive Justice at the hands of his fellow-men, he arranged for a jury of 12 horses to juidgo the pictures. Every contestant's picture was shown to this intelligent jury, but they gave no sign of recognition until Apelles' picture was put before them and than they all neighed and Apelles got the prize 2 N11835 007-swe-oooo04890 The materials used by the ancients were probably all minerals, natural earth colors, organic dyes from plants, and waxes. The old Greek philosophers are the first to give any definite reference to detail. Theophrastus, writing about 350 years 3.C., refers to "cerussa" a native mineral carbonate of lead found in small quantities in Europe, and Pliny records the mode of boiling mix and paintin'? ships with it after which--"neither the sea, nor the wind, nor the sun can dostrey the wood thus protected," (First reference to--"Sava the Surface and you Save ill.") The Romans, being essentially a war-like people, never brought the decoration of buildings to the high plane it reached with the Greeks, though the ruins of Pompeii show many structures with mural decorations in very fair condition. Ihe colors used are glaring, usually a black background with bright red, yellovf, and blue. The black was, undoubtedly, lamp Black; the Red was the mineral Cinnabar, natural Vermilion referred to by Theophrastus and Pliny. This has stood for tnose centuries with little change of color. The yellow, no doubt, was Yellow Ochre, as pots of Yellow ochre were found at Pompeii, and the blue, undoubtedly, was Lapis Lazuli, the true native Ultra marine Blue which is found in Persia. A remarkably.permanent blue used in Egyptian tombs, erected about 3000 B.C., was recently analyzed, lhis was found to be very similar to present day Ultramarine. * The chemists analyzing this con cluded it was an artificial pigment. The earliest reference to the manufacture of any paint "laterial is by Theophrastus, who described white Lead as prepared from lead and vinegar evaporated to dryness. Pliny again, mentions it. It is hot known When the white lead of today was first made, or to what country it owes its birth, but tradition assigns dis covery of the method to the Dutch and a man named Stratingh* It must be over 300 years old, as a patent for a method like the present Old butch was taken out in England in 1622, The length of time involved, encouraged effort to develop a more rapid method and the first quick process on record is the Chamber process patented by Sir James Creed in England in 1749. 1'nny other processes have been invented but the most satisfactory one novr in use is the Carter process patented in July, 1889. Zinc white seems to have been suggested first by Curtois of Dijon, France, in 1782, and after several unsuccessful attempts to use it for a paint naterial, Ledair in 184$ found a method to use it for oil paints. Up to this time, all zinc oxide was made by the French process frofc vapors given off by a bath of zinc metal. Zinc oxide lias always met with much favour in France and; recent legislation has been enacted prohibiting the use of lead carbonate in paints* In 1856-wetherill patented the American process of making zinc oxide directly from the ore, mixed vrith coal, by volatilization on a grata, . In 1879 ths Lewis patent for making sublimed lead was taken out. A vein of lead and zinc ore was discovered in 1870 and smelting it by the Lewis method developed leaded sine like the Ozlo pigment made by the S-W Company. Zinc Sulphide has recently been accepted most favorably on account of its intense whiteness and great opocity. ; '. .. Lithopone was first patented in 1874 under the name of Orr1 s White. There are many variations in the manufacturing process now in use, but all produce a naterial essentially the sane. Present methods produce a very fine intensely white pigment specially adopted to Hat wall paints. There are four distinct types--Barium Lithopone, Calcium Lithopone, Tltanated Lithopone andHigh Strength Lithopone. The consumption of Lithopone new exceeds any other white pigment. 007-S Wp-00000489i 5 '<? V iie element Titai&um was discovered in 1791 in England occurring in the form vVfclack oand. It was first callad Titanic Earth, having reference to the t_ . logical eons of that earth. From this the nai::e "Titanium" was derived, flie ft attempt to use TLtanium Dioxide aa a paint pigment is credited to J. T>. Hyland, ingham, England, in 1669. However, it was not developed definitely as a white ant until 1908 by Dr, Rossi of the Titanium Alloy company of Niagara Falls. For lias, most of the material was made from Florida sands, but now most of the ry material cornea from Illmenite developed in Indiana* Its brilliant whiteness great density of color made it a most acceptable pigment for high grade house paints and include Barium Sulphate (Borgtas); Magnesium Silicate (Asbestine); Calcium Carbonate (Whiting); Silica; China Clay; Calcium Sulphate (Gypsum); etc. Phey occupy a very legitimate place in the industry for many purposes beyond that of reducing .the cost as substitution for a proportiton of more extensive pigments. Blade appears..to be the earliest coloring pigment used, as from time immemorial soot has been usod by savage tribes to paint their faces and color other objects