Document Rj7JYp1OZR2VZ6mOJzX1EepQa

FILE NAME: Oil Industry and American Petroleum Institute (API) DATE: 1955 Nov DOC#: API110 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Medial Bulletin Article - Environmental Factors of Occupational Origin Related to Carcinogenesis "vv-' Hli-l' S'ijf; T h e M edical B u l l e t in $ ___________________________________________ __ VOLUME 15 NOVEMBER, 1955 NUMBER 3 CONTENTS / Standards for Safeguarding the Health of the , Industrial Worker ............ ........ ............................ ;.... 167 Herbert E. Stokinger, Ph.D. Dermatoses Due to Oils Used in Industry . C. M. Peterson, M.D. ................................ 185 Environmental Factors of Occupational Origin Related to Carcinogenesis 193 lan Macdonald, M.D. The Early Diagnosis of Gastro-Intestinal Malignancy........................ 202 G. E. Bock, M.D. Accident Proneness--A Clinical Approach to Injury Liability.......... 214 Alan A. McLean; M.D. Constructive Medicine at Lago . . Robert Turfboer, M.D. ................................. 226 The Medical Program and Facilities of the Standard-Vacuum Oil Company at Manila. Republic of Philippines........................... 234 Newsnotes .......................... 238 Letters to the Editors....... 245 1j l V N O -O % I I rr~ - \ v/ lVNOi A '% ' b' MI 0 t ( , 1 . ` - D \ y t r . . IV NOI A r ,-r> irr;' ' V IVNOli TIN -- r Si >rts of management and labor, eventing occupational dernra- iY ldustrial Dermatoses, J. A. M. A. Incidence of Occupational Dernia1. 111:1523-1528 (Oct. 22) 1938. s of Certain Occupational Dermalie Effect of Alkali on Skin, Effect agents, A. M. A. Arch. Dermat. & gitimate Field for General Praeti- r of the Census, 1950, table 121. Tinatitis, with Additional llelerence Committee on Occupational Derf the Council on Industrial Health, Solvents and Dielectrics, Including 944. of Skin Cleansers and Protective . J. Indust. Med. 5:204-212 (Oct.) )il Dermatitis, Indust. Med. 21:573 C.: Some Causes of Cutting-Oil id. 22:28 (July) 1953. TONAL DERMATOSES RIAL HEALTH rican Medical Association alogy and Syphilology ri.D. tion ,D. D. ai, M.D. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF OCCUPATIONAL ORIGIN RELATED TO CARCINOGENESIS* IAN MACDONALD, M.D.0* Although 179 years have passed since the first cancer of occupational origin was identified, only in the past 30 years has the list been extended to include a variety of causes of different types, many of them peculiar to certain industries. The list now includes a considerable number of agents for which there is unmistakable evidence of carcinogenicity and a still longer list of suspect substances for which proof of their ability to evoke a neoplastic response is still lacking. As is consistent with the complexity of human cancer in general, some of the more recently ac quired knowledge in this area has posed more problems than it has answered. From the standpoint of the industrial physician, there are two respects in which occupational cancer is by good fortune dissimilar to most of the known causative factors for cancer in general: much of the constantly accumulating knowledge of occupational factors has brought into sharp focus the hazards of occupational exposure to cer tain agents, and once these environmental factors in industry are identi fied their control is usually entirely practical. In many instances cancers of environmental origin have been demonstrated to present an epi demiological picture as clear as that of many of the controlled infectious diseases. It will be obvious that the increase in occupational factors both es tablished and suspect as carcinogens during the past several decades is a reflection of the increasing degree of industrialization of our society, some phases of which have aroused the curiosity, some phases of which have aroused the curiosity and active interest of experimentalists in cancer. The number of industries utilizing substances from which it is known or suspected that carcinogens may be derived is increasing, and the occupationally and environmentally exposed members of the popu lation are, as a corollary, increasing. In industry as in medicine there is greatly increased exposure of personnel to radioactive waste and de gradation products. Among the newer chemical hazards in the occupa tional environment one thinks of the utilization of macromolecular R eprinted with permission from Journal of the American M edical Association, Jan. 1, 1955, Vol. 157, No. 1. 