Document RjxqD77p6aZo2GX6Rd1av6n9n

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1968 DOC#: NSC096 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC Transactions - Vol. 1 - General Sessions __ ri" i/r' il -HfWiU^y.O Volume I NATIQNAL SAFETY CONGRESS TRANSACTIONS GENERAL SESSIONS ANNUAL MEETING OF MEMBERS N CONGRESS BANQUET LIST OF EXHIBITORS GENERAL INDEX OF ALL VOLUMES NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 North Michigan Avenue I PLAINTIFF'S Si;- Chicago, Illinois 60611 EXHIBIT Safety Council * OFFICERS-- 1968-69 Chairman, Board of Directors--A. S. A lston, Executive Vice Presi dent, American Telephone and Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. President--H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. 60611 Vice President fo r Farms--N orman C. M indrum, Director, National 4-H Service Committee, Inc., Chicago, 111. Vice President fo r Finance--J. H. T yler M cConnell, President, Delaware Trust Co., Wilmington, Del. Vice President fo r Homes--Robert G. Frazier, M.D., Executive Director, American Academy of Pediatrics, Evanston, 111. Vice President fo r Industry--H. S. M cF arland, Assistant Director of Personnel Relations, General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Vice President fo r Labor--Arthur P. Gildea, Secretary-Treasurer, United Brewery Workers, Cincinnati, Ohio Vice President fo r Membership--W. C. H ewitt, Chairman Executive Committee, Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Okla. Vice President fo r Motor Transportation--Robert E. Gocke, Vice President, Industrial Relations and Personnel, The Greyhound Corporation, Chicago, 111. Vice President for Production--H ugh Curtis, Dean, School of Journalism, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa Vice President for Public Information--H arold B urson, President, Burson-Marsteller, New York, N. Y. Vice President fo r Public Safety--Robert A. Olen, Executive Vice President, Crane Carrier Corporation, Tulsa, Okla. Vice President for Religious Leaders--Rev. R obert A . Grunow, Director of Seminary Relations, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Mo. National Satoty Council ( Officers, continued) Vice President fo r Research--B. J. Campbell, Ph.D., Director, Highway Safety Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C. Vice President fo r Schools and Colleges--D r. James D. L ogsdon, Professor of Education, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Fla. Vice President for State and Local Safety Organizations--P aul J. H oover, Vice President, The Halle Bros. Co., Cleveland, Ohio Vice President fo r Traffic--f mes P. E conomos, Director, Traffic Court Program, American Bar Association, Chicago, 111. Vice President fo r Women--Mrs. Charlotte M ontgomery, Con tributing Editor, Good Housekeeping Magazine, Westfield, N. J. Vice President fo r Youth Activities--A lex A. M aleski, Associate Director, National Program Services, Boys' Clubs of America, New York, N. Y. Executive Vice President--John D. L awlor, Executive Vice Presi dent, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. 60611 Secretary and Treasurer--H. W. Ch am plin, Secretary and Treasurer, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. 60611 Assistant Treasurer--J. D. F ulford, Director, Treasury Division, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. 60611 Assistant Secretary--Jean S roor, Assistant Secretary, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. 60611 il i i i i M i i i t i l n i i i i i i t i i i i i i i i i i i i i l i i t i i i i i i i f i l i l i l i u t i t u t m i n i i i i M i M M i t i t i f ti i i M f i M i i i i i i i t n t t i m m i t i i i i i t i i i i ti t m i n i l i m u i t u n m u it i m i m r National Safety Council TRUSTEES-- 1968-69 Chairman of the Trustees--H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. 60611 Vice Chairman of the Trustees--A. E. P erlman, President, Penn Central, New York, N. Y. Members A. S. A lston, Executive Vice President, American Telephone and Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. (Ex-Officio) E. H. Bailey, President, Union Pacific Railroad Co., Omaha, Neb. Melvin H. B aker, Honorary Chairman, National Gypsum Co., Buffalo, N. Y. R. F, B arker, Chairman, PPG Industries, Inc., Pittsburgh. Pa. Charles D an a B ennett, Washington, D . C. D. W. B rosnan, Former Chairman, Southern Railway System, Washington, D. C. W alter J. B urke, Secretary-Treasurer, United Steelworkers of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. W alter F. Carey, President, Automobile Carriers, Inc., Flint, Mich. J. D oyle D eW itt, Chairman, The Travelers, Hartford, Conn. R ussell D eY oung, Chairman, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio K empton D u n n , Chairman of the Board, ABEX Corp., New York, N. Y. E mile F. du P ont, Director, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. 6 National Safety Council YTrustees, continued) T. M. E vans, Chairman, Crane o., New York, N. Y. E dwin H. Gott, President, United States Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. E. Roland H arriman, Brown Brothers Harriman and Company, New York, N. Y. J. V. H erd, Chairman of the Boards, The Continental Insurance Companies, New York, N. Y. ' W illiam A. H ewitt, Chairman, Deere & Co., Moline, 111. Grant Keehn, Vice Chairman, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, New York; N. Y. James R. Kerr, President, Avco Corporation, New York, N. Y. John R. K imberly, Chairman, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. Joseph L. L anier, Chairman, West Point-Pepperell, Inc., West Point, Ga. E dmund F. M artin, Chairman, Bethlehem Steel Corp., Bethlehem, Pa. J. A. M artino, Honorary Chairman, National Lead Co., New York, N. Y. B irny M ason, Jr., Chairman, Union Carbide Corp., New York, N. Y. N eil M cElroy, Chairman, The Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio R obert S. Oelman, Chairman, The National Cash, Register Co., Dayton, Ohio I A. E. P erlman, President, Penn Central, New York, N. Y. I H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, 425 Nortli Michi- : gan Ave., Chicago, 111. 60611 (Ex-Officio) s J. M. R oche, Chairman of the Board, General Motors Corp., New York, N. Y. 7 National Safety Council (Trustees, continued) H. I. R omnes, Chairman, American Telephone and Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. R. S. Stevenson, Chairman, Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. L y n n A. T ownsend, Chairman, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. M. J. W arnock, Chairman, Armstrong Cork Co., Lancaster, Pa. John L. W einberg, Partner, Goldman, Sachs & Co., New York, N. Y. H unter P. W harton, General President, International Union of Operating Engineers, Washington, D. C. Robert W . W oodruff, Chairman, Finance Committee, The Coca-Cola Co., Atlanta, Ga. M. A. W right, Chairman of the Board, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas B ttiffl National ,3| Safety Council BOARD OF DIRECTORS-- 1968-69 Chairman o f the Board o f Directors--A. S. A lston, Executive Vice President, American Telephone and Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors--D r. D ewey F. Barich, President, Detroit Institute of Technology, Detroit, Mich. Members E dward S. A dams, Director of Safety, Iowa Farm Bureau, Des Moines, Iowa W illiam R. A dams, President, St. Regis Paper Co., New York, N. Y. Robert H. A lbisser, Safety Coordinator, Corporate Personnel Rela tions, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N. J. Cole A. Allen, Vice President, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Wakefield, Mass. A . S. A lston, Executive Vice President, American Telephone and Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. S idney A lterman, President, Alterman Transport Lines, Inc., Miami, Fla. D udley A ndry, Executive Director, Metropolitan New Orleans Safety Council, Inc., New Orleans, La. Richard K. A yers, Managing Director, Colorado Safety Association, Denver, Colo. D r. D ewey F. B arich, President, Detroit Institute of Technology, Detroit, Mich. F. R. Barnako, Manager of Compensation and Safety, Bethlehem Steel Corp., Bethlehem, Pa. Kenneth N. B eadle, Vice President, Safety, Pacific Intermountain Express, Oakland, Calif. H. W. Becker, Safety Director, American W ater Works Association, New York, N. Y. D r. F rank Bennett, Supervisor Safety Education, Baltimore City Public Schools, Baltimore, Md. M. F. B iancardi, Manager, Safety & Security, Allis-Chalmers Manu facturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. E dward J. Bock, President, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, Mo. 9 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) ; ' i R obert F. B owers, Director Personnel Relations, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Carroll W. Boyce, Chief Editor--Fleet Owner Magazine, McGrawHill, Inc., New York, N. Y. Caesar Branchini, Manager of Technical Services, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, New York, N. Y. Clark D. Bridges, Homewood, 111. N orman R. B urke, Senior Vice President, Burke Rubber Co., San Jose, Calif. James O. B urpo, President, James Burpo Insurance, Inc., Sacramento, Calif. H arold B urson, President, Burson-Marsteller, New York, N. Y. Clayton D. Calkins, Manager, Safety & Personnel, Pacific Motor Trucking Co., San Francisco, Calif. B. J. Campbell, Ph.D., Director, Highway Safety Research Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C. W alter F. Carey, President, Automobile Carriers, Inc., Flint, Mich. W illiam N. Carey, Jr., Executive Director, Highway Research Board, Washington, D. C. John