they wished to boautiiy in this way. Black substantially the same as our present Lamp Black was made by the Chinese at least 2000 years ago by burning oil in small earthenware lamps with a limited supply of air and collacting the soot thus con densed. Asphalt or Bitumen found on the shores of the Dead aea, were used by the early Egyptians on mummy cases. At a much later date, in Europe, Ivory and Bone Blacks were, made by burring ivory cuttings or bones in closed retorts and grinding and refining the eHarred residue. Frankfort or Vine Black was made by a similar method using vine Buttings, stones from plums, olives, almonds, or similar fruits. Carbon Blacks, made by the incomplete combustion of gas, was first made in this country in 1864. - , . v. ' r The earliest blue on record is Indigo used in India and Egypt and mentioned by the ancient Byrantine writers as well as Pliny and others, xt is named in the Marseilles Tariff of 1226. Natural Ultramarine Blue, tapis Lazuli, was used many centuries ago, but ultramarine ms first made artificially by Christian Gmelin in Francs in 1828. Prussian Blue ms first mads in 1710 .byi a- color '..taker named Dieabaek in Berlin* The 3-W Ca's first connection with the industry ms through Lewis Steigenberger, who came to London in 1760 and started the manufacture of Prussian Blue in England. He was tne founder of Lewis Burger & Sons, Ltd., our present English connection, and thi formula used by ua today in making Prussian Blue is modified only slightly from his method. His method illustrates a formula we have dated 1756 in which he states he started with three pounds of Iox's Blood and through a complicated procedure finally resulted in 7 ounces of fecula "whose beauty will make sufficient amende for tne small quantity, as it will surpass in this respect all the blues of Prussia which are prepared by other methods." Malachite green copper mineral was employed by the ancients. Verdigris was used by theiiomiins aa a pigment and hasbeon detected in the wall pain l *<i . Pompeii. Paris Green or Emerald Green was discovered in 1814, though Scheele's Green very similar to tills was made in 1778. This pigment is little used as a paint material now. Chi'one Greens essentially the same as those now used were first mads in Franca in 1038. Tallow Ochre, one of the most ancient pigments, was usod by the Egyptians, Greeks; and Homans. Naples Tallow, which is basic lead antimoniate, has been found on Babylonian brides at least 2500 years old. Chrome Yellow, lead chromate, in common use today; was first made about 125 years ago, though some is found in nature. .' . 0007-SWP-000004892 / /Vi - 4- % O p. ,i . :n ' j i*/ B browns, such as Umber, Sienna, Iron Oxide, etc., were natural earth colors 'i ti c' j0nich probably mre some of the earliest pigmenta used for decorative purposes. In .. early da3ra the Berger Company offered Huamey Brown which actually was narie from the body of a mummey ground up in poppy seed oil. Shakespeare had Othelloe give iBesdemona a lace kerchief 4yed with Uummey. ' The earliest red pigment about which we have any information is the native Cinnabar, mercuric sulphide, used by the ancients and Chinese. Chinese or English Vermilion is now produced artificially by combining mercury and sulpher in a process submitting it to sublimation or by a wet method. This manufacture was first undertaken in England about 15>0 years ago. Red pigment using Organic dye derived from the madder plant, a native of Greece, was made in Europe in the 13th century, though madder was used by the greets and Romans for drying long before it was used for painting. liany other organic dyes have been used, but these have . bean largely .displaced by aniline dye3 first discovered by Dr, Villiam licijy Perkin in 1856. He made, in that year, a nauva dye used to dye silk for a dress for Queen Victoria. For thia he was knighted. The history of paint vehicles and varnishes can be presented much more simply than that of pigments, 'die pitch that Noah used was, undoubtedly, a fora of crude petroleum, and it is remarkable that no other Gubstance has been discovered that is so well adapted to protect surfaces against moisture. Our present day Ebonol and other roofing materials are direct lineal descendants. ^ Vax3 were first used as the vehicle for colored paints. Excellent examples of the use of melted wax as a binding medium for pigments, executed In the second and third centuries, are shown in London museums. Later, evidently* a mixture . with oil or animal fat was used to lessen the inconvenience of heating the wax. Fbr interior decoration a also made with fish glue, gum arabic or similar gum or the whits yolk of an egg, were the earliest mediums used. j The earliest mention of drying oils as a paint vehicle is by Aetius, a Greek physician, in the beginning of the sixth century. 3iis may have been Linseed oil. Heraclius, in the seventh esntuzy, first mentions the writing 0f oxide of lead with oil to make it dry quicker. In the library at Lucca is a manuscript of the eighth or ninth century, giving a recipe for a transparent varnish composed of Linseed nil and Varnish Gum, probably amber. Oil painting had been definitely established as early as A.D. 1100, though in an unsatisfactory form. In fac*, the art of painting was very crude until the fifteenth or sixteenth century vhen it underwent a transition from ancient to modem art. About this time* other oils such as... poppy seed oil and walnut oil came to be much favored; Linseed .Oil is the best known and most widely used oil in the paint industry which position it lias held for centuries. .' . 