0"School of Medicine, University of Southern California. T93 If ME O I C 1V NO I . I, `v'y:.x " / V" 1V N O l F M E Dl r wjrV I 1VNO O: F MEOi V n - 1V N 0 % rv THE MEDICAL BULLETIN Name Soot Arsenic Paraffin oil Shale oil Pitch and tar Crude oils (som e) Sun ( ultraviolet rays ) Aromatic amines Roentgen rays Schistosoma henra- tobium Roentgen rays, radium Anthracene oil Betel nut, tobacco Diet deficiency Radium Lubricating oils Creosote Benzol Uranium Radioactive rays Chromates Nickel carbonyl Asbestos Radioactive rays Tar fumes Table 2.-- Environmental Date Discoverer 1775 Potts 1822 Ayrton 1875 Volkmann 1876 1876 1879 1893 Bell Manouvriez Harting and Hesse Unna 1895 Reim 1902 Erichen 1911 Ferguson Carcinogens Organs Affected Skin tum ) Skin Skin (scro Skin Skin Skin Skin Bladder Skin Bladder Nature of Exposure0 O. ( chimney sweeps ) O., E. O, ( lignite and sliali- oil industry ) O. O. O. O. ( farmers, sailors) O. (dye industry) O., M. E., O. (E gypt) 1911 1913 1915 Von Jagicz, Schwartz, and Von Sieben rock Kmnbousek Davis Bone marrow ( Iukemia) Skin M outh 1919 Mouchet and Gerard Liver 1920 1922 1924 1928 Leitch and Sequira Southam and Wilson Cookson Delore and Bergamo 1929 1931 1932 1932 Lowy M artland Alwens Stephens 1934 1934 1936 Wood and Gloyne Neitzel Kahawata Skin Skin Skin Bone marrow ( Iukemia) Lung Bone Lung Nasal sinuses and lung Lung Lung Lung O., M. O. Habit (India, Malay) E. ( poverty diets, Africans, Chinese) O., M. O. (mule spinners) O. O. O. O., M. O. o. o. O., M. O. "O., E., and M. = occupational, environmental, and medical. 200 ENVIRONMENTAL FA( Carcinogenic si a hazard both to general. The pot basis: of their nat sponding to then biological. Their soil, or in the wa of initial contact and eliminative seems entirely p toxicologic pract is the necessary ally exposed. 1 Occupational ment of Health, 1! 2 Hueper, W. ( Agency, p. 10. ! i!: K I I N ircmogens rgans ffected (scroturn) N ature of Exposure0 O. (chim ney l 0 . ( farmers, sailors) lder O. (dye industry) O., M. Ider E., O. (E gypt) rrrow ukemia) O., M. O. Habit (India, Malay) E. (poverty diets, Africans, Chinese) O., M. row etnia ) es lung idical. O. (ntule spinners) O. O. o. O., M. O. O. O. O., M. O. INVIRONMENTAL fa c to r s o f o c c u p a tio n a l o r ig in related to ca r c in o g en e sis Summary Carcinogenic substances incidental to industrial procedures represent a hazard both to those occupationally exposed and to the population in general. The potential carcinogenic materials may be classified on the basis of their nature, their environmental site, and the target tissues re sponding to them. Their natural state may be chemical, physical, or biological. Their environmental site may be in the atmosphere, in the soil, or in the water. The tissues responding to them may be at the site of initial contact or in organ systems concerned with their metabolic and eliminative processes. The control of these environmental factors seems entirely practical on the basis of current industrial hygiene and toxicologie practices. An awareness on the part of industrial physicians is the necessary starting point for the protection of those environment ally exposed. REFERENCES 1. O ccupational Cancer: A Challenge to the Physician, New York State D epart ment of H ealth, 1949, pp. 10-13. 2. I-Iueper, W . C.: Environm ental Cancer, Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency, p. 10. 20)