B. Carnahan, Vice President & General Manager, Corporate Transportation, Armour & Company, Chicago, 111. K en Cheatham , Assistant Director, Program Development Division, American Farm Bureau Federation, Chicago, 111. A llen L. Cobb, Director of Industrial Safety, Kodak Park Division, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. D r. S eymour J. Cohen, The Anshe Emet Synagogue, Chicago, 111. John T. Collier, Director, Special Projects, Social and Rehabilita tion Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C. P aul H. Connelley, United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, Washington, D. C. j D r. John D. Connors, Executive Secretary, Committee on Safety and Occupational Health, American Federation of Labor and Con gress of Industrial Organizations, Washington, D. C. J ohn M. Couric, Vice President for Public Relations, National j Association of Broadcasters, Washington, D. C. E rnest G. Cox, Deputy Director, Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D. C. 10 National Safety Council mi 'Mvm (Board of Directors, continued) H. E. Crawford, Vice President, General Motors Corp.; Detroit, Mich. James M. Crawford, Senior Vice President, Insurance Company of North America, Philadelphia, Pa. H ugh E. Curtis, Dean, School of Journalism, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa Dr. C. Frazier D amron, Professor of Safety Education, School of Education, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. M. R. D arlington, Jr., Managing Director, Auto Industries Highway Safety Committee, Inc., Washington, D, C. H. C. D aulton, Director of Safety, Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co., Louisville, Ky. ' L. B. D avis, Vice President & General Manager, Defense Programs Division, General Electric Co., Washington, D. C. H on. Mattie B elle D avis, Judge, Metropolitan Court o f Dade County, Miami, Fla. Miss N ettie L. D ay, Chief, Accident Prevention Section, North Carolina State Board of Health, Raleigh, N. C. E dward N. D eck, Consultant, Safety and Plant Protection, General Electric Co., New York, N. Y. A nthony De L orenzo, Vice President, General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. F rank D ickey, Vice President, Deere & Co., Moline, 111. F rederick J. D odson, Assistant Vice President, Liberty Mutual In surance Co., Boston, Mass. A rthur D ore, Director, Office of Interchurch Relations and Com munications, Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America, New York, N. Y. John L. D owling, Director, Safety and Health (Canada), United Steelworkers of America, Toronto, Ontario, Canada D onald D. D oyle, Chairman, Northern Division, Marsh & McLennan, Inc. of California, San Francisco, Calif. E mile F. du P ont, Director, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. J ames P. E conomos, Director, Traffic Court Program, American Bar Association, Chicago, 111. D. M. F ergusson, Superintendent of Safety--Personal Lines, Na tionwide Insurance Co., Columbus, Ohio h National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) iriiiT tiiiiitfiiitM iiifttM iiifiitiiiin M iin ittiiiiiiiiiiiiM iiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiin itiitiitiiiiiiiiiiim itiiiiitititiiiiiiiim itin iiiiiiiiiiK tiiiin iiiiiiiitM iiiiiiiitiiu iiiitiiitim iiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiM iim iiiK K iiiiiiH iiiii A. C. F ield, J r., Manager, Public Affairs, WGN Continental Broad casting Co., Chicago, 111. Maurice F ischer, Chicago, 111. D r. A. E. F lorio, Professor of Safety Education, Department of Health and Safety Education, University of Illinois, Champaign, 111. E dgar J. F orio, The Coca Cola Co., Atlanta, Ga. Mrs. J ohn G. F owler, National Vice Chairman of Volunteers, The American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C. W elby M. F rantz, President, Eastern Express, Inc., Terre Haute, Ind. R obert G. Frazier, M.D., Executive Director, American Academy of Pediatrics, Evanston, 111. John W. Gibbons, Director of Public Relations, Automotive Safety Foundation, Washington, D. C. A rthur P. Gildea, Secretary-Treasurer, United Brewery Workers, Cincinnati, Ohio Robert E. Gocke, Vice President, Industrial Relations and Personnel, The Greyhound Corp., Chicago, 111. George L. Gorbell, Manager, Personnel Safety, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, Mo. W m, P aul Gray, National Executive Secretary, Future Farmers of America, Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C. C. H unter Green, Vice President, Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Co., Louisville, Ky. Gerard O. Griffin, Manager, Hazard Control, Dravo Corp., Pitts burgh, Pa. D r. John V. Grimaldi, Director, The Center for Safety, New York University, New York, N. Y. Rev. R obert A. Grunow, Director of Seminary Relations, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Mo. Samuel R. Guard, Director, Metropolitan Studies Center, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, 111. Roy H aeusler, Chief Engineer, Automotive Safety, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. E dward B. H aggerty, International Safety Representative, Inter national Association of Fire Fighters, Cincinnati, Ohio H erbert E. H arper, President, Public Service Coordinated Transport, Maplewood, N. J. 12 Notional Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) R. M. H artman, Assistant Manager of Compensation and Safety, Bethlehem Steel Corp., Bethlehem, Pa. A lbert L. H auck, Director, Safety and Public Relations, Transporta tion Underwriters, Inc., Indianapolis, Ind. D aniel F. H ayes, Assistant Director of Safety, Industrial and Pub lications, NASA, Washington, D. C. H arry H eltzer, President, 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn. W. C. H ewitt, Chairman Executive Committee, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. R t. R ev. M sgr. George G. H iggins, Director, Social Action Depart ment, United States Catholic Conference, Washington, D. C. D r. Kenneth H ildebrand, Minister, The Central Church of Chicago, Chicago, 111. Joseph R. H ogsett, Attorney at Law, Hogsett, Shaffer, Rooker & Gibson, Kansas City, Mo. D r. Jerome H. H olland, President, Hampton Institute, Hampton, Va. P aul J. H oover, Vice President, The Halle Bros. Co., Cleveland, Ohio W. G. H orton, President, Bus Horton Inc., Oklahoma City, Okla. H. M. H untington, General Supervisor of Safety, International Harvester Co., Manufacturing Research, Chicago, 111. D r. W alter Jacoby, Director, Youth Education, American Institute of Cooperation, Washington, D. C. T. L awrence Jones, President, American Insurance Assn., New York, N. Y. George L. Judy, President, Bituminous Coal Operators' Assn.; Wash ington, D. C. James L. K arns, Administrator, Division of Motor Vehicles, Wis consin Motor Vehicle Dept., Madison, Wis. A lbert B. Kelley, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D. C. W illiam J. K endrick, Program Executive, Industrial Relations De partment, National Association of Manufacturers, New York, N. Y. James E. K enney, Vice President and General Manager, Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co., Los Angeles, Calif. N orvin C. K iefer, M.D., Vice President and Chief Medical Director, .The Equitable Life Assurance Society, New York, N. Y. 13 National Safety Oouncil (Board of Directors, continued) tiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiM iiiiM iiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu iiiiiiin iiiiiiH iin iM iiiiiim M iiiiiiitim iiiim H tm iiM ttiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiin im m iiiittitiiiiiiiiiiiitu i D r. D enis J. Kigin, Assistant Dean of Extension, Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz. Keith K irkpatrick, Associate Farm Director, W HO Broadcasting Co., Des Moines, Iowa A lan L. Kling, Loss Prevention Consultant, Olin Mathieson Chemi cal Corp., New York, N. Y. W arner C. K noop, President, The Baldwin Company, Little Rock, Ark. M rs. H ideo K odani, L os Angeles, Calif. D r. D alibor W. R ralovec, Director, Division of Safety Education, Board of Education, Philadelphia, Pa. Mrs. John E. K rueger, Milwaukee, Wis. Frank E. L aderer, Director of Safety, Nationwide Insurance Co., Columbus, Ohio F. S. Lake, Director of Safety, Interstate System, Grand Rapids, Mich. John D. Lawlor, Executive Vice President, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. 