'v,.. \ ' ,' China Tibod Oil, or Tkng Oil, though employed by the Chinese from time lmmemorable, in finishing their junks and for lacquers, was introduced into the manufacture of varnishes' only about 40 years ago. Dependence on China as the sole source ] for Tting Oil has frequently caused great disturbances in the paint and var nish industry. Many attempts have been made to grow it in this country. Some of the latest developments ;in Florida and Mississippi seem to be quite promising. Perilla Oil was first introduced into the United States in 1910 by Dr. Fairchild, explorer of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The good drying quality made it very desirable in paint and varnishes. Experimental plantings in the United States have been conducted since 1917 with encouraging results, but as yet no con siderable quantity is grown here, ' 0007-SWP-Q00004893 &X. Zfc. c ^9 * ** **k 7 jUi-ws# 'iBbro&icadlatothe uxLtad States: ffor use' in paint and soap ^thoo|$i thiSyfeiy Been hss been .a Important food product in China, and iaea-VBClant'tiaiM**'- fiiia us*'off this oil has recently been most, Timorously ' " prevents Via ns* except with liberal '.-' off other drying oils. - ' , ..: .. . 1* "': .. : ; : . .=-. " ,: ' ' . . ' . ... . . . . 1 ; - . ' ; ' ^ ' '\ y_inV **1 cfrSaiaed .from the bodies off many fish, particularly the Menhaden, ZiZdaLTd, and Sardine, properly reffined, is especially useful in coatings ffor metal surfaces subjected to heat, . Turpentine from European pine trees dates back for many centuries, but American ihrpentlne that we know today was first developed by the early settlors in the southern states about 300 years ago. During the past 25 years, very satisfactory turpentine has been distilled from old pine tree stumps; also. Sulphate '..ood `fhfpentine has been recovered from pulp wood used in paper manu facture. ' . : Naphtha and several grades of Mineral Spirits are, of course, developments from Petroleum discovered in the United States by Col. brake who sunk the first oil well in ffLtusville,rwn^sylvania, in 1059. The varnish gum first used, no doubt, was amber as it is found quite generally throughout Europe and beads made from it ware found in early British graves and Etruscan tombs. Other varnish gums such as Zanzibar, the Sierra Leone, Benguela, Mastic, Sandarae, no -..doubt, preceded the modern kauri and later Manilla, Brazilian, . and Congo gums. Shellac has been known to the natives in India for several thousand years mud used.as a varnish gum for some centuries, as a manuscript issued by Akbar, emperor of Hindustan in 1590, mentions the proportion of Shellac Gum to be employed in varnish used for the woodwork of public buildings. (This seems to be the first definite reference to specifications for paints or varnish materials.) Natural Resins have now been almost entirely displaced by a wide variety of Synthetic Resine which produce finishes far superior in every quality. Prepared paint was first produced by a practical painter and chemist named Quarter-man, who established himself in >ow 'fork about 1819 and beginning 1842 confined his efforts solely to the making of prepared mixed paints and filling same in sealed packages for transportation. iS. a. Averill of "iiewburgh, suburb of Cleveland, Ohio, was awarded a patont in 1067 for a prepared p&jjit composed of .200 pounds of Zinc OxLde, 26 gallons of Linseed Oil, 6 gallons of Benzine, and 6 gallons of Acetate of Lead, Sulphate -inc and silicate of Soda water solution. One pound produces a white, glossy, cheap, endurable paint." ibis patent paint was soon found to be very unsatisfactory and such prepared paints soon acquired a bad reputation from which they have never fully recovered. This background of ancient history brings paint and varnish products through centuries of slow progress down to 1866 when Henry Sherwin entered the business as a dealer in paints, oils, varnishes, etc. with Truman-Dunham & Co. In 1870 Mr. Tfilliema came into the firm, the former partners retired and a new partner ship was formed under the name, Sherwin-Williams & Company. Ur. Fenn `also entered the service during this year. In 1871 the partnership of Uurphy-Sherwin U Co. was formed forithe manufacture of varnishes. This connection continued for a number of years until in 1S38 the interests were merged with the Sherwin-Williams Company The manufacture of paint was first undertaken in 1873 when a building on the site of the present Cleveland plant was bought. jkL .4*. 