60611 Ivan F. L eGore, Safety Director, Portland Cement Assn., Skokie, 111. C. B. Lemon, Director of School Transportation, New Mexico State Department of Education, Santa Fe, N. M. P hilip Lesly, President, The Philip Lesly Co., Public Relations Counsel and Service, Chicago, 111. E dwin B. Locke, Vice President, Texas Employers' Insurance Assn., Dallas, Texas N ils A. Lofgren, Acting President, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Washington, D. C. Dr. J ames D. L ogsdon, Professor of Education, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Fla. Louis F. L ucas, Executive Director, National Rifle Association of America, Washington, D. C. Raymond M. L yons, Vice President for Industrial Relations, I'ruehauf Corp., Detroit, Mich. H on. Geraldine F. Macelwane, Judge, Common Pleas Court, Lucas County, Toledo, Ohio Alex A. M aleski, Associate Director, National Program Services, Boys' Clubs of America, New York, N. Y. IIIMHIIIIIIIIIIIV National Safety Council (Board o f Directors, continued) R ichard E. M arland, Ph.D., Assistant Commissioner for Program Development, Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Serv ice, Rockville, Md. M iss M arion E. M artin1, Commissioner of Labor and Industry, State of Maine, Augusta, Maine - Stanley A. M ate, Director, Competitions, Training & Facilities Division, National Rifle Association o f America, Washington, D. C. E. O. M attocks, Assistant to the Vice President for Industry Affairs, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. M rs. M arjorie B. M ay, Director, Education and Home Division, Greater New York Safety Council, Inc., New York, N. Y. J. H. T yler M cConnell, President, Delaware Trust Co., Wilming ton, Del. . Brooks M cCormick, President, International Harvester Co., Chicago, 111 Robert F. M cCurdy, President, Newport Supply Co., Costa Mesa, Calif. H. S. M cF arland, Assistant Director of Personnel Relations, General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. D r. R oss A. M cF arland, Guggenheim Professor of Aerospace Health and Safety, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. T homas G. M cGuire, President, Industrial* Indemnity Co., San Francisco, Calif. D r. H arold Mendelsohn, Professor and Director of Research, School of Comunication Arts, University of Denver, Denver, Colo. E ugene W. Merry, President, Mine Safety Appliance Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. V irgil J. Meyers, Company Safety Director, Western Electric Co., New York, N. Y. M arvin D. M ills, Associate Professor, Safety Education, Physical Education Dept., Marshall University, Huntington, W. Va. N orman C. Mindrum , Director, National 4-H Service Committee, Inc., Chicago, 111. E dmond J. M ongeon, Director, Water Safety, The American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C. M rs. Charlotte M ontgomery, Contributing Editor, Good House keeping Magazine, Westfield, N. J. John Montgomery, Second Vice President, Casualty-Property De partment, The Travelers, Hartford, Conn. 15 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) George A. M oore, Geo. A. Moore & Associates, Inc., Portland, Ore. M rs. Berl M. M orrill, Vice President and Treasurer, A. D. Pease Grain Co., Inc., Burlington, Vt. T homas C. M orrill, Vice President, State Farm Mutual Automo bile Insurance Co., Bloomington, 111. E. F rederic M orrow, Vice President, Bank of America, New York, N. Y. Allan D. M usgrove, President, IM L Freight, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah E dward C. M yers, Vice President and Asst, to President, United States Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. W. E. N a u m a n n , Chairman of the Board, M. M. Sundt Construc tion Co., Tucson, Ariz. L ogan B. N eb, Manager, Louisville Enamel Plant, American Stand ard, Louisville, Ky. A mos E. N eyhart, State College, Pa. R obert A. Olen, Executive Vice President, Crane Carrier Corp., Tulsa, Okla. Captain D avid Oliver, United States Coast Guard, Chicago, 111. J. U. P arker, Chief Safety Engineer, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas A rthur G. P etry, Administrator Information and Development, The National Society for Crippled Children and Adults, Chicago, III. F letcher N. P latt, Manager, Traffic Safety and Highway Improve ment Dept., Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich. Lorne F. P urves, Superintendent, Transportation and Safety, Toronto Star, Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, 425 North Michi gan Ave., Chicago, 111. 60611 J. S. Queener, Manager, Safety and Fire Protection Division, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. J. C. Radcliffe, Supervisor, Industrial Safety Section, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich. John S. Reed, President, The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Rail way System, Chicago, 111. P eter E. Rentschler, Chairman of the Board, Hamilton Foundry Inc., Hamilton, Ohio 16 National Safety Council (Boari of Directors; continued) IltlllH IlIIIIIIM IIIIIIIllltlllllllllllllllllllllilllliltiilliiliitlllllllfllllM llllllllllllllflillllllltlllllllllllllllllllllllllltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllltllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllim tlllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllll R. L. Rickenbaugh, Presidenti Rickenbaugh Cadillac Co., Denver, Colo. Mark Robeson, Senior Vice President, Yellow Transit Freight Lines, Inc., Kansas City, Mo. F rank H. Rogers, Division Vice President, Central Telephone Co., Las Vegas, Nev. ; Mrs. R uth C. R oos, Corporate Secretary, Edw. H. Walters & Co., Inc., Chicago, 111. Jack J. Rosebrough, Executive Vice President, United Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Co., Indianapolis, Ind. E. M. Rowley, President, Southern Specialty Sales Company, Inc., New Orleans, La. H arvey C. R ussell, Vice President, Planning, Pepsi-Cola Co., New York, N. Y. E. H. R ydholm, Vice President and Director Civic Affairs, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. C. F. S chlueter, Executive Vice President, Employers Insurance of Wausau, Wausau, Wis. Karl S chulze, Chief, Motor Vehicle Inspection Section, Federal Highway Administration, U. S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D. C. John H. S chwarten, City Products Corp., Chicago, 111. O. D. S hackelford, President, Binyon O'Keefe Storage Co., Fort Worth, Texas Gordon H. S heehe, Director, Highway Traffic Safety Center, Michi gan State University, East Lansing, Mich. D onald J. S herbondy, Vice President, Industrial Relations, Pitts burgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. D r. W. H enry S hillington, Field Secretary, General Board of Pensions of the Methodist Church, Evanston, 111. P ercy H. S h u e, Assistant Secretary, Program Development, Kiwanis International, Chicago, 111. Matthew C. S ielski, Vice President for Safety and Traffic Engi neering, Chicago Motor Club, Chicago, 111. P. L. Siemiller, International President, International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, Washington, D. C. H. S. S impson, Manager of Safety, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, 111. National Safety Oouncil (Board of Directors, continued) J ames M. Slavin', Director, Traffic Institute, Northwestern Uni versity, Evanston, 111. E arl W. S mith, Executive Vice President, Baltimore Safety Council, Baltimore, Md. Justin B. S nyder, Supervisor, Activities Department, Lions Inter national, Chicago, 111. S. F. S pence, Director, Safety and Loss-Prevention, American Cyanamid Co., Wayne, N. J. P ete S piller, United Auto Workers Local 588, South Holland, 111. Louis P. Spitz, Executive Director, American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, Washington, D. C. H erman J. S poerer, Canfield, Ohio W inslow A. S tahle, Resident Manager, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Springfield, Mass. W ayne D. S tAley, President, The Duriron Company, Inc., Dayton, Ohio Stanford C. S toddard, President, Michigan Bank National Associa tion, Detroit, Mich. W. E. Stuckey, Leader, Safety & Emergency Preparedness, Coop erative Extension Service, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ib;-; Ohio W . E. S tuffing, Director of Safety, Carrier Corp., Syracuse, N. Y. N. Y. E dward W. T anquary, Elmhurst, 111. V incent L. T ofany, Commissioner, Department of Motor Vehicles, State of New York, Albany, N. Y. J. W. T ysse, Manager o f Safety, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio James F. V an N amee, Administrator Accident Prevention, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa. Miss Carol V a n S ickle, Public Relations Department, The Conti nental Insurance Companies, New York, N. Y. D r. P reston A. W ade, Professor of Clinical Surgery, Cornell Uni versity Medical School, New York, N. Y. Mrs. R ichard K . W arren, Bangor, Maine Charles A. W ebb, President, National Association of Motor Bus Owners, Washington, D. C. 18 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) iim iM iiif tiiiiiiiit i i i m i m iiiiiiiiiif ii iiin tiiiiiiitim if it i m tii iiim t t im t n u t t t t i iit m i iiiiiit m iiiiiiiiiiit f m i ttiitiiriitn ittff l i m i t i m t iiitin im t i t m iiii iii iiii t t t Miss M ary M. W eeks, Program Specialist, Health and Safety Ed ucation, Girl Scouts of the United States of America, New York, N. Y. B en W est, Attorney, Nashville, Tenn. Miss Janice R. W estaby, M.P.H., Associate Professor, School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N . C. H unter P. W harton, General President, International Union of Operating Engineers, Washington, D. C. George M. W heatley, M.D., Senior Medical Director, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York, N. Y. W illiam V. W hite, Executive Director, National Commission on Product Safety, Washington, D. C. V ictor E. W hitehouse, Director of Safety, International Brother hood of Electrical Workers, Washington, D. C. T. H. W ilkenson, Director of Safety, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. S. L. W illiams, Safety & Fire Protection Engineer, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. D orwin L. W illiamson, Superintendent, Training and Safety, Cleve land Transit System, Cleveland, Ohio F. R. W illsey, Extension Safety Specialist, Department of Agricul tural Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. P aul W indsor, Secretary, Bureau of Safety, Chicago, 111. Lowell F. W ingert, President, Mountain States Telephone and Telegrap Co., Denver, Colo. P aul S. W ise, President, American Mutual Insurance Alliance, Chi cago, 111. John Zich, Manager, Technical Data & Standards Department, Ford Motor Co., Tractor & Implement Division, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. iittsSlf fV;i r.v 'r O A O V , it Qimi&f' t ^ yw.-ii Volume 13 NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS TRANSACTIONS LABOR SAFETY NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 Labor Sessions Citation fo r Distinguished Sei-vice to Safety to JULIUS N. JACOBSEN, Safety Chairman, Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers Local 4-447, Destrehan, La. The judges were impressed with Brother Jacobsen's tenacious efforts on behalf of safety in his local union. The documented material vividly revealed the many extensive activities he promoted and participated in. It also showed the amount of time and energy he unselfishly put forth to promote safety. The judges noted the many areas of ac tivity in which he is engaged, including safety training, and the fact he was not deterred in achieving noteworthy goals. The Awards committee of the Labor Conference warmly commends him for his solid achieve ments. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS-- MAKING THE INVISIBLE VISIBLE By RALPH NADER Attorney, Author, Safety Critic, New York, N. Y. The chief forms of domestic violence affecting American working men and women are motor vehicle crashes and occupational dangers and diseases. Taken together or singly, their toll in death and injury utterly dwarfs the violence incurred -through street crimes. While the nation is properly con cerned about street crime, it virtually ig nores the far greater death, injury, and wage losses on farms, in mines, factories and open work areas such as construction sites. Consider one comparison out of many that could be detailed: all the riots in this country during the past three years in our cities have led to about 260 dead; each working day brings death to 55 workers, disabling injury to 8,500 workers and lesser injuries to 27,200 other laborers. Every year, 14,000 to 15,000 workers die, over half a million are disabled by occupational diseases, over two million are disabled by occupational accidents, and over seven million are injured. The toll is even greater than indicated by the above data because death through toxic exposure over time to chemicals or particu late matter is rarely recorded. The half million plus workers disabled from the ef fects of asbestos, beryllium, carbon mon oxide, coal dust, cotton dust, cancer-causing chemicals, dyes, pesticides, radiation etc. must be taking terminal doses over time from some of these exposures. There is another reason why the above data must be con sidered understated--a reason which leads to the first of six realities which should be recognized publicly before significant prog ress can be made to reduce worker injury and disease: 1. Under-reporting by industrial firms of actual injuries and disease experienced by laborers has long been an endemic mana gerial disease. First, the definition of what constitutes an injury is decided by an indus try-dominated body called the United States Standards Institute of America--a group of industries and industry technical societies. Second, companies go to considerable length to avoid reporting a lost time injury--not only to keep their insurance rates down but to preserve their place in safety competi tions. For example, a worker in a Jones & Laughlin steel plant received a groin injury; he was taken off his usual job and placed in a chair where he sat doing nothing for two weeks. Any blue-collar man knows that such a practice is not unusual in numerous industries. 2. Plant physicians surrender to or are constrained by corporate dictates as to the exercise of their medical judgment and right to publication of cases in the medical litera ture. A recent case in point involved a Dr. John Zalinsky, a physician at the Brush Beryllium plant outside Cleveland, who had cases of workers suffering from beryllium poisoning and wanted to publish them in a 13 1968 National Safety Congress medical journal (without mentioning their names, of course). He was told if he did he would have to look for another job. The doctor had a bad heart and was con cerned about looking for other employment. Before he could do anything, he died of a second heart attack. Dr. Lorin E. Kerr of the United Mine Workers Welfare and Retirement Fund, an authority on coal workers' pneumoconiosis (or, as the coal dust disease is popularly called, "black lung"), has sharply denounced "the attitude and influence of employeroriented physicians who avoid facing known facts about the ravages of coal dust in hu man lungs because to do otherwise would cost money. The impact of physician knowl edge and attitudes is apparent in inaccurate or incomplete death certificates. These doc uments are essential for determining the existence of a dangerous dust requiring gov ernmental action for control or eradication. Too often, no records mean no action. Phy sician denial or avoidance of known facts can also determine the publication of infor mation. In 1956, the concern of some physi cians about management attitudes effectively blocked the publication of a paper of mine on coal workers pneumoconiosis in the most widely circulated medical journal in the United States. One can only wonder how many times other medical information vital for the protection of the health of workers has not been published for the same reason. Physician attitudes also influence other groups such as company lawyers, state legis lators, and officials who, all-told, are remark ably resistant to the elimination or control of coal dust because it would cost money." Coal workers' black lung or pneumoconi osis affects at least 150,000 active and retired miners in advanced stages of lung destruc tion. Two thousand men die from this dis ease in Pennsylvania every year. What Dr. Kerr was referring to was a critical rupture in the recording and communicating of data by members of the medical profession. 3. State safety laws and regulations are weak, inspection is poor, and penalties rarely imposed. The states spend an average of 40 cents per worker per year on industrial safety. Some states such as Texas and Oklahoma have taken this down to two cents per worker per year. Of the 1,524 state inspectors, 697 inspect boilers, elevators and mines, leaving only 827 inspectors for general safety inspection, construction, safety promotion and education, health, and in dustrial hygiene, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. (There are almost twice as many fish and game wardens -- about 3,000 -- employed by the states to look out for wildlife.) Four states have no safety in spection staff in any area and 17 other states have 10 or less on their safety inspection staffs. More shocking is the fact that only three states have staffs specializing in the area of occupational health and industrial hygiene. 4. By and large, union leaders have been far too pliable when confronted by manage ment's inaction or decisions regarding worker health and safety. Too often, health and safety conditions are treated as trade-offs for more tangible union gains in wages at the collective bargaining table. This has been the case, for example, with the United Mine Workers leadership, which finally is becoming slightly aroused over the plight of their workers but little dedicated to over turning coal management's modus operandi that treats coal miners as being less expen sive than coal. Union leaders simply do not give health and safety a first rank pri ority'; their lack of aggressive lobbying for the proposed Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1968 in Congress cannot be covered up by resolutions and resonant statements for the records. Labor leaders are wanted on the ramparts, not just on the record. 5. The Federal government has abdicated its responsibility to devote funds toward effective research programs and training programs for occupational health and safety. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (H EW ) has had no sense of the importance of this problem, the need to de velop preventive systems and competent med ical and engineering personnel. H EW 's ad vocacy has been weak and, if anything, the occupational health activity in the De partment has been downgraded recently. The one area where HEW has received some consistent funding--$5 million since 1953-- for research on the causes and prevention of coal workers' pneumoconiosis has had little to show for it, apart from a prevalence study com pleted three years ago. It is dis maying to note that not only does Western Europe spend twenty times the level on re search in the coal dust disease area, but 14 Labor Sessions control measures are years ahead of this country, which does not even have coal dust standards in force. the present governor -and his predecessor have not considered law and order to be applicable to coal operators. 