0007-SWP-000004894 I Jiicsda -6- No authentic record of details exist prior to e small boo!: started in Hr. Sherwin's own handwriting, October 25, 1873. The first formula recorded is for Guaranteed Strictly Ture Raw Umber in Oil, the product being the highest quality it is possible to make. It is particularly interesting to note that this first formula shows a complete system of code numbers for raw materials and formulas practically tho same as that in use today. The numbers 21 haw Turkey Umber, (2) Raw Linseed Oil and (7) Japan, specified in this formula today carry Just the same meaning. ' : -. - v .. The cost was figured by a method far in advance of the time and applied the some fundamental principles as are used for the basis of our present very complete cost accounting system. The line of Guaranteed Strictly Pure Oil Colors was found to be much too pood for the trade and- cheaper'lines of oil'Colors wore produced shortly afterward, old under the labels .standard Color Ttorks, Imperial Color "orks, and Cambridge Color Co., Colors in Oil. The labeling and branding of products from the very first has been most con scientious, great care being used to make no mis-statement as to the quality of the product. Sharwin-TTiUiama Company's name was used only on goods of the hignest quality for the purpose intended, another quality made did not show S-n" name on the label. Illustrating this policy the name of "Guaranteed Strictly ihire Color in Oil" line was changed to "First Quality Colors" chiefly because chemically pure Greens were found too strong for practical use and the material was-changed to 25* strength. Hie presence of 75? Barytes did not permit the sale under the name "Guaranteed Strictly Pure." During this first year 83 different formulas were made, a total of 45C,000 pounds. All this tonnage was oil paste paiut and graded leads.' The earliest formula recorded and still in use without material change is fisx 8, American '.hite, which was originally brought out under the label of Navy or Eagle Yfliita, October 31, 1373. At this time a line of lead and sine tinted paints was produced un^er the label Cottage Oolorsj this later developed into the present; PCP line. Special paint for agricultural implements is first recorded November,- 1873. French Zinc in Varnish, China Gloss, v/as first made January, 1U74, and i.&3 been continued under this same name and Hex liumber 24, unchanged to the .present day. French Crown Green was first made irt harch, 1374, on the same formula and number as at the present time. Distemper Colors and Q.iJ. Colors were first made in May, 18"4, and in October of the same year Craning Colors were produced, the formulas being practically the same as those now* in use. ihe first liquid paint on record was a Blue Enamel made on liarch 5,* 1875k ' The manufacture of tin cans was taken up during 1875 and a special type of press can was patented in 1877. , The Company Boon found that paint grinding machinery available was far from what was required and concluded the only way to get a mill that was dependable for the high quality of product to which we aspired was to design one for our own use. Accordingly, about 1375, a great deal of study and engineering skill was devoted to the problem and the present type of standard 3-TT mill was the result. Cany refinements have been added since, but the fundamental idea was so far in advance of the time that the mills, used by S-T7 were of our own manufacture and are far more efficient than any offered on the market. As new types of roller, ball, and pebble 0007 - SWP-000004 895 -7- Bills of that type and othe: have been developed, the Company has installed these in all plants First Quality Colors under this label were first produced in July, 1876. Those goods were not than strictly pure, but represented a better quality than any other offered on the market, except the Guaranteed. strictly Pure uil Colors sdiich had been struggling along for the three years previous. It is vary gratify ing to note that this effort to supply the trade with trie best possible quality bore fruit, as shortly afterward ?irst Quality Colors were improved to be strictly pure, using the same formula as the Guaranteed Strictly Pure Colors, and all other brands were discontinued. . . In Harch, 1879, there was an attempt to market strictly Pure Lead Tinted. These were ten colors and the goods were guaranteed to contain nothing but Ltrictjy Pure Lead and Oil and coloring pigments. For 18 months this met with a very cold reception and in the fall of i860 was discontinued and the manufacture of a lead and sine colored paint was again resumed, then under the name of Fure Colored Paint.'.' ' : ' . .. ': In December, 1873, Osborn family Paint was made, this boine the first complete line of tinted prepared paints produced. It was a very good paint, the white being equal parts of lead and zinc and the thinner, equal parts of pure boiled oil and turpentine with a small proportion of turpentine drier. We began our own printing in 1876 In one room with two small job presses and one Globe press; shortly after another Globe press was added. Ifr. Beardslee joined the Company in i860 and shortly after became head of the Manufacturing Department. At waa under his direction that the paint and var nish production grew to its present proportions. SRP was first produced .September 30, 1880, and originally was known as "Painters Prepared paint." A few months later,; January 14, luol, tho name Sherwinwmflams Faint was first used. A study of the literature brought out at this time is particularly interesting!. as.It represents the first .high grade prepared