6. The workmen's compensation system in Where does this leave the National Safety this country--its coverage, benefits, and de Council ? Certainly, it does no service to terrence--is creaking with obsolescence. A truth and candor to hide the fact that the thorough inquiry is needed and serious Council's industrial members and constitu thought should be given to uniformity. Not ency take a strong interest in how far the only are there irrational or politically in Council goes in the occupational health and spired differences between states but some safety area. That interest, to use a mild states are still mired in a value system of word, resulted in the Council's being placed a bygone age. For example, coal miners' in a difficult position regarding the Occupa black lung disease is not considered work- tional Safety and Health Act of 1968. Some related by the compensation laws of all observers believed that the Council retracted states, except Pennsylvania (1965), Virginia from a relatively positive position on . the (1968), and Alabama. Such human derelicts, bill in February to a statement more in spitting up coal dust, struggling for breath, consonance with industry's preferences a few afflicted with emphysema, massive fibrosis, months later. For the Council, it is the same or enlarged heart, are denied workmen's old dilemma of "to be or not to be" that compensation in such states as West Vir has plagued its potential independence in ginia, Kentuckj', Ohio, and Illinois. In Ken other safety areas. If the Council is to be tucky, according to the state's Department true to its , potential in occupational health of Labor, about 1,400 out of 2,000 mines and safety, it cannot ignore at least some licensed to do business do not comply with of the above-noted problems obstructing the workmen's compensation law for other progress toward more humane working mine injuries apart from black Jung. Yet, conditions. LASER BEAM PRECAUTIONS By WILLIAM McCULLOUGH Collective Agreement & Grievance Officer, Canadian Union of Public Employees, Ontario Hydro Employees Local 1000, CLC, Toronto, Ont. Before we consider the hazards and pre cautions for the safe use of the laser beam, we should understand what it is. The name laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The original concept was invented by Dr. Townes in 1955. In 1958 Dr, Townes and Dr. Arthur Schawlou gave a paper on how to construct an optical maser. The name maser is an acronym for micro-wave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. An optical maser is a laser. In 1960 Dr. Theodore Maiman, a scientist then working with the Hughes Aircraft Company, gave the world's first demonstra tion of a laser beam. In 1964 Dr. Townes won the Nobel prize for his work on the theory of lasers. The light that comes from a conventional light source radiates in all directions in waves of varying lengths that reinforce or cancel each other. Because it is non-directional and of varying wavelengths, it is said to be incoherent. Light from a laser beam travels in only one direction and is all at the same wavelength, so that it reinforces itself and is known as coherent light. Be cause it travels in one direction in straight lines, it is a very narrow beam. To obtain a directional beam from an in coherent conventional source of light it must be focused, and even then it soon spreads it's beam again. Ordinary light sources are usually heat units such as incandescent lamps, arc lights, etc. In a neon tube the glass walls remain cool but the electrons activate the neon atoms within the glass tube and ac celerate them to levels normally found at high temperatures. The atoms of the source material are brought to a continuous excited state and they fall back to normal by losing energy through heat and visible light. 15 NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS TRANSACTIONS Mining Iridvstry down'the shaft to the'other two levels, kill ing 52 men. It was then described as the worst mining disaster in U.S. history and lo my knowledge, it is still so regarded. Briefly, here are some of the facts : of the 52 killed, 34 lived within the limits of one small city. Forty were married. Three pairs of brothers and three father and son teams were among the victims. The oldest victim was 66; the youngest, 18. Survivors included 107 children under the age of 16-- three men left seven children each. One man survived, climbing 800 feet in 10 minutes. The elected county mine inspector was in the mine at the time and was one of the casualties. Only 10 bodies were recovered. The maximum w o rk m en 's compensation benefit at that time was $14 per week pay able for a maximum of 300 weeks. The operating company was generally re garded as one1of the pioneers in mine safety. The state mining engineer said, "The mine had not been under suspicion as dangerous." The state geologist described mine condi tions as excellent and said, "Every possible precaution had been taken." All of the community's limited resources were mustered to alleviate the hardships-- nurses and clergymen banded together to visit and comfort the survivors, and mer chants helped with donations of food and clothing. The co m p an y --self-insured for workmen's compensation -- voluntarily in cluded the. survivors of the mine inspector, who was not an employee, on their com pensation payroll. The Red Cross withdrew' from the scene, saying the situation was so well handled that anything they might do would be a duplication of effort. The company was cleared of any negli gence, and the U.S. Bureau of Mines report said, "From inspection' and stud}', it is our judgment that the mine was operated ac cording to the best mining practices and that all care possible was taken by the min ing company to safeguard their employees and that the accident was due to causes that could not have been foreseen." I am confident that in the intervening 40 years those of you who are experts in the field have developed new techniques that would make a recurrence of such a disaster highly unlikely, and that you will continue to dedicate yourselves to the prevention of accidents, thereby assuring continued "com munity stability." A SUMMARY OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ASPECTS IN MINING OPERATIONS By ERNEST MASTROMATTEO, M.D., D.P.H., D.I.H. Chief, Occupational Health Service, Environmental Health Branch, Ontario Department of Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada Mining is one of man's most ancient occu pations. It began when man first began to dig for rocks and metals to make tools and weapons. About 20,000 years ago man began to sink shafts and drive tunnels for flint used to make knives, axes, and arrow heads. The Egyptians used copper for metal uten sils, weapons, and ornaments over 15,000 years ago. By 4,000 B.C., copper was in general use throughout Europe. North Amer ican Indians had learned to hammer copper utensils, but they did not learn how to smelt copper. Copper and tin occur together around Cornwall, England; they were smelted to gether to produce bronze for the first time about 2,000 B.C. Bronze daggers and swords dating from this period have been rer.uvi-r<-,l from ancient tombs. Prehistoric man showed llic cfieri-, >f his occupational exposure to flint, lie imdnnbfedly developed silicosis from (linl-knapping --one of the oldest of indus! ries. Egyptian mummies have, been found wilh anlhnicosis and pleural adhesions. The slone cutters for the pyramids must have suffered from severe exposure to silica. Miners have, already been regarded as a breed apart, laving and social conditions described by the early historians were ap palling. The ancient miners were almost al ways slaves, condemned criminals, prisoners 27 1968 National Safety Congress of war, or forced labor. The coal mines in Britain were developed in the twelfth cen tury. Many lives were lost from accidents, black damp, fires, and explosion. In the 16th and 17th centuries the coal mines were greatly expanded with the industrial revolu tion. The industrial revolution brought rapid changes and was followed by awakened so cial concern about w o rk in g co n d itio n s. Women and young children were employed in mines. One of the earliest writers on the health aspects of mining was Georgius Agricola, who published his De Re Metallica in 1556. Agricola discussed in detail the mining, smelting, and refining of gold and silver. He recommended ventilation with fresh air for mine workings. He also recommended the use of masks to protect against mine dusts. Mining operations, because of their diver sity, present a wide variety of occupational exposures, some of which can result in ill health and disability. I hope in this presen tation to touch on many of these exposures, with more particular reference to the min ing industry in Ontario. To some degree, underground work is similar to work done within confined spaces. For this reason, greater attention must be paid to toxic substances encountered under ground. The air in mines is more likely to be contaminated than the air in factories. With abnormal conditions, e.g., fires, severe conditions are imposed. Adequate ventila tion and control of air is most important in mines. Pneumoconiosis-Producing Dusts The pneumoconioses still constitute what is perhaps the most difficult as well as the most severe and costly of the occupational health problems which the mining industry has to face. Coal Miners' Pneumoconiosis. Coal dust itself has always been considered to be a basically inert dust. In coal mining opera tions, however, it may be inhaled in large amount. The amount of free silica present in the airborne dust is usually quite small. Two main types of pneumoconiosis are described: simple pneumoconiosis and prog ressive massive fibrosis (PM F). The former is frequently associated with focal emphy sema, whereas in PM F large solid masses of scar tissue are found in the lung. Tuber culosis is implicated in the majority of cases. Ontario has no coal mining and T have no first hand experience on this subject. A superficial look, however, at the prevalence of coal miners' pneumoconiosis indicates the magnitude of the problem around the world wherever coal is mined. In the United States, a survey of 2,549 Appalachian bituminous coal miners covering the period 1963-1965 disclosed 9.8 per cent with definite x-ray evidence of pneumoconiosis. These miners had spent an average of 29.7 years under ground. Considerable publicity has been given to compensation for coal miners' disability in Pennsylvania. The prevalence of pneumoconiosis in coal miners from different countries is demon strated in an I.L.O. report. I have adapted information from this publication in the Table below. T able I Prevalence of Coal Miners' Pneumoconiosis Country Year Australia, N.S.W. Austria Czechoslovakia France Germany India United Kingdom 1948 1960-63 1962 1960 1962 1961 1960 1962 *New cases reported that year ^'^Underground miners only 28 Number of Coal Miners --- 11,526 3,487 150,000 196,099 317,707** --. 440.900** Per Cent Miners with _ Pneumoconiosis 12.5 3.5 :(8)* 13.3 12.4 (2,668)* 18.8 (1,656)* Mining Industry Silicosis. The inhalation and retention o excessive amounts of free silica (mainly quartz) gives rise to nodular formation of fibrous tissue in. the lungs. This fibrosis increases and impairs the function of the lung. Silicotics have increased susceptibility to tuberculosis, and this is responsible for the major disability. In Ontario gold mines, the quartz content runs up to 40 per cent, and in uranium mines up to 70 per cent. In nickel mines, the quartz content is quite low. In all, there are about 17,000 underground miners in On tario. The number of clinically disabled cases of silicosis among these runs from five to ten each year. About 400 actively em ployed miners show x-ray evidence of sili cosis without any disability--a prevalence of about 2.3 per cent. Of 14,076 actively employed metal miners in the United States examined between 19581961, 3.3 per cent showed definite evidence of pneumoconiosis. Asbestosis. Asbestos is a fibrous silicate. This form o f.pneumoconiosis is manifested by a diffuse interstitial fibrosis. Gas diffu sion through the alveolar wall is impaired. Asbestos is mined extensively in Quebec; very little is found in Ontario. Cases of asbestosis in Ontario have resulted from its use; e.g., insulators. (Some talc is mined in Ontario, and a few cases of talcosis have been reported from this exposure.) Dust Measurement. Maximum retention of dust particles in the alveoli of the lung oc curs with particles of one to two microns in particle size. There is little retention of particles less than 0.02 micron or over five microns in size. The limit of the resolving power of a very good optical microscope is about 0.2 microns--more generally, the lower limit is fixed at 0.5 to 1.0 micron. There is general agreement that particles in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 microns are important from the point of view of inhalation into and retention in the lung. In Ontario, dust sampling in mines is done with the konimeter, in most of the United States it is done with the impinger, and in Britain the thermal precipitator is mainly used. In Ontario, konimeter counts of less than 300 particles per c.c. are considered good; counts of 300 to 500 are fair, and counts greater than 500 are considered bad; all mines are sampled twice yearly. As matters stand at present, no evaluation or comparison of the dust-measuring methods for mine air (and consequently no definition of a maximum concentration which isr.not to be exceeded) has any significance unless the type of equipment, the method of sam pling, and the nature of the dust are pre cisely known. In mine dust, determination of the free silica (quartz) content of the airborne dust is important. With coal dust, it is customary to incinerate the sample to determine the amount of ash and also the quartz content of the ash. The development of pneumoconiosis in a miner depends first and foremost on the cumulative effect of dust exposure. As the exposure increases the incidence increases, and the disease becomes more severe. In some cases, it is apparent that the total mass of coal dust (or other inert dust) is more important than its content of ash. In order to standardize methods for as sessing the pneumoconiosis risk, a method of gravimetric sampling of the respirable dust, with analysis of the collected dust, seems indispensable. There is much movement in this general direction. The threshold limit value for quartz, for example, is now shown on a gravimetric basis in the 1968 Notice of Intended Changes published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hy gienists. A standard for respirable coal dust is needed. The earlier British recommendation for "approved conditions" is noted below: Dust Particles Location per c.c. Anthracite collieries Less than 650 between 1and 5microns Other collieries Stone drifts and hard facings in all Less than 850between 1 and 5 mic rons Less than 450 between >4 and 5 microns Further studies have taken plare in 'Britain with gravimetric size selective sampling, nnd the results of this study will be of Interest. The USSR maximum permissible concen tration for coal dust of less than five micron particle size arc also shown. 'Maximum Permissible Concentration Coal Dust tng/m 3 Coal, more than 10% quartz Coal, less than 10% quartz 2 .4 Coal, no quartz 10 29 .1968 National Safety Congress Toxic Dusts Miners exposed to mercury, manganese, or soluble lead dusts may develop systemic poisoning. Lead sulphide ores present no real hazard in mining--only in smelting. Miners exposed to manganese dust in both Chile and Cuba have been reported to develop centra] nervous system effects similar to Parkinsonism. No mercury, manganese, or lead mines are found in Ontario. It is per haps worthwhile- to mention that manganese steel is commonly used underground in jaw crushers. A welder in Ontario using an oxyacetylene torch to cut manganese steel under ground developed kidney damage which was attributed to the manganese fumes. Ventila tion in the work area was inadequate. Much of the free world's nickel is mined in Ontario. Dust in nickel mines has not produced occupational health problems apart from occasional cases of dermatitis. Increased risk of nasal sinus cancer and lung cancer has been reported in workers involved in sintering and calcining nickel sulfides. This has not occurred in the mining operations. Increased risk of lung cancer has also been demonstrated in the refining of a cobalt ore containing arsenic. These workers also showed increased incidence of chronic pul monary fibfotic disease. This exposure is still under study. Arsenical dermatitis is common in handling this material and a few cases involving perforation of the nasal septum from arsenic have occurred. Therefore, persons in : an oxygen-dericient atmosphere may be aware of some difficiliry. but they are unable to take the appropriate safe action. The concentration of oxygen in mine air should be maintained above 18 per cent. When the concentration falls below 16 per cent, symptoms of oxygen lack begin to ap pear. At levels of six per cent or less, col lapse can occur very quickly. Nitrogen, helium, argon, and hydrogen act as simple asphyxiants by excluding oxy gen. Some other gases may be broadly con sidered to be in this category even though they have other physiological actions. These include carbon dioxide, methane, and ethane. The older term "black damp" refers to a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Carbon Dioxide. This gas acts as a re spiratory stimulant. Air normally contains about 300 ppm. Workers would not be likely to notice any effect on breathing until the concentration exceeds two per cent in air. Since it causes deeper and faster breath ing, it may enhance the effect of any toxic gas present with it, for example, carbon monoxide. Methane. This gas occurs most commonly in coal mines. It is occasionally encountered in other mines--iron ore, salt, etc. It is primarily a fire and explosion hazard rather than a health hazard, but can act as an asphyxiant. Noxious Gctscs Carbon Monoxide. Carbon monoxide is The word noxious comes from the Latin not a normal constituent of the air. It is word injurious. To the industrial hygienist, produced by combustion sources--fire, ex a noxious substance is one which produces plosion, or the internal combustion engine. adverse effects on the worker from annoy It is produced by blasting agents. Concen ance or discomfort to illness or death. trations of 400 to 500 ppm in air may be tolerated for a short time; exposures of Oxygen Lack. Oxygen is the most impor 1,500 to 2,000 ppm are dangerous in a short tant constituent for human life. Man can time. I do not feel there is sufficient evi live only a few minutes without oxygen-- dence to accept the concept of chronic car his reserve o f, stored oxygen in the lungs, bon monoxide poisoning from repeated ex blood and tissues is sufficient to last for posures underground. only four to five minutes once he is deprived of oxygen. Ammonia. Ammonia is o cca sio n a lly Oxygen lack can occur in mines in differ encountered underground. It provides ade i" ent ways--by dilution with simple asphyxi quate warning of its presence, because of its ants seeping out of rock strata, by absorp irritating action. tion of oxygen into rock strata (this occurs Sulfur Dioxide. This is produced by the mostly in coal mines), or by consumption reduction of sulfide ores. Blasting in some in chemical or biological reaction. Oxygen types of sulfide ores may produce tempo lack can be very insidious in its effects, be rary high concentrations. It acts primarily cause it causes impairment of judgment. as an irritant of the upper respiratory tract, 30 Mining Industry but severe exposure may result in bronchitis may result in two to six days in these severe and occasionally edema of the lungs. It has cases. Chronic changes from arsine exposure been suggested that continued exposure to may also oc-cur. low concentrations of sulfur dioxide could result in chronic respiratory disease; e.g., chronic bronchitis with or without emphy sema. At the present time, a study is under way in a group of smelter workers exposed to sulfur dioxide in Ontario. Their respira tory illness experience will be compared to other groups in the same company not ex posed to this gas. Hydrogen Sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is produced chiefly from the decomposition of organic matter. It may occur in mines where sulfide ores are found. It is soluble in water or oil and it may flow for some distance from its place of origin to escape at some unexpected place. Hydrogen sulfide has a characteristic odor at low concentrations. Its odor cannot be relied upon, however, to give Oxides of Nitrogen (Nitrous Fumes). Of adequate warning of its presence, because these, nitrogen dioxide (N 0 2) is of special in lethal concentrations this gas rapidly para importance. It is produced in diesel exhaust lyzes the sense of smell. Such concentrations and from blasting agents used underground. also affect the respiratory center in the brain The ventilation requirement for diesel en resulting in failure of respiration. gines used underground is determined by the nitrogen dioxide produced (and the dis Radioactivity .