paint ever produced, and to quote from Ur. Shamin' a Golden Jubilee message "There had come to be a well-founded prejudice against prepared paints, but the way had been opened to fill a' long felt want, and gradually the larger and older manufacturers began to turn tnoir attention to the production of paint3 in liquid form of reputable quality. "With this handicap of prejudice and failure before us, we put all of our energy into experiments to see if we could xkjal:e a really-good paint in liquid form. I need not tell, you the results. Shei|Yin-.7illiaiu3 Faint was put on the market as the best paint that had ever been made. This claim lias had abundant proof for over a third of a century and today Sherwin-Williams Paints are the widest known, the boot liked, and hy far the most largely distributed of any in the world." Diere has been a constant improvement in quality since the original tianu- : facture of SB? and it ia quite evident that the Company's policy to manufacture the best possible paint for the purpose has been & very great force in uplifting the character and quality of paint-making generally. : 0007-SWP-00000499 - - ' ' ' ' '- - . ... - --- -- .. -8- ':'Sf!P"9U originally offered for practically any kind of painting but later as . the uaea becasus more specialized, other linos mere produced. The first SWP color card refers to its use for floors, making special mention that several days must be allowed between coats and a week or two after the last coat for it to dry hard before the floor could be used. The public apparently were not willing to stand for this and in April, 10o4, Special Floor Paint to dry over night was put on the market. TTood Stains and Paste wood Fillers followed In 1035, and Creosote Paint was added as the moat satisfactory paint for farm buildings and in ldo6 Hoof & Bridge Paint was first made. * The present corporation, The Sherwin-Williams Company, was incorporated July 14, 1884. In 1883 the Company acquired the controlling interest in the Calumet Paint Co. of Chicago, then manufacturing paints for the Pullman Company. Later the remaining Interests were purchased. From this small beginning has grown the wonderful Chicago plant of the Company which is by far the largest and most, complete paint, varnish, color and chemical plant in the world. Hr. Hartin came into the organization with the Calumet Paint Co. in 1891. In 1893 we undertook the manufacture of packing boxes in Cleveland. This feature was latar extended to the other plants. lb handle the business in Canada to better advantage, a paint and varnish plant was erected in Montreal in 1895; this has since developed into Ihe SlierwinWilliams Co. of Canada, Ltd. lb keep pace with, the demand for Enamela and Paints with high gloss which were displacing the slower methods of applying color coats and subsequent varnish ing. Buggy Paint and Sinamel Paints were-first made in 1894; Varnish Stains, 1095; and dragon Faint in 1856. Liquid Filler was added to the list in 1896 and 1897 brought the addition of Copper Paint and Oil Stains. Porch & Deck .mints were added in 1890 and Screen Enamels in 1899. In 1896 at the request of Lakeside Hospital in Cleveland a Hat washable sanitary finish of Neutral Qreen color was produced for painting the rooms of the new building then being erected. This proved so satiafactoiy that a line of special interior colors in pasta form was put on the market. This was the fore-runner of Flat-tons, introduced in 1907 and Semi-Lustre in 1925. The manufacture of special paints for Railway and Marine uses had developed to such an extent that in 1894 a special price list was issued featuring these products, and in 1899 the first price list for Street Railway l-roducts was issued. All driers, japans,) and treated oils used in paints had been manufactured by the Ccmpany for msny yrars and during laterXyears also some varnishes were made. In 1396 this branch of the manufacture was much extended by the erection of a new and much larger plant embodying all the most modem equipment. `Diis resulted in putting a complete line of Varnishes and Japans on the market in 1699. The leader of these was Nopal. .' Following shortly after iir. CottIngham's appointment as General ,'ianager in 1898, began a policy of very rapid expansion to make the business complete from the manufacture of raw materials to the finished products. ;any new lines were added to provide products best adapted to a wide variety of special uses. "Expansion" was the motto and the Company pursued the ambition to really "Cover the Earth" so well illustrated in the design adopted in 1895, the inspiretion of Ur. George W. Ford, then advertising manager. itfaJ 0007-SWP-000004897 In 1896 we began the manufacture of dry colors at Cleveland. A new plant was erected in 1899 and in 1903 the department was moved to Chicago to much larger quarters. Another dry color plant was established at'Newark, New Jersey, in 1911. Hie business in the Atlantic Coast states had grown to such an extent that it could not be well handled from Cleveland, and a new paint and varnish plant was established at Newark, Mew Jersey, in 1901. III 1902 a Linseed Oil 1*111 was erected in Cleveland to make the oils required in our own products. The manufacture of leaded