-- - " agreeable odor of aldehyde). Radium, a naturally occurring radioactive I gasTehsi.sItismoanye boefinthhaelemd oinst leinthsaidliocuosncoefntraall itshoetoepaer,thi'ss cdriusstrti,bTutheed riandiosamcatilvl eadmisoiunnttesgrain tions without marked discomfort at the time tion of radium results in radon-222 and of exposure. Later, it produces a delayed radon daughters. The air in underground pulmonary edema. workings contains some radon from seepage of the gas into mine workings. In most non Air sampling after blasting underground uranium mines, the concentration of radon shows peak concentrations occur two to six does not present any significant exposure; minutes after the blast, and significant con one notable exception is the fluorspar mine centrations may remain for about 15 minutes in St. Lawrence, Newfoundland. after the blast. Commonly, levels of 200 ppm are produced, but values up to 800 ppm In uranium mines the radon concentration in the mine air is much higher than in other have been reported.after blasting. mines. Studies of uranium miners in the Adequate ventilation must be provided to United States have revealed a significant remove nitrogen dioxide and other gases increase in the incidence of lung cancer. The produced by underground blasting. After increased incidence is related to the concen blasting, there is nearly always mixed ex tration of radon and its short-lived daughters posure to carbon monoxide and oxides of and to the length of time of exposure. It nitrogen. For this reason, any worker af has been estimated that 30 to 50 per cent fected by blasting fumes with headache, of deaths in Schneeburg and Joachimsthal dizziness, or collapse should always be con miners was from lung cancer as a result of sidered to have suffered a significant expo radon exposure. sure to oxides of nitrogen as well. Restric tion of activities for 24 hours is most important in these cases. The hazard from radon daughters is measured in Working Levels (W L), One WL is defined as that combination of radon It has been recommended that 75 cfm per daughters in one liter of air that will result horsepower be provided for the control of in an ultimate emission of 1.3 x 105 M eV diesels used underground. of potential alpha-energy. Arsine. Arsine is formed when nascent hydrogen is produced in the presence of arsenic. Acid treatment of arsenical ores may give rise to arsine production. Exposure to arsine results in destruction of red blood cells with anemia. This anemia may develop within a few hours in acute exposures, and in severe cases the anemia is extreme; death In unventilated underground mines, the concentration of. radon daughters may vary from a fraction of a WL to several thousand WL. Presumably, some degree of risk exists at all working levels but the maximum, in crease of lung cancer occurs when the cumu lative exposure exceeds .1,000 working level months (1,000 W LM ), and when the miners 31 1968 National Safety Congress are moderate to heavy smokers, and when dark locations. Such levels of illumination they have worked in the mines 10 years or likely contribute to accidents underground. 1i? more. No reports of nystagmus, common in British The simplest control measure is to venti late the mine with fresh- outside air. An other method of control is to limit the miner's time in areas high in radon and coal miners in Wales, have appeared in On tario. Miner's nystagmus is related to poor levels of illumination, but there appears to be an emotional overlay. daughter products. In all areas where radon Vibration is being emanated, the ventilation rate should In Ontario, Raynaud's phenomenon of provide one complete air change every four occupational origin (white hand) has oc minutes unless radon daughters have been curred in large numbers of aluminum found shown to be low. (This rate of ventilation ry chippers using pneumatic guns. Occasion is very high for a mining operation and I ally, cases are encountered in steel chipping do not think it would be feasible for large and auto assembly work, but these are quite scale uranium operations.) Each pair of men uncommon. I am not aware of any cases mining in the ore should be provided with occurring in Ontario hard rock miners using 1,000 cfm of fresh air discharged from an pneumatic drills. It was my impression that outlet not more than 30 feet from the work the vibration frequency and the amplitude ing face. On drifts, the airflow needed should was not in the same range as that of the be calculated to provide a velocity of 30 aluminum chipping guns. It is of interest, ft./min. These recommendations on ventila however, to note that cases have been re t tion are all taken from Public Health ported in uranium miners in Saskatchewan Sendee Publication No. 494. who used a smaller "jack-leg" drill. An im Exposure to thoron and thoron daughters portant factor in these cases is the cold has also been raised in connection with ambient temperature in the area where these uranium mining. This is currently under men worked. study in Ontario. Explosives N oise Some occupational health aspects involv Noise in mining operations deserves special ing explosives have been touched on in dis comment in its own right. Drilling and cussing the various gases which might be underground crushing almost always create encountered in mining. Careless handling and excessive noise levels requiring a good storage of dynamite containing nitroglycerin hearing conservation program, involving pre may result in headaches (powder headaches) employment and periodic audiograms plus and cardiovascular stress. Nitroglycerin en the wearing of hearing protection for all ters the body by inhalation or skin contact. workers in high noise areas. It dilates capillary blood vessels, resulting in H eat As mines go deeper, the rock temperature increases by about J/> to 1F for each 100 low blood pressure. Two workers employed in the manufacture of explosives died of cardiovascular stress while away from the job. feet. When the area is opened up, the heat radiates into the air space. At 8,000 feet, Northern Ontario mines reach a temperature of about 90 to 100F, with high humidity. Control of humidity at these temperatures presents problems. In relatively shallow' mines, from 300 to 600 feet down, cold can present a problem in Northern Ontario. Heating of fresh mine air is done to take care of these upper levels. More recently, mixtures of ammonium nitrate and diesel fuel (A N /FO ) have come into use in underground blasting. Trouble has been experienced in Ontario with improper mixing of this material in the past. This has been controlled. Occa sionally, there are isolated cases of derma titis. From time to time, questions are raised concerning oil mist exposure, particularly in filling overhead holes. Lighting Because of the long distances involved and the large unused area underground in hard rock mines, lighting is not extensively used in mines. Miners often work in semi From the occupational health point of view,' A N /FO mixture does not present any greater hazard than the use of conventional explosives. In Ontario, a number of deaths have oc- 32 Mining Industry curred in workers- entering blast areas too 1. Education and su p e rv isio n of the soon after the explosion. In some cases, the worker. workers died of acute carbon monoxide poi soning ; in others, mild carbon monoxide effects were noted, followed by a fatal pul monary edema from inhalation of oxides of nitrogen. 2. Handling; methods to minimize dust. 3. Ventilation. Local ventilation should be used where possible at the point where contaminants are generated. General ventila tion with provision of fresh air to maintain Synthetic Resins Various synthetic resins have been intro duced into mining applications for special purposes; e.g., grouting and sealing, and rock bolting. Epoxy and polyester resins are used in rock bolting. The use of epoxy resins may result in cases of respiratory irritation and dermatitis from the hardeners used. Derma titis is occasionally encountered with' the polyester used. Polyurethane has been used in mines as a seal. These contain isocyanates (MDI or T D I). Of these, MDI is less volatile and less likely to give trouble. Both of these isocyanates, however, may give rise to bron chial irritation or allergic bronchitis with asthmatic-like symptoms. Workers applying polyuretnane foam and those in the general the c o n c e nt r a t i on of contaminants below their threshold limit values. Ventilation doors and fans must not be interfered with. 4. Rescue and First Aid Training. 5. Regular Monitoring. P e r i o d i c dust sampling should be carried out. The thresh old limit values should be used as guides to arrive at reasonable control measures. Radio activity levels should be carried out regu larly, not only for uranium mines, but others as well. 6. Medical Supervision (a) Dust Exposure. Pre-employment and periodic examination, includ ing chest x-rays, should be done on all miners. (b) Noi se Ex p o s u r e . An adequate audi ometri c testing program should be done. area should wear adequate respiratory pro (c) Toxic Dusts (e.g., lead). A regu tection.. An air line respirator is recom lar program of examination and mended. Workers 150 feet away or more do biological moni t o r i n g should be not require respiratory protection, provided carried out. the air flow from the area of spraying is (d) Radiation Exposure. not too excessive. References Acrylamide has been used for grouting. Acrylamide is quite toxic, and cases of der 1. Lainhart, W. S .; Felson, B .; Jacobson, G. and Prendergrass, E. P.; A .M .A. Arch. Environ. Hlth., 16:207, 1968. matitis and peripheral neuritis have been reported with this material. 2. The Prevention and Suppression of Dust in Mining, Tunnelling, ana Quarrying. Inter national Labour Organization, Third Inter national Report, 1958-1962, Geneva, 1966. Conclusions A wide variety of substances and other 3. "Dust Sampling in Mines" Occupational Safety and Health Series No. 9. Interna tional Labour Organization, Geneva, 1967. agents may be encountered in mining opera 4. "Control of Radon and Daughters in Ura tions. It is important that supervisors and the nium Mines and Calculation of Biologic Ef fects," Public Health Service Publication J workers be familiar with the possible ad No. 494. U. S. Department of Health, Edu cation and Welfare. verse health effects of their occupational 5. Henderson, Y. and Haggard, H. W,.; Nox exposures. To help eliminate or minimize ious Oas. The Chemical Catalog Co., Inc., these health effects, the following preventive New York, 1927. 6. Gerhardsson, G.; Nordislc Hyg. Tidski. Vol. and other measures are especially noted: 44, p. S6-47, 1963. 33 Volume 2 0 NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS TRANSACTIONS PUBLIC UTILITIES NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 North Michigan Avenue A Chicago, Illinois 60611 OFFICERS O F THE PUBLIC UTILITIES SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1968-69 General Chairman--B. J. Lorenz, Manager of Safety, Northern Indiana Public Service Co., Hammond, Ind. First Vice-Chairman-- Marvin B. T ravis, Corporate Safety Director, Northern Natural Gas Co., Omaha, Nebr. Second Vice-Chairman-- H erman C. P otthast, Safety Officer, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Rural Electrification Admn., Washington, D. C. ? Secretary--W illiam J. Bryan, Safety Engineer, Michigan-Wisconsin Pipeline Co., Detroit, Mich. j Program Committee--R obert F. M ills (Chairman), General Safety Supvr., Mountain States Telephone Co., Denver, Colo.; Bob Cooper (Vice Chairman--Electric), Manager of Personnel & Safety, Industrial Generating Co., Rockdale, Texas; T. L. P owers (Vice Chairman--Gas), Safety Engineer, Gas Department, Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J . ; Ernest W. T raut (Vice Chairman--Communications), Safety Director, General Telephone Co. of Pennsylvania, Erie, P a .; Richard Oliphant (Vice Chairman--W ater), Safety Director, Board of Water Commissioners, Denver, Colo. ' Technical Publications Committee--A lex P ierson (Chairman), Safety Engineer, Phila delphia Gas Works, Philadelphia, Pa.; J. E. A ppel (Vice Chairman--Electric), Safety Engineer, Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, 111.; Frank S ustello, Jr. (Vice Chair man---Gas), Employee Relations, Safety & Claims Superintendent, Reading Gas Division, : United Gas Improvement Co., Reading, P a .; V ern A. S ielert (Vice Chairman-- Communications), Safety Manager, General Telephone Co. of California, Santa Monica, . Calif.; D onald E. R yan, Safety Engineer, Washington Gas Light Co., Washington, D. C .; K. C. Goodwin, General Safety Advisor, Consumers Power Co., Jackson, Mich.; Ralph Richey, Staff Supervisor, American Telephone & Telegraph Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Training Committee--R. P aul B olerjack (Chairman), Safety Director, Illinois Power Co., Decatur, 111.; B ruce G. Gallagher (Vice Chairman), Accident Prevention Coordinator, Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; T homas A. B rown, Jr., Supervisor--Safety, The Bell Telephone Co. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, i Pa.; Raymond J. L ord, Safety Supervisor, Detroit Edison Co., Detroit, Mich.; H. O. B rown, General Plant Safety Supvr., Southern Bell Telephone Co., Atlanta, Ga.; A shby B. Randolph, Manager of Safety, Consolidated Gas Supply Corp., Clarksburg, West V a.; Gerald R. T homas, Safety Director, Columbus & Southern Ohio Electric Co., Columbus, Ohio; R obert N. H urt, Director, Training, Employment & Safety, American Electric Power Service Corp., New York, N. Y. Audio-Visual Aids Committee--W illiam W . W illiford (Chairm an), Plant Supervisor-- Safety, The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Co., Washington, D. C.; T homas V. K eane (Vice Chairman), Safety Representative, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, P a .; C. Richard Ch a pin , Accident Prevention Administrator, Long Island Lighting Co., Hicksville, N. Y .; T homas C. M cK elly, Dir. of Training & Safety, Laclede 39 I Gas Co., St. Louis, Mo.; 0. Ray B owers, Safety Engineer, Central Illinois Light Co., Peoria, 111.; Kenneth G. A nderson, Safety Program Supervisor, Pacific Tele phone & Telegraph Co., San Francisco, Calif. Membership Committee--John T. Cappio (Chairman), Safety Officer, City of Philadelphia W ater Dept., Philadelphia, Pa.; John E. F randsen (Vice Chairman), General Plant Supervisor-Personnel, Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., Omaha, Neb.; W illiam E. Carlson, Loss Prevention Administrator, General Telephone & Electronics Corp., New York, N. Y. Newsletter Committee-- Colon F. Stanley (Editor), Safety Manager, General Telephone Co. of Florida, Tampa, Fla.; Charles H. M cL arty (Vice. Chairman), Assistant Manager of Safety, Texas Power & Light Co., Dallas, Texas; R. A. McClelland, Asst. Director of Safety, Northern Illinois Gas Co., Aurora, 111. Off-the-Job Safety Committee-- H arry D. H arman (Chairman), Vice President & Asst. General Manager, Gary-Hobart Water Corp., Gary, Ind. ; H azen E. S paulding (Vice Chairman), Safety Director, Central Vermont Public Service Corp., Rutland, V t.; Otto J. N owak, Plant Operations Supervisor, New York Telephone Co., New York, N. Y. Publicity Committee--John R. Y eam an, Jr. (Chairman), Division Safety Engineer, Vir ginia Electric & Power Co., Alexandria, Va.; E rnest G. S hearer (Vice Chairman), Director, Safety & Training, Indiana Statewide Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc., Indianapolis, Ind. Research Committee-- Robert H. W ard (Chairman), Safety Director, Omaha Public Power District, Omaha, Nebr.; Robert J. Ow ens (Vice Chairman), Safety Engineer, Pacific Gas & Electric Co., San Francisco, Calif ; E ugene H. W essells, Jr., Safety Supervisor, Western Massachusetts Electric Co., West Springfield, Mass.; H arry W. B ecker, Safety Director, American Water Works Assn., New York, N. Y. Traffic Safety Committee--M. H. M axwell (Chairman), Safety Supervisor, The L. E. Myers Co., Villa Park, 111.; M aynard H. P ettit (Vice Chairman), General Plant Training Supervisor, Southwestern Bell Telephone Co., St. Louis, Mo.; Richard V. M olen, Supervisor--Safety Services, Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc., New York, N. Y. ; J ohn R ithmiller, Staff Safety Engineer, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chicago, 111. ; P aul W indsor, Secretary, Bureau of Safety, Chicago, 111. Nominating Committee-- K enneth G. Cregar (Chairman), System Safety Director, Metropolitan Edison Co., Reading, Pa.; Charles W . S chweickart (Vice Chairman), Executive Vice President, Hoosier Engineering Co., Columbus, Ohio; W arren L. Clifton, Director of Accident Prevention, Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; P aul W indsor, Secretary, Bureau of Safety, Chicago, 111. Ca'meron Award Coordinator--H erman C. P otthast Special Representatives American Gas Association-- T homas C. M cK elly, Dir. of Training & Safety, Laclede Gas Co., St. Louis, Mo. American Public Power Assn.-- H iram G. T ripp, Safety Director, Chattanooga Electric Power Board, Chattanooga, Tenn. 40 fc'efi'Mwi'ca-.v hlfrtean Voter Works Association--John T. Cappio, Safety Officer, Philadelphia W ater ' .-''Dept,, Philadelphia, Pa. Canadian Electrical Association--W arren L. Clifton, Director of Accident Prevention, Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission, Toronto, Ontario, Canada National Job Training & Safety Association--Ernest G. S hearer, Safety Director, Indiana Statewide Rural Electric Cooperative Assn., Indianapolis, Ind. : Past General Chairmen--19S7-S8, J. E. A ppel, 1958-59, E. M. Chase (Retired) ; 1959-60, R. S. Lowe (Retired) ; 1960-61, R. E. M cE ldowney, Jr.; 1961-62, V. L. W omeldorff; 1962-63, E rroll D unbar (Retired) ; 1963-64, P aul W indsor; 1964-65, T. F. W ickord (Deceased) ; 1965-66, W. L. Clifton; 1966-67, C. S chweickart; 1967-68, K. G. Cregar Staff Representative--Ralph M. Coe, National Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. 60611 I 41