tine pigment was coianenced in 1904 through' the ` purciia.se of a mine at Hagdalena, New Mexico, and in 19C6 the present smelter at Coffeyville was erected. Continuing the general policy of producing our own raw materials, a ^hite Lead plant using the Dutch process ms erected in Chicago in 1910. This supplied all the Thita Lead used In the manufacture of paints and put O.D.P. Lhite Lead in Oil on the markets The Dry Color Plant.was, of course, perfectly adapted to the production of Insecticides, so the Company's entry into the Insecticide business came about quite naturally. Paris Green was the best known and moat generally used Inaectidde at the time, though first made over a hundred years ago as an artist's color, it was not un&il i860 that it waa used as an Insecticide. We began to manufacture it in 1903 and followed shortly after with Arsenate of Lead. This was first made by Scheele, A Swedish chemist, in 1775, but was not used as an Insecticide until the Xiassaehusetts Gipsy tfoth Commission in 1892 found it was helpful in controlling the gip*y moth. Lime-Sulfur Soluticn. ms added to the line in 1910. It is interesting to note that Sulfur was used even by the early Greeks to control insects on plants and fruit trees. Pliny mentions that it was dusted on the foliage and on the ground and me burned in the orchards. Lime and Sulfur combined as an insectieide waa first used in 184$ in England* In 1915 Dry Lime Sulfur was brought out and patented by The Shorwin-Hilliams Company, introducing an entirely new product in thai Insecticide field. In 1913 the Department of Agriculture found that the cotton boll weevil could be controlled by the use of Arsentate of Calcium and in .1918 we also took' up lts^manufacture. Discovery of this product also is credited to Scheele ia 1775 Up to this time many other products have been added to the S-W line, the chief items beingi Floorlac, FLoonrax, Aluminum Paint and Machine Paint and Filler in 19d) Shellacine and Crack & Seam Filler in 1902} uommonwaalth Barn Had, Enumaloidj iletaliatic* Harriot and Dry-O-Nite in 1903. 1904 brought the addition of Sheep- Marking Liquid, Snow White Enamel, Polishol and Taxite. Flattone waa Included in the list in 1906 during which year Handcraft Stains, Shingle Stain and Ebonol were also added. The manufacture of linseed Oil-Soap was first undertaken in 1903 when Flaxoap was put on the market and in 1909 Concrete Finishes were added to the list. Old Dutch ^namal under the present name Was first brought out in 1910, though the same product had been made under the name Enamelaatic since 1906. Comonwealth Eqm Gray, Garbolieol, Brass Brite, Scarnot, and ftexpar were added to the list in 1913 and 1914. ^. -- : 'I-* * - ' -- . -- - _____ -r Tn ' ` .. ' ' 0007-SWP-000004898 - ' --10-- .1 Wishing to extend the field of supplying products through jobbers, the Letroit tfhite lead Works of Detroit ns acquired in 1910. This company had built up a good business since its establishment in I860. At the outbreak of the war in 1914, consideration was given to the manufacture of aniline dyes and intermediates which were imported from Germany, ihe Manufacturing Committee in cession during the early days of the war decided that Active - research should be commenced at once. Accordingly, in October, 1914, the first real work in making Beta Naphthol was undertaken. - The first attempt was only partially successful, but the work was carried on with great energy and speed, much of the strength of the Company being focused on this important development, hew awn were brought into the organization, a great deal of money waa invested in plant and the manufacture of many products established. This department has developed until the Company ranks as one of the strongest now in the field. Beta Iiapiitbol, Para Nitrsniline,- Ibluidina, and a great many other intermediates and dyes are being made in large quantities and comprise a large share of the production in the U. S. Anongramarkabls orders received during war time werei One from the War Department for 50,000 gallon! of Airplane Tarnish. 150.000 gallons of Gray Building Paint to ship to France for the American . Expeditionary Force. ' . 40.000 gallons of Freight Car Paint shipped to Bussia, packed in units of three 5-gallon cans and one 2? can, this representing the first, second, third coat and Thinner required for an individual car. 1,000,000 gallons of Oiled Clothing Tarnish or "Slicker" Tarnish to be shipped to the Allegator Oiled Clothing Co. of St, Louis. This order wss shout cne-half complete when the Armistice was signed in November, 1918, at which time the order was cancelled. T.`e immediately cancelled orders for raw materials and were allowed to make a claim on the /ar Department for losses sustained. Our claim was for $75,000, the China Wood Oil market dropping in a few days from 23 per gallon to about .In 1917 a plant for the production of Acetic Add was started in Chicago to make the ever increasing quantity required for 4ye, dry color, and insecticide manufacture. The surplus was sold direct to other consumers. This business grew so rapidly that in 1921 another plant was erected at Bound Brook. The distillation it of Coal TAr was cotoaenced in Chicago late in 1914. fliis plant provided much more capacity for iibonol and added to the list during tlie next year os* two, Phenolene and other disinfectants, KUtik, ftoof Cement, etc. : jgM isV: .(: p. f , " '.."J, . \ The Advertising Department felt the need of greater Uniformity in the appear ance of the many line# of paints and varnishes offered to tlie trade, and as the result designed the present S-W products label which was adopted as the standard for all products in 1917. <' . A very complete plant for the production of Lithopone was erected in Chicago in 1917, thus completing facilities to manufacture the most important raw materials used in S-TEi products. In 1931 a large plant for manufacture of Lithopone and Zinc Sulphate wad added at Coffeyville* 0007-SWP-000004899 . - -- --- u..... - .. ' . . - 11 - Tim capacity of the Auxiliary Departments was more than enough to supply requirements for products sold through the S-i> organization and It was felt busi ness could be expanded through acquiring other companies. Accordingly, the Uartir-Senour Company of Chicago was purchased. They were established in 1873 and served a wide demand, largely through jobbers, for very liigh grade household and painter materials,, ^ ^ "- Again in 1920 wishing to expand still further, the Company bought the Acne TJhits bead & Color Works of Detroit, who did a large volume of business, chiefly industrial and auto manufacture, as well as a general trade through dealers and jobbers. This company was established in 1884. The Pacific Coast business demanded better service than was offered from the eastern plants, so another plant was established at San Francisco. Otis began operating on September 26, 1919. An Insecticide plant was added in 1921. In 1921 the manufacture of cane was discontinued at Cleveland and moved to Chicago to a new plant embodying all the latest features in automatic tin can machinery. . . . ' / . . ... A new plant for the manufacture of White Lead by the Carter process was added in 1921 and shortly after included also a plant for the manufacture of Litharge and Red Lead. :: . ' ' ..' ; ' v - In accordance with the general progressive policy of the Company, Zilo was introduced oarly in 1921, thus giving to the painter a lead in oil combined with zinc in such a manner aa to permit him to use it in every way exactly the same as he does lead in oil. In addition to the items mentioned which were introduced for distribution to the trade through our agents, innumerable products were manufactured for industrial consumption and for railroads and steamships. These products have kept pace with changes In the processes of painting and have frequently led in new developments. Ibis required change from tarnishing material to that adapted forj the many other methods introduced In modern factory practice, such as dipping, I first largely used in the agricultural Implement manufacture about fifty years agoj spraying first attempted on a largo scale in painting the World's Fair Buildings in Chicago, 1893, and the later methods of flooding or flowing introduced about 1906 to keep up quantity production in modem automobile plants and the coating process used ' for painting sheet metal, etc. about 1890* . The World 7Tr brought maiy requests for materials for a wide variety of uses. Special camouflage colors were made for painting ships. A great many different finishes were produced for shells, varnish Snd other materials for airplanes. Enormous quantities meins made for buildings. ! Finishes for motor transports were supplied to many manufacturers of trucks and lutomobilas. . For a number of years we had been making Pyrotylin l&iamels and Lacquers in a small way and during the fall of 1921 a new department was created at Chicago to produce it in conmercisl quantities, thus keeping abreast of the times with the new development in these artistic and quick drying finishes. This type of finish was first made in England ty Alexander Parkas in 1855, but its use had been restricted to Clear Lacquer for Brass and other metals. At the close of the florid War several manufacturers found themselves with big plants and efficient organizetions not ocoipied for the further manufacture of gun powders. They set their 0007-SWP-000004900 12 chemical research departaents to work to develop something for which these plants could he used. Hie primary raw materials used for gun powders are very similar to those used for Nitrocellulose Lacquers. In a short time there was developed a pigmented lacquer suitable for finishing automobiles and cany other surfaces. Hiis was found so satisfactory that it largely displaced the former type of Oleoresincus finishes, Up to that time it took about two weeks to finish an automobile and production lines were greatly delayed. Ibis new lacquer made it possible to finish a car in a few hours and therefore contributed greatly to trie mass production of automobiles. This quick drying feature of lacquer attracted much attention and its use was extended into seme fields for which it was not well suited. Brushing Lacquer for household use was developed but later found to be quite unsatisfactory. How ever, insistent demand did develop quicker drying finishes and four-hour enamels were produced which gave gnat satisfaction. As lacquer displaced earlier enamels it was quite natural for varnish manufacturers to do everything possible to meet this demand for quick drying varnishes. This resulted in an entirely new develop ment in fast drying synthetic enamels which are now making very rapid progress and displacing lacquers to a large extent. . Aa the country recovered for the Depression of 1921 and '22 many additions ware made to the line .and many warehouses and stores were added and the plants were improved with considerable additional machinery. ' ; '' ' ' In 1922 Mr. Cottinghaa resigned as President, though retaining the position as Chairman of the Board of Directors, ilr. Martin became President, he added to the line complete automobile lacquers; also Plate Hite and Traffic Zone faints. In 1923. 1924. and 192$ several other new products were added, including a full line of products for Petroleum Oil producers end several Spray materials, including Frs-liul*lonj| also Semi-Lustre was put on the market. Hie name of Hill White was changed to Savs-Lite. 1926 added to the list Sogers' Brushing Enamel; Enamelastic;7/all Primer & Sealeri Viced Finishes end Mulsoid Sulphate. Mr. Fnn died in 1927. Additions to the line included. Past-Dri Varnishes, and a full line of *astar Painter Snamels and UndercoaterB j also Tiall-Ihx. In 1928 Mr. Beard! died. New products added to the line this year included Airplane ItLnlsheej Iynst hot! Old Dutch Truck and Buss Enamels and Soft Paste '/hite .Lead. ' . . . To keep pace with the development ip Synthetic Resins we entered into the manufacture of such resins in 1929 and produced s complete line of varnishes and enamels. Ala was under the name of "Ken" and 'included item Mr Drying; Dent Baking Kern transport; Kent Art Metal; Bern Bulletin, and Kern Finishes, etc. ' Lowe Brothers Company who had been established in 18?2 were acquired in this year of 1929. Lohn Lucas & Company, established in 1849, also was bought in this year. .' . ,' ; - . _ Tor many years research had bean conducted attempting to produce dispersed or paste colors direct from dry color pulp without resorting to the process of drying out the water, breaking up the lumps into a powdered dry color and then mixing in oil or varnish. Hiis effort finally resulted in a process In 1929 of flushing out 0007-SWP-0d000490i th* mtir and the particles with oil or Tarnish to a smooth pasta of fine and brilliant texture. A complete line of dispersed colon and flushed inks were put on the 'market.,'' . . . . , Conditions in Cuba had become unsatisfactory for our agents and in 1930. the plant and business of the Brsdell Paint Company of Havana was bought and a complete line of trade and industrial products have since been made there. Other quick drying finishes were added to the line, such as TWo-Coat-A-Eay Paint, Fast-Dri Enamels,, etc. In 1931 the controlling interest in the Sherwin-Williams ''company of Canada was acquired, thus bringing the Canadian organisation back to the U. S. Companies. Asphalt Roofing Coatings, Silver Brlte Aluminum, and further Sam finishes were added to the line. .. . . ' ' .. \ /' ; 7 . . ' 7 Among other new products in 1932 were included Silver and Gold Enamaloid in double eampartsMmt cans, The long established line of First Quality Colors was modified to s pouring consistsncy to satisfy the changing demand, Kem Bailway Znauelsj Satia-Glo} Seal-Rite were added, me also the Opex Color liatch line and Color Match Quids. . "' : ' ; ' . ' An entirely new. lype of pouring can was developed in 1933 and covered by patent. Additions to the line Included Matro-Namelj Iri-Sealj Dexj Opex Auto i;ax Store Front Finishes. - In 1934 new additions included Trlm-Brite Colors} Solfast RadajOpex Kem Enamels; Kn Silk Screen Colors and Sxolvent. 2h order .to coneolidste the development of new products and research in every field of paint, lacquer, and color manufacture in 1935, the Allied Research Laboratory at Chicago was established as headquarters for the Institution. This included a large staff of trained chemists and many new products have been developed and many near materials have been adopted. . Extensive rebuilding was undertaken at Bound Brook and manufacture of insecti cide at that point. Large addition was made to the plaht at Dallas to manufacture varnishes, thus making the plant at this point quits self-contained. A plant for the development of Furniture Finishes was established at Winston-Salem, North Carolina. A new pilot plant for synthetic Resins was established at Chicago, lha manufacture of Sulphate flood Ikrpentine was begun at Chicago. In 1937 the pild$ plant for Synthetic Kasinrf waa much enlarged and the wanu- facture of Synthetic Reuins was undertaken on'.a zmich larger scale. Large additions were made to the Dry Color plant. There was added a collate line of Painter Craft Finishesj Interior Gloss; Enamelsj Iractor fc Implement Paint and also a complete 11ns of Pleasure Craft Finishes, and many additions to the line of Silk Screen Colors. Tbtal tannage during this ysar juat dosed, 1937, was 350,000 tons or 700,000,000 pounds. This included 31,500,000 gallons of paint, varnish, and lacquer products compared with 450,000 pounds or 225 tohs in 1873, the first year of manufacture. '. '' . 0007-SWP-000004902